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EF Education First

2026-05-27T22:47:41Z

Anthony: made some article first draft

{{Short description|International education company}}
{{Redirect|EF Education|the yacht|EF Education (yacht)|cycling teams|EF Education–EasyPost|and|EF Education–Tibco–SVB|and|EF–Oatly–Cannondale|and|EF Education–Nippo Development Team}}
{{multiple issues|
{{COI|date=October 2023}}
{{Copy edit|date=May 2025}}
{{Notability|companies|date=May 2025}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=May 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox company
| name = EF Education First
| logo = EF Education First logo.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_caption = Logo originally designed by [[Paul Rand]]
| industry = [[Education]]
| type = Private
| founded = 1965
| founder = [[Bertil Hult]]
| hq_location = Zurich, Switzerland
| key_people = Philip Hult, Chairman Eddie Hult, CEO
| num_employees = 52,000<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.ef.com/wwen/about-us/our-company/ |website=EF Education First |access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|www.ef.com}}
}}

'''EF Education First''' (abbreviated as '''EF''') is an international education company that specialises in language training, educational travels, academic degree programmes, and cultural exchanges. The company was founded in 1965 by [[Bertil Hult]] in the [[Sweden|Swedish]] university town of [[Lund]]. The company is privately held by the Hult family.

As of 2017, EF had approximately 52,000 employees in 116 countries.<ref name=Globe2017>{{cite news|title=EF Education First named No. 1 on list of largest Mass. companies|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/specials/top-places-to-work/2017/11/16/education-first-named-list-largest-mass-companies/634LaZrMUXaynD0P699omI/story.html|work=The Boston Globe|date=November 16, 2017|first=Sarah |last=Shemkus}}</ref>

== History ==
=== 1965–1979 ===

Bertil Hult dropped out of college to launch EF's initial product, English immersion trips to the UK for Swedish students.<ref name="boston-globe-2013-interview">{{cite news |last1=Johnston |first1=Katie |title=Education First Aims to Bridge Barriers with Exchange |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/02/03/founder-bertil-hult-sees-education-first-breaking-down-global-barriers/KK6hpFwDqvocR73w0Xf9jO/story.html |access-date=19 February 2024 |publisher=Boston Globe |date=February 2, 2013}}</ref> He had struggled to learn English in school, but while interning for a shipbroker in London, he found he picked English up more easily.<ref name="Forbes-2020-interview">{{cite news |last1=Hill |first1=Andrew |title=A billionaire with no master plan for his family business |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3ed2d028-258f-11ea-9305-4234e74b0ef3 |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=Forbes |date=February 2, 2020}}</ref> He came to believe that "learning by doing" could be as effective as traditional classroom methods.<ref name="Forbes-2018-interview">{{cite news |last1=Jedeur-Palmgren |first1=Max |title=Meet The Billionaire College Dropout Who's Teaching The World English |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maxjedeurpalmgren/2018/08/23/meet-the-billionaire-college-dropout-whos-teaching-the-world-english/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=Forbes |date=August 23, 2018}}</ref>

In the 1970s, EF opened language schools and expanded sales across Western Europe and Asia.<ref name="Forbes-2018-interview" /> In 1972, EF opened its first school in Japan, at the same time that English language keyboards were introduced there.<ref name="boston-globe-2013-interview" /> In 1979, the company introduced its first cultural exchange programme, EF High School Exchange Year.<ref>{{cite web |title=EF High School Exchange Year |date=25 May 2016 |url=https://www.csiet.org/advisory-list/ef-high-school-exchange-year/ |publisher=Council on Standards for International Educational Travel |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>

=== 1980–1995 ===
In the 1980s, EF began organising educational travel and immersion programmes for North Americans with no language learning component, including EF Explore America, EF Educational Tours, and EF Go Ahead Tours.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Keller |first1=Courtney |title=We are EF Go Ahead Tours |url=https://www.goaheadtours.com/travel-blog/articles/we-are-ef-go-ahead-tours |publisher=EF Go Ahead Tours |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="boston-globe-2013-interview" /> The company also launched an au pair programme in 1988, EF Au Pair, today Cultural Care Au Pair, which is regulated by the [[U.S. Department of State]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fougere |first1=David |title=Company History |url=https://davidffougere.wordpress.com/company-history/ |website=Cultural Care Au Pair, Speaking from the heart |date=5 August 2009 |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Au Pair |url=https://j1visa.state.gov/programs/au-pair |website=BridgeUSA |publisher=US Department of State Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>

In 1988, EF served for the first time as the official language training services provider for the [[Seoul Olympic Games]], giving free language training services to judges, athletes, volunteers, and host country residents.<ref name="boston-globe-2014">{{cite news |last1=Johnston |first1=Katie |title=Mass. team will help Brazil learn English for 2016 Olympics |url=http://c.o0bg.com/business/2014/04/08/teaching-olympic-themed-english-million-brazilians/upEuSkCD7sXWzDpive9uCK/story.html |access-date=19 February 2024 |publisher=Boston Globe |date=April 9, 2014 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219161502/http://c.o0bg.com/business/2014/04/08/teaching-olympic-themed-english-million-brazilians/upEuSkCD7sXWzDpive9uCK/story.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The company went on to serve in the same capacity for Beijing 2008, Sochi 2014, Rio 2016, PyeongChang 2018, Tokyo 2020 and Beijing 2022.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Lapowsky |first1=Issy |title=How Brazil Plans to Teach a Million People English Before the Rio Olympics |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/12/education-first-brazil/ |magazine=Wired |access-date=19 February 2024 |date=Dec 8, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Morgan |first1=Liam |title=Education First announced as sponsor of Pyeongchang 2018 |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1031450/education-first-announced-as-sponsor-of-pyeongchang-2018 |website=Inside the Games|date=5 November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tokyo 2020 Welcomes EF Education First Japan Ltd. as an Official Partner |url=https://www.infobae.com/aroundtherings/ioc/2021/07/12/tokyo-2020-welcomes-ef-education-first-japan-ltd-as-an-official-partner/ |website=Around the Rings |date=12 July 2021 |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Palmer |first1=Dan |title=EF Education First become first official exclusive supplier of Beijing 2022 |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1087758/beijing-2022-education-first-official |website=Inside the Games |date=20 August 2019 |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>

In 1993, EF opened its first office in China.<ref name="nyt-2013">{{cite news |last1=Werdigier |first1=Julia |title=Bring in People Who Are Better Than You |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/09/business/international/bring-in-people-who-are-better-than-you.html |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=New York Times |date=December 9, 2013}}</ref> The company's network of English language schools in China grew quickly. It differentiated itself from competitors by marketing its international footprint and hiring native English-speaking teachers from abroad. It selected its expansion locations by looking for cities with a university, a [[McDonald's]], and more than 1 million residents.<ref name="Forbes-2018-interview" />

In 1996, the company launched EF Englishtown, now EF English Live, which was among the first online English schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=EF English Live has been helping millions of students learn English online for 25 years |url=https://englishlive.ef.com/en/blog/press/news/25-years-ef-english-live/ |website=EF English Live |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref> In 1997, EF sponsored two teams in the [[The Ocean Race|Whitbread Round the World Race]] – a men's team (EF Language) that won the competition, and the race's first fully female-helmed team (EF Education).<ref>{{cite web |title=A racer's life: EF Education in the 1997-98 Whitbread round the world race |url=https://www.yachtingworld.com/voyages/great-sailing-images-ef-education-1997-98-whitbread-round-the-world-race-97861 |access-date=19 February 2024 |date=October 18, 2016}}</ref>

In 2002, the Hult family purchased the Arthur D. Little School of Management, which was subsequently renamed [[Hult International Business School]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baron |first1=Ethan |title=Hult: A Powerhouse Or A Pariah? |url=https://poetsandquants.com/2014/09/03/hult-international-business-school-a-rising-powerhouse-or-a-pariah/ |website=Poets&Quants |access-date=19 February 2024 |date=September 3, 2014}}</ref> Hult is one of the few triple-accredited business schools in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Breiknah |title=Here's How Hult International Business School Landed Triple Crown Accreditation |url=https://www.businessbecause.com/news/in-the-news/5216/hult-international-business-school-triple-crown-accreditation |website=www.businessbecause.com |access-date=19 February 2024 |language=en |date=23 April 2018}}</ref>

=== 2006–2015 ===
EF and Hult International Business School started the [[Hult Prize]] in 2010, which challenges young people to solve the planet's pressing issues through social entrepreneurship. The Hult family donates US$1 million in annual seed capital to the winning team.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bahree |first1=Megha |title=A million dollars to solve the world's problems |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2015/01/11/ozy-million-dollars-solve-world-problems/21501745/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=USA TODAY |date=November 1, 2015}}</ref>

In 2011, EF introduced the [[EF English Proficiency Index]], an annual ranking of countries by their English skills.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greene |first1=Robert Lane |title=Who speaks English? |url=https://www.economist.com/johnson/2011/04/05/who-speaks-english |access-date=19 February 2024 |newspaper=The Economist |date=April 5, 2011}}</ref> In 2014, EF launched the [[EF Standard English Test]] – a free, certifying English test designed for non-native English speakers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abkowitz |first1=Alyssa |last2=Murphy |first2=Colum |title=Upstart English-Testing Services Take Aim at Longtime Market Leaders |url=http://online.wsj.com/articles/upstart-english-testing-services-take-aim-at-longtime-market-leaders-1410559082 |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=WSJ |date=September 12, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kilbanoff |first1=Eleanor |title=Take A New Test Aimed At The World's English-Language Learners |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2014/10/01/352983784/take-a-new-test-aimed-at-the-worlds-english-language-learners |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=NPR |date=October 1, 2014}}</ref> In the same year, EF partnered with [[Community Boating, Inc.]], the oldest public sailing centre in the United States, to help people with physical and cognitive disabilities learn how to sail.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Luna |first1=Taryn Luna |title=Community Boating raises pinks sails in new partnership with EF Education First - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2014/07/29/pinksails/3s5dUhZWwOv0C0ypjGsBdO/story.html |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=Boston Globe |date=29 July 2014}}</ref>

EF celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2015 with a series of events in Boston including "A Day with World Leaders" with speakers including Bill Clinton, Gordon Brown, Steve Wozniak, and Priyanka Chopra.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shanahan |first1=Mark |title=EF Education First bash draws Bill Clinton, others - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/names/2015/02/15/education-anniversary-bash-attracts-bill-clinton-other-leaders/OySWnGuHrRzboIuD5DGmON/story.html |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=Boston Globe |date=February 15, 2015}}</ref>

=== 2016–present ===
[[File:EF Education First by Christian Ursilva.jpg|thumb|EF's stand at the Danish book fair Bogforum 2025]]
In 2016, EF became the educational sponsor of the [[Nobel Prize Museum]] in [[Stockholm]], Sweden.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nobel Prize Museum Partners |url=https://nobelprizemuseum.se/en/about-us/nobel-museum-partners/ |website=Nobel Prize Museum |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>

In 2017, EF purchased the [[EF Education–EasyPost]] professional men's cycling team.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fretz |first1=Caley |title=Cannondale-Drapac secures new title sponsor EF Education First |url=https://velo.outsideonline.com/news/cannondale-becomes-ef-education-first-drapac/ |website=Velo |access-date=19 February 2024 |date=9 September 2017}}</ref> In 2023, EF launched a women's professional cycling team, [[EF Education-Cannondale]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hurford |first1=Molly |title=EF Pro Cycling Is Doubling Down, Announcing Their Own Women's WorldTour Team |url=https://www.bicycling.com/racing/a44154364/ef-pro-cycling-announcing-womens-worldtour-team/ |website=Bicycling |access-date=19 February 2024 |date=9 June 2023}}</ref> which has been renamed EF-Oatley-Cannondale in 2024<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oatly Announces Partnership with EF Pro Cycling |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/oatly-announces-partnership-ef-pro-123000776.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251019212500/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/oatly-announces-partnership-ef-pro-123000776.html |archive-date=2025-10-19 |access-date=2026-02-03 |work=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2020, following the 2015 merger of Hult International Business School with Ashridge Business School,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bradshaw |first1=Della |title=Transatlantic alliance steers smooth course |url=https://www.ft.com/content/7e199ea8-5251-11e5-8642-453585f2cfcd |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=Financial Times |date=6 September 2015}}</ref> EF began offering executive training for international organisations,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dommett |first1=Dina |title=Building the world's most relevant business school: The Hult Ashridge story |url=https://www.globalfocusmagazine.com/building-the-worlds-most-relevant-business-school-the-hult-ashridge-story/ |website=Global Focus Magazine |date=25 May 2022}}</ref> including via Amazon's Career Choice programme.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hult EF Corporate Education Selected by Amazon as Education Partner for Career Choice Program |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/hult-ef-corporate-education-selected-120000957.html |website=Yahoo Finance |access-date=19 February 2024 |date=14 March 2023}}</ref> The same year, EF began working with the [[Mastercard Foundation]] and the Rwandan Development Board to help [[Rwanda]]n youth improve their English to access professional opportunities and support the country's hospitality industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Public-Private Partnership to boost Rwanda's Tourism & Hospitality Industry |url=https://rdb.rw/rdb-mastercard-foundation-and-ef-education-first-partner-to-provide-language-and-skills-training-to-the-tourism-and-hospitality-industry-in-rwanda/ |website=Rwanda Development Board |date=7 May 2020 |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref> That same year, EF sold a majority stake in its Kids & Teens schools in China to private-equity firm Permira.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wu |first=Kane |date=July 28, 2020 |title=Permira buys majority stake in EF's children-focused business |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/markets/asia/permira-buys-majority-stake-in-efs-children-focused-business-idUSKCN24U0F8/ |access-date=February 2, 2026 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

The COVID-19 pandemic presented significant challenges to EF's travel-oriented businesses;<ref>{{cite news |title=UK language trainer to use job scheme for already planned redundancies |url=https://www.ft.com/content/bac8f316-5d37-4ea1-a85d-429cc16d0f38 |access-date=11 June 2024 |work=The Financial Times}}</ref> however, it also led to growth in the company's online programmes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Minji |first1=Yao |last2=Youyang |first2=Zhong |title=Education industry quickly moving online |url=https://www.shine.cn/news/metro/2003033289/ |website=SHINE |access-date=19 February 2024 |date=3 March 2020}}</ref>

In 2022, the company opened a new campus in [[Pasadena, California]] to support enrollment growth in its private boarding school product, EF Academy.<ref>{{cite news |title=EF Academy Opens 16-acre Campus, Brings Unique Global Mission and Vision to Pasadena – Pasadena Now |url=https://www.pasadenanow.com/main/ef-academy-opens-16-acre-campus-brings-unique-global-mission-and-vision-to-pasadena |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=Pasadena Now |date=15 September 2022}}</ref> The following year, EF served as the Official Language Training Services Supplier for the [[2023 Rugby World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=EF Education First selected as official language training services supplier for Rugby World Cup France 2023 ｜ Rugby World Cup 2023 |url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/642116/ef-education-first-selected-as-official-language-training-services-supplier-for-rugby-world-cup-france-2023 |website=www.rugbyworldcup.com |language=en |date=9 June 2021}}</ref>

In the summer of 2024, EF Education First was declared an "[[Russian undesirable organizations law|undesirable organization]]" in Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ovd.info/express-news/2024/08/05/nemeckiy-fond-imeni-konrada-adenauera-i-esche-tri-organizacii-priznali|title=Немецкий Фонд имени Конрада Аденауэра и еще три организации признали «нежелательными» в России|work=[[OVD-Info]]|date=August 5, 2024|language=ru}}</ref>

In 2024, EF Education First was adopted by the São Paulo Department of Education (SEDUC-SP) as a platform of the [[São Paulo Media Center]], being called "SPeak".<ref>{{Cite web |last=São Paulo State Government |date=2024-04-29 |title=PLATAFORMA EDUCATION FIRST (EF) – ENGLISH – PRIMEIROS ACESSOS – ALUNOS A PARTIR DO 8º ANO (ANOS FINAIS) ATÉ 3ª SÉRIE (ENSINO MÉDIO) |url=https://decentro.educacao.sp.gov.br/plataforma-education-first-ef-english-primeiros-acessos-alunos-a-partir-do-8o-ano-anos-finais-ate-3a-serie-ensino-medio/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Education Directory -- Central Region |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=São Paulo State Government |last2=State Department of Education |last3=Education Department -- North Region 2 |date=2024-08-23 |title=Orientações pedagógicas a partir do uso da plataforma SPEAK |url=https://midiasstoragesec.blob.core.windows.net/001/2024/08/rede431.pdf |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=SEDUC-SP |language=pt-BR}}</ref>

== Corporate affairs ==

=== Governance ===
Following their father's retirement, two of [[Bertil Hult]]'s sons took over management of EF – Philip Hult as global chairman<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0oXyiNsteE |title=Looking back at 60 years of EF |date=2025-02-11 |last=EF Education First |access-date=2025-06-02 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and Edward Hult as chief executive officer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EF Education First {{!}} Company Overview & News |url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/ef-education-first/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

=== Locations ===
EF has offices and schools in more than 100 countries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hill |first=Andrew |date=2020-02-02 |title=A billionaire with no master plan for his family business |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3ed2d028-258f-11ea-9305-4234e74b0ef3 |access-date=2025-06-02 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> The company's hubs are in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], Massachusetts; London, England; and Zurich, Switzerland. In 2014, EF opened a new North American headquarters facility on the [[Charles River]] in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Luna |first=Taryn |title=EF Education First headquarters debuts in Cambridge - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2014/10/15/education-first-headquarters-debuts-cambridge/5825AXYaiEiGELj5FkmlfK/story.html |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=BostonGlobe.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
EF has been criticised in several instances by students taking its courses.

In 2019, seven of its English teachers in [[Xuzhou]] allegedly tested positive for drugs. The case ignited discussions about EF's hiring practices, leading to its suspension from the China Association for Non-Government Education.<ref>{{cite web |title=EF Suspended From Education Association Following Teachers' Drug Offenses |url=https://www.sixthtone.com/ht_news/1004446/ef-suspended-from-education-association-following-teachers-drug-offenses |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816160733/https://www.sixthtone.com/ht_news/1004446/ef-suspended-from-education-association-following-teachers-drug-offenses |archive-date=16 August 2019 |website=Sixth Tone}}</ref>

In 2020, a former teacher of EF was charged for exploiting a previous pupil in China. The defendant, an American national, threatened to post video footage of the student's sexually explicit conduct online unless she sent him more images and a video of herself engaged in similar acts. EF said the alleged crime happened after the man returned to the US when his contract in China had already been terminated for violating the company's code of conduct. The company's spokesperson declined to explain the specifics of the violation. He has pled guilty in a [[Missouri]] court to sexual exploitation of a minor and to receiving and distributing child pornography.<ref name=sixthtone>{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Qi'an |title=EF Under Fire After Former Teacher Admits to Sexual Blackmail |date=23 October 2020 |url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1006340 |website=Sixth Tone}}</ref>

On 17 February 2022 Claudio Mandia, an Italian student participating in the IB Diploma programme of the EF Academy in New York, took his life following his expulsion after being caught cheating repetitively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-31 |title=Claudio Mandia, studente suicida a New York: i genitori denunciano la scuola |url=https://www.vanityfair.it/article/claudio-mandia-studente-suicida-new-york-genitori-denunciano-scuola |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Vanity Fair Italia |language=it-IT}}</ref> The school has always denied the circumstance that the young man was in a state of confinement, the room "was not locked" and "could have social interaction", was the reply of the Academy of New York Thornwood to the accusations of Claudio's family members.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Niro |first=Carmine Di |date=2023-01-12 |title=Claudio Mandia, il processo per lo studente morto suicida nel college di New York rischia di spostarsi in Svizzera |url=https://www.ilriformista.it/claudio-mandia-il-processo-per-lo-studente-morto-suicida-nel-college-di-new-york-rischia-di-spostarsi-in-svizzera-338329/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Il Riformista |language=it-IT}}</ref>

The Italian television show "{{lang|it|Chi l'ha visto?|italics=no}}" has brought to light many testimonies from students who participated in the EF language study trips. Among the testimonies, there are cases of students being hosted by drunk parents and one host parent who shot a neighbour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=reports |first=6 News staff |date=2021-08-17 |title=Council Bluffs Police give details of foreign exchange coordinator sentencing |url=https://www.wowt.com/2021/08/17/council-bluffs-police-give-details-foreign-exchange-coordinator-sentencing/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=www.wowt.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chi l'ha visto? 2022/23 - Claudio Mandia suicida in Usa: le testimonianze di altri studenti della "EF Academy" - 11/01/2023 - Video |url=https://www.raiplay.it/video/2023/01/Claudio-Mandia-suicida-in-Usa-le-testimonianze-di-altri-studenti-della-EF-Academy---Chi-lha-visto---11012023--fac9c2f0-c606-403d-be0e-e7fcd3cfec33.html |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=RaiPlay |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Lorenzo|last=Drigo |date=2023-01-11 |title=Suicidio Claudio Mandia/ Racconti contro EF Italia: "Il mio ospite sparò al vicino" |url=https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/suicidio-claudio-mandia-racconti-contro-ef-italia-il-mio-ospite-sparo-al-vicino/2470564/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=IlSussidiario.net |language=it}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[EF English Proficiency Index]]
* [[EF Standard English Test]]
* [[Hult International Business School]]
* [[Hult Prize]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Official website|https://www.ef.com/}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:EF Education First}}
[[Category:EF Education First| ]]
[[Category:International education industry]]
[[Category:Education companies of Sweden]]
[[Category:Education companies of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Education companies established in 1965]]
[[Category:Companies based in Lucerne]]
[[Category:Companies based in Lund]]
[[Category:Organizations listed in Russia as undesirable]]

Litter (vehicle)

2026-05-03T22:12:58Z

Anthony: adding basic post added tags

{{Short description|Human-powered wheelless vehicle for the transport of persons}}
[[File:Sedan-chair.jpg|thumb|A Turkish sedan chair ({{lang|tr|tahtırevan}}), 1893]]
[[File:The Date Clan’s Palanquin with Arabesque Design in Maki-e Lacquer.jpg|thumb|The Japanese Princess Mune's 18th-century palanquin ({{translit|ja|norimono}}), with an arabesque design in [[maki-e]] [[Japanese lacquerware|lacquer]]]]
[[File:SedanChair2.JPG|thumb|upright|A late-18th-century English sedan chair at [[Eaton Hall, Cheshire|Eaton Hall]]]]
The '''litter''' is a class of wheelless [[vehicle]]s, a type of [[human-powered transport]], for the transport of people. Smaller litters may take the form of open chairs or beds carried by two or more carriers, some being enclosed for protection from the elements. Larger litters, for example those of the [[Emperor of China|Chinese emperors]], may resemble small rooms upon a platform borne upon the shoulders of a dozen or more people. To most efficiently carry a litter, porters either place the [[carrying pole]]s directly upon their shoulders or use a [[yoke]] to transfer the load from the carrying poles to the shoulders.

==Definitions==
[[File:The March of Death.jpg|thumb|left|Improvised sling-type litters on the [[Bataan Death March]] in the Philippines in 1942]]
A simple litter consists of a [[Sling (furniture)|sling]] attached along its length to poles or stretched inside a frame. The poles or frame are carried by porters in front and behind. Such simple litters are common on battlefields and emergency situations, where terrain prohibits wheeled vehicles from carrying away the dead and wounded.

Litters can also be created quickly by the lashing of poles to a [[chair]]. Such litters, consisting of a simple cane chair, sometimes an umbrella to ward off the elements, and two stout bamboo poles, may still be found in Chinese mountain resorts such as the [[Huangshan Mountains]] to carry tourists along scenic paths and to viewing positions inaccessible by other means of transport.

A more luxurious version consists of a bed or couch, sometimes enclosed by [[curtain]]s, for the passenger or passengers to lie on. These are carried by at least two porters in equal numbers in front and behind, using wooden rails that pass through [[Bracket (architecture)|brackets]] on the sides of the couch. The largest and heaviest types would be carried by draught animals.

Another form, commonly called a '''sedan chair''', consists of a [[chair]] or windowed [[cabin (ship)|cabin]] suitable for a single occupant, also carried by at least two porters, one in front and one behind, using wooden rails that pass through brackets on the sides of the chair. These porters were known in [[London]] as "chairmen". These have been very rare since the 19th century, but such enclosed portable litters have been used as an [[elite]] form of [[transport]] for centuries, especially in cultures where women are kept secluded.

Sedan chairs, in use until the 19th century, were accompanied at night by [[link-boy]]s who carried torches.<ref name="sedan">[http://www.thisisbath.com/ Bath Chronicle] (December 2, 2002) ''Sedan Chairs Ride Again.'' Page 21.</ref> Where possible, the link boys escorted the fares to the chairmen, the passengers then being delivered to the door of their lodgings.<ref name="sedan"/> Several houses in [[Bath, Somerset]], [[England]] still have the link extinguishers on the exteriors, shaped like outsized candle snuffers.<ref name="sedan"/> In the 1970s, entrepreneur and Bathwick resident, John Cuningham, revived the sedan chair service business for a brief amount of time.<ref name="sedan"/>

In traditional Catholic [[Procession|processions]], holy statues and [[Relic#Christianity|relics]] are still carried through the streets using litters.

<gallery>
File:Senhora escravos 1860.jpg|Lady in a litter being carried by enslaved people [[São Paulo (state)|province of São Paulo]] in [[Brazil]], {{circa|1860}}
File:Catholic procession.jpg|Catholic procession with a statue of the [[Mary,_mother_of_Jesus|Virgin Mary]] being carried on a litter, [[London]], 2010
</gallery>

==Antiquity==
[[File:Figure Seated in Palanquin LACMA M.86.296.138.jpg|thumb|Ceramic depiction of a figure seated in a litter, [[Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition]], 200 BCE – 500 CE]]

In [[pharaoh|pharaonic]] [[Egypt]] and many other places such as [[India]], [[Rome]], and [[China]], the ruler and divinities (in the form of an idol like lord [[Krishna]]) were often transported in a litter in public, frequently in procession, as during state ceremonial or religious festivals.

The [[Ark of the Covenant]] in the [[Book of Exodus]] resembles a litter.

In [[Ancient Rome]], a litter called {{lang|la|lectica}} or {{lang|la|sella}} often carried members of the imperial family, as well as other dignitaries and other members of the rich elite, when not mounted on horseback.

The [[Third Council of Braga]] in 675 AD ordered that bishops, when carrying the relics of martyrs in procession, must walk to the church, and not be carried in a chair, or litter, by deacons clothed in white.

In the Catholic Church, popes were carried the same way in [[sedia gestatoria]], which was replaced later by the [[popemobile]].

<gallery>
File:Sedan chair, wood - Museo Egizio, Turin C 6829 p01.jpg|Simple wooden litter of the Nineteenth – Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt (Egyptian New Kingdom), 1292–1077 BCE. [[Museo Egizio]], Turin, Italy
</gallery>

==In Asia==

=== Indian subcontinent ===
{{See also|Transport in Bangladesh|Transport in India}}[[File:A covered sedan chair being carried by eight or nine men, wearing white with various coloured sashes and turbans.jpg|thumb|A covered sedan chair being carried by eight or nine men, wearing white with various coloured sashes and turbans]]
[[File:Street Scene in Calcutta, an engraving, 1881.jpg|thumb|Palanquin in the streets of Calcutta, an engraving, {{circa|1881}}]]
[[File:Dhoolie Bearers, Benares.jpg|thumb|A dooly at [[Varanasi]], {{circa|1895}}]]
[[File:Doli service in Sabarimala.jpg|thumb|Doli service in [[Sabarimala]]]]
A '''palanquin''' is a covered litter, usually for one passenger. It is carried by an even number of bearers (between two and eight, but most commonly four) on their shoulders, by means of a pole projecting fore and aft.<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Palanquin}}</ref><ref name="banglapedia">{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Palanquin |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Palanquin |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref name="museum">{{cite web |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/ZQUx535Ha2n-Kw |title=1850s Palki (Palanquin) |publisher=Heritage Transport Museum}}</ref>

The word is derived from the Sanskrit ''palyanka'', meaning bed or couch. The Malay and Javanese form is ''palangki'', in Bengali and Hindi, ''palki'', in Telugu ''pallaki''. The Portuguese apparently added a nasal termination to these to make ''palanquim''. English adopted it from Portuguese as "palanquin".<ref name="EB1911" /><ref name="banglapedia" />

Palanquins vary in size and grandeur. The smallest and simplest, a cot or frame suspended by the four corners from a bamboo pole and borne by two bearers, is called a '''''doli'''''.<ref name="banglapedia" /><ref name="Hobson-Jobson313">{{cite book |last1=Yule |first1=Henry |author-link1=Henry Yule |last2=Burnell |first2=Arthur Coke |author-link2=Arthur Coke Burnell |date=1903 |editor-last=Crooke |editor-first=William |editor-link=William Crooke |title=Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive |url=https://archive.org/stream/hobsonjobson029985mbp#page/n366/mode/1up |location=London |publisher=John Murray |page=313}}</ref> Larger palanquins are rectangular wooden boxes eight feet long, four feet wide, and four feet high, with openings on either side screened by curtains or shutters.<ref name="EB1911" /> Interiors are furnished with bedding and pillows. Ornamentation reflects the social status of the traveller. The most ornate palanquins have [[lacquer]] paintwork and cast bronze finials at the ends of the poles. Designs include foliage, animals, and geometric patterns.<ref name="museum" />

[[Ibn Batutta]] describes them as being "carried by eight men in two lots of four, who rest and carry in turn. In the town there are always a number of these men standing in the bazaars and at the sultan's gate and at the gates of other persons for hire." Those for "women are covered with silk curtains."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Battutah|first1=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battutah|date=2002|publisher=Picador|location=London|isbn=9780330418799|pages=186, 318}}</ref>

Palanquins are mentioned in literature as early as the ''[[Ramayana]]'' ({{circa|250{{nbsp}}BC}}).<ref name="banglapedia" /> Indian women of rank always travelled by palanquin.<ref name="EB1911" /> The conveyance proved popular with European residents in India, and was used extensively by them. [[Pietro Della Valle]], a 17th-century Italian traveller, wrote:

{{blockquote|text=Going in ''Palanchino'' in the Territories of the ''Portugals'' in ''India'' is prohibited to men, because indeed 'tis a thing too effeminate, nevertheless, as the ''Portugals'' are very little observers of their own Laws, they began at first to be tolerated upon occasion of the Rain, and for favours, or presents, and afterwards became so common that they are us'd almost by everybody throughout the whole year.<ref>{{cite book |last=Della Valle |first=Pietro |date=1892 |orig-year=First translated 1664 |editor-last=Grey |editor-first=Edward |translator-last=Havers |translator-first=George |title=The Travels of Pietro Della Valle in India from the old English translation of 1664 by G. Havers |url=https://archive.org/stream/travelsofpietrod00dell#page/185/mode/1up/ |volume=I |location=London |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |page=185}}</ref>}}

Being transported by palanquin was pleasant.<ref name="museum" /> Owning one and keeping the staff to power it was a luxury affordable even to low-paid clerks of the [[East India Company]]. Concerned that this indulgence led to neglect of business in favor of "rambling", in 1758 the Court of Directors of the company prohibited its junior clerks from purchasing and maintaining palanquins.<ref name="banglapedia" /><ref name="Hobson-Jobson659-661">{{cite book |last1=Yule |first1=Henry |author-link1=Henry Yule |last2=Burnell |first2=Arthur Coke |author-link2=Arthur Coke Burnell |date=1903 |editor-last=Crooke |editor-first=William |editor-link=William Crooke |title=Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive |url=https://archive.org/stream/hobsonjobson029985mbp#page/n714/mode/1up |location=London |publisher=John Murray |pages=659–661}}</ref> Also in the time of the British in India, ''dolis'' served as military ambulances, used to carry the wounded from the battlefield.<ref name="Hobson-Jobson313" />

In the early 19th century, the most prevalent mode of long-distance transport for the affluent was by palanquin.<ref name="Hobson-Jobson659-661" /><ref name="Dodd1859">{{cite book |last=Dodd |first=George |author-link=George Dodd (19th-century writer) |date=1859 |title=The History of the Indian Revolt, and of the Expeditions to Persia, China, and Japan, 1856-7-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindianr00doddrich |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofindianr00doddrich/page/20 20]–22}}</ref> The post office could arrange, with a few days notice, relays of bearers to convey a traveller's palanquin between ''[[Stagecoach|stages]]'' or stations.<ref name="banglapedia" /><ref name="Dodd1859" /> The distance between these in the government's ''[[dak (mail service)|dak]]'' ([[Hindi]] for "mail")<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yule |first1=Henry |author-link1=Henry Yule |last2=Burnell |first2=Arthur Coke |author-link2=Arthur Coke Burnell |date=1903 |editor-last=Crooke |editor-first=William |editor-link=William Crooke |title=Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive |url=https://archive.org/stream/hobsonjobson029985mbp#page/n352/mode/1up |location=London |publisher=John Murray |page=299}}</ref> system averaged about {{convert|10|mi}}, and could be covered in three hours. A relay's usual complement consisted of two torch-bearers, two luggage-porters, and eight palanquin-bearers who worked in gangs of four, although all eight might pitch in at steep sections. A passenger could travel straight through or break their journey at [[dak bungalow]]s located at certain stations.<ref name="Dodd1859" />

Until the mid-19th century, palanquins remained popular for those who could afford them,<ref name="Hobson-Jobson659-661" /> but they fell out of favor for long journeys as steamers, railways, and roads suitable for wheeled transport were developed.<ref name="banglapedia" /> By the beginning of the 20th century they were nearly "obsolete among the better class of Europeans".<ref name="Hobson-Jobson659-661" /> [[Pulled rickshaw|Rickshaws]], introduced in the 1930s, supplanted them for trips around town.<ref name="banglapedia" />

Modern use of the palanquin is limited to ceremonial occasions. A ''doli'' carries the bride in a [[Indian wedding|traditional wedding]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Anand |first=Jatin |date=21 November 2016 |title=Big, fat weddings getting trim |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Big-fat-weddings-getting-trim/article16662665.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref> and they may be used to carry religious images in Hindu processions.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |date=27 November 2016 |title=Pilgrim nation: The Goddess Meenakshi of Madurai |url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/Pilgrim-nation-The-Goddess-Meenakshi-of-Madurai/articleshow/55639722.cms |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref> Many parts in Uttar Pradesh, India like Gorakhpur and around places Vishwakarma communities has been involved in making the ''dolis for wedding'' processions. The last known doli making dates back around 2000 by Sharmas(Vishwakarmas) in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh.

===China===
[[Image:HK Sedanchair.jpg|thumb|A public sedan chair in Hong Kong, {{circa|1870}}]]

[[Image:National_Museum_of_Ethnology,_Osaka_-_Litter_of_the_bride_-_Peking,_China.jpg|thumb|A Chinese bridal sedan]]

In [[Han dynasty|Han China]] the elite travelled in light bamboo seats supported on a carrier's back like a backpack. In the [[Northern Wei dynasty]] and the Northern and Southern [[Liu Song dynasty|Song dynasty]], wooden palanquins on poles appear in painted landscape scrolls.

A commoner used a [[wooden]] or [[bamboo]] civil sedan chair ({{zh|c=民轎|p=mínjiào}}), while the [[mandarin (bureaucrat)|mandarin]] class used an official sedan chair ({{zh|c=官轎|p=guānjiào|labels=no}}) enclosed in silk curtains.

The chair with perhaps the greatest importance was the bridal palanquin ({{zh|c=喜轎|p=xǐjiào|labels=no}}). A traditional bride is carried to her [[wedding]] ceremony by a shoulder carriage ({{zh|c=肩輿|p=jiānyú|labels=no}}), usually hired. These were [[lacquer]]ed in an auspicious shade of red, richly ornamented and [[gilding|gilded]], and were equipped with red silk curtains to screen the bride from onlookers.<ref name=thomson/>

Sedan chairs were once the only public conveyance in Hong Kong, filling the role of cabs. Chair stands were found at all hotels, wharves, and major crossroads. Public chairs were licensed, and charged according to tariffs which would be displayed inside.<ref name=thomson>[http://irc.aa.tufs.ac.jp/thomson/vol_1/mother/104.html A Hong Kong Sedan Chair], Illustrations of China and Its People, John Thomson 1837–1921, (London, 1873–1874)</ref> Private chairs were an important marker of a person's status. Civil officers' status was denoted by the number of bearers attached to his chair.<ref name=thomson/> Before [[Hong Kong]]'s [[Peak Tram]] went into service in 1888, wealthy residents of [[Victoria Peak]] were carried on sedan chairs by porters up the steep paths to their residence including former [[Governor of Hong Kong]] [[Richard Graves MacDonnell|Richard MacDonnell's]] [[summer home]], where they could take advantage of the cooler climate. Since 1975 an annual sedan chair race has been held to benefit the [[Matilda International Hospital]] and commemorate the practice of earlier days.

===Korea===
[[File:Gama2 crop.jpg|thumb|A Korean ''gama'', {{circa|1890}}]]
In Korea, royalty and aristocrats were carried in wooden litters called '''gama''' ({{korean|hangul=가마|hanja=}}). ''Gama''s were primarily used by royalty and government officials. There were six types of ''gama'', each assigned to different government official rankings.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=November 24, 2015 |title='Gama': a comprehensive art |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2024/05/135_174091.html |work=[[The Korea Times]]}}</ref> Because of the difficulties posed by the mountainous terrain of the Korean peninsula and the lack of paved roads, ''gama''s were preferred over wheeled vehicles.<ref name=":0" /> In traditional weddings, the bride and groom are carried to the ceremony in separate ''gama''s,<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 21, 2014 |title=Riding sedan chair to wedding |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/opinion/2024/05/137_155821.html |work=[[The Korea Times]]}}</ref> this custom goes back to the times of [[Joseon Dynasty]], when the gamas were also used for celebrations of passing government exams and funerals.

===Japan===
[[Image:Saio dai Roto-nogi 20160515.JPG|thumb|left|A woman being carried in a palanquin at the [[Aoi Matsuri]] festival]]
[[Image:The Fuji from Kanaya on the Tokaido.jpg|thumb|A scene of people using litters to cross the [[Ōi River]] during the Edo period. by [[Hokusai]] from "Kanaya Along the Tōkaidō" of [[Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji]]]]
[[Image:Kisokaido08 Kumagai.jpg|thumb|A norimono in a print by [[Keisai Eisen]] from [[The Sixty-nine Stations of the Kiso Kaidō]]]]
As the population of Japan increased and less and less land remained available for the grazing of animals, restrictions were placed upon the use of horses for non-military purposes, with the result that human-powered transport grew increasingly important and eventually came to prevail.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

''[[Kago]]'' ({{ruby-ja|駕籠|かご}}) were often used in Japan to transport the non-samurai citizen. ''[[Commons:Category:Norimono (Japanese palanquin)|Norimono]]'' were used by the warrior class and nobility, most famously during the [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokugawa]] period when regional samurai were required to spend a part of the year in Edo (Tokyo) with their families, resulting in yearly migrations of the rich and powerful ([[Sankin-kōtai]]) to and from the capital along the central backbone road of Japan.

Somewhat similar in appearance to kago are the [[mikoshi|portable shrines]] that are used to carry the "god-body" ([[goshintai]]), the central totemic core normally found in the [[honden|most sacred area]] of [[Jinja (Shinto)|Shinto Shrines]], on a tour to and from a shrine during some [[matsuri|religious festivals]].

===Vietnam===
[[File:%C4%90%C3%A1m_c%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bi_chu%E1%BB%99t.JPG|thumb|Traditional [[Đông Hồ painting]] depicting the satirical "rat's wedding" with the bride carried in a ''kiệu'']]
Traditional Vietnam employed two distinct types of litters, the ''cáng'' and the ''kiệu''. The ''cáng'' is a basic bamboo pole with the rider reclining in a [[hammock]]. More elaborate cáng had an adjustable woven bamboo shade to shelter the occupant. Dignitaries would have an entourage to carry parasols.

The ''kiệu'' resemble more of the sedan chair, enclosed with a fixed elaborately carved roof and doors. While the cáng has become obsolete, the ''kiệu'' is retained in certain traditional rituals a part of a temple devotional procession.

===Thailand===
[[File:Phra Wo Siwikakan after the royal funeral procession of Bejaratana Rajasuda.jpg|thumb|Elaborate royal Thai Wo, "พระวอสีวิกากาญจน์" (Phra Wo Si Wika Kan)]]
In Thailand, the royalty were also carried in wooden litters called '''wo''' ("พระวอ" Phra Wo, literally, "Royal Sedan") for large ceremonies. Wos were elaborately decorated litters that were delicately carved and colored by gold leaf. Stained glass is also used to decorate the litters. Presently, Royal Wos and carriages are only used for royal ceremonies in Thailand. They are exhibited in the Bangkok National Museum.

===Indonesia===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een vorstelijk bruidspaar in een draagstoel te Sanggau Borneo TMnr 10002949.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Princely bride and groom in a litter in [[Sanggau Regency|Sanggau]], [[West Kalimantan]], in the 1940s|alt=]]
In traditional [[Javanese people|Javanese]] society, the generic palanquin or ''joli'' was a wicker chair with a canopy, attached to two poles, and borne on men's shoulders, and was available for hire to any paying customer.<ref>Tomlin, Jacob'' Missionary Journals and Letters: Written During Eleven Years' Residence and Travels Amongst the Chinese, Siamese, Javanese, Khassias, and Other Eastern Nations'' Nisbet: 1844: 384 pages, pp 251:</ref> As a status marker, gilded throne-like palanquins, or ''jempana'', were originally reserved solely for royalty, and later co-opted by the Dutch, as a status marker: the more elaborate the palanquin, the higher the status of the owner. The ''joli'' was transported either by hired help, by nobles' peasants, or by slaves.

Historically, the palanquin of a [[Javanese people|Javanese]] king (''raja''), prince (''pangeran''), lord (''raden mas'') or other noble (''bangsawan'') was known as a ''jempana''; a more throne-like version was called a ''pangkem''. It was always part of a large military procession, with a yellow (the Javanese colour for royalty) square canopy. The ceremonial parasol (''payung'') was held above the palanquin, which was carried by a bearer behind and flanked by the most loyal bodyguards, usually about 12 men, with [[pike (weapon)|pikes]], [[sabre]]s, [[lance]]s, [[musket]]s, [[keris]] and a variety of disguised blades. In contrast, the canopy of the [[Sumatra]]n palanquin was oval-shaped and draped in white cloth; this was reflective of greater cultural permeation by Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Locher-Scholten |first1=Elsbeth |last2=Jackson |first2=Beverley |date=2004 |title=Sumatran sultanate and colonial state: Jambi and the rise of Dutch imperialism, 1830–1907 |publisher=SEAP Publications |isbn=0-87727-736-2}}</ref>{{original research inline|date=February 2017}} Occasionally, a weapon or heirloom, such as an important keris or tombak, was given its own palanquin. In Hindu culture in [[Bali]] today, the tradition of using palanquins for auspicious statues, weapons or heirlooms continues, for funerals especially; in more elaborate rituals, a palanquin is used to bear the body, and is subsequently cremated along with the departed.

===Philippines===
In pre-colonial Philippines, litters were a way of transportation for the elite (''[[maginoo]]'', ''ginu'', ''tumao''); ''[[Raja]]hs'', ''[[Lakan]]s'', ''[[Datu]]s'', sovereign princes (''Rajamuda'') and their wives use a ''Sankayan'' or ''Sakayan'', a wooden or bamboo throne with elaborate and intricate carvings carried by their servants. Also among their retinue were ''payong'' (umbrella)-bearers, to shade the royalty and nobility from the intense heat.

Princesses (''binibini'', ''dayang dayang'') who were sequestered from the world were called ''[[Binukot]]'' or ''Binocot'' (“set apart”). A special type of royal, these individuals were forbidden to walk on the ground or be exposed to the general populace. When they needed to go anywhere, they were veiled and carried in a hammock or a basket-like litter similar to bird's nests carried by their slaves. Longer journeys required that they be borne inside larger, covered palanquins with silk covers, with some taking the form of a miniature hut.

In Spanish-colonial Philippines, litters remained one of the options of transportation for the Spanish inhabitants and members of the native [[principalia]] class.

==In Africa==

[[File:Drawing by Ataa Oko, 2009.jpg|thumb|A figurative palanquin; drawing by the Ghanaian artist [[Ataa Oko]]]]
In Southern Ghana the Akan and the [[Ga–Dangme people|Ga-Dangme]] carry their chiefs and kings in palanquins when they appear in their state [[durbar (court)|durbar]]s. When used in such occasions these palanquins may be seen as a substitutes of a [[state coach]] in Europe or a horse used in Northern Ghana. The chiefs of the Ga (''mantsemei'') in the [[Greater Accra Region]] ([[Ghana]]) use also figurative palanquins which are built after a chief's family symbol or totem. But these day the [[figurative palanquin]]s are very seldom used. They are related with the [[fantasy coffin|figurative coffins]] which have become very popular among the Ga in the last 50 years. Since these figurative coffins were shown 1989 in the exhibition "Les magicians de la terre" in the Centre Pompidou in Paris they were shown in many art museums around the world.<ref name="Tschumi2013">[[Regula Tschumi]]: ''The [[Figurative palanquin|Figurative Palanquins]] of the Ga. History and Significance.'' In: ''[[African Arts]]'', 46 (4), 2013, S. 60–73.</ref>

From at least the 15th century until the 19th century, litters of varying types known as ''tipoye'' were used in the [[Kingdom of Kongo]] as a mode of transportation for the elites. Seat-style litters with a single pole along the back of the chair carried by two men (usually slaves) were topped with an umbrella. Lounge-style litters in the shape of a bed were used to move one to two people with a porter at each corner. Due to the tropical climate, horses were not native to the area nor could they survive very long once introduced by the Portuguese. Human portage was the only mode of transportation in the region and became highly adept with missionary accounts claiming the litter transporters could move at speeds 'as fast as post horses at the gallop'.<ref>George Balandier "Daily Life in the Kingdom of the Kongo" (1968), p. 117</ref>

==In the West==

===In Europe===
[[Image:RobertAdamDesignofaSedanChairforQueenCharlotte1775.jpg|thumb|left|A sedan chair designed by [[Robert Adam]] for [[Queen Charlotte]], 1775]]
Portuguese and Spanish navigators and colonisers encountered litters of various sorts in [[India]], [[Mexico]], and [[Peru]]. Such novelties, imported into [[Spain]], spread into [[France]] and then to [[United Kingdom|Britain]]. Most of the European names for these devices ultimately derive from the root ''sed-'', as in Latin ''sedere'', "to sit", which gave rise to ''seda'' ("seat") and its diminutive ''sedula'' ("little seat"), the latter of which was contracted to ''sella'', the traditional Classical Latin name for a chair, including a carried chair.<ref>T. Atkinson Jenkins. "Origin of the Word Sedan", Hispanic Review, Vol. 1, No. 3 (July 1933), pp. 240–242.
</ref> The [[German language|German]] term ''Sänfte'' ("smoothness"), however, refers to the comfort of the ride.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dwds.de/wb/S%C3%A4nfte | title=Sänfte – Schreibung, Definition, Bedeutung, Etymologie, Synonyme, Beispiele | date=January 2025 }}</ref>

[[File:A History of Madeira, 1821, P 107.jpg|thumb|Litter with porters in [[Madeira]], Portugal, 1821]]
In Europe this mode of transportation met with instant success. [[Henry VIII of England]] (reigned 1509–1547) was carried around in a sedan chair—it took four strong chairmen to carry him towards the end of his life—but the expression "sedan chair" did not appear in print until 1615. Trevor Fawcett notes (see link) that British travellers [[Fynes Moryson]] (in 1594) and [[John Evelyn]] (in 1644–45) remarked on the ''seggioli'' of [[Naples]] and [[Genoa]], which were chairs for public hire slung from poles and carried on the shoulders of two porters.

[[File:Portantina granducale cosimo III - FIRENZE.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Carrying chair for [[Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]], with curved bars to permit ascent to or descent from the dome; [[Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Florence)]]]]

From the mid-17th century, visitors taking the waters at [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] would be conveyed in a chair enclosed in baize curtains, especially if they had taken a heated bath and were going straight to bed to sweat. The curtains kept off a possibly fatal draught. These were not the proper sedan chairs "to carry the better sort of people in visits, or if sick or infirmed" ([[Celia Fiennes]]).{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} In the 17th and 18th centuries, the chairs stood in the main hall of a well-appointed city residence, where a lady could enter and be carried to her destination without setting foot in a filthy street. The [[neoclassicism|neoclassical]] sedan chair made for [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Queen Charlotte]] (Queen Consort from 1761 to 1818) remains at [[Buckingham Palace]].

[[Image:G. Borgelli.JPG|thumb|A [[rococo]] sedan chair arrives at a garden party; 19th-century oil painting by G. Borgelli]]
By the mid-17th century, sedans for hire had become a common mode of transportation. London had "chairs" available for hire in 1634, each assigned a number and the chairmen licensed because the operation was a monopoly of a courtier of King [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]. Sedan chairs could pass in streets too narrow for a carriage, helping to alleviate the crush of coaches in London streets, an early instance of [[traffic congestion]]. A similar system later operated in [[Scotland]]. In 1738 a fare system was established for Scottish sedans, and the regulations covering chairmen in Bath are reminiscent of the modern [[taxicab|Taxi]] Commission's rules. A trip within a city cost six pence and a day's rental was four shillings. A sedan was even used as an ambulance in Scotland's Royal Infirmary.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

Chairmen moved at a good clip. In Bath they had the right-of-way: pedestrians hearing "By your leave" behind them knew to flatten themselves against walls or railings as the chairmen hustled through. There were often{{quantify|date=December 2018}} disastrous accidents, upset chairs, and broken glass-paned windows.

In Great Britain, in the early 19th century, the public sedan chair began to fall out of use, perhaps because streets were better paved or perhaps because of the rise of the more comfortable, companionable and affordable [[hackney carriage]]. In [[Glasgow]], the decline of the sedan chair is illustrated by licensing records which show twenty-seven sedan chairs in 1800, eighteen in 1817, and ten in 1828. During that same period the number of registered hackney carriages in Glasgow rose to one hundred and fifty.

=== In the Americas ===
The wealthy are recorded to have used sedan chairs in the cities of colonial America and the early period of the United States. In 1787, [[Benjamin Franklin]], at the time 81 years old, [[gout]]y, and in generally declining health, is noted to have travelled to meetings of the United States [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]] in a sedan chair carried by four prisoners.<ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Colbert
| first1 = David
| chapter = A Rising Sun
| title = Benjamin Franklin
| date = 2 June 2009
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fx_ng92FQCQC
| location = New York
| publisher = Simon and Schuster
| publication-date = 2009
| isbn = 9781416998891
| access-date = 2 December 2018
| quote = Of the fifty-five delegates, Franklin is by far the oldest at eighty-one. His health is not good. On the day the convention opened he was too sick to come. Later he was carried from his home to the meetings in a sedan chair – like a carriage without wheels, held aloft by four men. The bumpy ride of a carriage would have been too uncomfortable.
}}
</ref>

===Colonial practice===
In various colonies, litters of various types were maintained under native traditions, but often adopted by the colonials as a new ruling and/or socio-economic elite, either for practical reasons (often comfortable modern transport was unavailable, e.g. for lack of decent roads) and/or as a status symbol. During the 17–18th centuries, palanquins (see above) were very popular among European traders in [[Bengal]], so much so that in 1758 an order was issued prohibiting their purchase by certain lower-ranking employees.<ref>koron</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2013}}

==="Silla" of Latin America===
{{Main|sillero}}

[[Image:SillaCatherwood.jpg|thumb|"Riding in a Silla", [[Chiapas]], {{circa|1840}}]]
A similar but simpler palanquin was used by the elite in parts of 18th- and 19th-century [[Latin America]]. Often simply called a ''silla'' (Spanish for seat or chair), it consisted of a simple wooden chair with an attached [[tumpline]]. The occupant sat in the chair, which was then affixed to the back of a single porter, with the tumpline supported by his head. The occupant thus faced backwards during travel. This style of palanquin was probably due to the steep terrain and rough or narrow roads unsuitable to European-style sedan chairs. Travellers by ''silla'' usually employed a number of porters, who would alternate carrying the occupant.{{Citation needed|date = December 2012}} The porters were known as '''silleros''', '''cargueros''' or '''silleteros''' (sometimes translated as "saddle-men").

A chair borne on the back of a porter, almost identical to the ''silla'', is used in the mountains of China for ferrying older tourists and visitors up and down the mountain paths. One of these mountains where the ''silla'' is still used is the [[Huangshan Mountains]] of [[Anhui]] province in Eastern China.{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Human-powered litters}}

* [[Bath chair]]
* [[Litter (rescue basket)]]
* [[Sling (furniture)]]
* [[Mikoshi]]
* [[Sedia gestatoria]], the portable throne of the [[pope]]s
* [[Ark of the Covenant]], described in the [[Hebrew Bible]] as a portable sacred container and throne of God, sharing similarities with portable shrines and covered sedan chairs
* [[Howdah]] (carriage positioned on the back of an elephant or camel)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Councils of Braga|author=Tirso López Bardón}}

==Further reading==
* [[Regula Tschumi]]: ''Concealed Art. The Figurative Palanquins and Coffins in Ghana.'' Berne, Edition Till Schaap 2014.
* [[Regula Tschumi]]: ''The Figurative Palanquins of the Ga. History and Significance.'' In: ''[[African Arts (journal)|African Arts]]'', Vol. 46, Nr. 4, 2013, S. 60–73.
* [https://archive.today/20121214153115/http://condor.depaul.edu/~cchaden/bath/chairtransport.html Trevor Fawcett, "Chair transport in Bath"]: from ''Bath History,'' II (1988): richly detailed social history
* [http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/transport/palanquins/palanquins.htm Luxury Transport of Palanquins]: Historical exhibit at Kamat.com

{{Human-powered vehicles}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Litter (Vehicle)}}
[[Category:Chairs]]
[[Category:Human-powered vehicles]]
[[Category:Animal-powered vehicles]]
[[Category:Taxi vehicles]]
[[Category:Objects used in Hindu worship]]

L. Mahadevan

2026-04-30T02:51:14Z

Anthony: Creating A Entry - done

{{Short description|Indian-American mathematician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = L. Mahadevan
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRS}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Professor Lakshminarayanan Mahadevan FRS (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Mahadevan in 2016
| birth_name = Lakshminarayanan Mahadevan
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| fields = {{Plainlist|
* [[Biology]]
* [[Physics]]
* [[Applied Mathematics]]
}}
| workplaces = {{Plainlist|
* [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
* [[Cambridge University]]
* [[Harvard University]]
}}
| patrons =
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[IIT Madras]] ([[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech.]], 1986)
* [[University of Texas at Austin]] ([[Master of Science|M.S.]], 1987)
* [[Stanford University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]], 1995)
}}
| thesis_title = Folding sheets, twisted strips and coiling ropes
| thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/openview/d3a0e86a0c22d51b696b43fc85ba9d42/
| thesis_year = 1995
| doctoral_advisor = [[Joseph B. Keller]]
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* [[Guggenheim Fellow]] (2006)
* [[MacArthur Fellow]](2009)
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] (2016)
* Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (2023)
* Member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] (2026)
}}
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| website = {{URL|https://softmath.seas.harvard.edu}}
| footnotes =
| spouse = Amala Mahadevan
| children =
| imagesize =
| death_cause =
| partner = 
}}

{{Indian name|Mahadevan|Lakshminarayanan}}'''Lakshminarayanan Mahadevan''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS}} is an Indian-American [[scientist]]. He is currently the Lola England de Valpine Professor of Applied Mathematics, Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Physics at [[Harvard University]]. His work centers around understanding the organization of matter in space and time (that is, how it is shaped and how it flows, particularly at the scale observable by the unaided senses, in both physical and biological systems). Mahadevan is a 2009 [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellow]] and an elected member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] as well as the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].

