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2025–26 AIFF Super Cup

2026-04-23T16:49:54Z

Anshuchoudhary28: Starting a post basic info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Distinguish|2025 AIFF Super Cup}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
| title = AIFF Super Cup
| year = 2025–26
| country = [[India]]
| image = Fatorda stadium exterior 1.jpg
|imagesize = 320px
| caption = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]] hosted the final on 7 December 2025
| dates = 25 October – 7 December 2025<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-09-13 |title=Goa to host Super Cup, AFC spot on offer for winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-to-host-super-cup-afc-spot-on-offer-for-winner/articleshow/123858353.cms |access-date=2025-09-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Goa to host Super Cup, 12 ISL teams confirm participation with schedule decided |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-super-cup-schedule-202509 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Giri |first=Rahul |date=2025-09-12 |title=AIFF Shortlists Goa as Centralised Venue for Super Cup |url=https://revsportz.in/aiff-shortlists-goa-as-centralised-venue-for-super-cup/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Revsportz {{!}} Sports News Portal {{!}} Latest Sports Articles |language=en-US}}</ref>
| num_teams = 16
| venue = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]], [[Fatorda]] [[GMC Athletic Stadium]], [[Bambolim]]
| winners = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| count = 3
| second = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| continental_cup_title = [[2026–27 AFC Champions League Two|AFC Champions League 2]]
| continental_cup_qualifiers = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| matches = 27
| goals = 67
| attendance = 24,888
| scoring_leader = [[Koldo Obieta]] ([[Kerala Blasters FC]]) (3 goals)
| award =
| prev_season = [[2025 AIFF Super Cup|2025]]
| next_season = [[2027 AIFF Super Cup|2027]]
}}

The '''2025–26 AIFF Super Cup''' was the sixth edition of the [[AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]] and the 44th season of the national knockout [[association football|football]] competition organized by the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-super-cup-2025-26-to-begin-on-october-25 |title=AIFF Super Cup 2025-26 to begin on October 25 |publisher=AIFF |date=25 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/aiff-super-cup-2025-26-draw-teams-find-out-group-stageopponents |title=AIFF Super Cup 2025-26 draw: Teams find out group-stage opponents |publisher=Indian Super League |date=25 September 2025 }}</ref> It featured all clubs from the top-tier [[Indian Super League]] and top clubs from the second tier [[Indian Football League]], serving as the main domestic cup competition for men's football in India.<ref name=":1"/> [[FC Goa]] are the defending champions, having defeated the [[Jamshedpur FC]] 3–0 in the previous edition final to win their second [[List of Indian football champions#National Cup winners|national cup]] title.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FC Goa ride Borja's brace to win second Kalinga Super Cup title|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/fc-goa-ride-borjas-brace-to-win-second-kalinga-super-cup-title|access-date=3 May 2025 |website=www.the-aiff.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Cup 2025 final HIGHLIGHTS: FC Goa beats East Bengal FC in final to lift title and qualify for AFC Champions League 2 prelims |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/fc-goa-vs-jamshedpur-live-score-super-cup-final-2025-updates-fcg-v-jfc-highlights-streaming-info/article69534203.ece |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Sportstar |date=3 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jacob |first1=Joan Mathew |title=Super Cup 2025 final, Goa gives Marquez a perfect parting gift|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/super-cup-2025-final-goa-gives-marquez-a-perfect-parting-gift/article69535599.ece/|access-date=3 May 2025 |website=The Hindu |date=3 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalinga Super Cup Final: FCG 3-0 JFC; Gaurs Cruise To Title, Seal Asian Spot|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/football/fc-goa-vs-jamshedpur-fc-live-score-kalinga-super-cup-2025-final-fcg-vs-jfc-updates|access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Outlook India |date=3 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

[[FC Goa]] defeated [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] on penalty-shootouts after the match ended in a 0–0 draw after extra time, FC Goa win their third [[List of Indian football champions#National Cup winners|national cup]] title.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-super-cup-2025-26-fc-goa-three-time-champions |title=AIFF Super Cup 2025-26: FC Goa three-time champions |publisher=AIFF |date=7 December 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportsdunia.com/football-ratings/east-bengal-player-ratings-vs-fc-goa-aiff-super-league-7th-december-2025 |title=Red and Gold Brigade Lose Title On Penalties as Goa Win AIFF Super Cup |publisher= Sports Dunia |date=7 December 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/super-cup-final-goa-shoots-out-east-bengal-defends-title/article70369887.ece/ |title=Goa shoots out East Bengal, defends title |publisher= The Hindu |date=7 December 2025 }}</ref> As the winners, Goa have qualified for the [[2026–27 AFC Champions League Two]] preliminary stage.

==Format==
Competition format consists of a group stage and a knock-out stage. Group stage features 16 teams across the top two divisions of Indian football.<ref name=":1"/> 13 from the [[Indian Super League|ISL]] (except Odisha FC) and best top 3 from usual top standings of the [[I-League]] qualify for the group stage.<ref name=":2"/> The 16 qualified are drawn into four groups of four each, competing in a single [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format, with group winners making it through to the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/group-stage-draw-for-kalinga-super-cup-2023-24-conducted|title=Group stage draw for Kalinga Super Cup 2023-24 conducted|website=the-aiff.com|access-date=|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111164127/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/group-stage-draw-for-kalinga-super-cup-2023-24-conducted|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Teams ==

<section begin="map"/>
{{Location map+ |India3
|float=right
|width=380
|caption=Locations of the Super Cup teams
|places=


{{Location map~ |India
|lat=12.978889 |long=77.591667
|position=left
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
</div>
}}


{{Location map~ |India
|lat=25.318889 |long=83.012778
|position=left
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
{{nowrap|[[Inter Kashi]]}}
</div>
}}


{{Location map~ |India
|lat=13.085638 |long=80.271630
|position=right
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
</div>
}}


{{Location map~ |India
|lat=15.289557 |long=73.962166
|position=left
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
'''Goa'''
</div>
}}


{{Location map~ |India
|lat=22.569251 |long=88.409065
|position=right
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
'''Kolkata'''
</div>
}}


{{Location map~ |India
|lat=22.806189 |long=86.193083
|position=left
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
</div>
}}


{{Location map~ |India
|lat=19.129004 |long=72.835476
|position=right
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
</div>
}}


{{Location map~ |India
|lat=28.61 |long=77.21
|position=right
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
{{nowrap|[[SC Delhi|Delhi]]}}
</div>
}}


{{Location map~ |India
|lat=30.91 |long=75.23
|position=left
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
</div>
}}


{{Location map~ |India
|lat=26.115940 |long=91.760227
|position=left
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
</div>
}}


{{Location map~ |India
|lat=9.997308 |long=76.300763
|position=right
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
</div>
}}


{{Location map~ |India3
|lat=34.07 |long=74.82
|position=right
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
<s>[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]</s>
</div>
}}


{{Location map~ |India3
|lat=11.25 |long=75.77
|position=left
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
</div>
}}


{{Location map~ |India3
|lat=26.90 |long=75.80
|position=left
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
</div>
}}


{{Location map~ |India |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1
|lat=14.00 |long=87.00
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
'''[[Goa]] teams:''' 
[[FC Goa|Goa]] 
[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
</div>
}}

{{Location map~ |India |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1
|lat=19.00 |long=87.00
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
'''[[Football in Kolkata|Kolkata]] teams:''' 
[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] 
[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] 
[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
</div>
}}
}}


{{Location map+ |India Goa
|float=right |width=280
|caption=Locations of the stadiums and clubs in Goa
|places=
{{Location map~ |India Goa
|lat=15.28 |long=73.96 |position=left
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
{{nowrap|'''[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]''' [[FC Goa|Goa]]}}
</div>
|mark=Blue-red pog.png
}}

{{Location map~ |India Goa
|lat=15.46 |long=73.86 |position=right
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
{{nowrap|'''[[GMC Athletic Stadium]]'''}}
</div>
|mark=Blue pog.svg
}}

{{Location map~ |India Goa
|lat=15.52 |long=73.92 |position=left
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
</div>
}}
}}


{{Location map+ |India Kolkata
|width=300 |float=right
|caption=Location of the Kolkata football clubs
|alt=Kolkata football clubs
|places=
{{Location map~ |India Kolkata
|lat=22.5626337557 |long=88.3411999228 |position=left
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
</div>
}}

{{Location map~ |India Kolkata
|lat=22.5600109365 |long=88.3430860842 |position=bottom
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
</div>
}}

{{Location map~ |India Kolkata
|lat=22.5620501258 |long=88.3460700977 |position=right
|label=<div style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:90%; padding:2px 4px;">
[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
</div>
}}
}}<section end="map" />

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+Round of 16 entrants:
! scope="col" style="width:150px" |Team
! scope="col" style="width:150px" |League
! scope="col" style="width:100px" |{{abbr|App|Appearances}} (last)
|-
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| rowspan="13" align="center" |{{nowrap|[[Indian Super League]]}}
|6th ([[2025 AIFF Super Cup|2025]])
|-
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|6th ([[2025 AIFF Super Cup|2025]])
|-
|[[SC Delhi|Delhi]]
|1st
|-
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|5th ([[2025 AIFF Super Cup|2025]])
|-
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|6th ([[2025 AIFF Super Cup|2025]])
|-
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|6th ([[2025 AIFF Super Cup|2025]])
|-
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|6th ([[2025 AIFF Super Cup|2025]])
|-
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|5th ([[2025 AIFF Super Cup|2025]])
|-
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|3rd ([[2025 AIFF Super Cup|2025]])
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|6th ([[2025 AIFF Super Cup|2025]])
|-
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|6th ([[2025 AIFF Super Cup|2025]])
|-
|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|4th ([[2025 AIFF Super Cup|2025]])
|-
|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|3rd ([[2025 AIFF Super Cup|2025]])
|-
|<s>[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]</s><ref name="REK">{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-10-16 |title=Real Kashmir FC withdraws from AIFF Super Cup 2025-26; Dempo SC named replacement |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/real-kashmir-fc-withdraws-aiff-super-cup-2025-26-dempo-replacement/article70170882.ece |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|rowspan="3" align="center"|[[I-League]]
|1st
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|5th ([[2025 AIFF Super Cup|2025]])
|-
|[[Rajasthan United]]
|3rd ([[2024 AIFF Super Cup|2024]])
|}

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Round
!Match dates
|-
|Group stage
|25 October–6 November 2025
|-
|Semi-finals
|4 December 2025
|-
|Final
|7 December 2025
|}

==Venues==
The matches were held in two different venues in [[Goa]].<ref name=":0" /><section end=map />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
![[Fatorda]]
![[Bambolim]]
|-
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
|[[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
|-
|Capacity: '''19,000'''
|Capacity: ~'''3,000'''
|-
|[[File:Fatorda_Stadium%2C_Goa.jpg|200px]]
|
|}

== Group stage ==
{{main|2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage}}

16 teams were divided into 2 pots. The ISL teams were designated as Pot 1 whereas Pot 2 consisted of the I-League teams.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Pot 1
!Pot 2
|-
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|-
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|<s>[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]</s><ref name="REK"/>
|-
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|-
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|-
|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| rowspan="5" |
|-
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|-
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|-
|[[SC Delhi|Delhi]]
|-
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|}
[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] and [[FC Goa|Goa]] were designated as two top-seeded teams and were placed in A1 and B1. The draw took place on 22 September 2025.

Real Kashmir, later withdrew due to logistical issues, and were replaced by [[Dempo SC|Dempo]].<ref name="REK"/>

=== Group A ===
{{2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group tables|Group A|show_matches=yes |teamwidth=240}}

=== Group B ===
{{2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group tables|Group B|show_matches=yes |teamwidth=240}}

=== Group C ===
{{2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group tables|Group C|show_matches=yes |teamwidth=240}}

=== Group D ===
{{2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group tables|Group D|show_matches=yes |teamwidth=240}}

==Knockout stage==
===Bracket===
<onlyinclude>
<section begin=Bracket/>
{{#invoke:bracket|4TeamBracket
| score-width = 75px
| team-width = 150px
| RD2= [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup final#Details|Final]]

| RD1-seed1 = '''A1'''
| RD1-team1 = '''[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]'''
| RD1-score1 = '''3'''
| RD1-seed2 = C1
| RD1-team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| RD1-score2 = 1

| RD1-seed3 = '''B1'''
| RD1-team3 = '''[[FC Goa|Goa]]'''
| RD1-score3 = '''2'''
| RD1-seed4 = D1
| RD1-team4 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| RD1-score4 = 1

| RD2-seed1 = SF1
| RD2-team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| RD2-score1 = 0 (5)
| RD2-seed2 = '''SF2'''
| RD2-team2 = '''[[FC Goa|Goa]]''' {{pso}}
| RD2-score2 = '''0 (6)'''
}}<section end="Bracket" /></onlyinclude>

===Semi-finals===
{{#invoke:football box|main
| round = SF1
| date = {{Start date|2025|12|4|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| score = 3–1
| team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| goals1 =
*[[Mohammed Rashid|Rashid]] {{goal|12}}
*[[Kevin Sibille|Sibille]] {{goal|45+3}}
*[[Saúl Crespo|Crespo]] {{goal|70}}
| goals2 =
*[[Dani Ramírez|Ramírez]] {{goal|34|pen.}}
| location = [[Fatorda]]
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
| attendance = 300
| referee = Ashwin
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=58108 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/58108_Match_Summary_V1_1764852991.pdf PDF Report]
}}
----
{{#invoke:football box|main
| round = SF2
| date = {{Start date|2025|12|4|df=y}}
| time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| score = 2–1
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| goals1 =
*[[Brison Fernandes|Brison]] {{goal|20}}
*[[David Timor|Timor]] {{goal|23}}
| goals2 =
*[[Brandon Fernandes|Brandon]] {{goal|59}}
| location = [[Fatorda]]
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
| attendance = 5,000
| referee = Pratik Mondal Man of the Match: [[David Timor]] (Goa)
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=58109 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/58109_Match_Summary_V2_1764867092.pdf PDF Report]
}}

===Final===
{{main|2025–26 AIFF Super Cup final}}
<section begin=Final/>
{{#invoke:football box|main
| round = Final
| date = {{Start date|2025|12|7|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| score = [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup#Details|0–0]] 
| aet = Yes
|penaltyscore= 5–6
| team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| penalties1 =
*[[Kevin Sibille|Sibille]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Saúl Crespo|Saúl]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Miguel Figueira|Miguel]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Mohammed Rashid|Rashid]] {{penmiss}}
*[[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|A. Ali]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Hamid Ahadad|Ahadad]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Vishnu Puthiya Valappill|PV Vishnu]] {{penmiss}}
| penalties2 =
*{{penmiss}} [[Borja Herrera|Borja]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Javier Siverio|Siverio]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Dejan Dražić|Dejan]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Muhammed Nemil|Nemil]]
*{{pengoal}} [[David Timor|Timor]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Udanta Singh Kumam|Udanta]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Sahil Tavora|Tavora]]
| location = [[Fatorda]]
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
| attendance = 9,400
| referee = Harish Kundu Man of the Match: [[Hrithik Tiwari]] (Goa)
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=59672 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/59672_Match_Summary_V1_1765127946.pdf PDF Report]
}}<section end=Final/>

==Top scorers==
{{Updated|7 December 2025}}<ref name="SC">{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/super-cup |title=Super Cup |website=the-aiff.com |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129122422/https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/super-cup |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="white-space:nowrap"
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Goals
|-
!1
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Koldo Obieta]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
!3
|-
! rowspan="12" |2
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Ryan Williams]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
! rowspan="12" |2
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Bipin Singh]]
| rowspan="2" |[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ARG}} [[Kevin Sibille]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|CMR}} [[Raphaël Messi Bouli|Messi Bouli]]
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Borja Herrera]]
| rowspan="2" | [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|-
||{{#invoke:flag|icon|SRB}} [[Dejan Dražić]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|AUS}} [[Jamie Maclaren]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Vikram Partap Singh|Vikram Partap]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|MAR}} [[Alaaeddine Ajaraie]]
| rowspan="2" |[[NorthEast United FC|North East]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Chema (footballer, born 1997)|Chema]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} Robinson Blandón
|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|-
! rowspan="39" |14
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Kelvin Singh
| rowspan="2" | [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
! rowspan="39" |1
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Vinith Venkatesh]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Samik Mitra]]
| rowspan="1" | [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Andrei Alba]]
| rowspan="3" | [[SC Delhi|Delhi]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Sourav K.]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Alan Saji
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Laximanrao Rane
| rowspan="3" | [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Mohamed Ali (footballer)|Mohamed Ali]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Shubham Rawat
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|JAP}} [[Hiroshi Ibusuki]]
| rowspan="5" | [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Miguel Figueira]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Mahesh Singh Naorem|Naorem Mahesh]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|Palestine}} [[Mohammed Rashid]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Saúl Crespo]]
|-
||{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Javier Siverio]]
| rowspan="4" | [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Sahil Tavora]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Brison Fernandes]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[David Timor]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Albert Torras]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Samuel Kynshi]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} Juan Carlos Rico Azorín
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Singh (footballer)|Harmanpreet Sjngh]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Inter Kashi]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Karthik Panicker
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 2001)|Manvir Singh]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Pronay Halder]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Korou Singh Thingujam|Korou Singh]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ARG}} [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Brandon Fernandes]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Robin Yadav
| rowspan="2" |[[NorthEast United FC|North East]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Míchel Zabaco]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Manglenthang Kipgen]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Muhammad Suhail F|Md Suhail]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Nikhil Prabhu]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Ninthoinganba Meetei]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Princeton Rebello]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|Bosnia}} [[Samir Zeljković]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Dani Ramírez]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Pedro Astray]]
|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|-
! colspan="3" |Own Goal
!1
|-
! colspan="3" |Total
!67
|-
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Award
!Winner
!Team
!Prize
|-
|Best goalkeeper
|
|
|₹ 2,50,000
|-
|Best defender
|
|
|₹ 2,50,000
|-
|Best midfielder
|
|
|₹ 2,50,000
|-
|Highest goalscorer
|{{nobr|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Koldo Obieta]]}}
|{{nobr|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}}
|₹ 2,50,000
|-
|Player of the tournament
|
|
|₹ 2,50,000
|-
|Runners-up
|colspan="2" |[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|₹ 15,00,000
|-
|Champions
|colspan="2" |[[FC Goa]]
|{{nobr|₹ 25,00,000}}
|-
!colspan="4" |Source: [https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-super-cup-schedule-202509 AIFF]
|}

==Broadcasting==
The entire 2025–26 Super Cup edition will stream live on [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]] and [[Star Sports (India)#Channels|Star Sports Khel]] for games played in [[Fatorda Stadium]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalinga Super Cup 2025 Live Streaming & Telecast: When And How To Watch All Matches In India?|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/kalinga-super-cup-2025-live-streaming-telecast-when-and-how-to-watch-all-matches-in-india-356059.html |website=khelnow.com |date=19 April 2025 |access-date=19 April 2025 }}</ref><ref name=":1"/> and [https://youtube.com/@indianfootball?si=uxk93ckubUuPV_CT official YouTube channel of AIFF] for games played in [[GMC Athletic Stadium|GMC Athletic Stadium, Bambolim]]

==See also==
* '''Men'''
** [[2025–26 Indian Super League]] (Tier I)
** [[2025–26 I-League]] (Tier II)
** [[2025–26 I-League 2]] (Tier III)
** [[2025–26 I-League 3]] (Tier IV)
** [[2025–26 Indian State Leagues]] (Tier V)
** [[2025 Durand Cup]]
** [[2025 Reliance Foundation Development League|2025 RFD League]]
* [[2025–26 in Indian football]]
* '''Women'''
** [[2025–26 Indian Women's League]]
** [[2025–26 Indian Women's League 2]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/super-cup AIFF Super Cup] at the-aiff.com
*[https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/super-cup/# AIFF Super Cup] at i-league.com
{{AIFF Super Cup}}
{{2025–26 in Indian football}}
{{2025–26 in Asian football (AFC)}}

[[Category:2025–26 AIFF Super Cup]]
[[Category:AIFF Super Cup seasons]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Asian men's domestic association football cups|Indian Super Cup]]
[[Category:2025 in Asian domestic association football cups|India]]

Suparna Kanti Ghosh

2026-04-23T05:01:37Z

Anshuchoudhary28: New

{{Short description|Indian composer (born 1958)}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| background = person
| name = Suparna Kanti Ghosh
| native_name = সুপর্ণকান্তি ঘোষ
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1958}}
| origin = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal
| genre = Classical music, [[ballad]]
| occupation = Composer and music director
| years_active = 1978–present
| label = [[Saregama]]
}}
'''Suparna Kanti Ghosh''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ʊ|p|ɔː|r|n|oʊ|_|k|ɑː|n|t|ɪ|_|ɡ|h|oʊ|ʃ|h|}}) is an Indian [[composer]] and [[music director]] who primarily works for [[Bengali language|Bengali songs]]. He is best known for composing the song "[[Coffee Houser Sei Addata]]" in 1983. He is the son of [[Nachiketa Ghosh]], Indian film song composer.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Music of late Nachiketa Ghosh comes live after 41 years of his death – A tribute to legendary father by illustrated son |url=https://ibgnews.com/2017/07/04/music-late-nachiketa-ghosh-comes-live-41-years-death-tribute-legendary-father-illustrated-son/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240808144557/https://ibgnews.com/2017/07/04/music-late-nachiketa-ghosh-comes-live-41-years-death-tribute-legendary-father-illustrated-son/ |archive-date=2024-08-08 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=ibgnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> He made his debut by composing "[[Shey Amar Choto Bon]]" in 1978. He composed 56 songs sung by [[Manna Dey]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Yajnaseni |date=May 1, 2023 |title=How Manna Dey's immortal Coffee Houser Sei Addata was born |url=https://www.getbengal.com/home/story_detail/how-manna-deys-immortal-coffee-houser-sei-addata-was-born |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddique |first=Habibullah |date=2022-05-26 |title=How the song 'Coffee House' was born |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/splash/how-song-coffee-house-was-born-427162 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> He released an album in 2018 named "Gurukripahi Kevalam," which had unreleased songs by Nachiketa Ghosh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 13, 2018 |title=মুকুটটা তো পড়ে আছে, রাজাই শুধু নেই |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/patrika/do-you-know-these-facts-about-great-composer-nachiketa-ghosh-1.739101 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240401063247/https://www.anandabazar.com/patrika/do-you-know-these-facts-about-great-composer-nachiketa-ghosh-1.739101 |archive-date=2024-04-01 |access-date=2026-04-20 |language=bn}}</ref> He also composed songs for [[Hemant Kumar|Hemanta Mukherjee]], [[Aarti Mukherjee]] and [[Bhupen Hazarika]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-27 |title=এ সপ্তাহের সাক্ষাৎকার: সুরকার সুপর্ণকান্তি ঘোষ |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/multimedia/2015/05/150526_mb_big_intv_suparna_kanti_ghosh |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=BBC News বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>

In 2021, he composed an unreleased song written by [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]], sung by singer Shamik Pal. It was released in the [[YouTube]] channel Srinivas Music. The music arrangement was made by Shamik Guha Roy.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=August 21, 2021 |title=Gouriprasanna Majumdar: প্রয়াণ দিবসে গৌরীপ্রসন্নের ভালবাসার গান শমীকের কণ্ঠে, সুরে সুপর্ণকান্তি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/shamik-pal-sang-gouriprasanna-majumdars-new-song-composed-by-suparnakanti-ghosh-dgtl/cid/1299599 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220729214826/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/shamik-pal-sang-gouriprasanna-majumdars-new-song-composed-by-suparnakanti-ghosh-dgtl/cid/1299599 |archive-date=2022-07-29 |access-date=2026-04-20 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Early life and debut (1978–1980) ==
Suparna Kanti Ghosh's father [[Nachiketa Ghosh]] died in 1976. Shankar Barman suggested him to sing and compose music. Ajoy Biswas, a film director asked him to compose songs for him. Ghosh composed songs written by lyricists [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]] and [[Gauriprasanna Mazumdar]] which Nachiketa Ghosh did not take. Biswas later met [[Manna Dey]] on flight to [[Bombay]] and told him about Ghosh. Dey called him after returning to Kolkata. The next day, Ghosh went to Dey's stated place in Hedua, [[Kolkata]]. After hearing him singing his own song, Dey gave him an [[envelope]] with a song written by Pulak Bandyopadhyay. The song was arranged by Y. S. Mulkey. Within two or three days, Ghosh gave Dey the composed song after Dey returned from Bombay.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Shamayita |date=2018-12-14 |title=Today’s composers are here to do business: Suparna Kanti Ghosh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/todays-composers-are-here-to-do-business-suparna-kanti-ghosh/articleshow/67091471.cms |access-date=2026-04-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Debolina |date=2019-05-01 |title=Unknown facets of singer extraordinaire Manna Dey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/unknown-facets-of-singer-extraordinaire-manna-dey/articleshow/69113398.cms |access-date=2026-04-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Ghosh's next [[ballad]], "Khela Football Khela" was also sung by Manna Dey. The song was made in memory of the 16 people who died in [[Football Lovers' Day|the August 16, 1980 stampede]] during a match in [[Eden Gardens|Eden Gardens stadium]]. The money gained after the song was released was given to the families of the people. Before the song, Nachiketa Ghosh composed "Sob Khelar Sera," also sung by Dey.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

[[File:New Alipore.jpg|right|thumb|245px|New Alipore]]
Ghosh achieved his [[Master's degree|Master's]] from [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]]. He passed his [[Master of Commerce|M Com]] and CIB. He got his computer degree from abroad. He learned singing and instrument playing from London, England, from where he also learned piano and specialization in [[Western culture#Music|Western music]]. He took training in classical music and learned [[tabla]] from Ustad Govinda Ghosh. Ghosh also trained in guitar. During his studies in Calcutta University, he could not pay for his graduation examination. Ghosh went to Manna Dey, who asked him to come to his house on Sunday, the next day. Ghosh and Dey went by train to [[Kulti]], [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]], where they performed at a musical festival. Ghosh stayed at a [[guest house]] for the night. He returned to Kolkata the next morning and paid his university fees.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=অর্ণ |first=রেজওয়ান সিদ্দিকী |last2=রাফি |first2=রাফিউজ্জামান |date=April 25, 2022 |title=মান্না দে’র গান নিয়ে ব্যবসা করিনি: সুপর্ণকান্তি ঘোষ |url=https://dhakamail.com/entertainment/13352 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=dhakamail.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Coffee Houser Sei Addata (1983) ==