==Education==
Mahadevan graduated from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]], and then received an M.S. from the [[University of Texas at Austin]], and an M.S. and Ph.D. from [[Stanford University]] in 1995.

==Career and research==
He started his independent career on the faculty at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 1996. In 2000, he was elected the inaugural [[Schlumberger]] Professor of Complex Physical Systems in the [[Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics]], and a professorial fellow of [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], [[University of Cambridge]], the first Indian to be appointed professor to the Faculty of Mathematics there. He has been at Harvard since 2003.

Since 2017, he and his wife Amala Mahadevan have been faculty deans of [[Mather House (Harvard University)|Mather House]], one of twelve residential houses at Harvard College.

===Awards===
* 2026 Elected member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]]<ref>{{cite web |title=National Academy of Sciences Elects Members and International Members |url=https://www.nasonline.org/news/2026-nas-election/ |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |access-date=30 April 2026}}</ref>
* 2023 Elected fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://seas.harvard.edu/news/2023/04/mahadevan-elected-american-academy-arts-sciences|title=Mahadevan elected to American Academy of Arts & Sciences|publisher=Harvard|access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>
* 2016 [[Fellow of the Royal Society]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/lakshminarayanan-mahadevan-12884/|title=Lakshminarayanan Mahadevan Biography|publisher= Royal Society|access-date= 1 May 2016}}</ref>
* 2014 Clay Senior Scholar<ref>{{cite web |title=2014 Archives |url=https://www.claymath.org/year_type/2014/ |publisher=[[Clay Mathematics Institute]] |access-date=30 April 2026}}</ref>
* 2009 [[MacArthur Fellow]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/09/22/4_massachusetts_residents_awarded_macarthur_genius_grants/| title=4 Mass. residents awarded 'genius' grants| work=The Boston Globe| author= Carolyn Y. Johnson| date= 22 September 2009 }}</ref>
* 2006 [[Guggenheim Fellowship]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/9234-l-mahadevan |title=L. Mahadevan – John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |publisher=Gf.org |access-date=2013-03-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305032502/http://www.gf.org/fellows/9234-l-mahadevan |archive-date=2013-03-05 }}</ref>
* 2007 [[Ig Nobel Prize]] for physics<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cerda|first=E.|author2=Mahadevan, L. |title=Conical Surfaces and Crescent Singularities in Crumpled Sheets|journal=Physical Review Letters|year=1998|volume=80|issue=11|pages=2358–2361|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.2358|bibcode=1998PhRvL..80.2358C}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2007/oct/05/wrinkle-researchers-bag-physics-ig-nobel |title=Wrinkle researchers bag physics Ig Nobel |date=5 October 2007 |publisher=physicsworld.com |access-date=2013-03-15}}</ref>
* 2007 [[Miller Institute|Visiting Miller Professor]], University of California, Berkeley
* 2006 [[George Ledlie Prize]], Harvard University

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.seas.harvard.edu/softmat/ "Recent Publications", ''The Applied Math Lab'']
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=iiyj5MsAAAAJ&hl=en "Google Scholar"]
{{FRS 2016}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahadevan, L.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Austin College of Natural Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University faculty]]
[[Category:MIT School of Science faculty]]
[[Category:MacArthur Fellows]]
[[Category:Radcliffe fellows]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Santa Fe Institute people]]
[[Category:Ig Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:American academics of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]

K. Madan Mohan Rao

2026-04-28T14:45:24Z

Anthony: Creating A Bio - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of the
[[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Jajala Surender]]
| successor =
| constituency =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''K. Madan Mohan Rao''' (born 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is an MLA from [[Yellareddy Assembly constituency]] in [[Nizamabad district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] Party and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yellareddy assembly election results 2023: Yellareddy Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/yellareddy-assembly-result-29015 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Mohan Rao K Telangana Yellareddy candidate Profile, Candidates Net Worth, Education News |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/madan-mohan-rao-k-telangana-yellareddy-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=News ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rao is from [[Khairatabad]], [[Hyderabad]]. His father K. Rajeshwar Rao was a teacher. He is a businessman. He did his schooling in 1984 at Zilla Parishad High School, Mosra, Nizamabad. Later, he did his intermediate at GVS Junior College in Kamareddy, Nizamabad from 1984 to 1986. After his bachelors in 1993, he completed his M.S. in agriculture in 1996 at [[N. G. Ranga Agricultural University|NG Ranga Agriculture University]], Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-02 |title=K. Madan Mohan {{!}} the Leaders Page MLA{{!}} Yellareddy{{!}} INC |url=https://theleaderspage.com/k-madan-mohan/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> Later, he did his graduation in business administration in 2017 at the [[Wharton Business School]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Mohan Rao. K(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- YELLAREDDY(KAMAREDDY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=353 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rao won from [[Yellareddy Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 86,989 votes and defeated his nearest rival, and sitting MLA Jajala Surendar of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]], by a margin of 24,001 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yellareddy Constituency Election Results 2023: Yellareddy Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/yellareddy |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Mohan Rao K, INC Candidate from Yellareddy Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/telangana/madan-mohan-rao-k-assembly-candidate-s29aed2008a015e2023c003/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, K. Madan Mohan}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Nizamabad district]]

Satheesh Babu Payyannur

2026-04-27T08:08:20Z

Anthony: made some post initial version

{{Short description|Indian writer (1963–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Satheesh Babu Payyannur
| image = Satheesh Babu Payyannur.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = സതീഷ്ബാബു പയ്യന്നൂർ
| native_name_lang = ml
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Satheesh Babu
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1963|08|13}}
| birth_place = [[Pathirippala]], [[Palghat]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2022|11|24|1963|08|13}}
| death_place = [[Vanchiyoor]], [[Trivandrum]], Kerala, India
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer, journalist, television filmmaker, bank employee
| language = Malayalam
| nationality = 
| citizenship = 
| education =
| alma_mater = Payyanur College Kanhangad Nehru College
| period =
| genre = Short story, novel
| subject = 
| movement =
| notable_works = ''Peramaram, Mannu, Vrishchikam Vannu Vilichu''
| spouse = Girija (m. 1990⁠–2022)
| children = 1
| relatives =
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active = 1979–2022
| module =
| website = 
| portaldisp = 
}}
'''Satheesh Babu Payyannur''' (13 August 1963 – 24 November 2022) was a [[Malayalam|Malayalam–language]] short story writer and novelist from [[Kerala]], India. His works include the novels ''Mannu, Daivappura, Manja Sooryante Naalukal'' and ''Kudamanikal Kilungiya Raavil'', and the short story collections ''Peramaram'', ''Vrishchikam Vannu Vilichu'' and ''Mazhayilundaya Makal''. His oeuvre consists of 12 novels and around 200 short stories.<ref name="Manorama1"/> The collection ''Peramaram'' won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story]] in 2012. He received the Karoor Award, [[Malayattoor Award]], and Thoppil Ravi Award. He was also a media personality and has written, directed and produced television programmes, telefilms, and documentaries.

==Early life and education==
Satheesh Babu Payyannur was born on 13 August 1963, in [[Pathirippala]], located in the [[Palghat district]] of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Manorama1">T. B. Lal (25 November 2022). [https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2022/11/25/satheesh-babu-payyanur-passes-away.html "ഇനി ഓർമ, എഴുത്തിലെ തലപ്പൊക്കം!"]. ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' (in Malayalam). Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref> His mother hailed from Pathirippala and his father from [[Payyannur]], [[Kannur district]], Kerala.<ref name="Manorama1"/> He attended Payyannur Government School, where he began writing stories and features, winning several prizes at school youth festivals.<ref name="Manorama1"/> He completed his [[pre-degree course]] (PDC) from Payyannur College and went on to earn a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] (BCom) degree from Kanhangad Nehru College.<ref name="Manorama1"/> During this time, he became known as a writer, publishing stories, poetry, and essays in various periodicals.<ref name="Manorama1"/> He also served as editor and publisher of Nehru College's campus newspaper, ''Campus Times'', which was the first campus newspaper from any college in [[Calicut University]].<ref name="TNIE"/>

==Career==
After completing his education, Satheesh Babu Payyannur took up the role of editor at the [[Kasaragod]]-based weekly ''Ee Aazhcha''.<ref name="Manorama English"/> However, renowned editor S. Jayachandran Nair advised him not to pursue a full-time career in journalism if he wished to become a writer. Following this advice, Payyannur left his job at ''Ee Aazhcha'' and joined the State Bank of Travancore (SBT) in 1985.<ref name="Manorama2">Ravivarma Thampuran (31 July 2021). [https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/2021/07/31/pusthakakkazhcha-column-by-ravivarma-thampuran-on-satheesh-babu-payyannur.html "നിലംപതിക്കാത്ത ഓർമകളുടെ പേരമരം"]. ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref> He worked at the [[Sreekandapuram]] and [[Thrikaripur]] branches of SBT before being transferred to the [[Trivandrum]] branch in 1991.<ref name="Manorama2"/> He relocated to Trivandrum with the goal of working as an assistant to writer-director [[Padmarajan]], whom he had befriended during the filming of ''[[Innale]]''.<ref>M. K. Suresh (25 November 2022). [https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/satheesh-babu-payyannur-wished-to-assisit-p-padmarajan-for-films-1.8078161 "പദ്മരാജന്റെ കൂടെനില്‍ക്കാനാഗ്രഹിച്ചു; പയ്യന്നൂരില്‍ നിന്നും തിരുവനന്തപുരത്തേക്ക് സതീഷ്ബാബു കൂടുമാറി"]. ''Mathrubhumi''. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</ref> However, Padmarajan had died around this time. Nonetheless, Payyannur continued to pursue his interest in cinema, writing the screenplay for the 1992 film ''Nakshthrakoodaram'', which was directed by Padmarajan's assistant Joshy Mathew.<ref>Joshy Mathew (25 November 2022). [https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/features/director-joshy-mathew-remembers-his-debut-screeplay-writer-satheesh-babu-payyannur-1.8078340 "'നക്ഷത്രക്കൂടാരം എന്റെയും സതീഷ് ബാബുവിന്റെയും ആദ്യസിനിമ'- സംവിധായകന്‍ ജോഷി മാത്യു"]. ''Mathrubhumi''. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</ref> Additionally, Payyannur wrote the dialogues for the 1993 live-action animated film ''[[O' Faby]]''.<ref name="Manorama2"/>

Since Payyannur could not find success in cinema, he transitioned to television where he found success as a director of telefilms, documentaries, and other programmes.<ref name="Manorama2"/> He travelled to foreign countries for the series ''Gulfilunarunnu Keralam'' (''Kerala Waking Up in the Gulf''), which was the first Malayalam telefilm to be set and filmed entirely in the Gulf countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=സതീഷ് ബാബുവിന്റെ വേർപാടിൽ ശക്തി തിയറ്റേഴ്‌സ് അനുശോചിച്ചു |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/pravasi/news-pravasi-26-11-2022/1057969 |access-date=19 March 2023 |work=[[Deshabhimani]] |date=26 November 2022 |language=ml}}</ref> Another notable series was ''European Sketchukal'' (''European Sketches'').<ref name="Manorama1"/> In 2001, Payyannur resigned from the State Bank of Travancore to become fully immersed in literary activities and visual media.<ref name="TNIE"/> That same year, he established his own television production company, Panorama, which produced a variety of television programmes, such as ''Ponpulari'' on [[Surya TV]].<ref name="Manorama English">[https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/11/24/noted-writer-satheesh-babu-payyanur-dead.html "Writer Satheesh Babu Payyanur passes away"]. ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''. 24 November 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Satheesh Babu Payyanur |publisher=Marunadan Malayali |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-L6zzJoKjgw |via=YouTube |date=24 November 2022 |access-date=19 January 2023}}</ref> Panorama also published a magazine named ''Kerala Panorama'' from Trivandrum and has a [[YouTube]] channel by the same name.<ref>[http://www.chandrasekharonline.in/2017/04/ "ഹരിതസിനിമയെപ്പറ്റി സതീഷ്ബാബു പയ്യന്നൂര്‍"]. Chandrasekharonline.in. 21 April 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</ref><ref name="Jordays">Satheesh Babu Payyannur (25 May 2020). [https://jordays.in/opinion/satheesh-babu-payyannur-lock-down-story/820/ "മൂടിക്കെട്ടിയ ലോകവും മുഖമില്ലാത്ത മനുഷ്യരും"]. Jordays.in. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</ref>

During his tenure at the State Bank of Travancore, Payyannur was active in promoting literary events sponsored by the bank and in organising the annual SBT Literary Award.<ref>[[N. P. Hafiz Mohamad]] (25 November 2022). [https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/n-p-hafiz-muhammed-pays-homage-to-satheesh-babu-payyannur-1.8078113 "'സതീഷ്ബാബുവിന്റെ കഥയിലെ ഒരു ട്വിസ്റ്റുപോലെ മരണം, ആരെയുമറിയിക്കാതെ കൊണ്ടുനടന്ന അന്ത്യം'"]. ''Mathrubhumi''. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</ref> Payyannur was a member of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] and the [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]].<ref name="TNIE"/> He also held the position of Member Secretary at Bharat Bhavan, a cultural exchange centre under the [[Department of Cultural Affairs (Kerala)|Kerala Cultural Affairs Department]], for a period of five years.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/focus-on-culture/article3585115.ece "Focus on culture"]. ''The Hindu''. 29 June 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Writer Sathish Babu Payyannur found dead in flat |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=952493&u=writer-sathish-babu-payyannur-found-dead-in-flat-952493 |access-date=19 March 2023 |work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |date=24 November 2022}}</ref>

==Death==
Payyannur was found dead in his flat at [[Vanchiyoor]] near [[Trivandrum]] on 24 November 2022.<ref name="The Hindu">[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/writer-satheesh-babu-payyannur-passes-away/article66179820.ece "Writer Satheesh Babu Payyannur found dead at his house in Thiruvananthapuram"]. ''The Hindu''. 24 November 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref><ref name="TNIE">[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/nov/24/sahitya-akademi-winning-malayalam-writer-satheesh-babu-payyannur-found-dead-atresidence-2521705.html "Sahitya Akademi-winning Malayalam writer Satheesh Babu Payyannur found dead at residence"]. ''[[The New Indian Express]]''. 24 November 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref> A case was registered for unnatural death, but it was later declared that he died from a heart attack.<ref>[https://roundstime.com/kerala/trivandrum/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BB-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81-%E0%B4%AA-2/ "എഴുത്തുകാരൻ സതീഷ് ബാബു പയ്യന്നൂർ മരിച്ചത് ഹൃദയാഘാതം മൂലമെന്ന് പോസ്റ്റ് മോർട്ടം റിപ്പോർട്ട്; സംസ്കാരം നാളെ തൃശൂരിൽ"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119012010/https://roundstime.com/kerala/trivandrum/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BB-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81-%E0%B4%AA-2/ |date=19 January 2023 }}. Roundstime.com. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=സതീഷ് ബാബു പയ്യന്നൂരിന് തലസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ യാത്രാമൊഴി |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-thiruvananthapuramkerala-26-11-2022/1057963 |access-date=19 March 2023 |work=[[Deshabhimani]] |date=26 November 2022 |language=ml}}</ref> His last rites were held at Paramekkavu Santhighat in [[Thrissur]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/95778177.cms "Last rites of Satheesh Babu in Thrissur today"]. ''The Times of India''. 26 November 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=സതീഷ് ബാബു പയ്യന്നൂരിന്റെ സംസ്കാരം നാളെ തൃശൂരില്‍ |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/satheesh-babu-payyannur/1057806 |access-date=19 March 2023 |work=[[Deshabhimani]] |date=25 November 2022 |language=ml}}</ref> He was survived by his wife Girija, a retired school teacher, and his daughter Varsha, who lives in [[Pune]].<ref name="The Hindu"/>

At the time of his death, Payyannur was working on an unfinished novel titled ''Sathram'', which was based on the life of poet [[P. Kunhiraman Nair]].<ref name="Vanitha">[https://www.vanitha.in/specials/pen-drive/satheesh-babu-payyanur-obit-special-story.html "മമ്മൂട്ടി നായകനായി 'ലിഫ്റ്റ്' ഒരുങ്ങുകയായിരുന്നു, ഒപ്പം എഴുതിതീരാത്ത 'സത്ര'വും"]. ''Vanitha''. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref> He was also in talks with publishers about releasing a complete collection of his short stories to coincide with his 60th birthday.<ref name="Vanitha"/> Additionally, he was planning a film adaptation of his short story "Lift", with actor [[Mammootty]] in the lead role.<ref name="Vanitha"/>

==Literary career==
===Short stories===
{{Quote box|width=35%|align=right|Satheesh Babu Payyannur "writes with compassion and force, his stories delving into the world of the most ordinary people to reveal extraordinary moments of human predicament. They are endowed with a gentle humaneness that probes the secret places of our humdrum existence in simple, direct words."|source=Malayalam writer [[Paul Zachariah]] about Satheesh Babu Payyannur.<ref name="The Guava Tree"/>}}
Payyannur began publishing his works in the late 1970s and early 1980s,<ref>T. K. Sankaranarayanan (25 November 2022). [https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/writer-t-k-sankaranarayanan-pays-homage-to-satheesh-babu-payyannur-1.8078131 "'നഷ്ടമായത് സമകാലികരില്‍ കുശുമ്പും കുന്നായ്മയുമില്ലാത്ത നല്ല സുഹൃത്തിനെ' - ടി.കെ ശങ്കരനാരായണന്‍"]. ''Mathrubhumi''. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</ref> and his writing soon garnered the attention and admiration of readers through the publication of numerous stories in various periodicals.<ref name="TOI">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/satheesh-babu-payyanur-passes-away/articleshow/95758677.cms "Satheesh Babu Payyanur passes away"]. ''[[The Times of India]]''. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref> In total, he published around 200 stories,<ref name="Manorama1"/> including "Daivam", "Peramaram", "Vrishchikam Vannu Vilichu", "Manalparappu", "Manassu", "Ilayamma", "Scene Over" and "Lift". His story "Daivam" won the Karoor Award, sponsored by [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society]], in 1984. The story was based on [[Theyyam]], a ritual art form practised in Northern Kerala.<ref name="Interview">{{cite AV media | people=Munhinad Padmakumar, Satheesh Babu Payyannur | date=24 May 2018 | title=Aksharam.com: Satheesh Babu Payyannur | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENQxJSP9Gxk | type=Interview | location=Trivandrum | publisher=JaiHind TV |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

"Peramaram" ("The Guava Tree"), first published in the ''[[Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly]]'' in April 1989, tells the tale of Kunjuraman Nambiar, Meenakshi Amma, and their beloved guava tree, and the loneliness they face in their old age.<ref name="Manorama2"/> "Peramaram" was published as a book only in 2001, in the collection ''Vrishchikam Vannu Vilichu'' (''Vrischikam Came Calling''), which is a collection of 31 stories written between 1988 and 2001.<ref name="Manorama2"/> The story gained renewed interest in 2007 when [[V. K. Sreeraman]] wrote about it in his column ''Vazhvum Ninavum'' in ''[[Madhyamam Weekly]]''.<ref name="Manorama2"/> The story was later included in the 2011 collection ''Peramaram'', with an introduction by Sreeraman. The collection had 20 stories and received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story]] in 2012. The story "Peramaram" was also included in the 2018 collection ''Katha'' (''Story'').<ref name="Manorama2"/>

"Manassu" was published in ''[[Kalakaumudi]]'' in May 1990 and was inspired by an experience related to Payyannur by the poet [[Balachandran Chullikkad]].<ref name="Manorama2"/> Likewise, the story "Vrishchikam Vannu Vilichu" was written in the same year and was based on Payyannur's own experiences during the Payyanur Subramanya temple festival, which takes place for fourteen days in the Malayalam month of Vrischikam.<ref name="Manorama2"/> The story "Manalparappu" (1990) is about the intercaste marriage of Alice and Narayanan, and Payyannur wrote it shortly after his own marriage.<ref name="Manorama2"/> A collection of his stories with rain as a common theme was published in the 1991 collection ''Mazhayilundaya Makal''.<ref name="Manorama2"/> "Ilayamma," another one of his stories, was published in 1993 in ''Kalakaumudi''.<ref name="Manorama2"/> Some of his later short stories are inspired by his experiences in cinema and visual media, such as "Scene Over", "Mazha Maranna Sumithra", "Thiruvananthapuram Cinema", "Thiranadakam" and "K. P. Mariamma".<ref name="Manorama2"/> The stories "Cinema", "Nightmare" and "Story Board" also talk about the changes in the visual media in recent years.<ref name="Manorama2"/>

Some of Payyannur's other short story collections include ''Khamaruneesayude Koottukari'' (''Khamaruneesa's Friend''), ''Newsreaderum Poochayum'' (''The Newsreader and the Cat''), ''Scene Over'' and ''Photo''. ''Newsreaderum Poochayum'' is a collection of ten stories, including "Vayalattam", "Cinema", "Newsreaderum Poochayum", "Kudi Pallikoodam", "Lift" and "Fathima Suhra".<ref name="Newsreaderum Poochayum">[https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82/14848/ "Newsreaderum Poochayum"]. Keralabookstore.com. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref> The collection ''Mazhayilundaya Makalum Mattu Mazhakathakalum'' was published posthumously in January 2023.<ref name="Mazha2"/> Some of his stories are translated into English and compiled in the title ''The Guava Tree''.<ref name="The Guava Tree">[https://www.indulekha.com/the-guava-tree-satheesh-babu-payyanur?author_id=44 "The Guava Tree"]. Indulekha.com. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref>

===Novels===
Payyannur wrote his early novels such as ''Daivappura'', ''Manja Sooryante Naalukal'', ''Mannu'', and ''Vilapavrikshathile Kaattu'' during the second half of the 1980s while living in [[Kannur]] and [[Kasargod]] districts.<ref name="Manorama1"/> He was captivated by the ritualistic dance form of Kannur known as [[Theyyam]], which formed the background for his 1984 novel ''Daivappura'' (''Abode of God'').<ref name="Manorama1"/> ''Manja Sooryante Naalukal'' (''The Days of the Yellow Sun'') narrated the story of the employees of an evening newspaper.<ref name="Manorama1"/> ''Mannu'' (''Soil''), set against the backdrop of the Kavumbai agitation of 1949, was written in 1985 when Payyannur worked at the [[Sreekandapuram]] branch of the State Bank of Travancore. Kavumbai was only a few kilometres away from Sreekandapuram and Payyannur initially intended to write a feature on the Kavumbai agitation but the story was so compelling that he finally decided to write a novel based on it.<ref name="Manorama2"/> The novel was serialised over a period of 35 weeks in the Sunday supplement of ''[[Deshabhimani]]'' in 1988 and published as a book the following year by Trivandrum-based Chintha Publications, with a preface by [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]].<ref name="Manorama2"/>

In the novel ''Vilapavrikshathile Kaattu'', Payyannur discussed the lives of Christians who migrated from Travancore to the hills of northern Kerala.<ref name="Manorama2"/><ref name="Vilapavrikshathile Kaattu">[https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA-%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D/11430/ Vilapavrikshathile Kaattu"]. Keralabookstore.com. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref> His other novels include ''Ulkhananangal'' and ''Kudamanikal Kilungiya Raavil'' (''On the Night When the Bells Tolled''), with ''Ulkhananangal'', written during the opening of [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple treasure|vaults of the Padmanabhaswamy temple]], based on the history of Payyannur and Payyannur Pattu.<ref name="Manorama2"/> The novels ''Oru Superhit Cinemayude Thirakkatha'' (''The Script of a Superhit Film'') and ''Kalikaal'' were inspired by Payyannur's experiences with visual media and cinema.<ref name="Manorama2"/>

''Ekantha Rathrikal'' (''Lonely Nights'') is a collection of five short novels—''Ekantha Rathrikal, Noolkkolangal, Olikkuvan Oridam (A Place to Hide), Nadakam (Drama)'' and ''Ninavil Anitha Vararund (Anitha Comes in the Dreams)''.<ref name="Ekantha Rathrikal">[https://www.indulekha.com/ekantharathrikal-novella-satheesh-babu-payyannur "Ekantha Rathrikal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119012015/https://www.indulekha.com/ekantharathrikal-novella-satheesh-babu-payyannur |date=19 January 2023 }}. Indulekha.com. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref> ''Moonnu Pranaya Novelettukal'' is a collection of three short romantic novels—''Aval Neeraja'' (''She, Neeraja''), ''Ethetho Pulinangalil'', and ''Sana'', the latter based on a same-sex romantic relationship.<ref name="Moonnu Pranaya Novelettukal">[https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AF-%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/11273/ "Moonnu Pranaya Novelettukal"]. Keralabookstore.com. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref>

The last published work during his lifetime was ''Kamal Haasan Abhinayikkathe Poya Oru Cinema'' (''A Film in Which Kamal Haasan Did Not Act'') which is a collection of ten novellas including ''Kamal Haasan Abhinayikkathe Poya Oru Cinema'', ''Oru Asambandha Online Padam'' (''A Ridiculous Online Movie''), ''Sana'', ''Ulahannanum Njanum'' (''Ulahannan and Me''), ''Idanazhiyude Ingeyattathu'' (''On this End of the Corridor''), ''Nadakam'' (''Drama''), ''Thaniye'' (''Alone''), ''Ethetho Pulinangalil'' and ''Mazhayude Neenda Viralukal'' (''The Long Fingers of the Rain'').<ref name="Kamal Haasan">[https://www.chinthapublishers.com/kamalhasan-abhinayikkathe-poya-oru-cinema.html "Kamal Hasan Abhinayikkathe Poya Oru Cinema"]. Chintha Publishers. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref> ''Chila Silkian Ninavukal'' (''Some Silk Memories'') is a collection of essays and memoirs including the memoirs about [[P. Kunhiraman Nair]], [[Silk Smitha]] and [[Padmarajan]].<ref name="Chila Silkian Ninavukal">[https://www.indulekha.com/memoirs-essays-chila-silkian-ninavukal-satheesh-babu-payyanur?author_id=44 "Chila Silkian Ninavukal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119012042/https://www.indulekha.com/memoirs-essays-chila-silkian-ninavukal-satheesh-babu-payyanur?author_id=44 |date=19 January 2023 }}. Indulekha.com. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref>

==Awards==
* 1985: Karoor Award by [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society]] for "Daivam"<ref name="Interview"/>
* 2006: [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] for Story for ''Scene Over''<ref name="Vanitha"/>
* 2012: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story]] for ''Peramaram''<ref>{{cite news |title=Santhosh Kumar, Joseph bag Akademi awards |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/santhosh-kumar-joseph-bag-akademi-awards/article4907524.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=12 July 2013 |access-date=18 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala Sahitya Academy Award for Sathish Babu Payyannur |url=http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=38619 |newspaper=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |date=11 July 2013 |access-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130712082353/http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=38619 |archive-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2014: [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] for Novel for ''Ulkhananangal''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/award-winners/article7369118.ece |title=Award winners |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 June 2015 |access-date=18 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/latest-news/478904 |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |newspaper=[[Deshabhimani]] |date=30 June 2015 |access-date=18 January 2023 }}</ref>
* 2017: [[Malayattoor Award]] for ''Khamaruneesayude Koottukari''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/dec/21/satheesh-babu-selected-for-malayattoor-award-1732946.html |title=Satheesh Babu selected for Malayattoor award |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=21 December 2017 |access-date=18 January 2023}}</ref>
* 2018: Thoppil Ravi Award for ''Photo''<ref name="Interview"/>
* 2022: Ankanam Shamsudheen Smruthi Award for Short Story for ''Newsreaderum Poochayum''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/satheesh-babu-payyannur-dies-before-receiving-ankanam-shamsudheen-smruthi-puraskaram-1.8078151 |title=പുരസ്‌കാരമെത്തുംമുമ്പേ പരലോകത്തെപ്പുല്‍കി;സതീഷ് ബാബുവിനെയുംകാത്ത് അങ്കണം ഷംസുദ്ദീന്‍സ്മൃതിപുരസ്‌കാരം |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |date=25 November 2022 |access-date=19 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/anganam-shamsuddin-smriti-award-uk-kumaran-1038854 |title=അങ്കണം ഷംസുദ്ദീൻ സ്മൃതി പുരസ്കാരം യു.കെ. കുമാരന് |newspaper=Madhyamam |date=3 July 2022 |access-date=19 January 2023}}</ref>
* Kerala Sahitya Vedi Award for ''Mannu''<ref name="Jordays"/>
* SBT Literary Award for ''Scene Over''<ref name="Vanitha"/>
* TKD Memorial Award for ''Peramaram''<ref name="Manorama2"/>
* FOKANA International Award for ''Peramaram''<ref name="Manorama2"/>
* Atlas-Kairali Literary Award for ''Ulkhananangal''<ref name="Ulkhananangal">[https://www.indulekha.com/ulkhananangal-novel-satheesh-babu-payyanur?author_id=44 "Ulkhananangal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119012030/https://www.indulekha.com/ulkhananangal-novel-satheesh-babu-payyanur?author_id=44 |date=19 January 2023 }}. Indulekha.com. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref>

==Bibliography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!! style=width:15em | Title
!! style=width:15em | Publisher
!! style=width:15em | Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 1985 || ''Daivappura'' || [[Kottayam]]: Current || Novel based on [[Theyyam]] ||
|-
| 1987 || ''Kudamanikal Kilungiya Raavil'' || Kottayam: Vidyarthi Mithram || Novel || <ref>[http://www.mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=143256 "Kudamanikal Kilungiya Raavil"]. MG University Library. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| 1988 || ''Manja Sooryante Naalukal'' || Kottayam: [[DC Books]] || Novel ||
|-
| 1988 || ''Hridaya Daivatham'' || [[Calicut]]: Poorna || Collection of three novelettes || <ref>[https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/81307 "Hridaya Daivatham"]. University of Calicut Library. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| 1988 || ''Oru Thoovalinte Sparsham'' || Kottayam: [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|N.B.S.]] || Novel || <ref>[http://117.211.100.147:8001/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=18615 "Oru Thoovalinte Sparsham"]{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Fr. Francis Sales Library. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| 1989 || ''Mannu'' || [[Trivandum]]: Chintha || Novel based on Kavumbai agitation || <ref name=Mannu>[https://keralabookstore.com/book/mannu/2765/ "Mannu"]. Keralabookstore.com. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| 1991 || ''Mazhayilundaya Makal'' || [[Kollam]]: Imprint || Short story collection || <ref>[http://libopac.kannuruniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=16431 "Mazhayilundaya Makal"]. Kannur University Library. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| 1996 || ''Vilapavrikshathile Kaattu'' || Kottayam: DC Books || Novel based on Christian immigration to Malabar || <ref name="Vilapavrikshathile Kaattu"/>
|-
| 2000 || ''Oru Superhit Cinemayude Thirakkatha'' || Kottayam: [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|S.P.C.S.]] || Novel || <ref>[http://www.mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=44120 "Oru Superhit Cinemayude Thirakkatha"]. MG University Library. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| 2001 || ''Vrishchikam Vannu Vilichu'' || [[Thrissur]]: Current || Short story collection || <ref>[http://www.mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=44120 "Vrishchikam Vannu Vilichu"]. MG University Library. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| 2005 || ''Scene Over'' || Trivandrum: Kalam || Collection of 15 stories ||
|-
| 2005 || ''Chila Silkian Ninavukal'' || [[Alleppey]]: Unma Publications || Essays and memoirs || <ref name="Chila Silkian Ninavukal"/>
|-
| 2008 || ''Ekantha Rathrikal'' || Calicut: [[Mathrubhumi]] || Collection of novelettes || <ref>[https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/319129 "Ekantha Rathrikal"]. University of Calicut Library. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| 2009 || ''Moonnamathe Muri'' || Calicut: Poorna || Collection of stories || <ref>[https://www.pusthakakada.com/product/moonnaamatthe-muri-poorna343/ "Moonnamathe Muri"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119032001/https://www.pusthakakada.com/product/moonnaamatthe-muri-poorna343/ |date=19 January 2023 }}. Pusthakakada.com. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| 2011 || ''Peramaram'' || Calicut: Poorna || Short story collection || <ref name="Peramaram">[https://keralabookstore.com/book/peramaram/5755/ "Peramaram"]. Keralabookstore.com. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| 2011 || ''Kalikaal'' || [[Kannur]]: New Books || Novella || <ref>[https://keralabookstore.com/book/kalikaal/567/ "Kalikaal"]. Keralabookstore.com. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''Ulkhananangal'' || Kottayam: DC Books || Novel || <ref name="Ulkhananangal"/>
|-
| 2016 || ''Khamaruneesayude Koottukari'' || Kottayam: DC Books || Short story collection || <ref>[http://libopac.kannuruniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=43773 "Khamaruneesayude Koottukari"]. Kannur University Library. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''Photo'' || Trivandrum: Kalam || Collection of nine stories ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Katha'' || Kottayam: S.P.C.S. || Short story collection || <ref name="Katha">[https://www.indulekha.com/katha-satheesh-babu-payyanur-selected-stories?author_id=44 "Katha"]. Indulekha.com. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''Moonnu Pranaya Novelettukal'' || Calicut: Olive || Collection of three novelettes || <ref name="Moonnu Pranaya Novelettukal"/>
|-
| 2020 || ''Newsreaderum Poochayum'' || Kottayam: DC Books || Short story collection || <ref name="Newsreaderum Poochayum"/>
|-
| 2021 || ''Ente Gramakathakal'' || Calicut: Olive || Short story collection || <ref>[https://olivepublications.in/product/ente-gramakathakal-satheesh-babu-payyanur/ "Ente Gramakathakal"]. Olive Publications. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''Kamal Haasan Abhinayikkathe Poya Oru Cinema'' || Trivandum: Chintha || Collection of ten novelettes || <ref name="Kamal Haasan"/>
|-
| 2023 || ''Mazhayilundaya Makalum Mattu Mazhakathakalum'' || Thrissur: H&C Books || Short story collection || <ref name="Mazha2">[https://handcbooks.com/shop/mazhayilundaya-makalum-mattu-mazhakadhakalum/ "Mazhayilundaya Makalum Mattu Mazhakathakalum"]. H&C Books. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Payyannur, Satheesh Babu}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]]

Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin

2026-04-22T14:06:26Z

Anthony: adding some data w/ infobox

{{Short description|Brahmin sub-caste in Kokan region, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| image =
| population = 25,000<ref name=bf/>
| total_source = estimate
| group = Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin
| poptime =
| popplace =
| langs = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]]
*Divisions based on [[Sampradaya]]: [[Smarthas]]
*Divisions based on [[Veda]]: [[Rigveda|Rigvedi]]
}}

'''Chitrapur Saraswats''' are a small [[Konkani language|Konkani-speaking]] community of [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]]s in [[India]]. They are traditionally found along the [[Kanara]] coast and call themselves ''Bhanaps'' in the Konkani language.

[[Susan Bayly]] says that they were formed from communities engaged in scribal work and commerce and were of "unclear status" until almost the end of the 18th century when they were "Brahmanised" into a caste by some touring Brahmins or [[gurus]].<ref name="Bayly2001"/> Frank Conlon says they are originally from North India.

==Origin==
Historian [[Susan Bayly]] states that the [[Ramanandi Sampradaya|Ramanandis]], who opened up to almost any background were responsible for "Brahmanising" groups of unclear status and Chitrapur Saraswats are one such example.<ref name="Bayly2001">{{cite book | author = Susan Bayly | date = 22 February 2001 | title = Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age | publisher = Cambridge University Press | pages = 75– | isbn = 978-0-521-79842-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA75|quote= These Brahmans who Brahmanised others, including people of comparatively lowly or uncertain status, played a crucial role in spreading and stabilising the values of 'traditional' caste in this period. In both north and south India this task was regularly performed by the sampradaya devotional sects. One such case in the Deccan was that of the mixed array of Konkani scribal and commercial specialists who came to be known as members of a single Brahman jati, the Chitrapur Saraswats. Well into the eighteenth century, this group was still in the process of developing a sense of castelike cohesion; this was achieved primarily through bonds of preceptoral affiliation to a line of Brahman renouncer-ascetics with a network of hospices and touring gurus based along the Kanara coast.}}</ref> Specifically, she states, {{quote|One such case in the Deccan was that of the mixed array of Konkani scribal and commercial specialists who came to be known as members of a single Brahman jati, the Chitrapur Saraswats. Well into the eighteenth century, this group was still in the process of developing a sense of castelike cohesion; this was achieved primarily through bonds of preceptoral affiliation to a line of Brahman renouncer-ascetics with a network of hospices and touring gurus based along the Kanara coast.<ref name="Bayly2001"/>}}

==History==
=== Origins and migration ===
The history of the Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmins is characterised by a long-term migration from North India to the [[Kanara|Kanara coast]] and their subsequent socio-economic evolution during the pre-colonial and colonial periods. According to community tradition and the ''[[Sahyadrikhanda]]'' of the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', the Saraswats originate from the banks of the now-extinct [[Sarasvati River]] in North India.<ref name="MangaloreToday">{{cite web |last=Mangalore Today |title=CHITRAPUR SARASWATS - A Great Kanara Community |url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/opinion/CHITRAPUR-SARASWATS-A-Great-Kanara-Community.html |access-date=16 April 2026}}</ref> Following the progressive desiccation of the river around 1700 BCE, the community migrated in waves in different directions.<ref name="MangaloreToday" />

One significant group settled in the [[Goa]] region (specifically in Salcette, Tiswadi, and Bardez), where they became known as [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmins]] (GSB).<ref name="Kudva1972">{{cite book |last=Kudva |first=V. N. |title=History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats |date=1972 |publisher=Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha |pages=158–162}}</ref> During the 16th century, the [[Goa Inquisition]] and Portuguese colonial pressure triggered a further southward migration into the Kanara regions of modern-day [[Karnataka]].<ref name="Conlon">{{cite book |last=Conlon |first=Frank F. |title=A Caste in a Changing World: The Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmans, 1700–1935 |year=1977 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520029965}}</ref>

=== Formation of the Chitrapur identity ===
The specific identity of the "Chitrapur" Saraswats emerged in the early 18th century. Unlike other Saraswat groups who adopted [[Vaishnavism]] under the influence of [[Madhvacharya]], this group remained adherents of the [[Smarta tradition]] and the [[Advaita Vedanta]] philosophy of [[Adi Shankara]].<ref name="ChitrapurMath">{{cite web |title=About Shri Chitrapur Math |url=https://chitrapurmath.net/site/about-maths |publisher=Shri Chitrapur Math |access-date=16 April 2026}}</ref>

In 1708, the first spiritual head, [[Parijnanashram I|H.H. Parijnanashram I Swamiji]], was ordained at [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]], marking the formalisation of the community as a distinct administrative and religious unit. In 1757, the community established the [[Chitrapur Math|Shri Chitrapur Math]] in Shirali to provide a central religious authority and preceptoral lineage (''[[Guru parampara]]'').<ref name="Kudva1972"/>

=== Colonial and post independence era ===
Historian Frank Conlon notes that the community successfully navigated the British colonial administration by excelling in English education and administrative services, particularly in cities like [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and [[Mangalore]].<ref name="Conlon" /> This period saw the rise of the "Kanara Saraswat Association" (1911) and a significant focus on social reform and cooperative movements led by figures such as [[Shripad Subrao Talmaki]].<ref name="MangaloreToday" />

Today, the community from India is spread the world over. They have taken names of villages in Karnataka as surnames. So, their recent history is associated with the State of Karnataka.<ref name=bf>{{Cite news|last=Ramanan|first=Sumana|date=31 March 2016|title=The big footprint of a small community|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/sumana-ramanan/The-big-footprint-of-a-small-community/articleshow/51587084.cms|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref> The estimated population of this community is roughly 25,000.<ref name=bf/> The community members refer to themselves as "Bhanaps". The community also has a magazine published every month called ''Kanara Saraswat'' from Mumbai which carries articles by members and other news concerning the community.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Elangovan |first=Arvind |date=21 January 2020 |title=BN Rau: An idealist and a staunch constitutionalist|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bn-rau-an-idealist-and-a-staunch-constitutionalist/story-lG9tBvsvmm2TTfTs5L9I0N.html|access-date=5 August 2020|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Notable people==

*[[Shyam Benegal]], film director and screenwriter<ref>{{cite news |title=From Mandi to Welcome to Sajjanpur |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/16sd3.htm |access-date=26 July 2023 |work=Rediff}}</ref>
*[[Narayan Ganesh Chandavarkar]], Indian National Congress politician and Hindu reformer.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sins and Sinners: Perspectives from Asian Religions |date=17 August 2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-23200-6 |page=361 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRoyAQAAQBAJ&dq=Narayan+Ganesh+Chandavarkar+Chitrapur+Saraswat+Brahmin&pg=PA360 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Guru Dutt]], film director, producer and actor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/20dutt.htm |title=What Guru Dutt & Deepika Padukone have in common? |work=Rediff.com |date=31 December 2004 |accessdate=3 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026130236/http://www.rediff.com//movies/2007/sep/20dutt.htm |archive-date=26 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Suman Kalyanpur]], playback singer most notable for her work in Hindi cinema<ref name="KSA">{{Cite web|author=|url=http://kanarasaraswat.org/magazine/2011/10-11.pdf|title=Suman Sugandh - A program under the KSA Centenary Programme Series|publisher=Kanara Saraswat Association}}</ref>
*[[Girish Karnad]], actor, film director, [[Kannada]]-language writer<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srinivasaraju |first1=Sugata |title=The untold story of Girish Karnad |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-untold-story-of-girish-karnad-1560438038742.html |access-date=10 July 2022 |work=Mint |date=13 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Radhika Pandit]], actress who primarily works in [[Kannada cinema]].<ref>{{cite news |title=I'm not religious: Radhika Pandit |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/aug/27/im-not-religious-radhika-pandit-181467.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=16 May 2012 |access-date=6 February 2025 |quote=Being a Chitrapur Saraswath Brahmin, I love to visit Chitrapur Math..}}</ref>
*[[Amrita Rao]], Bollywood actress<ref>{{cite news |title='We spoke in Konkani but there was no swearing' |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/17slid2.htm |access-date=26 July 2023 |work=Rediff}}</ref>
*[[Karnad Sadashiva Rao]], Indian freedom fighter<ref>{{cite book |title=The Illustrated Weekly of India |date=July 1970 |publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Glk6AQAAIAAJ&q=Karnad+Sadashiva+Rao+Chitrapur+Saraswat+Brahmin |language=en}}</ref>
*[[B. N. Rau|Benegal Narsing Rau]], Indian civil servant, jurist, diplomat, and statesman known for his key role in drafting the [[Constitution of India]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Newbigin |first1=Eleanor |title=The Hindu Family and the Emergence of Modern India: Law, Citizenship and Community |date=19 September 2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-43475-2 |page=140 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RajqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Benegal Rama Rau]], Indian diplomat, civil servant and the fourth Governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=30 November 2025|title=A stalwart who put his stamp on the Constitution|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/132072/a-stalwart-put-his-stamp.html|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
* [[B. Shiva Rao|Benegal Shiva Rao]], Indian journalist and politician who was a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref name="BM">{{cite news |last= Madhukar|first=Jayanthi |date=1 March 2010|title=The Famous Four|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/the-famous-four/articleshow/21913684.cms|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror|access-date= 22 April 2026 }}</ref>
*[[Shripad Subrao Talmaki]], social reformer and early pioneer of the cooperative movement in India and known as the father of India's cooperative movement.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Ashutosh M |date=13 August 2014 |title=India's first cooperative housing society starts century celebrations |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-india-s-first-cooperative-housing-society-starts-century-celebrations-2010302 |work=DNA |access-date=25 March 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Saraswat cuisine]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190927092700/http://www.kanarasaraswat.in/ Kanara Saraswat Association official Website]
* [http://www.chitrapurmath.net Chitrapur Math, Shirali]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191118100127/http://www.chitrapurebooks.com/ Chitrapurebooks.com]

{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan}}

[[Category:Konkani]]
[[Category:Mangalorean society]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Goa]]

Bithari Chainpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:24:49Z

Anthony: adding initial data w/ infobox

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bithari Chainpur
| constituency_no = 123
| map_image = 123-Bithari Chainpur.svg
| mla = [[Raghavendra Sharma|Dr. Raghvendra Sharma]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 303,541 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Bithari Chainpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], India. It is a part of the [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Aonla Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 2012 after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed and the constituency was formed in 2008. The constituency is assigned identification number 123.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 1 December 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bithari-chainpur.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Bithari Chainpur Assembly constituency is KC Kiyara, Bithari Chainpur, Thiriya Nizabat Khan NP & Kargaina (CT) of Bareilly Tehsil; KCs Bisharatganj, Ballia & Bisharat-ganj NP of Aonla Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Virendra Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Virendra Singh]] || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || March 2012 || March 2017 || – || – ||<ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Rajesh Kumar Mishra (born 1967)|Rajesh Kumar Mishra]] || [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] || March 2017 || March 2022 || – || – ||
|-
| 03 || [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Dr. Raghavendra Sharma|Raghvendra Sharma]] || [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] || March 2022 || Present || – || – ||
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bithari Chainpur<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. Raghavendra Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:115417}}
|percentage = 46.53
|change = {{increase}}5.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Agam Kumar Maurya
|votes = {{formatnum:99576}}
|percentage = 40.15
|change = {{increase}}7.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ashish Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:22727}}
|percentage = 9.16
|change = {{decrease}}13.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Taufique Pradhani
|votes = {{formatnum:2858}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1283}}
|percentage = 0.52
|change = {{decrease}}0.62
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15841}}
|percentage = 6.38
|change = {{decrease}}1.93
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:248030}}
|percentage = 62.92
|change = {{decrease}}1.89
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Bithari Chainpur<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:96397}}
|percentage = 41.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Veer Pal Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:76886}}
|percentage = 32.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Virendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:53286}}
|percentage = 22.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2647}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19511}}
|percentage = 8.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:234958}}
|percentage = 64.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
16th Vidhan Sabha: 2012 General Elections
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Bithari Chainpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Virendra Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Virendra Singh]]
|votes = 55,972
|percentage = 26.87
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Dharmendra Kumar
|votes = 52,557
|percentage = 25.23
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Ittehad-e-Millat Council
|candidate = Brijendra Singh
|votes = 29,872
|percentage = 14.34
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 24 candidates
|votes = 69,926
|percentage = 33.59
|change = –
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 3,415
|percentage = 1.64
|change = –
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 208,327
|percentage = 68.63
|change = –
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>

==See also==
*[[Aonla Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Bareilly district]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Bareilly district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Aditya Magal

2026-04-11T19:09:36Z

Anthony: entry

{{Short description|Indian writer, author and blogger}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
'''Aditya Magal''' (born 1985) is a writer, author and blogger from [[India]] who runs the satire portal ''Secret Journal of Rakesh Jhunjhunwala''. He has also been a columnist for HT Brunch magazine, the Sunday supplement of the ''Hindustan Times''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/brunch-stories/the-literal-dialogue/article1-863524.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601135442/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/The-literal-dialogue/Article1-863524.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 June 2012 |title=The literal dialogue |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 May 2012 |accessdate=29 November 2013}}</ref> and has written for [[Hindustan Times]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/a-note-to-offenders-from-the-offended/article1-963929.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125133727/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/A-note-to-offenders-from-the-offended/Article1-963929.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 November 2012 |title=A note to offenders from the offended |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 November 2012 |accessdate=29 November 2013}}</ref> [[The Economic Times]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/comments-analysis/budget-2013-this-budget-will-create-new-problems-says-the-law-of-jhunjhunomics/articleshow/18741662.cms |title=Budget 2013: This budget will create new problems, says the law of Jhunjhunomics |work=The Economic Times |date=1 March 2013 |accessdate=29 November 2013 |archive-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217112757/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/comments-analysis/budget-2013-this-budget-will-create-new-problems-says-the-law-of-jhunjhunomics/articleshow/18741662.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Magazine]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?280285 |title=Mind Over Money | Fake Rakesh Jhunjhunwala |publisher=Outlookindia.com |accessdate=29 November 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001615/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?280285 |url-status=live }}</ref> and JAM among others. His first novel titled 'How to become a billionaire by selling Nothing' was released by [[Penguin Random House]] . He is currently the feature columnist for [[Bangalore Mirror]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/how-to-become-a-billionaire-by-selling-nothing-is-a-promising-debut/469216-40-101.html |title='How to Become a Billionaire by Selling Nothing' is a promising debut - IBNLive |access-date=2 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711101626/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/how-to-become-a-billionaire-by-selling-nothing-is-a-promising-debut/469216-40-101.html |archive-date=11 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His column ''Notes from the 560'' has gained popularity for its op-ed pieces .

==Career==
Magal has gained popularity primarily as a humorist and satirist though he has written non-humorous material also which have been less popular. He ran the satire blog The Secret Journal of Rakesh Jhunjhunwala based on Legendary Indian Investor [[Rakesh Jhunjhunwala]]. Most of his posts and tweets are funny outtakes on Indian life, politics and business. His sharp and incisive humour has attracted both laughter and criticism.

In 2009, a still anonymous Magal gave his first interview to Blogadda.com after nearly two years of blogging anonymously.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alter Ego of Rakesh Jhunjhunwala Interviewed. Fake Jhunjhunwala talks in Part One. |url=http://blog.blogadda.com/2009/12/17/alter-ego-of-rakesh-jhunjhunwala-interview |work=BlogAdda Blog |date=17 December 2009 |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030447/http://blog.blogadda.com/2009/12/17/alter-ego-of-rakesh-jhunjhunwala-interview |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2010, [[Forbes Magazine]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/tipoff/will-the-cyber-rakesh-jhunjhunwala-please-stand-up/10502/1?id=10502&pg=1 |title=Forbes India Magazine – Will the Cyber Rakesh Jhunjhunwala Please Stand Up? |publisher=Forbesindia.com |accessdate=29 November 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002243/http://forbesindia.com/article/tipoff/will-the-cyber-rakesh-jhunjhunwala-please-stand-up/10502/1?id=10502&pg=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> did a feature on him in their March issue which asked who Magal was. He was also featured on MoneyControl<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/willcyber-rakesh-jhunjhunwala-please-stand-up_442841.html |title=Will the cyber Rakesh Jhunjhunwala please stand up? |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |date=22 February 2010 |accessdate=29 November 2013 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235309/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/willcyber-rakesh-jhunjhunwala-please-stand-up_442841.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

He has been featured in publications such as [[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Nesil Staney |url=http://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/eIiouGDuJHunqXsWNqbyLO/Stocks-take-a-beating-cult-status-still-intact.html |title=Stocks take a beating, cult status still intact |publisher=Livemint |date=11 May 2009 |accessdate=29 November 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010458/http://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/eIiouGDuJHunqXsWNqbyLO/Stocks-take-a-beating-cult-status-still-intact.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Outlook Magazine,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?279280 |title=Status Update? Bad | Debarshi Dasgupta |publisher=Outlookindia.com |accessdate=29 November 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002038/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?279280 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mid-day]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/specials/2010/sep/050910-fake-bloggers-humour-spoofs.htm |title=Blogs go faux |publisher=Mid-day.com |date=5 September 2010 |accessdate=29 November 2013 |archive-date=13 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313071629/http://www.mid-day.com/specials/2010/sep/050910-fake-bloggers-humour-spoofs.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> JAM Magazine,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jammag.com/fake-this/ |title=Fake This! |work=Jam Magazine |date=23 April 2010 |accessdate=29 November 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011340/http://www.jammag.com/fake-this/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hindustan Times,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid-news/celebwatch/Fake-Twitter-profiles-make-for-a-great-laugh/Article1-514338.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203190222/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid-news/celebwatch/Fake-Twitter-profiles-make-for-a-great-laugh/Article1-514338.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=Fake Twitter profiles make for a great laugh |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 March 2010 |accessdate=29 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/tech/Make-them-laugh-in-140-characters/Article1-625930.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118091113/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/tech/Make-them-laugh-in-140-characters/Article1-625930.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 November 2010 |title=Make them laugh in 140 characters |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 November 2010 |accessdate=29 November 2013}}</ref> [[OPEN Magazine, India|Open Magazine]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/living/jhunjhunwala-s-real-bull-run |title=Jhunjhunwala's Real Bull Run |work=Open Magazine |date=23 February 2010 |accessdate=29 November 2013 |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204010258/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/living/jhunjhunwala-s-real-bull-run |url-status=live }}</ref> Pune Mirror,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/getpage.aspx?article=yes&pageid=20&sectid=edid=&edlabel=PMIR&mydateHid=26-09-2010&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar02000&publabel=MM&max=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625141459/http://www1.lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/getpage.aspx?article=yes&pageid=20&sectid=edid=&edlabel=PMIR&mydateHid=26-09-2010&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar02000&publabel=MM&max=true |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 June 2011 |title=ePaper Lite – Times of India Publications |publisher=.lite.epaper.timesofindia.com |accessdate=29 November 2013 }}</ref> [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-twitter-when-the-fakes-beat-the-originals-1430155 |title=Twitter: When the fakes beat the originals – Lifestyle – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |accessdate=29 November 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025256/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-twitter-when-the-fakes-beat-the-originals-1430155 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Business Standard]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/devangshu-datta-www-thatsnotme-com-110081400057_1.html |title=Devangshu Datta: www.thatsnotme.com |work=Business Standard |date=14 August 2010 |accessdate=29 November 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003115/http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/devangshu-datta-www-thatsnotme-com-110081400057_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2012, after nearly four years of blogging anonymously his identity was revealed in a front page feature in the 7 June edition of [[The Economic Times]] where he was reported to have had a wonderful meeting with the real [[Rakesh Jhunjhunwala]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-company/corporate-trends/how-parody-blog-the-secret-journal-of-rakesh-jhunjhunwala-writer-aditya-magal-impressed-rakesh-jhunjhunwala/articleshow/13877181.cms?curpg=1 |title=How parody blogger Aditya Magal impressed Rakesh Jhunjhunwala |work=The Economic Times |date=7 June 2012 |accessdate=29 November 2013 |archive-date=6 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106180730/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-company/corporate-trends/how-parody-blog-the-secret-journal-of-rakesh-jhunjhunwala-writer-aditya-magal-impressed-rakesh-jhunjhunwala/articleshow/13877181.cms?curpg=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2013, he was once again featured in the edition of 23 October of the Hindustan Times Business section.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/SocialMedia-Updates/ |title=Meet Aditya Magal, the fake Rakesh Jhunjhunwala on Twitter – Hindustan Times |publisher=www.hindustantimes.com |date=23 October 2013 |access-date=29 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115165346/http://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/socialmedia-updates |archivedate=15 January 2014 }}</ref>

In April 2014, Magal announced that his first book titled 'How to become a billionaire by selling Nothing', a fiction novel would be released in May that year. The book was published by [[Penguin Random House]] India and was well received for its humour and satire content. The book has been charted on the Amazon Bestsellers list but has also received adverse criticism for views on [[consumerism]].<ref>{{cite book |title=How to Become a Billionaire by Selling Nothing |id={{ASIN|8184004346|country=in}} }}</ref>

As of 2016 he has started writing for [[the Times Group]]'s ''Bangalore Mirror''.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Times Group |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/others/notes-from-the-560-bengalureans-know-it-all-about-olympics/articleshow/53777783.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://twitter.com/jhunjhunwala Aditya Magal] on Twitter
* [http://www.adityamagal.com Website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Magal, Aditya}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male bloggers]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian satirical columnists]]
[[Category:Indian humour columnists]]
[[Category:Indian political artists]]

Baai Tujhyapayi

2026-04-07T09:42:38Z

Anthony:

{{Short description|2025 Marathi-language web series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Baai Tujhyapayi.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = Drama
| creator = [[Nipun Dharmadhikari]]
| writer = Mukta Bam Nikhil Khaire
| director = Nipun Dharmadhikari
| starring = [[Kshitee Jog]] Sajiri Joshi
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_episodes = 1
| producer = Keyur Godse Niraj Biniwale
| company = Sixteen by Sixty Nine Productions
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| first_aired = 
| last_aired = 
| location =
}}

'''''Baai Tujhyapayi''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[web series]] directed by [[Nipun Dharmadhikari]] and produced for the streaming platform [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baai Tujhyapayi on OTT: All you need to know about Zee5's upcoming Marathi series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/baai-tujhyapayi-all-you-need-to-know-about-zee5s-upcoming-marathi-series/683d08e04e927 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> It is a remake of 2023 [[Tamil language | Tamil]] web series [[Ayali (2023 TV series) | Ayali]]. Set in rural Maharashtra in 1990, the period drama follows the story of a young girl who battles superstition and social restrictions in her pursuit of becoming a doctor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baai Tujhyapayi Trailer: Only virgins enter the temple, get married immediately after menstruation! The heart-wrenching story of Ahilya who wants to become a doctor |url=https://www.msn.com/mr-in/entertainment/bollywood/baai-tujhyapayi-trailer-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B3-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%B3-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%A1-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%8A-%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%B1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%9A-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%A3/ar-AA1OLmS3 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> The series stars Sajiri Joshi and [[Kshitee Jog]] in the lead roles and is scheduled to premiere on 31 October 2025.<ref name=Gadgets360>{{cite web |title=Baai Tujhyapayi OTT Release Date: Know When and Where to Watch This Marathi Web Series Online |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/news/baai-tujhyapayi-ott-release-date-know-when-and-where-to-watch-this-marathi-web-series-online-9491561 |website=Gadgets 360 |date=October 2025 |access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=Scroll>{{cite web |title='Baai Tujhyapayi' trailer: A teenager battles superstition to study medicine |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1087835/baai-tujhyapayi-trailer-a-teenager-battles-superstition-to-study-medicine |website=Scroll.in |date=2025 |access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=१९९० मध्ये वेसाईचं वडगाव या काल्पनिक गावात घडणारी कथा अन्... 'बाई तुझ्यापायी' वेब सीरिजची चर्चा; ही स्टाकिड दिसणार मुख्य भूमिकेत |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/web-series/baai-tujhyapayi-web-series-story-cast-kshitee-jog-sajiri-joshi/articleshow/124716831.cms |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

== Premise ==
The series is set in 1990 in the fictional village of Vesaich Vadgaon, Maharashtra. It centers on Ahilya, a teenage girl who dreams of studying medicine and becoming a doctor. Her ambitions clash with the village’s orthodox customs and gender-based restrictions. When Ahilya attains puberty, she is forced to conceal it to avoid an early marriage, while continuing to challenge the social taboos that attempt to limit her education.

== Cast ==

* [[Kshitee Jog]] as Laxmi (Mother)
* Sajiri Joshi as Ahilya
* Siddhesh Dhuri as Aaba (Father)
* Shivraj Waichal as Jaysingh
* [[Vibhavari Deshpande]] as Mangal Bai
* Anil More as Gopal Master
* Anil Kamble as Tatya Saheb
* Gautami Kachi as Saraswati

== Production ==
The series is directed by [[Nipun Dharmadhikari]] and written by Mukta Bam and Nikhil Khaire.<ref name=Gadgets360 /> It was developed as a Marathi original for the OTT platform [[ZEE5]]. Promotional materials describe it as a rural-period drama exploring themes of patriarchy, education, and superstition. The production design and costumes recreate the socio-cultural setting of a 1990s Maharashtrian village.<ref name=Adgully>{{cite web |title=When courage sparks a revolution: ZEE5 unveils 'Baai Tujhyapayi' trailer |url=https://www.adgully.com/post/8095/when-courage-sparks-a-revolution-zee5-unveils-baai-tujhyapayi-trailer |website=Adgully |access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref>

== Release ==
The series is set to premiere on [[ZEE5]] on 31 October 2025.<ref name=Gadgets360 /> The official trailer was released in October 2025.<ref name=LiveNagpur>{{cite web |title=When courage becomes a revolution: ZEE5 unveils the trailer of 'Baai Tujhyapayi' |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2025/10/23/when-courage-becomes-a-revolution-zee5-unveils-the-trailer-of-baai-tujhyapayi-premiering-october-31/ |website=The Live Nagpur |date=23 October 2025 |access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/baai-tujhyapayi/0-6-4z5840836 ''Baai Tujhyapayi''] on [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|id=38689897}}

[[Category:2025 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]

Bari (caste)

2026-04-03T19:20:07Z

Anthony: entry

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Caste in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
'''Bari''' caste is one of the Hindu [[Caste system in India|castes in India]]. The people of Bari caste are mostly spread across Northern India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gahlot |first1=Sukhvir Singh |last2=Dhar |first2=Banshi |title=Castes and Tribes of Rajasthan |date=1989 |publisher=Jain Brothers |isbn=978-81-85287-00-3 |pages=159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuAtAAAAMAAJ&q=bari+caste |access-date=17 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Their traditional occupation was making leaf plates for temples.<ref name=p/> They are described by Russel & Hiralal as household servants for kings and makers of leaf plates for temples, from whom [[Brahmins]] accept water.<ref name=p>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=K. S. |last2=India |first2=Anthropological Survey of |title=India's Communities|date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |pages=304–06 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ&q=bari+caste |access-date=20 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> They practice Hindu rituals and worship [[Surya]].<ref name=p/> In the Hindu caste system hierarchy, they are considered as a clean caste but not of high status.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Sahab Lal |title=Folk Culture and Oral Tradition: A Comparative Study of Regions in Rajasthan and Eastern U.P. |date=1974 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-0-88386-287-2 |pages=52–57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yR7aAAAAMAAJ&q=bari+caste |access-date=20 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Bari is listed among [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC) in [[Orissa]] and has presence in districts of [[Sundergarh]], [[Khurda]], [[Balasore]]. The Bari residing in Orissa mostly speak [[Bhojpuri language]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bari |url=https://www.scstrti.in/index.php/communities/sc-communities/108-sc-communities/335-bari |website=www.scstrti.in |publisher=[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute|SCSTRTI]]
|access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> They are also listed as OBC in [[Madhya Pradesh]],<ref name=x/> [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of SC ST |url=http://www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/obc/faq/rajasthan.pdf |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> [[Maharashtra]],<ref>{{cite web |title=CENTRAL LIST MAHARASHTRA SC ST OBC |url=http://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/maharashtra.pdf |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref><ref name=x>{{cite web |title=SC ST ACT 1965 |url=https://tribal.nic.in/downloads/CLM/CLM_1/3.pdf |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/obc/faq/uttarpradesh.pdf | title=Central list of OBCs for the state of Uttar Pradesh | publisher=bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in | accessdate=29 December 2024}}</ref> [[Bihar]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Central list of OBCs for the state of Bihar |url=https://www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/obc/faq/bihar.pdf | publisher=bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in | access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> [[Jharkhand]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Jharkhnad ST ST Central List |url=http://www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/obc/faq/Jharkhand.pdf |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> and [[Chhattisgarh]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Social groups of Chhattisgarh]]

IIT Patna

2026-03-27T19:22:05Z

Anthony: typo fix

{{short description|Research institute in Patna, India}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institute of Technology Patna
| image_name = Indian Institute of Technology, Patna.svg
| image_size =
| motto = ''Vidyārthī labhate vidyām'' {{small|([[Sanskrit]])}}
| mottoeng = One who aspires wisdom, attains it
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|2008}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[Institute of technology]]
| chairman = Anand Deshpande
| director = T. N. Singh<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Abhijit |date=12 September 2021 |title=TN Singh becomes new director of IIT Patna |work=Careers360 2:25 p.m. IST |url=https://news.careers360.com/tn-singh-becomes-new-director-of-iit-patna |access-date=12 September 2021}}</ref>
| faculty = 166 <ref name=nirf_2024_data>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0064.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref>
| students = 2,883 <ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| undergrad = 1,797 <ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| postgrad = 446 <ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| doctoral = 640 <ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| address =
| city = [[Bihta]], [[Patna]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| postalcode = 801106
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{Coord|25|34|51.25|N|84|50|10.64|E|region:IN-BR_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| campus_size = {{convert|501|acre|km2|1|abbr=on}}
| free_label = Acronym
| free = IITP
| colors =
| website = {{URL|https://www.iitp.ac.in/}}
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
}}

'''Indian Institute of Technology Patna''' (abbreviated '''IIT Patna''' or '''IITP''') is one of the 23 IITs, located at [[Bihta]] near [[Patna]], [[Bihar]] (India).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Indian-Institute-of-Technology-Patna-students-design-customized-tricycle/articleshow/28658738.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Indian Institute of Technology-Patna students design customized tricycle – The Times of India | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125110631/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Indian-Institute-of-Technology-Patna-students-design-customized-tricycle/articleshow/28658738.cms | archive-date=25 January 2016 }}</ref> It is recognized as an [[Institute of National Importance]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aicte-india.org/einp.htm |title=AICTE |publisher=Aicte-india.org |access-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925190631/http://www.aicte-india.org/einp.htm |archive-date=25 September 2013 }}</ref> It is one of the second generation [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IITs]] established by an Act of the Indian Parliament on 6 August 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/the-institute/administration/acts-and-statutes.html|title=Acts and Statutes|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref>

The permanent campus of IIT Patna is located at [[Bihta]] which is approximately 30 km west of [[Patna]] and has been fully operational since 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/latest-news/1324-iit-patna-is-ready-to-move-in-its-newly-constructed-permanent-campus-at-bihta-patna.html|title=IIT Patna has moved in its newly constructed permanent campus at Patna|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref>

==Campus==
[[File:Iit patna.jpg|thumb|IIT Patna New Campus Building]]
[[File:Central Lecture Hall, IIT Patna.jpg|thumb|Central Lecture Hall]]
IIT Patna's campus is located at [[Amhara, Bihar|Amhara]], [[Bihta]], 35 km from [[Patna]] at a {{convert|501|acres}} site.<ref name="IIT501">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/IIT-Patna-An-island-of-excellence-this/articleshow/48129351.cms|title=IIT-Patna: An island of excellence this|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 July 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728155837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/IIT-Patna-An-island-of-excellence-this/articleshow/48129351.cms|archive-date=28 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150725/jsp/bihar/story_33509.jsp#.VbMhTouUdyw|title=Campus propels IIT quality focus|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725185311/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150725/jsp/bihar/story_33509.jsp#.VbMhTouUdyw|archive-date=25 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150807/jsp/bihar/story_35899.jsp#.VdNYf4uUdyw|title=Students euphoric about new campus- IIT-Patna comes up with world-class facilities|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814160340/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150807/jsp/bihar/story_35899.jsp#.VdNYf4uUdyw|archive-date=14 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150811/jsp/bihar/story_36475.jsp#.VdNW7ouUdyw |title=Green ride with healthy heart |work=The Telegraph|location=India |date=19 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817115502/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150811/jsp/bihar/story_36475.jsp#.VdNW7ouUdyw |archive-date=17 August 2015 }}</ref> The foundation stone of the IIT Patna, [[Bihta]] Campus was laid by [[Kapil Sibal]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Kapil-sibal-lays-foundation-of-iit-patna-campus | work=The Times of India | title=Kapil Sibal lays foundation of IIT-Patna campus| url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220073810/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Kapil-sibal-lays-foundation-of-iit-patna-campus | archive-date=20 February 2017 }}</ref> IIT Patna started its new session (from July 2015) in its permanent campus located at Bihta. The campus at [[Bihta]] was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 25 July 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modi-inaugurates-IIT-Patna-campus/articleshow/48212544.cms|title=Modi inaugurates IIT-Patna campus|website=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125110631/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modi-inaugurates-IIT-Patna-campus/articleshow/48212544.cms|archive-date=25 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150714/jsp/bihar/story_31384.jsp#.VafrH4uUdyy|title=Modi sets IIT campus date|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716205551/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150714/jsp/bihar/story_31384.jsp#.VafrH4uUdyy|archive-date=16 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/PM-to-inaugurate-Bihta-IIT-P-campus-on-July-25/articleshow/48060050.cms|title=PM to inaugurate Bihta IIT-P campus on July 25|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 July 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125110631/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/PM-to-inaugurate-Bihta-IIT-P-campus-on-July-25/articleshow/48060050.cms|archive-date=25 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/iit-patna-narendra-modi/1/451737.html |title=Narendra Modi to {{as written|inaugurate [sic]}} IIT-Patna new campus on 25 July |access-date=16 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717212438/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/iit-patna-narendra-modi/1/451737.html |archive-date=17 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/iit-patna-shifts-to-new-campus-in-bitha/1/451282.html |title=IIT-Patna gets a new campus, PM Narendra modi to {{as written|inaugurate [sic]}} |access-date=16 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717100618/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/iit-patna-shifts-to-new-campus-in-bitha/1/451282.html |archive-date=17 July 2015 }}</ref> Earlier, the institute was operating from a temporary {{convert|10|acre}} complex in Pataliputra colony, [[Patna]], in buildings which have been renovated and were previously used by the Naveen Government Polytechnic {NEW GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC PATNA -13}.

===Administrative Building===

This is the main building of the campus that can be viewed directly from the campus main gate. It houses all the administrative offices, the Central Library, the Directorate, offices of all the Deans and other officials.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/the-institute/administration/deans-a-hod.html|title=Deans & Coordinators :: Administration :: The Institute :: IIT Patna|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/the-institute/administration/administrators/directorate.html|title=Directorate :: Administrators :: The Institute :: IIT Patna|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.iitp.ac.in/#|title=Welcome to Central Library IIT Patna|website=library.iitp.ac.in}}</ref>

===Computer Science, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering Block (Block 3)===
The Department of Computer Science is evolving since the inception of IIT Patna in the year 2008 and employs researchers like Prof. [[Pushpak Bhattacharyya]], Dr. Jimson Mathew, Dr. Arijit Mondal, and others. Other Departments like Electrical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering also reside within the aegis of the department. The major research areas of the department include Communications, Signal Processing, VLSI, Electric Drives, Power Systems and Power Electronics. The department has online access to IEL, Science Direct, Springer and other online journals. Software like [[MATLAB]] and GAMS are available with the department in order to accelerate the research. Instructional laboratories for Basic Electronics, Analog Electronics Digital Electronics, Digital Signal Processing, Embedded Systems, [[Very-large-scale integration|VLSI]], [[Electrical Machines]], Power Electronics and Power Systems are fully operational.

===Tutorial Block (Block 9)===
All the academic lectures take place in the Tutorial Block. The five-storey building also temporarily houses the laboratories in Computer Science, Physics and Chemistry for the undergraduate students. It also has the Computer Centre of the institute with total 18 GBPS internet connections and adequate server infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/departments/computer-center.html|title=Computer Center :: IIT Patna|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref> Laboratories in Basic Electronics, Analog Electronics, Digital Electronics, VLSI, Control, Instrumentation and Communication are also located in this building.

===Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Block (Block 6)===

The Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering is a newly established department, that was instituted in 2015 with the efforts of Dr. Sujoy Kumar Samanta, faculty of IIT Patna.<ref name="iitp.ac.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/departments/engineering/chemical-and-biochemical-engineering.html|title=Chemical and Biochemical Engineering :: IIT Patna|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref> It is located in the Block-6 of the campus. The department accepted the first batch of undergraduate students in 2016 and presently has 9 faculty members.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/departments/engineering/chemical-and-biochemical-engineering/people-chemical-and-biochemical-engg/faculty-cbe.html|title=Faculty|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/departments/engineering/chemical-and-biochemical-engineering/people-chemical-and-biochemical-engg/ug-students.html|title=UG Students|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref> The Block-6 houses research facilities for its faculty members in various research fields ranging from [[Clean fuel]] production, {{CO2}} capture and storage, [[Pinch analysis]], Microwave-assisted heating, [[Process modelling]] and [[simulation]] to Bio-resource engineering and [[Wastewater treatment]]. The department has also set up various laboratories for its undergraduate students including [[Heat transfer]] laboratory, Mechanical Operations laboratory, [[Chemical Reaction Engineering]] laboratory, [[Process simulation]] laboratory among many others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/departments/engineering/chemical-and-biochemical-engineering/facilities.html|title=Facilities|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref>

===Science Block===
The science block has classrooms, faculty rooms and laboratories for [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]] and [[Mathematics]]. These include the material science research and optics research facilities of the Physics Department, the chemistry instruments and chemistry research facilities of the Chemistry Department and the computational research facility of the Mathematics Department.

===Humanities and Social Sciences Block (Block 1)===

The Department of Humanities and Social Sciences is located in Block 1.<ref name="iitp.ac.in1">{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/departments/humanities-and-social-sciences/about-the-department.html|title=Humanities and Social Sciences :: IIT Patna|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref>

The department has also set up a Centre for [[Endangered Language]] Studies to work for the minor/ tribal/endangered languages of the state of [[Bihar]] and adjoining areas.<ref name="iitp.ac.in2">{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/departments/centre-for-endangered-language-studies.html|title=Centre for Endangered Language Studies|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref> In addition, the centre aims to collaborate with the institutes and universities of the neighbouring states to work for minor/ tribal/endangered languages along the state borders.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/departments/centre-for-endangered-language-studies/objectives.html|title=Objectives|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref>

===Mechanical Engineering Block===
[[File:IIT Patna mechanical block back view.jpg|thumb|Block 3 (Back Side)]]
The Mechanical Engineering Workshop building houses all the Mechanical Engineering Laboratories, viz. Basic and Conventional Manufacturing Lab, Advanced Manufacturing Lab, CAD/CAM Lab, Dynamics Lab, Fluid Mechanics Lab, Heat and Mass Transfer Lab, Instruments and Control Lab, IC Engines Lab, Material Testing Lab, Metrology and Metallographic Lab, Robotics Lab and Polymer Engineering Lab.

==Organisation and administration==
===Governance===
{{see also|Indian Institutes of Technology#Organisational structure}}
All IITs follow the same organization structure which has [[President of India]] as visitor at the top of the hierarchy. Directly under the president is the IIT Council. Under the IIT Council is the board of governors of each IIT.
Under the board of governors is the director, who is the chief academic and executive officer of the IIT. Under the director, in the organizational structure, comes the deputy director. Under the director and the deputy director, come the [[Dean (education)|deans]], heads of departments, registrar.

===Departments And Centres===

The institute has the following Departments, which conduct research as well as provide education.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.winentrance.com/Indian_Institute_Of_Technology/Patna/ |title=IIT Patna Indian Institute of Technology Patna Courses Offered & Contact Details, www.winentrance.com Indian Institute of Technology IIT Patna |publisher=Winentrance.com |access-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002193154/http://www.winentrance.com/Indian_Institute_Of_Technology/Patna/ |archive-date=2 October 2013 }}</ref>

==== Department of Engineering And Technology ====
* [[Chemical]] and [[Biochemical Engineering]]<ref name="iitp.ac.in"/>
* [[Civil and Environmental Engineering]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/departments/engineering/civil-engineering.html|title=Civil Engineering :: IIT Patna|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[Computer Science and Engineering]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/departments/engineering/computer-science-a-engineering.html|title=Computer Science & Engineering. :: IIT Patna|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[Electrical Engineering]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/departments/engineering/electrical-engineering.html|title=Electrical Engineering :: IIT Patna|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[Mechanical Engineering]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/departments/engineering/mechanical-engineering.html|title=Mechanical Engineering :: IIT Patna|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[Metallurgical and Materials Engineering]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/departments/engineering/metallurgical-and-materials-engineering.html|title=Metallurgical and Materials Engineering|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref>

==== Department of Humanities And Social Sciences ====
* [[Humanities]] and [[Social Sciences]]<ref name="iitp.ac.in1"/>
* Centre for [[Endangered Language]] Studies<ref name="iitp.ac.in2"/>

==== Department of Basic Sciences ====
* [[Chemistry]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/departments/school-of-basic-sciences/chemistry/chemistry.html |title=Chemistry :: Basic Sciences :: Schools & Centers :: IIT Patna |website=iitp.ac.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520231733/http://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/departments/school-of-basic-sciences/chemistry/chemistry.html |archive-date=20 May 2016}}</ref>
* [[Physics]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/departments/school-of-basic-sciences/physics/physics.html|title=Physics :: Basic Sciences :: IIT Patna|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[Mathematics]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/departments/school-of-basic-sciences/mathematics/mathematics.html|title=Mathematics :: Basic Sciences :: IIT Patna|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref>

==Academics==

===Undergraduate programs===
IIT Patna undergraduate programs include BTech and Dual Degree programs.

IIT Patna awards [[Bachelor's]] degree in the following disciplines:

* Bachelor of Technology in [[Computer Science and Engineering]]
* Bachelor of Technology in [[Mathematics]] and [[Computing]]
* Bachelor of Technology in [[Artificial Intelligence]] and [[Data Science]]
* Bachelor of Technology in [[Electrical Engineering|Electrical and Electronics Engineering]]
* Bachelor of Technology in [[Mechanical Engineering]]
* Bachelor of Technology in [[Civil and Environmental Engineering]]
* Bachelor of Technology in [[Chemical Engineering]]
* Bachelor of Technology in [[Metallurgical and Materials Engineering]]
* Bachelor of Technology in [[Engineering Physics]]
* Bachelor of Technology in [[Electronic engineering|Electronics and Communication engineering]]
* Bachelor of Technology in Chemical Science and Technology
* Bachelor of Science
Admission to these programs for 638 seats is through the Joint Entrance Examination ([[Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination|JEE]])-Advanced,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170621/jsp/frontpage/story_157994.jsp|title=More seats in new IITs 387 additional BTech berths on offer this year|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731024745/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170621/jsp/frontpage/story_157994.jsp|archive-date=31 July 2017}}</ref> taken by students seeking admission into the [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IITs]] after completing 10+2 years of schooling. The Curriculum consists of eight semesters spread over four academic years. A student takes five to six theory courses in addition to laboratory courses in each semester. A student's performance is evaluated based on a credit system. Credits are allotted to each course depending on the number of lecture/tutorial/laboratory hours per week.
Admission in the institution is taken by competitive exams like Joint Entrance Examination (JEE), JAM.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jee.iitm.ac.in/counseling/pdf/Counselling%20Brochure.pdf |title=Admissions Through JEE-2010 |website=jee.iitm.ac.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601171655/http://www.jee.iitm.ac.in/counseling/pdf/Counselling%20Brochure.pdf |archive-date=1 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BTech |url=https://academics.iitp.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19&Itemid=202 |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=academics.iitp.ac.in}}</ref>

===Postgraduate Programs===
IIT Patna postgraduate programs include:
* [[Master of Technology]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120725/jsp/bihar/story_15766288.jsp#.ULnK_axQHBE | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | first=Roshan | last=Kumar | title=Cradle arms techies with new-age ammo | date=25 July 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813212404/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120725/jsp/bihar/story_15766288.jsp#.ULnK_axQHBE | archive-date=13 August 2014 }}</ref>
*[[Master of Science]]
* [[PhD]]
* [[Executive MBA]]<ref>{{cite web|url =https://www.iitp-tle.com/programs.html|title =IIT Patna Online Executive M.Tech & MBA Programs | Courses}}</ref>

=== Undergraduate and Postgraduate Programs===

*BS-MS in Computer Science & Data Analytics
*BS-MS in Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security
*BSc (Hons) in Computer Science & Data Analytics
*BSc (Hons) in Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security
*Executive MBA in the dual specialisation
*Executive MBA in Finance
*Executive M.Tech in Artificial Intelligence & Data Science Engineering
*Executive M.Tech - Computer Science & Engineering (Electives/Specialisations: Big Data and Blockchain Technology, Cloud Computing, IoT, etc.)

The M.tech program, started in 2012, awards degrees in following disciplines:

*Master of Technology in [[Mathematics]] and [[Computing]]<ref name="iitp.ac.in3">{{cite web |title=Academic Affairs |url=https://academics.iitp.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48&Itemid=207 |website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref>
*Master of Technology in [[Nanotechnology|Artificial Intelligence]]<ref name="iitp.ac.in3"/>
*Master of Technology in [[Mechatronics]]<ref name="iitp.ac.in3"/>
*Master of Technology in [[Computer Science and Engineering]]<ref name="iitp.ac.in3"/>
*Master of technology in [[Communication Systems Engineering]]<ref name="iitp.ac.in3"/>
*Master of technology in [[Metallurgical and Materials Engineering]]<ref name="iitp.ac.in3"/>
*Master of Technology in [[Civil engineering|Civil Engineering]]<ref name="iitp.ac.in3"/>
*Master of Technology in [[VLSI|VLSI and Embedded Systems]]<ref name="iitp.ac.in3"/>
*Master of Technology in [[Mechanical engineering|Mechanical Design]]<ref name="iitp.ac.in3"/>

Admission to M.Tech is through [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]] after which an interview is held to screen the shortlisted candidates. Sponsored Candidates are not required to appear in GATE and are directly called for interview on applying for admission to MTech Program (if selected).

Admission to the Executive MBA program is based on an application process followed by a merit-based selection for admission.

Started in 2009, Phd degrees are awarded by all the departments. Requirements for admission into the [[PhD]] programs include a master's degree and prior academic achievement. Students undergo an interview before gaining admission.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.way2college.com/iit-patna-2010-phd.htm |title=IIT Patna 2012 PhD |publisher=Way2college.com |access-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829055752/http://www.way2college.com/iit-patna-2010-phd.htm |archive-date=29 August 2013 }}</ref>

===Rankings===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| QS_A_2023 = 351–400
| THE_W_2023 = 801
|NIRF_O_2024=36|NIRF_E_2024=19}}

Internationally, IIT Patna was ranked 351–400 in Asia in the ''[[QS World University Rankings|QS Asia University Rankings]]'' of 2023. It was ranked 801 in the world by the ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'' of 2023.

IIT Patna was ranked 19 among Engineering Colleges in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2025 and 36 overall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/OverallRanking.html}}</ref>

===Incubation Centre IIT Patna===
The Incubation Centre is supported by the Government of Bihar and the Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY), Ministry of Communications and IT, Government of India.

The Incubation Centre accepts applications for incubation multiple times a year. The applicants submit a 10-page business plan which is evaluated by the Project Evaluation Team, composed of eminent personalities from Industry, academia, government and investment community. Shortlisted applicants are called for a presentation before an expert panel. Based on the recommendation from the panel, the applicant are then offered admission to the incubation programme. The selected start-ups are fully supported and provided with all facilities including fully furnished office spaces, communication facilities, state of the art ESDM laboratory facilities, guidance by mentors from Angel Investors, Industry, IITP faculty, Investor Connect, Training and Development programmes, and other assistance required.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apply – Incubation Centre IIT Patna |url=https://iciitp.com/index.php/apply/ |access-date=26 September 2023}}</ref>

The groundbreaking ceremony for the permanent building facility of the Incubation Centre at the IIT Patna's Bihta campus was held on 24 November 2018.The Chief Guest for the ceremony was the Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Sushil Kumar Modi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/iit-patna-sumo-minister-to-lay-stone-of-incubation-centre-today/articleshow/66776381.cms|title=IIT-Patna: Sushil Modi, minister to lay stone of incubation centre today – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=24 November 2018 }}</ref>

A Class 1000 clean room (also known as ISO6 clean room), which utilizes high-efficiency particulate absorbing (HEPA) filtration system to maintain air cleanliness level of a maximum of 1,000 particles of more than 0.5 micron per cubic meter inside air, was inaugurated inside Incubation Centre on 13 September 2023 by the state information technology minister Mohd Israil Mansuri.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2023 |title=IT minister unveils Class 1000 clean room at IIT-P |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/it-minister-unveils-class-1000-clean-room-at-iit-p/articleshow/103649664.cms |access-date=26 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Collaboration with foreign universities===
The [[International Relations]] Cell at IIT Patna is responsible for the entire institute's international activity. The IR Affairs office is committed to increasing international collaboration through exchange visits, and opening up international conversations by encouraging universities stakeholders to set up joint programs, joint research and projects, faculty exchange and internships for international students.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/ir/|title=International Relations – Indian Institute of Technology Patna}}</ref>

IIT Patna has collaborated with many foreign universities like [[National University of Singapore]] (NUS), [[University of Houston]], Texas (USA), [[Louisiana State University]] (USA), [[University of Hartford]], Connecticut (USA), [[University of Missouri]], Columbia (USA), [[University of New South Wales]](Australia), [[University of North Texas]], Denton (USA) and [[University of Saskatchewan]](Canada).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/iit-pact-us-varsity-220645651.html |title=IIT pact with US varsity – Yahoo News India |publisher=In.news.yahoo.com |date=17 November 2012 |access-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814141406/https://in.news.yahoo.com/iit-pact-us-varsity-220645651.html |archive-date=14 August 2014 }}</ref>

The MoU is intended to give opportunities to BTech, MTech and PhD students and faculty from IIT Patna to go to [[United States]], [[Australia]], [[Singapore]] and [[Canada]] and develop their research skills and interact with people working in different areas of science and technology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/iitp-mous.html |title=IITP MOUs :: IIT Patna |publisher=Iitp.ac.in |access-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002115604/http://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/iitp-mous.html |archive-date=2 October 2013 }}</ref>

===Convocation===
* The convocation for the 1st batch of IIT Patna was held on 23 December 2012 when Dr APJ Abdul Kalam awarded the degrees.<ref>{{cite news|author=B K Mishra|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Produce-entrepreneurs-not-job-seekers-Kalam/articleshow/17736395.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606034611/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-24/patna/35991285_1_iit-p-abdul-kalam-iit-kharagpur |url-status=live |archive-date=6 June 2013 |title=Produce entrepreneurs, not job-seekers: Kalam |date=24 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121224/jsp/bihar/story_16353105.jsp#.UkVUINJi2aU |title=Degree in hand, hats go flying |work=The Telegraph |date=24 December 2012 |access-date=27 September 2013 |location=Calcutta, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002121912/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121224/jsp/bihar/story_16353105.jsp#.UkVUINJi2aU |archive-date=2 October 2013 }}</ref>
* The 2nd convocation was held on 26 October 2013 when President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] awarded the degrees.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-26/news/43414826_1_president-pranab-mukherjee-toppers-medal | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028193331/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-26/news/43414826_1_president-pranab-mukherjee-toppers-medal | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 October 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=President awards medals to IIT-Patna toppers }}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite news |author=Roshan Kumar |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130805/jsp/bihar/story_17194531.jsp#.UkVT_tJi2aU |title=Pranab chief guest at convocation |work=The Telegraph |date=5 August 2013 |access-date=27 September 2013 |location=Calcutta, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002121814/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130805/jsp/bihar/story_17194531.jsp#.UkVT_tJi2aU |archive-date=2 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/President-to-award-degrees-at-IIT-Patna-today/articleshow/24722406.cms | work=The Times of India | title=President to award degrees at IIT-Patna today – The Times of India | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125110631/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/President-to-award-degrees-at-IIT-Patna-today/articleshow/24722406.cms | archive-date=25 January 2016 }}</ref>
* The 3rd convocation of IIT Patna was held at the permanent campus in Bihta on 6 August 2015. 325 BTech, MTech and PhD students received degrees. Boeing India president Pratyush Kumar was the chief guest on the occasion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/325-IIT-Patna-students-get-degrees-at-3rd-convocation/articleshow/48382654.cms|title=325 IIT-Patna students get degrees at 3rd convocation|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 August 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125110631/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/325-IIT-Patna-students-get-degrees-at-3rd-convocation/articleshow/48382654.cms|archive-date=25 January 2016}}</ref>
* The 4th convocation was held on 6 August 2016 whose chief guest was Padma Bhushan Prof. P. Balaram, Former Director, IISc, Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Institute of Technology, Patna |url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/the-institute/reports/convocation |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref>
* The 5th convocation was held on 6 August 2017 whose chief guest was Padma Bhushan Shri Babasaheb Kalyani, Chairman and Managing Director of Bharat Forge.
* The 6th convocation ceremony took place on 13 September 2018, at the Gyan Bhawan, Samrat Ashok International Convention Center, [[Gandhi Maidan]], [[Patna]]. [[Padma Shri]] awardee and scientist Shri Manas Bihari Verma was the chief guest for the occasion.<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/iit-patna-to-award-gold-medals-to-3-students-today/articleshow/65787878.cms|title=IIT-Patna to award gold medals to 3 students today – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=13 September 2018 }}</ref> [[IIT-Kanpur]]'s deputy director Minanidra Agarwal and IIT-P's Board of Governors Chairman [[Ajai Chowdhry]] were the guests of honour at the event.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/3-iit-patna-students-bag-gold-medals/articleshow/65800829.cms|title=3 IIT-Patna students bag gold medals – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=14 September 2018 }}</ref>
* The 8th convocation was held on 26 August 2021 whose chief guest was Dr. Prabhakar Raghavan, Senior Vice-President, Google.
* The 9th convocation was held on 7 December 2022 whose chief guest was Mr. Jalaj A. Dani, Chairman at Addverb Technologies Limited.

==Research==
The institute has set up many laboratories to conduct research in various disciplines of engineering, pure and applied sciences and humanities on campus. Research is carried out by faculty members and research scholars under the guidance of faculty members. Research work is also done at the undergraduate level usually in the fourth year of engineering.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/research-main/489-btech-projects-12.html |title=Best B.Tech Projects −2012 |publisher=Iitp.ac.in |access-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002120020/http://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/research-main/489-btech-projects-12.html |archive-date=2 October 2013 }}</ref> The Sponsored Research and Industrial Relations Unit (SRIRU)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/research/r-and-home.html |title=R&D Home :: Research :: IIT Patna |publisher=Iitp.ac.in |access-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002115828/http://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/research/r-and-home.html |archive-date=2 October 2013 }}</ref> was established in the year 2009 to promote interactive engagement between faculty and sponsoring agencies. The institute has received grants from various sponsoring agencies like Department of Information Technology – Govt. of India, Department of Biotechnology – Govt. of India, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]], [[Atomic Energy Regulatory Board]], Department of Science And Technology – Govt. of India, [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]], Department of Rural Development – Govt. of India, [[UNICEF]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/research/research-projects-and-resources.html |title=Research Projects and Resources :: Research :: IIT Patna |publisher=Iitp.ac.in |access-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002120400/http://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/research/research-projects-and-resources.html |archive-date=2 October 2013 }}</ref>

==Student life and culture==

===Facilities===

====Hostels====
The unmarried male students of IIT Patna are accommodated in three hostels namely APJ Kalam Hostel, CV Raman Hostel and Aryabhatta Hostel which are located inside the campus. There is a separate hostel for married PhD students. For accommodation of female students a separate hostel, Asima Hostel, is available.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/hostel/|title=Hostel|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref>

====Medical Services====
The college has a medical center inside the campus which has an emergency doctor available all the time and specialist doctors visiting from NSMCH [https://nsmch.com/] during the day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Health Center, IIT Patna |url=https://sites.google.com/view/health-center-iit-patna/home |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=sites.google.com}}</ref>

====Sports====
Sports facilities like cricket and football grounds are there. Basketball, Volleyball, Tennis and Badminton courts are also available near the hostel and various clubs are formed by students for managing and improving the level of sports in the campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/sports/|title=IIT Patna Sports|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref> And facilities for indoor games like Table tennis, Carrom etc. are also available. The college itself has an inter-college sports tournament '''''INFINITO'''''. Also the students participate in [[Inter IIT Sports Meet]] each year.

====Banks And Post Office====
The branches of [[State Bank of India]] and [[Canara Bank]] are present inside the campus for providing banking facilities inside the campus. An [[India Post]] branch is also present in the campus for providing mailing facilities inside the campus. [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Flipkart]] and other services visit the campus daily for other delivery needs.

====Food====
Various canteens and food outlets are available in and around the campus. The campus also has an authorized Amul Parlor outlet. There are various restaurants in Bihta which are usually visited by the campus community. The campus also has a night canteen open up to 4 AM into the night.

====Library====
The Central Library of IIT Patna is one of the advanced library in terms of its collection and services. Central Library caters to the information needs of faculty members, students, research scholars as well as staff of the Institute, by offering a wide range of Information Technology (IT) based (and value added) services and products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://library.iitp.ac.in/index.php/b-tech-e-books/root/central-library/about |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=library.iitp.ac.in}}</ref>

===Societies===

The Student Activity Center operates with the following societies:
* [[IEEE]] Student Branch IIT-Patna
* Science and Technology Council
** NJACK (Computer Science Club)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/Njack-IITP|title=NJACK|website=GitHub}}</ref>
** Sparkonics (Electrical Engineering Club)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/sparkonics/about|title=Sparkonics|via=Facebook}}</ref>
** SCME (Mechanical Engineering Society)
** Robotics Club (3 Divisions - Rocketry and Aviation Club, Tinkerer's Lab, and Team Phoenix ROBOCON)
** Finance Club
** IITP Motorsports<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iitpmotorsports.in/|title=IITP Motorsports|website=iitpmotorsports.in|access-date=24 November 2018|archive-date=25 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125030831/http://iitpmotorsports.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** ACE (Civil Engineering Society)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/ace/|title=ACE IIT Patna|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref>
** CHESSx (Chemical Engineering Society)
** MatES (Materials Engineering Society)
* House of Socio-Cultural Affairs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iitp.ac.in/hosca/|title=House of Socio-Cultural Affairs|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref><ref>https://www.facebook.com/iitp.sociocultural/ {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>
** Standup Den (Comedy Club)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/standupclub.iitp/|title=STD IIT Patna|via=Instagram}}</ref>
** Pixxel (Photography Club)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/pixxeliitp/|title=PIXXeL IITP|via=Facebook}}</ref>
** Aria (Music Club)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/musicclubiitpatna/|title=Music Club, IIT Patna|via=Facebook}}</ref>
** Exousia (Dance Club)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/DanceClubIITPatna/ |access-date=26 September 2023 |via=Facebook}}</ref>
** Yavanika (Dramatics Club)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/yavanika.iitp/|title=Yavanika – The Dramatics Society of IIT Patna|via=Facebook}}</ref>
** Quiz Club<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quiz Club, IIT Patna|url=https://www.facebook.com/QCIITP/|access-date=5 December 2020|via=Facebook}}
</ref>
** House of Oratory Talents (HOOT) (Speaking Arts)
** Syahi (Literature Club)
** Vincetroke (Fine arts club)
** Anime Club
** Hexachrome (Puzzle Solving Club)
* Research Community (under Academics and Career Council)
* Trading and Investment Club (TIC)
* Sports clubs (of respective sports activities)
* Bhaktivedanta Club<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/BVCIITPatna/ |access-date=26 September 2023 |via=Facebook}}</ref>
* Entrepreneurship Club<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/ecelliitp/|title=E-Club – IIT Patna|website=iitp.ac.in}}</ref>
* Rural Technology Development Club (RTDC)
* [[National Service Scheme]] (NSS), IIT Patna
* [[National Sports Organisation (India)|National Sports Organization (India)]], IIT Patna

===Festivals===
There are three major festivals that are organized in IIT Patna namely, Anwesha, Celesta and Infinito.

[[Celesta]], the annual techno-management fest of Indian Institute of Technology, Patna is held generally in the month of October–November every year. This year the fest coordinators being Abhitesh Shukla and Ananta Nanda.

[[Anwesha]], the annual techno-cultural fest of Indian Institute of Technology, Patna is held in the month of January–February every year.

====Student Activity Center====
The [[Student Activity Center]] is the nucleus of all student curricular and extracurricular activities. Faculties have been appointed to supervise the work and events conducted by each society.

==Placements==
Training and Placement Cell actively engages in developing relationship with various industrial organizations and employers. The cell organizes summer internships for pre-final year students and placement activities for final years students. The average job offer CTCs for 2020 was {{INRConvert|13.5|l}} per annum.<ref>{{cite web|title=Placement Data from Training and Placement Cell, IIT Patna (Year 2019–20)|url=https://collegedunia.com/university/25409-indian-institute-of-technology-iit-patna/placement}}</ref> The Highest job offer CTCs for 2020 was {{INRConvert|39.5|l}} per annum by [[Microsoft]].
The recent placement statistics for IIT Patna can be seen [https://www.iitp.ac.in/placement/placementsumm.php here]. In 2023,147 students of IIT Patna got offers worth lakhs in the initial phase of pre-placement, 32 got packages of more than ₹30 lakhs (US$36,000).<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2023 |title=IIT Patna students received job from multinational companies |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/iit-patna-147-students-received-job-offer-from-multinational-companies-axs |access-date=6 April 2024 |website=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian Institutes of Technology]]
*[[List of universities in India]]
*[[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|IIT Patna}}
* {{official website}}

{{Portal bar|Education|Engineering|India}}
{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}
{{Engineering Colleges in Bihar}}
{{Patna}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Institute of Technology Patna}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Bihar]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Patna]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology|Patna]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Patna]]

Aniruddha's Academy of Disaster Management

2026-03-23T20:59:51Z

Anthony: further expanded intro further and added references

{{Short description|Indian non-profit organization}}{{Multiple issues|{{Primary sources|date=June 2024}}
{{More citation needed|date=July 2024}}}}
'''Aniruddha's Academy of Disaster Management (AADM)''' is a [[non-profit organization]] incorporated in [[Mumbai]], [[India]] with '[[disaster management]]' as its principal objective. The basic aim of AADM is to save life and property in the event of a [[disaster]], be it natural or manmade. Towards this end, AADM imparts disaster management training. The main objective of AADM is to build up a volunteer base across the globe, that will be able to handle various disasters and disaster situations effectively. AADM has a trained Disaster Management Volunteer (DMV) force of about 60,000.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

== History ==
{{unreferencedsect|date=May 2025}}
AADM was founded in April 2005, under section 25 of [[The Companies Act, 1956]]. The academy was formed under the guidance of Dr. Aniruddha D. Joshi (M.D. Medicine, Rheumatologist, who is fondly referred as Aniruddha Bapu).

==Textbook of Disaster Management==
<gallery>
File:Coverpage_of_Textbook_of_AADM_Book.jpg|Coverpage of Textbook of Disaster Management
</gallery>
The Textbook of Disaster Management <ref>{{cite book|title=Textbook of Disaster Management|year=2002|publisher=Lotus Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81904260-2-2|pages=368}}</ref> was compiled by AADM in the year 2002. It has proved to be of great help in training<ref>{{cite web |title=aniruddhafoundation |url=https://aniruddhafoundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Aniruddha-Foundation-Police-Letter-Nandurbar-App-Letter-For-conducting-ADDm-lecture-for-Police-5-8-2009.jpg |website=aniruddhafoundation.com}}</ref> the trainer on how to impart effective disaster management training to an average citizen of India. It also serves as a virtual handbook in the event of a disaster.

==Volunteers==
There are two types of volunteers:

(i) 'DMV' (Disaster Management Volunteer) The members trained in the 7-day basic disaster management course offered by AADM are termed as 'DMV's.

(ii)'Transmitter' (Trainers for DMVs). Those come forward to teach fellow citizens in basic disaster management are termed as 'Transmitters'. Currently AADM has a total of 60,000 DMVs and 450 Transmitters.

==Basic Disaster Management Course==
The Basic Disaster Management Training Course includes training the common citizen in the finer aspects of [[first-aid]], with the objective of saving lives until Qualified Medical Assistance arrives. Apart from the first-aid techniques, the training course also covers information on all possible kinds of disasters and ways to effectively respond to them. This includes [[natural disaster]]s such as [[earthquake]]s, [[flood]]s, [[cyclone]]s, [[famine]]s, [[drought]], etc. and man made disasters such as [[explosion]]s (bomb blasts), [[religious violence]] (communal riots), etc., as also nuclear, biological and [[chemical warfare]], which have come to pose a genuine and serious threat to the very survival of mankind and civilization.

==Functions==
* Establishing or rendering help to any institution engaged in the alleviation of human suffering.
* To provide assistance to the local civic authorities during festivals, public functions or any other public event, primarily for the purposes of crowd control.
* To start, maintain and assist in any relief measures, at locations which have been subjected to natural and man-made calamities.<ref>{{cite news|title=Disaster Mitigation: A must for every Indian|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JTS8yMDEwLzA4LzEyI0FyMDM4MDI=&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514230754/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JTS8yMDEwLzA4LzEyI0FyMDM4MDI=&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 14, 2014|access-date=13 September 2012|newspaper=The Times Of India|date=12 August 2010}}</ref>
* To initiate and undertake projects towards the rehabilitation of people located in disaster affected areas.
* To mobilize volunteers from among the younger generation by undertaking disaster management courses in schools and colleges.
* To run various parallel projects such as [[Vermiculture]] Project, [[Pulse Polio]] Vaccination,<ref>{{cite web |title=aniruddhafoundation |url=https://aniruddhafoundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Aniruddha-Foundation-Municipal-Co-Public-Health-Dept-Request-letter-to-Participate-in-Pulse-Polio-Camp-3-7-2010.jpg |website=aniruddhafoundation}}</ref> [[Blood donation]] camps etc.

==Activities==
'''Assistance to local civic authorities during 26 July 2005 Heavy rainfall disaster:'''

On July 26, 2005, when heavy rains created a disaster like situation in [[Mumbai]] and [[Maharashtra]], AADM's DMVs offered help to the local civic authorities in the rescue operations by making rafts out of used plastic bottles and ferrying the affected to safety.
On the same day when a landslide struck Saki Naka, a suburb of Mumbai, the DMVs played a crucial role in saving lives and extricating bodies from the rubble in extremely challenging conditions.

'''Assistance to local civic authorities during incidents of fire:'''
AADM DMVs actively assist Mumbai's fire brigade and [[Mumbai police]] authorities during incidents of fire. For instance, they successfully assisted the authorities when fire broke out at the office of Fairdeal Corporation Ltd., at Jogeshwari, Mumbai, Maharashtra on 26 January 2006
Fire at Hansa Ind. Estate, Mumbai on 6 July 2006

'''Assistance to local civic authorities during man made disasters:'''
When serial blasts occurred in the compartments of the suburban trains of Western Railway on 11 July 2006, as also the bomb blast at the Agarwal Hospital, Mulund (W),<ref>{{cite news|title=Academy of Disaster Management |url=http://www.aniruddhasadm.com/aadmnewsaevents.php?page=4 |access-date=13 September 2012 |newspaper=Afternoon |date=15 March 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112111035/http://www.aniruddhasadm.com/aadmnewsaevents.php?page=4 |archive-date=12 November 2012 }}</ref> Mumbai on March 15, 2003, at Bomb Blasts at German Bakery, Pune on February 15, 2010 <ref>{{cite news|title=Pune's Saviours |url=https://aniruddhafoundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Aniruddha-Foundation-PUNE-MIRROR-Artical-on-Bomblast-15-02-2010.jpg |access-date=13 September 2012 |newspaper=Pune Mirror |date=15 February 2010 }}</ref>

'''Crowd control activities during fairs and festivals at religious places:'''
AADM DMVs help in controlling and regulating the crowds queuing up for darshan, or where large crowd movement takes place following are such examples,
[[Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai]],<ref>{{cite news|title=अंगारकीसाठी वीस लाख भाविक येणार|url=http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20101025/5292051888216147722.htm|access-date=13 September 2012|newspaper=Sakal|date=25 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124172043/http://esakal.com/esakal/20101025/5292051888216147722.htm|archive-date=24 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[Mahalakshmi Temple, Mumbai]]
[[Mount Mary Church, Bandra]], Mumbai,
[[Mandher Devi Temple in Mandhradevi]], Satara, Maharasshtra
[[Paithan]], Aurangabad, Maharashtra
Immersion of Lord Ganesh Idols during [[Ganesh Utsav]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Skip immersion jams with traffic police site|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Skip-immersion-jams-with-traffic-police-site/articleshow/16538260.cms|access-date=25 September 2012|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ganeshotsav 2012: Mumbai cops draw up plan for the D-Day|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_ganeshotsav-2012-mumbai-cops-draw-up-plan-for-the-d-day_1744862|access-date=25 September 2012|newspaper=DNA newspaper}}</ref> in different parts of [[Maharashtra]]

A disaster management training workshop was conducted for the Nandurbar police force on the invitation of the Superintendent of Police – [[Nandurbar]], Maharashtra.

==Vermiculture Project==

AADM considers soil [[Fertility (soil)|fertility]] and environmental protection as the two key aspects of disaster management (prevention section). AADM achieves these by adopting to vermiculture which is an eco-friendly waste management technology.

It is the technology of rearing or cultivating [[earthworms]] and using them as natural bio reactors in [[waste management]]. It is a simple procedure of maintaining and culturing earthworms that feed on the [[biodegradable waste]], defaces and multiply on wastes.

It can handle all types of [[biodegradation|bio-degradable]] waste like food waste, floral and vegetable waste, garden waste, cow dung and paper waste. The non vegetarian food items can also be used. However they take longer time to [[decompose]] which could produce poor smell. The dry waste like glass, thermocol, plastic, rubber or likewise which does not decompose cannot be used in the process.

It also helps to protect the earthworm species which plays an important role in soil fertility and environment protection.

It can be practiced in cities and villages or farms. In cities, the citizens should show active participation to overcome the alarming state of the environment. It can be carried out near cow sheds, backyards, basements or any suitable place which can be well protected. Unlike cities, villages have a wider scope for adopting Vermiculture<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Indian Express |url=https://aniruddhafoundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/AniruddhaFoundation-Indian-Express_18May_AADM.jpg |website=aniruddhafoundation.com}}</ref> with all the necessary resources easily available and in abundance.

[[File:Large pit option.jpg|thumb|left|Large pit option for Vermiculture]]
[[File:Large pit option1.jpg|thumb|center|Large pit option for Vermiculture]]

'''Consultancy projects:'''

AADM also offers consultancy to various housing societies, corporate, schools and colleges. Under consultancy, a team of volunteers from the Academy visit the site for survey, and submit a survey report thereafter to cater the requirements for the project execution. The people handling the projects are trained by the Academy's team by personal visits till the first crop of Vermicompost is harvested Thereafter it is the sole responsibility of the society or institution to continue the project in the long run.

Consultancy for vermiculture was provided to the various Educational Institutes, Govt. organizations like:
* [[Naval Dockyard]] – Colaba
* Central Railway Matunga workshop<ref name=":0" />
* Pearl Society – Vile Parle
* [[NABARD]]

'''Project awareness:'''

Upon request from schools and colleges, introduction and demonstrations have been given to students.
The demonstrations have been conducted through power point presentations, display charts and practicals. The students are encouraged to maintain a small scale vermiculture bin which can be rated by the teachers as a part of the school project.

'''Key awareness projects'''

Awareness through lecture and demonstrations in 24 wards of [[MCGM]]-Education Dept. for school children, parents, staff teachers, gardeners and CDO (Community Development Officers) covering around 200 schools. for such programs were conducted half-yearly during Feb.'05 to Dec.'06.

'''Future for vermiculture in India'''

Till date 87 tons of Vermicompost has been produced from the academy's own projects in Mumbai and Maharashtra region and has been utilized for tree plantation. That amounts to approx. 340 tons of waste conversion into Vermicompost.

Vermiculture is an '''eco-friendly waste management technology'''. It is definitely cost effective and can be implemented in urban and rural areas. It is easy to practice and helps us curb air, water and land pollutions. 'Trees' are considered as living immovable souls. By supplying them with good fertilizers and water, we are not only nurturing them but also trying to repay the obligation of our Mother Earth in a small and righteous way.

==Participation==

In 2007, AADM was invited by the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai to participate in the 'Monsoon Disaster Plan (2007)' launched by it.

'''Participation in Disaster Risk Management Master Plan Project''' :

AADM has contributed to this project initiated by the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, by gathering and compiling information for the Emergency Operation Plan, and preparing the process document for Emergency Support Function which form part of the Disaster Risk Management Master Plan Project.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai Emergency Operations Plan |url=http://www.unisdr-apps.net/confluence/download/attachments/9994389/esf-book.pdf?version=1 |access-date=13 September 2012 |pages=21, 48, 73, 87, 91, 112, 125, 219 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201951/http://www.unisdr-apps.net/confluence/download/attachments/9994389/esf-book.pdf?version=1 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref>

'''Participation in Tatpar Mumbai Project''':

AADM participated in the Tatpar Mumbai Project, organized by the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai and the Mumbai Police, Fire department, National Disaster Unit and non-governmental organizations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai to mitigate disasters |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/2/2010030320100303155115331403def80/Mumbai-to-mitigate-disasters.html |access-date=13 September 2012 |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407094815/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/2/2010030320100303155115331403def80/Mumbai-to-mitigate-disasters.html |archive-date=7 April 2010 }}</ref>

'''Participation in Asia Megacities Forum 2009 event'''

This forum was organized between the 22 and 24 April 2009, by the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, who are also partners of the Earthquakes and Megacities initiative.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asia Megacities Forum to be held in April |url=http://www.emi-megacities.org/home/projects/144-provention/630-asia-megacities-forum-to-be-held-in-april.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414164627/http://www.emi-megacities.org/home/projects/144-provention/630-asia-megacities-forum-to-be-held-in-april.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 April 2013 |access-date=13 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Management in Urban Development Planning and Local Governance|url=http://www.unisdr-apps.net/confluence/download/attachments/9994389/amf2009_proceedings+megacity+forum.pdf?version=1|access-date=13 September 2012|pages=iv, 3, 54|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233754/http://www.unisdr-apps.net/confluence/download/attachments/9994389/amf2009_proceedings+megacity+forum.pdf?version=1|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''MoU with Maharashtra Directorate of Vocational Education and Training (2026)''':

In February 2026, Aniruddha's Academy of Disaster Management entered into a [[Memorandum of understanding|Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)]] with the Directorate of Vocational Education and Training (DVET), under the [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (Maharashtra)|Maharashtra Government's Skill Development Department]]. The agreement was facilitated by [[Mangal Lodha|Mangal Prabhat Lodha]], the Cabinet Minister for Skill Development, Employment, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Government of Maharashtra. Under the MoU, free and practical [[disaster management]] training is to be extended in a phased manner to approximately two lakh (200,000) students enrolled across 419 government [[Industrial training institute|Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs)]] in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Two Lakh Maharashtra ITI Students To Receive Disaster Management Training |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/two-lakh-maharashtra-iti-students-to-receive-disaster-management-training |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=18 February 2026 |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Two Lakh ITI Students Will Get Training in Disaster Management |url=https://www.mahamtb.com/Encyc/2026/2/18/two-lakh-iti-students-will-get-training-in-disaster-management-mangalprabhat-lodha-.html |publisher=Maha MTB |date=18 February 2026 |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=आपत्ती आली तरी घाबरू नका! 'दोन लाख विद्यार्थ्यांना...' |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/maharashtra/mumbai/skill-development-departmnt-trained-iti-2-lakhs-students-disaster-managemanet-mangal-prbhat-lodha-marathi-news-1147745.html |publisher=Navarashtra |date=18 February 2026 |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref>
The programme is designed to equip ITI students with foundational knowledge of [[civil defense]], [[disaster preparedness]], and emergency response, with the goal of building a trained volunteer force capable of supporting district disaster management authorities during natural or man-made disasters. The training content was developed by the Academy based on a study of various urban and rural disaster scenarios across Maharashtra.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://aniruddhasadm.com Official website of AADM]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aniruddha's Academy of Disaster Management (AADM)}}
[[Category:Disaster preparedness]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Emergency management in India]]

Jammu Praja Parishad

2026-03-17T17:20:34Z

Anthony: expanded lead based on references and fixed typos based on references

{{Short description|Former political party in Indian-administered Kashmir}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{NPOV|date=August 2025}}
{{Promotional|date=February 2026}}
{{Weasel|date=September 2025}}
{{Original research|date=August 2025}}}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Jammu Praja Parishad
| leader = [[Balraj Madhok]]
| foundation = November 1947
| ideology = {{plainlist|
* [[Hindutva]]
* [[Indian nationalism]]
* [[Anti-communism]]
}}
| dissolved = 1963
| native_name_lang = hi
| merged = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
| national = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| country = India
}}
The '''Jammu Praja Parishad'''{{sfn|Chandra, Mukherjee & Mukherjee, India since Independence|2008|p=418}} (officially: '''All Jammu and Kashmir Praja Parishad'''{{sfn|Chowdhary, Politics of Identity and Separatism|2015|p=229}}) was a political party active in the [[Jammu Division]] of the Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It was founded in November 1947 by the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] activist [[Balraj Madhok]], and served as the main opposition party in the state. It maintained close ties with [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] throughout its existence, and finally merged into the latter in 1963. Its main activity was to campaign for the close integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India and oppose the special status granted to the state under the [[Article 370]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]]. After its merger with the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the precursor of the present day [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], the party gradually rose in stature. As an integral part of the Bharatiya Janata Party, it was a partner in the ruling coalition led by the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]].