=== Composition and background ===
{{Main|Coffee Houser Sei Addata#Composition}}
Suparna Kanti Ghosh had gone to Paris for a trip. He visited [[Montmartre]], where he saw people painting and chatting at [[coffeehouse]]s. [[Salvador Dalí|Salvador Dali]] and [[Vincent van Gogh]] and others lived there. Among the places shown by his guide, he obtained the idea of "[[Adda (South Asian)|adda]]" (hangout) from the place.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In late 1982, Ghosh lived in [[New Alipore]], [[Kolkata]], and was studying for his [[Master of Commerce|M Com]] exams. Shakti Thakur was also in the house. Gauirprasanna Mazumdar came into his house asking for him. Ghosh challenged Mazumdar to write a song based on an "adda" (hangout) with reference to the [[College Street Coffee House]]. Mazumdar sang the first two lines there. He wrote the song's lyrics overnight. When Mazumdar presented the song to Ghosh, he recommended him to add a last [[stanza]] to the song.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=May 1, 2019 |title='মান্নাকাকা বলেছিলেন, এ কিরকম গান?' কফি হাউস নিয়ে আড্ডায় সুপর্ণকান্তি |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/general-news/manna-dey-100-years-coffee-houser-adda-making-suparnakanti-ghosh-97692/ |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=bengali.indianexpress.com |language=bn |agency=IE Bangla Web Desk}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |date=2013-10-24 |title=কফিহাউজ গানের জন্মকাহিনী |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/entertainment/news/bd/233268.details |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Banglanews24 |language=bn |agency=বিনোদন ডেস্ক}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=গোস্বামী |first=সৌমেন্দ্র |date=2024-07-31 |title=‘কফি হাউসের সেই আড্ডাটা আজ আর নেই’ কেন লিখেছিলেন গৌরীপ্রসন্ন মজুমদার |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/onnoalo/prose/6xzgk85pg7 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref>

[[File:Howrah Railway Station 03.jpg|thumb|260px|right|Howrah station outside]]
Ten days later, Mazumdar was sitting inside a train halted in [[Howrah railway station]] and thought of the last stanza. He wrote the lines on a white paper inside a [[cigarette pack]] and gave it to a man on the station. The man delivered the packet to Ghosh's house in [[New Alipore]], with the last lines on it. The song was taken to Manna Dey's recording studio in Bombay. When introduced to Dey, he asked "What song can be made from this? How will you fit the tune and melody to the words?". Dey recorded the song in 1983.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

=== Comments on the song ===
{{Main|Coffee Houser Sei Addata#Theme and characters}}

The characters Nikhilesh, Amol, Moidul, Sujata, Roma Roy and D'Souza are primarily mentioned in the song. Nur Ahmed Moidul was a [[Sports journalism|sports journalist]] born in 1936 in [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]] and moved to [[Dhaka]] in 1964. When he died in 2014, newspapers stated him to be the same Moidul from the song. Ghosh in an interview with [[Bdnews24.com]] commented, "There are so many people named Moidul in the city of [[Kolkata]], if they say they are the characters in this song – then what else can I say!" He said all the characters mentioned in the song to be entirely fictional and made up by Gauriprasanna Mazumdar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সাদ |first=সাইমুম |date=August 2, 2020 |title=কাল্পনিক চরিত্রে জমেছিল ‘কফি হাউসের সেই আড্ডা’ |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/article1786782.bdnews |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=কাল্পনিক চরিত্রে জমেছিল ‘কফি হাউসের সেই আড্ডা’ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=কর্মকার |first=রজত |date=2018-05-21 |title=কফি হাউজের সেই মইদুল-সুজাতারা আছেন ঢাকায়? ডাহা মিথ্যে! |url=https://eisamay.com/viral-news-truth/there-is-false-claim-by-bangladesh-media-about-the-song-coffee-house-sung-by-manna-de/64260573.cms |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Protagonists in iconic Bengali song ‘Coffee House’ are all fictional, says composer |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/lifestyle/entertainment/protagonists-in-iconic-bengali-song-coffee-house-are-all-fictional-says-composer-1596342981 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Visit to Bangladesh (2022) ==
Suparna Kanti Ghosh went to [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh in the afternoon of 21 April 2022 and stayed at the house of lyricist Pannalal Dutta. He stayed in Bangladesh till 27 April. Ghosh in an interview with [[Dhaka Mail]] remarked that in his early life his father (Nachiketa Ghosh) wanted him to study properly and wanted him to be a doctor. His family's occupation is mostly doctors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সিদ্দিক |first=হাবিবুল্লাহ |date=2022-05-26 |title=চিকিৎসক হলে কফি হাউসের মতো কালজয়ী গান হতো না: সুপর্ণকান্তি ঘোষ |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangla/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8/news-details-94918 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 3, 2023 |title=ফের ঢাকায় ‘কফি হাউস’ গানের সুরকার, জানালেন পরিকল্পনা |url=https://www.dainikbangla.com.bd/entertainment/9415 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Dainikbangla |language=en}}</ref> His grandfather was the attending physician of [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]], the second [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]]. He said he would have studied [[Health care|medicine]] if his father was alive. Ghosh said that he first sung in the recording of Thakurmar Jhuli, where his father gave him the lead role as he couldn't find anyone else.<ref name=":2" />

According to [[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]] (BSS news), the visit was the first time Ghosh went to Bangladesh. He pledged to compose one of his own songs while in the country. A few years before, he composed a song on [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], the founding [[president of Bangladesh]]. He played the [[Bongo drum|bongo instrument]] in Nachiketa Ghosh's songs from about age 7 or 8.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 21, 2022 |title=‘কফি হাউজের সেই আড্ডাটা আজ আর নেই ’ এর সুরকার সুপর্ণকান্তি ঘোষ ঢাকায় |url=https://www.bssnews.net/bangla/entertainment/39295 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=[[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]]}}</ref> The previous song he composed on Mujibur Rahman was named "Amader Sheikh Mujib," written by Dhakaite lyricist Pannalal Dutta. It was sung by [[Surojit Chatterjee]] of the [[Bhoomi (band)|Bhoomi band]], based in Kolkata. A video was also created, which captured Rahman's life story from [[Tungipara]] to the earning of his nickname as "Bangabandhu," directed by Kolkatan director Rawnak Banerjee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সাদ |first=সাইমুম |date=October 28, 2020 |title=বঙ্গবন্ধুকে নিয়ে গানে সুর তুললেন সুপর্ণকান্তি ঘোষ |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/article1820231.bdnews |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=বঙ্গবন্ধুকে নিয়ে গানে সুর তুললেন সুপর্ণকান্তি ঘোষ |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Suparna Kanti}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Bengali film score composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]

Mir Syed Hussain Simnani

2026-04-22T10:05:18Z

Anshuchoudhary28: Added Page!

{{Short description|Kashmiri Sufi}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| name = Mir Syed Hussain Simnani
| birth_place = Asad-abad [[Hamedan]], Iran <ref>تاریخ سمنان علی گنج پوری صفہ ٣٣١، print tehran book house 1999</ref>
| image =
| relatives = [[Mir Syed Ali Hamdani]] (cousin brother)
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
}}

'''Mir Syed Hussain Simnani''' was an Indian Sufi saint from the 8th century Hijri, known for his role in the spread of Islam in the Kashmir Valley. He hailed from simnan in Iran and is celebrated for his philanthropic mission and spiritual teachings in South Kashmir's [[Kulgam district]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Rayees Ahmad |date=2022-11-05 |title=Hazrat Mir Syed Mohammad Hussain Simnani (RA) |url=https://www.dailygoodmorningkashmir.com/hazrat-mir-syed-mohammad-hussain-simnani-ra/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Daily Good Morning Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a descendant of the [[Muhammad]] through his grandson [[Husayn ibn Ali|Imam Hussain]], being the 16th in direct descent from [[Ali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Kulgam, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Picturesque place nestling on the bank of river Veshaw {{!}} India |url=https://kulgam.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> He was the disciple <ref>manscriupt tarikh-i-Jonraj and Tarikh-i-Kashmir by Sayyid Ali completed in 1579; Manuscript [[University of Kashmir]]</ref> and cousin of the Sufi saint [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani|Mir Syed Ali Hamdani]] and the younger brother of Syed Tajuddin Hamdani.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gauhar |first=G. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lExAAAAMAAJ&q=mir+syed+hussain+simnani |title=Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali (Nund Rishi) |date=1988 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fazili |first=Ashraf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AX_XEAAAQBAJ&dq=mir+syed+hussain+simnani&pg=PA100 |title=OUR HERITAGE: Kashmir Chronicles Part 2 |date=2023-09-17 |publisher=Ashraf Fazili |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wani |first=Mohammad Afzal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAnaAAAAMAAJ&q=mir+syed+hussain+simnani |title=The Islamic Institution of Mahr: A Study of Its Philosophy, Working & Related Legislations in the Contemporary World |date=1996 |publisher=Upright Study Home |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
His arrival in Kashmir, along with other Sayyids during the reign of Sultan Shahab ud din, greatly influenced the region's religious landscape. He chose Kulgam as his permanent abode, where he was engaged in spreading Islam and was eventually buried at a spot on a cliff overlooking the river Veshaw.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_oYbQP_NkIC&q=mir+syed+hussain+simnani |title=Kashmir Today |date=1995 |publisher=Directorate of Information, Jammu and Kashmir Government |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nund-Rishi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQVkAAAAMAAJ&q=mir+syed+hussain+simnani |title=The Ark: Transcreation of Sheikh Noor-u-Din Wali |date=2003 |publisher=Rabani Book Stall |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SERVICE |first=GK NEWS |date=2024-02-05 |title=Shab-e-Meraj arrangements reviewed at shrine of Mir Syed Ali Hussain Simnani (RA) in Kulgam |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/governance/shab-e-meraj-arrangements-reviewed-at-shrine-of-mir-syed-ali-hussain-simnani-ra-in-kulgam/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Life ==
He played a significant role in the spread of Islam in Kashmir through his missionary work and spiritual influence. Here are some key contributions he made:

* Missionary Work: He was part of a group of hundreds of missionaries who accompanied [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani|Mir Syed Ali Hamdani]] to propagate Islam in Kashmir. His efforts gave a considerable boost to the conversion of the people of the valley to Islam.
* Spiritual Influence: He was known for his piety, abstinence, and spiritual powers. His presence and teachings had a profound impact on the local population, leading many to embrace Islam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rashid |first=Younus |date=2023-10-28 |title=Urs of Mir Syed Muhammad Hussain Simnani (RA) celebrated with fervour in Kulgam |url=https://risingkashmir.com/urs-of-mir-syed-muhammad-hussain-simnani-ra-celebrated-with-fervour-in-kulgam/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Rising Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Philanthropic Mission: He engaged in philanthropic activities in Kulgam, which helped in establishing a positive image of Islam and its teachings among the local communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-01-10 |title=Syed Mohammad Hussain Simnani (RA) |url=https://kashmirscanmagazine.com/2023/01/syed-mohammad-hussain-simnani-ra/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Kashmir Scan |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Cultural Integration: He connected the global mystical culture of Islam, or Tasawwuf, with the local mystic culture of Kashmir, known as Rishism. This integration resulted in the permanence and dominance of a unique Islamic mystical culture in the region.
* Royal Influence: [[Shihabu'd-Din Shah|Sultan Shahab ud din]], the ruler of Kashmir at the time, became a follower of Mir Syed Hussain Simnani, which likely facilitated the spread of Islam due to the king's endorsement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A spiritual guide: Hazrat Mir Syed Mohammad Hussain Simnani (RA) |url=https://kashmirvision.in/2022/11/06/a-spiritual-guide-hazrat-mir-syed-mohammad-hussain-simnani-ra/ |access-date= |website=kashmirvision.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

His legacy is still celebrated today, and his shrine in Kulgam remains a place of pilgrimage for many devotees.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Padder |first=Dr Mohd Ummer Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lARDEAAAQBAJ&dq=mir+syed+hussain+simnani&pg=PA59 |title=Status of Education |date=2021-09-16 |publisher=OrangeBooks Publication |language=en}}</ref>

== Works ==
He is attributed to the book titled "Hazrat Mir Sayid Muhammad Hussain Simnani : Qalandar-i-Sadat". This book provides insights into his life, his journey to Kashmir, his role in reforming the thoughts and actions of the Sultans of Kashmir, and his efforts in relieving locals from superstitious beliefs through his preaching and miraculous powers. It's a valuable resource for those interested in the history of Sufism and the spread of Islam in Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammad |first=Zahid G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boUMAQAAMAAJ&q=mir+syed+hussain+simnani |title=Icons of Kashmir Identity |date=2007 |publisher=Gulshan Books |isbn=978-81-8339-065-1 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simnani, Mir Syed Hussain}}
[[Category:Kashmiri Sufi saints]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:History of Kashmir]]

Child borewell deaths in India

2026-04-21T08:15:29Z

Anshuchoudhary28: added the info w/ refs!

In India, dozens of children have died by falling into abandoned [[Tube well|borewells]], which are generally narrow and deep. Currently there are 27 million borewells in India, with most of them in rural areas.<ref name="bw1">{{cite news |title=Killer borewells: Recent cases of children falling into deadly holes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/killer-borewells-recent-cases-of-children-falling-into-deadly-holes/articleshow/93212938.cms?from=mdr |access-date=29 December 2024 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=29 July 2022}}</ref> After borewell dries up, its cover—made of cast iron—is removed with the [[Plastic pipework|PVC pipe]] being pulled out, exposing the hole.<ref name="bw3">{{cite news |last1=Sirur |first1=Simrin |title=Why borewell deaths are so frequent and rescue measures fall short most of the time |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/why-borewell-deaths-are-so-frequent-and-rescue-measures-fall-short-most-of-the-time/313215/ |access-date=29 December 2024 |publisher=ThePrint |date=30 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="bw2">{{cite news |title=Explained: Why do children in India get trapped in borewells so often and why are rescue missions difficult? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/explained-why-do-children-in-india-get-trapped-in-borewells-so-often-and-why-are-rescue-missions-difficult-10855161.html |access-date=29 December 2024 |publisher=Firstpost |date=30 June 2022 |language=en-us}}</ref>

Indian records show that between 2009 and 2019, there were roughly 40 child deaths in borewells.<ref name="bw6">{{cite news |title=Get tougher laws to stop borewell deaths |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/editorials/2024/Dec/22/get-tougher-laws-to-stop-borewell-deaths |access-date=29 December 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=22 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raina |first=Sunil Kumar |date=October 2022 |title=What's New in Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock – Camel, Cattle, Borewell, or Sewer Injuries: Time for Public Health Contextualization of Injury Prevention |journal=Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock |language=en |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=155–156 |doi=10.4103/jets.jets_147_22 |pmid=36643767 |pmc=9838645 |doi-access=free |issn=0974-2700}}</ref> as many go unrecorded with the country having 27 million borewells.<ref name="bw4">{{cite news |title=From Prince in 2006 to Shrishti in 2023: 'Unaddressed' borewell incidents continue to haunt India |url=https://theprint.in/india/from-prince-in-2006-to-shrishti-in-2023-unaddressed-borewell-incidents-continue-to-haunt-india/1619524/ |access-date=29 December 2024 |publisher=ThePrint |date=8 June 2023}}</ref> Borewell safety can be improved by filling the abandoned well with sand or clay.<ref name="bw7">{{cite news |title=Deep traps: On borewell deaths |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/deep-traps/article29826125.ece |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=29 October 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="bw5">{{cite news |title=Why Do Open Borewells Continue To Take Lives Of Innocent Kids In India? Who Is Responsible? |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/explainers/news/why-do-open-borewells-continue-to-take-lives-of-innocent-kids-in-india-who-is-responsible-570492.html |access-date=29 December 2024 |publisher=Indiatimes |date=25 May 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Death of Sujith Wilson]]
* [[2006 borewell rescue of Prince]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Accidental child deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:Indian children]]
[[Category:Well-related accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Causes of death specific to children]]

{{India-stub}}

Barsha Singh Bariha

2026-04-18T23:16:17Z

Anshuchoudhary28: Starting new bio first draft...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Barsha Singh Bariha
| native_name =
| image = Barsha Singh Bariha.jpg
| caption =
| office1 = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 5 December 2022
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha]]
| constituency1 = [[Padampur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Padampur]]
| party = [[Biju Janta Dal]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|08|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Padampur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Padampur]], [[Odisha]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| father = [[Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha]]
| mother = Tilottama Singh Bariha
| education =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| source =
}}

'''Barsha Singh Bariha''' is an Indian politician from the [[Biju Janata Dal]] representing the [[Padampur Assembly constituency|Padampur constituency]] in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vikash |title=BJD Candidate Barsha Singh Bariha Wins Padampur Bypoll |url=https://odishatv.in/news/politics/bjd-candidate-barsha-singh-bariha-wins-padampur-bypoll-191874 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=[[Odisha TV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dash |first=Chinmayee |date=2022-12-12 |title=Newly elected MLA Barsha Singh Bariha takes oath in Odisha Assembly |url=https://sambadenglish.com/newly-elected-mla-barsha-singh-bariha-takes-oath-in-odisha-assembly/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=[[Sambad]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Soumya |date=2022-12-12 |title=ପଦ୍ମପୁର ବିଧାୟିକା ଭାବେ ଶପଥ ନେଲେ ବର୍ଷା ସିଂ ବରିହା |url=https://odia.news18.com/news/odisha/barsha-singh-bariha-took-oath-as-padmapur-mla-3ssd-12122022-ssd-141153.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=[[News18 Odia]] |language=or}}</ref><ref name="Padampur bypoll: Barsha Singh Bariha takes oath">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Padampur bypoll: Barsha Singh Bariha takes oath |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2022/Dec/12/padampur-bypoll-barsha-singh-bariha-takes-oath-2527743.html |access-date=11 February 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=12 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
She won the [[2022 elections in India#Odisha|5 December 2022 by-election]] with 120,807 votes and a margin of 42,679 votes, following the death of her father, [[Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha]], who previously held the seat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BYE ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT DECEMBER-2022 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeDec2022/ConstituencywiseS181.htm?ac=1 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Anwesha |date=2022-12-08 |title=BJD'S Barsha Singh Bariha steamrolls to victory by 42,679 votes, sets tone for concurrent 2024 elections |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/odisha-bypoll-bjds-barsha-singh-bariha-steamrolls-to-victory-by-42679-votes-sets-tone-for-concurrent-2024-elections-article-96086527 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> She is the daughter-in-law of Ramaranjan Baliarsingh, a former member of Odisha Legislative Assembly from [[Satyabadi Assembly constituency|Satyabadi constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJD picks late MLA's daughter Barsha Singh Bariha as its Padampur candidate |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/nov/15/bjd-picks-late-mlas-daughterbarsha-singh-bariha-as-its-padampur-candidate-2518442.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=15 November 2022 }}</ref><ref name="Odisha: CM Naveen Patnaik congratulates Barsa Singh Bariha for winning Padampur by-election">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Odisha: CM Naveen Patnaik congratulates Barsa Singh Bariha for winning Padampur by-election |url=https://kalingatv.com/odisha/odisha-cm-naveen-patnaik-congratulates-barsa-singh-bariha-for-winning-padampur-by-election/ |access-date=11 February 2025 |publisher=KalingaTV |date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211153254/https://kalingatv.com/odisha/odisha-cm-naveen-patnaik-congratulates-barsa-singh-bariha-for-winning-padampur-by-election/ |archive-date=11 February 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Annayyagari Sai Prathap

2026-04-18T21:50:47Z

Anshuchoudhary28: Starting some pg needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{family name hatnote|Annayyagari|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Annayyagari Sai Prathap
| image = Shri A. Sai Prathap assumes charge as the Minister of State for Steel, in New Delhi on June 03, 2009 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Shri A. Sai Prathap after being sworn in as the Minister of State for Steel, in New Delhi on June 03, 2009
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1944|9|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolar, Karnataka]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises|Minister of State for Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises]] [[Government of India]]
| term = 19 January 2011 - 12 July 2011
| prime_minister = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister = [[Praful Patel]]
| predecessor = [[Pon Radhakrishnan]]
| successor = ''Vacant''
| office1 = [[Ministry of Steel|Minister of State for Steel]] [[Government of India]]
| term1 = 3 June 2009 - 19 January 2011
| prime_minister1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister1 = [[Virbhadra Singh]]
| predecessor1 = [[Jitin Prasada]]
| successor1 = ''Vacant''
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term2 = 13 May 2004 — 16 May 2014
| predecessor2 = [[Gunipati Ramaiah]]
| successor2 = [[P V Midhun Reddy]]
| constituency2 = [[Rajampet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajampet]]
| term3 = 27 November 1989 — 6 October 1999
| predecessor3 = [[Palakondrayudu Sugavasi]]
| successor3 = [[Gunipati Ramaiah]]
| constituency3 = [[Rajampet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajampet]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| spouse = A. Krishnaveni Sai Prathap
| children = 1 daughter
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 12 May 2006
| source =
}}

'''Annayyagari Sai Prathap''' (born 20 September 1944) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He represented [[Rajampet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajampet]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] from 1989 until 1999 and again from 2004 until 2014. During his last term, he served as [[Union Council of Ministers#Ministers of State|Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Steel|Steel]] for almost two years and Minister of State for [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises|Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]] for six months in the [[second Manmohan Singh ministry]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Members Bioprofile: Annayyagari, Shri Sai Prathap|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=3235&lastls=15|access-date=2020-10-23|website=|publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sai Prathap was born on 20 September 1944 to Thimmayya in Bellambari, [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]. He belongs to [[Balija]] caste.<ref>
*{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/heartburn-in-ap-as-pm-picks-only-six/articleshow/4587046.cms|title=Heartburn in AP as PM picks only six |date=28 May 2009|work=The Economic Times}}
*{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/insiders-fear-sai-pratap-may-say-bye-to-congress/articleshow/12696962.cms|title=Insiders fear Sai Pratap may say bye to Congress?|date=17 Apr 2012 |work=Times of India}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sai-pratap-joins-tdp/article8394840.ece|title=Sai Pratap joins TDP|date=25 March 2016|work=The Hindu}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/Mar/25/ysrs-pal-sai-prathap-joins-yellow-party-915943.html|title=YSR's Pal Sai Prathap Joins Yellow Party|date=25 March 2016|work=The New Indian Express}}
</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sai Prathap married Krishnaveni in 1972 and the couple has one daughter.

== Political career ==
He opposed the [[Telangana movement]], and submitted his resignation as a member of parliament in October 2013 after the government approved the creation of the new state. However, the resignation was rejected on the grounds that it was given under duress.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kalavalapalli|first=Yogendra|date=2013-10-18|title=Lok Sabha speaker Meira Kumar rejects resignations of 13 Andhra MPs|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/LK3sclSHh0JXot63ZL9emJ/Lok-Sabha-speaker-Meira-Kumar-rejects-resignations-of-13-An.html|access-date=2020-10-23|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|language=en}}</ref>

He was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] throughout his political career until he joined the [[Telugu Desam Party]] in March 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajeev|first=M.|date=2016-03-25|title=Sai Pratap joins TDP|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sai-pratap-joins-tdp/article8394840.ece|access-date=2020-10-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However, he resigned and rejoined the Congress in May 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=15 May 2019|title=Unable to 'fit' in any other party, former Union minister Pratap to return to Congress|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/may/15/unable-to-fit-in-any-other-party-former-union-minister-pratap-to-return-to-cong-1977164.html|access-date=2020-10-23|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
*

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Palakondrayudu Sugavasi]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Member of Parliament#India|Member of Parliament]] from [[Rajampet]] | years = 1989 – 1999}}
{{s-aft| after = [[Gunipati Ramaiah]]}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Gunipati Ramaiah]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Member of Parliament#India|Member of Parliament]] from [[Rajampet]] | years = 2004 – 2014}}
{{s-aft| after = [[P. V. Midhun Reddy]]}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Annayyagari, Sai Prathap}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:People from Kolar]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Former members of Telugu Desam Party]]
[[Category:Union ministers from United Andhra Pradesh]]

{{AndhraPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Dharavi Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:02Z

Anshuchoudhary28: added the post needs work!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dharavi
| constituency_no = 178
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 178-Dharavi.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South Central]]
| district = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]
| established = 1978
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Jyoti Gaikwad]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| incumbent_image =
| electors = 261,892
}}
'''Dharavi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha located in the [[Mumbai City district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Overview==
Dharavi (constituency number 178) is one of the 10 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Mumbai City district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=267}}</ref> Number of electorates in 2009 was 268,779 (male 152,013, female 116,766) 113,732 are voters from minority community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|accessdate=11 November 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409033702/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archivedate=9 April 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

It is a part of the [[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)]] along with five other assembly constituencies, viz [[Sion Koliwada Assembly constituency|Sion Koliwada]], [[Wadala Assembly constituency|Wadala]], [[Mahim Assembly constituency|Mahim]], from Mumbai City district and [[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur]] and [[Anushakti Nagar Assembly constituency|Anushakti Nagar]] from [[Mumbai Suburban district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Satyendra More
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Premanand Awale
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Eknath Gaikwad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| Baburao Mane
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[Eknath Gaikwad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Varsha Gaikwad]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Jyoti Gaikwad]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharavi<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Dharavi">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Dharavi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13178.htm |access-date=29 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229084037/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13178.htm |archive-date=29 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jyoti Gaikwad|Dr. Jyoti Gaikwad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 70,727 |percentage = 54.60% |change={{increase}}8.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajesh Shivdas Khandare |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 47,268 |percentage = 36.49% |change={{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manohar Kedari Raibage |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,196 |percentage = 4.78% |change={{increase}}3.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghazi Saaduddin |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,331 |percentage = 2.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,756 |percentage = 1.36% |change={{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,459 |percentage = 18.11% |change= {{increase}}8.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 131,304 |percentage = 50.14% |change= {{increase}}2.63 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 129,548}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 261,892|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.56 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharavi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Varsha Gaikwad|Varsha Eknath Gaikwad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 53,954 |percentage = 46.03% |change={{increase}}5.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashish Vasant More |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 42,130 |percentage = 35.94% |change={{increase}}8.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoj Sansare |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 13,099 |percentage = 11.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kawade Sandeep Vinayak |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 4,062 |percentage = 3.47% |change={{increase}}0.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anita Deepak Gautam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,870 |percentage = 1.60% |change={{decrease}}1.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,869 |percentage = 1.59% |change={{increase}}0.36 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,824 |percentage = 10.09% |change= {{decrease}}3.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,092 |percentage = 47.59% |change= {{decrease}}1.99 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,208}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 250,251|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharavi<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Varsha Gaikwad|Varsha Eknath Gaikwad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 47,718 |percentage = 40.88% |change={{decrease}}8.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baburao Mane |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 32,390 |percentage = 27.75% |change={{decrease}}12.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Divya Dholay |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 20,763 |percentage = 17.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hanumantha S Nandepalli |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,333 |percentage = 4.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Sandeep Dattu Katke |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,143 |percentage = 2.69% |change={{decrease}}4.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganesh Chandrakant Khade |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,120 |percentage = 2.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilip Nagesh Katke |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,199 |percentage = 1.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,436 |percentage = 1.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,328 |percentage = 13.13% |change= {{increase}}3.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 118,160 |percentage = 49.42% |change= {{increase}}9.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 116,724}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 239,073|ref = |change= {{decrease}}11.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharavi<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Varsha Gaikwad|Varsha Eknath Gaikwad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 52,492 |percentage = 49.75% |change={{decrease}}3.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raibage Manohar Kedari |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 42,783 |percentage = 40.55% |change={{increase}}0.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishnu Ramchandra Gaikwad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,269 |percentage = 6.89% |change={{increase}}2.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Daulatram Bhujingrao Kawle |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,720 |percentage = 1.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lokhande Shanu Janardan |party=Independent politician |votes = 645 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,709 |percentage = 9.20% |change= {{decrease}}3.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,523 |percentage = 39.26% |change= {{decrease}}0.82 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,516}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 268,770|ref = |change= {{decrease}}12.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.03 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharavi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Varsha Gaikwad|Varsha Eknath Gaikwad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 64,981 |percentage = 52.78% |change={{increase}}5.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Snehal Sudhir |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 49,151 |percentage = 39.92% |change={{increase}}1.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baba Jiyauddin Siddiki |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 44,517 |percentage = 36.16% |change={{decrease}}10.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaina Nana Chudasama Alias Shaina N.C |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 25,877 |percentage = 21.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Edwin Brito |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,482 |percentage = 4.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Doulatram Bhujingrao Kawle |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,378 |percentage = 4.37% |change={{increase}}1.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Singh Chandrashekhar ( Mannubhai) |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,945 |percentage = 1.58% |change={{decrease}}0.94 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,830 |percentage = 12.86% |change= {{increase}}4.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,124 |percentage = 40.08% |change= {{decrease}}1.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,122}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 307,177|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.76 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharavi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jyoti Gaikwad|Dr. Jyoti Gaikwad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 52,087 |percentage = 46.93% |change={{increase}}16.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baburao Mane |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 42,673 |percentage = 38.45% |change={{decrease}}11.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. Y. Shinde |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,372 |percentage = 9.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Atamaram Yadav |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,800 |percentage = 2.52% |change={{decrease}}6.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shashikant Lumaji Bhalerao |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,034 |percentage = 1.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagannath Bhimrao Vhatkar |party=National Minorities Party |votes = 1,022 |percentage = 0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,414 |percentage = 8.48% |change= {{decrease}}10.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,990 |percentage = 41.10% |change= {{decrease}}11.38 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,988}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 270,033|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}2.63 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharavi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mane Baburao Jotiram |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 64,607 |percentage = 49.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Boudhankar Rajeev Narendra |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 39,787 |percentage = 30.52% |change={{decrease}}10.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhakoliya Vijender Surtaram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 11,460 |percentage = 8.79% |change={{increase}}7.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kawle Doulatram Bhujangrao |party=Janata Dal |votes = 7,100 |percentage = 5.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vhatkar Jagannath Bhimrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,868 |percentage = 2.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Trimbake Machindranath Mahadeo |party=Janata Party |votes = 1,531 |percentage = 1.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,820 |percentage = 19.04% |change= {{increase}}12.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 133,009 |percentage = 53.55% |change= {{increase}}4.52 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 130,358}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 248,403|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharavi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jyoti Gaikwad|Dr. Jyoti Gaikwad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 46,643 |percentage = 41.33% |change={{decrease}}7.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Medhekar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 39,430 |percentage = 34.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Satyendra More |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 13,614 |percentage = 12.06% |change={{increase}}5.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasant More |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,597 |percentage = 9.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balvant Kakade |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,115 |percentage = 0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,213 |percentage = 6.39% |change= {{decrease}}10.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 114,411 |percentage = 48.62% |change= {{increase}}5.85 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 112,859}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 235,310|ref = |change= {{increase}}34.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.99 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharavi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jyoti Gaikwad|Dr. Jyoti Gaikwad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,396 |percentage = 49.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasant More |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 24,223 |percentage = 32.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Satyendra More |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 4,612 |percentage = 6.25% |change={{decrease}}15.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Genu Kadam |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,541 |percentage = 6.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nanasaheb Waghmare |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,828 |percentage = 5.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,173 |percentage = 16.49% |change= {{decrease}}14.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,056 |percentage = 42.83% |change= {{increase}}9.24 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,802}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,252|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}3.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharavi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Premanand Awale |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 27,971 |percentage = 53.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Satyendra More |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 11,501 |percentage = 21.80% |change={{decrease}}27.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dattaji Shinde |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,194 |percentage = 21.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yeshwant Gopal Thorat |party=Independent politician |votes = 532 |percentage = 1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shakuntala Chintaman Salve |party=Independent politician |votes = 460 |percentage = 0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prakash Ambaji Kamble |party=Independent politician |votes = 330 |percentage = 0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,470 |percentage = 31.21% |change= {{increase}}3.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,535 |percentage = 33.35% |change= {{decrease}}20.28 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,767}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,532|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}3.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharavi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Satyendra More |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 36,156 |percentage = 49.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Vishnu Babaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,754 |percentage = 21.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bharat Namdeo More |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,093 |percentage = 15.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadaphule Sudam Krishna |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 5,543 |percentage = 7.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashayya Buchayya Badhya |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,499 |percentage = 6.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,402 |percentage = 27.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 74,769 |percentage = 54.40% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,045}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 137,434|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord|19.04|72.86|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dharavi (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Basin Bridge Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:53:49Z

Anshuchoudhary28: Starting first article needs work

{{Short description|Former legislative Assembly constituency in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Basin Bridge
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1957
| district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency) | Chennai North]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| mla = [[M. R. Kannan]]
| electors= 1,35,430
| reservation = None
| abolished= 1971
}}
'''Basin Bridge''' was an assembly constituency in Tamil Nadu. The elections conducted in the constituency and winners are listed below.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[T. N. Anandanayaki]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| T. N. Anandanayaki
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[M. R. Kannan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| M. R. Kannan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.73}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.41}}

}}
===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Anamalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. R. Kannan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,959 |percentage=56.73% |change=2.93% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramadoss |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,174 |percentage=38.44% |change=-2.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Hari Bhatt |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,312 |percentage=2.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Varadadesikan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,184 |percentage=1.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Muthiah |party=Independent politician |votes=672 |percentage=0.78% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,785 |percentage=18.29% |change=5.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,301 |percentage=65.26% |change= -9.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,35,430 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.93% }}
{{Election box end}}
===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Anamalai<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. R. Kannan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,109 |percentage=53.81% |change=12.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramdas |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,757 |percentage=41.26% |change=-9.37% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Kannan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,450 |percentage=4.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Sundararajan |party=Independent politician |votes=229 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,352 |percentage=12.55% |change=3.60% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,545 |percentage=74.69% |change= 1.70% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,02,515 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.17% }}
{{Election box end}}
===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Anamalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. N. Anandanayaki]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,477 |percentage=50.63% |change=-5.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. V. Natarajan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,913 |percentage=41.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. S. Kannan |party=Swatantra Party |votes=3,554 |percentage=5.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Kannan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,221 |percentage=1.96% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,564 |percentage=8.95% |change=-7.81% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,165 |percentage=73.00% |change= 30.69% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,271 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.77% }}
{{Election box end}}
===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Anamalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. N. Anandanayaki]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,441 |percentage=56.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. V. Natarajan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=14,367 |percentage=39.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ramanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=866 |percentage=2.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pachaiyappan |party=Independent politician |votes=564 |percentage=1.56% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,074 |percentage=16.76% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,238 |percentage=42.30% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,667 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|13.1013672|80.2682343|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Chennai]]
[[Category:Chennai district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 disestablishments in India]]

Mugaputhagam

2026-04-13T05:57:05Z

Anshuchoudhary28:

{{short description|Indian short comedy drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mugaputhagam
| image = Mugaputhagam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Suryaa Balakumaran Priya Mathan
| story = Atlee
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Sivakarthikeyan]]
*[[Sathish]]
*Suryaa Balakumaran
*Karna
*Sneha Murali
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[George C. Williams (cinematographer)|George C. Williams]]
| editing = [[T. S. Suresh]]
| music = [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
| studio = MAS Studio Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2011|02|14|Chennai|2011|04|09|YouTube|df=y}}
| runtime = 21 minutes and 22 seconds<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ahead-of-shah-rukh-khans-jawan-meet-director-atlee-whose-massy-entertainers-redefined-vijays-superstardom-8925292/|title=Ahead of Shah Rukh Khan's Jawan, meet director Atlee whose massy entertainers redefined Vijay's superstardom|first=Arushi|last=Bhaskar|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=7 September 2023|url-access=subscription|access-date=23 February 2025|archive-date=11 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411140537/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ahead-of-shah-rukh-khans-jawan-meet-director-atlee-whose-massy-entertainers-redefined-vijays-superstardom-8925292/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mugaputhagam''''' ({{Translation|[[Facebook]]}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language short [[Comedy drama|comedy drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]] and starring [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Sathish]], Suryaa Balakumaran, Karna and Sneha Murali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdtvindia-short-film-insight.weebly.com/short-films/mugaputhagam|title=Mugaputhagam by Atlee|date=14 May 2011|work=CDTV.in|via=[[Weebly]]|access-date=23 February 2025|archive-date=26 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226154932/https://cdtvindia-short-film-insight.weebly.com/short-films/mugaputhagam|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-birthday-atlee-shortfilm-director-to-a-popular-indian-filmmaker-look-at-the-magical-journey-of-the-talented-director/photostory/86368913.cms|title=Happy Birthday, Atlee!: Shortfilm director to a popular Indian filmmaker: Look at the magical journey of the talented director|date=20 September 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 February 2025|archive-date=26 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226160432/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-birthday-atlee-shortfilm-director-to-a-popular-indian-filmmaker-look-at-the-magical-journey-of-the-talented-director/photostory/86368913.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The short film starts off with Murali talking to Kavitha aka "Bujju", an unknown woman that he met online, and coming to the spot they agreed to meet on his motorbike. A perpetrator named Sathish tells Murali how he [[Catfishing|catfished]] him using his Korean phone that had voice changing options. Murali is later attacked by Sathish and his goons at the [[Velachery railway station]]. When Sathish's men ask him if Murali will turn them over to the police, he tells them not to worry.

Jeeva Murali and Aarthi Manohaar meet via Facebook. Jeeva hangs out with his friends, Sathish, Surya and "Courier" Karna, who each aspire to fall in love and Surya even unsuccessfully tries his luck with a Chinese girl named Jing Chak. One day, Aarthi agrees to send Jeeva her photo, but he is dumbfounded when she sends him a random girl much to the amusement of his friends. After Jeeva's friend, Sathish, reads a newspaper article about Murali's incident, Jeeva receives a phone call from Aarthi asking Jeeva to meet up at the backside of the same railway station that Murali was attacked. For safety purposes, Jeeva brings a thug who decides to bring other henchman he knows in other to protect him. To Jeeva's surprise, when he turns around Aarthi is in fact standing behind him. Jeeva asks her why she didn't send her photo the other day, and she tells him that some things are better told in person. Aarthi's friend reveals to Jeeva that Aarthi is in fact blind.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivakarthikeyan]] as Jeeva Murali
*[[Sathish]] as Sathish, Jeeva's friend{{efn|name=character|The character's real name is never mentioned in the narrative and is revealed in the trailer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFDQp1QMVxM|title=Mugaputhagam - Official Trailer HD|date=26 December 2010|work=[[Atlee (director)|A for apple studios]]|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=23 February 2025|archive-date=23 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223090123/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFDQp1QMVxM&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
*Suryaa Balakumaran as Surya
*Karna as "Courier" Karna{{efn|name=character}}
*[[Rajendran]] as Thug
*Sneha Murali as Aarthi Manohar
*Priya Mathan
*[[Ramesh Thilak]] as Sathish, Murali's perpetrator
*Sree Kumar
*Chantarang Meesuk as Jing Chak
*Vignesh
*Sugunathan as Henchman
*Tamil
*Kutty
}}

== Production ==
[[Atlee (director)|Atlee]], who felt that [[Sivakarthikeyan]] (of [[Vijay TV]] fame) would be a good actor, called him to act in ''Mugaputhagam''. The film was initially conceived as a feature film before it was made as a short film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cdtv.in/5/category/atlee%20endhiran%20assistant%20director/1.html|title=Frank speech of Endhiran Assistant Director Atlee with CDTV|date=8 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224042833/http://www.cdtv.in/5/category/atlee%20endhiran%20assistant%20director/1.html|archive-date=24 February 2011|work=CDTV.in|via=[[Weebly]]|access-date=23 February 2025}}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==
The short film highlighted the effect that Facebook had on the youth by showcasing male perpetrators catfishing unsuspected men by posing as women interested in romantic relationships.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/birthday-special-atlees-best-films-to-watch-after-jawan-61360.html|title=Birthday Special: Atlee's best films to watch after Jawan|date=21 September 2023|work=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=23 February 2025|archive-date=26 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226154930/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/birthday-special-atlees-best-films-to-watch-after-jawan-61360.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/assistant-director-to-being-ambanis-guest-atlees-growth-is-a-huge-inspiration-birthday-2438487-2023-09-21|title=Assistant director to being Ambani's guest, Atlee's growth is a huge inspiration|date=21 September 2023|work=[[India Today]]|first=Janani|last=K|access-date=23 February 2025|archive-date=21 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921235348/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/assistant-director-to-being-ambanis-guest-atlees-growth-is-a-huge-inspiration-birthday-2438487-2023-09-21|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="I"/> The theme of putting "spotlight on crimes around women followed by wishful justice" was followed in Atlee's future work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/atlee-meet-the-man-behind-srks-jawan/20230801.htm|title=Decoding Atlee's Recipe For Blockbuster Cinema|first=Divya|last=Nair|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=1 August 2023|access-date=23 February 2025|archive-date=26 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226154930/https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/atlee-meet-the-man-behind-srks-jawan/20230801.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The short film also highlighted how one shouldn't be ableist in love.<ref name="I"/>

== Music ==
The music was composed by [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]] under the stage name of Nandha.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=CDqrKI8DwY3 |user=tamil_shortfilms |title=Mugaputhagam – Atlee's Short film |date=9 August 2020 |access-date=23 February 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260128025605/https://www.instagram.com/tamil_shortfilms/p/CDqrKI8DwY3/ |archive-date=28 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Tea Kadai Paruvam
| lyrics1 = {{emdash}}
| extra1 = {{emdash}}
| length1 = 3:12
}}

== Release ==
The film was screened at [[AVM Studios]] in [[Vadapalani]], Chennai on 14 February 2011 with [[Balakumaran]] (whose son Suryaa acted and co-wrote the film) appearing as the chief guest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cdtv.in/7/category/premier%20show%20of%20vijay%20tv%20sivakarthikeyan%20starrer%20mugaputhagam/1.html|title=Writer Balakumaran pays visit to "Mugaputhagam" screening event at AVM Studio in Vadapalani|date=14 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223002831/http://www.cdtv.in/7/category/premier%20show%20of%20vijay%20tv%20sivakarthikeyan%20starrer%20mugaputhagam/1.html|archive-date=23 February 2011|work=CDTV.in|via=[[Weebly]]|access-date=23 February 2025}}</ref>

=== Reception ===
A critic from ''CDTV.in'' rated the film 3.5/5 and wrote, "''Mugaputhagam'' is a variety concept embedded with essentials like comedy, friendship, love and all other aspects necessary for a good entertaining film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdtvindia-short-film-insight.weebly.com/reviews/mugaputhagam-by-atlee-featured-review|title=Mugaputhagam by Atlee (Featured review)|date=9 April 2011|work=CDTV.in|via=[[Weebly]]|access-date=23 February 2025|archive-date=26 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226154931/https://cdtvindia-short-film-insight.weebly.com/reviews/mugaputhagam-by-atlee-featured-review|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from the UK-based ''Thamarai'' wrote, "This has to be one of the best Tamil short films on the net".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thamarai.com/uncategorised/mugaputhagam-facebook|title=Mugaputhagam (Facebook)|date=12 April 2011|work=Thamarai|access-date=23 February 2025|archive-date=23 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223082747/https://thamarai.com/uncategorised/mugaputhagam-facebook|url-status=live}}</ref> The short film was also positively received by the audience on various social media due to having a 'strong message for the youth'.<ref name="I"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/from-short-film-to-big-screen-hits-a-look-at-atlees-success-journey-5540869.html|title=From Short Film To Big Screen Hits, A Look At Atlee's Success Journey|date=13 July 2022|work=[[News18]]|access-date=23 February 2025|archive-date=26 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226154931/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/from-short-film-to-big-screen-hits-a-look-at-atlees-success-journey-5540869.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, Scott Campbell of ''Far Out'' wrote that this short film "outlined that he [Atlee] was more than ready to strike out on his own".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/atlee-kumar-india-greatest-filmmakers/|title=How Atlee Kumar has become one of India's greatest filmmakers|date=2 April 2024|first=Scott|last=Campbell|work=Far Out|access-date=23 February 2025|archive-date=26 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226154930/https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/atlee-kumar-india-greatest-filmmakers/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.moviebuff.com/mugaputhagam ''Mugaputhagam''] on Moviebuff.com
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfk5gSqrZSM ''Mugaputhagam''] on [[YouTube]]

{{Atlee}}

[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2011 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 short films]]
[[Category:Films about Facebook]]
[[Category:Films directed by Atlee (director)]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian short films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

R. Ramanathan (INC politician)

2026-04-11T20:11:46Z

Anshuchoudhary28: added first article basic info...

{{Short description|Indian businessman, politician and bureaucrat}}
{{Indian patronymic|Ramanathan Chettiar|Ramaswami}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Mayor R Ramanathan Chettiar
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| office1 = Member of [[Lok Sabha]] for [[Karur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karur]]
| term_start1 = 1962
| term_end1 = 1967
| prime_minister1 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], [[Indira Gandhi]]
| predecessor1 = [[K. Periasami Gounder]]
| successor1 = [[C. Muthuswamy Gounder]]
| office2 = Member of Lok Sabha for [[Pudukkottai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pudukkottai]]
| term_start2 = 1957
| term_end2 = 1962
| prime_minister2 = Jawaharlal Nehru
| predecessor2 = [[K. M. Vallatharasu]]
| successor2 = [[R. Umanath]]
| office3 = Mayor of [[Madras]]
| term_start3 = 1951
| term_end3 = 1952
| predecessor3 = [[P. V. Cherian]]
| successor3 = [[C. H. Sibgatullah Saheb]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1913|09|30}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1995|12|12|1913|09|30}}
| death_place = [[Madras]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Businessman, politician
| occupation =
| spouse =
}}

'''Ramaswami Ramanathan Chettiar''' (30 September 1913 – 12 December 1995) better known as '''Mayor Ramanathan Chettiar''' was an Indian Industrialist, politician and bureaucrat who served as [[Mayor of Madras]] and member of [[Lok Sabha]].

== Early life ==

Ramanathan Chettiar was born to philanthropist [[Diwan Bahadur]] [[Ramaswami Chettiar]] on 30 September 1913.<ref name="parlcompp443">{{cite book|title=Indian Parliamentary companion: Who's who of members of Lok Sabha|page=443|year=2003|publisher=Parliament of India}}</ref> Ramaswami Chettiar was the elder brother of [[Annamalai Chettiar]].

== Politics ==

Ramanathan Chettiar was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and played an active role in the [[Indian Independence Movement]].<ref name="parlcompp443" /> He served as a [[councillor]] in the [[Corporation of Madras]] from 1948 to 1952.<ref name="parlcompp443" /> In 1949 he was selected [[Sheriff of Madras]] and in 1950 was elected [[Mayor of Madras]], serving in both cases for a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/1321.htm|title=Third Lok Sabha- Members Bioprofile|accessdate= 24 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="parlcompp443" />

In the 1957 Lok Sabha elections, Ramanathan Chettiar was elected to the Indian parliament from the Pudukkottai Lok Sabha constituency. He was again elected for the period 1962–1967, this time from the Karur constituency.<ref name="obit_ref" />

== Bureaucracy ==

Ramanathan Chettiar was the first director of the [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref name="obit_ref">{{cite web|title=Obituary References|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lsdeb/ls10/ses15/p2012.htm|date=20 December 1995|publisher=Parliament of India}}</ref> He also served as a member of the executive committee of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and as chairman of the Indian Handicrafts Development Corporation.<ref name="obit_ref" />

== Death ==

Ramanatha Chettiar died on 12 December 1995 at the age of 82.<ref name="obit_ref" /> The [[Mayor Ramanathan Hall]] and M. R. C. Nagar in [[Raja Annamalaipuram]], Chennai, are named after him.

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of mayors of Chennai|Mayor of Madras]]|before=[[P. V. Cherian]]|after=[[C. H. Sibghatullah|C. H. Sibgatullah Saheb]]|years=1950–1951}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chettiar, R. Ramanathan}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Sheriffs of Madras]]
[[Category:Mayors of Chennai]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Karur district]]
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai district]]

Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Yadagirigutta

2026-03-28T16:54:20Z

Anshuchoudhary28:

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name =Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple
| native_name = 8th Nava Narasimha Temple
| image = Yadadri Temple on the hilltop.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Yadadri Temple on the hilltop.
| map_type = India Telangana#India
| map_caption = Location in Telangana
| coordinates = {{coord|17.5892|78.9446|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district|Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]]|
| location = [[Yadagirigutta]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Narasimha]] and [[Lakshmi]]
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian Architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website = https://yadagiriguttatemple.telangana.gov.in/
}}
{{Hinduism small}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
[[File:Yadagirigutta temple view.JPG|thumb|225px|Hillock of Yadadri|right]]
The '''Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple''' or '''Yadadri''' or '''Yadagiri Gutta Devasthanam (YGD)''',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150306/nation-current-affairs/article/yadagirigutta-now-renamed-yadadri|title=Yadagirigutta is now renamed as Yadadri|date=6 March 2015}}</ref> or '''Pancha Narasimha Kshetram''' or '''Rishi Aradhana Kshetram''' <ref>[https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-02-27/Yadadri-Development-in-Bangaru-Telangana/210208 Yadadri Development in Bangaru Telangana]</ref> is a [[Hindu Temple]] situated on a [[hillock]] in the small town of [[Yadagirigutta]] in the [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. Yadadri Temple is touted as Telangana's own Tirupati.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/yadadri-footfall-crosses-1cr-a-year-after-revamp-revenue-hits-169cr/articleshow/99076035.cms|title=Telangana: Yadadri footfall crosses 1 crore a year after revamp; revenue hits Rs 169 crore}}</ref> The Temple is dedicated to the god [[Narasimha]], an [[Avatar]] of [[Vishnu]].

The temple was expanded and rebuilt between 2016 and March 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/1000year-old-yadadri-temple-in-telangana-gets-complete-makeover-101616554081666.html | title=1,000-year old Yadadri temple in Telangana gets complete makeover | date=24 March 2021 }}</ref> It is 65 km from [[Hyderabad]].

==Temple Legend==
According to the [[Skanda Purana]], Yada, the son of the sage Rishyasringa performed penance here to the god [[Narasimha]]. Being pleased with his penance, Narasimha manifested himself in five forms: Jvala Narasimha, Gandabherunda Narasimha, Yogananda Narasimha, Ugra Narasimha, and [[Lakshmi Narasimha]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Yadadri Development in Bangaru Telangana|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-02-27/Yadadri-Development-in-Bangaru-Telangana/210208|publisher=The Hans India}}</ref> Yada requested Narasimha to remain on the hill in these forms. For this reason, the temple has deities of Narasimha in all five forms enshrined in stone in the main cave. Historically, the temple has followed the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] tradition of the [[Vaishnava]] [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agama Shastras]] as followed in [[South India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Vaishnava Divya Desams (108 Tiruppathis Sung by Azhwars): Along with a Selected List of Some Abhimana Sthalams in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKZWAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Sri Visishtadvaitha Pracharini Sabha|year=1972|page=132}}</ref>

==Deities in the Temple==
The temple is in a cave about {{convert|12|ft|m|order=flip}} high by {{convert|30|ft|m|order=flip}} long, located in back of the temple hall, by the rear pillar. There is a stairway down into the chamber and then towards the back. Jvala Narasimha is in the shape of a serpent, while Yogananda Narasimha appears sitting in meditation in yoga pose. The silver icon of Lakshmi-Narasimha is installed in the main shrine. To the right of the temple main door is a Hanuman temple. There is a long horizontal gap in the rock just below Hanuman. This is said to be where [[Gandaberunda]] Narasimha manifested. It is said that any wish of a sincere devotee visiting this temple will be fulfilled.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&q=yadagirigutta+history+book|title=Spiritual India Handbook|first=Stephen|last=Knapp|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|via=Google Books|isbn=9788184950243}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3UcAAAAMAAJ&q=yadagirigutta+history+book|title=History of the Cult of Narasimha in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh: From Ancient to the Modern Period|date=21 June 1989|publisher=Radha & Sons|via=Google Books}}</ref> The sanctum sanctorum or [[garbhagriha]] is located in a cave, under a huge slating rock, which covers half the temple.