== Inception ==
The [[Dogras|Dogra]] Hindus of Jammu were originally organised under the banner of ''All Jammu and Kashmir Rajya Hindu Sabha'', with [[Prem Nath Dogra]] as a leading member.{{sfn|Puri, The Question of Accession|2010|p=4}} The [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) was established in Jammu in 1939 with the efforts of Kishen Dev Joshi.{{sfn|Sahagala, Jammu & Kashmir: A State in Turbulence|2011|p=57}} Jagdish Abrol and later [[Balraj Madhok]], who arrived in 1942, are credited with its expansion. Madhok moved to the [[Kashmir Valley]] in 1944 and established RSS there. Prem Nath Dogra was also the chairman (''sanghchalak'') of the RSS in Jammu.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Religion, Caste, and Politics|2011|pp=288, 301}}{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics|1996|pp=149-150}}

In May 1947, following the [[Partition of India|partition plan]], the Hindu Sabha threw its support behind [[Maharaja Hari Singh]]'s decision over the state's status, which in effect meant support for the state's independence. However, following the upheaval of the partition and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]], its position changed to support for the accession of the state to India and, subsequently, full integration of Jammu with India.{{sfn|Puri, The Question of Accession|2010|p=4-5}}{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=194-195}}

The ''Praja Parishad'' was founded in November 1947 with this background, soon after the Pakistani tribal invasion. Balraj Madhok was a key organiser of the party, and Hari Wazir became its first president. Prem Nath Dogra and others soon joined. According to Madhok, the objective of the party was to achieve the "full integration" of Jammu and Kashmir with India and to oppose the "communist-dominated anti-Dogra government of Sheikh Abdullah."{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Religion, Caste, and Politics|2011|pp=288, 301}}{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=195}}{{sfn|Sahagala, Jammu & Kashmir: A State in Turbulence|2011|p=119–120}}

== Jammu agitation (1949–1953) ==
In early 1949, the Praja Parishad started protesting against the policies of the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] government led by [[Sheikh Abdullah]]. The government swiftly arrested as many as 294 members of the Praja Parishad, including its president Prem Nath Dogra.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=195}} Balraj Madhok was externed from the state.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalism Reader|2007|pp=158-159}} The Praja Parishad's call for full integration was in direct conflict with the demands of National Conference for complete autonomy of the state. The Indian leaders intervened and arranged a temporary truce. However, tensions came to a head again in the [[1951 Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly election|elections for the Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly]] in 1951.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=195-196}}

The Praja Parishad initially contested 28 out of 30 seats allocated to Jammu in the 1951 elections. However, the nomination papers of 13 of its candidates were rejected over technicalities. Fearing that the elections were being railroaded by the ruling National Conference, the Praja Parishad announced a boycott of the elections shortly before the polling. Consequently, all National Conference candidates were declared as winners from the Jammu province. Without democratic representation, the Praja Parishad took to the streets organising protests.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=55-57}}{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=186}}

Calling for "full integration" of the state with the rest of India, the Parishad issued a rallying cry of "''Ek Vidhan, Ek Nishan, Ek Pradhan''" ("one constitution, one flag and one premier"), in opposition to the state's attempts to formulate its own constitution, adopt its own flag, and designate its head of executive as "Prime Minister."{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=57}} On 15 January 1952, students staged a demonstration against the hoisting of the state flag alongside the Indian Union flag. After they were punished, a large march took place on 8 February. The military was called out and a 72-hour curfew was imposed. [[N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar]], the Indian Cabinet minister in charge of Kashmir affairs, arrived to broker peace, which was resented by Sheikh Abdullah.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=196}}

By this time, the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] had been formed in Delhi to promote [[Hindu nationalism]], and the Praja Parishad became its affiliate in Jammu and Kashmir.{{sfn|Baxter, The Jana Sangh|2015|p=87}} Although Jana Sangh won only 3 seats in the Indian Parliament in the [[Indian general election, 1951–52|1951–52 general elections]], [[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]] was a powerful leader, commanding a big block of support from various opposition parties. The Party and Mukherjee took up the cause of Jammu with vigour. The Praja Parishad submitted a memorandum to the President of India in June 1952 calling for full integration, and staged a large demonstration outside the Indian Parliament. The [[Hindu Mahasabha]] Member of Parliament N. C. Chatterjee ridiculed the autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir as a "Republic within a Republic."{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=197}}

In order to break the constitutional deadlock, the National Conference was invited to send a delegation to Delhi. The 1952 Delhi Agreement was intended to settle the extent of applicability of the Indian Constitution to the state. Following this, the Constituent Assembly abolished the monarchy in Kashmir, and adopted an elected Head of State (''Sadr-i Riyasat''), but was slow to implement the remaining measures agreed in the Delhi Agreement.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=197-203}}

The Praja Parishad engaged in a civil disobedience campaign for a third time in November 1952, which again led to repression by the state government. The Parishad accused Abdullah of communalism (sectarianism), favouring Muslim interests in the state and sacrificing the interests of the others. The Jana Sangh joined hands with the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] and [[Ram Rajya Parishad]] to launch a parallel agitation in Delhi. In May 1953, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee attempted to enter Jammu and Kashmir, citing his rights as an Indian citizen to visit any part of the country. Abdullah prohibited his entry, and arrested him when he attempted. An estimated 10,000 activists were imprisoned in Jammu, Punjab and Delhi, including Members of Parliament. Mukherjee died in detention on 23 June 1953, leading to an uproar in India and precipitating an escalating crisis. Sheikh Abdullah lost his majority within his five-member cabinet, and was subsequently dismissed from the post of Prime Minister and imprisoned on the orders of ''Sadr-i Riyasat'' [[Karan Singh]].{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=197-203}}{{sfn|Baxter, The Jana Sangh|2015|pp=86-87}}

[[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]], who succeeded Abdullah as the Prime Minister, implemented all the measures of the Delhi Agreement, making further concessions of powers to the Union government.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=209-212}} The Praja Parishad agitation largely subsided after these events.

== Subsequent elections ==
{{Synthesis|section|date=August 2025}}
The Praja Parishad failed to develop into a mass movement, especially in rural areas. The National Conference, having implemented land reforms benefiting the rural populations, was favoured by the electorate. The Parishad was also an overwhelmingly Hindu party, and had no appeal to Muslims. It also neglected the influential minority of Kashmiri Pandits and Ladakhi Buddhists.{{sfn|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007|p=111}}

In the [[1957 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly elections in 1957]], the Praja Parishad put forward 17 candidates and won 6 seats, one of whome later switched sides, leaving the Parishad with only 5 members in the Assembly.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=229}}{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=75}}

In the [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|elections held in 1962]], the Praja Parishad was reduced to 3 seats. It held a large demonstration in the city of Jammu, protesting against alleged electoral malpractice. The Prime Minister [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] dismissed the complaints as "frivolous".{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=77-78}}

In 1963, the Praja Parishad merged into the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]].<ref name="Kumar1990">{{citation |author=Kedar Nath Kumar |title=Political Parties in India, Their Ideology and Organisation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3pJ8t4rxIsC&pg=PA108 |date=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-205-9 |pages=108–}}</ref>
In January 1965, the National Conference also merged into the [[Indian National Congress]]. The event has been characterised by analysts as a major "centralising strategy" and a victory for the Hindu nationalist agenda of the Praja Parishad and its allies.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=82}}

In the [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972 elections]], the party again won 3 seats.

In 1975, Sheikh Abdullah was released from prison and allowed to return to power after striking [[Indira-Sheikh accord|a deal]] with the central government. He subsequently revived the National Conference. Between 1975 and 1977, Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] imposed a national emergency. After it was lifted, Jana Sangh merged with other opposition parties in India to form the [[Janata Party]].

In the [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977 Legislative Assembly elections]], widely regarded as the first free and fair elections in Jammu and Kashmir, the Janata Party won 11 seats in Jammu and a further 2 seats in the Kashmir Valley. The Indian National Congress also won 11 seats in Jammu, but none in the Kashmir Valley.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=89-90}}

After the split of the Janata Party and the formation of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from the former Jana Sangh faction, the party's fortunes in Jammu and Kashmir declined again until [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]], when it won 11 seats. The party scored a major victory in the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|elections in 2014]], emerging as the second largest party in the assembly with 25 seats, and joining a coalition government with [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] as the Chief Minister.

== References ==
{{reflist|25em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last1=Chandra |first1=Bipan |author-link=Bipan Chandra |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Aditya |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Mridula |title=India since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dE9qEg-NgHMC |year=2008 |orig-year=first published 1999 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-310409-4 |ref={{sfnref|Chandra, Mukherjee & Mukherjee, India since Independence|2008}}}}
* {{citation |first=Craig |last=Baxter|author-link = Craig Baxter |chapter=The Jana Sangh |editor=Donald Eugene Smith |title=South Asian Politics and Religion |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dknWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |date=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7908-3 |ref={{sfnref|Baxter, The Jana Sangh|2015}}}}
* {{citation |first=Navnita Chadha |last=Behera |title=Demystifying Kashmir |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2007 |isbn=978-8131708460 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC |ref={{sfnref|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007}}}}
* {{citation |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01173-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC |ref={{sfnref|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003}}}}
* {{citation |first=Rekha |last=Chowdhary |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Politics of Identity and Separatism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-2oCgAAQBAJ |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-41405-6 |ref={{sfnref|Chowdhary, Politics of Identity and Separatism|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last=Das Gupta |first=Jyoti Bhusan |title=Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ |date=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-011-9231-6 |ref={{sfnref|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012}}}}
* {{citation |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=978-1850653011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC |ref={{sfnref|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics|1996}}}}
* {{citation |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=Hindu Nationalism - A Reader |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-691-13097-2 |ref={{sfnref|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalism Reader|2007}}}}
* {{citation |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India |year=2011 |publisher=C Hurst & Co |isbn=978-1849041386 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC |ref={{sfnref|Jaffrelot, Religion, Caste, and Politics|2011}}}}
* {{citation |first=Balraj |last=Puri |author-link=Balraj Puri |title=The Question of Accession |journal=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=11 |pages=4–6 |date=November 2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMxJzb7N_8wC&pg=PA4 |ref={{sfnref|Puri, The Question of Accession|2010}}}}
* {{citation |last=Sahagala |first=Narendra |title=Jammu & Kashmir: A State in Turbulence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwW3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT5 |year=2011 |publisher=[[Suruchi Prakashan]] |isbn=978-81-89622-83-1 |ref={{sfnref|Sahagala, Jammu & Kashmir: A State in Turbulence|2011}}}}

{{Sangh Parivar|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Political parties in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1947]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1963]]
[[Category:Conservative parties in India]]
[[Category:Hindu nationalist political parties]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1963 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Identity politics in India]]
[[Category:Socially conservative parties]]
[[Category:Sangh Parivar]]

Nagaland State Commission for Women

2026-03-16T10:54:55Z

Anthony: adding the stub needs work

{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Nagaland State Commission for Women
| nativename =
| nativename_r =
| type = Commission
| logo =
| logo_width =
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| seal =
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| image =
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| formed = 15 October 2004
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Nagaland]]
| headquarters = Nagaland Commission Complex, New Secretariat, [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]]
| motto = Empowering Our Women
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = W. Nginyeih Konyak
| chief1_position = Chairperson
| chief2_name =
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| website = {{Official website|http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Nagaland}}
| footnotes =
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'''Nagaland State Commission for Women (NSCW)''' is a [[statutory]] body constituted in the year 1993 to deal with the issues relating to [[Violence against women|crime against women]] in the state of [[Nagaland]]. The commission for welfare of women in the state was set up by [[Government of Nagaland|Nagaland Government]] as a [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial]] body.

== History and objectives ==
Nagaland State Commission for Women was formed to investigate specific problems relating to women and apart from studying women related issues from the state.<ref name="scw ref1">{{cite news |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Swarna |title=Why National and State Women's Commissions are important and should be held accountable |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-national-and-state-women-s-commissions-are-important-and-should-be-held-accountable-2217939 |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=dnaindia.com |date=30 May 2016}}</ref> The Commission is equipped with powers to safeguard rights of women and ensure their protection and equality against any form of harassment and issues faced in the family and community.

The commission was created with the following objectives:
* Ensuring protection and welfare of women.<ref name="nwc ref6">{{cite news |title=Nagaland Women Commission constituted |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/nagaland-women-commission-constituted-113010400328_1.html |access-date=14 January 2022 |publisher=business-standard.com |date=29 January 2013}}</ref>
* Handle gender-based issues through timely intervention in case of any violation of relevant laws or opportunity denial or depriving the women of any rights.<ref name="nwc ref5">{{cite news |title=Nagaland Women Commission for redefining Naga customary laws |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/nagaland-women-commission-redefining-naga-customary-laws.html |access-date=14 January 2022 |publisher=nenow.in |date=25 November 2018}}</ref>
* Recommending to state government on women-based issues.
* The commission occasionally takes steps to create awareness in public regarding the women-based legislation in the state.<ref name="nwc ref7">{{cite news |title=Nagaland women commission organizes night-walk to promote |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/nagaland-women-commission-organizes-nightwalk-to-promote/1748960 |access-date=14 January 2022 |publisher=Outlook.com |date=1 March 2020}}</ref>

== Composition ==
NCSW was formed with a chairperson and other members. The social welfare department of the state makes modalities for appointing the Chairman of the State Commission for Women. Their salary and other emoluments are fixed by state government and revised from time to time.

[[W. Nginyeih Konyak]] is the present Chairperson of the Nagaland State Commission for Women.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-05-18 |title=Nginyeih Konyak appointed NWC Chair |url=https://mokokchungtimes.com/nginyeih-konyak-appointed-nwc-chair/ |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Mokokchung Times |language=en-US}}</ref> She along with other members will hold office for a period of 3 years.

== Activities ==
Nagaland State Commission for Women was formed in 2006 to perform below activities:
* Commission should ensure that it adheres to the provision and protection guaranteed for women under [[Constitution of India]] and women related legislations.<ref name="nwc ref3">{{cite news |title=Domestic violence on the rise in Nagaland, says women's panel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kohima/domestic-violence-on-the-rise-in-nagaland-says-womens-panel/articleshow/87330757.cms |access-date=14 January 2022 |publisher=Times of India |date=28 October 2021}}</ref>
* In case any agency in the state fails to implement protective measures against women, getting the same to the notice of Government.
* Making recommendations for the amendments in any law if it fails on provision of justice to the women of the state.
* Taking up with concerned authorities any issue of violation of women's rights and recommending follow-up action to them.
* Women who have complaints of violation of their rights and non-implementation of their protective measures guaranteed under the Constitution of India can directly approach Women Commission for redressal.
* Counselling and assisting women who are victims of atrocities and discrimination in the state.
* Financing litigation expenses for any issues involving mass group of women and occasionally make reports to the state government relating to them.
* Inspecting any premises, jail or other remand home where women prisoners are lodged or any other case and bringing them to the notice of respective authorities, in case of need.
* Enquire, study and investigate any specific women-based issues.
* Initiate educational research or undertaking any promotional method and recommend ways for ensuring women representation in all areas and identifying reasons depriving them of their rights.
* To enquire suo-moto or any complaints of any issue which deprives women of their rights or women protection laws not being implemented or noncompliance of any policies relating to them or failure of following instructions relating to women welfare and relief associated with them.

==Chairpersons==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! width="250" style="background:#b3d1e3; | Chairperson
! width="250" style="background:#b3d1e3; | Tenure Start
! width="250" style="background:#b3d1e3; | Tenure End
! width="250" style="background:#b3d1e3; | Reference
|-
| [[Sano Vamuzo]] || 2007 || 2010 || <ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://nagalandtribune.in/naga-woman-activist-sano-vamuzo-honoured-with-padma-shri-2024/|title=Naga woman activist Sano Vamuzo honoured with Padma Shri 2024
|date=26 January 2024|newspaper=Nagaland Tribune|access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| Sano Vamuzo || 2010 || 2013 || <ref name=":0"/>
|-
| [[Temsüla Ao]] || 2013 || 2016 || <ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/reading-remembering-temsula-ao-1945-2022|title=Reading, Remembering Temsula Ao (1945-2022)|date=5 November 2022|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| Temsüla Ao || 2016 || 2019 || <ref name=":1"/>
|-
| Khrienuo Tachü || 2019 || 2022 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/new-chairperson-appointed-for-state-women-commission|title=New chairperson appointed for state women commission|date=12 September 2019|newspaper=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| W. Nginyeih Konyak || 2023 || ''Incumbent'' || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://mokokchungtimes.com/nginyeih-konyak-appointed-nwc-chair/|title=Nginyeih Konyak appointed NWC Chair|date=18 May 2023|newspaper=[[Mokokchung Times]]|access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards==
[[Sano Vamuzo]], a former chair of the commission was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024 |title=Samu Vamuzo receives ... |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/sano-vamuzo-receives-padma-shri-award-from-president-of-india/ |access-date=6 Dec 2024 |work=Nagaland Tribune}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[National Commission for Women]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Nagaland}}

[[Category:State agencies of India]]
[[Category:Commissions in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]

Keerthi Gopinath

2026-03-15T10:13:26Z

Anthony: Creating New Data

{{short description|Indian film actress}}
{{BLP sources| date= August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Keerthi Gopinath
| image =
| birth_name = Keerthi Gopinath
| birth_place = Kottayam, India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1977|05|02}}
| other names = Keerthi Rahul
| occupation = actress, dancer
| years active = 1994-1997, 2020-present
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
}}
'''Keerthi Gopinath''' is an Indian actress who acts mainly in [[Malayalam]] movies and television serials. She made a comeback after 20 years through [[Ammayariyathe]] telecasting in Asianet.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ammayariyathe: TV show starring Keerthi Gopinath and Sreethu Krishnan coming soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/ammayariyathe-tv-show-starring-keerthi-gopinath-and-sreethu-krishnan-coming-soon/articleshow/76399669.cms|access-date=2020-07-03|website=The Times of India|date=16 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> She acted as heroine in the comedy movie [[Junior Mandrake]] released in 1997. Her role as Vava in Asianet serial Niramala was also well noted.

==Personal life==

She was born to Gopinath and Geetha at Lakkattoor, [[Kottayam]], Kerala.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} Her father was an air force officer and her mother a housewife. Since her father was in the air force. and had transfers every three years, she studied in different parts of India. She gained her primary education in Bangalore.

She is married to Rahul, who is also an actor in Malayalam and Tamil serials. The couple has two sons, Bharath and Aryan.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|1994|| ''Pavam I. A. Ivachan'' || Jasmine||
|-
|1995|| ''[[Mazhayethum Munpe]]'' || Shwetha ||
|-
|1995|| ''Kidilolkkidilam'' ||Indhu ||
|-
|1995|| ''Keerthanam'' ||Kariya's daughter||
|-
|1996|| ''Aakaashathekkoru Kilivaathil'' || Subhashini ||
|-
|1996|| ''April 19'' ||Mini ||
|-
|1997|| ''[[Junior Mandrake]]'' ||Priya ||
|-
|1997|| ''[[Manthramothiram]] ''||Bindhu||
|-
|1997|| ''Vamsam''||Annie||
|-
||| ''Ammayude Makan''||-||Telefilm
|-
||| ''Love Story''||-||Telefilm
|-
|}

==Television==
{{Incomplete list|date=December 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !!Channel!! Notes
|-
|1995|| ''Niramala'' ||Vava||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||<ref name=.2/>
|-
|2020-2023||''[[Ammayariyathe]]''||Neeraja Mahadevan|| Asianet||<ref name=.2>{{Cite news|title=Keerthi Gopinath on her comeback with Ammayariyathe: I was a bit nervous shooting for my first shot after 23 years|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/keerthi-gopinath-on-her-comeback-with-ammayariyathe-i-was-a-bit-nervous-shooting-for-my-first-shot-after-23-years/articleshow/77266369.cms|access-date=2020-07-03|website=The Times of India|date=30 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023-2024||''Parvathy''||Vishal's mother || [[Zee Keralam]]||<ref>{{Cite news|title=Parvathy Serial Starring Niyuktha Prasad on Zee Keralam is The Malayalam Adaption of Trinayani|url=https://www.keralatv.in/parvathy-serial-zee-keralam/|access-date=2025-12-02|website=Kerala TV|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024–present||''[[Snehakkoottu]]''||Poornima Menon||Asianet||<ref>{{Cite news|title=Family drama 'Snehakkoottu' set to premiere on August 5|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/family-drama-snehakkoottu-set-to-premiere-on-august-5/articleshow/112262225.cms|access-date=2025-12-02|website=The Times of India|date=2024-08-04 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025–present||''Chembarathy''||Chandralekha || Zee Keralam||<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chembarathy Zee Keralam Serial Actors and Characters , Directed by TS Saji – Starts from 17 November|url=https://www.keralatv.in/chembarathy-zee-keralam-serial-actors/|access-date=2025-12-02|website=Kerala TV|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1549350}}
* https://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Keerthi%20Gopinath {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406171708/https://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Keerthi%20Gopinath |date=6 April 2023 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopinath, Keerthi}}
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]

Jaora State

2026-03-09T13:15:23Z

Anthony: Creating Info - done

{{Short description|Princely state of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name = जावरा रियासत
|conventional_long_name =Jaora State
|common_name =Jaora
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start = 1818
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = Jaoraflag.png
|image_coat = Jaora CoA.png
|image_map = Central India Agency 1909.jpg
|image_map_caption = Jaora located within the Malwa Agency near 4
|motto = ''"Dil o daulat"'' (Heart and wealth).
|stat_area1 =1471
|stat_year1 = 1901
|stat_pop1 = 84,202
|today = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref name="EB1911"/>
}}
[[File:India1 526.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ratlami Gate, Jaora]]
[[File:Flag of the Princely State of Jaora.svg|thumb|right|200px|The Jaora state flag was a green triangle between 1865 and 1895.]]
'''Jaora State''' was a [[Salute state|13 gun-salute]] [[princely state]] of the [[British Raj]]. It was part of the [[Malwa Agency]].<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu">[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_069.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 14, p. 63.], Digital South Asia Library</ref>

The total area of the princely state, with the dependencies of [[Piploda]] and [[Panth-Piploda]], was {{convert|1471|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Jaora state was divided into four [[tehsil]]s, Jaora, Barauda, [[Tal, Madhya Pradesh|Tal]], and Barkhera. The chief crops were [[millet]]s, [[cotton]], [[maize]] and [[opium]]. The revenue of the state was Rs.8,50,000 in 1901.

==History==
Jaora State was established by the British and was handed over to Abdul Ghafur Muhammad Khan in 1818, so that he can maintain an army of 1,000 soldiers for the [[East India Company]]. Abdul Ghafur Khan's family was settled in [[Uttar Pradesh]]/[[Hindustan]] before migrating to Rajasthan, while they traced their ancestry to the Salarzai Sub-tribe of Musazai - Ilyaszai Clan of [[Yusufzai]] tribe of District [[Buner]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PeeRRf0EhnIC&dq=jaora+ghafur+khan+swat&pg=PA220 |title= The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles & Zamindars of India Volume 1 |author= A. Vadivelu |date=1915 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2jgHCwAAQBAJ&dq=tajik+tribe+swat&pg=PT48 |title= Being Salman |author= Jasim Khan }}</ref> 'Abdu'l Ghafur Muhammad Khan was a cavalry officer serving the [[Pathans of Uttar Pradesh|North Indian Pathan]] leader [[Amir Khan (Tonk State)|Amir Khan]] Pindari of [[Sambhal]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_y9CNdgm8EC&dq=ali+muhammad+indian+indian+pathans&pg=PA357 |title=Statistical Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-Western Provinces of India · Volume 5, Issue 1 |date=1879 |publisher=the Bavarian State Library (4 H.as. 1026 h-5,1) |page=357 |author=Edwin [Felix] Thomas Atkinson}}</ref> He later served the [[House of Holkar|Holkar]] maharaja of [[Indore State]] and defected to the British in the [[Battle of Mahidpur]] resulting in the victory of the British and the surrender of Holkar forces.<ref name="GazHoshangabad">{{cite book |author=Madhya Pradesh (India) |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Hoshangabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqE8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA77 |year=1827 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=77–78 }}</ref> The state was confirmed by the [[British India|British]] government in 1818 by the Treaty of Mandsaur.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Jaora|volume=15|page=156}}</ref> The Nawab of Jaora was confirmed the possession of Jaora, Sanjit, Tal, Malhargarh, Bharauda and the right to levy tribute from Piploda. The Nawab was expected to serve the British by providing them with 500 horsemen, 500 footmen and 4 artillery whenever required.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/> Most of the soldiers and population of the Jaora State came from [[Uttar Pradesh|United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] region of [[Hindustan]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vUtmAAAAMAAJ&q=Jaora+State+rohilla |page=XXXI |quote=Most of the population of Jaora State(founded in 1818 AD) came from the United Province and Jodhpur. |title=The Journal of Academy of Indian Numismatics & Sigillography Volumes 17-18}}</ref> One of his fellow soldiers, Mir Zafar Ali, was an Indian Muslim of the [[Sadaat-e-Bara]] tribe, born in the Bahera village of the [[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur Haswa]] in [[Oudh]]. He gained Bilaud in the Sanjit Pargana as his jagir.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=l5-icpaKp6UC&dq=nawab+jaora+united+provinces&pg=RA1-PA405 |title= A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads, Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries:Volume 4, Part 1 |publisher=India. Foreign and Political Department |date=1909 |quote=Hakim Zafar Ali, a saiyid by caste, and a native of Bahera, a village in the district of Fatehpur Haswa, in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. He was in the service of Nawab Ghafur Khan of Jaora, by whom the village of Bilaud was granted to him in Jagir. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmcNAAAAIAAJ&q=Zafar+Ali+Khan+bilaud |title= A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |page=XVIII }}</ref>

Muhammad Ismail Khan was not a good administrator and the state fell in heavy debts with a sum of 16 lakhs due. The state also had to pay nazarana fee of 2 lakhs to Holkar when a new ruler was installed and a yearly tribute of 1.6 lakhs to the British when Jaora failed to provide troops. This tribute was later reduced to 1.4 lakhs and was preferred by the state. The army was then reduced to 59 cavalry, 124 infantry and 36 irregulars. There was also a regular police force present in the state.<ref>{{Cite book |url= |title= The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles & Zamindars of India Volume 1 |author= A. Vadivelu |date=2011 }}</ref>

[[Nawab Muhammad Ismail]] (ruled 1865-1895) was an honorary major in the [[British Army]].<ref name="EB1911"/> During the reign of Nawab Muhammad Iftekhar Ali Khan (ruled 1895-1947), Piploda became a separate state in 1924, and Panth-Piploda became a province of British India in 1942. Nawab Muhammad Usman 'Ali Khan (ruled 1947-1948) acceded to the [[Government of India]] on 15 June 1948.

==Jagirdars of Jaora==
The chieftains of several petty estates who once paid tribute to Amir Khan Pindari and the other surrounding powers came under the suzerainty of Jaora State after the Treaty of Mandsaur. The Jagirdars were mostly Rajputs apart from Bilaud and Numan Nagdi who were Pathans and Barha Sayyids and Sidri whose thakur was a Mahajan.<ref>Leading Famlies And Officials In The States Of Central India p. 136</ref>

==See also==
*[[Central India Agency]]
*[[Political integration of India]]
*[[Pathans of Madhya Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{commons category-inline}}
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jaora_state_2_paisa_coin.jpg Jaora State 2 paisa coin other side, year 1893]

{{MP Princely States}}
{{Princely states of India}}

{{Coord|23.63|N|75.13|E|region:IN-GU_type:city_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Princely states of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]
[[Category:1817 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Pashtun dynasties]]
[[Category:Ratlam district]]

Jogesh Chandra Borgohain

2026-03-05T22:41:01Z

Anthony: Creating New Data - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| caption =
| spouse = [[Padma Kumari Gohain]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| footnotes =
| children = [[Shanti Gogoi]]
| death_date = 1944
| relatives = [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]] (son-in-law) [[Ranjan Gogoi]] (grandson) [[Anjan Gogoi]] (grandson)
| office = Member of [[Assam Legislative Council]]
| term_start =
| term = 1930s
}}

'''Jogesh Chandra Borgohain''' (died 1944) was an Indian statesman who served as a Member of [[Assam Legislative Council]] in the 1930s.

== Career ==
Borgohain served as a Member of [[Assam Legislative Council]] in the late 1930s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-10 |title=Ex-CJI Ranjan Gogoi’s mother passes away in Delhi hospital |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/ex-cji-ranjan-gogois-mother-passes-away-in-delhi-hospital/articleshow/82003320.cms |access-date=2026-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Founder & Chairman {{!}} Sewa NGO |url=https://sewango.org/founder-chairman/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":0" />

== Family ==
Borgohain was married to [[Padma Kumari Gohain]], who later became an MLA and cabinet minister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=A trailblazer from Assam: The story of Padma Kumari Gohain - Assam’s first woman minister post independence |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/opinion/story/a-trailblazer-from-assam-the-story-of-padma-kumari-gohain-assams-first-woman-minister-post-independence-902112-2024-02-29 |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref> Their children included Shanti Gogoi, who was married to Chief Minister [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]]. Borgohain's grandchildren included Air Marshal [[Anjan Gogoi]], and the 46th [[Chief Justice of India]], [[Ranjan Gogoi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-09 |title=Noted social activist and writer Shanti Gogoi passes away |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/noted-social-activist-and-writer-shanti-gogoi-passes-away-533209 |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Borgohain was a [[Diabetes|diabetic]], and was suffering from a wound that did not heal. He was unable to secure a life-saving dose of [[penicillin]] as the stock in [[Dibrugarh]] had been diverted to help the army fighting in the [[World War II|Second World War]], and died in 1944.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gogoi |first=Ranjan |title=Justice for the Judge |publisher=[[Rupa Publications]] |year=2021 |isbn=9789355201881}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{India-politician-stub}}
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]

Kathanayaka

2026-03-03T22:15:01Z

Anthony: cleanup

{{No plot|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kathanayaka
| image = Kathanayaka.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[P. Vasu]]
| producer = P. Vimal Kumar R Vijayalakshmi
| screenplay = P. Vasu
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Sumalatha]] [[Vajramuni]] [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
| music = [[M. Ranga Rao]]
| cinematography = M. C. Shekar
| editing = P. Venkateshwara Rao
| studio = Sri Gajalakshmi Combines
| released = {{Film date|1986|01|10|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Kathanayaka''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಕಥಾನಾಯಕ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[P. Vasu]], and produced by P. Vimal Kumar and R. Vijayalakshmi under Sri Gajalakshmi Combines. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Sumalatha]], [[Vajramuni]] and [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[M. Ranga Rao]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kathanayaka |url=http://www.pvasu.com/kathanayaka.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140812050740/http://www.pvasu.com/kathanayaka.html |archive-date=12 August 2014 |access-date=2014-08-11 |website=pvasu.com |publisher= }}</ref>

''Kathanayaka'' marks P. Vasu's directorial debut in Kannada.

== Plot ==
In the dense forests of Karnataka, an honest forest officer becomes a victim of a sinister plot orchestrated by a powerful and unscrupulous man (Ranga's uncle), who is deeply involved in illegal activities. Ranga, a courageous young man, stumbles upon the dark secret that his own uncle is the one responsible for the heinous murder of the forest officer. Determined to bring justice to the slain officer and stop his uncle's nefarious deeds, Ranga sets out to expose the truth.

However, before Ranga can reveal the evidence, he meets a tragic end at the hands of his ruthless uncle. The news of Ranga’s untimely death shatters his family, especially his twin brother, Prabhakar, who bears a striking resemblance to Ranga.

Fueled by grief and a burning desire for retribution, Prabhakar vows to avenge his brother's murder. Stepping into Ranga's shoes, Prabhakar embarks on a perilous journey to uncover the truth, dismantle his uncle's criminal empire, and ensure that justice is served. Along the way, he faces numerous challenges and dangers, but his resolve remains unshaken.

With courage and determination, Prabhakar battles against corruption and evil, striving to fulfill his brother's unfinished mission and restore peace to their community.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Ranga / Prabhu
*[[Sumalatha]] as Sujatha
*[[Vajramuni]] as Dasappa
*[[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]
*[[Srinivasa Murthy]] as Forest Officer Kumar
*[[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Inspector Girija
*Dinesh
*Umesh
*Sathish
*[[Sundar Raj]] as Mahesh
*V. R. Bhashar
*Krishna Rao
*Kamala
*Vijayabarathi
*Srilakshmi
*Shakunthala
{{colend}}

== Production ==
''Kathanayaka'' is the first film independently directed by [[P. Vasu]], following his split from [[Santhana Bharathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|first=|date=2020-04-07|title=Black & White Photographs From The Cinema Resource Centre Archives (IV)|url=https://tcrcindia.com/2020/04/07/black-white-photographs-from-the-cinema-resource-centre-archives-iv/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202125612/https://tcrcindia.com/2020/04/07/black-white-photographs-from-the-cinema-resource-centre-archives-iv/|archive-date=2 December 2020|access-date=2020-12-02|website=The Cinema Resource Centre}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt1356914}}

{{P. Vasu}}

[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Ranga Rao]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Vasu]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Un Kannil Neer Vazhinthal...

2026-03-03T05:22:03Z

Anthony: made some pg initial version

{{Short description|1985 film by Balu Mahendra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Un Kannil Neer Vazhinthal....jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Balu Mahendra]]
| screenplay = Balu Mahendra
| story = Akhila Mahendra
| producer = {{ubl|P. R. Govindaraj|J. Duraisamy}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rajinikanth]]|[[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]}}
| cinematography = Balu Mahendra
| editing = D. Vasu
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Kalakendra Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1985|6|20|ref1=}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Un Kannil Neer Vazhinthal...''''' ({{Translation|If tears well up in your eyes}})<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 1985 |title=Balu Mahendra: In the dock |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19850715-festival-of-india-hair-expert-veena-shroff-to-hold-series-of-workshops-in-france-770211-2013-12-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506190016/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19850715-festival-of-india-hair-expert-veena-shroff-to-hold-series-of-workshops-in-france-770211-2013-12-23 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> is a 1985 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] written and directed by [[Balu Mahendra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2014 |title=டைரக்டர் பாலுமகேந்திரா திடீர் மரணம் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2014/02/13105628/famous-director-Balu-Mahendra.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301203446/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2014/02/13105628/famous-director-Balu-Mahendra.html |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=22 July 2015 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> It stars [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], with [[Y. G. Mahendran]] in a prominent role. [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] and [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] play other pivotal roles. The film, released on 20 June 1985,<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2016 |title=10 Retro Rajini films that still work |url=http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/10-retro-rajini-films-that-still-work/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222043103/http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/10-retro-rajini-films-that-still-work/index.html |archive-date=22 February 2022 |access-date=21 February 2022 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> was an average grosser at the box office and had a theatrical run of 75 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boxoffice Database based on Number of Days |url=http://www.rajinifans.com/boxoffice/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207072231/http://www.rajinifans.com/boxoffice/ |archive-date=7 February 2019 |access-date=13 April 2019 |website=Rajinifans.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Dharmaraj sets up false charges against Ravi, an honest policeman, which leads to Ravi’s suspension. Disappointed by this, he tries to unmask Dharmaraj and prove his own innocence.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Rajinikanth]] as Ravi<ref name="kamadenu">{{Cite web |last=பாரதி |first=திரை |date=6 August 2022 |title=ஆறிலிருந்து எழுபது வரை: ரஜினி சரிதம் - 72 |url=https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/seriels/rajini-saritham-72 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919044338/https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/seriels/rajini-saritham-72 |archive-date=19 September 2022 |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref>
*[[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] as Padma
*[[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Babu
*[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Dharmaraj
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Perumal
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
*Menon as Jagathy
*[[Master Haja Sheriff]]
*[[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Viswanath
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]] as Munusami
*Sangeeta as Durga
*[[Mounika]] as Viswanath's daughter
}}

== Production ==
Mounika made her feature film debut in this film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2019 |title=திரையில் ஆக்ரோஷம், உள்ளுக்குள் அழுகை… கலங்கடிக்கும் மெளனிகாவின் கதை… |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/mounika-balu-mahendra-ayutha-ezhuthu-serial/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123212018/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/mounika-balu-mahendra-ayutha-ezhuthu-serial/ |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=3 August 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=ta}}</ref> It is the only time Rajinikanth acted under Balu Mahendra's direction. The film was largely shot in [[Ooty]].<ref name="kamadenu" /> It is one of the few films directed by Mahendra to be outright "mainstream", alongside ''[[Neengal Kettavai]]'' (1984).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=13 February 2014 |title=Naturalism was his signature |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/naturalism-was-his-signature/article5687161.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119050255/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/naturalism-was-his-signature/article5687161.ece |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=19 November 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics by [[Gangai Amaran]], [[Mu. Metha]] and [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Un Kannil Neer Vazhinthaal (1985) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0002985 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203092128/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0002985 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=21 December 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Unkannil Neervazhinthal Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/unkannil-neervazhinthal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221162403/https://mossymart.com/product/unkannil-neervazhinthal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=21 February 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Enna Desamo" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || 04:41
|-
| "Ilamai Itho" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || 04:21
|-
| "Kannil Enna" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]] || Vairamuthu || 04:39
|-
| "Malare Malare" || S. Janaki || rowspan=2|[[Mu. Metha]] || 04:16
|-
| "Moonu Vela Soru" || S. Janaki || 04:46
|-
| "Nethu Varai" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], S. Janaki || Gangai Amaran || 04:37
|}

== Reception ==
[[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said the film, despite numerous flaws, could be watched for its outdoor photography.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=7 July 1985 |title=உன் கண்ணில் நீர் வழிந்தால்... |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1985/jul/07-07-1985/p23.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220729112507/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1985/jul/07-07-1985/p23.jpg |archive-date=29 July 2022 |access-date=26 May 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=23 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt0235844}}

{{Balu Mahendra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:1985 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1985 action films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Balu Mahendra]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj

2026-03-03T03:35:44Z

Anthony: added content also and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Expand Arabic|date=February 2016|topic=bio}}
{{Short description|Arab Muslim hadith scholar (815–875)}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| image =
| name = Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj {{lang|ar|مسلم بن الحجاج}}
| caption =
| title = Imām Muslim
| birth_date = after {{Circa}} 815
| birth_place = [[Nishapur]], [[Abbasid Caliphate]]
| death_date = May {{Circa}} 875
| death_place = [[Nasarabad]], Abbasid Caliphate
| resting_place = Nasarabad
| jurisprudence = [[Shafi'i]]/[[Mujtahid]]
| ethnicity =
| era = [[Islamic Golden Age]] ([[Abbasid dynasty|Abbasid era]])
| region = [[Abbasid Caliphate]]
| occupation = [[Islamic scholar]], [[Muhaddith]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| school =
| alma_mater =
| main_interests = [[Hadith]] [[Aqidah]]
| notable_ideas =
| works = ''[[Sahih Muslim]]''
| influences = [[Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh]],<ref name="Balushipp150To165"/> [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibnamin.com/Manhaj/muslim.htm|title=منهج الإمام مسلم بن الحجاج|website=www.ibnamin.com|access-date=2006-09-23|archive-date=2018-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030021719/http://www.ibnamin.com/Manhaj/muslim.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| influenced = [[Sunni Islam|All Sunni Scholars]]
| creed =
| honorific prefix = [[Imam]]
| module = {{infobox Arabic name|embed=yes
|ism=Muslim
|ism-ar=مُسْلِم
|nasab=Ibn al-Ḥajjāj ibn Muslim ibn Ward ibn Kushādh
|nasab-ar=ٱبْن ٱلْحَجَّاج ٱبْن مُسْلِم ٱبْن وَرْد ٱبْن كُشَاذ
|kunya=Abū al-Ḥusayn
|kunya-ar=أَبُو ٱلْحُسَيْن
|nisba=Al-Qushayrī al-Naysābūrī
|nisba-ar=ٱلْقُشَيْرِيّ ٱلنَّيْسَابُورِيّ
}}
}}

'''Abū al-Ḥusayn Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj ibn Muslim ibn Ward [[Banu Qushayr|al-Qushayrī]] an-Naysābūrī'''{{#tag:ref

|The name of his father has sometimes been given as {{lang|ar|حجاج}} (''Ḥajjāj'') instead of {{lang|ar|الحجاج}} (''al-Ḥajjāj''). The name of his great-great-grandfather has variously been given as {{lang|ar|كوشاذ}} (''Kūshādh''<ref name="abdulmawjood"/> or ''Kawshādh''), {{lang|ar|كرشان}}&lrm;<ref name="Awali1985">{{cite book |title='Awālī Muslim: arba'ūna ḥadīthan muntaqātun min Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim (عوالي مسلم: أربعون حديثا منتقاتا من صحيح مسلم) |publisher=Mu’assasat al-kutub ath-Thaqāfīyah (مؤسسة الكتب الثقافية) |location=Beirut |year=1985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqkXAAAAIAAJ&q=%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86 |language=ar |access-date=2016-01-07 |archive-date=2016-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427164911/https://books.google.com/books?id=fqkXAAAAIAAJ&q=%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86 |url-status=live }}</ref> (''Kirshān'', ''Kurshān'', or ''Karshān''), or {{lang|ar|كوشان}} (''Kūshān or Kawshān'').

|group="note"}} ({{langx|ar|أبو الحسين مسلم بن الحجاج بن مسلم بن وَرْد القشيري النيسابوري}}; after 815 – May 875 CE / 206 – 261 [[Hijri year|AH]]), commonly known as '''Imam Muslim''', was an [[Islamic scholar]] from the city of [[Nishapur]], particularly known as a ''[[muhaddith]]'' (scholar of [[hadith]]). His hadith collection, known as ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'', is one of the [[Kutub al-Sittah|six major hadith collections]] in [[Sunni Islam]] and is regarded as one of the two most authentic (''[[sahih]]'') collections, alongside ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]''.

==Biography==
Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj was born in the town of [[Nishapur]]<ref name="EDI7">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/07.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonLewPel.etc.UndPatIUA.v7.Mif-Naz.Leid.EJBrill.1993./page/n744/mode/1up|title=Encyclopaedia Dictionary Islam Muslim World, etc, Gibb, Kramer volume 7. 1960-2004.1875.2009.|last=Oriental Scholars|page=691}}</ref> in the [[Abbasid]] province of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], in what is now northeastern [[Iran]]. Historians differ as to his date of birth, though it is usually given as 202 AH (817/818),<ref name="siddiqui"/><ref name="ahmad"/> 204 AH (819/820),<ref name="abdulmawjood"/><ref name="ali"/> or 206 AH (821/822).<ref name="siddiqui"/><ref name="ahmad"/><ref name="ibnkhallikan"/>

[[Al-Dhahabi]] said, "It is said that he was born in the year 204 AH," though he also said, "But I think he was born before that."<ref name="abdulmawjood"/>

[[Ibn Khallikan]] could find no report of Muslim's date of birth or age at death by any of the [[hafiz (Quran)|ḥuffāẓ]] "hadith masters", except their agreement that he was born after 200 AH (815/816). Ibn Khallikan cites [[ibn al-Salah]], who cites [[al-Hakim al-Nishapuri]]'s ''Kitab ʿUlama al-Amsar'', in the claim that Muslim was 55 years old when he died on 25 Rajab, 261 AH (May 875)<ref name="ibnkhallikan"/> and therefore his year of birth must have been 206 AH (821/822).

Ibn al-Bayyiʿ reports that he was buried in Nasarabad, a suburb of Nishapur.

According to scholars, he was of [[Arabs|Arab]] origin.<ref name="Frye1975"/><ref name="Qushayri"/> The [[nisba (onomastics)|nisba]] "al-Qushayri" signifies he belonged to the [[Arab tribe]] of [[Banu Qushayr]], members of which migrated to the newly conquered Persian territory during the expansion of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]]. According to two scholars, ibn al-Athīr and ibn al-Salāh, he was a member of that tribe. His family had migrated to Persia nearly two centuries earlier following the conquest.<ref name=abdulmawjood/>

The author's teachers included Harmala ibn Yahya, Sa'id ibn Mansur, Abd-Allah ibn Maslamah al-Qa'nabi, al-Dhuhali, [[Muhammad al-Bukhari|al-Bukhari]], [[ibn Ma'in]], Yahya ibn Yahya al-Nishaburi al-Tamimi, and others. Among his students were [[al-Tirmidhi]], [[ibn Abi Hatim al-Razi]], and [[Ibn Khuzayma]], each of whom also wrote works on hadith. After his studies throughout the [[Arabian Peninsula]], [[Egypt]], [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]], he settled in his hometown of [[Nishapur]], where he met, and became a lifelong friend of al-Bukhari.

=== Sources ===
Several sources became prominent loci for learning about the biography of Muslim. The [[History of Baghdad (book)|''History of Baghdad'']] by [[al-Khatib al-Baghdadi]], produced in the 11th century, formed the basis of all subsequent descriptions of his life in Islamic sources. For example, the complete biography of Muslim in the ''History of Islam'' by [[al-Dhahabi]] contains 27 reports, 11 of which (41%) come from Al-Baghdadi's ''History''. The second most important source for information about Muslim's life,was the ''History of [[Nishapur]]'' of [[al-Hakim al-Nishapuri]]. The ''History of Baghdad'' itself, which contains 14 reports about Muslim, took half of them (7) from the ''History of Nishapur''.{{Sfn|Brown|2007|p=274}}

== Sahih Muslim ==
{{Main|Sahih Muslim}}
In the mid-9th century, Muslim composed a collection of what he considered entirely [[sahih]] hadith, now known as Sahih Muslim. Today, it is considered one of the [[Kutub al-Sittah|six canonical books of hadith]] in Sunni Islam. In particular, it along with [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] are considered the two pre-eminent collections in this canon; together they are called the [[Sahihayn]]. Figures on the number of hadiths in this book vary from three to twelve thousand, depending on whether duplicates are included, or only the text is. Muslim's collection has a substantial overlap with Sahih al-Bukhari: according to Al-Jawzaqi, 2,326 traditions are shared between the two. The collections also roughly share 2,400 narrators; only 430 of the narrators in Sahih al-Bukhari are not found in Sahih Muslim, and only 620 narrators in Sahih Muslim are not found in Sahih al-Bukhari.{{Sfn|Brown|2007|p=84}}

== Legacy ==
The scholar of Ahlus-Sunnah, [[Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh]] was first to recommend Muslim's work.{{Sfn|Brown|2007|p=86}}

Ishaq's contemporaries did not at first accept this; Abu Zur‘a al-Razi objected that Muslim had omitted too much material which Muslim himself recognised as authentic and that he included transmitters who were weak.{{Sfn|Brown|2007|p=91–92, 155}}

Ibn Abi Hatim (d. 327/938) later accepted Muslim as "trustworthy, one of the hadith masters with knowledge of hadith"; but this contrasts with much more fulsome praise of Abu Zur‘a and also his father Abu Hatim. It is similar with Ibn al-Nadim.{{Sfn|Brown|2007|p=88–89}}

Muslim's book gradually increased in stature such that it is considered among Ahlus-Sunnah the most authentic collections of hadith, second only to [[Sahih Bukhari]].{{Sfn|Brown|2007|p=272–274}}

==Works==
*''[[Sahih Muslim]]'': his collection of [[Sahih|authentic]] [[hadith]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==

=== Citations ===
<references>
<ref name="abdulmawjood">{{cite book |author=Salahuddin ʿAli Abdul Mawjood |translator=Abu Bakr Ibn Nasir |title=The Biography of Imam Muslim bin al-Hajjaj |publisher=Darussalam |location=Riyadh |year=2007 |isbn=978-9960988191}}</ref>

<ref name="ahmad">{{cite book |author=K. J. Ahmad |title=Hundred Great Muslims |year=1987 |publisher=Library of Islam |location=Des Plaines, Illinois |isbn=0933511167}}</ref>

<ref name="ali">{{cite book |author=Syed Bashir Ali |title=Scholars of Hadith |series=The Makers of Islamic Civilization Series |publisher=IQRAʼ International Educational Foundation |location=Malaysia |year=2003 |isbn=1563162040 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HRKMXkxnkAC |access-date=2016-01-07 |archive-date=2016-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617181312/https://books.google.com/books?id=6HRKMXkxnkAC |url-status=live }}</ref>



<ref name="Balushipp150To165">{{cite book |author=Isḥāq ibn Rāhwayh |date=1990 |editor=ʻAbd al-Ghafūr ʻAbd al-Ḥaqq Ḥusayn Balūshī |title=Musnad Isḥāq ibn Rāhwayh |edition=1st |publisher=Tawzīʻ Maktabat al-Īmān |pages=150–165}}</ref>

<ref name="Frye1975">{{cite book|title=The Cambridge history of Iran |editor=R.N. Frye |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=London |date=1975 |isbn=978-0-521-20093-6 |page=471}}</ref>

<ref name="ibnkhallikan">{{cite book |title=Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary |volume=III |year=1868 |orig-year=Corrected reprint |publisher=[[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland#Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland|Oriental translation fund of Great Britain and Ireland]] |translator=[[William McGuckin de Slane]] |location=Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwlRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA349 |author=Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Khallikan |author-link=Ibn Khallikan |page=349 |access-date=2016-01-07 |archive-date=2016-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617101226/https://books.google.com/books?id=lwlRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA349 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Qushayri">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wjYAAAAMAAJ&q=imam+muslim+arab+tribe|title=صحيح مسلم|last1=al-Qushayrī|first1=Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj|last2=Shahryar|first2=Aftab|date=2004-01-01|publisher=Islamic Book Service|isbn=9788172315924|language=en|access-date=2020-12-15|archive-date=2021-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930174444/https://books.google.com/books?id=_wjYAAAAMAAJ&q=imam+muslim+arab+tribe|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="siddiqui">{{cite web |author=Abdul Hamid Siddiqui |author-link=Abdul Hamid Siddiqui |title=Imam Muslim |url=http://www.sunnah.org/history/Scholars/Imam_muslim.htm |access-date=2012-10-29 |archive-date=2012-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031172426/http://www.sunnah.org/history/Scholars/Imam_muslim.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

</references>

=== Sources ===

* {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Jonathan |url=https://brill.com/display/title/12924 |title=The Canonization of al-Bukhārī and Muslim |chapter=The Canonization of al-Bukhārī and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunnī Ḥadīth Canon |date=2007 |publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-474-2034-7 }}

==External links==
{{wikisourcelang|ar|مؤلف:مسلم بن الحجاج|Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj }}
* [http://www.muslimscholars.info/manage.php?submit=scholar&ID=30003 Biodata at MuslimScholars.info]
* [https://sunnah.com/muslim/about Biography at Sunnah.com]
*[http://www.haqislam.org/imam-muslim/ Short Bio of Imam Muslim]
*[http://www.dar-us-salam.com/authors/imam_muslim.htm Biography of Imam Muslim]
*[http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/muslim/ English translation of Sahih Muslim]
*[http://www.happy-books.co.uk/muhammad-ibn-abdullah-lineage-and-family-tree/family-tree-diagram-of-lineage-and-relatives-of-prophets-and-companions-in-muslim-history.php?id=547 Interactive Family tree of Imam Muslim by Happy Books]
#[http://www.happy-books.co.uk/muhammad-ibn-abdullah-lineage-and-family-tree/students-sheikhs-and-teachers-of-famous-muslim-imams-and-scholars-in-muslim-history.php?id=548 Interactive diagram of teachers and students of Imam Muslim by Happy Books]

{{Islam scholars diagram}}
{{Shafi'i scholars}}
{{People of Khorasan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muslim Ibn Al-Hajjaj}}
[[Category:9th-century births]]
[[Category:875 deaths]]
[[Category:9th-century Iranian writers]]
[[Category:Iranian scholars]]
[[Category:Persian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:9th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Hadith compilers]]
[[Category:Hadith scholars]]
[[Category:Muhaddiths from Nishapur]]
[[Category:9th-century jurists]]
[[Category:Biographical evaluation scholars]]
[[Category:9th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:Banu 'Amir]]
[[Category:Iranian people of Arab descent]]

Raatchasi

2026-03-03T03:03:28Z

Anthony: New Details

{{Short description|2019 film directed by Sy Gowthamraj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raatchasi
| image = Raatchasi Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Syed Gowthamraj
| producer = S. R. Prakashbabu [[S. R. Prabhu]]
| writer = Syed Gowthamraj
| starring = [[Jyothika]] [[Hareesh Peradi]]
| music = [[Sean Roldan]]
| cinematography = Gokul Benoy
| editing = [[Philomin Raj]]
| studio = [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]
| distributor = Dream Warrior Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|07|05|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Raatchasi''''' ({{translation|''Demoness''}}) is a 2019 Indian Tamil-language [[social film|social]] [[drama film]] written and directed by Syed Gowthamraj, and produced by S. R. Prakashbabu and [[S. R. Prabhu]] under the banner of [[Dream Warrior Pictures]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 31, 2019 |title=First look of Jyotika's 'Raatchasi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-of-jyotikas-raatchasi/articleshow/69595598.cms |access-date=2019-06-11 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film stars [[Jyothika]] in the lead role,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Adithya |date=17 March 2019 |title=Jyothika to Play School Teacher in Her Upcoming Film Ratchasi |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/jyothika-to-play-school-teacher-in-her-upcoming-film-ratchasi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627100658/https://silverscreen.in/news/jyothika-to-play-school-teacher-in-her-upcoming-film-ratchasi/ |archive-date=27 June 2019 |website=SilverScreen India}}</ref> with [[Hareesh Peradi]], [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]], [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]], [[Nagineedu]], and [[Aruldoss]] in supporting roles.

The music was composed by [[Sean Roldan]], with cinematography by Gokul Benoy and editing by [[Philomin Raj]]. The film was released on 5 July 2019 to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=2019-07-04 |title=Jyotika goes back to school with ‘Raatchasi’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jyotika-talks-about-her-next-film-raatchasi/article28281923.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Plot ==
[[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant Colonel]] Geeta Rani, an officer in the [[Indian Army]], takes voluntary retirement and joins a struggling government school in R. Puthur as the new headmistress. She is determined to transform the poorly functioning school and bring a positive change to the [[educational system]].