==New Yadadri Temple==
A new temple was built at the old temple site. A temporary temple, Balalayam, was built till the renovation was on. The temple was rebuilt in the Krishna Sila (Black stone).<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana to get its own Tirumala in Yadadri temple project|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-to-get-its-own-tirumala-in-yadadri-temple-project/story-Xh0lUsJsr1tqFVx6ThxWfO.html}}</ref> The new temple was inaugurated on 28 March 2022 by Chief Minister of Telangana [[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/telangana-cm-kcr-performs-pooja-at-grand-inauguration-of-yadadri-temple-4916639.html | title=Telangana CM KCR Performs Pooja at Grand Inauguration of Yadadri Temple | date=28 March 2022 }}</ref>

===Donations and Renovations===
The then [[Chief Minister of Telangana]], [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao|K. Chandrashekhar Rao]] initiated the renovation of the temple, and approved a final layout.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150901/nation-current-affairs/article/yadadri-temple-layout-finalised|title=Yadadri temple layout finalised|date=1 September 2015}}</ref> A major renovation of the temple was completed with a budget of ₹1800 crores.<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana rebuilds ancient temple|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/634607/telangana-rebuilds-ancient-temple.html|publisher=Deccan Herald|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/telangana/telangana-s-yadadri-temple-artisans-hammer-away-at-religious-divides/story-DGTzLdqaLKc73Y2TvMde5K.html | title=Telangana's Yadadri temple artisans hammer away at religious divides| date=2018-05-02}}</ref> The work started in 2016 and was completed in March 2022 by the Yadadri Temple Development Authority (YTDA).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/after-5-years-of-renovation-yadadri-temple-to-reopen-on-mar-28-next-yr/articleshow/87146250.cms | title=Telangana: After 5 years of renovation, Yadadri temple to reopen on March 28 next year | Hyderabad News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> The temple owned 39 kilos of [[gold]] and 1,753 tonnes of silver for lining the gopurams and walls in the temple. The centuries-old practice of using [[lime mortar]] to join different stone parts is being used.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/yadadri-temple-works-telangana-brisk-pace | title=Yadadri temple works in Telangana at brisk pace}}</ref> The YTDA acquired around {{convert|1900|acre|ha|order=flip}} by spending ₹300 crores.<ref>{{cite news|title=Master Plan for Developing Yadadri Temple|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2016/mar/22/master-plan-for-developing-yadadri-temple-914729.html|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=22 March 2016}}</ref> The YTDA also constructed houses near the Vishnu Gundam (a bathhouse).

The Seventh [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] during his rule, had passed a grant of Rs.82,825 to this temple.<ref>{{cite web |url =http://missiontelangana.com/nizam-gave-funding-for-temples-and-hindu-educational-institutions/ |title =Nizam gave funding for temples, and Hindu educational institutions |publisher =missiontelangana |date =May 28, 2013 |access-date =21 August 2018 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180708074635/http://missiontelangana.com/nizam-gave-funding-for-temples-and-hindu-educational-institutions/ |archive-date =8 July 2018 |url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/A-lsquomiser-who-donated-generously/article15988076ce|title = A 'miser' who donated generously|newspaper= thehindu|date= May 24, 2013}}</ref>

In Feb 2023, on behalf of the Nizam family, [[Princess Esra]], wife of the 8th Nizam, gifted jewellery worth 8 Lakh Rupees to the temple.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nizam’s relatives donate necklace to Yadadri temple |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2023/feb/27/nizams-relatives-donate-necklace-to-yadadri-temple-2551241.html |access-date=28 February 2023 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Princess Esra Donates Gold Jewelry to Lord Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy {{!}} INDToday |url=https://indtoday.com/princess-esra-donates-gold-jewelry-to-lord-sri-lakshmi-narasimha-swamy/ |access-date=28 February 2023 |date=27 February 2023}}</ref>

===Sections===
The sections of the temple include the main temple, Mukha Mandapam, seven gopurams (domes) with wooden roofs, vratha peetham, Swamy Vari Udyana Vanam, kalyana mandapam, satram etc. The pillars of 12 [[Alvars]] (the poet-saints of Sri Vaishnavism) in the main temple is a significant feature.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/yadadri-temple-works-telangana-brisk-pace | title=Yadadri temple works in Telangana at brisk pace}}</ref>

The temple entrance arch will depict [[Mahābhūta]] (the five elements).
there is vishnu gundam. It is also proved that when we bath, all bad things are washed away from us.

===Temple architecture===
The architecture of the temple is based on '''Agama Shastra'''. The temple is built entirely in stone. The temple was earlier built on {{convert|2|acre|ha|order=flip}}. After demolishing all structures on the temple hillock, the base for the temple is now {{convert|16|acre|ha|order=flip}}.

===Design===
The principal film set designer is [[Anand Sai]] and lead architect P Madhusudhan, chosen for their understanding of the ancient designs based on silpa and Agama principles. The entire temple is built in stone. The stone designs in Yadadri were provided by the chief sthapathi of the temple, Sundararajan Srinivasan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yadagirigutta: Making a temple out of a mountain|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/making-a-temple-out-of-a-mountain/article25920757.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref>

===Sculptures===
Three types of stones are being used for the temple like ''Krishna Sila'' (also known as ''Purusha Sila'') for presiding deities in the sanctum sanctorum; ''Sthri Sila'' for deities of Goddesses; and ''Napunsaka Sila'' used for flooring, walls etc. Black granite stone is also used, based on the temple architecture of the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] in Telangana. The black granite stone has tiny pores, and it becomes strong and hard when milk, curd, oil and other liquids get into those pores, according to learned {{transliteration|hi|shilipis}} (sculpture experts).

==Transport==
Yadagirigutta is well connected by both rail and road. It is about 55 km from [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]], a major suburb of [[Hyderabad]] and 65 km from [[Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station]] at Hyderabad. A new bus stand is built on a {{convert|15|acre|ha|order=flip}}, as a part of new temple development.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/bus-stand-to-be-developed-in-15-acres-at-yadagirigutta | title=Bus stand to be developed in 15 acres at Yadagirigutta}}</ref> The proposed Hyderabad [[Regional Ring Road]] passes through Yadagirigutta.

The nearest railway stations are [[Raigiri]] about 5 km away and [[Bhongir|Bhongiri]], a major town of [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Region]] about 13 km away. Raigir railway station has been renamed as Yadadri(YADD) by South Central Railway in line with the new nomenclature of the temple town.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.railpost.in/scrs-raigir-station-gets-new-name | title=Raigir station renamed as Yadadri by SCR| date=21 September 2020}}</ref> The Hyderabad [[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System|MMTS]] - Phase II is planned, to be extended from [[Ghatkesar]] to Raigir station, which is 5 km from Yadagirigutta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Prabhus-boost-to-KCRS-temple-tourism-dream/articleshow/51148156.cms|title=Prabhu's boost to KCR'S temple tourism dream - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A metro train is proposed between [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]] and Yadagirigutta.

==See also==
* [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]
* [[Raja Rajeswara Temple, Vemulawada|Sri Raja Rajeshwara Temple, Vemulawada]]
* [[Ramappa Temple]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://yadagiriguttatemple.telangana.gov.in/ - Temple Official site]
* [https://yadagiriguttatemple.telangana.gov.in/timings/ Yadagirigutta Temple Timings]

{{Hindu Temples in Telangana}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Nalgonda district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Telangana]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nalgonda district]]
[[Category:Narasimha temples]]

Faye D'Souza

2026-03-26T11:51:16Z

Anshuchoudhary28: added the details basic info

{{Short description|Indian journalist (born 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Faye D'Souza (cropped).jpg
| caption = D'Souza in 2017
| birth_name = Faye Elvira D'Souza
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|10|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chikmagalur]], Karnataka, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore]] Convergence Institute of Media, Management and Information
Technology Studies
| spouse = Sagar Gokhale
| children = 1
| occupation = [[News presenter]]
| organization = BOOM
| years_active = 2003–present
| credits = ''The Urban Debate'', ''Investor's Guide'', ''All About Stocks'' and ''The Property Guide''
| agent =
}}
'''Faye Elvira D'Souza''' (born 8 October 1981) is an Indian journalist and [[news presenter]]. She worked as the executive editor of [[Mirror Now]], which is owned by [[The Times Group]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/mirrornow/expert-views/profile/faye-d-souza/20705|title=Expert profile – Faye D'Souza|publisher=Times Now|accessdate=7 November 2017|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226020144/https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now|url-status=dead}}</ref> She rose to fame with the show ''The Urban Debate'' on Mirror Now, where she anchored on subjects of corruption, communal violence and independent press.<ref name="Faye1">{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2017/06/20/faye-dsouza-mirror-now-tv-journalism|first=Shruti|last=Menon|title=This TV news anchor is trying to rescue news from noise|website=newslaundry.com|date=20 June 2017|accessdate=7 November 2017}}</ref> D'Souza has previously worked as an anchor and editorial lead on ''Investor's Guide'' on [[ET Now]] a member of the [[CNBC TV18]] newsroom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/author/fayedSouza/|title=Faye D'Souza – The times of India blog|work=The Times of India|accessdate=7 November 2017}}</ref>

She has been awarded the RedInk Award for ‘Journalist of the Year’ in 2018.

== Early life ==
Faye Elvira D'Souza was born on 8 October 1981 in [[Chikmagalur]], Karnataka into a family of [[Mangalorean Catholics]] and grew up in [[Bangalore]] where she studied journalism at the [[Mount Carmel College, Bengaluru|Mount Carmel College]].<ref name="Faye2">{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/1092878/the-nation-wants-to-know-how-an-anchor-is-winning-indian-tv-news-without-yelling/|author=Bhavya Dore|title=How an anchor is winning Indian TV news without yelling|work=Quartz|via=scroll.in|date=3 October 2017|accessdate=7 November 2017|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226020143/https://qz.com/india/1092878/the-nation-wants-to-know-how-an-anchor-is-winning-indian-tv-news-without-yelling/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She holds a bachelor's degree in journalism and English literature and a master's degree in Mass Communication. She completed her [[Postgraduate education|post graduate]] studies from Commits in Bengaluru.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Career==
===Career beginnings===
D'Souza started her journalism career with [[All India Radio]], while she was a student.<ref name=Faye1 /> She then worked as a post graduate journalist at [[CNBC TV18|CNBC TV 18]] in 2003 and later moved on to reporting about mutual funds, insurance and personal finance.<ref name=Faye2 /> She ran three weekly shows on ET Now – ''Investor's Guide'', ''All About Stocks'' and ''The Property Guide''.<ref name="Faye3">{{cite web |title=Inspirational Women – Faye D'Souza |url=http://wearethecity.in/inspirational-woman-faye-dsouza-editor-personal-finance-real-estate-et-now/ |accessdate=7 November 2017 |website=wearethecity.in}}</ref>

=== Mirror Now and ''The Urban Debate'' ===
The Times network launched the English news channel [[Mirror Now]] in April 2017. D'Souza was made its senior editor. The flagship show on Mirror Now, ''The Urban Debate'' was started, according to her to "shine an uncomfortable spotlight on apathy, inefficiency and corruption which is the root cause of most problems that we face as Indians today.".<ref name="Faye4">{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/50107_Times-Network-launches-second-English-general-news-channel---Mirror-NOW|title=Times network launches second general news channel|website=www.afaqs.com|accessdate=7 November 2017}}</ref>
In 2018 The RedInk Award for ‘Journalist of the Year’ was awarded to Faye D’Souza. She has been awarded for her blistering coverage of issues that touch the lives of common people. Her style of handling subjects like corruption, political opportunism, price rise and communalism over calendar 2017 has made her and her programme ‘The Urban Debate’ extremely popular with the masses. She resigned from Mirror Now's daily operations on 9 September 2019. Vinay Tewari replaced her as the new Managing Editor at the news channel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.mashable.com/culture/6576/faye-dsouza-resigns-as-executive-editor-from-mirror-now|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190910121951/https://in.mashable.com/culture/6576/faye-dsouza-resigns-as-executive-editor-from-mirror-now|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2019|title=Faye D'Souza Resigns as Executive Editor From Mirror Now|last=months|first=Afiya Qureshi 5|date=2019-09-09|website=Mashable India|language=en-in|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref>

=== New ventures ===
In January 2020, Faye D'Souza teamed up with an online video platform named FireWork, to produce and release short video clips in which she speaks about the current news.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/faye-d-souza-launches-news-channel-on-firework-200123|title=Faye D'Souza launches news channel on FireWork|last=|first=|date=2020-01-23|website=INDIANtelevision|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306053726/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/faye-d-souza-launches-news-channel-on-firework-200123|archive-date=6 March 2020|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:D'Souza, Faye}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women columnists]]
[[Category:Indian television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women television journalists]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Mount Carmel College, Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:Mangalorean Catholics]]
[[Category:Mangaloreans]]

Pratap Singh of Nabha

2026-03-26T08:29:50Z

Anshuchoudhary28: added first bio nd citations

{{Short description|Last ruling Maharaja of Nabha from 1928 to 1948}}
{{Other people|Pratap Singh|Pratap Singh (disambiguation){{!}}Pratap Singh}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sir Pratap Singh Nabha, [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Nabha State|Nabha]]
| image = Photograph of Maharaja Partap Singh of Nabha seated on a chair.jpg
| caption = Photograph of Pratap Singh of Nabha seated on a chair
| title = [[Nabha State|Maharaja of Nabha]]
| reign = 1928–1995
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Ripudaman Singh]]
| successor = Position and titles abolished
| spouse = Urmila Devi
| issue = Hanuwant Singh [[Hemant Singh]] Himmat Singh Sneh Lata Kaur
| full name =
| royal anthem =
| father = [[Ripudaman Singh]]
| mother = Sarojini Devi
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1919|9|21}}
| birth_place = [[Nabha State]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1995|7|22|1919|9|21|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
| buried =
| signature =
| religion =
| dynasty = [[Phulkian dynasty|Phulkian]] (by Birth)
[[Dholpur state|Bamrolia]] (by Adoption)
}}

'''Sir Pratap Singh Nabha''', [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] (21 September 1919 – 22 July 1995) was the last ruling [[Maharaja]] of [[Nabha State|Nabha]] and a member of the [[Phulkian dynasty]].<ref name=":0" /> After [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] in 1947, Singh [[Instrument of Accession|acceded]] to India and the state of Nabha was merged into the [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]], a then newly formed state, in 1948.<ref name=Pratap>{{cite web|title=Pratap Singh, Maharaja|url=http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographies/sikh-political-figures/pratap-singh-maharaja|publisher=The Sikh Encyclopaedia|accessdate=31 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003454/http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographies/sikh-political-figures/pratap-singh-maharaja|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ranjit |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Sikh_Achievers/qfuDnpVlmlcC?hl=en&gbpv |title=Sikh Achievers |date= |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-7010-365-3 |location=New Delhi |pages=108–109 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Pratap Singh was born in [[Nabha State]] on 21 September 1919 and he was the eldest son and heir of [[Maharaja]] [[Ripudaman Singh]].<ref name=":1" /> He was also a member of the [[Phulkian dynasty]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2 July 2017 |title=Nabha royal family scion Hanuwant Singh dies at 65 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/nabha-royal-family-scion-hanumant-singh-dies-at-65/story-wx6jkAUEy7D6hjseAcSDgJ.htm |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> His father, Ripudaman, was deposed by the [[British Raj]] in 1928 for [[sedition]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Surjit |date=11 January 2022 |title=Century on, SGPC republishes book on maharaja of Nabha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/century-on-sgpc-republishes-book-on-maharaja-of-nabha-101641905435151.html |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Singh became the Maharaja and Nabha State was placed under minority administration.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Singh began his schooling at the [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian]] school, [[Woodstock School|Woodstock]], in [[Mussoorie]].<ref name=":1" /> He was educated at the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Royal Military Academy]], [[Sandhurst, Berkshire|Sandhurst]] and at [[Badingham College]] in [[Surrey]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==Reign==

Singh assumed ruling powers in 1938.<ref name=":1" /> He was appointed a Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (KSCI).<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Debrett_s_Peerage_Baronetage_Knightage_a/0SIMAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage |date= |publisher=Kelly's Directories |year=1973 |location=Surrey |page=2309 |language=en}}</ref>

==Later life==

Singh [[Instrument of Accession|acceded]] to India after [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] in 1947, and in 1948, Nabha was merged into the then newly formed state of [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] (PEPSU).<ref name=":1" /> Singh had a career in the military and eventually reached the rank of [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]].<ref name=":3" /> After India's independence, he served as [[aide-de-camp]] to the [[President of India]], as well as the Colonel of the [[Sikh Regiment]].<ref name=":3" />

Singh was the President of the Wildlife Preservation Society of India and also assisted in the growth of the Vintage Automobile Association of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1970 |title=Tenth General Assembly: Volume II - Proceedings and Summary of Business |url=https://iucn.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/ns-sp-027.pdf |website=IUCN |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural |page=199 |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Kuldip |date=3 August 1995 |title=Obituary: The Maharaja of Nabha |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-the-maharaja-of-nabha-1594697.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829160444/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-the-maharaja-of-nabha-1594697.html |archive-date=29 August 2023 |access-date=14 April 2025 |work=The Independent |url-status=live }}</ref> He and the other [[Princely state|princely families]] were stripped of their ranks and titles by [[Indira Gandhi]]'s government in 1971 through the [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India|26th Amendment]] to the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moraesnew |first=Dom |date=14 February 1971 |title=The Indian Prime Minister prepares for an election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/14/archives/indira-gandhi-is-either-hated-or-adored-indira-gandhi-is-either.html |access-date=14 April 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226202024/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/14/archives/indira-gandhi-is-either-hated-or-adored-indira-gandhi-is-either.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Singh died in New Delhi on 22 July 1995.<ref name=":0" />

==Family==

On 25 April 1944, Singh married Urmila Devi (1924–1997), the daughter of Maharaj-[[Rana (title)|Rana]] [[Udai Bhan Singh]] of [[Dholpur state|Dholpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saili |first=Ganesh |date=4 March 2023 |title=The namesakes of history |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/voices/2023/Mar/04/the-namesakesof-history-2552504.html |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The couple had one daughter and three sons:
*1. Sneh Lata Kaur (1947-). Married the Maharaja of Orchha in 1971 and has one son and three daughters.
*2. Hanuwant Singh<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Amaninder Pal |date=31 October 2013 |title=Accused manipulated facts to grab Hira Mahal by showing 'mud house' in sale deed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/accused-manipulated-facts-to-grab-hira-mahal-by-showing-mud-house-in-sale-deed/articleshow/24956907.cms |access-date=14 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> (5 December 1948 – 30 June 2017). His heir is Yudhister Singh (b. 5 December 1972).
*3. [[Hemant Singh]] (1951-). He was as adopted his maternal grandfather, Udai Bhan Singh, and succeeded him as Maharaj-Rana of Dholpur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2015 |title=Dholpur Palace row: Government continues to back Vasundhara Raje |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/bjp-vasundhra-raje-lalit-modi-jairam-ramesh-dholpur-palace-279870-2015-06-30 |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref>
*4. Himmat Singh (1952-). Married a Nepalese princess in 1976 and has a son and daughter. The son was named Kunwar Bhanu Pratap Singh, who married Rani Preeti Singh (daughter of Chandroday Singh Parihar) and has son named Kunwar Abhiudaypratap Singh.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

==Titles==

*1919-1928: [[Shri]] [[Heir apparent|Tikka]] [[Sahib]] Pratap Singh
*1928-1941: [[His Highness]] Farzand-i-Arjumand, Aqidat-Paiwand-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia, Barar Bans Sarmur, Raja-i-Rajagan, [[Maharaja]] Shri Pratap Singh Malvendra Bahadur, [[Maharaja]] of [[Nabha]]
*1941-1944: [[Lieutenant]] His Highness Farzand-i-Arjumand, Aqidat-Paiwand-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia, Barar Bans Sarmur, Raja-i-Rajagan, Maharaja Shri Pratap Singh Malvendra Bahadur, Maharaja of Nabha
*1944-1945: [[Captain (land and air)|Captain]] His Highness Farzand-i-Arjumand, Aqidat-Paiwand-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia, Barar Bans Sarmur, Raja-i-Rajagan, Maharaja Shri Pratap Singh Malvendra Bahadur, Maharaja of Nabha
*1945-1 January 1946: [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] His Highness Farzand-i-Arjumand, Aqidat-Paiwand-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia, Barar Bans Sarmur, Raja-i-Rajagan, Maharaja Shri Pratap Singh Malvendra Bahadur, Maharaja of Nabha
*1 January-15 October 1946: Lieutenant-Colonel His Highness Farzand-i-Arjumand, Aqidat-Paiwand-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia, Barar Bans Sarmur, Raja-i-Rajagan, Maharaja Shri Sir Pratap Singh Malvendra Bahadur, Maharaja of Nabha, [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]
*15 October 1946 – 1995: [[Colonel]] His Highness Farzand-i-Arjumand, Aqidat-Paiwand-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia, Barar Bans Sarmur, Raja-i-Rajagan, Maharaja Shri Sir Pratap Singh Malvendra Bahadur, Maharaja of Nabha, KCSI

==Honours==
<div class="center">
(ribbon bar, as it would look today)

[[File:1000px ribbon bar of the Order of Maria Anna.svg|100px]]
[[File:India Service Medal BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:39-45 Star BAR.svg|100px]]

[[File:War Medal 39-45 BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:GeorgeVSilverJubileum-ribbon.png|100px]]
[[File:GeorgeVICoronationRibbon.png|100px]]
[[File:Indian Independence medal 1947.svg|100px]]
</div>

*[[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]]-1935
*[[King George VI Coronation Medal]]-1937
*[[1939-1945 Star]]-1945
*[[War Medal 1939-1945]]-1945
*India Service Medal-1945
*[[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (KCSI)-1946
*Indian Independence Medal-1947

==References==
{{reflist}}

*

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nabha, Pratap Singhc}}
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Nabha State]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel of World War II]]

Church of the East in India

2026-03-26T06:08:36Z

Anshuchoudhary28: added some post more to come!

{{Short description|none}}
{{For|Historical East Syriac ecclesiastical province of the Church of the East in India|India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}{{Verify sources|article|date=September 2025|talk=Verification help}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2011}}
[[File:Nasrani cross.jpg|[[Saint Thomas Christian cross|Persian Cross]]|thumb]]
According to [[apocrypha]]l records, [[Christianity in India]] and [[Christianity in Pakistan|in Pakistan (included prior to the Partition)]] commenced in 52 AD,<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtbYEAAAQBAJ |title = The Ramban Pattu |isbn = 9781087913766 |last1 = Curtin|first1 = D. P.|last2 = Nath|first2 = Nithul.|date = May 2017|publisher = Dalcassian Publishing Company }}</ref> with the arrival of [[Thomas the Apostle]] in [[Kodungallur (Cranganore)]]. Subsequently, the Christians of the [[Malabar region]], known as [[St Thomas Christians]] established close ties with the [[Levant]]ine Christians of the [[Near East]]. They eventually coalesced into the [[Church of the East]] led by the [[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East|Catholicos-Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]].

The Church of the East was often separated from the other ancient churches due to its presence in the [[Assyria|Assyrian]]-[[Parthian Empire]], an ancient rival of the (Byzantine) [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and (Latin) [[Roman Empire]]s. When Archbishop [[Nestorius]] of Constantinople was declared a heretic by the [[Council of Ephesus]], the Church of the East refused to acknowledge his deposition because he held the same [[christology|christological]] position. Later, the "[[Hallowing of Nestorius|anaphora of Mar Nestorius]]" came to be used by Church of the East, which for this reason has been pejoratively labelled the "Nestorian Church" by its theological opponents.

When the [[Goan Inquisition|Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and Bombay]] was established in the 16th century, they opposed the [[East Syriac rite]] of Christian worship in what was [[Portuguese Cochin]]. After the [[schism of 1552]], a section of the [[Church of the East]] became part of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], both the Assyrian and Chaldean patriarchates intermittently attempted to regain their following in the [[Indian subcontinent]], by sending their [[prelate]]s to the [[Malabarese]] Christians. The [[Holy See|Vatican]] supported the claim of the bishop from the Chaldean Church of [[Ctesiphon]]. But the Portugal-sponsored [[Synod of Diamper]] in 1599, overseen by [[Aleixo de Menezes]], the Portuguese [[Archbishop of Goa]], replaced the [[East Syriac]] bishop of St Thomas Christians and placed them under the Portuguese [[Padroado]]-backed bishop.<ref name="EBrita">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Synod-of-Diamper |title=Synod of Diamper |last= |first= |date= |website=britannica.com|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=11 July 2022|quote=The local patriarch—representing the Assyrian Church of the East, to which ancient Christians in India had looked for ecclesiastical authority—was then removed from jurisdiction in India and replaced by a Portuguese bishop; the East Syrian liturgy of Addai and Mari was “purified from error”; and Latin vestments, rituals, and customs were introduced to replace the ancient traditions.}}</ref> After that any attempts of Thomas Christians to contact bishops, even Chaldean Catholic ones in the Middle East were foiled.<ref name="Brock1">{{cite encyclopedia |first=Sebastian P. |last=Brock |title=Thomas Christians |encyclopedia=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition |editor1=Sebastian P. Brock |editor2=Aaron M. Butts |editor3=George A. Kiraz |editor4=Lucas Van Rompay |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Christians |publisher=Gorgias Press|year=2011|access-date=14 June 2021|quote=The destruction of all Syriac books considered heretical at the Synod of Diamper (1599) and the Romanization of the rite (though Syriac was still allowed) witness to the domineering character of the European hierarchy in India. Any attempts to contact bishops — even Chald. Catholic ones — in the Middle East were foiled.}}</ref>

== Mar John, Metropolitan of India (1122 AD) ==
[[File:PriesterJohannes.jpg|thumb|upright=0.68|[[Prester John]] from [[Hartmann Schedel]]'s ''[[Nuremberg Chronicle]]'', 1493]]
In 1122, Mar John, Metropolitan-designate of India, with his suffragans went to Constantinople, thence to Rome, and received the pallium from Pope Callixtus II.<ref>''The realm of Prester John'', Silverberg, pp. 29–34.</ref> He related to the Pope and the cardinals the miracles that were wrought at the tomb of St. Thomas at Mylapore.<ref>Raulin, op. cit., pp. 435-436. Counto. Asia Lisbonne, 1788, Dec. XII, p. 288.</ref> These visits, apparently from the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of India, cannot be confirmed, as evidence of both is only available from secondary sources.<ref name=halsall>Halsall, Paul (1997). [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/otto-prester.html ''Otto of Freising: The Legend of Prester John''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913173346/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/otto-prester.html |date=13 September 2007 }}. Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Retrieved 20 June 2005.</ref><ref>Silverberg, pp. 3–7</ref>{{fcn|date=September 2025}}<ref>Bowden, p. 177</ref>{{fcn|date=September 2025}} Later, a letter surfaced during the 1160s claiming to be from [[priest|Prester]] John. There were over one hundred different versions of the letter published over the next few centuries. Most often, the letter was addressed to Emanuel I, the Byzantine Emperor of Rome, though some were addressed to the Pope or the King of France.

Historian Meir Bar-Ilan notes that a 20th-century collection of Hebrew Prester John Letters, edited by Ullendorff and Beckingham (1982) "present[s] a Latin text with its Hebrew translation (and an English text where the Latin is missing) as follows":<ref name="Meir Bar-Ilan">{{cite journal |last1=Bar-Ilan |first1=Meir |title=Prester John: Fiction and history |journal=History of European Ideas |date=January 1995 |volume=20 |issue=1–3 |pages=291–298 |doi=10.1016/0191-6599(95)92954-S}} Citing:
* "The Hebrew letters of Prester John were printed in Constantinople 1519, and later in":
** Neubauer, A. (1888). "Collections on the Lost Ten Tribes and the Children of Moses" ''Qobes al Yad'', vol. IX, pp. 1–74; {{in lang|he}}; and
** Ullendorff, E.; Beckingham, C. F. (1982). ''The Hebrew Letters of Prester John''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref>
{{bq|{{lang|la|Praete janni invenitur ascendendo in Kalicut in arida{{nbsp}}...}} [In English: 'It is found on the banks of the Janni rising in Calicut in the dry season{{nbsp}}...]
This is true proof and well-known knowledge about the Jews who are found there near Prester John.|2=''The Hebrew Letters of Prester John''. 1982. pp. 32–33}}

Bar-Ilan concludes that evidence from the ''Hebrew Letters'' "shows that Prester John lived in India; or to be more precise, in [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] (southern India)".{{r|Meir Bar-Ilan|p=292}}


==Mar Ya'qob Metropolitan of India and Patriarch Yahballaha III==
[[File:Ricoldo de Montecroce et les Nestoriens.jpeg|upright=1.14|thumb|[[Riccoldo da Monte di Croce]] was in an audience with Patriarch [[Yahballaha III]]. In the 15th century, the [[Roman Catholic Church]] considered the [[Church of the East]] heretical, so Yahballaha is depicted wearing a jester's hat rather than a turban.]]

At the beginning of the fourteenth century, the Indian church was again dependent upon the Church of the East. The dating formula in the colophon to a manuscript copied in June 1301 in the church of Mar Quriaqos in [[Cranganore]] mentions Patriarch [[Yahballaha III]] (whom it calls Yahballaha V) and Metropolitan [[Yaqob of India]]. Cranganore, described in this manuscript as "the royal city", was doubtless the metropolitan seat of India at this time.<ref>MS Vat Syr 22; {{harvnb|Wilmshurst|2000|pp=343, 391}}{{verify inline|date=September 2025|reason=Speculative fix for ambiguous footnote}}</ref>

In the 1320s, the anonymous biographer of the patriarch Yahballaha III and his friend [[Rabban Bar Sauma]] praised the achievement of the Church of the East in converting "the Indians, Chinese and Turks".<ref>Wallis Budge, ''The Monks of Kublai Khan'', 122–123</ref> India was listed as one of the Church of the East's "provinces of the exterior" by the historian Din ‘Amr in 1348.{{sfn|Wilmshurst|2000|p=343}}{{verify inline|date=September 2025|reason=Speculative fix for ambiguous footnote}}{{full short|date=December 2024}}

Yahballaha maintained contacts with the Byzantine Empire and with Latin Christendom. In 1287, when [[Abaqa Khan]]'s son and successor [[Arghun Khan]] sought an ambassador for an important mission to Europe, Yaballaha recommended his former teacher Rabban Bar Sauma, who held the position of [[Canonical visitation|Visitor-general]]. Arghun agreed, and Bar Sauma made a historic journey through Europe; meeting with the Pope and many monarchs; and bringing gifts, letters, and European ambassadors with him on his return. Via Rabban Sauma, Yahballaha received a ring from the Pope's finger, and a [[papal bull]] which recognized Yahballaha as the patriarch of all the eastern Christians.<ref name="phillips-123">Phillips, p. 123</ref>{{fcn|date=September 2025}}

In May 1304, Yahballaha made profession of the Catholic faith in a letter addressed to Pope [[Benedict XI]]. But a union with Rome was blocked by his [[Nestorian Church|Nestorian]] bishops.

[[Udayamperoor]] (known as [[Diamper]] in Portuguese), the capital of this kingdom, was the venue of the famous [[Synod of Diamper]] of 1599. It was held in the All Saints Church there. The venue was apparently chosen on account of the place having been the capital of a Christian principality.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Indian Churches |trans-title= |url=http://www.synodofdiamper.com/mal/index.php |date=2016 |website=Synod of Diamper |language=Malayalam |access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref>

==Synod of Diamper and suppression of East Syriac jurisdiction in India ==
{{main|Synod of Diamper}}

In 1552, there was a [[Schism of 1552|schism]] in the Church of the East and a faction led by Mar [[Yohannan Sulaqa]] declared allegiance to [[Latin Church|Rome]]. When, on 6 April 1553, [[Pope Julius III]] confirmed Yohannan Sulaqa as Chaldean Patriarch, the Pope said that the discipline and liturgy of the Chaldeans had already been approved by his predecessors, [[Pope Nicholas I|Nicholas I]] (858–867), [[Pope Leo X|Leo X]] (1513–1521), and [[Pope Clement VII|Clement VII]] (1523–1534).{{cn|date=July 2022}} Thus, parallel to the "traditionalist" (often referred as Nestorian) Patriarchate, the "Chaldean" Patriarchate in communion with [[Latin Church|Rome]] came into existence and both traditionalist and Chaldean factions began sending their own bishops to Malabar.

When the Portuguese arrived in Malabar, they assumed that the four bishops present were Nestorian. Their report of 1504, addressed to the Chaldean Patriarch, their being startled by the absence of images and by the use of leavened bread; but this was in accordance with Chaldean usage. The Christians paid the expenses of the Papal delegate Marignoli.<ref>''Father Nidhiry: A History of His Times'' by Prof. Abraham Nidhiry</ref>{{clarify|date=May 2019|reason=Marignoli's identity and role needs to be better explained}}

The [[Synod of Diamper]] of 1599 marked the formal subjugation of the Malabar Syriac Christian community to the Latin Church. It implemented various liturgical and structural reforms in the Indian Church. The diocese of Angamaly, which was now formally placed under the Portuguese Padroado and made suffragan to the archdiocese of Goa. The east syriac bishop was then removed from jurisdiction in India and replaced by a [[Latin Catholic|Latin]] bishop; the East Syriac liturgy of Addai and Mari was “purified from error”; and Latin vestments, rituals, and customs were introduced to replace the ancient traditions.<ref name="EBrita"/>

==Accounts of foreign missionaries==
[[File:Conversion of Paravas by Francis Xavier in 1542.jpg|thumb|upright=0.68|In a letter to king [[John III of Portugal]] dated 26 January 1549, [[Francis Xavier]] described [[Jacob Abuna]] as a virtuous and saintly man.]]

[[Francis Xavier]] wrote a letter dated 26 January 1549, from Cochin to king [[John III of Portugal]], in which he declared that:
{{bq|...{{nbsp}}a bishop of Armenia ([[Mesopotamia]]) by the name of [[Jacob Abuna]] has been serving God and Your Highness in these regions for forty-five years. He is a very old, virtuous, and saintly man, and, at the same time, one who has been neglected by Your Highness and by almost all of those who are in India. God is granting him his reward, since he desires to assist Him by himself, without employing us as a means to console his servants. He is being helped here solely by the priests of St. Francis. Y. H. should write a very affectionate letter to him, and one of its paragraphs should include an order recommending him to the governors, to the ''veadores da fazenda'', and to the captains of Cochin so that he may receive the honour and respect which he deserves when he comes to them with a request on behalf of the Christians of St. Thomas. Your Highness should write to him and earnestly entreat him to undertake the charge of recommending you to God, since YH. has a greater need of being supported by the prayers of the bishop than the bishop has need of the temporal assistance of Y.H. He has endured much in his work with the Christians of [[Thomas the Apostle|St Thomas]].<ref name="Costellioe">Costellioe, ''Letters'', 232–246</ref>{{full short|date=December 2024}}<ref name="Christen und Gewürze">"Christen und Gewürze" : Konfrontation und Interaktion kolonialer und indigener Christentumsvarianten [[Klaus Koschorke]] (Hg.) {{in lang|de|en|es}}, 1998. pp. 31–32</ref>}}

In that same year, Francis Xavier also wrote to his Jesuit colleague and Provincial of Portugal, Fr. [[Simão Rodrigues|Simon Rodrigues]], giving him the following description:{{r|Costellioe|Christen und Gewürze}}
{{bq|Fifteen thousand paces from Cochin there is a fortress owned by the king with the name of Cranganore. It has a beautiful college, built by Frey [Wente], a companion of the bishop, in which there are easily a hundred students, sons of native Christians, who are named after St. Thomas. There are sixty villages of these Thomas Christians around this fortress, and the students for the college as I have said, are obtained from them. There are two churches in Cranganore, one of St. Thomas, which is highly revered by the Thomas Christians.}}

This attitude of St. [[Francis Xavier]], and of the Franciscans before him, does not reflect any of the animosity and intolerance that kept creeping in with the spread of the Tridentine spirit of the [[Counter-Reformation]], which tended to foster a uniformity of belief and practice. It is possible to follow the lines of argument of young Portuguese historians, such as Joéo Paulo Oliveira e Cosca, yet such arguments seem to discount the Portuguese cultural nationalism in their colonial expansion and the treatment of the natives. Documents recently found in the Portuguese national archives help to confirm a greater openness or pragmatism in the first half of the 16th century.<ref name="Christen und Gewürze" /><ref>Arquivio Nacional torre do Tombo Lisbo:Nucleo Antigo N 875 contains a summary of letters from india written in 1525 and also the kings replay to it :Cf.OLIVERIA E COSTA, Portuguese, Apendice Documental 170-178</ref>{{clarify|date=May 2019|reason=who is Cosca (not otherwise mentioned); the last two sentences aren't clear (were the Portuguese culturally nationalistic or pragmatic?)}}

== Malankara-Persian ecclesiastical relations ==
Several historical evidences shed light on a significant Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relationship that spanned centuries. While an ecclesiastical relationship existed between the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of India and the Church in [[Sassanid Empire]] ([[Church of the East]]) in the earlier centuries, closer ecclesiastical ties developed as early as seventh century, when [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|India]] became an [[ecclesiastical province]] of the Church of the East, albeit restricted to matters of purely ecclesiastical nature such as ordination of priests, and not involved in matters of temporal administration. This relationship endured until the [[Portuguese Cochin|Portuguese protectorate of Cochin]] of [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] came to be in 16th century, and the [[Cape route|Portuguese discovery of a sea route to India]].{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}} The Christians who came under the two ancient yet distinct lineages of Malankara and Persia had one factor in common: their [[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]] heritage. The Church of the East shared [[Communion (Christian)|communion]] with the [[Great Church]] (Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy) until the [[Council of Ephesus]] in the 5th century, separating primarily over [[Chalcedonian Definition|differences in]] [[Christology]].

The [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of [[India]] came in contact with Portuguese [[Latin Catholic]] missionaries only in the 16th century. Later, after the [[Koonan Cross Oath|Oath of Koonan Cross]] (meaning "leaning cross") in 1653, the Saint Thomas Christians came in touch with the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]].{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}

Though claims have been made that the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of Malankara had close interactions with the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] and Syriac Orthodox Church before the 16th century, these assertions lack proof.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cardinal Tisserant |first=Eugene |title=Eastern Christianity in India |date=1957 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Co. |isbn= |location= |pages=17 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Malancharuvil |first=Cyril |title=The Syro Malankara Church |date=1973 |publisher= |isbn= |location= |pages=7 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rev. Dr. Varghese |first=T. I. |title=മലങ്കര അന്ത്യോഖ്യൻ ബന്ധം പത്തൊമ്പതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിൻ്റെ സൃഷ്ടി |date= |publisher= |isbn= |location= |pages= |language=Malayalam |trans-title=Malankara-Antioch Relation a Nineteenth Century Creation |access-date=}}</ref>

=== Early references ===
[[File:Branches_&_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg|alt=Schematic timeline|right|thumb|450x450px|Timeline of Schisms in Malankara, indicating the extent and duration of Persian influence]]
The celebrated Church historian [[Church History (Eusebius)|Eusebius]] has mentioned in his work that the Alexandrian scholar [[Pantaenus|Pantenus]]<ref>[[:nl:Pantenus]]</ref> had seen Christians during his visit to India between 180 A. D. and 190 A. D. This account of Eusebius has later been quoted by several historians. According to Eusebius, Pantenus saw people reading the Gospel according to Mathew in Hebrew. Based on this reference by Eusebius, [[Jerome]] has recorded the existence of Christians in India during the early centuries of Christian Era. In addition to this, Jerome mentions that Pantenus held debates with [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] and philosophers in India.<ref name="mojarticle2">{{cite journal |last=John |first=Fr. M. O. |date=December 2013 |title=പോർട്ടുഗീസ് വരവിനു മുമ്പുള്ള മലങ്കര സഭയുടെ വിദേശ ബന്ധം |trans-title=Foreign Relationship of the Malankara Church before the Arrival of the Portuguese |url= |journal=Basil Pathrika |language=Malayalam |location=Pathanamthitta |publisher=Thumpamon Diocese |access-date=}}</ref>

The evangelization of India is mentioned in a number of ancient works, including the book ''Acts of Judas Thomas'' written in Edessa around 180 A. D. in Syriac language, and ''[[Didascalia Apostolorum|Didascalia]]'' (meaning teachings of the Apostles) written around 250 A. D. Historians have often remarked that the Persians might have received this tradition about the Church in India from India itself.

The [[Chronicle of Seert]] is a historical document compiled in the Middle Ages. In this Chronicle, the Church in India is mentioned along with the history of Persian Church and the Patriarchs (Catholicoi) of Babylon. It also states that during the reigns of [[Shahlufa]] and [[Papa bar Aggai]] as the heads of Persian Church, the Persian bishop David of [[Basra]] preached the Gospel in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Gregorios Malankara (Indian) Orthodox Church of Washington, DC : Indian Orthodox Calendar |url=http://www.stgregorioschurchdc.org/cgi/doc.cgi?doc=ChurchHistory3.lesson&lang=en |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=Stgregorioschurchdc.org}}</ref> Some historians' records regarding the participation of Bishop John representing Persia and India as the ''Bishop of all of Persia and Greater India'' in the first [[First Council of Nicaea|Ecumenical Council of Nicaea]] in 325 A. D. remains a matter of contention among historians.

Ishodad was a famous Bible scholar who lived in Persia in the 5th century. In his commentary on the Epistle to Romans, a note is scribbled in the margin that may be translated as: ''This article is translated by Mar Komai with the help of Daniel, an Indian priest, from Greek to Syriac.'' This statement reveals the connection between the Indian priest Daniel and the Persian bishop Mar Komai.<ref>{{cite book |last=Paul IAS |first=D. Babu |title=The Syrian Orthodox Christians of St. Thomas |date=1986 |publisher=Swift Offset Printers |isbn= |location=Cochin |pages=11 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sugirtharajah |first=R. S. |title=The Bible and the Third World: Precolonial, Colonial and Postcolonial Encounters |date=2001 |publisher=The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge |isbn=978-0521005241 |location=Cambridge |pages=18 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68434 |title=Nestorian Missionary Enterprise: The Story of a Church on Fire |date=1928 |publisher=T. & T. Clark |isbn=9789333452519 |location=Edinburgh |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68434/page/n124 88] |access-date=}}</ref>

=== Persian Immigration ===
The two instances of immigration from Persia to Malankara (India) substantiate the Malankara-Persia connection. The first of these, which occurred in the 4th century, was led by a merchant named Thoma (fondly referred to as ''Knai Thoma'' or ''Knai Thomman'' by the Christians of Malankara, meaning [[Thomas of Cana]]), while the second immigration was led by two Persian bishops, [[Mar Sabor and Mar Proth|Prod and Sappor]] in the 9th century.

There exists the strong traditional belief that Thomas of Cana, accompanied by a Persian bishop and seventy two families, reached the ancient port of [[Kodungallur]] in India. The history of [[Knanaya]] in Malankara is inseparably related to this immigration.

In 825 A. D., a group of Persians under the leadership of two Persian bishops ''[[Mar Sabor and Mar Proth|Prod]]'' (or Proth, also known as Aphroth) and ''[[Mar Sabor and Mar Proth|Sappor]]'' (also known as Sabrisho)reached Kerala and resided in [[Quilon]]. They received great honors from the native ruler known as ''[[Sthanu Ravi Varma]]'' who bestowed 72 titles and special rights and concessions on them. The king believed that the immigrants who were merchants by profession would boost the economy. Their Church in Quilon was known as ''Thareesa Pally'' and the titles were engraved on metal plates known as ''Thareesa Pally Chepped''.

=== Indian Church records ===
The oldest known Syriac manuscript copied in India in 1301 AD at [[Kodungallur|Cranganore]] (1612 [[Seleucid era|AG]]) at the Church dedicated to [[Quiricus and Julietta|Mar Quriaqos]] and currently kept at the [[Vatican Library]] (MS Vatican Syriac 22) was written in [[Estrangela]] script by a very young deacon named Zakharya bar Joseph bar Zakharya, who was just 14 at the time of writing.{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}} In that lectionary, it is stated that it was compiled during the time of Church of the East Patriarch [[Yahballaha III]] and Mar Yakob, the Metropolitan on the throne of St. Thomas in India at Kodungallur. The Church fathers [[Nestorius]], Theodore and Deodore, who are venerated in the Church of the East, are also mentioned in this lectionary.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dr. Mar Gregorios |first=Paulos |url=http://malankaraorthodox.tv/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/st_thomas_throne.pdf |title=വത്തിക്കാൻ ലൈബ്രറിയിൽ നിന്നും ഒരു പുതിയ രേഖ |date= |publisher=Kottayam |isbn= |location=India |language=Malayalam |trans-title=Vatican Libraryil ninnum oru puthiya rekha |access-date=}}</ref><ref name="mktCatholicaEnnu2">{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Dr. M. Kurian |url=http://marthoman.tv/Books/Catholicate_centenary.pdf |title=കാതോലിക്ക എന്ന് ചൊല്ലി വാഴ്ത്തി ഞായം |date= |publisher=Sophia Books, Kottayam |isbn= |location=India |language=Malayalam |trans-title=Catholica Ennucholly Vazhthy Njayam - History & Relevance of the Catholicate |access-date=}}</ref> [[Johannes P. M. van der Ploeg]] comments that the author refers to [[Yahballaha III]] as 'the fifth'.

{{Quote box
| title = MS Vatican Syriac 22 has the following passage about the "Catholicos-Patriarch of the East" in folio 93:
| quote = This holy book has been written in the royal and well known and famous town Shengala in the land of India, in the holy church dedicated to the glorious martyr Mar Quriaqos .... whilst our blessed and holy father Mar Yahballaha the fifth, the Turk, qatoliqa Patriakis of the East, the head of all the countries, was great governor, holding the offices of the Catholic Church of East, the shining lamp which illuminates its regions, the head of the pastors and Pontiff of the pontiffs, Head of great high priests, Father of the fathers.. The Lord may make long his life and protect his days in order that he may govern her, a long time, for her glory and for the exaltation of her sons. Amen.
| source = J P M Van Der Ploeg, The syriac manuscripts of Saint Thomas Christians.
| fontsize = 25
| bgcolor = Cornsilk
| title_bg = BlanchedAlmond
| title_fnt = SaddleBrown
}}{{-}}

=== Persian Bishops in Malankara ===
While some Persian Bishops who traveled to Malankara belonged to different groups of immigrants fleeing persecution, others visited Malankara to provide spiritual administration to the Malankara Nasranis. [[Niranam Grandhavari]]<ref>Niranam Granthavari (Record of History written during 1770–1830). Editor Paul Manalil, M.O.C.Publications, Catholicate Aramana, Kottayam. 2002.</ref> gives a list (incomplete) of Persian bishops and the year of their visits to Malankara.

* Mar Joseph of Uraha ([[Edessa]]) (345 A. D.)
* [[Mar Sabor and Mar Proth]] (825 A. D.){{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}<ref>Kerala Charithram P.59 Sridhara Menon</ref><ref name="Travancore Manual page 2442">V. Nagam Aiya (1906), [[Travancore State Manual]], page 244</ref>
* Mar Yohannan (988 A.D.)
* Mar Joseph (1056 A.D.)
* Mar Yacob (1122 A. D.)
* Mar Joseph (1221 A.D.)
* Mar David (1285 A.D.)
* Mar Yabaloha (1407 A.D.)
* Mar Thoma and [[Yohannan (Yoseph of Awgin)|Mar Yohannan]] (1490 A.D.){{sfn|Mingana|1926|p=468-470}}{{sfn|Brown|1956|p=16-18}}{{sfn|Mundadan|1967|p=56-58}}{{sfn|Wilmshurst|2000|p=20, 347, 398}}{{sfn|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=106-111}}{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=193-195}}
* Mar Yahballaha, Mar Dinkha and [[Yaqob Abuna|Mar Yacob]] (1504 A.D.){{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}<ref>Rev. H Hosten, St Thomas Christians of Malabar, Kerala Society papers, Series 5, 1929,</ref><ref name="Christen und Gewürze3">"Christen und Gewürze" : Konfrontation und Interaktion kolonialer und indigener Christentumsvarianten Klaus Koschorke (Hg.)Book in German, English, Spanish, 1998 Page 31,32</ref>{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=194}}
* [[Abraham of Angamaly|Mar Abraham]] (1565 A. D.){{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}

It is worth noting that the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] was originated only in 1552 AD following a [[Schism of 1552|schism]] in the Church of the East. This invalidates recent claims that the Persian Bishops were sent by the Chaldean Catholic Patriarch, which is impossible considering that almost all of them visited Malankara before the origin of Chaldean Catholic Church.

=== Persian Church Records ===
Several evidences are available from the historical records of Persian Church and letters of Persian bishops which corroborate the Malankara-Persian relation.

In the 5th century, [[Ma'na of Pars|Mar Mana]], the Persian [[Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|bishop of Rev Ardashir]] recorded that while sending his theological works and the works and translations of other Persian bishops to various places, they were sent to India as well.

During the reign of Persian emperor [[Khosrau II]] in the 6th century, bishop Marutha reached Persia as the delegate of the Roman Emperor and visited the Persian Patriarch [[Sabrisho I]] (594–604). It is recorded that during this visit, the Patriarch presented bishop Marutho with fragrant spices and other special gifts which he had received from India.

Two letters from Persian Patriarch [[Ishoyahb III]] to the Metropolitan bishop of [[Fars (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province)|Fars]] between 650 and 660 A. D. show that the Indian Christians were under the jurisdiction of the Persian Patriarchate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chronicles of Malabar: Influence of Persian Christianity on Malabar(500–850). |url=http://chroniclesofmalabar.blogspot.com/2012/04/influence-of-persian-christianity-on.html |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=Chroniclesofmalabar.blogspot.com}}</ref> In the 7th century, Fars was an eparchy (ecclesiastical province) in the Persian Church with Rev Ardashir as its capital. At that time, Metropolitan bishop [[Shemʿon of Rev Ardashir|Simon of Rev Ardashir]] was in charge of the affairs of the Church of India. However, a situation arose in which the bishop became hostile to the Patriarch, resulting in excommunication. In his letter, the Patriarch reprimands the bishop and complains that because of the opposition of the bishop, it was impossible to tend to the spiritual needs of the faithful in India. The Patriarch adds that the Indians were cut off from the Patriarchate and the annual offertory given to the Patriarch by the Indians was no longer given. Following this, Patriarch [[Ishoyahb III]] issued an encyclical releasing the Church of India from the jurisdiction of Fars eparchy and appointed a Metropolitan Bishop for India. According to the canons of Persian Church in the medieval centuries, the bishop of India came tenth in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, followed by the bishop of China. The title of the Metropolitan bishop of India was ''the Metropolitan and Gate of all India''.

Also during the reign of Patriarch [[Timothy I (Nestorian Patriarch)|Timothy the Great]] (780–823), the Patriarch released the Church of India from the authority of the bishop of Fars, placing it under his direct jurisdiction. Historians refer to two letters written by Patriarch Timothy with regard to the Church of India. The first letter contains guidelines for the election of Metropolitans. The letter demands that the acknowledgement of the Patriarch must be obtained after the people selected bishops based on the guidelines set by the Patriarch, before requesting the acknowledgement of the Emperor. In the second letter addressed to the Archdeacon of Malankara, the Patriarch mentions some violations of canon in the Church of India. The Patriarch also demands that bishops should abstain from entering wedlock and consuming meat.

While writing about the journeys of Nestorian missionaries during his reign, Timothy I himself says (in Letter 13) that a number of monks go across the sea to India with nothing but a staff and a beggar's bag.

In the Persian Church, the bishops were supposed to report to the Patriarch every year. However, Patriarch [[Theodosius (Nestorian Patriarch)|Theodosius]] (853–858) suggested that the bishops of distant places like India and China need to report only once every six years, owing to the great distance.

In 1129, in response to the request of the Church of India, the Persian Patriarch [[Eliya II of Seleucia-Ctesiphon|Eliya II]] sent bishop Mar Yohannan to Malabar (Kerala, India). Mar Yohannan reached [[Kodungallur]] and gave the Church spiritual leadership from there. In 1490, a three-member delegation of the Christians of Malankara left for [[Baghdad]] with a petition to the Patriarch requesting him to appoint a Metropolitan Bishop for them. One of them perished on the way. The remaining two, named George and Joseph, were ordained to priesthood by Patriarch Shemʿon IV Basidi. The Patriarch selected two monks from the monastery of Mar Augen and consecrated them as bishops Mar Thoma and Mar John. These bishops accompanied the two priests on their return to India. Bishop Mar John died shortly after. Later, Mar Thoma and the priest Joseph returned to Baghdad.

Patriarch Eliya V, who ascended the throne in 1502, sent three bishops, namely Mar Yabalaha, Mar Yakob and Mar Denaha to Malankara. By the time they reached Malankara, the Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] had already set foot in [[Kerala]]. The three bishops were detained by the Portuguese. Few years later, Patriarch [[Abdisho IV Maron]] sent bishop Abraham to Malankara. Mar Abraham was also imprisoned by the Portuguese. As a result of the injuries suffered at the hands of the Portuguese, Mar Abraham died in 1597. Thus, the authority of Persian bishops in Malankara reached its termination.