Upon arriving in the village, Geeta Rani overhears villagers and even an auto driver speaking negatively about the school. Undeterred, she visits the school undercover to assess the condition of the campus, staff, and environment. She finds widespread neglect, lack of discipline, and corruption. During an attempt to admit a child, the [[Head teacher|Assistant Headmaster]] (AHM) demands a bribe of ₹2,500, even though government school fees are only ₹230 per annum. When challenged, he refuses to admit the child.

Geeta Rani immediately asserts her authority by ringing the school bell and assembling students and staff for a warm-up session. She confronts a petty shop outside the school selling tobacco and gutka to students. When the shopkeeper resists, she destroys the toffee jars and warns him, forcing the shop to close.

She organizes a parents' meeting, urging them to support the school’s development. She also contacts the [[Public Works Department|Public Works Department (PWD)]] to send workers for cleaning and maintenance. Soon, the school is refurbished, and students begin showing interest in academics and [[Extracurricular activity|extracurricular activities]].

Geeta Rani's progress, however, draws the ire of Ramalingam, [[Chair (officer)|chairman]] of the GSV Group of Schools, who sees her as a threat. He sends goons to attack her at the school, but she bravely fights them off. Ramalingam also files a fake complaint, resulting in a surprise inspection by the [[District Collector]]. The Collector, impressed by the transformed school, praises Geeta Rani and advises her to remain steadfast.

Later, Geeta Rani learns that 89 students in the 9th standard have failed. After reading about a student who committed suicide due to academic failure, she interrogates the teachers. They claim the students are "good for nothing". Disagreeing, she promotes them to the 10th standard, recognizing their skills from jobs like [[masonry]] and [[welding]].

During the summer vacation, Geeta Rani visits the school to prepare for the upcoming [[Secondary School Leaving Certificate|SSLC]] exam results. She meets teacher Susheela, revealed to be the mother of Kathir — Geeta Rani’s late boyfriend, with whom she shared a dream of reforming the education system.

Suddenly, Geeta Rani is arrested for promoting failed students without permission. The students, parents, and staff protest in front of the police station, demanding her release. The next morning, the SSLC results are declared. Out of the 82 students, 79 pass, and 14 score over 400 out of 500.

The film concludes with Geeta Rani’s success in transforming the once-neglected government school into one of the best institutions in the state, fulfilling her and Kathir's shared vision for quality education.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jyothika]] as [[Lt. Colonel]] (Retd.) / [[Headmistress]] Geetha Rani [[pseudonym|a.k.a.]] Ammu,<ref name="Geetha Rani">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2019 |title='Raatchasi' trailer: Jyothika goes back to school for her latest movie |url=https://scroll.in/reel/925542/raatchasi-trailer-jyothika-goes-back-to-school-for-her-latest-movie |access-date=2019-06-11 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Govt. Hr. Sec. School
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as Ramalingam, Chairman of GSV Group of Companies and Schools
* [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]] as Susheela, a teacher
* [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]] as PT Master
* [[Nagineedu]] as Geetha Rani's father
* [[Aruldoss]]
* [[Five Star Krishna]] as Headmaster
* Kavitha Bharathy as One day Assistant Headmaster
* Vazhakku En Muthuraman as Maths Teacher
* Mathew Varghese as Collector
* Master Kamalesh as Kathir
* [[Sathyajith (Tamil actor)|Sathyajith]] as Deepak Raj
* Yasar as Politician's son
* [[Nitish Veera]] as Ramalingam's nephew
* Akalya Venkatesan
* Rail Ravi
{{colend}}

== Production ==
''Raatchasi'' is the debut movie for the director Syed Gowthamraj.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2019 |title=Raatchasi trailer is a woman on a mission |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-jyothika-raatchasi-trailer-woman-mission-102771 |access-date=2019-06-11 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Cinematography is handled by Gokul Benoy, editing by Philomin Raj and music is composed by [[Sean Roldan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-31 |title=Jyothika's Raatchasi movie official trailer video |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/jyothikas-raatchasi-movie-official-trailer-video.html |access-date=2019-06-11 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Jyothika is playing the role of headmistress of a Government school.<ref name="Geetha Rani" />

==Release==
Initially the producers announced that this movie would be released in June 2019, later they confirmed that the movie will be released on 5 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2019 |title=Jyotika's 'Raatchasi' to release on July 5 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jyotika-s-raatchasi-to-release-on-july-5-news-tamil-tgxp68iadccib.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623121330/http://www.sify.com/movies/jyotika-s-raatchasi-to-release-on-july-5-news-tamil-tgxp68iadccib.html |archive-date=23 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-24 |website=Sify |language=en}}</ref>

The film was dubbed and released in [[Hindi]] as ''Madam Geeta Rani'' in 2020 by Goldmines Telefilms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2020 |title=Madam Geeta Rani (Raatchasi) 2020 New Released Hindi Dubbed Full Movie {{!}} Jyothika, Hareesh Peradi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krCpn6RrNX8 |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Raatchasi
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Sean Roldan]]
| cover =
| released = 20 June 2019
| recorded = 2019
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| length = 18:27
| producer = Sean Roldan
| prev_title = [[Mehandi Circus]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[Dharala Prabhu]]
| next_year = 2020
}}

The soundtrack of ''Raatchasi'' was composed by [[Sean Roldan]] and released on 20 June 2019. The album features 5 songs with lyrics penned by [[Yugabharathi]], Thanikodi, Sean Roldan, and Syed Gowthamraj.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Rekka Namakku
| length1 = 4:12
| lyrics1 = Syed Gowthamraj
| extra1 =Srinidhi S
| title2 = Ne Yen Nanbanae
| length2 = 3:28
| lyrics2 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra2 = [[Brindha Sivakumar]]
| title3 = Kondatam
| length3 = 4:22
| lyrics3 = Thanikodi
| extra3 = [[Sean Roldan]], [[Bamba Bakya]]
| title4 = Thadai Illai Odu
| length4 = 3:07
| lyrics4 = Yugabharathi
| extra4 = [[Rahul Nambiar]]
| title5 = Sigarame
| length5 = 3:18
| lyrics5 = Sean Roldan
| extra5 = Sean Roldan
}}

==Reception==
===Critical response===

''Raatchasi'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=July 5, 2019 |title=Raatchasi movie review: Here is what netizens say about Jyothika-starrer |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/raatchasi-movie-review-here-what-netizens-say-about-jyothika-starrer--800991 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=0|count=6|average=4.8|ref=yes}}

''Indiaglitz'' gave 3.25/5 stars and wrote "Sy. Gowthamraj makes a respectable debut armed with genuine knowledge of the issues he has taken up and filming it as honestly as he could. The lack of finesse can be forgiven for the strong content and messages".<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2019 |title=Raatchasi review |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/raatchasi-review-tamil-movie-22773 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> ''Sify.com'' rated the film 3/5 stars and said, "''Raatchasi'' works mainly because of Jyotika, as her performance is solid and sincere. She is in there in every frame and is in superb form. She has even put on a little weight to look convincing as a teacher. Though it takes some time to sync with her character, slowly she grabs our attention and makes us travel along with her. Watch it for the topical message, sharp dialogues and an earnest Jyotika."<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2019 |title=Raatchasi review: Topical message, sharp dialogues and an earnest Jyotika |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/raatchasi-review-topical-message-sharp-dialogues-and-an-earnest-jyotika-review-tamil-thfkuBgcfhief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706023121/https://www.sify.com/movies/raatchasi-review-topical-message-sharp-dialogues-and-an-earnest-jyotika-review-tamil-thfkuBgcfhief.html |archive-date=6 July 2019 |website=Sify.com}}</ref>

''Behindwoods'' gave the film 2.5/5 stars and stated, "Jyotika's performance is clean throughout and the clarity she brings to screen is impeccable. She steals the show with good dialogue delivery and body language. The film could have been way better if the story was treated well and the screenplay was more engaging."<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2019 |title=Raatchasi Movie Review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/raatchasi/raatchasi-review.html |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Thinkal Menon of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and said, "Jyotika's performance as the dutiful teacher is the prime saving grace of this preachy film".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=5 July 2019 |title=Raatchasi Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/raatchasi/movie-review/70080721.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Jyothika's ''Raatchasi'' is a film that touches upon pressing issues that are plaguing government schools. Along with being predictable, the film lacks a strong screenplay to hold everyone's attention. Raatchasi is a one-time watch".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janani K |date=July 6, 2019 |title=Raatchasi Movie Review: Jyothika is the saving grace of this dreary film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/raatchasi-movie-review-jyothika-is-the-saving-grace-of-this-dreary-film-1562419-2019-07-05 |website=India Today}}</ref> Karthik Kumar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated 2.5/5 stars stating "Despite an earnest effort by actor Jyotika, the film's dependence on melodrama and message-heavy dialogues makes it an effort to watch".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Karthik |date=2019-07-05 |title=Raatchasi movie review: Jyotika starrer is well-intentioned, relevant but not hard-hitting |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/raatchasi-movie-review-jyotika-starrer-is-well-intentioned-relevant-but-not-hard-hitting/story-PGnMWieeVAIIPRknXqH6YM.html |access-date=2020-06-15 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

S Subhakeerthana of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2/5 stars and said, "''Raatchasi'' could have been a better film if the director understood the screenplay and characters were as important as ‘messages'".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-05 |title=Raatchasi movie review: A preachy, predictable premise is rescued by Jyotika |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/raatchasi-movie-review-rating-jyotika-5817375/ |access-date=2020-06-15 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated 2/5 stars and said, "After an efficient beginning, Raatchasi settles into a dull, comfortable zone, where familiar demons get addressed, and not particularly in enterprising ways".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=2019-07-05 |title=Raatchasi Movie Review: This well-intentioned Jyotika film is tedious and preachy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/jul/05/raatchasi-movie-review-this-well-intentioned-jyothika-film-is-tedious-and-preachy-jyotika-12767.html |access-date=2020-06-15 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> Anjana Shekar of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 2/5 stars and said, "Jyothika's Geetha Rani is a refreshing character but the film does not rise above the predictable one-line story of a teacher turning a school around".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=2019-07-05 |title='Raatchasi' review: Jyothika holds together a preachy film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/raatchasi-review-jyothika-holds-together-preachy-film-104906 |access-date=2020-06-15 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>

''[[News18]]'' rated it 1.5/5 stars stating, "In Raatchasi, Gowthamraj is simply in awe of his superwoman, and, worse, he makes no effort to hide it.".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-05 |title=Raatchasi Movie Review: Jyothika Can't Help This Poorly Executed Film |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/raatchasi-movie-review-jyothika-cant-help-this-poorly-executed-film-2218989.html |access-date=2020-06-15 |website=News18}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of [[Film Companion South]] wrote, "When will our directors learn that good intentions cannot make a good movie? Or that relentless music (Sean Roldan is the composer) isn't enough to make us "feel" if there's no emotional connect with the characters?...it's great that Jyotika is cherry-picking projects that indulge in a fair bit of "heroine worship"...but she really needs better scripts".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2019 |title=Raatchasi Movie Review: Jyotika Lectures Her Way Through A Patience-Testing Drama On Education |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/raatchasi-movie-review-jyothika-baradwaj-rangan-education |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709060629/https://www.filmcompanion.in/raatchasi-movie-review-jyothika-baradwaj-rangan-education |archive-date=9 July 2019 |website=Film Companion South}}</ref>

''[[Firstpost]]'' stated, "Raatchasi skims through issues plaguing the education system and offers a one-woman army as the solution."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-05 |title=Raatchasi movie review: Jyothika's screen presence makes this predictable film watchable |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/raatchasi-movie-review-jyothikas-screen-presence-makes-this-predictable-film-watchable-6939261.html |access-date=2020-06-15 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> Srinivasa Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "Raatchasi is well-intentioned no doubt — films like these are constant reminders of the need to upgrade our government schools - but it needs more finesse, more heart".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=2019-07-05 |title='Raatchasi' review: A well-intentioned drama that can't decide if it's a social-message film or a masala flick |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raatchasi-review-a-well-intentioned-drama-that-cant-decide-if-its-a-social-message-film-or-a-masala-flick/article28291694.ece |access-date=2020-06-15 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' stated, "Sean Rolden’s music and Gokul Binoy’s cinematography capture the right mood of the film. There are few glitches, nevertheless, Raatchasi is a well-intentioned film with a good concept that’s worth a watch".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-06 |title=Raatchasi movie review: Solid themes make it worthwhile |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/060719/raatchasi-movie-review-solid-themes-make-it-worthwhile.html |access-date=2020-06-15 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' wrote, "Teacher crush, Heroine, special wish for dealt the Educational Development".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2019 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: ராட்சசி |trans-title=Movie Review: Rakshasi |url=https://www.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/raatchasi-movie-review.html |url-access=subscription |website=Ananda Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref>

==Publicity==

The film's release also had gone viral among Malaysian social media users because of the film's storyline, to the point where the [[Minister of Education (Malaysia)|Education Minister of Malaysia]], [[Maszlee Malik|Dr. Maszlee Malik]] praised the film for its social relevance after watching the film along with his officers. Lead actress Jyothika penned a letter thanking Dr. Mazlee for his support on the film through her husband [[Suriya Sivakumar]]'s [[Twitter]] [[user account]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 September 2019 |title=Actress Jyothika thanks Maszlee over 'Raatchasi' support |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/09/06/actress-jyothika-thanks-maszlee-over-039raatchasi039-support |access-date=1 October 2019 |work=The Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1169586217588932609 |user=Suriya_offl |title=With Respect and Gratitude to #Malaysian Education Minister Hon'ble Dr. Maszlee Malik from #Raatchasi Team & #Jyotika @maszlee @sy_gowthamraj @DreamWarriorpic @prabhu_sr @RSeanRoldan #MalaysianAudience |date=5 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2019 |title=Maszlee says Tamil film 'Raatchasi' captures his aspirations for education in Malaysia |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/09/02/maszlee-says-tamil-film-raatchasi-captures-his-aspirations-for-education-in/1786614 |work=[[Malay Mail]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 September 2019 |title=Maszlee praises Tamil film 'Raatchasi' |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/09/518294/maszlee-praises-tamil-film-raatchasi |work=[[New Straits Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2019 |title=Raatchasi is a must-watch: Malaysian education minister praises Jyothika film to heavens |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/raatchasi-is-a-must-watch-malaysian-education-minister-praises-jyothika-film-to-heavens-1594833-2019-09-03 |access-date=19 September 2019 |website=India Today}}</ref> On September 30, the team of ''Raatchasi'' was invited by Dr. Maszlee for a special screening at TGV Setiawalk, Puchong which are also attended by deputy of Education Minister of Malaysia, [[Teo Nie Ching]] and other education officers.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1178638213260267520 |user=prabhu_sr |title=It was an honour for #Raatchasi team to have met with the #Malaysia #education minister Shri. Maszlee Malik @maszlee . Thank you so much for inviting and appreciating personally. Meant a lot to all of us who have worked in the film. |date=30 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="ToI-raatchasi-screened">{{Cite news |date=1 October 2019 |title=Raatchasi screened for Malaysian officials |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/raatchasi-screened-for-malaysian-officials/articleshow/71375242.cms |access-date=1 October 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Accolades==

* 2019  – Behindwoods Gold Medal Award for Best Actor Lead Role (Female)<ref name="Behindwoods">{{Cite web |date=9 December 2019 |title=Jyothika - Best Actor in a Lead Role for Raatchasi {{!}} 7th Behindwoods Gold Medals 2019 - Winners! |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/winners-of-7th-behindwoods-gold-medals/jyothika-behindwoods-gold-medal-winner-2019.html |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>
* 2019  – [[Edison Awards (Tamil)|Edison Award for Best Actress]]<ref name="Behindwoods" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://edisonawards.in/teaawards/more_1.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219080202/http://edisonawards.in/teaawards/more_1.php |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=10 March 2020 |website=The Edison Awards}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2019 |title=Edison Awards 2020 Vote Online - Check out the nominations and vote for your favourite stars |url=https://thenewscrunch.com/edison-awards-2020-vote-online-check-out-the-nominations-and-vote-for-your-favourite-stars/10792/ |website=The News Crunch}}</ref>
* 2019  – Director SY Gowtham Raj won the JFW award 2020 for the best director in a women-centric film for ''Raatchasi''.<ref name="jfwonline.com">{{Cite web |date=March 16, 2020 |title=Twin Birds Presents JFW Movie Awards 2020: An Unforgettable Night With Impeccable Style And Substance! |url=https://jfwonline.com/article/twin-birds-presents-jfw-movie-awards-2020-an-unforgettable-night-with-impeccable-style-and-substance/ |website=Just for Women Online}}</ref>
* 2019  – JFW Award for Best Actress - Women Centric Film 2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=JFW Movie Awards 2020: Click to Vote |url=https://jfwonline.com/awards2020.html |website=Just for Women Online}}</ref>
* 2019  – Nominated - [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award]] for [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Best Actress]]<ref name="AnandaVikatan2019">{{Cite web |title=ஆனந்த விகடன் சினிமா விருதுகள்... கலந்துகொள்ள என்ன செய்ய வேண்டும்? 2 மினிட்ஸ் ப்ளீஸ்! #StepByStepGuide |trans-title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards... What to do to participate? 2 minutes please |url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/announcements/how-to-participate-in-ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards-2019 |website=Ananda Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1213009417580367872 |user=Suriya_Speaks |title=நடிப்புத் திறமையால் உங்களை கவர்ந்த நடிகை இந்த பட்டியலில் இருக்கிறாரா? - விகடன் விருதை அவர் வெல்வாரா? |date=3 January 2020 |language=ta |trans-title=Is there an actress on this list who impressed you with her acting skills? - Will she win the Vikatan Award?}}</ref>
* 2019  – Screened in Indian film festival of South Korea (October 16 and 20 in Seoul)
* 2019  – Zee Tamil Award Nominated for three Category (Favorite Heroine, Best actress and Best Child actor)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Winters |first=Bryce J. |date=January 4, 2020 |title=Zee Cine Awards Tamil 2020 Live Updates |url=https://thenewscrunch.com/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-live-updates-nominations-list-event-venue-hosts-time-schedule-award-winners-and-nominations-how-to-get-general-passes/13626/ |website=The News Crunch}}</ref>
* 2019  – Vikatan Cinema Viruthugal - Nominated for five Categories (Actress, Debut Director, Child actor, Dialogue, Best production)<ref name="AnandaVikatan2019" />
* 2019  – Raatchasi Special Screening for Malaysian officials with minister.<ref name="ToI-raatchasi-screened" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt10431010}}
{{S. R. Prabhu}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sean Roldan]]
[[Category:Films about the education system in India]]
[[Category:Films about educators]]
[[Category:Films set in schools]]
[[Category:2019 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2019 drama films]]
[[Category:Films produced by S. R. Prabhu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Aurangzeb (film)

2026-03-02T05:53:33Z

Anthony: minor edit

{{more citations needed|date=April 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aurangzeb
| image = Aurangzeb film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Atul Sabharwal
| producer = [[Aditya Chopra]]
| writer = Atul Sabharwal
| story =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]|[[Arjun Kapoor]]|[[Rishi Kapoor]]|[[Jackie Shroff]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Amartya Bobo Rahut|Amartya Rahut]] Vipin Mishra '''Score:''' Vipin Mishra
| cinematography = Karthik Ganesh
| editing = Niraj Voralia
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| distributor = Yash Raj Films
| released = {{Film date|2013|05|17}}
| runtime = 137 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/aurangzeb-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zoduxndc|title=Aurangzeb (2013)|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|35.41 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/aurangzeb/box-office/|title=Aurangzeb Box Office Collection|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
}}
'''''Aurangzeb''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Action film|action thriller film]] written and directed by Atul Sabharwal in his directorial debut, and produced by [[Aditya Chopra]] under [[Yash Raj Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Suhani |date=2013-05-10 |title=There are traits of Aurangzeb in most of the characters of the film: Atul Sabharwal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood-2013/story/aurangzeb-atul-sabharwal-arjun-kapoor-162478-2013-05-09 |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Arjun Kapoor]], [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Jackie Shroff]] with [[Amrita Singh]], [[Tanvi Azmi]], [[Sikandar Kher]], [[Zahrah S. Khan|Sasha Agha]], and [[Swara Bhaskar]] in supporting roles.<ref name="DoubleRole">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2012 |title=After Agneepath, Rishi Kapoor to play villain in Prithviraj starrer 'Aurangzeb' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/After-Agneepath-Rishi-Kapoor-to-play-villain-in-Aurangzeb/articleshow/15614853.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826152318/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-23/news-interviews/33341458_1_rishi-kapoor-double-role-arjun-kapoor |archive-date=26 August 2012 |access-date=18 October 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2013-03-18 |title=First look: Arjun Kapoor's twin look in Aurangzeb |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/first-look-arjun-kapoors-twin-look-in-aurangzeb-156432-2013-03-17 |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Set in [[Gurgaon]], the narrative follows the doppleganger of a criminal's son going undercover to expose a criminal syndicate.

The film was released on 17 May 2013, and received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-03 |title=WATCH: Arjun Kapoor in first official trailer of Aurangzeb |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/watch-arjun-kapoor-in-first-official-trailer-of-aurangzeb/story-kl15aOavO5VgxBVWqlyfEN.html |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In [[Gurgaon]], [[Inspector]] Vijaykant Phogat, fails a mission to eliminate businessman Yashvardhan Singh, leading to his downfall. Years later, his son [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Arya Phoghat uncovers his father's secret—Vijaykant had another wife and child, and that child, Vishal, is an identical twin to Arya's brother, Ajay.

Arya and his corrupt uncle, Ravikant Phogat, devise a plan to expose Yashvardhan's illegal activities by using Vishal to pose as Ajay within Yashvardhan's house. Meanwhile, Vishal begins to bond with his father, Yashvardhan, and his brother, Ajay, while pretending to be someone else. As the plot thickens, Ravikant's ulterior motives of taking over Yashvardhan's business empire are revealed, leading to a series of betrayals, manipulations, and violent confrontations.

Ultimately, Ravikant kills Vishnu, a family member who poses a threat to him, and pressures Arya to kill Yashvardhan's family. However, Arya realizes his uncle's corrupt nature and, together with Vishal, works to thwart Ravikant's plans. In the final showdown, Vishal kills Ravikant after saving Arya, and justice is served. Ajay is jailed, but eventually reunites with his family once released. The story ends with Arya leaving Veera's home, ensuring the reuniting of the family while reflecting on the deep-rooted corruption in the system.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Arya Phogat, Vijaykant's son; Ajay and Vishal's half-brother
*[[Arjun Kapoor]] in a [[dual role]] as Ajay / Vishal Singh, Arya's half brother
*[[Rishi Kapoor]] as [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Ravikant Phogat, Arya's Uncle
*[[Jackie Shroff]] as Yashvardhan Singh, Ajay and Vishal's father
*[[Amrita Singh]] as Neena Wadhwa, Yashvardhan's business partner
*[[Deepti Naval]] as Rama Phogat, Ravikant's wife
*[[Tanvi Azmi]] as Veer Singh, Ajay and Vishal's mother
*[[Swara Bhaskar]] as Suman Phogat, Arya's wife
*[[Sasha Agha]] as Ritu, Ajay's girlfriend
*[[Sikander Kher]] as [[Inspector]] Dev Phogat, Ravikant's son
*[[Sumeet Vyas]] as [[Sub-Inspector]] Vishnu Sharma, Ravikant's son-in-law
*[[Rasika Dugal]] as Trishla "Chhoti" Phogat
*[[Kavi Shastri]] as Inder Wadhwa, Neena's son
*[[Anupam Kher]] as [[Inspector]] Vijaykant Phogat, Arya's father and Ravikant's brother (cameo appearance)
}}

== Themes ==
According to [[Arjun Kapoor]], ''Aurangzeb'' is "about hunger for power and [[survival of the fittest]]." The film's title is a reference to the [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] of the [[Aurangzeb|same name]], who expanded the empire to its greatest extent.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 10, 2013 |title=There's an Aurangzeb in every character: Arjun Kapoor |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Theres-an-Aurangzeb-in-every-character-Arjun-Kapoor/articleshow/19984419.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2018-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709125808/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Theres-an-Aurangzeb-in-every-character-Arjun-Kapoor/articleshow/19984419.cms |archive-date=9 July 2018}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack was composed by Vipin Mishra and [[Amartya Bobo Rahut|Amartya Rahut]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-23 |title=Watch: 'Barbadiyaan',a club track from 'Aurangzeb' featuring Arjun Kapoor,Sasha Agha |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/watch-barbadiyaan-a-club-track-from-aurangzebfeaturing-arjun-kapoor-sasha-agha/ |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurangzeb |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/music/aurangzeb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805021629/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/music/aurangzeb |archive-date=2025-08-05 |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=www.yashrajfilms.com}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Aurangzeb
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Amartya Bobo Rahut|Amartya Rahut]], Vipin Mishra
| released = 13 May 2013
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=29|s=58}}
| label = [[YRF Music]]
| producer = [[Aditya Chopra]]
}}
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Barbaadiyan
| length1 = 4:16
| lyrics1 = Puneet Sharma
| music1 = Amartya Rahut
| extra1 = [[Ram Sampath]], [[Sasha Agha]]
| title2 = Jigra Fakira
| length2 = 3:41
| lyrics2 = Manoj Kumar Nath
| music2 = Vipin Mishra
| extra2 = [[Keerthi Sagathia]]
| title3 = Barbaadi
| length3 = 4:32
| lyrics3 = Puneet Sharma
| music3 = Amartya Rahut
| extra3 = [[Agnee (band)|K. Mohan]]
| title4 = Aurangzeb
| length4 = 3:11
| lyrics4 = Vipin Mishra
| music4 = Vipin Mishra
| extra4 = Marianne D'Cruz
| title5 = Aurangzeb - Rock Version
| length5 = 3:53
| lyrics5 = Vipin Mishra
| music5 = Vipin Mishra
| extra5 = Vipin Mishra
| title6 = Trial By Fire {{dash}} Main Theme
| length6 = 2:31
| lyrics6 = {{dash}}
| music6 = Vipin Mishra
| extra6 = Instrumental
| title7 = Battleground Gurgaon
| length7 = 3:03
| lyrics7 = {{dash}}
| music7 = Vipin Mishra
| extra7 = Instrumental
| title8 = The Father's Truth
| length8 = 3:27
| lyrics8 = {{dash}}
| music8 = Vipin Mishra
| extra8 = Instrumental
| title9 = Aurangzeb {{dash}} Orchestral
| length9 = 1:13
| lyrics9 = {{dash}}
| music9 = Vipin Mishra
| extra9 = Instrumental
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
The film received mixed reviews from critics. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=40|count=5|average=4|ref=yes}}

Meena Iyer of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, praising the performances of Rishi Kapoor, Prithviraj Sukumaran, and Jackie Shroff.<ref name="Aurangzeb Review ToI">{{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=Meena |title=Review: Aurangzeb |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/20082528.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517200535/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/20082528.cms |archive-date=17 May 2013 |access-date=17 May 2013 |website=The Times of India}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Sukanya Verma of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, writing that the performances of Prithviraj Sukumaran, Rishi Kapoor and Arjun Kapoor are the best thing about ''Aurangzeb''.<ref name="Aurangzeb Review Rediff">{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |title=Review: Aurangzeb is VERY engaging |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-aurangzeb/20130517.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607071550/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-aurangzeb/20130517.htm |archive-date=7 June 2013 |access-date=17 May 2013 |website=Rediff.com}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, writing "On the whole, Aurangzeb has a great premise, but great plots don't generally translate into great films. This one's way too lengthy and mediocre to leave any kind of impression whatsoever. Disappointing!".<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2013-05-17 |title=Aurangzeb Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/aurangzeb/critic-review/aurangzeb-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=}}</ref> Mohar Basu of ''Koimoi'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, praising the script and performances, but criticised the length and poor editing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Mohar |date=2013-05-17 |title=Aurangzeb Review |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/aurangzeb-review/ |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref> Ravina Rawal of ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote "Aurangzeb is a story of potentially epic proportions but its struggle to be coherent and its final conclusion is unable to match the build-up and premise".<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2013 |title=Movie Review: Good acting can't save Aurangzeb from its incoherent plot |url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/movie-review-good-acting-cant-save-aurangzeb-from-its-incoherent-plot-793887.html |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film collected ₹18.5 crore domestically, and was declared as a flop by [[Box Office India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurangzeb - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1271 |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2013-05-21 |title='Aurangzeb' is a dud! : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/aurangzeb-is-a-dud/ |access-date=2025-10-20 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{BH movie|aurangzeb}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Delhi Police]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]
[[Category:Yash Raj Films films]]

Gangauli railway station

2026-02-26T17:04:52Z

Anthony: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Gangauli Halt railway station]]

{{R from move}}

Volleyball

2026-02-26T07:07:13Z

Anthony: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{short description|Team sport}}
{{about|the indoor team sport|the beach team sport|Beach volleyball|other uses}}
{{see also|Throwball|Newcomb ball}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox sport
| image = Brasil_vence_a_França_no_vôlei_masculino_1037987-15.08.2016_ffz-6369.jpg
| imagesize = 260px
| caption = A volleyball game during the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] between [[France]] and [[Brazil]]
| union = [[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|FIVB]]
| nickname =
| first = 1895 in [[Holyoke, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| registered =
| clubs =
| contact = None
| team = 6
| mgender = Single
| category = [[Team sport]], [[net and wall games|Net sport]]
| ball = [[Volleyball (ball)|Volleyball]]
| glossary = [[Volleyball jargon|Glossary of volleyball]]
| olympic = 1964
| region = Worldwide
}}

'''Volleyball''' is a [[team sport]] in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/index_uk.asp?SportCode=VB |title=Volleyball |access-date=2007-03-21 |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |archive-date=March 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323031151/https://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/index_uk.asp?SportCode=VB |url-status=live }}</ref> It has been a part of the official program of the [[Summer Olympic Games]] since [[1964 Summer Olympics|Tokyo 1964]]. [[Beach volleyball]] was introduced to the program at the [[1996 Summer Olympics|Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics]]. The adapted version of volleyball at the [[Summer Paralympic Games]] is [[sitting volleyball]].

Volleyball was invented in 1895 by the American educator [[William G. Morgan]], a [[YMCA]] physical education director in [[Holyoke, Massachusetts]]. Morgan intended the game, which he originally called “mintonette”, to be an alternative to [[basketball]] that was less physically demanding. It spread rapidly through YMCA networks in the United States and abroad. An international governing body, the [[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]] (FIVB), was established in 1947, and the sport grew into a global phenomenon. Its social history has included diverse communities such as [[nudism|nudists]] and, more recently, debates over inclusion and fairness regarding [[transgender people in sports|transgender athletes]].

== Basic play ==
The [[Volleyball rules|complete set of rules]] is extensive,<ref name=LatestRules>{{cite web | url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/Refereeing-Rules/documents/FIVB-Volleyball_Rules_2017-2020-EN-v06.pdf | title=Official Volleyball Rules, 2017–2020 | access-date=2019-01-11 |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|35th FIVB World Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2016]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205014730/http://www.fivb.org/EN/Refereeing-Rules/documents/FIVB-Volleyball_Rules_2017-2020-EN-v06.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> but play essentially proceeds as follows: a player on one of the teams begins a 'rally' by serving the ball (tossing or releasing it and then hitting it with a hand or arm), from behind the back boundary line of the court, over the net, and into the receiving team's court.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/volleyballfundam0000dear|title=Volleyball fundamentals|last=Joel.|first=Dearing|date=2003|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=0736045082|location=Champaign, IL|oclc=50643900|url-access=registration}}</ref> The receiving team must not let the ball be grounded within their court. The team may touch the ball up to three times to return the ball to the other side of the court, but individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively.<ref name=":1" /> Typically, the first two touches are used to set up for an attack. An attack is an attempt to direct the ball back over the net in such a way that the team receiving the ball is unable to pass the ball and continue the rally, thus, losing the point. The team that wins the rally is awarded a point and serves the ball to start the next rally. A few of the most common faults include:

* causing the ball to touch the ground or floor outside the opponents' court or without first passing over the net;
* catching and throwing the ball;
* double hit: two consecutive contacts with the ball made by the same player;
* four consecutive contacts with the ball made by the same team;
* net foul: a player touching the net during play;
* foot fault: the foot crosses over the boundary line when serving or under the net when a front row player is trying to keep the ball in play.

The ball is usually played with the hands or arms, but players can legally strike or push (short contact) the ball with any part of the body.<ref name=feet>Originally, only the upper body was allowed to touch the body and kicking the ball was penalised ({{Cite web|title=Can You Use Your Feet in Volleyball?: (What's the Rules)|date=4 October 2023|url=https://volleyballvault.com/can-you-use-your-feet-in-volleyball/|access-date=2023-12-07|publisher=volleyballvault.com|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207192345/https://volleyballvault.com/can-you-use-your-feet-in-volleyball/|url-status=live}}) In 1993 ([[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|FIVB]]) and 1999 ([[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]], respectively, the rules were amended to allow for touching the ball with any part of the body.
({{Cite web|title=Are You Allowed To Use Your Feet In Volleyball|work=Volleyball Edge |date=5 May 2022|url=https://volleyballedge.com/are-you-allowed-to-use-your-feet-in-volleyball/|access-date=2023-12-07|publisher=volleyballedge.com|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207192346/https://volleyballedge.com/are-you-allowed-to-use-your-feet-in-volleyball/|url-status=live}}), ({{Cite web|title=Is using your feet legal in volleyball?|url=https://sportsmanist.com/is-using-your-feet-legal-in-volleyball|access-date=2023-12-07|publisher=sportsmanist.com|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207192346/https://sportsmanist.com/is-using-your-feet-legal-in-volleyball|url-status=live}})</ref>

A number of consistent [[#Skills|techniques]] have evolved in volleyball, including ''spiking'' and ''blocking'' (because those plays are made above the top of the net, the [[vertical jump]] is an athletic skill emphasized in the sport) as well as ''passing'', ''setting'', and specialized player positions. Offensive and defensive structures are also key plays.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Volleyball – NCVA|url=https://ncva.com/info/general-info/history-of-volleyball/|access-date=2021-04-29|publisher=ncva.com|archive-date=April 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407203659/https://ncva.com/info/general-info/history-of-volleyball/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Origins ===
{{Further|YMCA}}
[[File:William G. Morgan.jpg|thumb|[[William G. Morgan]] {{Circa|1915}}]]
[[William G. Morgan]] invented the sport in 1895 while he was the [[YMCA]] physical education director in [[Holyoke, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The International Association Training School Notes (vol. 4 no. 8), October, 1895 |url=https://cdm16122.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16122coll3/id/389/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602014956/https://cdm16122.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16122coll3/id/389/ |archive-date=June 2, 2019 |access-date=May 31, 2018}}</ref> Because he originally derived the game from badminton, he initially named the sport ''mintonette''.<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-01-30 |title=In 1895, William Morgan Invents Mintonette |url=https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/1895-william-morgan-invents-mintonette/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929075629/http://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/15634-2/ |archive-date=September 29, 2018 |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=New England Historical Society |quote=Putting his mind to the challenge, Morgan examined the rules of sports such as [[baseball]], basketball, handball and badminton. Taking pieces from each, he created a game he called Mintonette. He took the name from badminton}}</ref> He was a one-time student of [[basketball]] inventor [[James Naismith]] and invented the game for his clients at the YMCA, most of whom were middle-aged businessmen for whom the physical demands of basketball were too great.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Berkshire encyclopedia of world sport |date=2005 |publisher=Berkshire Pub. Group |isbn=978-0-9743091-1-8 |editor-last=Levinson |editor-first=David |volume=3 |location=Great Barrington, Mass |pages=1142 |editor-last2=Christensen |editor-first2=Karen}}</ref>

The first rules, written down by Morgan, called for a net {{convert|6|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} high, a {{convert|25|x|50|ft|m|abbr=on}} court, and any number of players. A match was composed of nine innings with three serves for each team in each inning, and no limit to the number of ball contacts for each team before sending the ball to the opponents' court. In case of a serving error, a second try was allowed. Hitting the ball into the net was considered a foul (with loss of the point or a side-out)—except in the case of the first-try serve.<ref name="ncva" />

After an observer, Alfred Halstead, noticed the volleying nature of the game at its first exhibition match in 1896, played at the International YMCA Training School (now called [[Springfield College]]), the game quickly became known as ''volleyball'' (it was originally spelled as two words: "''volley ball''{{-"}}). Volleyball rules were slightly modified by the International YMCA Training School and the game spread around the country to various YMCAs.<ref name="ncva">{{cite web|url=http://www.ncva.com/page.aspx?id=14 |title=How Volleyball Began |access-date=2007-09-21 |publisher=Northern California Volleyball Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701143054/http://www.ncva.com/page.aspx?id=14 |archive-date=July 1, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="FIVB Volleyball History">{{cite web |title=The Volleyball Story |url=http://www.fivb.com/EN/volleyball/story.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127012658/http://www.fivb.com/EN/Volleyball/story.htm |archive-date=January 27, 2007 |access-date=2007-09-21 |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB)}}</ref>

In the early 1900s [[Spalding (company)|Spalding]], through its publishing company American Sports Publishing Company, produced books with complete instruction and rules for the sport.<ref>{{cite book |title=Books Added, 1911–1915: Five Year Cumulation of the Book Bulletin of the Chicago Public Library |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eMtAAAAYAAJ&q=spalding+athletic+library+how+to+sprint%2F&pg=RA1-PA317 |publisher=The Chicago Public Library |date=January 1916 |pages=317–320}}</ref>

=== Refinements and later developments ===
[[File:Mazanar volleyball 00166u.jpg|thumb|Japanese American women playing volleyball at the [[Manzanar]] internment camp during [[World War II]] in {{Circa|1943}}]]
[[File:Nudist-naturist volleyball.jpg|thumb|A [[Naturism|nudist/naturist]] volleyball game at the Sunny Trails Club during the 1958 Canadian Sunbathing Association (CSA) convention in [[British Columbia|British Columbia, Canada]]]]
The first official ball used in volleyball is disputed; some sources say Spalding created the first official ball in 1896, while others claim it was created in 1900.<ref name="Timeline1">{{cite web | url = http://volleyball.org/history.html | title = History Of Volleyball | access-date = 2007-09-21 | publisher = Volleyball World Wide | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110513035616/http://www.volleyball.org/history.html | archive-date = 2011-05-13 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SportsKnowHow">{{cite web | url = http://www.sportsknowhow.com/volleyball/history/volleyball-history.shtml | title = History of Volleyball | access-date = 2007-09-21 | publisher = SportsKnowHow.com | archive-date = May 13, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200513162953/https://sportsknowhow.com/volleyball/history/volleyball-history.shtml | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.volleyball.com/volleyball_history.aspx | title = History of Volleyball | access-date = 2007-09-21 | publisher = volleyball.com | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070924042339/http://www.volleyball.com/volleyball_history.aspx | archive-date = 2007-09-24 }}</ref> The rules evolved over time: in 1916, in the Philippines, the skill and power of the set and spike had been introduced, and four years later a "three hits" rule and a rule against hitting from the back row were established. In 1917, the game was changed from requiring 21 points to win to a smaller 15 points to win. In 1919, about 16,000 volleyballs were distributed by the [[American Expeditionary Force]]s to their troops and [[Allies of World War I|allies]], which sparked the growth of volleyball in new countries.<ref name="Timeline1" />

Like basketball, volleyball spread quickly due to its simplicity and promotion by the YMCA and [[YWCA]].<ref name=":2" /> The first country outside the United States to adopt volleyball was Canada in 1900.<ref name="Timeline1" /> During and after [[World War I]], the presence of YMCA instructors in American forces led to the spread of volleyball in Europe, where clubs were established in [[France]] as well as several [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] nations.<ref name=":2" /> An international federation, the [[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]] (FIVB), was founded in 1947, and the first World Championships were held in 1949 for men and 1952 for women.<ref name="FIVB History">{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.ch/EN/FIVB/History.htm |title=FIVB History |access-date=2007-09-21 |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Volleyball |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919033125/http://www.fivb.ch/EN/FIVB/History.htm |archive-date=September 19, 2007 }}</ref> The sport is now popular in [[Brazil]], in Europe, where especially [[Italy]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[Eastern Europe]] have been major forces since the late 1980s, in [[Russia]], in other countries, including [[China]] and the rest of [[Asia]], and in the [[United States]].<ref name="FIVB Volleyball History" /><ref name="ncva" /><ref name="FIVB History" />

[[Beach volleyball]], a variation of the game played on sand and with only two players per team, became a FIVB-endorsed variation in 1987 and was added to the Olympic program at the [[1996 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="Timeline1" /><ref name="FIVB History" /> Created by William G. Morgan in 1895, beach volleyball is a game of volleyball played by two teams of two players on an outdoor sandy court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olympics: Volleyball {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/story/olympics-volleyball |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Volleyball is also a sport at the [[Paralympics]] managed by [[World ParaVolley]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=World ParaVolley - Welcome! |url=https://worldparavolley.org/ |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=World ParaVolley |language=en-GB}}</ref>

[[Naturism|Nudists]] were early adopters of the game with regular organized play in clubs as early as the late 1920s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Merrill|first=Frances|title=Among The Nudists|year=1931|publisher=Garden City Publishing Company, Inc.|location=Garden City, New York|pages=Illustration Plate following p. 188}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Merrill|first=Frances|title=Nudism Comes to America|year=1932|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|pages=Illustration Plate following p. 57}}</ref> By the 1960s, a volleyball court had become standard in almost all [[Naturism|nudist/naturist]] clubs.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Weinberg|first=M.S.|title=The Nudist Camp: Way of Life and Social Structure.|journal=Human Organization|year=1967|volume=26|issue=3|pages=91–99|doi=10.17730/humo.26.3.t61k16213r005707 |doi-broken-date=December 13, 2025 }}</ref> Recently a debate has arisen within the sport regarding the inclusion of [[transgender]] players. With transgender athletes including [[Tifanny Abreu|Tiffany Abreu]] joining professional volleyball teams alongside other non-transgender teammates, many professionals, sports analysts, and fans of volleyball either express concerns about the legitimacy and fairness of having transgender players on a team or convey support for the transgender players.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last1=Darlington |first1=Shasta |date=17 March 2018 |title=Transgender Volleyball Star in Brazil Eyes Olympics and Stirs Debate |language=en |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/17/world/americas/brazil-transgender-volleyball-tifanny-abreu.html |access-date=2018-08-04 |archive-date=August 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804075707/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/17/world/americas/brazil-transgender-volleyball-tifanny-abreu.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Volleyball in the Olympics ===
{{Main|Volleyball at the Summer Olympics}}
Volleyball has been part of the [[Summer Olympics]] program for both men and women consistently since [[1964 Summer Olympics|1964]].

== Rules of the game ==
[[File:VolleyballCourt.svg|thumb|A volleyball court]]
[[File:VolleyballRotation.svg|thumb|Rotation pattern]]

===Court dimensions ===
A volleyball court is {{convert|9|x|18|m||1|abbr=on}}, divided into equal square halves by a net with a width of {{convert|1|m|in|1|spell=in|sp=us}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/volleyball|title=volleyball {{!}} Definition, Rules, Positions, & Facts|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-08-02|language=en|archive-date=April 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407133923/https://www.britannica.com/sports/volleyball|url-status=live}}</ref> The top of the net is {{height|m=2.43|frac=16}} above the center of the court for men's competition, and {{height|m=2.24|frac=16}} for women's competition, varied for veterans and junior competitions.<ref name=":1" />

Typically in beach volleyball there is a playing area and a free zone area. The dimensions are 52’6” x 26’3” (including the free zone), and a minimum of 9’10 wide. The court includes 3 lines: net line, side line, and end line. In Beach volleyball scoring is similar to regular volleyball. 3 matches are being played.

The minimum height clearance for indoor volleyball courts is {{convert|7|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}, although a clearance of {{convert|8|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} is recommended.<ref name=":0" />

A line {{convert|3|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} from and parallel to the net is considered the "attack line". This "3 meter" (or "10-foot") line divides the court into "back row" and "front row" areas and the back court and front court.<ref name=":0" /> These are in turn divided into 3 areas each: these are numbered as follows, starting from area "1", which is the position of the serving player:

After a team gains the serve (also known as siding out), its members must rotate in a clockwise direction, with the player previously in area "2" moving to area "1" and so on, with the player from area "1" moving to area "6".<ref name=":1" /> Each player rotates only one time after the team gains possession of the service; the next time each player rotates will be after the other team wins possession of the ball and loses the point.<ref name=":0" />

The team courts are surrounded by an area called the free zone, which is at least 3 meters wide and may be entered and played within by the players after the service of the ball.<ref>{{cite book |title=Official Volleyball Rules 2017–2020 |publisher=FIVB |year=2016 |chapter=Section 1.1 |quote=The playing court is [...] surrounded by a free zone which is a minimum of 3&nbsp;m wide on all sides. |access-date=2019-02-05 |chapter-url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/Refereeing-Rules/documents/FIVB-Volleyball_Rules_2017-2020-EN-v06.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205014730/http://www.fivb.org/EN/Refereeing-Rules/documents/FIVB-Volleyball_Rules_2017-2020-EN-v06.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-05 |url-status=live}}</ref> All lines marking the boundaries of the team court and the attack zone are drawn or painted within the dimensions of the area and are therefore part of the court or zone. If a ball touches a line, it is considered "in." An antenna is placed on each side of the net, perpendicular to the sideline, serving as a vertical extension of the side boundary of the court. A ball passing over the net must pass completely between the antennae (or their theoretical extensions to the ceiling) without contacting them.<ref name=":1" />

=== The ball ===
{{Main|Volleyball (ball)}}

[[FIVB]] regulations state that the ball must be spherical, made of leather or synthetic leather, have a circumference of {{Convert|65-67|cm|inch|abbr=on|1}}, a weight of {{Convert|260-280|g|oz|abbr=on}} and an interior air pressure of 0.30–0.325&nbsp;kg/cm2 (4.26 to 4.61 psi; 294.3
to 318.82 mbar or hPa).<ref>{{cite book |title=Official Volleyball Rules 2017–2020 |chapter-url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/Refereeing-Rules/documents/FIVB-Volleyball_Rules_2017-2020-EN-v06.pdf |access-date=2019-02-05 |year=2016 |publisher=FIVB|chapter=Section 3.1 |quote=STANDARDS: The ball shall be spherical... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205014730/http://www.fivb.org/EN/Refereeing-Rules/documents/FIVB-Volleyball_Rules_2017-2020-EN-v06.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other governing bodies have similar regulations.

=== Gameplay ===
[[File:Uutinen 1954-07-14 Kolmattakymmentä poikaa SPR n poikaleirillä Äkäslompolossa (JOKAEES5 03-7).tif|thumb|Finnish children playing volleyball in a rural area (1950s)]]
[[File:Volleyball pano IMG 0658.JPG|thumb|White is on the attack while red attempts to block.]]
[[File:Monks play volleyball in Sikkim India.jpg|thumb|[[Buddhist]] monks play volleyball in the [[Himalaya]]n state of [[Sikkim]] in [[India]]]]
Each team consists of six players.<ref name=":0" /> To get play started, a team is chosen to serve by [[coin toss]]. A player from the serving team throws the ball into the air and attempts to hit the ball so it passes over the net on a course such that it will land in the opposing team's court (the ''serve'').<ref name=":0" /> The opposing team must use a combination of no more than three contacts with the volleyball to return the ball to the opponent's side of the net.<ref name=":0" /> These contacts usually consist first of the ''bump'' or ''pass'' so that the ball's trajectory is aimed towards the player designated as the ''setter''; second of the ''set'' (usually an over-hand pass using wrists to push finger-tips at the ball) by the setter so that the ball's trajectory is aimed towards a spot where one of the players designated as an ''attacker'' can hit it, and third by the ''attacker'' who ''spikes'' (jumping, raising one arm above the head and hitting the ball so it will move quickly down to the ground on the opponent's court) to return the ball over the net.<ref name=":1" /> The team with possession of the ball that is trying to attack the ball as described is said to be on ''offense''.

The team on ''defense'' attempts to prevent the attacker from directing the ball into their court: players at the net jump and reach above the top (and if possible, across the plane) of the net to ''block'' the attacked ball.<ref name=":1" /> If the ball is hit around, above, or through the block, the defensive players arranged in the rest of the court attempt to control the ball with a ''dig'' (usually a fore-arm pass of a hard-driven ball). After a successful dig, the team transitions to offence.

The game continues in this manner, rallying back and forth until the ball touches the court within the boundaries or until an error is made.<ref name=":0" /> The most frequent errors that are made are either to fail to return the ball over the net within the allowed three touches, or to cause the ball to land outside the court.<ref name=":0" /> A ball is "in" if any part of it touches the inside of a team's court or a sideline or end-line, and a strong spike may compress the ball enough when it lands that a ball which at first appears to be going out may instead be in. Players may travel well outside the court to play a ball that has gone over a sideline or end-line in the air. A standard competitive volleyball match is played in a best-of-five sets format and typically goes on for about 90 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brooks |first=Nathan |date=2024-02-14 |title=How Long is a Volleyball Game?: From High School Volleyball Game to Olympics 2024 - Infools |work=Infools |url=https://blog.infools.com/how-long-is-a-volleyball-game/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |language=en-US |archive-date=March 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320222350/https://blog.infools.com/how-long-is-a-volleyball-game/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Other common errors include a player touching the ball twice in succession, a player catching the ball, a player touching the net while attempting to play the ball, or a player penetrating under the net into the opponent's court. There are a large number of other errors specified in the rules, although most of them are infrequent occurrences. These errors include back-row or libero players spiking the ball or blocking (back-row players may spike the ball if they jump from behind the attack line), players not being in the correct position when the ball is served, attacking the serve in the front court and above the height of the net, using another player as a source of support to reach the ball, stepping over the back boundary line when serving, taking more than 8 seconds to serve,<ref>{{cite book |title=Official Volleyball Rules 2017–2020 |chapter-url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/Refereeing-Rules/documents/FIVB-Volleyball_Rules_2017-2020-EN-v06.pdf |access-date=2019-02-05 |year=2016 |publisher=FIVB|chapter=Section 12.4.4 |quote=The server must hit the ball within 8 seconds after the 1st referee whistles for service. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205014730/http://www.fivb.org/EN/Refereeing-Rules/documents/FIVB-Volleyball_Rules_2017-2020-EN-v06.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> or playing the ball when it is above the opponent's court.

=== Scoring ===
[[File:Mesa de anotadores de voleibol.jpg|thumb|A scorer's table shown just before a volleyball game]]
A point is scored when the ball contacts the floor within the court boundaries or when an error is made: when the ball strikes one team's side of the court, the other team gains a point; and when an error is made, the team that did not make the error is awarded a point, in either case paying no regard to whether they served the ball or not. If any part of the ball hits the line, the ball is counted as in the court. The team that won the point serves for the next point. If the team which won the point served in the previous point, the same player serves again. If the team that won the point did not serve the previous point, the players of the team acquiring the serve rotate their position on the court in a clockwise manner. The game continues, with the first team to score 25 points by a two-point margin awarded the set. Matches are best-of-five sets and the fifth set, if necessary, is usually played to 15 points. (Scoring differs between leagues, tournaments, and levels; high schools sometimes play best-of-three to 25; in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] matches are played best-of-five to 25 as of the [[2008 NCAA Division I women's volleyball tournament|2008]] season.)<ref name="ncaa.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncaa.org/wps/wcm/connect/resources/file/ebcecd09e29bb24/Summaryofchanges-final_post-PROP.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |title=2008 Major Rules-Change Proposals |access-date=2008-10-12 |date=2008-07-14 |work=ncaa.org |publisher=National Collegiate Athletic Association |archive-date=2021-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814044401/https://www.ncaa.org/wps/wcm/connect/resources/file/ebcecd09e29bb24/Summaryofchanges-final_post-PROP.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Before 1999, points could be scored only when a team had the serve (''side-out scoring'') and all sets went up to only 15 points. The FIVB changed the rules in 1999 (with the changes being compulsory in 2000) to use the current scoring system (formerly known as ''rally point system''), primarily to make the length of the match more predictable and to make the game more spectator- and television-friendly. The final year of side-out scoring at the [[NCAA Division I women's volleyball tournament|NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Championship]] was [[2000 NCAA Division I women's volleyball tournament|2000]]. Rally point scoring debuted in [[2001 NCAA Division I women's volleyball tournament|2001]],<ref name="vsunewrl">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4ZhXAAAAIBAJ&pg=6990%2C2462398 |newspaper=Spokesman=Review |location=Spokane, Washington |last=Kraus |first=Hillary |title=Volleyball serves up new rules |date=August 25, 2001 |page=C7 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814194212/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4ZhXAAAAIBAJ&pg=6990%2C2462398 |url-status=live }}</ref> and games were played to 30 points through [[2007 NCAA Division I women's volleyball tournament|2007]]. For the [[2008 NCAA Division I women's volleyball tournament|2008]] season, games were renamed "sets" and reduced to 25 points to win. Most high schools in the U.S. changed to rally scoring in 2003,<ref name="rlchevwr">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YA0hAAAAIBAJ&pg=2180%2C801441 |newspaper=The Hour |location=Norwalk, Connecticut |last=Bosak |first=Chris |title=Rule changes everyone will recognize |date=April 4, 2003 |page=E1 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813183320/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YA0hAAAAIBAJ&pg=2180%2C801441 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="atmes">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5hklAAAAIBAJ&pg=753%2C61663|newspaper=Arlington Times|location=Washington|last=Chandler|first=Rob|title=H.S. volleyball makes big changes|date=May 14, 2003|page=B2|access-date=September 28, 2020|archive-date=August 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813065852/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5hklAAAAIBAJ&pg=753%2C61663|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ronrsha">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sWZWAAAAIBAJ&pg=3414%2C1732472 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |location=Spokane, Washington |last=Derrick |first=Chris |title=Ready or not, rally scoring has arrived |date=September 4, 2003 |page=C1 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814214032/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sWZWAAAAIBAJ&pg=3414%2C1732472 |url-status=live }}</ref> and several states implemented it the previous year on an experimental basis.<ref name="wndofch">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VUkuAAAAIBAJ&pg=4485%2C5382065 |newspaper=McCook Daily Gazette |location=Nebraska |last=Stamm |first=Diane |title=Winds of change blowing through volleyball world |date=October 10, 2002 |page=10 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813140901/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VUkuAAAAIBAJ&pg=4485%2C5382065 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Libero ===
The libero player was introduced internationally in 1998,<ref>The term, meaning "free" in Italian, is pronounced LEE-beh-ro (although many players and coaches pronounce it lih-BEAR-oh). The American NCAA introduced the libero in 2002.{{cite web |url=http://www1.ncaa.org/membership/governance/sports_and_rules_ctees/playing_rules/volleyball/changes_memo |title=Rules changes for the 2002 season |access-date=2007-01-12 |last=Pettit |first=Terry |author2=Potts, Kerri |date=2002-02-28 |publisher=NCAA Women's Volleyball Rules Committee |quote=The NCAA Women's Volleyball Rules Committee [...] approved several rules changes for the 2002 women's volleyball season including the use of the libero player |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319110921/http://www1.ncaa.org/membership/governance/sports_and_rules_ctees/playing_rules/volleyball/changes_memo |archive-date=2007-03-19 }}</ref> and made its debut for NCAA competition in 2002.<ref name=vlotmnewlk>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ylEeAAAAIBAJ&pg=4703%2C4692256 |newspaper=Times Daily |location=Florence, Alabama |last=Bean |first=Josh |title=Volleyball gets new look with 'libero' |date=August 30, 2002 |page=6C |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816225924/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ylEeAAAAIBAJ&pg=4703%2C4692256 |url-status=live }}</ref> The libero is a player specialized in defensive skills: the libero must wear a contrasting jersey color from their teammates and cannot block or attack the ball when it is entirely above net height. When the ball is not in play, the libero can replace any back-row player, without prior notice to the officials. This replacement does not count against the substitution limit each team is allowed per set, although the libero may be replaced only by the player whom he or she replaced. Most U.S. high schools added the libero position from 2003 to 2005.<ref name=atmes/><ref name=tnknsas>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sxZUAAAAIBAJ&pg=3289%2C2152977 |newspaper=The Mirror |location=Tonganoxie, Kansas |last=Linenberger |first=Shawn|title=Volleyball players adjusting to libero role |date=October 5, 2005 |page=1B }}</ref>

The modern-day libero often takes on the role of a second setter. When the setter digs the ball, the libero is typically responsible for the second ball and sets to the front-row attacker. The libero may function as a setter only under certain restrictions. To make an overhand set, the libero must be standing behind (and not stepping on) the 3-meter line; otherwise, the ball cannot be attacked above the net in front of the 3-meter line. An underhand pass is allowed from any part of the court. The libero is generally the most skilled defensive player on the team. Additionally, there is a libero tracking sheet, where the referees or officiating team keep track of whom the libero substitutes in and out for.