=== Testimonials of travelers ===
The 6th century Gallo-Roman historian [[Gregory of Tours]] has recorded the trips of Theodore, a Persian monk, to India on several occasions where the latter visited the tomb of Apostle St. Thomas and an adjoining monastery.

Near the end of the 6th century, the Persian scholar Bodha has recorded his visit to India where he held discussions with Indian religious scholars in [[Sanskrit]] language.

[[Cosmas Indicopleustes]], the Alexandrian traveler visited India during 520–525. Later, he wrote a book titled [[Christian Topography]] in which he mentions the Churches of Persia, India, Ceylon etc. Cosmas states the existence of Christians ''in Malabar, where [[Black pepper|pepper]] grows''. Cosmas also records that there were Christians at [[Kalyan, India|Kalyana]] (Kalyan in Mumbai, India) with a bishop appointed from Persia. The traveler tries to emphasize the spread of Christianity in all these places.<ref name="auto2">{{cite journal |last=Mihindukulasuriya |first=Prabo |title=Persian Christians in the Anuradhapura Period |url=https://www.academia.edu/2479127 |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=Academia.edu}}</ref>

[[Marco Polo]], who visited Kerala in 1295 has recorded that he saw Nestorian Christians there.

A [[lectionary]] compiled in 1301 in Syriac language at [[Kodungallur]] in Kerala is kept in the collection of Syriac manuscripts in the [[Vatican Library]]. In that lectionary, it is stated that it was compiled during the time of Church of the East Patriarch [[Yahballaha III]] and Mar Yakob, the Metropolitan on the throne of St. Thomas in India at Kodungallur. The Church fathers [[Nestorius]], Theodore and Deodore, who are venerated in the Church of the East, are also mentioned in this lectionary.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dr. Mar Gregorios |first=Paulos |url=http://malankaraorthodox.tv/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/st_thomas_throne.pdf |title=വത്തിക്കാൻ ലൈബ്രറിയിൽ നിന്നും ഒരു പുതിയ രേഖ |date= |publisher=Kottayam |isbn= |location=India |language=Malayalam |trans-title=Vatican Libraryil ninnum oru puthiya rekha |access-date=}}</ref><ref name="mktCatholicaEnnu2" />

In an Arabic document written near the end of 14th century titled ''Churches and Monasteries in Egypt and its surroundings'', it is mentioned that pilgrims visit the tomb of Apostle St. Thomas in [[Mylapore]], India. In the same document, it is stated that a Church in the name of the [[Theotokos|Mother of God]] exists in Kullam (modern day [[Quilon|Kollam]] in Kerala) and that the Christians there are pro-Nestorians.

=== Persian Stone Crosses in Malankara ===
The Persian stone crosses in Malankara are eternal witnesses to Malankara-Persia connection.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2007 |title=Ancient Churches, Stone Crosses of Kerala- Saint Thomas Cross, Nazraney Sthambams and other Persian Crosses |url=https://www.nasrani.net/2007/01/16/ancient-stone-crosses-of-kerala-saint-thomas-cross-nazraney-sthambams-persian-crosses/ |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=Nasrani.net}}</ref><ref name="auto2" /> At present, five such Persian crosses exist, two at Kottayam (Knanite) Knanaya Jacobite Valiya pally (meaning ''greater church''), one each at [[Mylapore]] St. Thomas Mount, [[St. George's Church, Kadamattom|Kadamattom St. George Orthodox Church]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Religion and Death |url=http://www.kadamattomchurch.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227002245/http://www.kadamattomchurch.org/ |archive-date=27 December 2014 |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=Kadamattomchurch.org |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and Muttuchira Catholic Church. These crosses are chiseled on stone and embedded in the walls of these churches. Some writings in ancient Persian language are also engraved near these crosses. The central panel, which contains the figure of the cross with its symbolic ornaments, is enclosed by an arch that has an inscription in the Pahlavi script of Sassanian Persia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Winckworth |first=C. P. T |date=April 1929 |title=A New Interpretation of the Pahlavi Cross-Inscriptions of Southern India |journal=The Journal of Theological Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=30 |issue=119 |pages=237–244 |doi=10.1093/jts/os-XXX.April.237 |jstor=23950669}}</ref>

=== Decisions of the Synod of Diamper ===
The infamous Synod of Diamper was a calculated move towards separating the Malankara Church from Persian connection and bringing it under the Pope of Rome. This was the aim of Portuguese missionaries since the beginning of their missionary works in India. Their efforts culminated in the Synod of Diamper in 1599. [[Aleixo de Menezes]], the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Goa, who visited the churches of Malankara prior to convening the synod, had expressed his indignation over the prayer for the Patriarch of Persia amid the Divine Liturgy in those churches. He strictly admonished that the pope was the general primate (Catholicos) of the Church and in his stead, no one else should be prayed for. Several canons of the synod, including canons 12, 17, 19 etc. were solely aimed at obstructing and obliterating Malankara-Persian relation and establishing a relationship with Rome instead.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |title=ഉദയംപേരൂർ സുന്നഹദോസ് നിശ്ചയങ്ങൾ - രണ്ടാം മൗത്വ, രണ്ടാം കൂടിവിചാരം, എട്ടാം കാനോന |date=1599 |publisher= |isbn= |location=Diamper, Kerala |language=Malayalam |trans-title=Decisions of the Synod of Diamper |section=2.2.8 |access-date=}}</ref><ref name="mktCatholicaEnnu2" />{{rp|45}}

In spite of almost sixteen centuries of Persian connection, a majority of the Christians of Malankara became associated with the Roman Catholic Church and Western Syriac Church of Antioch (Syriac Orthodox). At present, only a very small minority of Christians in Malankara (numbering around 50,000) are in direct connection with the [[Assyrian Church of the East]].<ref>[[:nl:Chaldean Syrian Church]]</ref>

=== Liturgical language ===
During the early centuries of Christian Era, the population to the east of [[Tigris–Euphrates river system]] was under Persian rule, while the population to its west was under Roman rule. The Syrian people spread over the two empires used the Syriac language independently by developing distinct transformations from basic [[Syriac alphabet|Esṭrangēlā]]. The form of Syriac which was developed in Persia resembled Esṭrangēlā more closely, and is referred to as Eastern Syriac, Chaldean Syriac or Nestorian Syriac. Until the 17th century, the Church of India used this dialect. Following the Synod of Diamper in 1599 and the Oath of Coonan Cross in 1653, they came in direct contact with the West Syriac tradition and hence with the West Syriac dialect of the language.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mar Severius |first=Dr. Mathews |title=മലങ്കരയുടെ മല്പാനപ്പച്ചൻ |date=February 23, 2001 |publisher=Johns and Mariam Publishers, Kottayam |isbn= |editor-last=John |editor-first=Kochumariamma |pages=185–192 |language=Malayalam |trans-title=The Scholarly Father of Malankara |chapter=സുറിയാനി സാഹിത്യ പഠനത്തിന്റെ സാംഗത്യം}}</ref> Until then, the Liturgy of [[Nestorius]], who is considered a saint by the Chaldean Church and anathematized by the Western Syriac tradition, was popular in Malankara. [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel]], who was the first [[Syriac Orthodox Church|West Syrian]] bishop to visit Malankara, faced severe opposition from the people of Malankara for following West Syrian liturgy, and was asked to follow the East Syrian liturgy, which the people referred to as ''old liturgy''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mooken |first=Mar Aprem |url= |title=പൗരസ്ത്യ സഭാചരിത്ര പ്രവേശിക |date=1976 |publisher= |isbn= |location=Thiruvalla |page=95 |language=Malayalam |trans-title=Introduction to Eastern Church History |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Dr. M. Kurian |url= |title=അഞ്ചാം പാത്രിയര്കീസ് മാർ ഗ്രീഗോറിയോസ് അബ്ദൽ ജലീദ് |date=2008 |publisher=Sophia Books, Kottayam |isbn= |location=India |page=32 |language=Malayalam |trans-title=Mar Gregorios Abdal Jaleed, the Fifth Patriarch |access-date=}}</ref>

Since the 17th century, efforts were made by the visiting bishops of West Syriac tradition to establish the use of western dialect in liturgy in Malankara. Written in a more roundly form, this dialect is known as Western Syriac, Maronite Syriac or Jacobite Syriac. As both these forms are indistinguishable in terms of grammar and meaning, they differ only in the shape of letters and pronunciation. Even though the Western Syriac was introduced in the Malankara Church in the 17th century, its use was still greatly eclipsed by the use of Eastern Syriac until the 19th century, as shown by the pronunciations in the Eastern Syriac way which have transcended into the daily usage and liturgical translations of the Christians of Malankara. This is exemplified by the pronunciation of words like Sleeba, Kablana, Qurbana, Kasa, Thablaitha etc. (instead of ''Sleebo'', ''Kablono'', ''Qurbono'', ''Kaso'', ''Thablaitho'' as in the Western dialect) which has remained unchanged through the centuries. Even the letters written by the primate of Malankara Church, Malankara Metropolitan [[Mar Dionysius I|Mar Dionysius, the Great]] (+1808) were in Eastern Syriac.<ref name="mojarticle2" /> As the attempts by Western Syriac visiting bishops to get Western Syriac liturgy adopted by the Malankara Church continued to face opposition from Malankara, a middle ground was reached in 1789 by the Malankara Palliyogam (assembly of parish representatives) held at Mavelikkara Puthiyakavu church and presided by [[Dionysius I, Metropolitan of Malankara|Mar Dionysius, the Great]]. The decision was documented in the historical document ''Puthiyacavu Padiyola'' which stated that the prayers of canonical hours, ordinations and [[Holy Qurbana]] must be done in the new liturgical rite (Western Syriac), while weddings and baptisms must continue following the old liturgical rite (Eastern Syriac).<ref>Niranam Granthavari (Record of History written during 1770–1830). Editor Paul Manalil, M.O.C.Publications, Catholicate Aramana, Kottayam. 2002, p158.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Yakub III |first=Ignatius |url= |title=ഇന്ത്യയിലെ സുറിയാനി സഭാ ചരിത്രം |date=2010 |publisher= |isbn= |location=Cheeramchira |page=210 |language=Malayalam |trans-title=History of the Syrian Church in India |access-date=}}</ref> Two decades later, the transition to Western Syriac Liturgy was fully implemented by the Malankara Palliyogam of 1809 through the declaration ''Kandanad Padiyola'' which stated that all prayers and sacraments must follow the Western Syriac liturgical rites.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Dr. M. Kurian |last2=Thottappuzha |first2=Varghese John |date=6 October 2021 |title=മലങ്കര അസോസിയേഷൻ: 1653 മുതൽ 2020 വരെ |trans-title=Malankara Association: from 1653 to 2020 |url=https://www.ovsonline.in/?p=27876 |access-date= |website=www.ovsonline.in |publisher= |language=ml |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Dr. M. Kurian |url= |title=നസ്രാണി സംസ്‌കൃതി |date=July 2017 |publisher=Sophia Books |location=Kottayam |page=131 |language=Malayalam |trans-title=Nasrani Culture |chapter=19. സഹായത്തിൻ്റെ ദൗത്യത്തിൽനിന്ന് അധികാരത്തിൻ്റെ അകത്തളത്തിലേയ്ക്ക് |trans-chapter=From mission of help to foyer of subjugation}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Gondophares]]
*[[Chaldean Syrian Church]]
*[[Saint Gaspar|St Gaspar]]
*[[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)]]
*[[Assyrian Church of the East in India]]
*[[Near East]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Baum|first1=Wilhelm|author-link1=Wilhelm Baum (historian)|last2=Winkler|first2=Dietmar W.|title=The Church of the East: A Concise History|year=2003|location=London-New York|publisher=Routledge-Curzon|isbn=9781134430192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|title=Brevis notitia historica circa Ecclesiae Syro-Chaldaeo-Malabaricae statum. |editor=[[Samuel Giamil]] |year=1902 |series=Genuinae relationes inter sedem apostolicam et Assyriorum orientalium seu Chaldaeorum ecclesiam. |location=Rome|publisher=Loescher |pages=552–64}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=Sebastian P. |last=Brock|author-link=Sebastian Brock |title=Thomas Christians |encyclopedia=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition |editor1=Sebastian P. Brock |editor2=Aaron M. Butts |editor3=George A. Kiraz |editor4=Lucas Van Rompay |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Christians |publisher=Gorgias Press|year=2011a|access-date=22 September 2016}}
* {{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Leslie W.|title=The Indian Christians of St Thomas: An Account of the Ancient Syrian Church of Malabar|year=1956|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9gYAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book|title=Chronicle of Se'ert: Scher, Addai |id=(editions issued: 1908, 1910, 1911, 1919) |series=Histoire nestorienne inédite: Chronique de Séert. |pages=PO 4.3, 5.2, 7.2, 13.4}}
* {{cite book|author=Cosmas Indicopleustes|title=Christian Topography|editor= W. Wolska-Conus |id=(editions issued: 1968, 1970, 1973) |series=Topographie chrétienne|volume=3 ''Sources chrétiennes'' |pages=141, 159, 197 |location=Paris|publisher=Éditions du Cerf}}
* {{cite book|title=Diamper Synod, Acts of |editor=da Cunha Rivara, J. H.|orig-date=1862|date=1992 |series=Archivo Portuguez-Oriental, Fasciculo 4o que contem os Concilios de Goa e o Synodo de Diamper|location=Nova-Goa|publisher=Imprensa Nacional. Reprint: New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1992 |pages=283–556}}
* {{cite book|author=Dionysio|orig-date=1578|title=Relatio P. Francisci Dionysii S. I. De Christianis S. Thomae Cocini 4 Ianuarii 1578|editor=Josephus Wicki |date=1970|series=Documenta Indica XI (1577–1580). |location=Roma|publisher= Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu|pages=131–43|isbn=9788870411232 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015078388348;view=1up;seq=221.}}
* {{cite book|title=Funerary Inscription of the Last Villarvattam King. |editor=A. S. Ramanatha Ayyar. |date=1927 |series=The Travancore Archaeological Series VI/1|pages=68–71}}
* {{cite book|author=George of Christ|orig-date=1578 |title=Rev. Georgius de Christo, Archidiaconus Christianorum S. Thomae, P. E. Mercuriano, praep. gen. S. I. Cocino 3 Ianuarii 1578 |editor=Josephus Wicki |date=1970 |series=Documenta Indica XI (1577–1580) |location=Roma |publisher=Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu |pages=129–31}}
* {{cite book|author=Goes, Damião de. |year=1619 |title=Chronica do Felicissimo Rey Dom Emmanuel da gloriosa memoria |location=Lisbon|publisher=Antonio Alvares}}
* {{cite book|author=Gouvea, Antonio. |year=1606 |title=Jornada do Arcebispo de Goa Dom Frey Aleixo de Menezes Primaz da India Oriental, Religioso da Orden de S. Agostino |location=Coimbra|publisher=Officina de Diogo Gomez}}
**English translation: {{cite book|last=Malekandathil |first=Pius|year=2003|title=Jornada of Dom Alexis de Menezes: A Portuguese Account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar |location=Kochi|publisher=LRC Publications.}}
*{{cite book|chapter=Kollam Copper Plates|title=Tarisāppaḷḷippaṭṭayam (Caritram) |trans-title= The Tarissāppaḷḷi Document |author1=M. R. Raghava Varier |author2=Kesavan Veluthat |language=Malayalam |location= Kottayam |publisher=National Book Stall Sahithya Pravarthaka C. S. Ltd. |pages= 109–113 |date=2013}}
** Kollam Copper Plates in English translation: {{cite book|first=M. G. S. |last=Narayanan |year=1972 |title=Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala |location=Trivandrum |publisher=Kerala Historical Society |pages=91–94}}
* {{cite book|title=Kumari-Muṭṭam Tamil Inscription|editor=A. S. Ramanatha Ayyar |year=1927 |series=The Travancore Archaeological Series VI/1 |pages=176–89}}
* {{cite book|title=Letter of Mar Thomas, Mar Yahballāhā, Mar Jacob and Mar Denḥā to Patriarch Mar Eliah V|editor= Josephus Simonius Assemani |year=1725|series= Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino-Vaticana, vol. III/1 |location=Rome |publisher=Sacrae Congregationis de Propaganda Fide |pages=589–99}}
* {{cite book|title=Marco Polo the Venetian, The Travels of: Trans. John Masefield |date=1908 |location=Everyman’s Library London-New York |publisher=J. M. Dent and Sons-E. P. Dutton and Co.}}
* {{cite book|chapter=Mārggam Kaḷi Pāṭṭu |trans-chapter=The Song of the Drama of the Way |author=(([Traditional]))|translator-first=T. K. |translator-last=Joseph|date=1931|editor= H. Hosten |title=The Song of Thomas Ramban – Mr. T. K. Joseph, vs Fr. Romeo Thomas, T.O.C.D. and Others|id=Darjeeling}}
**Republished in: {{cite book|author=George Menachery|year=1998|title=Indian Church History Classics |volume=One: ''The Nazranies'' |location=Pallinada, Ollur, Thrissur |publisher=The South Asia Research Assistance Services |pages=522–525}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Mingana|first=Alphonse|author-link1=Alphonse Mingana|title=The Early Spread of Christianity in India|journal=Bulletin of the John Rylands Library|year=1926|volume=10|number=2|pages=435–514|doi=10.7227/BJRL.10.2.7|url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m1200&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF}}
* {{cite book|author=Monserrate, Antonio de |year=1579 |title=Informacion de los Christianos de S. Thomé|id= Manuscript preserved in Rome |publisher=Archivum Romanum Societatis Jesu, MS Goa 33.}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mundadan|first=Mathias|author-link=Mathias Mundadan|title=The Arrival of the Portuguese in India and the Thomas Christians Under Mar Jacob, 1498-1552|year=1967|location=Bangalore|publisher=Dharmaram College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqEhAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill|title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707|year=2004|orig-year=1984|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521548854|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC}}
* {{cite book|title=Periplus Maris Erythraei: K. Müller. 1855/1965. Geographi Graeci minores, vol. 1. |location=Paris, Hildesheim (reprint)|publisher=Firmin Didot, Olms (reprint)|pages=515–62|date=1965}}
* {{cite journal|title=Relação sobre a Serra. De erroribus Nestorianorum qui in hac India orientali versantur British Library, Add 9853, ff. 86 (525)–99 (539)|last=Roz |first=Francisco |journal=Inédit latin-syriaque de la fin de 1586 ou du début de 1587, retrouvé par le P. Castets S. I., missionaire à Trichinopoly, in I. Hausherr|date=1928 |series=Orientalia Christiana 11,1 (40) |pages=1–35}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wilmshurst|first=David|title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913|year=2000|location=Louvain|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=9789042908765|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jB8ir0ek8bgC}}
* {{cite book|author=Zaynuddin Makhdum |date=2012|title=Tahrid ahlil iman 'ala jihadi' abdati sulban |trans-title=Exhortation to the followers of the Faith to the holy war against the followers of the Cross|editor=K. M. Mohamed|location=Calicut|publisher=Other Books}}
*{{cite book|author=Zaynuddin Makhdum |date=2009 |title=Tuḥfat al-Mujāhidīn: A Historical Epic of the Sixteenth Century |editor=Muhammad Husayn Nainar|location=Kuala Lumpur|publisher=Islamic Book Trust}}
{{Refend}}

[[Category:History of Christianity in India]]
[[Category:Church of the East in India| ]]

Dynamo Gaming

2026-03-19T15:16:58Z

Anshuchoudhary28:

{{Short description|Indian YouTuber (born 1995)}}
{{orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox video game player
| ID = Dynamo Gaming
| name = Aaditya Deepak Sawant
| birth_name = Aaditya Deepak Sawant
| image = Dynamo Gaming.jpg
| caption = Dynamo in 2024
| games = {{ubl
| ''[[Battlegrounds Mobile India]]''
| ''[[Mobile Legends: Bang Bang]]''
}}
| team = {{hlist|Hydra Esports|Gods Reign}}
| role = {{ubl
| Lead Content Creator,
| Founder{{dash}}Hydra Esports
| Co-owner{{dash}}Gods Reign
}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|6|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gondia]], Maharashtra, India
| career_games = {{ubl
|''[[Battlegrounds Mobile India]]''
|''[[Mobile Legends: Bang Bang]]''
|''[[PUBG Mobile]]''
|''[[GTA V]]''
|''[[PUBG: Battlegrounds]]''
|''[[Apex Legends]]''
|''[[Battlefield]]''
|''[[Dota 2]]''
}}
| career_start = 2010
| career_end =
| years1 = 2019–present
| module = {{Infobox youtuber
| child = yes
| youtube_handle = DynamoGaming
| youtube_display_name = Dynamo Gaming

| youtube_years_active = 21 July 2010–present
| youtube_genre = [[Video game|Gaming]]
| youtube_subscribers = 10.1 million
| youtube_views = 1.38 billion
| stats_update = 19 March 2026
}}
}}
'''Aaditya Deepak Sawant'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chekkilla |first=Manoj |date=2021-07-20 |title=Hydra Dynamo BGMI ID, stats, control code, Achievements, sensitivity and more |url=https://firstsportz.com/hydra-dynamo-bgmi-id-stats-control-code-achievements-sensitivity-and-more/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=FirstSportz |language=en-US}}</ref> popularly known as '''Dynamo Gaming''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Player/DYNAMO |url=https://escharts.com/players/dynamo-pubg-mobile |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=ESportsCharts}}</ref> is an [[Indian people|Indian]] gaming content creator<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dynamo, Mortal to TechnoGamerz: Indian gamers who made a fortune through online gaming |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-dynamo-mortal-to-technogamerz-5-india-gamers-who-made-a-fortune-through-online-gaming-3021880 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=FINANCIAL EXPRESS|date=26 March 2023 }}</ref> and live streamer. He is widely recognized for his catchphrase, 'Patt Se Headshot'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-09 |title='Patt se Headshot': What PUBG star Dynamo expects from Battlegrounds Mobile India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/gaming/patt-se-headshot-what-pubg-mobile-star-dynamo-expects-from-battlegrounds-mobile-india-7350751/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PUBG Mobile Ban: Top Live Streamer Dynamo Wants eSports Community To Bounce Back |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/sports-news-after-pubg-mobile-ban-top-live-streamer-dynamo-tells-esports-community-to-bounce-back-news-359887 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908094311/https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/sports-news-after-pubg-mobile-ban-top-live-streamer-dynamo-tells-esports-community-to-bounce-back-news-359887 |archive-date=2024-09-08 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Outlook India |date=7 September 2020 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> He started his YouTube channel in 2009, initially playing various games, but gained wider recognition with PUBG Mobile.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Terry |date=2021-12-30 |title=Dynamo Gaming Net Worth - Biography, Life, Career and More |url=https://inbloon.com/dynamo-gaming-net-worth/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=Inbloon |language=en-US}}</ref> Dynamo founded and leads Hydra Esports (gaming organization) since 2018. In June 2025, he also became the co-owner of Gods Reign, an esports organization. With expansion into [[vlogging]], his channel has grown significantly, making him a well-known figure in the Indian gaming community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-26 |title=Money game: The growing biz of PUBG and its star players |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/startups/companies/money-game-the-growing-biz-of-pubg-and-its-star-players/articleshow/70839265.cms |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=TIMES OF INDIA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Vivek |date=2021-12-03 |title=Dynamo Gaming: PUBG Mobile Star Streamer Aaditya Sawant aka Dynamo Gaming amass 10 million subscribers on his official YouTube channel |url=https://www.insidesport.in/esports/dynamo-gaming-pubg-mobile-star-streamer-aaditya-sawant-aka-dynamo-gaming-amass-10-million-subscribers-on-his-official-youtube-channel/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Inside Sport India |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Born on June 3, 1995,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Vaibhav |date=2020-04-27 |title=Dynamo Gaming PUBG, Gaming Career, Age, Real Name, Net Worth & more |url=https://kheltalk.com/esports-india/dynamo-gaming-pubg-gaming-career-real-name-net-worth-more/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=KhelTalk |language=en-US}}</ref> in [[Gondia]], [[Maharashtra]], he developed an interest in gaming at a young age, spending time in gaming parlors playing titles like [[Counter-Strike]], [[Grand Theft Auto V|GTA V]] and [[Dota]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-04 |title=Indian PUBG Mobile streamer Dynamo talks about his humble beginnings, inspiration |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/gaming/indian-pubg-mobile-streamer-dynamo-talks-about-his-humble-beginnings-inspiration-6024451.html |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> In 2010, he created his YouTube channel, Dynamo Gaming, inspired by the British illusionist Dynamo. In the early years, he focused on games like [[Battlefield]], [[Dota 2]], [[Apex Legends]] and [[PUBG: Battlegrounds]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=w5IxKRyHeJs |title=[EN] Meet Our Teams {{!}} Hydra: Dynamo & SNT {{!}} PUBG MOBILE Star Challenge 2019 Global Finals |date=2019-09-07 |last=PUBG MOBILE |access-date=2025-02-11 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=aAg9wvDgG-8 |title=What do you game? Ft. Dynamo Gaming {{!}} Dream Collab with iShowSpeed {{!}} Gaming with Family & More |date=2024-09-20 |last=IGN India |access-date=2025-02-17 |via=YouTube}}</ref> However, his channel saw slow growth, with only a few hundred subscribers after several years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-11 |title=Aditya Sawant aka 'Dynamo' talks about why he switched from PUBG Mobile emulators to the real deal: Tech2 Innovate |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/gaming/aditya-sawant-aka-dyanmo-talks-about-why-he-switched-from-pubg-mobile-emulators-to-the-real-deal-tech2-innovate-8138771.html |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> Despite this, he remained committed, continuously uploading gameplay videos and learning about the gaming industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-12-02 |title=Dynamo Gaming clocks in 10mn subscribers on official Youtube channel |url=https://mediabrief.com/dynamo-gaming-clocks-in-10mn-subscribers/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=MediaBrief |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Soumitra |date=2020-09-04 |title='My Story Is Inspiring Others To Take Up Online Sports Seriously' {{!}} Outlook India Magazine |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/sports-news-my-story-is-inspiring-others-to-take-up-online-sports-seriously/303505 |access-date=2025-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904214829/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/sports-news-my-story-is-inspiring-others-to-take-up-online-sports-seriously/303505 |archive-date=4 September 2020 }}</ref>

In November 2022, Dynamo launched a Spotify Original podcast titled '''Gamers Unplugged''', focusing on the Indian gaming and esports industry. The podcast features discussions with gaming influencers, esports players, and content creators of India. Notable guests have included Naman "[[Mortal (gamer)|MortaL]]" Mathur, Indian rapper [[King (singer)|King]], comedian and content creator [[Tanmay Bhat]], and mentalist [[Suhani Shah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gamers Unplugged with Dynamo Gaming |url=https://open.spotify.com/show/66EC0HvVsxHdrf2L0gtWeD |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sayyed |first=Rayan |date=2022-11-15 |title=Spotify Ropes in Popular Gaming Content Creator Aaditya 'Dynamo' Sawant to Host Podcast on Indian Gaming and Esports |url=https://in.ign.com/esports/176518/news/spotify-ropes-in-popular-gaming-content-creator-aaditya-dynamo-sawant-to-host-podcast-on-indian-gami |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=IGN India |language=en-in}}</ref>

Dynamo was honored as the special guest for the Bihar State Esports Championship 2024, hosted by the Bihar State Sports Authority.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Get ready to meet India's iconic Gaming streamer Aditya Sawant who will be coming at the Grand Finals of the Bihar State Open Esports Championship 2024 |url=https://x.com/BSSABihar/status/1880903294576693438 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-20 |title=115 to participate in e-sports contest tomorrow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/115-to-participate-in-e-sports-contest-tomorrow/articleshow/117404958.cms |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Hydra Esports ==

Hydra Esports<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team/HYDRA ESPORTS (BGMI) |url=https://escharts.com/teams/bgmi/hydra |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=ESportsCharts}}</ref> is a gaming and esports organization founded by Sawant. Initially created as a [[PUBG Mobile]] clan, Hydra expanded into a broader community of gamers and content creators, gaining recognition for its gameplay and live streams.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official website of Hydra clan |url=https://hydraclan.in/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Hydra Clan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saksena |first=Sanchay |date=2023-02-20 |title=Dynamo Provides Reasons for Shutting Down Hydra Esports Bootcamp, Danger Assures Fans Of Not Leaving the Organisation |url=https://in.ign.com/esports/179738/news/dynamo-provides-reasons-for-shutting-down-hydra-esports-bootcamp-danger-assures-fans-of-not-leaving |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=IGN India |language=en-in}}</ref>

== Awards and achievements ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Awards
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2024
|[[National Creators Award]] by GOI
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-04 |title=VOTE for your favourite Creator Now {{!}} MyGov.in |url=https://www.mygov.in/group-poll/vote-your-favourite-creator-now/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-date=2024-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304151005/https://www.mygov.in/group-poll/vote-your-favourite-creator-now/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Vivek |date=2024-03-05 |title=The National Creators Award nominees for gaming announced |url=https://www.insidesport.in/esports/the-national-creators-award-nominees-for-gaming-announced/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Inside Sport India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominees for Best Creator in Gaming Category |url=https://x.com/mygovindia/status/1764627486552281394 |website=X}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/@DynamoGaming DYNAMO GAMING on YouTube]
{{authority control}}

[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Gaming-related YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Vlogs-related YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Indian gaming YouTubers]]
[[Category:YouTube streamers]]
[[Category:YouTube vloggers]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2010]]

17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly

2026-03-16T09:48:23Z

Anshuchoudhary28:

{{short description|Assembly term of a legislature in Uttar Pradesh, India constituted in 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly
| image = Seal of Uttar Pradesh.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| body = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| meeting_place = [[Vidhan Bhawan]]
| election = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Elections]]
| government = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| opposition = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2017|03|19|df=y}}
| term_end = {{End date|2022|03|12|df=y}}
| before = [[16th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
| website = [http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/index.html Official website]
| chamber1 =
| chamber1_image =
| chamber1_image_size =
| chamber1_alt =
| membership1 = 404 (403 Elected + 1 Nominated)
| control1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| chamber1_leader2_type = Deputy Chief Ministers
| chamber1_leader2 = [[Keshav Prasad Maurya]]
[[Dinesh Sharma (politician)|Dinesh Sharma]]
| chamber1_leader4_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber1_leader4 = [[Ram Govind Chaudhary]]
| chamber2 =
| chamber2_image =
| chamber2_image_size =
| chamber2_alt =
| membership2 =
| control2 =
| chamber2_leader1_type =
| chamber2_leader1 =
| chamber2_leader2_type =
| chamber2_leader2 =
| chamber2_leader3_type =
| chamber2_leader3 =
| chamber2_leader4_type =
| chamber2_leader4 =
| session1_start =
| session1_end =
|after=[[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]|background_color=Orange}}

The '''Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh''' (Seventeenth Vidhan Sabha of Uttar Pradesh) was constituted on 19 March 2017 as a result of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2017]] held from 11 February to 8 March 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhatnagar |first=Gaurav Vivek |date=23 January 2022 |url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/PDF/PressRelease2017.pdf|title=Press Release|publisher=ceouttarpradesh.nic.in|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="Tenure Wire">{{cite news |title=UP Assembly's Tenure Has Been Calculated Incorrectly Since 2012, Says Lawyer |url=https://thewire.in/government/the-up-assemblys-tenure-has-been-calculated-incorrectly-since-2012 |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Wire}}</ref> The Legislative Assembly had total of 404 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] (including one nominated [[Anglo-Indian]] member, Dr. [[Denzil J. Godin]]).

The term of the 17th assembly was from 19 March 2017 to 12 March 2022.

==Important members==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Name !! colspan="2" | Party
|-
! 01
| 30 March 2017 || rowspan="5" | 12 March 2022 || Speaker || [[Hriday Narayan Dikshit]]|| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
! 02
| 18 October 2021 || Deputy Speaker || [[Nitin Agrawal]]|| style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
! 03
| rowspan="2" | 19 March 2017 || Leader of the House
(Chief Minister)
| [[Yogi Adityanath]]|| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
! 04
| Deputy Chief Ministers || [[Keshav Prasad Maurya]] [[Dinesh Sharma (politician)|Dinesh Sharma]]|| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
! 05
| 28 March 2017 || Leader of the Opposition || [[Ram Govind Chaudhary]] || style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

== Strength at the time of dissolution ==
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Alliance
!Alliance Total
!Seats
|-
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|rowspan="3"|322
|312
|-
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
|9
|-
|bgcolor=#0066A4|
|[[NISHAD Party]]
|1
|-
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP+]]
|rowspan="2"|53
|49
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#FFFF00|
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
|4
|-
|bgcolor=#22409A|
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|
|
|18
|-
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="1" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|rowspan="1"|7
|7
|-
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|
|
|3
|-
||
|[[Casual vacancy|Vacant]]
|
|
|1
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!403
|}

==Result==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="7"|Summary of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] Election, 2017 Result
|-
! Party
! Alliance
! Seats contested
! Seats won
! Seat change
! Votes
! Vote share
! Swing
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="text-align:left;" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 384
| style="text-align:center;" | 312
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}} 265
| style="text-align:center;" | 34,403,039
| style="text-align:center;" | 40%
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}} 24.7%
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| style="text-align:left;" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 11
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}} 9
| style="text-align:center;" | 851,336
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.0%
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}} 1.0%
|- |- style="text-align:left;" |Nirbal Indian Shoshit Hamara Aam Dal(NISHAD)

|style="text-align:center;" | '''[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''NDA'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''391'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''321'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''{{increase}} 274'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''35,254,375'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''>41%'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:left;" |Nirbal Indian Shoshit Hamara Aam Dal(NISHAD)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP+]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 311
| style="text-align:center;" | 47
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}177
| style="text-align:center;" | 18,923,689
| style="text-align:center;" | 22%
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 7.7%
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP+]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 114
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}21
| style="text-align:center;" | 5,416,324
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 5.43%
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| style="text-align:left;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | 403
| style="text-align:center;" | 19
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}61
| style="text-align:center;" | 19,281,352
| style="text-align:center;" | 22.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 3.71%
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| style="text-align:left;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | 131
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}8
| style="text-align:center;" | 1,545,810
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.8%
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}} 0.53%
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India]]
| style="text-align:left;" |Left
| style="text-align:center;" | 90
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 138,763
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]]
| style="text-align:left;" |Left
| style="text-align:center;" | 50
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| style="text-align:left;" |Left
| style="text-align:center;" | 27
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Lok Dal (LD)
| style="text-align:left;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 181,04
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2%
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Apna Dal (Soneylal)|Apna Dal]]
| style="text-align:left;" |Grand alliance
| style="text-align:center;" | 150
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Peace Party of India]]
| style="text-align:left;" |Grand Alliance
| style="text-align:center;" | 150
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}4
| style="text-align:center;" | 227,998
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.3%
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
||
| style="text-align:left;" | BMUP
| style="text-align:left;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 152,844
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2%
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[AIMIM]]
| style="text-align:left;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | 38
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 205,232
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2%
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| style="text-align:left;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Shiv Sena]]
| style="text-align:left;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | 150
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Independent politician|Independents]]
| style="text-align:left;" |[[n/a]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}11
| style="text-align:center;" | 2,229,448
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.6%
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[None of the above|None of the above (NOTA)]]
| style="text-align:left;" |[[n/a]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[n/a]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[n/a]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[n/a]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 757,643
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.9%
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}} 0.9%
|}