Under FIVB rules, a libero is not allowed to serve. By contrast, a libero can serve in NCAA volleyball, but only in a specific rotation. That is, the libero can only serve for one person, not for all of the people for whom he or she goes in. That rule change was implemented in 2004 and applied to high school and junior high play soon after.

Under FIVB rules, each team can designate two liberos at the beginning of play, only one of whom can be on the court at any time, and each libero can serve in one specific rotation. This rule was implemented in NCAA women's volleyball, effective with the fall 2024 season.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.ncaa.org/news/2024/2/20/media-center-double-contacts-approved-in-womens-volleyball.aspx |title=Double contacts approved in women's volleyball |publisher=NCAA |date=February 20, 2024 |access-date=February 24, 2024 |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224002050/https://www.ncaa.org/news/2024/2/20/media-center-double-contacts-approved-in-womens-volleyball.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Rule changes ===
Rule changes enacted in 2000 include allowing serves in which the ball touches the net, as long as it goes over the net into the opponents' court. Also, the service area was expanded to allow players to serve from anywhere behind the end line but still within the theoretical extension of the sidelines. Other changes were made to lighten up calls on faults for carries and double-touches, such as allowing multiple contacts by a single player ("double-hits") on a team's first contact provided that they are a part of a single play on the ball.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Official Volleyball Rules |url=https://www.fivb.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/FIVB-Volleyball_Rules_2021_2024_pe.pdf |publisher=37th FIVB World Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentina}}</ref>

In 2008, the NCAA changed the minimum number of points needed to win any of the first four sets from 30 to 25 for women's volleyball (men's volleyball remained at 30 for another three years, switching to 25 in 2011). If a fifth (deciding) set is reached, the minimum required score remains at 15. In addition, the word "game" is now referred to as "set".<ref name="ncaa.org" />

The ''Official Volleyball Rules'' are prepared and updated every few years by the FIVB's Rules of the Game and Refereeing Commission.<ref>{{cite web | title=FIVB Structure | url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/FIVB/RotG_Refereeing_Commission.asp | publisher=FIVB | access-date=2019-01-11 | archive-date=January 11, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111175421/http://www.fivb.org/EN/FIVB/RotG_Refereeing_Commission.asp | url-status=live }}</ref> The latest edition is usually available on the FIVB's website.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Volleyball Rules 2025-2028 Current Edition |url=https://www.fivb.com/document-category/official-volleyball-rules/ |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=FIVB |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Skills ==
Competitive teams master six basic skills: serve, pass, set, attack, block and dig.<ref name=":1" /> Each of the skills consists of a number of specific techniques which have been introduced over the years and are now considered standard practice in high-level volleyball.

=== Serve ===
[[File:Volleyball Sprungaufschlag.jpg|thumb|A player making a jump serve]]
[[File:Saque flotante en voleibol.ogv|thumb|A float serve]]
A player stands behind the inline and serves the ball in an attempt to drive it into the opponent's court. The main objective is to make it land inside the court; it is also desirable to set the ball's direction, speed and acceleration so that it becomes difficult for the receiver to handle it properly.<ref name=":1" /> A serve is called an "ace" when the ball either lands directly onto the opponent's court or the first opponent to touch the ball is unable to volley it (hit it upwards enough for a teammate to continue).

In contemporary volleyball, many types of serves are employed:
* Underhand: a serve in which the player strikes the ball below the waist instead of tossing it up and striking it with an overhand throwing motion. Underhand serves are considered very easy to receive and are rarely employed in high-level competitions.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=The 5 Types of Serves in Volleyball You Must Know – Volleyball Expert|url=https://volleyballexpert.com/types-of-serves-in-volleyball/|access-date=2021-04-30|language=en-US|archive-date=April 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430012426/https://volleyballexpert.com/types-of-serves-in-volleyball/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Sky ball serve: a specific type of underhand serve occasionally used in [[beach volleyball]], where the ball is hit so high it comes down almost in a straight line. This serve was invented and employed almost exclusively by the Brazilian team in the early 1980s and is now considered outdated. During the [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro]], however, the sky ball serve was extensively played by Italian [[beach volleyball]] player [[Adrian Carambula]]. In Brazil, this serve is called ''Jornada nas Estrelas'' (''[[Star Trek]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is A Sky Ball In Volleyball? Definition & Meaning On SportsLingo|url=https://www.sportslingo.com/sports-glossary/s/sky-ball/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=www.sportslingo.com|language=en-US|archive-date=May 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501141407/https://www.sportslingo.com/sports-glossary/s/sky-ball/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Topspin: an overhand serve where the player tosses the ball high and hits it with a wrist snap, giving it topspin which causes it to drop faster than it would otherwise and helps maintain a straight flight path. Topspin serves are generally hit hard and aimed at a specific returner or part of the court. Standing topspin serves are rarely used above the high school level of play.<ref name=":4" />
* [[Volleyball float serve|Float]]: an overhand serve where the ball is hit with no spin so that its path becomes unpredictable, akin to a [[knuckleball]] in baseball.<ref name=":4" />
* Jump serve: an overhand serve where the ball is first tossed high in the air, then the player makes a timed approach and jumps to make contact with the ball, hitting it with much pace and topspin. This is the most popular serve among college and professional teams.<ref name=":4" />
* Jump float: an overhand serve where the ball is tossed high enough that the player may jump before hitting it similarly to a standing float serve. The ball is tossed lower than a topspin jump serve, but contact is still made while in the air. This serve is becoming more popular among college and professional players because it has a certain unpredictability in its flight pattern.<ref name=":4" />

=== Pass ===
[[File:Volleyball reception.jpg|thumb|A player making a forearm pass or bump]]
Also called reception, the pass is the attempt by a team to properly handle the opponent's serve or any form of attack. Proper handling includes not only preventing the ball from touching the court but also making it reach the position where the setter is standing quickly and precisely.<ref name=":1" />

The skill of passing involves fundamentally two specific techniques: underarm pass, or bump, where the ball touches the inside part of the joined forearms or platform, at waistline; and overhand pass, where it is handled with the fingertips, like a set, above the head.<ref name=":1" /> Either are acceptable in professional and [[beach volleyball]]; however, there are much tighter regulations on the overhand pass in beach volleyball. When a player passes a ball to their setter, it is ideal that the ball has relatively little spin to make it easier for the setter.

=== Set ===
[[File:Jump Set.jpg|thumb|Jump set]]
The set is usually the second contact that a team makes with the ball.<ref name=":1" /> The main goal of setting is to put the ball in the air in such a way that it can be driven by an attack into the opponent's court.<ref name=":1" /> The setter coordinates the offensive movements of a team, and is the player who ultimately decides which player will attack the ball.

As with passing, one can distinguish between an overhand set and a bump set. Since the former allows for more control over the speed and direction of the ball, the bump is used only when the ball is too low to be properly handled with the fingertips or in beach volleyball, where rules regulating overhand setting are more stringent. In the case of a set, one also refers to a front set or back set, indicating whether the ball is passed in the direction the setter is facing or behind them. There is also a jump set, used when the ball is too close to the net. In this case, the setter usually jumps off their right foot straight up to avoid going into the net. The setter typically stands about two-thirds of the way from the left to the right side of the net and faces left (the larger portion of the net visible to the setter).

Sometimes a setter refrains from raising the ball for a teammate to perform an attack and tries to play it directly onto the opponent's court. This movement is called a "dump".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srcf.ucam.org/cuvc/club/glossary.php |title=Volleyball glossary |access-date=2007-03-20 |publisher=Cambridge University Volleyball Club |archive-date=2007-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401015838/http://www.srcf.ucam.org/cuvc/club/glossary.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> This can only be performed when the setter is in the front row, otherwise it constitutes an illegal back court attack. The most common dumps are to 'throw' the ball behind the setter or in front of the setter to zones 2 and 4. More experienced setters toss the ball into the deep corners or spike the ball on the second hit.

As with a set or an overhand pass, the setter/passer must be careful to touch the ball with both hands at the same time.<ref name=":1" /> If one hand is noticeably late to touch the ball this could result in a less effective set, as well as the referee calling a 'double hit' and giving the point to the opposing team.

=== Attack ===
{{See also|Volleyball offensive systems}}
[[File:Bilateral España-Portugal de voleibol - 02.jpg|thumb|A [[Spain men's national volleyball team|Spanish player]], #18 in a red outfit is shown about to spike towards the [[Portugal men's national volleyball team|Portuguese]] field, whose players are performing a block]]
The attack, also known as the ''spike'', is usually the third contact a team makes with the ball.<ref name=":1" /> The object of attacking is to handle the ball so that it lands on the opponent's court and cannot be defended.<ref name=":1" /> A player makes a series of steps (the "approach"), jumps, and swings at the ball.

Ideally, the contact with the ball is made at the apex of the hitter's jump. At the moment of contact, the hitter's arm is fully extended above their head and slightly forward, making the highest possible contact while maintaining the ability to deliver a powerful hit. The hitter uses arm swing, wrist snap, and a rapid forward contraction of the entire body to drive the ball.<ref name=":1" /> A 'bounce' is a slang term for a very hard/loud spike that follows an almost straight trajectory steeply downward into the opponent's court and bounces very high into the air. A "kill" is the slang term for an attack that is not returned by the other team thus resulting in a point.

Contemporary volleyball comprises a number of attacking techniques:<ref>{{Citation|last=Program|first=Uga Pedb|title=4. Attacking & Blocking|url=https://open.online.uga.edu/volleyball/chapter/attackingandblocking/|work=Ch.1 - Volleyball|language=en|access-date=2021-05-01|archive-date=May 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501141449/https://open.online.uga.edu/volleyball/chapter/attackingandblocking/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Backcourt (or back row): an attack performed by a back-row player. The player must jump from behind the 3-meter line before making contact with the ball, but may land in front of the 3-meter line. A Pipe Attack is when the center player in the back row attacks the ball.
* Line and Cross-court Shot: refers to whether the ball flies in a straight trajectory parallel to the sidelines, or crosses through the court in an angle. A cross-court shot with a very pronounced angle, resulting in the ball landing near the 3-meter line, is called a cut shot.
* Dip/Dink/Tip/Cheat/Dump: the player does not try to make a hit, but touches the ball lightly, so that it lands on an area of the opponent's court that is not being covered by the defence.
* Tool/Wipe/Block-abuse: the player does not try to make a hard spike, but hits the ball so that it touches the opponent's block and then bounces off-court.
* Off-speed hit: the player does not hit the ball hard, reducing its speed and thus confusing the opponent's defence.
* Quick hit/"One": an attack (usually by the middle blocker) where the approach and jump begin before the setter contacts the ball. The set (called a "quick set") is placed only slightly above the net and the ball is struck by the hitter almost immediately after leaving the setter's hands. Quick attacks are often effective because they isolate the middle blocker to be the only blocker on the hit.
* Slide: a variation of the quick hit that uses a low backset. The middle hitter steps around the setter and hits from behind him or her.
* Double quick hit/"Stack"/"Tandem": a variation of quick hit where two hitters, one in front and one behind the setter or both in front of the setter, jump to perform a quick hit at the same time. It can be used to deceive opposite blockers and free a fourth hitter attacking from back-court, maybe without block at all.

=== Block ===
[[File:Triple block (Serbia vs China, Grand Prix 2017).jpg|thumb|Three players performing a block, also known as a triple block]]
Blocking refers to the actions taken by players standing at the net to stop or alter an opponent's attack.<ref name=":1" /> A block which is aimed at completely stopping an attack, thus making the ball remain in the opponent's court, is called an offensive block. A well-executed offensive block is performed by jumping and reaching to penetrate with one's arms and hands over the net and into the opponent's area.<ref name=":1" /> It requires anticipating the direction the ball will go once the attack takes place.<ref name=":1" /> It may also require calculating the best footwork to executing the "perfect" block.

The jump should be timed so as to intercept the ball's trajectory prior to it crossing over the plane of the net. Palms are held deflected downward roughly 45–60 degrees toward the interior of the opponents' court. A "roof" is a spectacular offensive block that redirects the power and speed of the attack straight down to the attacker's floor as if the attacker hit the ball into the underside of a peaked house roof. By contrast, it is called a defensive, or "soft" block if the goal is to control and deflect the hard-driven ball up so that it slows down and becomes easier to defend. A well-executed soft-block is performed by jumping and placing one's hands above the net with no penetration into the opponent's court and with the palms up and fingers pointing backwards.

Blocking is also classified according to the number of players involved. Thus, there are single (or solo), double, and triple blocks.<ref name=":1" />

Successful blocking does not always result in a "roof" and many times does not even touch the ball. While it is obvious that a block was a success when the attacker is roofed, a block that consistently forces the attacker away from their 'power' or preferred attack into a more easily controlled shot by the defence is also a highly successful block. At the same time, the block position influences the positions where other defenders place themselves while opponent hitters are spiking.

=== Dig ===
[[File:Volleyball dig.jpg|thumb|A volleyball player preparing for a dig]]
Digging is the ability to prevent the ball from touching one's court after a spike or attack, particularly a ball that is nearly touching the ground.<ref name=":1" /> In many aspects, this skill is similar to passing, or bumping: overhand dig and bump are also used to distinguish between defensive actions taken with fingertips or with joined arms.<ref name=":1" /> It varies from passing, however, in that it is a much more reflex-based skill, especially at the higher levels. It is especially important while digging for players to stay on their toes; several players choose to employ a split step to make sure they are ready to move in any direction.

Some specific techniques are more common in digging than in passing. A player may sometimes perform a "dive", i.e., throw their body in the air with a forward movement in an attempt to save the ball, and land on their chest. When the player also slides their hand under a ball which is almost touching the court it is called a "pancake". The pancake is frequently used in indoor volleyball, but rarely if ever in beach volleyball because the uneven and yielding nature of the sand court limits the chances that the ball will make good, clean contact with the hand. When used correctly, it is one of the more spectacular defensive volleyball plays.

Sometimes a player may also be forced to drop their body quickly to the floor to save the ball. In this situation, the player makes use of a specific rolling technique to minimize the chances of injuries.

== Team play ==
[[File:U.S. Womens Volleyball team CISM 2007.jpg|thumb|The U.S. women's team huddling at the [[2007 Military World Games]]]]
Volleyball is essentially a game of transition from one of the above skills to the next, with choreographed team movement between plays on the ball. The team's movements are determined by the teams chosen serve receive system, offensive system, coverage system, and defensive system.

The serve-receive system is the formation used by the receiving team to attempt to pass the ball to the designated setter. Systems can consist of 5 receivers, 4 receivers, 3 receivers, and in some cases 2 receivers. The most popular formation at higher levels is a 3 receiver formation consisting of two left sides and a libero receiving every rotation. This allows middles and right sides to become more specialized at hitting and blocking. Offensive systems are the formations used by the offence to attempt to ground the ball into the opposing court (or otherwise score points). Formations often include designated player positions with skill specialization (see ''[[#Player specialization|Player specialization]]'', below). Popular formations include the 4–2, 6–2, and 5-1 systems (see ''[[#Formations|Formations]]'', below). There are also several different attacking schemes teams can use to keep the opposing defense off balance.

Coverage systems are the formations used by the offence to protect their court in the case of a blocked attack. Executed by the 5 offensive players not directly attacking the ball, players move to assigned positions around the attacker to dig up any ball that deflects off the block back into their own court. Popular formations include the 2-3 system and the 1-2-2 system. In lieu of a system, some teams just use a random coverage with the players nearest the hitter.

Defensive systems are formations used by the defense to prevent the ball from being grounded in their court by the opposing team. These systems outline which players are responsible for specific areas of the court depending on where the opposing team is attacking from. Popular systems include the 6-Up, 6-Back-Deep, and 6-Back-Slide defenses. Teams can also employ various blocking schemes to disrupt the opposing team’s offense. When one player is ready to serve, some teams line up their other five players in a screen to obscure the receiving team’s view. This action is only illegal if the server uses the screen, so the call is left to the referee’s discretion based on the screen’s impact on the receiving team’s ability to pass the ball. The most common screening style involves a W formation designed to take up as much horizontal space as possible.

== Strategy ==
[[File:Europei di pallavolo 2005 - Italia-Russia.jpg|thumb|An international match between Italy and Russia in 2005; the Russian player on the left has just served with three men from his team next to the net moving to their assigned block positions from the starting ones. Two others, in the back-row positions, are preparing for defense. Italy, on the right, has three men in a line, each preparing to pass if the ball reaches him. The setter is waiting for his pass while the middle hitter (#10) will jump for a quick hit if the pass is good enough. [[Alessandro Fei (volleyball)|Alessandro Fei]] (#14) has no passing duties and is preparing for a back-row hit on the right side of the field.]]

=== Player specialization ===
There are five positions filled on every volleyball team at the elite level: setter, outside hitter (left-side hitter), middle hitter (middle blocker), opposite hitter (right-side hitter) and libero / defensive specialist. Each of the positions plays a specific, key role in winning a volleyball match.
* '''Setters''' have the task for orchestrating the offence of the team. They aim for the second touch and their main responsibility is to place the ball in the air where the attackers can place the ball into the opponents' court for a point. They have to be able to operate with the hitters, manage the tempo of their side of the court and choose the right attackers to set. Setters need to have a swift and skillful appraisal and tactical accuracy and must be quick at moving around the court. At elite level, setters used to usually be the shortest players of a team (before liberos were introduced), not being typically required to perform jump hits, but that would imply need for short-term replacement by taller bench players when critical points required more effective blocks; in the 1990s taller setters (e.g. [[Fabio Vullo]], [[Peter Blangé]]) began being deployed, in order to improve blocks.
* '''Liberos''' are defensive players who are responsible for receiving the attack or serve. They are usually the players on the court with the quickest reaction time and best passing skills. ''Libero'' means 'free' in [[Italian language|Italian]]—they receive this name as they have the ability to substitute for any other player on the court during each play (usually the middle blocker). Liberos are not permitted to block or perform attacks, meaning they never play at the net, which allows shorter players with strong passing and defensive skills to excel in the position and play an important role in the team's success. A player designated as a libero for a match may not play other roles during that match. Liberos wear a different color jersey than their teammates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chesaux |first=Samuel |title=FIVB Official Volleyball Rules 2015-2016 |url=https://www.volleyball.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/FIVB-Volleyball-Rules-2015-2016-EN-V3-20150205.pdf |access-date=January 28, 2023 |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129004323/https://www.volleyball.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/FIVB-Volleyball-Rules-2015-2016-EN-V3-20150205.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Middle hitters''', or '''middle blockers''', are players that can perform very fast attacks that usually take place near the setter. They are specialized in blocking since they must attempt to stop equally fast plays from their opponents and then quickly set up a double block at the sides of the court. In non-beginners play, every team will have two middle hitters. At elite levels, middle hitters are usually the tallest players, whose limited agility is countered by their height enabling more effective blocks.
* '''Outside hitters''', or '''left-side hitters''', attack from near the left antenna. The outside hitter is usually the most consistent hitter on the team and gets the most sets. Inaccurate first passes usually result in a set to the outside hitter rather than middle or opposite. Since most sets to the outside are high, the outside hitter may take a longer approach, always starting from outside the court sideline. In non-beginners play, there are again two outside hitters on every team in every match. At elite level, outside hitters are slightly shorter than middle hitters and opposite hitters, but have the best defensive skills, therefore always re-placing to the middle while in the back row.
* '''Opposite hitters''', or '''right-side hitters''', carry the defensive workload for a volleyball team in the front row. Their primary responsibilities are to put up a well-formed block against the opponents' ''Outside hitters'' and serve as a backup setter. Sets to the opposite usually go to the right side of the antennae. Therefore, they are usually the most technical hitters since balls lifted to the right side are quicker and more difficult to handle (the setters having to place the ball while slightly off-set to the right, and with their back to the attacker), and also having to jump from the back row when the setter is on the front row. At elite level, until the 1990s several opposite hitters used to be able to also play as middle hitters (e.g. [[Andrea Zorzi]], [[Andrea Giani]]), before high specialization curtailed this flexibility in the role.<ref>{{cite web |title=Volleyball Information: History, Facts & Volleyball Rules 2023 |work=Sportycious |date=31 December 2022 |url=https://sportycious.com/volleyball-information-91251/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |archive-date=September 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904123715/https://sportycious.com/volleyball-information-91251/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

At some levels where substitutions are unlimited, teams will make use of a '''defensive specialist''' in place of or in addition to a libero. This position does not have unique rules like the libero position, instead, these players are used to substitute out a poor back row defender using regular substitution rules. A defensive specialist is often used if you have a particularly poor back court defender in right side or left side, but your team is already using a libero to take out your middles. Most often, the situation involves a team using a right-side player with a big block who must be subbed out in the back row because they are not able to effectively play backcourt defense. Similarly, teams might use a serving specialist to sub out a poor server.

=== Formations ===
The three standard volleyball formations are known as "4–2", "6–2" and "5–1", which refers to the number of hitters and setters respectively. 4–2 is a basic formation used only in beginners' play, while 5–1 is by far the most common formation in high-level play.

==== 4–2 ====
The 4–2 formation has four hitters and two setters. The setters usually set from the middle front or right front position. The team will, therefore, have two front-row attackers at all times. In the international 4–2, the setters set from the right front position. The international 4–2 translates more easily into other forms of offence. The setters line up opposite each other in the rotation. The typical lineup has two outside hitters. By aligning like positions opposite themselves in the rotation, there will always be one of each position in the front and back rows. After service, the players in the front row move into their assigned positions, so that the setter is always in the middle front. Alternatively, the setter moves into the right front and has both a middle and an outside attacker; the disadvantage here lies in the lack of an offside hitter, allowing one of the other team's blockers to "cheat in" on a middle block.

The clear disadvantage with this offensive formation is that there are only two attackers, leaving a team with fewer offensive weapons.

Another aspect is to see the setter as an attacking force, albeit a weakened force, because when the setter is in the frontcourt they are able to 'tip' or 'dump', so when the ball is close to the net on the second touch, the setter may opt to hit the ball over with one hand. This means that the blocker who would otherwise not have to block the setter is engaged and may allow one of the hitters to have an easier attack.

==== 6–2 ====
In the 6–2 formation, a player always comes forward from the back row to set. The three front row players are all in attacking positions. As a result all six players act as hitters at one time or another, while two can act as setters. So the 6–2 formation is now a 4–2 system, but the back-row setter penetrates to set. The 6–2 lineup thus requires two setters, who line up opposite to each other in the rotation. In addition to the setters, a typical lineup will have two middle hitters and two outside hitters. By aligning like positions opposite themselves in the rotation, there will always be one of each position in the front and back rows. After service, the players in the front row move into their assigned positions.

The advantage of the 6–2 is that there are always three front-row hitters available, maximizing the offensive possibilities. However, not only does the 6–2 require a team to possess two people capable of performing the highly specialized role of setter, it also requires both of those players to be effective offensive hitters when not in the setter position. At the international level, only the [[Cubans|Cuban]] National Women's Team employs this kind of formation. It is also used by [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] teams in [[NCAA Division III|Division III]] men's play and women's play in all divisions, partially due to the variant rules used which allow more substitutions per set than the 6 allowed in the standard rules—12 in matches involving two Division III men's teams<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncaa.org/sites/default/files/2015-17_MVB_Rules_Modification_20170104.pdf |title=NCAA Men's Volleyball 2015–17 Rules Modifications |publisher=NCAA |date=August 1, 2016 |access-date=August 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817000735/https://www.ncaa.org/sites/default/files/2015-17_MVB_Rules_Modification_20170104.pdf |archive-date=August 17, 2017 |url-status=dead }} Note that if a Division III team is playing a team in the National Collegiate division (Division I or II), the FIVB limit of 6 substitutions per set is enforced.</ref> and 15 for all women's play.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/VBR17.pdf |chapter=Rule 11.3.2: Substitutions – Limitations |title=Women's Volleyball 2016 and 2017 Rules and Interpretations |page=42 |publisher=NCAA |access-date=August 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806073756/http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/VBR17.pdf |archive-date=August 6, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== 5–1 ====
The 5–1 formation has only one player who assumes setting responsibilities regardless of their position in the rotation. The team will, therefore, have three front-row attackers when the setter is in the back row and only two when the setter is in the front row, for a total of five possible attackers.

The player opposite the setter in a 5–1 rotation is called the ''opposite hitter''. In general, opposite hitters do not pass; they stand behind their teammates when the opponent is serving. The opposite hitter may be used as a third attack option (back-row attack) when the setter is in the front row: this is the normal option used to increase the attack capabilities of modern volleyball teams. Normally the opposite hitter is the most technically skilled hitter of the team. Back-row attacks generally come from the back-right position, known as zone 1, but are increasingly performed from back-center in high-level play.

The big advantage of the system is that the setter always has 3 hitters with which to vary sets. If the setter performs well, the opponent's middle blocker may not have enough time to block with the outside blocker, increasing the chance for the attacking team to make a point.

There is another advantage, the same as that of a 4–2 formation: as a front-row player the setter is allowed to jump and "dump" the ball onto the opponent's side. Thus the setter can confuse the opponent's blocking players; they have the option to jump and dump or set to one of the hitters. A good setter knows and they are able to jump to dump or to set for a quick hit as well as when setting outside, thus they are able to confuse the opponent.

The 5–1 offence is a mix of 6–2 and 4–2: when the setter is in the front row, the offense looks like a 4–2; when the setter is in the back row, the offense looks like a 6–2.

== Media ==

=== Movies ===

* ''[[Side Out]]'' (1990): A law student goes to California and ends up playing professional volleyball.<ref>{{Citation|title=Side Out|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0100613/|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref>
* ''[[Air Bud: Spikes Back]]'' (2003): A sequel in the ''Air Bud'' series that shows the titular golden retriever playing volleyball.<ref>{{Citation|title=Air Bud: Spikes Back|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0337812/|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref>
* ''[[All You've Got]]'' (2006); A TV movie starring hip hop artist Ciara.<ref>{{Citation|title=All You've Got|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0458465/|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref>
* ''[[The Miracle Season]]'' (2018): A team comes together after the death of their star player in hopes of winning the state championship.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Miracle Season|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt5427194/|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref>

=== Television ===
* ''[[Attack No. 1]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Attacker You!]]'' (1984): A Japanese anime about a [[Middle school|junior high]] schoolgirl playing volleyball after moving to [[Tokyo]] from the [[Rural area|countryside]].
* ''[[Haikyu!!]]'' (2014): A Japanese anime about a [[Secondary school|high school]] boys volleyball team striving to be the best in [[Japan]].
* ''[[Harukana Receive]]'' (2018): A Japanese anime about teen girls playing beach volleyball and having a match with other girls.
* ''[[2.43: Seiin High School Boys Volleyball Team]]'' (2021): A Japanese anime about a high school boys volleyball team's journey to victory.

== Variations and related games ==
{{Main|Volleyball variations}}
[[File:Beach volley at Hietsu 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Beach volleyball]] at the [[Hietaniemi Beach]] in [[Helsinki|Helsinki, Finland]]]]
There are many variations on the basic rules of volleyball. By far the most popular of these is [[beach volleyball]], which is played on sand with two people per team and rivals the main sport in popularity.

Some games related to volleyball include:
* [[Crossnet]]: a four-way volleyball game, combining volleyball and foursquare.
* [[9-man]]: A variant invented by Chinese immigrants to the United States in the 1930s. 9-man is still played in Asian countries and North America, being recognized for its historic and cultural significance. In 2014, a [[9-Man (film)|documentary]] was produced about the sport,<ref>{{Cite web |title=9-Man (2014) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2986300/ |access-date=March 10, 2025 |website=IMDb}}</ref> and a YouTube documentary was made in 2017.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}
* Beachball volleyball: A game of indoor volleyball played with a [[beach ball]] instead of a volleyball.
* [[Biribol]]: an aquatic variant, played in shallow swimming pools. The name comes from the Brazilian city where it was invented, [[Birigui]]. It is similar to [[water volleyball]].
* [[Ecua-volley]]: A variant invented in Ecuador, with some significant variants, such as number of players, and a heavier ball.
* [[Footvolley]]: A sport from Brazil in which the hands and arms are not used, but it is otherwise similar to beach volleyball.
* [[Hooverball]]: Popularized by President [[Herbert Hoover]], it is played with a volleyball net and a [[medicine ball]]; it is scored like tennis, but the ball is caught and then thrown back. The weight of the medicine ball can make the sport physically demanding for players; annual championship tournaments are held in [[West Branch, Iowa]].
* [[Newcomb ball]] (sometimes spelled "Nuke 'Em"): In this game, the ball is caught and thrown instead of hit; it rivaled volleyball in popularity until the 1920s.
** Prisoner Ball: Also played with volleyball court and a volleyball, prisoner ball is a variation of [[Newcomb ball]] where players are "taken prisoner" or released from "prison" instead of scoring points. This version is usually played by young children.<ref name="pribook">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2EgTLpHfxEC&q=prisoner+ball+volleyball&pg=PA168 | title=Games For Youth Groups | publisher=Youth Specialties | access-date=August 26, 2012| isbn=9780310220305 | year=1997 }}</ref>
* [[Sepak Takraw]]: Played in [[Southeast Asia]] using a [[rattan]] ball and allowing only players' feet, knees, chests, and heads to touch the ball.
* [[Snow volleyball]]: a variant of beach volleyball that is played on snow. The [[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]] has announced its plans to make snow volleyball part of the future [[Winter Olympic Games]] programme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/en/FIVB/viewPressRelease_pdt.asp?No=68098&Language=en|title=President Graça pledges to make volleyball first Summer and Winter Olympic sport|date=May 26, 2017|website=fivb.org|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|access-date=November 20, 2017|archive-date=December 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040035/http://www.fivb.org/en/FIVB/viewPressRelease_pdt.asp?No=68098&Language=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportspromedia.com/quick_fire_questions/weve-extended-the-golden-era-of-volleyball-the-fivbs-fabio-azevedo-on-the-s|title="We've extended the golden era of volleyball": the FIVB's Fabio Azevedo on the sport's global growth|work=SportsPro|date=September 12, 2017|access-date=November 20, 2017|archive-date=December 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203081518/http://www.sportspromedia.com/quick_fire_questions/weve-extended-the-golden-era-of-volleyball-the-fivbs-fabio-azevedo-on-the-s|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://olympics.nbcsports.com/2017/02/27/snow-volleyball-winter-olympics/|title=Snow volleyball hopes to stake claim in Winter Olympics|work=NBC Sports|date=February 27, 2017|access-date=November 20, 2017|archive-date=December 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219152947/http://olympics.nbcsports.com/2017/02/27/snow-volleyball-winter-olympics/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Throwball]]: became popular with female players at the [[YMCA College of Physical Education]] in [[Chennai]] (India) in the 1940s.
* Towel volleyball: towel volleyball is a popular form of outdoor entertainment. The game takes place in a volleyball court, and players work in pairs, holding towels in their hands and attempting to throw the ball into the opponent's field. This version can also be played with blankets held by four people. There are several variations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lgk.lv/produkts/50|title=VOLEJBOLA DVIEĻI|last=Adapt.lv|website=www.lgk.lv|access-date=December 14, 2016|archive-date=December 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220122633/http://www.lgk.lv/produkts/50|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Volley squash, a form of volleyball played within a squash court or similar sized enclosed space.
* [[Wallyball]]: A variation of volleyball played in a [[racquetball]] court with a rubber ball.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Volleyball}}
* [[Lists of volleyball players]] – lists of notable players, and fictional players
* [[List of volleyball video games]]
* [[Volleyball Hall of Fame]]
* [[Volleyball jargon]]
* [[Volleyball injuries]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links|d=Q1734|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|f=no|species=no|wikt=volleyball|s=no}}
* [http://www.fivb.org/ Fédération Internationale de Volleyball – FIVB]
* [http://www.usavolleyball.org/ USA Volleyball]
* [http://www.avp.com/ AVP]
* [http://www.avca.org/ American Volleyball Coaches Association]

{{Volleyball|state=expanded}}
{{Professional Volleyball Leagues}}
{{Professional Women's Volleyball Leagues}}
{{Team Sport}}
{{Summer Olympic sports}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Volleyball| ]]
[[Category:Ball games]]
[[Category:Games and sports introduced in 1895]]
[[Category:Partial squatting position]]
[[Category:Sports originating in the United States]]
[[Category:Sports rules and regulations]]
[[Category:Summer Olympic sports]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Netarhat Residential School

2026-02-21T10:11:44Z

Anthony: small changes

{{Multiple issues|
{{cleanup|reason=use of English, level of detail, unreferenced info, opinions |date=May 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Netarhat Residential School
| image = Netarhat School.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Building, Netarhat School
| motto = "Atta Dipa Viharatha" – be the own light'
| established = 15 November 1954 {{small|({{age in years|1954|11|15}} years ago)}}
| type = Public
| principal = Santosh kumar
| grades = Classes VI – XII
| location = [[Netarhat]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|28|23|N|84|15|44|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:edu}}
| area = {{convert|780|acre|ha}}
| information =
| website = {{Official website}}
}}

'''Netarhat Residential School''' is a school in [[Netarhat]], India. Students participate in the [[Regional Mathematics Olympiad]] and [[National Talent Search Examination]] (NTSE) conducted by the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT). Students also participate in inter-house and inter-set competitions and inter-school competitions. Santosh kumar
is the present principal of Netarhat Residential School.

==History==
Netarhat Residential School was established on 15 November 1954, after the [[independence of India]] for the people of state of [[Bihar]]. It was a dream of the first chief minister of Bihar, [[Shri Krishna Singh (politician)|Shri Krishna Singh]] and his deputy chief minister and finance minister [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]] to establish a centre of excellence.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Hail, hail Netarhat School | url=http://www.narendrabhagat.in/2011/10/04/hail-hail-netarhat-school/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125074210/http://www.narendrabhagat.in:80/2011/10/04/hail-hail-netarhat-school/ | access-date=2025-05-18 | archive-date=2012-01-25}}</ref> The educationist [[Frederick Gordon Pearce]], Jagadish Chandra Mather and [[Sachidanand Sinha]] played a vital role in making the plans for the school (or Netarhat ''Vidyalaya''). Pearce has received kudos from [[Rajendra Prasad]], then the [[president of India]] for his works.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmZfr6ERN64C&q=f+g+pearce+netarhat&pg=PA132|title = Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Correspondence and Select Documents: 1934–1938|isbn = 9788170230021|last1 = Prasad|first1 = Rajendra|year = 1984| publisher=Allied Publishers }}</ref>

==Alumni==
The alumni association is known as NOBA – Netarhat Old boys Association.<ref>[http://www.noba.org Netarhat Old boys Association]</ref> There are chapters of NOBA, and the members meet regularly.

==Ambience==
The school is situated far away from the busy life of town, on the plateau of [[Chhotanagpur]], in the state of [[Jharkhand]] in [[India]]. The whole atmosphere is based on ''Gurukul'' – away from home, staying in ''[[Ashrams]]'', simple and country-made dress based on the [[Gandhian]] philosophy.

The guiding [[philosophy]] can be summarized by the following ''[[shloka]]'' in [[Sanskrit]] etched at the entrance of the main building of the school. 
ना त्वहम् कामये राज्यम् ना स्वर्गम् ना पुनर्भवम् | 
कामये दुःखतप्ताणाम् प्राणीणामार्त्ति नाशनाम् || 
(Oh Lord, I desire not kingdom nor the heavens nor even [[moksha]]. All I desire is to remove the suffering from the afflicted beings.)

==Location==
[[Netarhat]] (23°28'48"N 84°16'11"E) is located at an elevation of 1250 meters and is renowned for spectacular sunrises, sunsets, waterfalls, and beautiful flora and fauna. The nearest major railway station and airport is [[Ranchi]], which is 156 kilometers away. There are buses for [[Netarhat]] from [[Ranchi]] and [[Palamau]].

Tourists from all over India and abroad visit Netarhat, whose name means Nature's Heart.

==Admission and curriculum==
Admission to the school, which is run by the government of Jharkhand (since inception it was run by the government of [[Bihar]] until the separation of the states) is given on the basis of three stages of examination: descriptive and multiple-choice written tests, psychological tests and personal interview. Boys between 10 and 12 years of age who are living in the state can apply for admission on a prescribed form through Sub-divisional Education Officers. As many as 20,000+ students used to vie for 100 seats (60 till the year 1982) just before the separation of the state of Bihar. Seats are reserved for the students belonging to the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other classes as defined by the state government.

Students are provided education up to 10+2 level. The medium of instruction is [[English language|English]] and the curriculum is based on the standards set by the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]. For the students of first three years (Class VII to IX) the school has developed its own curriculum with provision for compulsory training in Music, Fine Arts, Agriculture and Crafts. Computer studies have been introduced to the school.

==Administration and staff==
The school has now been given the autonomous status and been named as Netarhat Vidyalaya Samiti under the control of Ministry of HRD, Govt. of Jharkahnd. The principal is the member secretary of the executive committee. As it is a government institution, its entire administrative system is governed and controlled by government rules and regulations.

All the teachers who are Gazetted Government servants have been entrusted academic and administrative control. The principal is overall controlling officer.

A few teachers of the past and present have been awarded by the president of India.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/image/2005/r2005090509.doc | title=306 Teachers get national award for 2004 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206190142/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/image/2005/r2005090509.doc | archive-date=2012-02-06 | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! From
! To
|-
| Charles James Nepier
|Apr 1954
|Aug 1955
|-
| Radha Sinha
|Sep 1955
|Mar 1956
|-
| Jeevannath Dar
|Apr 1956
|Dec 1966
|-
| Birendra Kumar Sinha
|Jan 1967
|Feb 1976
|-
| Ramdev Tripathi
|Feb 1976
|Feb 1979
|-
| Kailash Narayan Mehrotra
|Jun 1979
|Oct 1980
|-
| Mithilesh Kanti
|Oct 1980
|Sep 1983
|-
| Dwarika Prasad Singh
|Sep 1983
|Apr 1986
|-
| Satya Narayan Singh
|Nov 1986
|Apr 1988
|-
| Mangal Dev Pandey
|Aug 1988
|Apr 1990
|-
| Param Mitra Sashtri
|Apr 1990
|Sep 1991
|-
| K.N. Vasudevan
|Aug 1991
|Sep 1995
|-
| Kamleshwar Prasad
|Oct 1995
|Sep 2000
|-
| Narendra Prasad
|Sep 2000
|Aug 2003
|-
| Binod Kumar Karn
|Sep 2003
|Jan 2010
|-
| Ramakant Gajanan Marathe
|Feb 2010
|Nov 2010
|-
| Ram Naresh Singh
|Dec 2010
|Sep 2013
|-
| Bimalanshu Shekhar Mallik
|Oct 2013
|Dec 2015
|-
| Ram Naresh Singh
|Dec 2015
|Mar 2016
|-
| Bindhyachal Pandey
|Mar 2016
|Jan 2018
|-
| Anjani Kumar Pathak
|08.01.2018
|June 2018
|-
| Santosh Kumar Singh
|June 2018
|June 2023
|-
| Prasad Paswan
|June 2023
|March 2024
|-
| Abhishek Mishra
|April 2024
|June 2024
|-
|Santosh Kumar Pathak
|June 2024
|Till Date
|}

==Co-curricular activities==
Games, sports and physical training form a part of the routine at the Netarhat School. The school has senior division Naval wing besides the three junior divisions of N.C.C.[[National Cadet Corps (India)]] – Army, Air and Naval. There are four [[Bharat Scouts and Guides|Scout troops]] for junior boys and they can also opt for the [[Red Cross Society]]. Training in [[yoga]] and [[gymnastics]] is also imparted to the boys and girls. Athletics and [[Cross country running|cross-country]] competitions are held besides sports tournaments.

The school has facilities for playing games like [[Association football|football]], [[field hockey|hockey]], [[volleyball]], [[tennis]], [[basketball]], [[cricket]], [[badminton]], [[table tennis]], [[kho kho]], [[kabaddi]], [[carrom]], and [[chess]]. Annual tournaments are held for most of these games and students also participate in inter-school tournaments.

The school has facilities for hobbies like wood-work, metal-work, aeromodelling, claymodelling, gardening, photography, painting and rifle training. Dramas in [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]], debates, [[elocution]] and ''antyakshri(अन्त्याक्षरी)'' competitions are held. Some students participated in the six-week-long camp held on the plateau by [[National School of Drama]]. The picturesque locale has also attracted the directors of movies including the Hindi movie ''[[Hip Hip Hurray (film)|Hip Hip Hurray]]''.

Educational tours are organised by the school.

Societies of students have been formed to prepare for events such as [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]], [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]], Annual Day, [[Gandhi Jayanti]], [[Tulsi Das|Tulsi]] Jayanti, [[Saraswati pooja|Saraswati Puja]] etc.

==Library and laboratories==
The school has a library of around forty thousand books. The open shelf system enables students to have access to the books of their choice. Almost all important dailies, weeklies and magazines including some foreign journals are available in the library.

==Fees==
Fees are charged according to the income of the guardians. Poor but meritorious students are imparted free education. Clothes, books and other necessary stuff are also provided by the school. Food and lodging are subsidised for every student.

==Hostels==
All the students live in hostels which are called ''[[Ashrams]]''. Every Ashram is headed by an ''Ashramadhyaksha'' or housemaster who is a teacher. All the teachers are addressed as ''Shriman ji''. The housemasters and their wives, who are called ''Mataji'' (Mother), live in the ''Ashrams'' and have their meals with the boarders. Meals are prepared under the supervision of ''Mataji''.

Seniors are addressed with ''ji'' suffixed to their names which is common way of showing respect in [[India]] among the [[Hindi]] speaking population. This tradition continues even after the students pass out of the school.

The Ashram chores are done by the inmates. The boarders follow a routine with provisions for ''swadhyaya''(self-study), rest, P.T., games and sports, daily chores, television, group activities etc. A senior student is appointed as a [[prefect]] for the ''[[Ashram]]'', as well as a couple of other senior prefects.

The barbers, cobblers, tailors and washermen are available on campus and the cost is borne by the school itself. There is a sick-room with a full-time medical officer.

The students are not allowed to wear any clothes or accessories other than those provided by the school to ensure uniformity.

Hostels are grouped into seven sets or ''ashram – wargas'' for purpose of administration and competition.

{| class="wikitable"
! Set (''Ashramvarga'')
! Houses (''Ashrams'')
|-
|1st Set
|Arun, Shanti, Gautam
|-
|2nd Set
|Anand, Prem, Arjun
|-
|3rd Set
|Ashok, Kishore, Saket
|-
|4th Set
|Nalanda, Vikram, Taxila
|-
|5th Set
|Bhabha, Raman, Bose
|-
|6th Set
|Arvind, Ramkrishna, Pradeep
|-
|7th Set
|Kanva, Kapil, Kanad
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Netarhat Residential School}}

*[https://netarhatvidyalaya.com Official website]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kRHqRId2VUI The Last Gurukul – A Documentary]
*[https://netarhatvidyalaya.blogspot.com/2009_01_01_archive.html Blog dedicated to Netarhat school]
*[http://www.noba.org Netarhat Old boys Association website]
*[http://biharboard.bih.nic.in/Toppers.htm List of Toppers from Netarhat School in Bihar Secondary School Examination] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526075508/http://biharboard.bih.nic.in/Toppers.htm |date=26 May 2007 }}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=WmZfr6ERN64C&dq=f+g+pearce+netarhat&pg=PA132 President Dr. Rajendra Prasad writes about Netarhat School to Mr. F. G. Pearce]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121021102905/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-11-16/patna/27153034_1_meritorious-students-school-education-past-glory Netarhat School completes 50 years: A report in the Times of India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110525223416/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080512/jsp/jharkhand/story_9258458.jsp Netarhat School toppers: The Telegraph]
*[http://palamu.nic.in/netarhat.htm Netarhat: tourism information]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131214003742/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051007/asp/ranchi/story_5324902.asp Decline in Tourism due to Naxalism]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131214003745/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060228/asp/ranchi/story_5905307.asp Proposal to revive former glory of Netarhat School]
* [http://newswing.com/node/214 Declining name and revival plans of government about Netarhat]

{{Portal bar|India|Education|School}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1954]]
[[Category:Schools in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in Bihar]]

Gur Sidhu

2026-02-17T00:24:48Z

Anthony: adding the pg w/ refs!

{{Short description|Singer-rapper & record producer (born 1997)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Gur Sidhu
| native_name = ਗੁਰ ਸਿੱਧੂ
| native_name_lang = pa
| birth_name = Gursimran Singh Sidhu
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|7|11|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/gursidhuofficial/about/?ref=page_internal|title=Gur Sidhu|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200524053817/https://www.facebook.com/gursidhuofficial/about/?ref=page_internal|archive-date=24 May 2020|website=[[Facebook]]|access-date=24 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2024}}
| birth_place = [[Bathinda]], [[Punjab, India]]
| origin = [[Toronto]], [[Canada]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Singer
* rapper
* songwriter
* record producer}}
| years_active = 2019–present
| label = Brown Town Music, White Hill Music, [[Times Music]], Bamb Beats, [[Sony Music India]], [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], Desi Junction
| current_member_of = Brown Town Music
| current_members = *Nav Sandhu
*Cheema Y
| past_members = [[Jassa Dhillon]]
| website = {{Instagram|gursidhuinsta}}
| genre = {{flatlist|
* Pop
* Hip-hop
* [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]]
* [[Folk music|Folk]]
}}
}}

'''Gursimran Singh Sidhu''' (born 11 July 1997) is an Indian singer, rapper, and record producer known for his contributions to [[Punjabi music]] and [[Punjabi cinema|cinema]]. He gained widespread recognition for his unique style, blending rap, hip-hop, and traditional Punjabi sounds. Sidhu is best known for his hit songs such as "California Love", "Bamb Aagya", "Vaddi Galbaat", "8 Parche", "Gabhru", "Dekhi Jau", "Ashke Ashke", and "Taakre", among many others.

==Early life and education==
Gursimran Singh Sidhu was born on 11 July 1997 in the village of Chak Fateh Singh Wala, located in the Bathinda district of Punjab, India, to a Jat Sikh family. His father, Sukhbir Singh Sidhu, was also a Punjabi singer, which influenced Gursimran's early interest in music.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cy7zHRLIB9k&pp=ygUTR3VyIFNpZGh1IEludGVydmlldw== |title=Gur Sidhu's most fun interview {{!}} Connect FM Canada {{!}} Punjabi Akhada {{!}} Hollywood Harv |date=2020-10-20 |last=Connect Cine |access-date=2024-11-10 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Career ==

Following his debut, Sidhu’s career quickly gained momentum. In September 2019, he released "8 Parche",<ref>{{Cite web |title=8 Parche (feat. Gur Sidhu) |url=https://www.top-charts.com/s/8-parche-feat-gur-sidhu-baani-sandhu |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=www.top-charts.com |language=en}}</ref> a collaboration with [[Baani Sandhu]], under the White Hill Music label. The track became an instant hit, appreciated for its catchy chorus and youthful energy. Shortly after, in October 2019, Sidhu collaborated with Jassa Dhillon on the song "Pyar Bolda".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pyar Bolda (feat. Gur Sidhu) |url=https://www.top-charts.com/s/pyar-bolda-feat-gur-sidhu-jassa-dhillion |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=www.top-charts.com |language=en}}</ref>

In the same year, Sidhu took his talents to the big screen, contributing to the soundtrack of the Punjabi feature film [[Ardab Mutiyaran]] (2019), starring [[Ninja (singer)]] and [[Sonam Bajwa]]. Sidhu sang, wrote, and composed "Challa", a song that captured the heart of the film and was widely praised for its energetic and emotive lyrics. This opportunity allowed Sidhu to showcase his versatility not only as a recording artist but also as a composer and contributor to the broader Punjabi entertainment industry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Challa: Gur Sidhu and Harpi Gill croon a soft love ballad for 'Ardab Mutiyaran' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/challa-gur-sidhu-and-harpi-gill-croon-a-soft-love-ballad-for-ardab-mutiyaran/articleshow/71475411.cms |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In addition to his performances, Sidhu proved his prowess as a composer. He composed several hit songs for other artists, including "Subaah Jatt Da" (sung by [[Amrit Maan]]), "Taare" (sung by [[Sidhu Moose Wala]]), and "Regret" (sung by R Nait). These tracks became widely popular and reinforced Sidhu’s reputation as a skilled and innovative music producer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SpotboyE |title=Subaah Jatt Da: Amrit Maan's New Track Playing Exclusively On 9X Tashan |url=https://www.spotboye.com/pollywood/pollywood-music/subaah-jatt-da-amrit-maan-s-new-track-playing-exclusively-on-9x-tashan/5e468ec8e60f875fafb51c26 |access-date=14 June 2020 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Gur Sidhu: Most of people don't know that Gur Sidhu real name is Gursimran Singh Sidhu- Trend Punjabi |url=https://www.trendpunjabi.com/gur-sidhu/ |access-date=27 January 2020 |website=Trend Punjabi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandna Daksh |date=16 January 2020 |title=Regret Song Full HD Video: Latest Punjabi Track by R Nait Ft. Tanishq Kaur & Gur Sidhu |url=https://www.dekhnews.com/entertainment/regret-song-by-r-nait/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113171602/https://www.dekhnews.com/entertainment/regret-song-by-r-nait/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=13 January 2020 |access-date=14 June 2020 |website=Latest Entertainment Bollywood Hollywood {{!}} Dekh News |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2022, Sidhu achieved another major milestone with the release of his track "Bamb Aagya", a collaboration with renowned singer [[Jasmine Sandlas]]. The song became a massive hit, charting on the UK Asian Music Chart and also appearing on YouTube's Weekly Charts. The track's success showcased Sidhu’s growing influence in the global music scene and helped him gain recognition beyond the Punjabi-speaking diaspora.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20220603/asian/ |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Music Charts |url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopVideos/in |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=charts.youtube.com |language=en}}</ref>

Sidhu’s continued success and international appeal culminated in 2024 with the release of "California Love", a collaboration with Cheema Y. The song became a global sensation, trending across social media platforms and receiving millions of views on YouTube. "California Love" was praised for its catchy beat, innovative production, and seamless blend of Western and Punjabi musical influences, further solidifying Sidhu’s place as one of the most influential Punjabi artists of his generation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=California Love |url=https://www.top-charts.com/s/california-love-cheema-y-gur-sidhu |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=www.top-charts.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{{Main|Gur Sidhu discography}}

=== Studio albums ===
* ''Nothing Like Before'' (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nothing Like Before |url=https://www.top-charts.com/r/nothing-like-before-gur-sidhu |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=www.top-charts.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Special Delivery'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Delivery |url=https://www.top-charts.com/r/special-delivery-gur-sidhu |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=www.top-charts.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Young GOAT'' (2025) (with Cheema Y)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=YOUNG GOAT |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/gur-sidhucheema-y-young-goat/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Official Charts |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Longway'' (2025)
* The Simpsons (2025) (with Cheema Y)
* Bonafide (2026)

=== Extended plays ===
* ''Love War'' (with [[Jassa Dhillon]]) (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Love War - EP |url=https://www.top-charts.com/r/love-war-ep-jassa-dhillon-gur-sidhu |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=www.top-charts.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Step Up (Vol. 1)'' (2022)
* ''Dripster'' (with Cheema Y) (2023)
* ''Cloud 9'' (with Cheema Y) (2024)

==Controversy==
=== "Trump" Song Controversy ===
{{more references|section|date=November 2025}}

The core of the controversy focused on the song's key lyrical boast: '''"Jattan de puttan nu rok sake na Trump"''' (English: ''can't stop the sons of Jats''). This line, along with others such as, "We didn't seek visas from embassies, we crossed over from where it is impossible to cross over," was widely quoted by news outlets and criticized for presenting a false, glamorous narrative of illegal migration while failing to highlight the reality of the risks and exploitation involved. Punjabi news channels addressed the issue, cautioning audiences against taking such songs seriously.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-09 |title=‘Trump’, ‘Snake’, ‘America Wala’: Amid US deportations, a look at songs favoured by illegal immigrants |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/illegal-immigrants-us-deportation-trump-9824624/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sidhu, Gur}}
[[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:Punjabi rappers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Brampton]]
[[Category:Singers from Ontario]]
[[Category:Musicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century rappers]]

Md. Tajuddin

2026-02-14T15:03:37Z

Anthony: adding a post v1

{{Short description|Indian politician by rajmahal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{for|the Sultan of Brunei|Muhammad Tajuddin}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Rajmahal Assembly constituency|Rajmahal]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Anant Kumar Ojha]]
| party = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
}}
'''Md. Tajuddin''' is an Indian politician from Jharkhand. He is a [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|member of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Rajmahal Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Rajmahal, Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JMM's Md. Tajuddin with 138044 defeats BJP's Anant Kumar Ojha |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/rajmahal-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-jaelb-2638418-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajmahal Election Result 2024 LIVE: Md. Tajuddin of JMM Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajmahal-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130237.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rajmahal Election Results 2024: JMM's Md Tajuddin wins against BJP's Anant Kumar Ojha">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Rajmahal Election Results 2024: JMM's Md Tajuddin wins against BJP's Anant Kumar Ojha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rajmahal-election-results-2024-jmms-md-taj-bjps-anant-kumar-ojha-in-fray/articleshow/115583815.cms |access-date=29 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129181819/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rajmahal-election-results-2024-jmms-md-taj-bjps-anant-kumar-ojha-in-fray/articleshow/115583815.cms |archive-date=29 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="Rajmahal Election Result 2024: Md. Tajuddin Of JMM Won After Lagging Behind BJP Candidate Initially">{{cite news |title=Rajmahal Election Result 2024: Md. Tajuddin Of JMM Won After Lagging Behind BJP Candidate Initially |url=https://timelinedaily.com/elections/rajmahal-election-result-2024-anant-kumar-ojha-of-bjp-leading-with-12694-votes |access-date=25 December 2024 |publisher=TimelineDaily |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123100219/https://timelinedaily.com/elections/rajmahal-election-result-2024-anant-kumar-ojha-of-bjp-leading-with-12694-votes |archive-date= 23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Jharkhand]]
* [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tajuddin, Md.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Sahibganj district]]

{{Jharkhand-politician-stub}}

Franco-Indian alliances

2026-02-05T17:11:16Z

Anthony: small adjust structure to improve readability and improved wording based on references

{{short description|18th-century alliances between France and parts of India}}
{{For|the French alliance in Northern America|Franco–Indian alliance}}
[[File:Suffren meeting with Haider Ali, 26 july 1782 engraved by J B Morret 1789.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez|Suffren]] meeting with [[Hyder Ali]] in 1782, J.B. Morret engraving, 1789.]]
{{Foreign alliances of France}}
Various '''Franco-Indian Alliances''' were formed between [[Kingdom of France|France]] and various [[India]]n [[Realm|kingdoms]] from the 18th century to the ascent of [[Napoleon]]. Following the alliances of [[Joseph François Dupleix|Dupleix]], a formal alliance was formed by [[Louis XVI|King Louis XVI]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]] in an attempt to oust the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Later, numerous proposals of alliance were made by [[Tipu Sultan]], leading to the dispatch of a French fleet of volunteers to help him, and even motivating an effort by [[Napoleon]] to make a junction with the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] through his 1798 [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|campaign in Egypt]].

==Early French involvement==
{{main|French India|France–India relations}}
[[File:Dupleix meeting the Soudhabar of the Deccan.jpg|thumb|left|Dupleix meeting the Soudhabar of the [[Deccan]], [[Murzapha Jung]].]]
In the 17th century, [[François Bernier]] (1625–1688), a [[French people|French]] [[physician]] and traveler, became the personal physician of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]] for 12 years.

In the early 18th century, France was actively involved in the powerplay in [[India]]. The French General [[Joseph François Dupleix|Dupleix]] was allied to [[Murzapha Jung]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], and [[Chanda Sahib]] in the [[Carnatic Wars]], in their conflict against [[Robert Clive]] of the [[East India Company]]. These relationships were beneficial to the French, and French allies gifted areas such as the [[Alamparai Fort]] in return for the services provided by the French in conflicts against the British.

The French won a victory in the [[Battle of Madras]] in 1746, and the French and Indians fought together and vanquished [[Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan|Anwaruddin]] in 1749, but failed in the [[Battle of Arcot]] in 1751 and finally surrendered in 1752.<ref>''Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare'', p. 160</ref> The French again had a success at the capture of [[Fort St. David]] in 1758 under [[Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally|Lally]], but were finally defeated at [[Masulipatam]] (1759) and [[Wandewash]] (1760).<ref>''Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare'', p. 160</ref>

==Alliance of Louis XVI==
[[File:Madhav Rao Narayan, the Maratha Peshwa with Nana Fadnavis and Attendants.jpg|thumb|The [[Maratha]] [[Peshwa]] [[Madhav Rao Narayan]] formed an alliance with [[Louis XVI]] in 1782. Here, in [[Poona]] in 1792.]]
French had lost preeminence in India with the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1763, although five trading posts were being maintained there, leaving opportunities for disputes and power-play with [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tigerandthistle.net/tipu315.htm |title=The National Galleries of Scotland |access-date=2009-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121224521/http://www.tigerandthistle.net//tipu315.htm |archive-date=2008-11-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> France was successful in supporting the [[American Revolutionary War]] in 1776, and wished to oust the British from India as well.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tigerandthistle.net/tipu315.htm |title=The National Galleries of Scotland |access-date=2009-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121224521/http://www.tigerandthistle.net//tipu315.htm |archive-date=2008-11-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1782, [[Louis XVI]] sealed an alliance with the [[Peshwa]] [[Madhavrao II|Madhav Rao Narayan]]. As a consequence [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau|Bussy]] moved his troops to Île de France ([[Mauritius]]) and later contributed to the French effort in India in 1783.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tigerandthistle.net/tipu315.htm |title=The National Galleries of Scotland |access-date=2009-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121224521/http://www.tigerandthistle.net//tipu315.htm |archive-date=2008-11-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>''The influence of sea power upon history, 1660–1783'' by Alfred Thayer Mahan p.461 [https://books.google.com/books?id=nc7H1eQiArQC&pg=PA461]</ref> [[Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez|Suffren]] became the ally of [[Hyder Ali]] in the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] in 1782–1783, engaging in five battles against the [[Royal Navy]] off the coasts of India and [[Ceylon]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://historyproject.ucdavis.edu/ic/standard/5.00/5.3_1.00/13161.html |title=The History Project, University of California |access-date=2009-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929061344/http://historyproject.ucdavis.edu/ic/standard/5.00/5.3_1.00/13161.html |archive-date=2011-09-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk_RaalNQAQC&pg=PA183 ''Britain as a military power, 1688-1815'' by Jeremy Black, p]</ref>

Between February 1782 and June 1783, Suffren fought with the British admiral [[Edward Hughes (Royal Navy officer)|Sir Edward Hughes]], and collaborated with the rulers of Mysore.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk_RaalNQAQC&pg=PA183 ''Britain as a military power, 1688-1815'' by Jeremy Black, p]</ref><ref>''Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare'', p.159</ref> Suffren fought in the [[Battle of Sadras]] on February 17, 1782, the [[Battle of Providien]] on April 12 near [[Trincomalee]], the [[Battle of Negapatam (1782)|Battle of Negapatam]] on July 6 off [[Cuddalore]], after which Suffren seized upon the anchorage of Trincomalee compelling the small British garrison to surrender. An army of 3,000 French soldiers collaborated with Hyder Ali to capture [[Cuddalore]]. Finally, the [[Battle of Trincomalee]] took place near that port on September 3. These battles can be seen as the last battles of the Franco-British conflict that encompassed the [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]], and would cease with the signature of the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Versailles]] of 1783 establishing peace and recognizing American independence.

===Proposals of Tipu Sultan===
[[File:Louis XVI Receives the Ambassadors of Tipu Sultan 1788 Voyer after Emile Wattier 19th century.jpg|thumb|left|[[Louis XVI]] receives the ambassadors of [[Tipu Sultan]] in 1788, Voyer after [[Emile Wattier]], 19th century.]]
Following the 1783 Treaty of Versailles and the removal of French support, [[Tipu Sultan]], the son of Hyder Ali, was unable to recapture [[Mangalore]] from the British, although he later managed to regain control after a 10-month [[Siege of Mangalore|siege]] in 1784.<ref>''Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare'', p. 162</ref> He finally made peace with the British in spring 1784.<ref>''Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare'', p. 162</ref>

In 1786, Tipu Sultan nevertheless sent an embassy to France through [[Constantinople]], but the embassy had to be cancelled.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tigerandthistle.net/tipu315.htm |title=The National Galleries of Scotland |access-date=2009-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121224521/http://www.tigerandthistle.net//tipu315.htm |archive-date=2008-11-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In July 1787, Tipu Sultan sent a new embassy directly to Paris, formed of three ambassadors Mohammed Dervich Khan, Akbar Ali Khan and Mohammad Osman Khan, who were accompanied by the French trader from [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], M. Monneron. After arriving in [[Toulon]], the ambassadors were able to meet with Louis XVI in August 1788 in Versailles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tigerandthistle.net/tipu315.htm |title=The National Galleries of Scotland |access-date=2009-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121224521/http://www.tigerandthistle.net//tipu315.htm |archive-date=2008-11-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, France, which was now at peace with London, did not wish to resume hostilities.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=n5IOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA11 ''Napoleon and Persia'' by Iradj Amini p.11]</ref>
[[File:Elizabeth Vigee Lebrun - Portrait of Mohammed Dervish Khan 366N10007 B3Y2Q.jpg|thumb|[[Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun]]: Portrait of Mohammed Dervish Khan, Tipu's ambassador to France (1788)]]

Tipu Sultan again proposed an offensive and defensive alliance to France in October 1794, and April 1796.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=n5IOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA11 ''Napoleon and Persia'' by Iradj Amini p.11]</ref> France was hampered in its support to India by the [[French Revolution]], but contacts would resume with the rise of Napoléon.<ref>''Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare'', p. 162</ref>

In 1794, with the support of French Republican officers, Tipu helped found the [[Jacobin Club of Mysore]] for 'framing laws comfortable with the laws of the Republic' He planted a Liberty Tree and declared himself Citizen Tipoo.<ref>{{cite book|last=Upendrakishore Roychoudhury|title=White Mughals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7BCr-QIWGIC&dq=Tipu+Sultan+jacobin+laws&pg=PA101|date=101|publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=9780143030461}}</ref>

French soldiers, mobilized by [[François Ripaud]] in 1797 to support Tipu Sultan, were buried in a cemetery at [[Harohalli]], which has fallen into disrepair as the locals steal iron grills, bricks, metal plaques, and expensive marble.<ref>Jean Boutier. [https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00007971/document?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=nui,sc Les ”lettres de créances” du corsaire Ripaud]. Un ”club jacobin” à Srirangapatnam (Inde), mai-juin 1797. Le monde créole : peuplement, sociétés et condition humaine XVIIe-XXe siècles : mélanges offerts à Hubert Gerbeau / sous la direction de Jacques Weber ; avec le concours de Jean Benoist et Sudel Fuma, Les Indes Savantes, 2005, 978-2-84654-059-9. ffhalshs-00007971f</ref><ref name="DH-Mahadeva">{{cite news |last1=B |first1=Mahadeva |date=29 October 2013 |title=Uneasy lie the fallen here |publisher=Dean Herald |issue=Bangalore |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/365804/uneasy-lie-fallen-here.html |accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref>

==Napoleon's attempted junction with India==
Tipu again made a proposal in October 1797 through [[Anne Joseph Hippolyte de Maurès, Comte de Malartic|Malartic]], the Governor of [[Mauritius|Île de France]] (Mauritius).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=n5IOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA11 ''Napoleon and Persia'' by Iradj Amini p.11]</ref> Malartic, who could not deplete his forces in Île de France, sent a group of 150 volunteers in the [[frigate]] ''La Preneuse'', on 7 March 1798.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=n5IOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA11 ''Napoleon and Persia'' by Iradj Amini p.11]</ref> ''La Preneuse'' arrived in [[Mangalore]] in April 1798.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=dLURAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA341 ''Historical Sketches of the South of India'' by Mark Wilks p.341]</ref> A group of French officers numbering 124 men, under the Command of [[Michel Joachim Marie Raymond|Michel Raymond]], was also leading an army of 14,000 for the [[Nizam]], Subhadar of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] [[Ali Khan Asaf Jah II]], but following British diplomatic intervention, the Nizam was persuaded to remain neutral in the conflict.<ref>The dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington 著者: Arthur Wellesley Wellington, Duke of Wellington, p. 4 [https://books.google.com/books?id=2znSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA4]</ref>

[[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]], who wished to establish a French presence in the Middle East, took the opportunity of his [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|campaign in Egypt]] to plan a junction with Tipu against the British.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=o4vrUbMK5eEC&pg=PA13 ''Tricolor and crescent'' William E. Watson p.13-14]</ref> Napoleon assured to the [[Directoire]] that ''"as soon as he had conquered Egypt, he will establish relations with the Indian princes and, together with them, attack the English in their possessions."''<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=n5IOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA12 ''Napoleon and Persia'' by Iradj Amini, p.12]</ref> According to a 13 February 1798 report by [[Talleyrand]]: ''"Having occupied and fortified Egypt, we shall send a force of 15,000 men from [[Suez]] to India, to join the forces of Tipu-Sahib and drive away the English."''<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=n5IOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA12 ''Napoleon and Persia'' by Iradj Amini, p. 12]</ref> The Directory, though troubled by the scope and cost of the enterprise, agreed so the popular general would be absent from the centre of power.<ref>Schom 1998, pp. 72–73</ref>

Napoleon was defeated by a combined Ottoman-British force at the [[Siege of Acre (1799)|Siege of Acre]] in 1799, and at the [[Battle of Abukir (1801)|Battle of Abukir]] in 1801, so that by 1802, France's presence was completely rolled back from the Middle-East.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UBilxxaKRKkC&pg=PA11 Karsh, p.11]</ref> Soon however, from 1803, Napoleon went to great lengths to try to convince the Ottoman Empire to fight against [[Russia]] in the [[Balkans]] and join his anti-Russian coalition.<ref>Karsh, p. 11</ref> Napoleon sent General [[Horace Sebastiani]] as envoy extraordinary, promising to help the Ottoman Empire recover lost territories.<ref>Karsh, p. 11</ref> Napoleon also formed a [[Franco-Persian alliance]] in 1807 during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], with the continuous aim of having an eventual open path to attack British India.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BzMJys65u9wC&pg=PA97 ''The Islamic world in decline'' by Martin Sicker p.97]</ref>

Napoleon's interest in the Middle East and India waned when he finally vanquished Russia at the [[Battle of Friedland]] in July 1807, leading to the Treaty of Tilsit, in December 1807.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BzMJys65u9wC&pg=PA97 ''The Islamic world in decline'' by Martin Sicker p.97]</ref> France as an ally of Russia became a strong repellent to both the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Qajar Iran|Persia]]. Great Britain signed a mutual defense treaty with Shah [[Shuja al-Mulk]] of [[Afghanistan]] on 17 June 1809 in order to better resist the Franco-Persian threat, but by that time Persia had already denounced its alliance with France and was moving towards Great Britain.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BzMJys65u9wC&pg=PA97 ''The Islamic world in decline'' by Martin Sicker p.97-98]</ref> These last events rendered the Franco-Indian alliance impossible to pursue further.

==See also==
* [[Foreign alliances of France]]
* [[French India]]
* [[France–India relations]]
*[[Jacobin Club of Mysore]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* Inari Karsh ''Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923'' Harvard University Press, 2001 {{ISBN|0-674-00541-4}}
* Iradj Amini ''Napoleon and Persia: Franco-Persian relations under the First Empire'' Taylor & Francis, 2000 {{ISBN|0-934211-58-2}}
* Martin Sicker ''The Islamic world in decline: from the Treaty of Karlowitz to the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire'' Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001 {{ISBN|0-275-96891-X}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Franco-Indian Alliances}}
[[Category:Ancien régime]]
[[Category:History of the foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:France–India relations]]

Danda Nata

2026-02-04T20:53:50Z

Anthony: adding new article w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Dance festival in Odisha, India}}
[[File:Danda Nacha.jpg|thumb|Danda Nacha]]
[[File:Another picture of Danda nritya.jpg|thumb|Another picture of Danda nritya]]
'''Danda Naata''', also written as '''Danda Jatra''' and '''Danda Yatra''' ({{langx|or|[[:or:ଦଣ୍ଡ_ନାଟ|'''ଦଣ୍ଡ ନାଟ, ଦଣ୍ଡ ଯାତ୍ରା''']]}}) is one of the most important traditional dance festivals organized in different parts of South Odisha and particularly in the [[Ganjam District]], [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal District]] & [[Angul district|Angul District]] the heartland of ancient [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga Empire]]. The Danda Naata festival is being held in the month of [[Chaitra]] of every year. As per Ram Prasad Tripathy's article, it is an ancient festival of the Kalinga kingdom and still alive in and around the ancient Kalinga capital Sampa or Samapa i.e modern day [[Jaugada]] of [[Ganjam district]]. The Participants of Danda are called Danduas (also known as Bhoktas) and they pray Goddesses Kali and Shiva during this 13-, 18- or 21-day Danda period.

Danda begins on an auspicious day before the Chaitra Sankranti or Meru Parba with traditional worship and fasting. The total number of days for the festival is 13, 18 or 21 days.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.oneindia.com/2008/04/14/weeks-long-danda-nacha-concludes-in-orissa-1208171203.html |title=Weeks long 'Danda Nacha' concludes in Orissa|work=Oneindia |year=2012|quote=Weeks long 'Danda Nacha' concludes in Orissa |access-date=13 April 2012}}</ref> Only male persons take part in this festival.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissadiary.com/Shownews.asp?id=27215 |title=Danda nacha: widely practiced rich festival in the western and southern part of Orissa, Orissa News |first=Swapnarani |last=Sahu |work=orissadiary.com |year=2012 |quote=Danda nacha: widely practiced rich festival in the western and southern part of Orissa |access-date=13 April 2012 |archive-date=14 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314071928/http://orissadiary.com/Shownews.asp?id=27215 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The participants are known as the 'Bhoktas'. All the `Bhoktas` or 'Danduas' lead a very pious life for all these days during the festival and they avoid eating meat, fish or cohabiting during this period.

It is believed that the present day Danda Naata is a part of the ancient Chaitra Yatra festivals being celebrated every year at [[Tara Tarini Temple|Tara Tarini Shakti Peetha]]. The [[Kalinga Empire|Kalinga Emperors]] organised this Chaitra festival for their Ista devi, [[Tara Tarini]]. As per folk lore, during ancient period after 20 days of Danda practice the Danduas must assemble near Tara Tarini Shakti/Tantra Peetha (which is Ista devi of the Great Kalinga rulers) and with some hard rituals culminate their Danda on the last day.

This practice continued for many years and Chaitra Yatra which is still celebrated at [[Tara Tarini Temple|Tara Tarini Shakti Peetha]] in the month of Chaitra, is also another part of that old tradition. But later this Danda Naata spread to different parts of Utkala and Koshala. Now the old tradition was changed. Danda Naata groups increased abnormally and the Danduas culminating their Danda in their own villages or locality instead of Tara Tarini Shakti/Tantra Peetha.

== Etymology ==
Danda has various meanings, but there are two main meanings of the word
# Club, Rod, Pole, Stick, Staff, Sceptre
# Punishment, Chastisement<ref name="Infoweb" />

The term Naata comes from the word Natya, which gives many different denotations of music, dance and drama. The term Jatra means theatre.

===Folktale of the origin of the word danda===
Lord [[Ganesh]] was being taught a dance by his father, Lord [[Shiva]]. It was a religious dance called [[Tandava]] Nritya. In the process of learning the dance, Lord [[Shiva]] kicked the stage he was on, and made a sound that sounded like the word "Dan". Then a piece of brass material broke off the chain which Lord Shiva was wearing around his ankle and fell on a percussion instrument known as Mardala. The brass material hitting the Mardala made a very loud "Da" noise. Those two sounds were put together to form the word Danda. Danda came to be associated with dance because of that episode.<ref name="Infoweb">{{Cite web
|title=Danda Nata
|work=India Info Web
|year=2007
|url=http://www.indiainfoweb.com/orissa/dances/danda-nata.html
|access-date=November 10, 2010
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002131932/http://www.indiainfoweb.com/orissa/dances/danda-nata.html
|archive-date=October 2, 2010
}}</ref>

== Danda Naata Ceremony ==
Danda Naata is an Indian dance festival that originated in the [[Ganjam district]] of Odisha. Danda Naata is a form of a religious festival that has theatrical and dance components.<ref name="Infoweb" /><ref name="Odissi Dance">{{Cite web
| author = Sun Staff
| title = Odissi Dance
| publisher = HareKrsna
| year = 2005
| url = http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/09-07/features785.htm
| access-date = November 10, 2010 }}</ref> The dance is done mainly to worship Lord Shiva, the God of destruction of the Hindu mythology. There are other Gods and Goddesses that are worshiped by the spiritual dance also, such as Krishna, Ganesh, Kali, and Durga amongst others. The low caste Hindus and the high caste, such as the Brahmins, all participated in the Danda Naata.<ref name="Infoweb" /><ref name="Odissi Dance" /> The dance along with the accompanying events is performed over the course of three months March, April, and May. Some events are performed in March – April, the month of Chaitra, and other events are performed in April – May, the month of Vaishakha.<ref name="Infoweb" />

People commit self- inflicted wounds to worship Lord Shiva because the philosophy of ancient Hindu says that for a person to be great, one has to have self-control over one's body (Kaya), mind (Mana), and speech (Vakya).<ref name="Infoweb" /><ref name="Culture">{{Cite web
| url = http://boudh.nic.in/webpage/content_file/culture.htm|title=Dances, Festivals, Recreation
| access-date = November 10, 2010 }}</ref>

So in order to achieve greatness, a lot of punishments, Danda, to the individual must be undergone, so this event is known as Danda Naata.<ref name="Infoweb" /><ref name="Culture" /><ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news
| title = Other States
| location = Orissa
| date = March 28, 2010
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/28/stories/2010032856820300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121108124330/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/28/stories/2010032856820300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = November 8, 2012
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = November 10, 2010 }}</ref>

===Dance component of the religious festival===
Danda Naata consists of multiple dances. People start Danda by fasting, having a single meal a day made up of rice and dal, and worshipping their Lord before the actual dances occur.<ref name="Hindu" />
This dance consists of a series of dances which are performed one after another by the male members belonging to the Scheduled Castes and other backward castes. In this dance the Ghasis provide the music with the help of Dhol and Mahuri. The dance has a rich repertory. Parva dance is the first item of the repertory. The Prabhakar and the Prabhakariani, dressed in multi coloured dress, dance in the beginning. The dancer places a piece of cloth on his shoulders and holds the ends of the same in front with both the hands. He moves his hands forward and backward, right and left, to the rhythm of the dance. A semi-circular plate, made of bamboo sticks and covered with coloured and decorated cloth with ornamental border, is tied to the back of the Prabhkar. The Prabhakar wears multi coloured skirt and jacket. The Prabhakariani, a male in female role, dresses himself in sari and kanchala (blouse). The Prabhakariani holds apiece of coloured handkerchief in his hand. After the Parava dance is over the Hara –Parvati dance begins. Then a group dance of Fakir and Fakiriani is performed. The dances of Savara and Savarani, Chadeya and Chadouni, are performed one after another. Then the party performs a leela based on a story from the Ramayana or the Mahabharata or from any other Puran through songs and dances . Patarasaura and Patarasaurani perform their dance at the end of the leela. The last, but not the least, is the Binakar who closes the performance with his most significant songs and dances. Then males that belong to backward and scheduled castes perform the Parava dance. In the Parava dance, the Prabhakar, male acting as a male, and the Prabhakariani, a male acting as a female, begin the dance in multi – colored clothing. A piece of cloth is placed on the shoulders of dancers. The cloth is held with both hands and the dancers move the cloth backwards and forwards and side to side according to the rhythm of the dance. Then immediately following that dance the Hara – Parvati is performed.

After those dances are performed, a host of other dances are performed. The Fakir and Fakiriani, a group dance, is performed first. Then the Savara and Savarani are performed with the Chadeya and Chadouni dances being performed directly after. Then everyone gets involved in the festivities by performing a leela through songs and dances, which is based on a story from various Purans. After the leela, the Patarasaura and Patarasaurani perform their traditional dance. Lastly, the Binakar ends the events through dances and songs.

====The roles of the dancers====
The various dances of the Danda Naata have various themes behind them. Each of the roles in the dances sing a different tune. Some songs are based on historical stories, while others have a more comical approach. Some groups use a question/answer approach. The groups that use that approach have one role, male or female role, ask questions, while the other role give answers to those replies. Although the songs can be performed through multiple approaches, all the songs have the same style, folk and Odissi.

===Music===
The music of the Danda Naata is different for different dances . The songs are of different tunes for different characters. The songs are mainly devotional and mostly based on stories from the epics. Humorous songs are sometimes sung by the dancers . sometimes they put questions in songs and their counterpart give the reply in songs. The songs are of folk and Odissi style. The dance originated from tribal dances, but has been much influenced by the Yatra and Pala performance of the state. Danda Naata is being gradually modernized in respect of music, dance, costume, style and make up. It is thereby losing its original simplicity and traditional characteristics.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Odia culture}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Danda Nata}}
[[Category:Festivals in Odisha]]

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]

[[Category:March observances]]
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Dance festivals in India]]

Karmashree Hiteswar Saikia College

2026-01-22T18:21:25Z

Anthony: further enhanced lead and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Institution of higher learning}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox university |
name = Karmashree Hiteswar Saikia College|
image = |
type = Public|
established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1988}} |
principal =Dr. Sikhamoni Konwar |
city = [[Guwahati]] |
state = [[Assam]] |
country = India |
colors = |
affiliations = [[Gauhati University]] |
website = {{URL|http://www.khscollege.com/}}
||campus=Urban|motto="Encouraging Success"|native_name=|nickname=Guwahati City College|language=English}}
'''Karmashree Hiteswar Saikia College''', established in 1988 and college offer general and major degree. College situated in [[Guwahati]], Assam. This college is affiliated with the [[Gauhati University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of Gauhati University |url=http://www.gauhati.ac.in/college-affiliated%20colleges.php |access-date=30 August 2017 |archive-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606080313/http://www.gauhati.ac.in/college-affiliated%20colleges.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> The college offers different bachelor's degree courses in arts and commerce.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.khscollege.com/

{{Gauhati University}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Gauhati University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1988]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Assam]]

{{Assam-university-stub}}

Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago

2026-01-19T13:13:48Z

Anthony: details

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Infobox religious group
|group = Trinidadian and Tobagonian Hindus
|image = Om symbol.svg
|image_size = 80px
|image_caption =
|pop = '''240,100''' (2011) {{nowrap|'''18.15%''' of the Trinidad and Tobago population (2011)}} {{increase}} '''24.33%''' of the population (2020 est.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?REGION=0&u=224c&u=23r|title=National Profiles; World Religion|website=www.thearda.com}}</ref>
|regions = [[Trinidad and Tobago]]{{·}}[[United States]] {{·}}[[Canada]]{{·}}[[United Kingdom]]
|related-c=[[Hinduism in Guyana|Guyanese Hindus]]{{·}}[[Hinduism in Suriname|Surinamese Hindus]]{{·}}[[Hinduism in Jamaica|Jamaican Hindus]]{{·}}[[Hinduism in the West Indies|other Caribbean Hindus]]
|scriptures = [[Vedas]]{{·}}[[Puranas]]{{·}}[[Upanishads]] {{·}}''[[Ramayana]]'' (incl. ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'' version){{·}}''[[Mahabharata]]'' (incl. ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''){{·}}[[Hindu texts|other Hindu texts]]
|langs = [[Sanskrit]] {{·}} [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (''[[liturgical languages]]'') [[Trinidadian and Tobagonian English]]{{·}}[[Caribbean Hindustani#Trinidadian Hindustani|Trinidadian Hindustani]]{{·}}[[Hinglish]]{{·}}[[Languages of South Asia|other Indian Languages]]
|rels = '''[[Hinduism]]''' ([[Sanātana Dharma]]) '''Majority sect''' [[Sanātanī#Sanātanī as a denomination|Sanātanī]] '''Minority sects''' [[Arya Samaj in Trinidad and Tobago|Arya Samaj]]{{·}}[[Kabir Panth]]{{·}}[[Caribbean Shaktism|Caribbean Shaktism (Kali Mai Dharam/Madrasi Hinduism)]]{{·}}[[Sathya Sai Baba movement]]{{·}}Sieunarini (Shiv Narayani) Panth/Shiva Dharam{{·}}[[Hindu atheism]]{{·}}[[#Sects, denominations, and organizations|others]]
}}
{{Hinduism by country}}
[[File:Waterloo Temple, Trinidad.jpg|thumb|right|[[Temple in the Sea]]]]
[[File:TnT Hanuman Statue 1.jpg|thumb|right|Karyasiddhi Hanuman statue at the Dattatreya Mandir in Orange Field Village, [[Carapichaima]], [[Caroni County]], [[Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]]]]
[[File:STAPP 079 South Oropouche Mosquito Creek Cremation Ground.jpg|thumb|Mosquito Creek Cremation Ground (South Oropouche)]]

'''Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago''' is the second largest religion. [[Hindu culture]] arrived to [[Trinidad and Tobago]] in 1845, with the arrival of the first [[Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian|Indian]] [[Indian indenture system|indentured laborers]], the overwhelming majority of which were Hindu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latin American Herald Tribune - Trinidad and Tobago Marks 170 Years Since 1st East Indian Arrivals|url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=2389343&CategoryId=14092|access-date=2021-05-02|website=www.laht.com|archive-date=2020-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809030302/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=2389343&CategoryId=14092|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the 2011 census there were 240,100 declared [[Hindu]]s in Trinidad and Tobago.

==History==
[[File:Hindu temple near Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, 1945.jpg|thumb|Mandir near [[Port of Spain]], 1945]]
[[File:Hindu Holy Man makes purchases at produce market, Debe, Trinidad and Tobago..JPG|thumb|A [[sadhu]] at [[Debe]] Market]]
A decade after slavery was abolished in 1834, the British government gave permission for the colonists to import indentured labor from [[India]] to work on the estates. Throughout the remainder of the century, Trinidad's population growth came primarily from [[Indo-Trinidadian|Indian]] laborers. By 1871, there were 27,425 Indians, approximately 22 percent of the population of Trinidad and Tobago; by 1911 that figure had grown to 110,911, or about 33 percent of all residents of the islands.

During the initial decades of [[Indian indenture system|Indian indenture]], [[Culture of India|Indian cultural forms]] were met with either contempt or indifference by the non-Hindu majority.<ref name="Singh">Singh, Sherry-Ann, Hinduism and the State in Trinidad, Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, Volume 6, Number 3, September 2005, pp. 353-365(13)</ref> Hindus have made many contributions to Trinidad history and culture even though the state historically regarded Hindus as second class citizens. Hindus in Trinidad struggled over the granting of adult franchise, the Hindu marriage bill, the divorce bill, cremation ordinance, and others.<ref name="Singh"/> Cremation was allowed in 1953.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/laws2/alphabetical_list/lawspdfs/30.51.pdf | title=Cremation act | publisher=Ministry of Legal Affairs | access-date=2016-12-30}}</ref>

There has been persistent discontent among the Hindus with their marginalization. Many groups portray Hindus as "clannish, backward and miserly". During the [[Trinidad and Tobago general election, 1986|General Elections of 1986]], the absence of the [[Bhagvad Gita]] and the [[Quran]] at polling stations for required oath-taking was interpreted as a gross insult to Hindus and [[Muslims]]. The absence of any Hindu religious texts at the official residence of the President of Trinidad and Tobago during the swearing in of the new Government in 1986 was perceived as another insult to the minority communities since they were represented in the government. The national education system and curriculum have been repeatedly accused of such majority-oriented symbolism. The use of discernibly oriented prayers at Government schools, the non-representation of Hinduism in approved school textbooks, and the lack of emphasis on Hindu religious observance evoked deep resentment from the Hindu community. Intensified protests over the course of the 1980s led to an improvement in the state's attitudes towards Hindus.<ref name="Singh"/>

The divergence of some of the fundamental aspects of local [[Hindu culture]], the segregation of the Hindu community from Trinidad, and the disinclination to risk erasing the more fundamental aspects of what had been constructed as "Trinidad Hinduism" in which the identity of the group had been rooted, would often generate dissension when certain dimensions of Hindu culture came into contact with the State. While the incongruousness continue to generate debate, and often conflict, it is now tempered with growing awareness and consideration on the part of the state to the Hindu minority.<ref name="Singh"/> Hindus have been also been subjected to conversions by Christian missionaries, specifically the evangelical and Pentecostal Christians. Such activities reflect racial tensions that at times arise between the Afro-Trinidadian and Indo-Trinidadian communities.<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2002/14060.htm Trinidad and Tobago] International Religious Freedom Report 2002. U.S. Department of State. Accessed 2008-05-18.</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|type =
|footnote =
|1990 | 292,786
|2000 | 285,517
|2011 | 240,100
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Year'''
! '''Percent'''
! '''Decrease'''
|-
| '''1962'''
| '''23.8%'''
| '''-'''
|-
| '''2000'''
| '''22.5%'''
| style="background: Red" | '''-1.03%'''
|-
| '''2011'''
| '''18.15%'''
| style="background: Red" | '''-4.35%'''
|-
| '''2021'''
| '''24.33%'''
| style="background: green" | '''+6.20%'''
|}

As per the 2011 Census, there were 240,100 Hindus in Trinidad and Tobago. Out of this, 232,104 were Indian, 2,738 were Dougla (mixed African/Indian), 2,466 were Mixed/Other, 1,887 Unknown ethnicity, 346 African, 175 Chinese, 27 European, 302 Indigenous Amerindian, 46 Other, and 8 Portuguese. Talking about the proportion within the ethnic groups, 49.54% of the East Indians and 21.66% of the Indigenous were Hindu. So were 4.37% of the Chinese, 2.70% of Douglas (mixed African/East Indian), 1.23% of the Mixed/Other and 0.08% of the Africans.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web |url=https://guardian.co.tt/sites/default/files/story/2011_DemographicReport.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=guardian.co.tt |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019211618/https://guardian.co.tt/sites/default/files/story/2011_DemographicReport.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Hindu population according to the administrative division is as follows: Port of Spain- 1.45%, San Fernando- 10.70%, Arima- 4.39%, Chaguanas- 30.04%, Point Fortin- 3.87%, Couva- 31.26%, Diego Martin- 1.83%, Mayaro- 22.46%, Penal- 42.98%, Princes Town- 26.99%, San Juan- 8.35%, Sangre Grande- 15.41%, Siparia-23.37%, Tunapuna- 14.07%, and Tobago- 0.67%.<ref name="web.archive.org"/>

==Sects, denominations, and organizations==
{{see also|Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha|Arya Samaj in Trinidad and Tobago}}
*[[Sanātanī]], the orthodox sect being the largest and most dominant Hindu sect in Trinidad and Tobago, with notable influence from [[Ramanandi Sampradaya|Ramanandi]] [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaivism]] ([[Daśanāmi Sampradaya]] ([[Gossain|Gosine]]s)/[[Aghor Yoga|Aghoras]]), [[Smarta tradition|Smartism]], [[Shaktism]], Sauraism, [[Vedanta]] (incl. [[Vishishtadvaita]]), and other Hindu traditions
**[[Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha]], the major Sanātanī group in [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
**SWAHA International, a smaller Sanātanī group
*[[Arya Samaj in Trinidad and Tobago|Arya Samaj]]
**Arya Pratinidhi Sabha
**Vedic Mission
*[[Kabir panth|Kabir Panth]]
*Seunariani (Sieunarini/Siewnaraini/Shiv Narayani)
**Shiva Dharam Sabha, formerly known as the Seunarine Dharam Sabha
*[[Aghor Yoga|Aughar (Aghor/Owghur)]]
*[[Ravidassia religion|Ravidas Panth]]
*[[Caribbean Shaktism|Kali Mai (Madrasi)]]
*[[Kaumaram|Murugan (Kaumaram)]]
*[[Chinmaya Mission]]
*[[Bharat Sevashram Sangha]]
*[[Sathya Sai Baba movement]]/[[Sathya Sai Organization]]
*Shirdi Sai Baba movement
*[[Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat|Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat (Radha Madhav)]]
*[[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]]
*[[Ganapathi Sachchidananda|Ganapathi Sachchidananda movement]]
*[[Divine Life Society]]
*[[Brahma Kumaris]]
*Blue Star
Source:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indocaribbeanpublications.com/2010/11/21/divali-festival-souvenir-magazine-2010/ |title = Hindu sects in Trinidad and Tobago – Indo-Caribbean Publications}}</ref>

==Culture==
===Mandirs===
{{see also|List of Hindu temples in Trinidad and Tobago}}

===Hindu organisations and holidays===
[[File:Divalinagar.jpg|thumb|[[Divali Nagar]] in [[Chaguanas]], Trinidad and Tobago.]]
The major Hindu organisation in Trinidad and Tobago is the [[Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha]] founded by [[Bhadase Sagan Maraj]], and formerly led by his son-in-law Secretary General [[Satnarayan Maharaj]], is led by his grandson, Secretary General Vijay Maharaj. The [[List of Hindu festivals|Hindu festival]] of [[Diwali]] is a public holidays in [[Trinidad and Tobago]], and along with [[Phagwah]], it is widely celebrated in Trinidad and Tobago by people of all races, ethnicities, cultures, and religions. Others [[List of Hindu festivals|Hindu festivas]] such as: [[Ram Navami]], [[Sita|Sita Navami]], [[Vivaha Panchami]], [[Maha Shivaratri]], [[Navaratri]], [[Chhath Puja]], [[Krishna Janmaashtami]], [[Radhastami]], [[Dussehra]], [[Kartik Purnima]], [[Guru Purnima]], [[Karakattam#In Caribbean Shaktism|Karagam Puja]], [[Tulsi Vivah]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Ratha Saptami]], [[Ahoi Ashtami]], [[Pitru Paksha]], [[Hanuman Jayanti]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Raksha Bandhan]], [[Gandhi Jayanti]], [[Vasant Panchami]], and are also celebrated.

===Caste===
Many indentured labourers taken from British India came from marginalised and lower-caste backgrounds, including a significant number from the [[Chamar]] caste. Facing entrenched discrimination, poverty, and limited opportunities in India, they were often drawn by misleading promises of better livelihoods abroad. As a result, they formed an important yet frequently overlooked segment of the indentured workforce in Trinidad and Tobago.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Origins of Girmityas |url=https://press.anu.edu.au//downloads/press/p212781/pdf/5.-Origins-of-the-Girmitiyas.pdf |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref>

As in other parts of the [[Caribbean]], [[South Africa]], [[Fiji]], and [[Mauritius]], [[caste]] distinctions are all but forgotten among Trinidadian Hindus. Considerations of caste became less important in choosing a spouse largely because there were so few women among the Indian indentured workers.

===Impact of Girmit System on Caste Dynamics===
Although the Girmit system subjected all labourers, regardless of caste, to harsh and exploitative conditions, migration nonetheless offered many Chamars and other oppressed groups an opportunity to escape rigid caste hierarchies. Over time, they established new communities across the globe, reshaping social identities and forging resilience in diaspora.<ref name=":1" />

===Cremation===
Cremation is permitted at five cremation sites in Mafeking (Mayaro-Rio Claro), South Oropouche (Siparia), Waterloo (Couva-Tabaquite-Talparo), Felicity (Chaguanas) and Caroni (Tunapuna-Piarco).

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|Trinidad and Tobago}}
* [[Indo-Caribbean]]
*[[List of Hindu temples in Trinidad and Tobago]]
* [[Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian]]
* [[Hinduism in Suriname]]
* [[Hinduism in Guyana]]
* [[Hinduism in the West Indies]]
* [[Caribbean Shaktism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago}}

{{Religion in Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{North America in topic|Hinduism in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hinduism In Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[Category:Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago| ]]
[[Category:Indo-Caribbean religion]]
[[Category:Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian culture]]

M. Sivasithamparam

2026-01-17T17:02:44Z

Anthony: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Sri Lankan Tamil politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable|Hon.]]
| name = M. Sivasithamparam
| image = Murugesu Sivasithamparam.jpg
| office = [[Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka|Deputy Speaker]], [[House of Representatives of Ceylon]]
| predecessor = [[Razik Fareed]]
| successor = I. A. Cader
| term_start = 8 March 1968
| term_end = 25 March 1970
| office2 = Leader, [[Tamil United Liberation Front]]
| term_start2 = 1989
| term_end2 = 2002
| predecessor2 = [[A. Amirthalingam]]
| successor2 = [[V. Anandasangaree]]
| office3 = President, [[Tamil United Liberation Front]]
| term_start3 = 1978
| term_end3 = 2002
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 = [[V. Anandasangaree]]
| constituency_MP4 = [[Udupiddy Electoral District|Udupiddy]]
| parliament4 = Ceylonese
| majority4 =
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 = [[K. Jeyakody]], [[Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi|ITAK]]
| term_start4 = 1960
| term_end4 = 1970
| constituency_MP5 = [[Nallur Electoral District|Nallur]]
| parliament5 = Ceylonese
| majority5 =
| predecessor5 = [[C. Arulampalam]], [[All Ceylon Tamil Congress|ACTC]]
| successor5 =
| term_start5 = 1977
| term_end5 = 1983
| constituency_MP6 = [[National List Member of Parliament|National List]]
| parliament6 = Sri Lankan
| majority6 =
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 = [[K. Thurairetnasingam]], [[Tamil National Alliance|TNA]]
| term_start6 = 2001
| term_end6 = 2002
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1923|7|20}}
| birth_place = [[Karaveddy]], [[British Ceylon]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2002|6|5|1923|7|20}}
| death_place = Colombo National Hospital, [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| citizenship =
| nationality = {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lanka]]n
| party = [[Tamil United Liberation Front]]
| otherparty = [[Tamil National Alliance]]
| spouse =
| partner =
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = Vigneswara College [[St. Joseph's College, Colombo|St. Joseph's College]] [[Ceylon University College]] [[Colombo Law College]]
| occupation =
| profession = Lawyer
| blank1= Ethnicity
| data1= [[Sri Lankan Tamil]]
| website =
| signature =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Murugesu Sivasithamparam''' (20 July 1923 – 5 June 2002) was a leading [[Sri Lankan Tamil]] politician, [[Member of Parliament]] and [[Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka|Deputy Speaker]].

==Early life==
Sivasithamparam was born 20 July 1923 in [[Karaveddy]] in northern province of [[Ceylon]]. He was educated at Vigneswara College, Karaveddy and [[St. Joseph's College, Colombo]]. He later studied at [[Ceylon University College]] and [[Colombo Law College]]. After graduation he joined the legal profession, becoming an [[advocate]]. He appeared as [[defence counsel]] in many criminal cases.

Sivasithamparam married Sarathadevi, daughter of Ponnambalam. They had a son (Sathyendra) and a daughter (Niranjali).

==Political career==
Sivasithamparam came under the influence of [[communism]] and [[Marxism]] while studying at Ceylon University College. He was a supporter of [[P. Kandiah]], a leading communist from Karaveddy. His support for communism gradually declined and he took up [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism]] instead.

Sivasithamparam stood as an [[Independent (politician)|independent]] candidate for [[Point Pedro Electoral District|Point Pedro]] at the [[1956 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1956 parliamentary election]] but failed to get elected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1956%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF |title=Result of Parliamentary General Election 1956 |publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115606/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1956%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF |archive-date=2015-09-24 }}</ref> He joined the [[All Ceylon Tamil Congress]] (ACTC) in 1958. A delimitation commission in the late 1950s created a new electoral district for [[Udupiddy Electoral District|Udupiddy]] from parts of Point Pedro. Sivasithamparam stood as the ACTC candidate in the new electoral district at the [[March 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election|March 1960 parliamentary election]]. He won the election and entered [[Parliament of Ceylon|Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1960_03_19%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF |title=Result of Parliamentary General Election 1960-03-19 |publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712194326/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1960_03_19%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF |archive-date=2015-07-12 }}</ref> He was re-elected at the [[July 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election|July 1960]] and [[1965 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1965]] parliamentary elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1960_07_20%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF |title=Result of Parliamentary General Election 1960-07-20 |publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115611/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1960_07_20%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF |archive-date=2015-09-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1965%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF |title=Result of Parliamentary General Election 1965 |publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713003440/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1965%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF |archive-date=2015-07-13 }}</ref>

Sivasithamparam took part in the 1961 [[satyagraha]] organised by the [[Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi]] (Federal Party). He served as "postman" for the Tamil Postal Service set-up as part of the civil disobedience campaign, delivering by motorcycle a letter informing the Jaffna police superintendent of the illegal postal service. He was assaulted by soldiers whilst trying to women taking part in the satyagraha and was hospitalised for days.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Sivasithamparam served as [[Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka|Deputy Speaker]] between 1968 and 1970.<ref>{{cite web|title=Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees |url=http://www.parliament.lk/handbook_of_parliament/deputy_speakers.jsp |work=Handbook of Parliament |publisher=[[Parliament of Sri Lanka]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126205929/http://parliament.lk/handbook_of_parliament/deputy_speakers.jsp |archive-date=2010-11-26 }}</ref> He stood for re-election in Udupiddy at the [[1970 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1970 parliamentary election]] but was defeated by the ITAK candidate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1970%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209231958/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1970%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-12-09 |title=Result of Parliamentary General Election 1970 |publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka }}</ref> In 1972 the ACTC, ITAK and others formed the [[Tamil United Front]] (later renamed [[Tamil United Liberation Front]]). Sivasithamparam was elected vice president of TUF in 1972.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Sivasithamparam was delivering leaflets along with other leading Tamil politicians ([[A. Amirthalingam]], [[V. N. Navaratnam]], [[K. P. Ratnam]] and [[K. Thurairatnam]]) in 1976 when they were all arrested on government orders. Sivasithamparam was released but the others were taken to Colombo and tried for [[sedition]]. All the defendants were acquitted after a famous [[trial at bar]] case in which 72 Tamil lawyers including [[S. J. V. Chelvanayakam]] and [[G. G. Ponnambalam]] acted for the defence.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Sivasithamparam was the TULF's candidate for [[Nallur Electoral District|Nallur]] at the [[1977 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1977 parliamentary election]] which he won with the largest majority in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/General%20Election%201977.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717002624/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/General%20Election%201977.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-07-17 |title=Result of Parliamentary General Election 1977 |publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka }}</ref> The TULF became the largest opposition party in Parliament and Sivasithamparam became deputy leader of the opposition. Sivasithamparam was elected president of the TULF in 1978.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

During the 1983 [[Black July]] riots, Sivasithamparam's home and cars in Norris Canal Road, Colombo were burnt. Sivasithamparam was away in [[Mannar, Sri Lanka|Mannar]] but his family were home. They escaped unharmed.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Sivasithamparam and all other TULF MPs boycotted Parliament from the middle of 1983 for a number of reasons: they were under pressure from [[Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups|Sri Lankan Tamil militants]] not to stay in Parliament beyond their normal six-year term; the Sixth Amendment to the [[Constitution of Sri Lanka]] required them to swear an oath unconditionally renouncing support for a [[Tamil Eelam|separate state]]; and the Black July riots in which up to 3,000 Tamils were murdered by [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] mobs. After three months of absence, Sivasithamparam forfeited his seat in Parliament on 22 October 1983.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wickramasinghe|first=Wimal|title=Saga of crossovers, expulsions and resignations etc. Referendum for {{sic|exten|tion|nolink=y}} of Parliament|url=http://www.island.lk/2008/01/18/features11.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122123208/http://www.island.lk/2008/01/18/features11.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2008|newspaper=The Island, Sri Lanka|date=18 January 2008}}</ref> His refusal to take the oath under the Sixth Amendment also barred him from practising as a lawyer.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Sivasithamparam and his family, like many families of leading Tamil politicians, fled to [[Madras]] (now Chennai), [[Tamil Nadu]] in India. [[M. G. Ramachandran]], the [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], gave the family a flat to stay in. Whilst in India Sivasithamparam took part in numerous peace talks. After the signing of the [[Indo-Sri Lanka Accord]] in 1987 Sivasithamparam returned to Sri Lanka. He was one of the TULF's candidates in [[Jaffna Electoral District|Jaffna District]] at the [[1989 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1989 parliamentary election]] but failed to get elected. Sivasithamparam survived an assassination attempt on 13 July 1989 but A. Amirthalingam and [[V. Yogeswaran]], his fellow TULF leaders, were killed in the incident. Sivasithamparam had been shot in the chest and spent a long time in hospital recovering. He took on the leadership of the TULF following the assassination of Amirthalingam.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

He was one of the TULF's candidates in [[Vanni Electoral District|Vanni District]] at the [[1994 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1994 parliamentary election]] but again failed to get elected. He took part in further peace talks in the late 1990s. Ill health and failure of peace talks forced him to return to Tamil Nadu.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

In 2001 the TULF, ACTC, [[Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front]] and [[Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization]] formed the [[Tamil National Alliance]] (TNA). Sivasithamparam, the elder statesman of Sri Lankan Tamil politics, returned to Sri Lanka in 2001 when he was appointed as a [[National List Member of Parliament]] for the TNA in December 2001.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Death==
Sivasithamparam died on 5 June 2002 after a brief illness.<ref>{{cite news|title=Senior Tamil leader Sivasithamparam dead|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=7024|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=5 June 2002}}</ref> His funeral took place in Karaveddy on 9 June 2002.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sivasithamparam's funeral in Jaffna|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=7027|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=5 June 2002}}</ref>

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Arumugam|first=S.|title=Dictionary of Biography of the Tamils of Ceylon|year=1997|pages=204–205}}
* {{cite news|last=D. B. S. Jeyaraj|author-link=|title=Life and times of Sivasithamparam|url=http://www.tamilcanadian.com/page.php?cat=52&id=722|newspaper=[[The Sunday Leader]]|date=9 June 2002}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Members of 4th Parliament of Ceylon}}
{{Members of 5th Parliament of Ceylon}}
{{Members of 6th Parliament of Ceylon}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivasithamparam, M.}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:All Ceylon Tamil Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Alumni of Saint Joseph's College, Colombo]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Ceylon University College]]
[[Category:Ceylonese advocates]]
[[Category:Deputy chairmen of committees of the Parliament of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers and chairmen of committees of the Parliament of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Members of the 4th Parliament of Ceylon]]
[[Category:Members of the 5th Parliament of Ceylon]]
[[Category:Members of the 6th Parliament of Ceylon]]
[[Category:Members of the 8th Parliament of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Members of the 12th Parliament of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Hindus]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan lawyers]]
[[Category:Tamil National Alliance politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil United Liberation Front politicians]]
[[Category:People of the Sri Lankan civil war]]
[[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil politicians]]

Amitabha Bhattacharyya

2026-01-02T15:54:00Z

Anthony: reworked layout additionally

{{Short description|Indian production engineer (1931–1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Amitabha Bhattacharyya
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1931|11|12}}
| birth_place = [[Dhaka]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1992|6|15|1931|11|12}}
| death_place = [[Brussels]], Belgium
| fields = {{ublist | [[Production engineering]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Jadavpur University]] | [[IIT Kanpur]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Calcutta]] | [[IIEST Shibpur]] | [[Jadavpur University]] | [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist| Gopal Chandra Sen }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| awards = {{ublist|FIE Award | 1966 Sir R. N. Mukherjee Gold Medal | 1971 [[Institution of Engineers (India)|IE]] K. F. Antia Memorial Prize | Chandra Prakash Memorial Prize | Sir Walter Pluckey Memorial Award | 1971 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]]}}
}}
'''Amitabha Bhattacharyya''' (12 November 1931 – 15 June 1992) was an Indian production engineer and the director of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]].<ref name="AMITABHA. BHATTACHARYYA (12 November 1931 – 25 June 1992)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/BM/BM25_0402.pdf |title=AMITABHA. BHATTACHARYYA (12 November 1931 – 25 June 1992) |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> He was credited with the establishment of the department of production engineering at [[Jadavpur University]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 1971.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

==Biography==
Born in [[Dhaka]] in [[British India]] (presently in Bangladesh) on 12 November 1931, Bhattacharyya graduated in mechanical engineering in 1951 and after completing master's degree in mechanical engineering at [[Bengal Engineering College, Shibpur]] of [[Calcutta University]] (now IIEST Shibpur) in 1956, he obtained the degree of MS from the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois]]. Returning to India, he secured a PhD from Jadavpur University in 1962, studying under the guidance of Gopal Chandra Sen.<ref name="Indian fellow-Amitabha Bhattacharyya">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N79-0091 |title=Indian fellow-Amitabha Bhattacharyya |date=2017-10-22 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-10-22 |archive-date=22 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022141552/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N79-0091 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Subsequently, he served as a professor of mechanical engineering at [[Jadavpur University]] where he established the department of production engineering. He was known to have done pioneering work on cutting tool technology and was reported to have developed several machine tools including tangential-split modified point drill, retraced type Kolosov high production tools, and core drill with clamped inserts.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=312 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> His contributions are also reported in the development of tantalum nitrate-zirconium diboride, a ceramic material used for making cutting tools.<ref name="Engineering Sciences">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |title=Engineering Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211647/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |archivedate=2015-09-23 }}</ref> He was an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]], [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India]],<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |archivedate=2015-08-06 }}</ref> and [[Institution of Engineers (India)]] as well as a recipient of FIE Award, Sir R. N. Mukherjee Gold Medal, K. F. Antia Memorial Prize of Institution of Engineers, India, Chandra Prakash Memorial Prize and Sir Walter Pluckey Memorial Award.<ref name="Indian fellow-Amitabha Bhattacharyya" /> He was married to Jayati and the couple had one son, Nilanjan. He died on 25 June 1992 at [[Brussels]], while on a visit to Belgium, at the age of 60.<ref name="AMITABHA. BHATTACHARYYA (12 November 1931 – 25 June 1992)" /> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1971.<ref name="Engineering Sciences"/>

==See also==
* [[Presidency College, Kolkata]]
* [[Manufacturing engineering]]
{{Portal|India|Engineering}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharyya, Amitabha}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:People from Dhaka]]
[[Category:Indian mechanical engineers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jadavpur University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kanpur]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Grainger College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]

Akshara Maheshwari Singhania

2025-12-29T21:03:25Z

Anthony: done

{{Short description|Fictional character from Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Akshara Maheshwari Singhania
| series = [[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]
| image = Hina Khan walk the ramp at Lakme Fashion Week 2023 (cropped) 2.jpg
| caption = [[Hina Khan]] as Akshara Maheshwari
| first = 2009
| last = 2016
| creator = [[Director's Kut Productions|Rajan Shahi]]
| portrayer = [[Hina Khan]]
| full_name = Akshara Maheshwari Singhania
| nickname =
| gender = Female
| occupation = Businesswoman Teacher
| position =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| origin = [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| lbl21 = Affiliation
| data21 = [[List of characters in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai#Maheshwaris|Maheshwaris]] (paternal family) [[List of characters in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai#Goyels|Goyels]] (maternal family) [[List of characters in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai#Singhanias|Singhanias]] (in-laws/descentants) [[List of characters in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai#Main|Naitik Singhania]] (husband)
}}

'''Akshara Maheshwari Singhania''' is the protagonist of the first generation in the television series ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' played by [[Hina Khan]]. Created by Rajan Shahi under [[Director's Kut Productions]], the series became a cultural phenomenon, particularly due to Akshara's character, which resonates with viewers on multiple levels. Akshara is regarded among the most memorable characters in Indian television..<ref>{{Cite web |title=First of Many: Hina Khan revisits Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/hina-khan-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-akshara-6477445/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715171411/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/hina-khan-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-akshara-6477445/ |archive-date=15 July 2020 |website=The Indian Express |date=15 July 2020}}</ref>

== Development ==
Rajan Shahi cast college student [[Hina Khan]] to play Akshara, marking her acting debut.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Hina-Khan-has-no-qualms-ageing-on-screen/articleshow/52375728.cms |title=Hina Khan has no qualms ageing on screen |website=The Times of India |date=21 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213005526/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Hina-Khan-has-no-qualms-ageing-on-screen/articleshow/52375728.cms |archive-date=13 February 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref> Khan stated that she knew nothing about acting while signing the series, saying, "I didn't learn acting from anywhere. I think it's because of luck that I landed up in TV. Even after that I had to do a lot of hard work. It was more difficult for me when I began acting and straight away I had to perform. I never got to learn".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/hina-khan-didnt-know-acting-when-she-signed-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-631479.html |title=Hina Khan didn't know acting when she signed 'Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai' |website=News18 |date=15 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112005526/https://www.news18.com/news/india/hina-khan-didnt-know-acting-when-she-signed-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-631479.html |archive-date=12 January 2020 |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> In November 2016, Khan left the show to explore more projects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/i-wanted-to-move-on-tv-actor-hina-khan-on-leaving-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai/story-2PnGINigiL9YMoihvgpHYI.html |title=I wanted to move on: TV actor Hina Khan on leaving Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai |date=23 November 2016 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=30 September 2017 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225101115/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/i-wanted-to-move-on-tv-actor-hina-khan-on-leaving-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai/story-2PnGINigiL9YMoihvgpHYI.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Characterization ==
Akshara is a kind-hearted and soft-spoken girl from [[Udaipur]], who is known for her positive nature.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/hina-khan-aka-akshara-fans-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-journey-see-pics-videos-4387979/|title=Hina Khan aka Akshara will be missed. A look at her Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai journey, see pics|website=The Indian Express|access-date=23 February 2021|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917101254/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/hina-khan-aka-akshara-fans-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-journey-see-pics-videos-4387979/|url-status=live}}</ref> She is educated and belongs to the Maheshwari family, a wealthy Marwari joint family recognised for their hotel business.
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.idiva.com/hindi/entertainment/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-why-people-still-love-naitik-akshara-track-in-hindi/18039842|title=ये रिश्ता क्या कहलाता है के नैतिक- अक्षरा की कहानी आज भी क्यों की जाती है पसंद?|website=IDiva|access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/1001-reasons-to-celebrate-at-the-singhania-home/articleshow/16767843.cms|title=1,001 reasons to celebrate at the Singhania home|website=The Times of India|access-date=28 September 2019|archive-date=9 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209173000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/1001-reasons-to-celebrate-at-the-singhania-home/articleshow/16767843.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-to-shoot-in-cape-town-after-10-year-leap/articleshow/46209783.cms|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai... to shoot in Cape Town after 10 year leap|website=The Times of India|access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref> Akshara is shown as a dutiful daughter. Khan's portrayal of the character has a blend of warmth, strength, and emotional depth.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/saas-bahu-pairs-redefined-relationship-tv-1502984462.html|title=Saas-bahu pairs that redefined the relationship on TV|website=The Statesman|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731093607/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/saas-bahu-pairs-redefined-relationship-tv-1502984462.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/happy-mothers-day-five-iconic-moms-on-indian-television-6402664/|title=Happy Mother’s Day: Five iconic moms of Indian television|website=The Indian Express|access-date=21 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216044752/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/happy-mothers-day-five-iconic-moms-on-indian-television-6402664/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Styling ==
As a Rajasthani girl, the character of Akshara was seen wearing heavy jewellers and traditional dresses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.idiva.com/ampstories/hindi/wedding/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-fame-hina-khan-aka-akshara-shivangi-joshi-aka-naira-and-pranali-jawde-bridal-look-in-hindi/18041489|title=Best looks of Hina Khan from Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai|website=IDiva|access-date=15 September 2023|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602191839/https://www.idiva.com/ampstories/hindi/wedding/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-fame-hina-khan-aka-akshara-shivangi-joshi-aka-naira-and-pranali-jawde-bridal-look-in-hindi/18041489|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially, Khan wore [[salwar]]-[[Kurta|kameez]]. Her post marriage look saw her wear [[Sari|saree]] with jewelleries. During festive celebrations, Khan wore heavy lehenga to embrace the culture of [[Rajasthan]]. Following a leap, when her character shifted to [[Cape Town]] and later back to India, Khan sported a more modern look, including [[Top (clothing)|tops]] and [[Palazzo pants|palazzos]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-akshara-aka-hina-khan-to-sport-a-modern-look-post-leap-321318-2016-05-03|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai: Akshara aka Hina Khan to sport a modern look post-leap|website=India Today|access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref>

== Legacy and influence ==
[[File:Hina-Khan-snapped-on-Bigg-Boss-OTT-set-in-Film-City-Goregaon-3.jpg|thumb|upright|Akshara's character established [[Hina Khan]] among television's highest paid actresses.<ref name="highest-paid" />]]

Khan's portrayal of Akshara has garnered significant acclaim, establishing her as a popular character in Indian television.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/hina-khan-on-12-years-of-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-love-i-got-for-akshara-overwhelms-me-till-date-677593|title=Hina Khan on 12 years of Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai: Love I got for Akshara overwhelms me till date|website=India TV|access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref> Her performance has contributed to the show's longevity and earned her several accolades.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-televisions-top-10-actresses/20140702.htm |title=Television's Top 10 Actresses |date=2 July 2014 |access-date=3 May 2017 |work=Rediff |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225101022/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-televisions-top-10-actresses/20140702.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Khan's on-screen pairing with [[Karan Mehra]] has garnered significant attention, with fans frequently expressing their admiration for the couple. Several publications like ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' and ''[[News18]]'' termed Akshara among the "most iconic characters" of Indian television.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/top-9-iconic-female-characters-of-tv-from-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-this-tulsi-to-balika-vadhus-anandi-the-era-we-still-cherish-1332851?amp|title=Top 9 iconic female characters of TV: From Tulsi to Daya, the era we still cherish|website=Pinkvilla|access-date=29 September 2024|archive-date=7 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807082452/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/top-9-iconic-female-characters-of-tv-from-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-this-tulsi-to-balika-vadhus-anandi-the-era-we-still-cherish-1332851?amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/190616/we-hardly-rehearse-our-scenes-karan-mehra.html|title=We hardly rehearse our scenes: Karan Mehra|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=29 January 2017|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123041437/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/190616/we-hardly-rehearse-our-scenes-karan-mehra.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The popularity of the series and her character established Khan among the highest paid and most popular actresses of Indian television.<ref name="highest-paid">{{Cite news |url=https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/kapil-sharma-to-ram-kapoor-10-highest-paid-indian-tv-actors-who-charge-a-hefty-amount-per-episode |title=Kapil Sharma to Hina Khan, 10 highest-paid Indian TV actors who charge a hefty amount per episode |date=30 June 2022 |work=GQ India |access-date=10 January 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921114453/https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/kapil-sharma-to-ram-kapoor-10-highest-paid-indian-tv-actors-who-charge-a-hefty-amount-per-episode |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-television-actors-salary-per-month-3037560/ |title=11 television stars who earn more than Bollywood actors per month! |date=18 September 2016 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=10 February 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=25 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925114453/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-television-actors-salary-per-month-3037560/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hina Khan]]
* [[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Fictional characters from the 21st century]]
[[Category:Female characters in television]]
[[Category:Drama television characters]]
[[Category:Television characters introduced in 2009]]
[[Category:Fictional Indian people]]
[[Category:Fictional housewives]]
[[Category:Fictional Hindus]]

2013 bombing of Indian consulate in Jalalabad

2025-12-14T10:38:00Z

Anthony: stub

{{Short description|Suicide bombing in Afghanistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
|title = 2013 Indian embassy attack
|image =
{{Location map
|Afghanistan
|width=300
|lat_deg=34.423221
|lon_deg=70.460214
|label=Jalalabad
}}
|partof = [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)]]
|location = [[Jalalabad]], [[Afghanistan]]
|date = 3 August 2013
|fatalities = 9
*3 suicide bombers
|injuries =
|perp = [[Taliban]]
}}

On 3 August 2013, the [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian consulate]] in [[Jalalabad]], [[Afghanistan]] was attacked by three [[suicide bombers]]. Afghan security forces spotted the attackers as they approached the consulate in a car leading to one of the attackers detonating his explosives. The blast killed nine people, six of them children, and wounded 24 others.<ref name="the Guardian 2013">{{cite web | title=Indian consulate in Afghanistan attacked by suicide bombers | website=the Guardian | date=2013-08-03 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/03/indian-consulate-afghanistan-suicide-bomb | access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Afghanistan}}
{{Afghanistan War}}
{{War on Terror}}

{{-}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian consulate 2013 attack Jalalabad}}

[[Category:2013 murders in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Attacks on diplomatic missions in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Attacks on diplomatic missions of India]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Afghanistan in 2013]]
[[Category:2010s in Jalalabad]]
[[Category:Suicide bombings in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:2013 mass murders]]
[[Category:August 2013 in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Afghanistan–India relations]]
[[Category:Attacks in Afghanistan in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 massacres in the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]

{{Afghanistan-hist-stub}}
{{terrorism-stub}}

GSAT-30

2025-12-05T16:47:51Z

Anthony: fix references as per guidelines and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian telecommunications satellite}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = GSAT 30
| image = Render_of_GSAT-30_spacecraft_in_deployed_configuration.png
| image_caption = Render of GSAT-30 spacecraft in deployed configuration
| image_size = 300px

| mission_type = [[Communications satellite|Communications]]
| operator = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID = 2020-005A<ref name="Display">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2020-005A|title=Display: GSAT-30 2020-005A|publisher=NASA|access-date=21 February 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
| SATCAT = 45026
| website =
| mission_duration = 15 years (planned) {{time interval|16 January 2020|show=ymd|sep=,}} (elapsed)

| spacecraft_bus = [[I-3K]]
| manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation Satellite Centre|ISRO Satellite Centre]] [[Space Applications Centre]]
| launch_mass = {{cvt|3357|kg}}<ref name="VA251_LK">{{cite web|title=VA251 launch kit|url=https://www.arianespace.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/VA251-launchkit-EN.pdf|publisher=Arianespace|access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113083905/https://www.arianespace.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/VA251-launchkit-EN.pdf|archive-date=13 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GSAT30_LK">{{cite web|title=GSAT-30 launch kit|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/gsat30_launchkit/files/assets/common/downloads/GSAT-30%20Launch%20Kit|publisher=ISRO |access-date=13 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113070747/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/gsat30_launchkit/files/assets/common/downloads/GSAT-30%20Launch%20Kit.pdf|archive-date=13 January 2020|date=13 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
| dry_mass =
| dimensions =
| power = 6000 watts

| launch_date = 16 January 2020, 21:05 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=First Spacebus Neo satellite launched |url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Telecommunications_Integrated_Applications/First_Spacebus_Neo_satellite_launched|publisher=ESA|date=2020-01-16|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[Ariane 5|Ariance 5 ECA]] ([[List of Ariane launches (2020–2029)|VA-251]])
| launch_site = [[Guiana Space Centre|Kourou]], [[ELA-3]]
| launch_contractor = [[Arianespace]]

| entered_service =
| disposal_type =
| decommissioned =
| last_contact =

| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]
| orbit_regime = [[Geostationary orbit]]
| orbit_longitude = 83.0° East<ref name="VA251_LK"/><ref name="GSAT30_LK"/>
| apsis = gee

| trans_band = 12 × [[C band (IEEE)|C-band]] 12 × [[Ku band|Ku-band]]
| trans_frequency =
| trans_bandwidth =
| trans_capacity =
| trans_coverage = Asia, Australia
| trans_TWTA =
| trans_EIRP =
| trans_HPBW =

| programme = [[GSAT]]
| previous_mission = [[GSAT-31]]
| next_mission = [[CMS-01]]
}}

'''GSAT-30''' is a [[telecommunication]]s satellite developed by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO).<ref name="VA251_LK"/><ref name="GSAT30_LK"/>

== Mission ==
The satellite's main communication payload is 12 [[Ku band|Ku]] band transponders for covering Indian mainland and islands and 12 [[C band (IEEE)|C-band]] [[Transponder (satellite communications)|transponders]] for extended coverage over [[Asia]] and Australia. The satellite will act as a replacement for the defunct [[INSAT-4A]].<ref name="VA251_LK"/> The satellite provides advanced telecommunication services to the Indian subcontinent. It is used for [[Very-small-aperture terminal]] (VSAT) networks, television uplinks, [[Electronic news-gathering|digital satellite news gathering]], [[Direct-broadcast satellite]] (DTH) services and other communication systems. This is the 41st communication satellite launched by ISRO and the 24th launch of ISRO satellite by [[Arianespace]].<ref name="gsat30">{{cite web |url=https://www.arianespace.com/mission-update/va251-gsat-integration/|title=GSAT-30 is installed on Ariane 5 for Arianespace's first mission of 2020|publisher=Arianespace|access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="GSAT30_LK"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/space/isro-gsat-30-satellite-ariane-5|title=ISRO's GSAT-30 Satellite Successfully Launched Aboard Ariane Rocket|publisher=The Wire|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref>

== Satellite ==
The satellite is based on ISRO's [[I-3K]] bus. It was assembled by a consortium of mid-sized industries led by Alpha Design Technologies Ltd. at ISRO Satellite Integration and Test Establishment at Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isros-gsat-30-satellite-launched-successfully-to-replace-ageing-insat-4a/article30582116.ece|title=ISRO's GSAT-30 satellite launched, to replace ageing INSAT-4A|date=2020-01-17|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Launch ==
GSAT-30 satellite was launched aboard [[Ariane 5]] launch vehicle ([[List of Ariane launches (2020–2029)|VA251]]) from French Guiana on 21:05 UTC, 16 January 2020 or 02:35 IST, 17 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/17-jan-2020/press-release-india%E2%80%99s-communication-satellite-gsat-30-launched-successfully|title=India's communication satellite GSAT-30 launched successfully|publisher=ISRO|website=isro.gov.in|access-date=2020-01-16|archive-date=30 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530144810/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/17-jan-2020/press-release-india%E2%80%99s-communication-satellite-gsat-30-launched-successfully|url-status=dead}}</ref> After three orbit raising burns with cumulative duration of 2 hours 29 minutes,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/20-jan-2020/gsat-30-update|title=GSAT-30 update|publisher=ISRO|website=isro.gov.in|access-date=2020-01-31|archive-date=25 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125085024/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/20-jan-2020/gsat-30-update|url-status=dead}}</ref> GSAT-30 acquired station at 81° East on 25 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.satellite-calculations.com/Satellite/getpositionhistory.php?45026?archive/2020/January/2020_January_|title=Historical satellite position data for GSAT-30 for the month of January 2020|website=satellite-calculations.com |access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref>

The launch of the GSAT-30 and [[GSAT-31]] by Arianespace is expected to cost Rs 950 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO faces costly proposition over recall of GSAT-11 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/aug/01/isro-faces-costly-proposition-over-recall-of-gsat-11-1851412.html |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
{{Commons category|GSAT-30}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{GSAT Satellites}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2020}}

[[Category:GSAT satellites]]
[[Category:Communications satellites in geostationary orbit]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by India in 2020]]
[[Category:Ariane commercial payloads]]
[[Category:Satellites of India]]
[[Category:Communications satellites of India]]

Pachaiyappa's College metro station

2025-11-26T23:48:53Z

Anthony: New Data

{{Short description|Chennai Metro's Green Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Chennai Metro logo.svg|50px]] Pachaiyappa's College
| type = {{Chennai Metro Infobox station line|line = Green|line2 = Inter}}
| style = Chennai Metro
| image = Pachaiyappa's College metro station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Chetpet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600030
| coordinates = {{Coord|13.0755|N|80.2329|E|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Green|croute}} {{color box|#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}; font-size:100%|[[Green Line (Chennai Metro)#Inter Corridor Line|'''Inter Corridor Line''']]|}}
| other =
| structure = Underground, [[Double-track railway|Double Track]]
| platform = [[Island platform]] 
Platform-1 → [[St. Thomas Mount railway station#Integrated Terminus for suburban.2C MRTS .26 METRO metro station|St. Thomas Mount]] Platform-2 → [[Chennai Central metro station|M.G.R Chennai Central]]
| depth = {{convert|18|m|ft}}
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking = {{Parking symbol}} Available
| bicycle = Free bicycle {{parking symbol}}
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|May|15}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = [[Single-phase electric power|Single-phase]] {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = SPC
| owned = [[Chennai Metro]]
| operator = Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Chennai Metro|line=Green|left=Kilpauk Medical College|right=Shenoy Nagar|line2=Blue|left2=Chennai Central|to-left2=Chennai Central|note-mid2=''(Inter-Corridor Service)''|right2=Shenoy Nagar|to-right2=Kilambakkam}}
| route_map = {{Chennai Metro Green Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Pachaiyappa's College''' is an underground metro station on the South-East Corridor of the [[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|Green Line]] of [[Chennai Metro]] in [[Chennai]], India. This was inaugurated on 14 May 2017. The station will serve the neighbourhoods of [[Kilpauk]] and [[Aminjikarai]]. The station has four entry and exit points.<ref>{{cite news| title = Metro stretch to have fewer entry points
| newspaper = The Hindu| location = Chennai| date = 8 May 2017| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-stretch-to-have-fewer-entry-points/article18407192.ece| accessdate = 10 May 2017}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Pachaiyappa's College track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}
| title-color = white
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = HSTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Kilpauk Medical College metro station|Kilpauk Medical College]]
*'''P1'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P2'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Shenoy Nagar metro station|Shenoy Nagar]]
HSTg\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''M'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Mezzanine
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → [[Chennai Central metro station|Chennai Central]] '''Next Station:''' [[Kilpauk Medical College metro station|Kilpauk Medical College]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards ← [[St. Thomas Mount railway station#Integrated Terminus for suburban.2C MRTS .26 METRO|St. Thomas Mount]] '''Next Station:''' [[Shenoy Nagar metro station|Shenoy Nagar]]
|}

===Facilities===
List of available [[Cash machine|ATM]] at Pachaiyappa's College metro station are

==Entry/Exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}};"| '''Pachaiyappa's College metro station Entry/exits '''
|-
! style="width:5%;"|Gate No-A1
! style="width:5%;"|Gate No-A2
! style="width:5%;"|Gate No-A3
! style="width:5%;"|Gate No-A4
|-
| || || ||
|-
| || || ||
|-
| || || ||
|-
| || || ||
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Chennai]]
* [[List of Chennai metro stations]]
* [[Chennai Metro]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
* [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System]]
* [[Chennai Monorail]]
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://chennaimetrorail.org/}}
{{Commons|Chennai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Chennai}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Pachaiyappas+College/@13.075665,80.23131,381m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x3a52667e0d6fd6b1:0xba142cc7bb4ebaee!8m2!3d13.0756971!4d80.2333957|title= Pachaiyappa's College metro station}}

{{Chennai topics}}
{{Chennai Metro|green line=yes}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2017]]
[[Category:Chennai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

P. K. Kelkar

2025-11-21T15:53:46Z

Anthony: New New Details

{{Short description|Indian scientist (1909-1990)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Purushottam Kashinath Kelkar
|image =Pkkelkar.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1909|6|1}}
| birth_place = [[Dharwar]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1990|10|23|1909|6|1}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, [[Republic of India]]
|workplaces = [[Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]] [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]] [[Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai]]
| alma_mater = [[The Institute of Science, Mumbai|Royal Institute of Science Mumbai]] [[Indian Institute of Science]] [[University of Liverpool]]
| website ={{URL|pkkelkar.info/}}
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (1970)
}}
'''Purushottam Kashinath Kelkar''' (1909-1990) was an Indian scientist who is best remembered for being the founding director of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]], which was established in 1959.<ref name="Kelkar">{{cite web
|publisher = iit.ac.in
|url = http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/iitk/newhtml/history.htm
|title = History of IIT Kanpur
|access-date = 1 April 2010
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091010172800/http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/iitk/newhtml/history.htm
|archive-date = 10 October 2009
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
He was also involved in the planning process for the establishment of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai]] and served as its third director, for a period of 4 years.<ref>{{Cite web | title=IIT Bombay - Directors | url=http://www.iitb.ac.in/about/directors.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010413080534/http://www.iitb.ac.in:80/about/directors.html | access-date=2025-11-21 | archive-date=2001-04-13}}</ref>
Kelkar was instrumental in securing USA's technical collaboration in the establishment of IIT Kanpur, by persuading the then USA ambassador, [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] to locate the fledgeling institution on the outskirts of Kanpur, in North India.<ref name="Life">{{cite web
| publisher=iit.ac.in
| url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/iitk/history/extracts.html
| title=Convocation Address by Dr. P.K. Kelkar
| access-date=1 April 2010
}}</ref>
The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1970.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=July 21, 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Education==
PK Kelkar (PKK) was born on 1 June 1909, in [[Dharwad|Dharwar]], [[Karnataka]], India. His father, Kashinath Hari Kelkar, was a professor of philosophy. He was, therefore, subject to transfers within the area. As a result, PKK received his elementary and secondary education in both Mumbai and [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-09 |title=IIT Kanpur's 1965 batch pledges Rs 2.5 crore to set up Research and Innovation Award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/iit-kanpur-1965-batch-pledges-rs-2-5-crore-to-set-up-pioneering-research-innovation-award-jee-main-https-indianexpress-com-article-education-cbse-class-12th-board-exams-2025-maths-paper-analyis-ques-9/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He graduated with honours in Physics in 1931 from the then [[Royal Institute of Science]], Mumbai. The next year he joined the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in Bangalore. He obtained the Diploma in Electrical Engineering in 1934. After that, instead of taking a job in industry, he decided to further his education.

He joined the University of Liverpool as a PhD student. This was possible because of a scholarship from the Ichalkaranji Trust, which was established for financing deserving students. His subject for PhD involved acoustical measurement and the performance of synchronous machinery on load. He completed his Doctorate in Electrical Engineering in 1937, under the guidance of Dr. J.C. Prescott. Just before finishing his doctoral work there was a fire in the laboratory. He lost a lot of his data and had to do the work all over again. After getting his PhD, he worked at [[Metropolitan-Vickers]] as an intern in power systems.<ref name="Career">{{cite web
| publisher=iPage
| work=Dr. P.K. Kelkar
| url=http://pkkelkar.info/
| title=Info Page on PK Kelkar
| author= Madhura Gopinath
| access-date=2 March 2011
}}</ref>

==Career==
PKK returned to India soon afterwards and joined his alma mater, IISc., as lecturer in Electrical Engineering from 1937 to 1943. While he was there, he edited a newsletter for the electrical engineering department. Among his colleagues were well known physicists like Nobel Laureate [[C.V. Raman]], [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]], and [[Vikram Sarabhai]]. However, it seems that the politics of the institute was not favourable to his growth and success.

In 1943, he accepted the post of Professor and Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering at the [[Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute]] in Mumbai (VJTI), where he continued until 1956. Some of his colleagues, who knew PKK from Bangalore, thought it was a step down in going from a research institution like [[Indian Institute of Science]] to [[VJTI]], which is an engineering institute.

His involvement with the planning of the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]](IIT) began in mid-1955 shortly after it had been decided to be set up in Mumbai as the second such institute. [[IIT Bombay]] was to be set up with financial and academic assistance from the [[USSR]], mediated by the [[UNESCO]].<ref name="Career"/>

According to Prof. M.V. Hariharan of IIT Bombay,{{cquote| Kelkar was a teacher–philosopher, able to see years ahead. He said that if engineering were the muscle for development, science was the brain. And that only with humanities could engineering education have a heart. Because then the instruction imparted to students became, in some sense, relevant to social needs.<ref name="Career"/>}}

When Kelkar moved to IIT Kanpur in 1959 as its first director, he set about infusing that institute with the same characteristics: accomplished faculty from diverse schools of thought, and a healthy curricular presence for the sciences and the humanities. By the mid-1960s, just a few years into its operations, as much as 40% of the B Tech curriculum at IIT Kanpur was given over to these foundations. According to a book on IIT Kanpur's history, Prof. Kelkar's influence helped IITK in ‘breaking out from the dark clouds of traditional systems in technical education’.<ref name="Career"/>

After a completing his tenure at Kanpur, Dr. Kelkar returned to Mumbai as the 2nd director of IIT Bombay from 1970 to 1974.

==Death==
Dr. Kelkar died in October 1990. IIT Kanpur, in 2002 renamed its central library as the P. K. Kelkar Library.<ref name="Career"/> The Kelkar Alumni Lecture was also instituted in recognition to a person who had made distinct contribution to the technical education in India through building and developing IIT Kanpur.<ref name="Lecture">{{cite web
|publisher = iit.ac.in
|work = IITKAA Lecture Series
|url = http://www.iitkalumni.org/lectures/index.htm
|title = Introduction to Kelkar Memorial Lecture Series
|access-date = 19 April 2010
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100612210217/http://www.iitkalumni.org/lectures/index.htm
|archive-date = 12 June 2010
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Kelkar was a distant cousin of, [[Dinkar G. Kelkar]] who belonged to the same ''[[Noble house (term)|gharana]]'', and was also a distant relative of [[Panditrao Agashe|Panditrao]] and [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe]] through their mother.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kelkar |first1=B. S. |last2=Kelkar |first2=G. R. |last3=Kelkar |first3=Y. S. |title=Kelkar Kulavruttanta |date=1993 |publisher=Yashodeep Typesetting |location=[[Thane]]|pages=75, 84, 89}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://pkkelkar.info/ Webpage on PK Kelkar]
* [http://www.iitk.ac.in IIT Kanpur Official Website]
* [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/25feb2010/570.pdf Current Science, Vol.98, No.4, Feb. 25, 2010]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100612210217/http://www.iitkalumni.org/lectures/index.htm IITKAA – Kelkar Lecture Series]
* [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/25feb2010/570.pdf IIT Kanpur Formative Years ]– [[Arun Kumar Biswas]]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kelkar, P. K.}}
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur people]]
[[Category:People from Dharwad]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]

Bhimadole

2025-11-20T03:54:28Z

Anthony: adjusted formatting based on references and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhimadole
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = File:Bhimadolu rail station.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Bhimadolu rail station
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 534426
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Bhimadole''' is a village in [[Bhimadole mandal]] of [[Eluru district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in West Godavari district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=8 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208134347/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|archivedate=8 February 2015|format=PDF}}</ref> Bhimadole BMD has its own railway station.

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Bhimadole had a population of 13669. The total population constitute 6835 males and 6834 females with a sex ratio of 1000 females per 1000 males. 1289 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with sex ratio of 980. The average literacy rate stands at 75.52%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588356-bhimadole-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Bhimadole Population Census|accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>

==Transport==
Bhimadole lies on the Gundugolanu-Kovvur road.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-10-06/Minister-releases-poster-of-Lord-Venkateswara-Kalyanotsavam/257310|title=Minister releases poster of Lord Venkateswara Kalyanotsavam|date=2016-10-06|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-02}}</ref> APS RTC{{clarify|What do these letters mean?|date=July 2020}} runs busses from [[Eluru]], [[Dwarakatirumala]], [[Rajahmundry]] to here.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150701/nation-current-affairs/article/two-die-lorry-overturns-west-godavari|title=Two die as lorry overturns in West Godavari|date=2015-07-01|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-12-02}}</ref> [[Bhimadole railway station]] lies on the [[Chennai]]-Howrah main line and many passenger trains stop there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/2509|title=Bhimadole Railway Station}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|16|48|52|N|81|15|42|E|region:IN_type:city_source:kolossus-tewiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

C. K. Chandrappan

2025-10-28T14:40:44Z

Anthony: page edit

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=ml|otherarticle=സി.കെ. ചന്ദ്രപ്പൻ|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = C. K. Chandrappan
| image = CK_CHANDRAPPAN_DSC_0698.JPG
| caption = C. K. Chandrappan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1935|11|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Cherthala]], [[Alleppey]], [[Travancore]]
| residence = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2012|03|23|1935|11|10}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]
| office = Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India]] Kerala State Council
| term_start = 14 November 2010
| term_end = 22 March 2012
| predecessor = [[Veliyam Bhargavan]]
| successor = [[Pannyan Raveendran]]
| constituency_MP1 = [[Thrissur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thrissur]]
| majority1 =
| parliament1 = Indian
| term_start1 = 2004
| term_end1 = 2009
| predecessor1 = [[A. C. Jose]]
| successor1 = [[P. C. Chacko]]
| office2 = Member of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2006
| term_end2 = 3 May 2011
| constituency2 = [[Cherthala (State Assembly constituency)|Cherthala]]
| predecessor2 = [[Vayalar Ravi]]
| successor2 = [[A. K. Antony]]
| constituency_MP3 = [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]
| majority3 =
| parliament3 = Indian
| term_start3 = 1977
| term_end3 = 1980
| predecessor3 = [[A.K. Gopalan]]
| successor3 = K. Kunhambu
| constituency_MP4 = [[Thalassery]]
| majority4 =
| parliament4 = Indian
| term_start4 = 1971
| term_end4 = 1977
| predecessor4 = Constituency Established
| successor4 = Constituency Demolished
| party = [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
| religion =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = C. K. Kumara Panicker, Ammukutty Amma
| website =
| footnotes =
| native_name =
}}

{{Given name hatnote|Chandrappan|Cheerapanchira Kuntirishery|lang=Malayali}}'''Cheerapanchira Kuntirishery Chandrappan''' (10 November 1935 – 22 March 2012) was a politician from [[Kerala]], [[India]]. He was associated with [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2362643.ece|title=The Hindu : States / Kerala : Hazare's detention denial of right to dissent: Chandrappan|date=16 August 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=23 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908053022/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2362643.ece|archive-date=8 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] of [[India]] representing the [[Thalassery (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thalassery]] from 1971 to 1977, [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]] from 1977 to 1980 and [[Thrissur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thrissur]] from 2004 to 2009. Chandrappan served as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from 1991 to 1996 representing [[Cherthala (State Assembly constituency)|Chertala]], [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]].

==Early life==
C. K. Chandrappan was born in [[Alleppey]], to Ammukutty and politician C. K. Kumara Panicker of the Kuntirishery family, a [[Vayalar]] tributary of the wealthy [[Cheerappanchira]] family in [[Muhamma|Muhamma, Alappuzha]]. Kumara Panicker was one of the frontline fighters in the legendary [[Punnapra-Vayalar uprising]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-07-30 |title=The Hindu : States / Kerala : C. K. Chandrappan dead |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article3078541.ece |access-date=2024-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730032014/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article3078541.ece |archive-date=30 July 2012 }}</ref>

==Early political career==
Chandrappan started his political life when he was a member of leftist youth federations in the 1970s. He took part in the [[Goa liberation movement]] and was jailed as a political prisoner on various occasions in Delhi, Calcutta and Trivandrum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/03/comrade-c-k-chandrappan-is-no-more_24.html?m=1 |title = NEW AGE WEEKLY: Comrade C. K. Chandrappan is No More}}</ref>

==Right to recall proposed bills for MP and MLA==
Constitution (Amendment) Bill about Voter's right to recall elected representatives was introduced in [[Lok Sabha]] by [[C. K. Chandrappan]] in 1974 and [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] had supported this but the bill did not pass.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k_AAAAMAAJ&q=Right+to+Recall&pg=RA11-PA1910|title=Vajpayee, Atal Bihari (5 September 1996). "State of the Nation". Shipra Publications – via Google Books.|isbn=9788185402703|last1=Vajpayee|first1=Atal Bihari|year=1996|publisher=Shipra Publications }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/anna-hazares-call-on-right-to-reject-and-right-to-recall-rekindled-debate-over-electoral-concepts/articleshow/9775883.cms|title= Social activist Anna Hazare during his protests had been campaigning for Right to Recall and right to Reject.|newspaper= The Economic Times}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
He married Bulu Roy Chowdhury in 1978.<ref>[https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/english-news-1.875960 "Bulu Roy Choudhary passes away"]. ''Mathrubhumi''. 19 February 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</ref> C. K. Chandrappan died in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] on 22 March 2012 at the age of 76, due to cancer.<ref>
{{cite news|title=C. K. Chandrappan dead|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article3078541.ece|access-date=22 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730032014/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article3078541.ece|archive-date=30 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|C. K. Chandrappan}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140116131841/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=14 Members of Fourteenth Lok Sabha - Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrappan, C. K.}}
{{14th LS members from Kerala}}
[[Category:Politicians from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1991–1996]]

List of field hockey venues in India

2025-09-07T10:15:26Z

Anthony: minor cleanup

{{Short description|none}}

This is a list of [[field hockey|hockey]] grounds in [[India]] that have been used for major hockey matches.
== Stadiums ==
{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible static-row-numbers" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
! Name !! City !! [[States of India|State]] !! Est. !! Capacity !! Home team !! Notes !! Image
|-
| [[Aishbagh Stadium]] || [[Bhopal]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || n/a || 10,000 || [[Bhopal Badshahs]] ||
|
|-
| [[Balewadi Hockey Stadium]] || [[Pune]] || [[Maharashtra]] || 1992 || 11,900 || ||
|
|-
| [[Bangalore Hockey Stadium]] || [[Bangalore]] || [[Karnataka]] || n/a || 7,000 || ||
|
|-
| [[Biju Patnaik Hockey Stadium]] || [[Rourkela]] || [[Odisha]] || 2010 || 15,000 || || ||
[[File:HOCKEY STADIUM.JPG|150px]]
|-
| [[Birsa Munda Hockey Stadium]] || [[Ranchi]] || [[Jharkhand]] || n/a || 5,000 || [[Ranchi Rays]] ||
|
|-
| [[Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium]] || [[Rourkela]] || [[Odisha]] || 2023 || 21,800 || [[Odisha Hockey Team]] ||Largest all seated hockey stadium in the world.<ref name="birsa">{{Cite web |last=Panda |first=Sudeshna |date=2023-01-29 |title=WATCH: Birsa Munda Stadium enters Guinness World Records for largest hockey stadium |url=https://kalingatv.com/state/watch-birsa-munda-stadium-enters-guinness-world-records-for-largest-hockey-stadium/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=KalingaTV |language=en-US}}</ref> || [[File:BirsaMundaHockeyStadium RKL1.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[B.R. Yadav International Hockey Stadium]] || [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] || [[Chhattisgarh]] || 2019 || n/a || ||
|
|-
| [[Chandigarh Hockey Stadium]] || [[Chandigarh]] || [[Chandigarh]] || 1988 || 30,000 || [[Chandigarh Comets]] || || [[File:Chandigarh hockey stadium.JPG|150px]]
|-
| [[G. M. C. Balayogi Hockey Ground]] || [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] || [[Telangana]] || n/a || 8,000 || ||
|
|-
| Kalinga Hockey Stadium || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Odisha]] || 2010 || 16,000 || [[Kalinga Lancers]] || <ref name="league1">{{Cite web|url=http://league.hockeyindia.org/venue/kalinga-stadium-bhubaneswar/|title=Venues : Kalinga Stadium, Bhubaneswar - Hockey India League|website=league.hockeyindia.org}}</ref> || [[File:Kalinga Hockey Stadium.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Khuman Lampak Hockey Stadium]] || [[Imphal]] || [[Manipur]] || 1999 || 8,000 || ||
|
|-
| [[Kollam International Hockey Stadium]] || [[Kollam]] || [[Kerala]] || 2014 || 3,000 || || ||[[File:Kollam_International_Hockey_Stadium,_Aug_2016.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]] || [[Mumbai]] || [[Maharashtra]] || n/a || 8,250 || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://league.hockeyindia.org/venue/mahindra-hockey-stadium-mumbai/|title=Venues : Mahindra Hockey Stadium, Mumbai - Hockey India League|website=league.hockeyindia.org}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Major Dhyanchand Hockey Stadium, Lucknow|Major Dhyanchand Hockey Stadium]] || [[Lucknow]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || n/a || 10,000 || [[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://league.hockeyindia.org/venue/dhayan-chand-sports-college-lucknow/|title=Venues : Dhyan Chand Sports College, Lucknow - Hockey India League|website=league.hockeyindia.org}}</ref> || [[File:Major Dhyanchand Hockey Stadium, Lucknow.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Major Dhyan Chand Hockey Stadium, Jhansi|Major Dhyan Chand Stadium]]|| [[Jhansi]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 1902 || 5,000 || ||
|
|-
| [[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium]] || [[New Delhi]] || [[Delhi]] || 1933 || 16,200 || [[Delhi Wave Riders]] || <ref name="venue1">{{Cite web|url=http://league.hockeyindia.org/venue/major-dhyan-chand-national-stadium-delhi/|title=Venues : Shivaji Hockey Stadium, Delhi - Hockey India League|website=league.hockeyindia.org}}</ref> || [[File:Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Master Chandgiram Sports Stadium]] ||[[Saifai]], [[Etawah district]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || n/a ||20,000|| ||
|
|-
| [[Maulana Md. Tayabullah Hockey Stadium]] || [[Guwahati]] || [[Assam]] || 2007 || 2,000 || || |
|-
| [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Hockey Stadium]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || n/a || 8,670 || [[Chennai Cheetahs]] || ||[[File:Mayor Radhakrishnan hockey stadium.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mohali International Hockey Stadium]] || [[Mohali]] || [[Punjab]] || 2013 || 13,648 || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://league.hockeyindia.org/venue/mohali/|title=Venues : Hockey Stadium, Chandigarh - Hockey India League|website=league.hockeyindia.org}}</ref> ||
|-
| [[PCMC Hockey Stadium]] || [[Pimpri]] || [[Maharashtra]] || 1993 || 5,000 || [[Pune Strykers]] ||
|
|-
| [[Rajgir Hockey Stadium]] || [[Rajgir]] || [[Bihar]] || 2024 || n/a || ||Bihar First Astro Turf hockey stadium.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bihar First Astro Turf hockey stadium|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/rajgir-to-host-womens-act-in-nov/articleshow/112903167.cms |access-date=2024-08-30 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Rajnandgaon International Hockey Stadium]] || [[Rajnandgaon]] || [[Chhattisgarh]] || 2013 || 15,000 || ||
|
|-
| [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Hockey Stadium]] || [[Raipur]] || [[Chhattisgarh]] || 2015 || 4,000 || ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/New-hockey-stadium-inaugurated-in-Raipur/articleshow/41194583.cms|title=New hockey stadium inaugurated in Raipur|newspaper=The Times of India |date=August 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hockeyindia.org/news/new-international-hockey-stadium-inaugurated-in-raipur-chhattisgarh.html|title=New International Hockey Stadium Inaugurated In Raipur, Chhattisgarh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Chhattisgarh-to-host-mens-Hockey-World-League-Final/articleshow/48526435.cms|title=Chhattisgarh to host men's Hockey World League Final|newspaper=The Times of India |date=August 18, 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[SDAT Astroturf Hockey Stadium]] || [[Kovilpatti]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || 2017 ||2,000|| || || [[File:SDAT Hockey Stadium.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh Hockey Stadium]] || [[Ferozpur]] || [[Punjab]] || 1926 || 10,000 || || || [[File:Shaheed Bhagat Singh Stadium Firozpur.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Shilaroo Hockey Stadium]] || [[Shilaroo]]|| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || 2010 || n/a || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shimlaonline.in/city-guide/shilaroo-hockey-stadium-in-shimla|title=Shilaroo Hockey Stadium Shimla, Highest Hockey Stadium Shilaroo}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Shivaji Hockey Stadium]] || [[New Delhi]] || [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]] || 1964 || 5,500 || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/dcwg/?q=node/785/|title=2010 Commonwealth Hockey Stadium}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Surjit Hockey Stadium]] || [[Jalandhar]] || [[Punjab]] || 2009 || 7,000 || [[Punjab Warriors]] ||
|
|-
|[[Tau Devi Lal Hockey Stadium]]|| [[Panchkula]] || [[Haryana]] || n/a || n/a || ||
|
|-
| [[Trichy Hockey Ground]] || [[Tiruchirappalli]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || n/a || n/a || || || [[File:Hockey Turf Anna Stadium.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Vidarbha Hockey Association Stadium]] || [[Nagpur]] || [[Maharashtra]] || n/a || 5,000 || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hockeyindia.org/news/hockey-india-inducts-vidarbha-hockey-association-in-its-fold.html|title=Vidarbha Hockey Association Stadium}}</ref>
|
|-
|}

== Proposed Stadiums ==
{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible static-row-numbers" style="font-size: 90%"
! Name !! City !! [[States of India|State]] !! Capacity !! Tenant !! Opening
|-
| [[Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar Hockey Stadium]] || [[Faizabad]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || n/a || TBA
|
|-
| [[Jaypee Sport City Hockey Stadium]] || [[Noida]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 10,000 || TBA || |
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of stadiums in India]]
* [[List of cricket grounds in India]]
* [[List of international cricket grounds in India]]
* [[List of football stadiums in India]]
* [[Venues of the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
* [[Lists of stadiums]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.fih.hockey/about-fih/ourmembers/dynamic/india FIH certified turfs]

{{Field Hockey in India}}

[[Category:Field hockey venues in India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of sports venues in India|Field hockey]]
[[Category:India field hockey–related lists|India venues]]

London Files

2025-07-04T13:05:32Z

Anthony:

{{short description|2022 Indian Crime Thriller series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = London Files poster.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = promotional poster
| creator = Sachin Pathak
| based_on =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Arjun Rampal]]|[[Purab Kohli]]|[[Sapna Pabbi]]|Medha Rana | Manvir Bawa|[[Gopal Dutt]]|Amritanshu Kumar|Adil Zubair}}
| composer = [[Sneha Khanwalkar]]
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Hindi|English}}
| genre = [[Crime fiction|Crime]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Action film|Action]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| camera =
| runtime =
| company = [[Jar Pictures]]
| network = [[Voot]]
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2022|04|21}}
| writer = Prateek Payodhi
| editor = Parikshhit Jha
| cinematography = Arun Kumar Pandey
}}

'''''London Files''''' is an Indian [[crime]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] web series directed by Sachin Pathak. The series stars [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Purab Kohli]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/arjun-rampal-and-purab-kohli-film-london-files-trailer-release-voot-select|title=London Files Trailer: अर्जुन रामपाल की वेब सीरीज 'लंदन फाइल्स' का ट्रेलर रिलीज, जासूस के किरदार में शानदार लगे अभिनेता|publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]|access-date=13 April 2022|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413183124/https://www.amarujala.com/amp/entertainment/bollywood/arjun-rampal-and-purab-kohli-film-london-files-trailer-release-voot-select|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/london-files-trailer-out-arjun-rampal-turns-a-homicide-detective-in-the-investigative-thriller-watch/|title=London Files Trailer Out! Arjun Rampal Turns A Homicide Detective In The Investigative Thriller – Watch|publisher=Koimoi|access-date=13 April 2022|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413183121/https://www.koimoi.com/television/london-files-trailer-out-arjun-rampal-turns-a-homicide-detective-in-the-investigative-thriller-watch/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref> The series was released on [[Voot]] on 21 April 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/london-files-teaser-arjun-rampal-and-purab-kohli-series-is-all-about-lies-secrets-and-redemption-7848540/lite/|title=London Files teaser: Arjun Rampal and Purab Kohli series is all about 'lies, secrets and redemption'|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=1 April 2022|access-date=13 April 2002|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401151802/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/london-files-teaser-arjun-rampal-and-purab-kohli-series-is-all-about-lies-secrets-and-redemption-7848540/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/arjun-rampal-and-purab-kohli-to-star-together-in-london-files-383464`|title=Arjun Rampal and Purab Kohli to star together in London Files|publisher=[[The Tribune]]|date=4 April 2020|access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/the-london-files-teaser-arjun-rampal-purab-kohli-promise-an-intriguing-investigative-thriller-watch-4934120.html|title=The London Files Teaser: Arjun Rampal, Purab Kohli Promise an Intriguing Investigative Thriller, Watch|publisher=News 18|date=2 April 2022|access-date=13 April 2022|archive-date=10 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410072722/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/the-london-files-teaser-arjun-rampal-purab-kohli-promise-an-intriguing-investigative-thriller-watch-4934120.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023, the show became available on American streaming network [[Starz]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Starz On {{!}} London Files |url=https://starzplay.com/en/series/london-files/581729832047 |website=Starz}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Arjun Rampal]] as Detective Om Singh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/arjun-rampals-london-files-character-impacted-him-personally/articleshow/90801405.cms|title=Arjun Rampal's 'London Files' character impacted him personally|publisher=[[The Times Of India]]|access-date=13 April 2022|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413183129/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/arjun-rampals-london-files-character-impacted-him-personally/articleshow/90801405.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Purab Kohli]] as Amar Roy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/watch-london-files-trailer-arjun-rampal-purab-kohli-to-take-audience-on-a-spine-chilling-journey|title=Watch 'London Files' Trailer: Arjun Rampal, Purab Kohli to take audience on a spine-chilling journey|publisher=[[Free Press Journal]]|access-date=13 April 2022|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413183103/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/watch-london-files-trailer-arjun-rampal-purab-kohli-to-take-audience-on-a-spine-chilling-journey|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Gopal Dutt]] as Gopi
*[[Sapna Pabbi]] as Ashwini
*Amritanshu Kumar as Shubhro Biswas
*Geetika Upadhyay as Simone
*[[Medha Rana]] as Maya
*Nisha Aaliya as Puja Singh
*Manvir Bawa as Yash Singh
*Adil Zubair as Rishi
*Nicholas Benjamin as News Reader
*Sagar Arya as Ranjh
*[[Eva-Jane Willis]] as Catherine
*Shanice Archer as Carol
*Hadas K. Kershaw as Ursula
*Ruchika Jain as Mrinal
*Daisy Louve as Daisy
*Karis Pentecost as Sarah Jones
*Warren Palmer as Harry
*Shiraz Khan as Joshi Ji

==Reception==
''London Files'' received mixed reviews from critics, with some describing it as promising but criticizing its writing and acting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhowal |first=Tiasa |date=2022-04-19 |title=London Files Review: Arjun Rampal's series promises much but delivers none |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/london-files-review-arjun-rampal-s-series-promises-much-but-delivers-none-1939209-2022-04-19 |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=[[India Today]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=2022-04-22 |title=London Files review: Arjun Rampal series unravels after a promising start |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/london-files-review-arjun-rampal-voot-select-7879688/ |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Others criticized its pacing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2022-04-21 |title='London Files' review: Flighty in Blighty |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1022229/london-files-review-flighty-in-blighty |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The ''Times of India'' reviewed the show more positively, praising its writing, pacing, and "unpredictability."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khurana |first=Archika |date=2022-04-19 |title=LONDON FILES SEASON 1 REVIEW: ARJUN RAMPAL & PURAB KOHLI'S MYSTERY CRIME THRILLER IS PACY AND INTRIGUING |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/london-files/season-1/seasonreview/90906727.cms |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=ETimes Entertainment Times}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|19389626}}

[[Category:Film series introduced in 2022]]

Medical Hall Press

2025-04-09T08:33:20Z

Anthony: adding some entry with sources

'''Medical Hall Press''' was a publishing house based in [[Varanasi|Benares]], [[India]] in the nineteenth century, during which it was the city's foremost press.<ref name ="orsini">{{cite web |last1=Orsini |first1=Francesca |title=Pandits, Printers and Others: Publishing in nineteenth-century Benares |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/31510/ |publisher=Permanent Black |pages=103–138 |language=en |date=26 June 2004}}</ref> It published Sanskrit philosophical literature<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Narayan Kavyam 1897 Medical Hall Press Kashi |url=https://archive.org/details/ShriNarayanKavyam1897MedicalHallPressKashi/page/n75/mode/2up}}</ref> and plays, including [[Jayadeva]]'s ''Prasannaraghava'' and [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajashekhara]]'s ''Balaramayana''.<ref name="orsini"/> It also published Hindi writer [[Premchand]]'s now-lost novel 1907 ''Kishna''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Prakash Chandra |title=Prem Chand |date=2010 |publisher=Sahitya Akad |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788126024285 |edition=Repr}}</ref> Its secondary literature includes reference material like textbooks in Hindi and English, which were translated to Urdu,<ref name ="orsini"/><ref>{{cite web |title=All writings of Medical Hall Press, Banaras |url=https://www.rekhta.org/publishers/medical-hall-press-banaras/all |website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref> as well as dictionaries. The press also published missionary literature<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lorbeer |first1=H. |title=Memoirs of Rev. W. Ziemann: founder and missionary of the Ghazipur Mission |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008407169 |publisher=Medical Hall Press |date=1882}}</ref> as well as colonial photography<ref name ="photos"/> and scholarship, including [[Frederic Growse]]'s ''[[Bulandshahr: Or, Sketches of an Indian District]].''

The press had fonts for various scripts, including [[Devanagari]], [[Latin script]], [[Arabic script|Arabic]], and [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]].<ref> Stark, Ulrike (1998). 'Inside a nineteenth-century publishing house: The Newal Kishore Press in Lucknow as a new kind of literary and intellectual centre', unpubl. paper, presented at the 15th European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies, Prague, Sept 1998. cited in Pandits and Printers </ref>

Medical Hall Press, founded by E.J. Lazarus in 1854,<ref name = "sahani">{{cite web |last1=Sahani |first1=Santosh Kumar |title=Emergence of the Local Print Culture in Banaras, 1800-1900 |url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/server/api/core/bitstreams/e3009db1-48e3-4450-bd0c-4b8873276e3b/content}}</ref> is also known as E.J. Lazarus & Co.<ref name = "photos"/> It was one of three European-owned printing presses in nineteenth-century [[colonial India]].<ref name = "sahani"/> It operated until at least the 1920s.<ref name = "photos">{{cite web |title=(#341) Benares--E.J. Lazarus & Co. |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2014/art-imperial-india-l14502/lot.341.html |website=Sothebys.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:British India]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]

Bhiwandi-Nizampur

2025-03-07T21:38:28Z

Anthony: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Bhiwandi-Nizampur City Municipal Corporation]]

Imdad Imam Asar

2025-02-19T20:47:01Z

Anthony: Creating Details

{{Short description|Indian writer (1849–1933)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Imdad Imam Asar
| other_names = Asar
| birth_name = Syed Imdad Imam Asar Nawab
| birth_date = 17 August 1849
| birth_place = Karai Parsurai, [[Patna]], [[Bihar]] (now in [[Hilsa]], [[Nalanda]])
| death_date = 17 October 1933
| death_place = Abgila, [[Gaya district]], [[Bihar]]
| title = [[Shamsul Ulama]], [[Nawab]]
| children = [[Syed Ali Imam]], [[Syed Hasan Imam]]
| father = [[Shamsul Ulama]] Syed Wahiduddin Bahadur
| relatives = [[Khuda Bakhsh]] (Cousin) 
[[Rashid-un-Nisa]] (Sister)
}}

'''Syed Imdad Imam Asar Nawab''' (17 August 1849–17 October 1933) was an Indian poet, critic<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-18 |title=इमदाद इमाम असर उर्दू के पहले समालोचक थे |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-050005-293536-NOR.html |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> and writer from [[Patna]], [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imdad Imam Asar - Profile & Biography |url=https://www.rekhta.org/poets/imdad-imam-asar/profile |access-date=24 October 2022|website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syed Imdad Imam Asar Nawab Poet Biography - Bihar Urdu Youth Forum, Patna |url=http://urduyouthforum.org/biography/biography-Syed-Imdad-Imam-Asar-Nawab.html |access-date=24 October 2022|website=urduyouthforum.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KHuda Jaane Asar Ko Kya Hua Hai of Imdad Imam Asar - Read Poet Imdad Imam Asar's best poetry Poem Title |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/poetry/imdad-imam-asar/khuda-jaane-asar-ko-kya-hua-hai-43011.html |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=UrduPoint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Internet Archive Search: subject:"Syed Imdad Imam (Asar)" |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=subject:%22Syed+Imdad+Imam+(Asar)%22 |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=archive.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Salman |first=Peerzada |date=2017-07-26 |title=Mir Anees praised as one of top four Urdu poets |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1347640 |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> He was professor of [[History]] and [[Arabic]] in [[Patna College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Matter of pride': Cong leader Awadhesh Singh doubles as caretaker of Urdu writer Imdad Imam Asar's tomb |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/bharat/awadhesh-singh-takes-care-of-tomb-of-imdad-imam-asar/na20220329205347613 |access-date=24 October 2022|website=ETV Bharat News |date=29 March 2022 |language=english}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-30 |title=The forgotten litterateur |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/566389-forgotten-litterateur |access-date=24 October 2022|website=The News International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imdad Imam Asar award {{!}} |url=https://herald.uohyd.ac.in/tag/imdad-imam-asar-award/ |access-date=24 October 2022 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Asar was born to [[Shamsul Ulama]] titled Syed Wahiduddin Khan Bahadur on 17 August 1849 in Karai Parsurai, near [[Patna]] in [[Bihar]], now in [[Hilsa]], [[Nalanda district]].

Asar's sister [[Rashid-un-Nisa|Rasheed Un Nisa]] is known to be first [[Urdu|Urdu Language]] Indian woman [[novelist]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=First woman Urdu novelist didn't have name as author |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/women-news/first-woman-urdu-novelist-didn-t-have-name-as-author-5963.html |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=www.awazthevoice.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Prime Minister of [[Hyderabad State]], [[Syed Ali Imam]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=दिल्ली को राजधानी बनाने का सर अली इमाम ने दिया था प्रस्ताव |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-mazar-of-sir-ali-imam-18275193.html |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> and [[Indian National Congress]] President [[Syed Hasan Imam]] were both sons of Asar.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asar, Imdad Imam}}
[[Category:1849 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:Poets from British India]]
[[Category:People from Patna district]]
[[Category:Writers from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Gaya district]]

{{India-poet-stub}}

Badri Lal Chitrakar

2025-01-17T12:22:36Z

Anthony: adjust references for clarity as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian painter|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{No footnotes|article|date=January 2008}}

'''Badri Lal Chitrakar''' (February 1920 – 2018) was an Indian traditional painter and dealer in antiquities. He was presented with the National Award in 1987, and the [[Shilp Guru]] award on 9 September 2006. He lived and worked for most of his life in [[Bhilwara]], a town in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-16 |title=Badri Lal Chitrakar Bhilwarawala: The master art forger |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19820515-badri-lal-chitrakar-bhilwarawala-the-master-art-forger-771797-2013-10-16 |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Life and career==
He was born in February 1920 and was an acclaimed master in Indian traditional paintings. He has guided a number of students nationally and internationally and has trained all his sons (notably Late Gyan Prakash Soni, Sharad Soni, Trilok Prakash Soni-also a national award winner for 2014) and his grand children like Manish Soni and Kuldeepak soni.

He was also a dealer in Indian antiquities, and was known for his mastery in restoration of paintings. One of his works includes a portrait of Maharana Bhupal Singh of Mewar, made on an ivory slab, for which he was honoured with the National Award by Ministry of Textiles, by the Government of India in 1987. Another includes the thousand drawings of Lord Ganesha, where each Ganesha conveys the meaning and mood of a thousand different Ganesha names, as mentioned in old Indian scriptures. His works are housed in a number of museums and private art collections across the world.

Chitrakar was credited with keeping traditional Indian art schools alive through his successors and students. He experimented with different materials, techniques of Indian art, and had an expertise in preparing pigments. He died in 2018.<ref>[https://badrilalchitrakar.com/about-us-2/ Badri Lal Chitrakar – About Us]</ref>

==Awards==
He has been conferred the following awards:
* [[Shilp Guru]] Award – nominated, 2004 / winner, 2006
* National Award of Master craftsperson – 1987
* Pune Festival Award

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725202334/http://www.craftscouncilindia.org/classifieds/chitrakar.html, Crafts Council of India (Link to Badri Lal Chitrakar details)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chitrakar, Badri Lal}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian artisans]]
[[Category:People from Bhilwara district]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]

Khan Bahadur Sher Jang

2024-10-23T11:05:23Z

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Ashok Singh (politician)

2024-10-04T13:51:01Z

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#REDIRECT [[Ashok Singh]]

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Road (film)

2024-09-16T15:25:14Z

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#REDIRECT [[Road (disambiguation)#Film]]

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Gopalpeta mandal

2024-06-26T09:40:08Z

Anthony: adding the details initial version

{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gopalpeta
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Mandal
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Wanaparthy]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =[[Telangana State|TS]] 32
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|hot]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gopalpeta''' is a [[Tehsil|Mandal]] in [[Wanaparthy district]], [[Telangana]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://wanaparthy.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/242.Wanaparthy-242.pdf |title= District Administration – Formation/Reorganization of District, Revenue Divisions and Mandals in Wanaparthy District – Final Notification - Orders – Issued |website= Wanaparthy District |accessdate= 21 July 2017}}</ref>

==Institutions==
* Zilla Parishad High School
* Government Junior College

==Villages==
The villages in Gopalpeta mandal include:
*[[Bandaraipakula]]
*[[Buddaram]]
*[[Chakalapally]]
*[[Cheerkapally]]
*[[Chennur, Wanaparthy district|Chennur]]
*[[Gopalpet]]
*[[Jainthirmalapur]]
*[[Keshampet]]
*[[Munnanoor]]
*[[Nagapur]]
*[[Polkepad]]
*[[Revally]]
*[[Tadiparthy]]
*[[Talpunur]]
*[[Yedula]]
*[[Yedutla]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mandals in Wanaparthy district]]