== Elected members ==
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|+All members were elected on 11 March 2017 and following list might undergo further changes due to by-elections.
|-
!#
!Constituency
!Candidate name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Comments
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Saharanpur district|'''Saharanpur District''']]
|-
| 1
| [[Behat (Assembly constituency)|Behat]]
|[[Naresh Saini]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 2
|[[Nakur (Assembly constituency)|Nakur]]
|[[Dharam Singh Saini]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 3
| [[Saharanpur Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Saharanpur Nagar]]
|[[Sanjay Garg]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 4
| [[Saharanpur (Assembly constituency)|Saharanpur]]
|[[Masood Akhtar (politician)|Masood Akhtar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 5
| [[Deoband (Assembly constituency)|Deoband]]
|[[Brijesh Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 6
| [[Rampur Maniharan (Assembly constituency)|Rampur Maniharan]] (SC)
|[[Devendra Kumar Nim]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 7
| rowspan="2" | [[Gangoh (Assembly constituency)|Gangoh]]
|[[Pradeep Choudhary]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Resigned on 24 May 2019
|-
|Kirat Singh
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| Elected in By-Elections on 21 October 2019
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Shamli district|'''Shamli District''']]
|-
| 8
| [[Kairana (Assembly constituency)|Kairana]]
|[[Nahid Hasan]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 9
| [[Thana Bhawan (Assembly constituency)|Thana Bhawan]]
|[[Suresh Kumar (Indian politician)|Suresh Kumar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 10
| [[Shamli (Assembly constituency)|Shamli]]
|[[Tejendra Nirwal]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Muzaffarnagar district|'''Muzaffarnagar District''']]
|-
| 11
|[[Budhana (Assembly constituency)|Budhana]]
|[[Umesh Malik]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 12
| [[Charthawal (Assembly constituency)|Charthawal]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Kashyap]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 13
| [[Purqazi (Assembly constituency)|Purqazi]] (SC)
|[[Pramod Utwal]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 14
| [[Muzaffarnagar (Assembly constituency)|Muzaffarnagar]]
|[[Kapil Dev Aggarwal]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 15
| [[Khatauli (Assembly constituency)|Khatauli]]
|[[Vikram Singh Saini]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 16
| rowspan="2" |[[Meerapur (Assembly constituency)|Meerapur]]
|[[Avtar Singh Bhadana]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Joined INC on 14 February 2019 (Resignation Not Accepted)
|-
|Vacant
||
|
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Bijnor district|'''Bijnor District''']]
|-
| 17
|[[Najibabad (Assembly constituency)|Najibabad]]
|[[Tasleem]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 18
| [[Nagina (Assembly constituency)|Nagina]] (SC)
|[[Manoj Kumar Paras]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 19
| [[Barhapur (Assembly constituency)|Barhapur]]
|[[Kunwar Sushant Singh|Sushant Kumar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 20
| [[Dhampur (Assembly constituency)|Dhampur]]
|[[Ashok Kumar Rana]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 21
| [[Nehtaur (Assembly constituency)|Nehtaur]] (SC)
|[[Om Kumar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 22
| [[Bijnor (Assembly constituency)|Bijnor]]
|[[Suchi (politician)|Suchi Chaudhary]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 23
| [[Chandpur (Assembly constituency)|Chandpur]]
|[[Kamlesh Saini]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |24
| rowspan="2" |[[Noorpur (Assembly constituency)|Noorpur]]
|[[Lokendra Singh (politician)|Lokendra Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Died on 21 February 2018
|-
|[[Naim Ul Hasan]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|Elected during by-election
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Moradabad district|'''Moradabad District''']]
|-
| 25
|[[Kanth (Assembly constituency)|Kanth]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Rajesh Kumar Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 26
| [[Thakurdwara (Assembly constituency)|Thakurdwara]]
|[[Nawab Jan]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 27
| [[Moradabad Rural (Assembly constituency)|Moradabad Rural]]
|[[Haji Ikram Qureshi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 28
| [[Moradabad Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Moradabad Nagar]]
|[[Ritesh Kumar Gupta]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 29
| [[Kundarki (Assembly constituency)|Kundarki]]
|[[Mohammad Rizwan (politician)|Mohammad Rizwan]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 30
| [[Bilari (Assembly constituency)|Bilari]]
|Mohammad Faheem
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Sambhal district|'''Sambhal District''']]
|-
| 31
|[[Chandausi (Assembly constituency)|Chandausi]] (SC)
|[[Gulab Devi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 32
| [[Asmoli (Assembly constituency)|Asmoli]]
|[[Pinki Singh Yadav]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 33
| [[Sambhal (Assembly constituency)|Sambhal]]
|[[Iqbal Mehmood]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Rampur district|'''Rampur District''']]
|-
| 34
|[[Suar (Assembly constituency)|Suar]]
|[[Abdullah Azam Khan]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|Disqualified on 16 December 2019
|-
| 35
| [[Chamraua (Assembly constituency)|Chamraua]]
|Naseer Ahmed Khan
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 36
| [[Bilaspur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Bilaspur]]
|[[Baldev Singh Aulakh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 37
| rowspan="2" | [[Rampur (Assembly constituency)|Rampur]]
|[[Mohammad Azam Khan]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|Resigned on 24 May 2019
|-
|[[Tazeen Fatma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|Elected in By-Elections on 21 October 2019
|-
| 38
| [[Milak (Assembly constituency)|Milak]] (SC)
|[[Rajbala]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Amroha district|'''Amroha District''']]
|-
| 39
|[[Dhanaura (Assembly constituency)|Dhanaura]] (SC)
|[[Rajeev Tarara]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 40
| rowspan="2" | [[Naugawan Sadat (Assembly constituency)|Naugawan Sadat]]
|[[Chetan Chauhan]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| Died in August 2020
|-
|Sangeeta Chauhan
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| Elected in By-Elections in November 2020
|-
| 41
| [[Amroha (Assembly constituency)|Amroha]]
|[[Mehboob Ali (Uttar Pradeshi politician)|Mehboob Ali]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 42
| [[Hasanpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Hasanpur]]
|Mahender Singh Khadagvanshi
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Meerut district|'''Meerut District''']]
|-
| 43
|[[Siwalkhas (Assembly constituency)|Siwalkhas]]
|[[Jitendra Pal Singh Billu]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 44
| [[Sardhana (Assembly constituency)|Sardhana]]
|[[Sangeet Singh Som]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 45
| [[Hastinapur (Assembly constituency)|Hastinapur]]
|Dinesh Khatik
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 46
| [[Kithore (Assembly constituency)|Kithore]]
|[[Satyavir Tyagi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 47
| [[Meerut Cantt. (Assembly constituency)|Meerut Cantt.]]
|[[Satya Prakash Agarwal]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 48
| [[Meerut (Assembly constituency)|Meerut City]]
|Haji Rafiq Ansari
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 49
| [[Meerut South (Assembly constituency)|Meerut South]]
|[[Somendra Tomar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Bagpat district|'''Bagpat District''']]
|-
| 50
|[[Chhaprauli (Assembly constituency)|Chhaprauli]]
|[[Sahender Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Left RLD after MLC election 2018
|-
| 51
| [[Baraut (Assembly constituency)|Baraut]]
|[[Krishnapal Malik]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 52
| [[Bagpat (Assembly constituency)|Baghpat]]
|[[Yogesh Dhama]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|'''Ghaziabad District''']]
|-
| 53
| [[Loni (Assembly constituency)|Loni]]
|[[Nandkishor Gurjar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 54
| [[Muradnagar (Assembly constituency)|Muradnagar]]
|[[Ajit Pal Tyagi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 55
| [[Sahibabad (Assembly constituency)|Sahibabad]]
|[[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Uttar Pradesh)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 56
| [[Ghaziabad (Assembly constituency)|Ghaziabad]]
|[[Atul Garg]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 57
| [[Modinagar (Assembly constituency)|Modi Nagar]]
|[[Manju Shivach]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Hapur district|'''Hapur District''']]
|-
| 58
|[[Dholana (Assembly constituency)|Dholana]]
|[[Aaslam Choudhary]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| 59
| [[Hapur (Assembly constituency)|Hapur]]
|[[Vijay Pal]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 60
| [[Garhmukteshwar (Assembly constituency)|Garhmukteshwar]]
|[[Kamal Singh Malik]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Gautam Buddh Nagar district|'''Gautam Buddh Nagar District''']]
|-
| 61
|[[Noida (Assembly constituency)|Noida]]
|[[Pankaj Singh (politician)|Pankaj Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 62
| [[Dadri (Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Dadri]]
|[[Tejpal Singh Nagar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 63
|[[Jewar (Assembly constituency)|Jewar]]
|[[Dhirendra Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Bulandshahr district|'''Bulandshahr District''']]
|-
| 64
|[[Sikandrabad (Assembly constituency)|Sikandrabad]]
|[[Bimla Singh Solanki]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" ! |65
| rowspan="2" |[[Bulandshahr (Assembly constituency)|Bulandshahr]]
|[[Virendra Singh Sirohi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|[[Usha Sirohi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Elected in By-Elections in November 2020
|-
| 66
|[[Syana (Assembly constituency)|Syana]]
|Devendra
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 67
|[[Anupshahr (Assembly constituency)|Anupshahr]]
|Sanjay
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 68
|[[Debai (Assembly constituency)|Debai]]
|[[Anita Singh Rajput]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 69
|[[Shikarpur (Assembly constituency)|Shikarpur]]
|[[Anil Sharma (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Anil Sharma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 70
|[[Khurja (Assembly constituency)|Khurja]] (SC)
|[[Vijendra Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Aligarh district|'''Aligarh District''']]
|-
| 71
|[[Khair (Assembly constituency)|Khair]] (SC)
|Anoop
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 72
|[[Barauli (Assembly constituency)|Barauli]]
|[[Dalveer Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 73
|[[Atrauli (Assembly constituency)|Atrauli]]
|[[Sandeep Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 74
|[[Chharra (Assembly constituency)|Chharra]]
|[[Ravendra Pal Singh (politician)|Ravendra Pal Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 75
|[[Koil (Assembly constituency)|Koil]]
|[[Anil Parashar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 76
|[[Aligarh (Assembly constituency)|Aligarh]]
|[[Sanjeev Raja]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |77
| rowspan="2" |[[Iglas (Assembly constituency)|Iglas]] (SC)
|[[Rajvir Singh Diler]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Resigned on 24 May 2019
|-
|Rajkumar Sahyogi
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Elected in By-Elections on 21 October 2019
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Hathras district|'''Hathras District''']]
|-
| 78
|[[Hathras (Assembly constituency)|Hathras]] (SC)
|[[Hari Shankar Mahor]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 79
|[[Sadabad (Assembly constituency)|Sadabad]]
|[[Ramveer Upadhyay]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| 80
|[[Sikandra Rao (Assembly constituency)|Sikandra Rao]]
|[[Birendra Singh Rana]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Mathura district|'''Mathura District''']]
|-
| 81
|[[Chhata (Assembly constituency)|Chhata]]
|[[Chaudhary Laxmi Narayan Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 82
|[[Mant (Assembly constituency)|Mant]]
|[[Shyam Sunder Sharma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| 83
|[[Goverdhan (Assembly constituency)|Goverdhan]]
|[[Karinda Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 84
|[[Mathura (Assembly constituency)|Mathura]]
|[[Shrikant Sharma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 85
|[[Baldev (Assembly constituency)|Baldev]] (SC)
|[[Pooran Prakash]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Agra district|'''Agra District''']]
|-
| 86
|[[Etmadpur (Assembly constituency)|Etmadpur]]
|[[Ram Pratap Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 87
|[[Agra Cantonment (Assembly constituency)|Agra Cantt.]] (SC)
|[[Girraj Singh Dharmesh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 88
|[[Agra South (Assembly constituency)|Agra South]]
|[[Yogendra Upadhyaya]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 89
| rowspan="2" |[[Agra North (Assembly constituency)|Agra North]]
|[[Jagan Prasad Garg]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Died on 10 April 2019
|-
|[[Purushottam Khandelwal]]
|Elected in 2019 by-elections
|-
| 90
|[[Agra Rural (Assembly constituency)|Agra Rural]] (SC)
|[[Hemlata Divakar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 91
|[[Fatehpur Sikri (Assembly constituency)|Fatehpur Sikri]]
|[[Chaudhary Udaybhan Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 92
|[[Kheragarh (Assembly constituency)|Kheragarh]]
|[[Mahesh Kumar Goyal]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 93
|[[Fatehabad, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Fatehabad]]
|[[Jitendra Verma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|94
|[[Bah (Assembly constituency)|Bah]]
|[[Rani Pakshalika Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Firozabad district|'''Firozabad District''']]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 95
| rowspan="2" |[[Tundla (Assembly constituency)|Tundla]] (SC)
|[[S. P. Singh Baghel|S.P. Singh Baghel]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Resigned on 24 May 2019
|-
|Prempal Singh Dhangar
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| Elected in By-Elections in November 2020
|-
| 96
|[[Jasrana (Assembly constituency)|Jasrana]]
|[[Ramgopal]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 97
|[[Firozabad (Assembly constituency)|Firozabad]]
|[[Manish Asiza]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 98
|[[Shikohabad (Assembly constituency)|Shikohabad]]
|[[Mukesh Verma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 99
|[[Sirsaganj (Assembly constituency)|Sirsaganj]]
|[[Hariom Yadav]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Kasganj district|'''Kasganj District''']]
|-
| 100
|[[Kasganj (Assembly constituency)|Kasganj]]
|[[Devendra Singh Rajput]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 101
|[[Amanpur (Assembly constituency)|Amanpur]]
|[[Devendra Pratap]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 102
|[[Patiyali (Assembly constituency)|Patiyali]]
|[[Mamtesh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Etah district|'''Etah District''']]
|-
| 103
|[[Aliganj (Assembly constituency)|Aliganj]]
|[[Satyapal Singh Rathaur]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 104
|[[Etah (Assembly constituency)|Etah]]
|[[Vipin Kumar David]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 105
|[[Marhara (Assembly constituency)|Marhara]]
|Virendra
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 106
|[[Jalesar (Assembly constituency)|Jalesar]] (SC)
|[[Sanjeev Kumar Diwakar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Mainpuri district|'''Mainpuri District''']]
|-
| 107
|[[Mainpuri (Assembly constituency)|Mainpuri]]
|[[Raju Yadav (Uttar Pradesh)|Raju Yadav]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 108
|[[Bhongaon (Assembly constituency)|Bhongaon]]
|[[Ram Naresh Agnihotri]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 109
|[[Kishni (Assembly constituency)|Kishni]] (SC)
|[[Brajesh Katheriya]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 110
|[[Karhal (Assembly constituency)|Karhal]]
|[[Sobaran Singh Yadav]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Sambhal district|'''Sambhal District''']]
|-
| 111
|[[Gunnaur (Assembly constituency)|Gunnaur]]
|[[Ajeet Kumar (alias Raju Yadav)]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Budaun district|'''Budaun District''']]
|-
| 112
|[[Bisauli (Assembly constituency)|Bisauli]] (SC)
|[[Kushagra Sagar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 113
|[[Sahaswan (Assembly constituency)|Sahaswan]]
|[[Omkar Singh Yadav]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 114
|[[Bilsi (Assembly constituency)|Bilsi]]
|Pt. [[Radha Krishan Sharma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 115
|[[Badaun (Assembly constituency)|Badaun]]
|[[Mahesh Chandra Gupta]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 116
|[[Shekhupur (Assembly constituency)|Shekhupur]]
|[[Dharmendra Kumar Singh Shakya]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 117
|[[Dataganj (Assembly constituency)|Dataganj]]
|[[Rajeev Kumar Singh (Dataganj politician)]] (Babbu Bhaiya)
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Bareilly district|'''Bareilly District''']]
|-
| 118
|[[Baheri (Assembly constituency)|Baheri]]
|[[Chhatrapal Singh Gangwar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 119
|[[Meerganj (Assembly constituency)|Meerganj]]
|[[D.C. Verma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 120
|[[Bhojipura (Assembly constituency)|Bhojipura]]
|[[Bahoran Lal Maurya]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 121
|[[Nawabganj (Assembly constituency)|Nawabganj]]
|[[Kesar Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 122
|[[Faridpur (Assembly constituency)|Faridpur]] (SC)
|[[Shyam Bihari Lal]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 123
|[[Bithari Chainpur (Assembly constituency)|Bithari Chainpur]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar Mishra (born 1967)|Rajesh Kumar Mishra]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 124
|[[Bareilly (Assembly constituency)|Bareilly]]
|[[Arun Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Arun Kumar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 125
|[[Bareilly Cantonment (Assembly constituency)|Bareilly Cantt]]
|[[Rajesh Agarwal]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 126
|[[Aonla (Assembly constituency)|Aonla]]
|[[Dharmpal Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Pilibhit district|'''Pilibhit District''']]
|-
| 127
|[[Pilibhit (Assembly constituency)|Pilibhit]]
|[[Sanjay Singh Gangwar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 128
|[[Barkhera (Assembly constituency)|Barkhera]]
|[[Kishan Lal Rajpoot]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 129
|[[Puranpur (Assembly constituency)|Puranpur]] (SC)
|[[Babu Ram Paswan]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 130
|[[Bisalpur (Assembly constituency)|Bisalpur]]
|[[Agys Ramsaran Verma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Shahjahanpur district|'''Shahjahanpur District''']]
|-
| 131
|[[Katra (Assembly constituency)|Katra]]
|[[Veer Vikram Singh Prince]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 132
|[[Jalalabad (UP Assembly constituency)|Jalalabad]]
|[[Sharadvir Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 133
|[[Tilhar (Assembly constituency)|Tilhar]]
|[[Roshan Lal Verma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 134
|[[Powayan (Assembly constituency)|Powayan]] (SC)
|[[Chetram]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 135
|[[Shahjahanpur (Assembly constituency)|Shahjahanpur]]
|[[Suresh Kumar Khanna]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 136
|[[Dadraul (Assembly constituency)|Dadraul]]
|[[Manvendra Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|'''Lakhimpur Kheri District''']]
|-
| 137
|[[Palia (Assembly constituency)|Palia]]
|[[Harvinder Kumar Sahani]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |138
| rowspan="2" |[[Nighasan (Assembly constituency)|Nighasan]]
|[[Patel Ramkumar Verma]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Died in September 2018
|-
|[[Shashank Verma]]
|Elected during by-election 2019
|-
| 139
|[[Gola Gokrannath (Assembly constituency)|Gola Gokarnnath]]
|[[Arvind Giri]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 140
|[[Sri Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Sri Nagar]] (SC)
|[[Manju Tyagi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 141
|[[Dhaurahra (Assembly constituency)]]
|[[Awasthi Bala Prasad]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 142
|[[Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]]
|[[Yogesh Verma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 143
|[[Kasta (Assembly constituency)|Kasta]] (SC)
|[[Saurabh Singh, politician]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|144
|[[Mohammdi (Assembly constituency)|Mohammadi]]
|[[Lokendra Pratap Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Sitapur district|'''Sitapur District''']]
|-
| 145
|[[Maholi (Assembly constituency)|Maholi]]
|[[Shashank Trivedi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 146
|[[Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Sitapur]]
|[[Rakesh Rathore]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 147
|[[Hargaon (Assembly constituency)|Hargaon]] (SC)
|[[Suresh Rahi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 148
|[[Laharpur (Assembly constituency)|Laharpur]]
|[[Suneel Verma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 149
|[[Biswan (Assembly constituency)|Biswan]]
|[[Mahendra Kumar Singh|Mahendra Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 150
|[[Sevata (Assembly constituency)|Sevata]]
|[[Gyan Tiwari]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|151
|[[Mahmoodabad (Assembly constituency)|Mahmoodabad]]
|[[Narendra Singh Verma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 152
|[[Sidhauli (Assembly constituency)|Sidhauli]] (SC)
|[[Hargovind Bhargava]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| 153
|[[Misrikh]] (SC)
|[[Ram Krishna Bhargava]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Hardoi district|'''Hardoi District''']]
|-
| 154
|[[Sawayazpur (Assembly constituency)|Sawayazpur]]
|[[Kunvar Madhavendra Pratap]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|155
|[[Shahabad (Assembly constituency)|Shahabad]]
|[[Rajani Tiwari]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 156
|[[Hardoi (Assembly constituency)|Hardoi]]
|[[Nitin Agarwal]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 157
|[[Gopamau]] (SC)
|[[Shyam Prakash]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 158
|[[Sandi (Assembly constituency)|Sandi]] (SC)
|[[Prabhash Kumar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 159
|[[Bilgram-Mallanwan (Assembly constituency)|Bilgram-Mallanwan]]
|[[Ashish Kumar Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 160
|[[Balamau]] (SC)
|[[Ram Pal Verma]] (Hardoi)
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 161
|[[Sandila]]
|[[Raj Kumar Agrawal]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Unnao district|'''Unnao District''']]
|-
| rowspan="2" |162
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangarmau]]
|[[Kuldeep Singh Sengar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| Sentenced to Life imprisonment in Unnao Rape Case on 20 December 2019
|-
|[[Shrikant Katiyar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Elected in By-Elections in November 2020
|-
| 163
|[[Safipur]] (SC)
|[[Bamba Lal Diwakar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 164
|[[Mohan (Assembly constituency)|Mohan]] (SC)
|[[Brijesh Kumar Rawat]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 165
|[[Unnao]]
|[[Pankaj Gupta (BJP Politician)|Pankaj Gupta]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 166
|[[Bhagwantnagar (Assembly constituency)|Bhagwantnagar]]
|[[Hriday Narayan Dikshit]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 167
|[[Purwa]]
|Anil Singh
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Lucknow district|'''Lucknow District''']]
|-
| 168
|[[Malihabad]] (SC)
|[[Jai Devi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 169
|[[Bakshi Kaa Talab (Assembly constituency)|Bakshi Kaa Talab]]
|[[Avinash Trivedi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 170
|[[Sarojini Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Sarojini Nagar]]
|[[Swati Singh (politician)|Swati Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 171
|[[Lucknow West (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow West]]
|[[Suresh Kumar Shrivastav]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 172
|[[Lucknow North (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow North]]
|[[Neeraj Bora]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 173
|[[Lucknow East (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow East]]
|[[Ashutosh Tandan]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 174
|[[Lucknow Central (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow Central]]
|[[Brijesh Pathak]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 175
| rowspan="2" |[[Lucknow Cantonment (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow Cantt]]
|[[Rita Bahuguna Joshi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Resigned on 24 May 2019
|-
|[[Suresh Chandra Tiwari]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Elected in By-Elections on 21 October 2019
|-
| 176
|[[Mohanlalganj]] (SC)
|[[Ambrish Singh Pushkar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Raebareli district|'''Raebareli District''']]
|-
| 177
|[[Bachhrawan]] (SC)
|[[Ram Naresh Rawat]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Amethi district|'''Amethi District''']]
|-
| 178
|[[Tiloi (Assembly constituency)|Tiloi]]
|[[Mayankeshwar Sharan Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Raebareli district|'''Raebareli District''']]
|-
| 179
|[[Harchandpur]]
|[[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 180
|[[Raebareli]]
|[[Aditi Singh Raebareli|Aditi Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 181
|[[Salon (Assembly constituency)|Salon]] (SC)
|[[Dal Bahadur]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 182
|[[Sareni]]
|[[Dhirendra Bahadur Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 183
|[[Unchahar]]
|[[Manoj Kumar Pandey]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Amethi district|'''Amethi District''']]
|-
| 184
|[[Jagdishpur (Assembly constituency)|Jagdishpur]] (SC)
|[[Suresh Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Suresh Kumar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 185
| [[Gauriganj]]
|[[Rakesh Pratap Singh (politician)|Rakesh Pratap Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| Resigned on 31 October 2021
|-
| 186
| [[Amethi]]
|[[Garima Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Sultanpur district|'''Sultanpur District''']]
|-
| 187
|[[Isauli (Assembly constituency)|Isauli]]
|[[Abrar Ahmed (Samajwadi politician)|Abrar Ahmed]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 188
|[[Sultanpur (Assembly constituency)|Sultanpur]]
|[[Surya Bhan Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 189
|[[Sadar Assembly constituency|Sadar]]
|[[Sitaram Verma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 190
|[[Lambhua]]
|[[Devmani Dwivedi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 191
| [[Kadipur]] (SC)
|[[Rajesh Gautam]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Farrukhabad district|'''Farrukhabad District''']]
|-
| 192
| [[Kaimganj]] (SC)
|Amar Singh
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 193
|[[Amritpur (Assembly constituency)|Amritpur]]
|[[Suhil Kumar Shakya]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 194
|[[Farrukhabad]]
|Major [[Sunil Dutt Dwivedi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 195
|[[Bhojpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Bhojpur]]
|[[Nagendra Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Kannauj district|'''Kannauj District''']]
|-
| 196
| [[Chhibramau]]
|[[Archana Pandey]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 197
| [[Tirwa]]
|[[Kailash Singh Rajput]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 198
| [[Kannauj]] (SC)
|[[Anil Kumar Dohare]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Etawah district|'''Etawah District''']]
|-
| 199
| [[Jaswantnagar]]
|[[Shivpal Singh Yadav]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 200
| [[Etawah]]
|[[Sarita Bhadauriya]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 201
|[[Bharthana]] (SC)
|[[Savitri Katheria]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Auraiya district|'''Auraiya District''']]
|-
| 202
| [[Bidhuna]]
|[[Vinay Shakya]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 203
|[[Dibiyapur]]
|[[Lakhan Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 204
|[[Auraiya]] (SC)
|Ramesh Diwakar
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Kanpur Dehat district|'''Kanpur Dehat District''']]
|-
| 205
|[[Rasulabad]] (SC)
|[[Nirmala Sankhwar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 206
|[[Akbarpur-Raniya (Assembly constituency)|Akbarpur]]-Raniya
|[[Pratibha Shukla]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 207
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikandra (Assembly constituency)|Sikandra]]
|[[Mathura Prasad Pal]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Died on 22 July 2017
|-
|Ajit Singh Pal
|Elected during by-election
|-
| 208
| [[Bhognipur]]
|[[Vinod Kumar Katiyar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Kanpur Nagar district|'''Kanpur Nagar District''']]
|-
| 209
| [[Bilhaur]] (SC)
|[[Bhagwati Prasad Sagar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 210
| [[Bithoor]]
|[[Abhijeet Singh Sanga]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 211
|[[Kalyanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Kalyanpur]]
|[[Nilima Katiyar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 212
| rowspan="2" |[[Govind Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Govindnagar]]
|[[Satyadev Pachauri]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Resigned on 24 May 2019
|-
|Surendra Maithani
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Elected during By-Elections on 21 October 2019
|-
| 213
|[[Sishamau (Assembly constituency)|Sishamau]]
|[[Hazi Irfan Solanki]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 214
|[[Arya Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Arya Nagar]]
|[[Amitabh Bajpai]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 215
|[[Kidwai Nagar]]
|[[Mahesh Chandra]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 216
|[[Kanpur Cantonment (Assembly constituency)|Kanpur Cantt]]
|[[Sohil Akhtar Ansari]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 217
| [[Maharajpur (Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Maharajpur]]
|[[Satish Mahana]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 218
| rowspan="2" | [[Ghatampur]] (SC)
|[[Kamal Rani]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| Died in August 2020
|-
|Upendra Nath Paswan
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| Elected in By-Elections in November 2020
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Jalaun district|'''Jalaun District''']]
|-
| 219
|[[Madhogarh (Assembly constituency)|Madhaugarh]]
|[[Moolchandra Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 220
|[[Kalpi]]
|[[Narandea Pal Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 221
|[[Orai]] (SC)
|Gauri Shankar
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Jhansi district|'''Jhansi District''']]
|-
| 222
|[[Babina (Assembly constituency)|Babina]]
|[[Rajeev Singh Parichha]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 223
|[[Jhansi Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Jhansi Nagar]]
|[[Ravi Sharma (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ravi Sharma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 224
|[[Mauranipur]] (SC)
|[[Bihari Lal Arya]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 225
|[[Garautha]]
|[[Jawahar Lal Rajput]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Lalitpur district, India|'''Lalitpur District''']]
|-
| 226
|[[Lalitpur (Assembly constituency)|Lalitpur]]
|[[Ramratan Kushwaha]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 227
|[[Mehroni]] (SC)
|[[Manohar Lal (politician)|Manohar Lal]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|'''Hamirpur District''']]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 228
| rowspan="2" |[[Hamirpur (Assembly constituency)|Hamirpur]]
|[[Ashok Kumar Singh Chandel]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Sacked on 8.6.19
|-
|Yuvraj Singh
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Elected during by-election
|-
| 229
|[[Rath (Assembly constituency)|Rath]] (SC)
|[[Manisha Anuragi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Mahoba district|'''Mahoba District''']]
|-
| 230
|[[Mahoba]]
|[[Rakesh Kumar Goswami]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 231
|[[Charkhari]]
|[[Brijbhushan Rajpoot]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Banda district, India|'''Banda district''']]
|-
| 232
|[[Tindwari]]
|[[Brajesh Kumar Prajapati]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 233
|[[Baberu]]
|[[Chandrapal Kushwaha]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 234
|[[Naraini]] (SC)
|[[Raj Karan Kabir]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 235
| [[Banda (Assembly constituency)|Banda]]
|[[Prakash Dwivedi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Chitrakoot district|'''Chitrakoot District''']]
|-
| 236
|[[Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot]]
|[[Chandrika Prasad Upadhyay]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 237
| rowspan="2" | [[Manikpur, Uttar Pradesh|Manikpur]]
|[[R. K. Singh Patel]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Resigned on 24 May 2019
|-
|Aanand Shukla
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Elected during By-Elections on 21 October 2019
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Fatehpur district|'''Fatehpur District''']]
|-
| 238
| [[Jahanabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jahanabad]]
|[[Jai Kumar Singh Jaiki]]
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
|
|-
| 239
|[[Bindki (Assembly constituency)|Bindki]]
|[[Karan Singh Patel]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 240
| [[Fatehpur (Assembly constituency)|Fatehpur]]
|[[Vikram Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Vikram Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 241
|[[Ayah Shah (Assembly constituency)|Ayah Shah]]
|[[Vikas Gupta (politician)|Vikas Gupta]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 242
|[[Husainganj (Assembly constituency)|Husainganj]]
|[[Ranvendra Pratap Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 243
|[[Khaga]] (SC)
|[[Krishna Paswan]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|'''Pratapgarh District''']]
|-
| 244
|[[Rampur Khas (Assembly constituency)|Rampur Khas]]
|[[Aradhana Mishra]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 245
|[[Babaganj (Assembly constituency)|Babaganj]] (SC)
|[[Vinod Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#dddddd|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|-
| 246
| [[Kunda (Assembly constituency)|Kunda]]
|[[Raghuraj Pratap Singh]]
|bgcolor=#dddddd|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|-
| 247
|[[Vishwanathganj (Assembly constituency)|Bishwavnathganj]]
|[[Rakesh Kumar Verma]]
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 248
| rowspan="2" |[[Pratapgarh (Assembly constituency)|Pratapgarh]]
|[[Sangam Lal Gupta]]
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
|Resigned on 24 May 2019
|-
|Rajkumar Pal
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
|Elected during By-Elections on 21 October 2019
|-
| 249
|[[Patti (Assembly constituency)|Patti]]
|[[Rajednra Pratap Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 250
|[[Raniganj]]
|[[Dhiraj Ojha]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Kaushambi district|'''Kaushambi District''']]
|-
| 251
|[[Sirathu]]
|[[Sheetla Prasad]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 252
| [[Manjhanpur]] (SC)
|[[Lal Bahadur]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 253
|[[Chail (Assembly constituency)|Chail]]
|[[Nagendra Singh Patel]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Allahabad district|'''Allahabad District''']]
|-
| 254
| [[Phaphamau]]
|[[Vikramjeet]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 255
|[[Soraon]] (SC)
|[[Jamuna Prasad]]
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
|
|-
| 256
|[[Phulpur, Allahabad|Phulpur]]
|[[Praveen Patel]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 257
|[[Pratappur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Pratappur]]
|[[Mohd Mujtaba Siddqui]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| 258
|[[Handia, Uttar Pradesh|Handia]]
|[[Hakim Lal Bind]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| 259
| [[Meja]]
|[[Neelam Karwariya]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 260
|[[Karachhana (Assembly constituency)|Karachhana]]
|[[Ujjwal Raman Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 261
|[[Allahabad]] West
|[[Sidharth Nath Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 262
|[[Allahabad]] North
|[[Harshvardhan Bajpai]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 263
|[[Allahabad]] South
|[[Nand Gopal Gupta Nandi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 264
|[[Bara (Assembly constituency)|Bara]] (SC)
|[[Ajai Kumar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 265
|[[Koraon]] (SC)
|[[Rajmani Kol]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Barabanki district|'''Barabanki District''']]
|-
| 266
|[[Kursi (Assembly constituency)|Kursi]]
|[[Sakendra Pratap Verma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 267
|[[Ramnagar, Barabanki|Ram Nagar]]
|[[Sharad Kumar Awasthi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 268
|[[Barabanki (Assembly constituency)|Barabanki]]
|[[Dharamraj Singh Yadav]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 269
| rowspan="2" |[[Zaidpur]] (SC)
|[[Upendra Singh Rawat]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Resigned on 24 May 2019
|-
|Gaurav Kumar
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|Elected during By-Elections on 21 October 2019
|-
| 270
|[[Dariyabad (Assembly constituency)|Dariyabad]]
|[[Satish chandra Sharma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Faizabad district|'''Faizabad District''']]
|-
| 271
|[[Rudauli]]
|[[Ram Chandra Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ram Chandra Yadav]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Barabanki district|'''Barabanki District''']]
|-
| 272
| [[Haidergarh]] (SC)
|[[Baidnath Rawat]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 273
|[[Milkipur]] (SC)
|[[Gorakh Nath]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 274
|[[Bikapur]]
|[[Shobha Singh Chauhan]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 275
| [[Ayodhya]]
|Ved Prakash Gupta
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 276
|[[Goshainganj]]
|[[Indra Pratap Tiwari]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Ambedkar Nagar district|'''Ambedkar Nagar District''']]
|-
| 277
|[[Katehari (Assembly constituency)|Katehari]]
|[[Lalji Verma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| 278
|[[Tanda (Assembly constituency)|Tanda]]
|[[Sanju Devi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 279
|[[Alapur]] (SC)
|[[Aneeta Kamal]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 280
| rowspan="2" | [[Jalalpur]]
|[[Ritesh Pandey]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|Resigned on 24 May 2019
|-
|Subhash Rai
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|Elected during By-Elections on 21 October 2019
|-
| 281
|[[Akbarpur (Assembly constituency)|Akbarpur]]
|[[Ram Achal Rajbhar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Bahraich district|'''Bahraich District''']]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 282
| rowspan="2" |[[Balha (Assembly constituency)|Balha]] (SC)
|[[Akshaibar Lal]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Resigned on 24 May 2019
|-
|Saroj Sonkar
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Elected during By-Elections on 21 October 2019
|-
| 283
| [[Nanpara]]
|[[Madhuri Verma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 284
| [[Matera]]
|[[Yasar Shah]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 285
|[[Mahasi (Assembly constituency)|Mahasi]]
|[[Sureshwar Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 286
|[[Bahraich]]
|[[Anupma Jaiswal]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 287
|[[Payagpur]]
|[[Subhash Tripathi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 288
|[[Kaiserganj (Assembly constituency)|Kaiserganj]]
|[[Mukut Bihari]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Shravasti district|'''Shravasti District''']]
|-
| 289
|[[Bhinga]]
|Mohammad Aslam
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| 290
|[[Shrawasti]]
|[[Ram Feran]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|'''Balrampur District''']]
|-
| 291
|[[Tulsipur (Assembly constituency)|Tulsipur]]
|[[Kailash Nath Shukla]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 292
|[[Gainsari (Assembly constituency)|Gainsari]]
|[[Shailesh Kumar Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 293
|[[Utraula (Assembly constituency)|Utraula]]
|[[Ram Pratap alias Shashikant Verma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 294
|[[Balrampur (Assembly constituency)|Balrampur]] (SC)
|[[Paltu Ram]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Gonda district|'''Gonda District''']]
|-
| 295
|[[Mehnaun (Assembly constituency)|Mehnaun]]
|[[Vinay Kumar Dwivedi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 296
|[[Gonda (Assembly constituency)|Gonda]]
|[[Prateek Bhushan Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 297
|[[Katra Bazar (Assembly constituency)|Katra Bazar]]
|[[Bawan Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 298
|[[Colonelganj (Assembly constituency)|Colonelganj]]
|[[Ajay Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Ajay Pratap Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 299
|[[Tarabganj (Assembly constituency)|Tarabganj]]
|[[Prem Narayan Pandey]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 300
|[[Mankapur (Assembly constituency)|Mankapur]] (SC)
|[[Rampati Shastri]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 301
|[[Gaura (Assembly constituency)|Gaura]]
|[[Prabhat Kumar Verma]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Siddharthnagar district|'''Siddharthnagar District''']]
|-
| 302
|[[Shohratgarh (Assembly constituency)|Shohratgarh]]
|[[Amar Singh Chaudhary]]
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
|
|-
| 303
|[[Kapilvastu (Assembly constituency)|Kapilvastu]] (SC)
|[[Shyam Dhani]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 304
|[[Bansi (Assembly constituency)|Bansi]]
|[[Jai Pratap Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 305
|[[Itwa (Assembly constituency)|Itwa]]
|[[Satish Chandra Dwivedi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 306
|[[Domariyaganj (Assembly constituency)|Domariyaganj]]
|[[Raghvendra Pratap Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Raghvendra Pratap Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Basti district|'''Basti District''']]
|-
| 307
|[[Harraiya (Assembly constituency)|Harraiya]]
|[[Ajay Kumar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ajay Kumar Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 308
|[[Kaptanganj (Assembly constituency)|Kaptanganj]]
|[[Chandra Prakash Shukla]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 309
|[[Rudhauli (Assembly constituency)|Rudhauli]]
|[[Sanjay Pratap Jaiswal]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 310
|[[Basti Sadar (Assembly constituency)|Basti Sadar]]
|[[Dayaram Chaudhary]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 311
|[[Mahadewa (Assembly constituency)|Mahadewa]] (SC)
|[[Ravi Kumar Sonkar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Sant Kabir Nagar district|'''Sant Kabir Nagar District''']]
|-
| 312
|[[Menhdawal (Assembly constituency)|Menhdawal]]
|[[Rakesh Singh Baghel]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 313
|[[Khalilabad (Assembly constituency)|Khalilabad]]
|[[Digvijay Narayan Chaubey|Digvijay Narayan alias Jay Chaubey]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 314
|[[Dhanghata (Assembly constituency)|Dhanghata]] (SC)
|[[Sriram Chauhan]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Maharajganj district|'''Maharajganj District''']]
|-
| 315
|[[Pharenda (Assembly constituency)|Pharenda]]
|[[Bajrang Bahadur Singh (politician)|Bajrang Bahadur Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 316
|[[Nautanwa (Assembly constituency)|Nautanwa]]
|[[Aman Mani Tripathi]]
|bgcolor=#dddddd|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|-
| 317
|[[Siswa (Assembly constituency)|Siswa]]
|[[Prem Sagar Patel]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 318
|[[Maharajganj (Assembly constituency)|Maharajganj]] (SC)
|[[Jai Mangal Kanojiya]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 319
|[[Paniyara (Assembly constituency)|Paniyara]]
|[[Gyanendra Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Gorakhpur district|'''Gorakhpur District''']]
|-
| 320
|[[Caimpiyarganj (Assembly constituency)|Caimpiyarganj]]
|[[Fateh Bahadur Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 321
|[[Pipraich (Assembly constituency)|Pipraich]]
|[[Mahendra Pal Singh (politician)|Mahendra Pal Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 322
|[[Gorakhpur Urban (Assembly constituency)|Gorakhpur Urban]]
|[[Radha Mohan Das Agarwal]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 323
|[[Gorakhpur Rural (Assembly constituency)|Gorakhpur Rural]]
|[[Bipin Singh (politician)|Bipin Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 324
|[[Sahajanwa (Assembly constituency)|Sahajanwa]]
|[[Sheetal Pandey]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 325
|[[Khajani (Assembly constituency)|Khajani]] (SC)
|[[Sant Prasad]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 326
|[[Chauri-Chaura (Assembly constituency)|Chauri-Chaura]]
|[[Sangeeta Yadav]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 327
|[[Bansgaon (Assembly constituency)|Bansgaon]] (SC)
|[[Vimlesh Paswan]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 328
|[[Chillupar (Assembly constituency)|Chillupar]]
|[[Vinay Shankar Tiwari]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Kushinagar district|'''Kushinagar District''']]
|-
| 329
|[[Khadda (Assembly constituency)|Khadda]]
|[[Jatashankar Tripathi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 330
|[[Padrauna (Assembly constituency)|Padrauna]]
|[[Swami Prasad Maurya]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 331
|[[Tamkuhi Raj (Assembly constituency)|Tamkuhi Raj]]
|[[Ajay Kumar Lallu]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 332
|[[Fazilnagar (Assembly constituency)|Fazilnagar]]
|[[Ganga Singh Kushwaha]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 333
|[[Kushinagar (Assembly constituency)|Kushinagar]]
|[[Rajnikant Mani Tripathi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 334
| [[Hata (Assembly constituency)|Hata]]
|[[Pawan Kedia]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 335
|[[Ramkola (Assembly constituency)|Ramkola]] (SC)
|[[Ramanand Baudh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Deoria district|'''Deoria District''']]
|-
| 336
|[[Rudrapur (Assembly constituency)|Rudrapur]]
|[[Jai Prakash Nishad]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 337
| rowspan="2" | [[Deoria (Assembly constituency)|Deoria]]
|[[Janmejay Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| Died in August 2020
|-
|Dr. Satyaprakash Mani Tripathi
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| Elected in By-Elections in November 2020
|-
| 338
|[[Pathardeva (Assembly constituency)|Pathardeva]]
|[[Surya Pratap Shahi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 339
|[[Rampur Karkhana (Assembly constituency)|Rampur Karkhana]]
|[[Kamlesh Shukla]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 340
|[[Bhatpar Rani (Assembly constituency)|Bhatpar Rani]]
|[[Ashutosh Upadhyay]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 341
|[[Salempur (Assembly constituency)|Salempur]] (SC)
|[[Kalicharan Prasad]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 342
|[[Barhaj (Assembly constituency)|Barhaj]]
|[[Suresh Tiwari]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Azamgarh district|'''Azamgarh District''']]
|-
| 343
|[[Atrauliya (Assembly constituency)|Atrauliya]]
|[[Sangram Yadav]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 344
|[[Gopalpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Gopalpur]]
|[[Nafees Ahmad]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 345
|[[Sagri (Assembly constituency)|Sagri]]
|[[Bandana Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| 346
|[[Mubarakpur (Assembly constituency)|Mubarakpur]]
|[[Shah Alam (Indian politician)|Shah Alam]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| 347
|[[Azamgarh (Assembly constituency)|Azamgarh]]
|[[Durga Prasad Yadav]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 348
|[[Nizamabad (Assembly constituency)|Nizamabad]]
|[[Alambadi (politician)|Alambadi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 349
|[[Phoolpur Pawai (Assembly constituency)|Phoolpur Pawai]]
|[[Arun Kumar Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Arun Kumar Yadav]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 350
|[[Didarganj (Assembly constituency)|Didarganj]]
|[[Sukhdev Rajbhar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| 351
|[[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Lalganj]] (SC)
|[[Azad Ari Mardan]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| 352
|[[Mehnagar (Assembly constituency)|Mehnagar]] (SC)
|[[Kalpnath Paswan]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Mau district|'''Mau District''']]
|-
| 353
|[[Madhuban (Assembly constituency)|Madhuban]]
|[[Dara Singh Chauhan]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-

| rowspan="2" | 354
| rowspan="2" |[[Ghosi (Assembly constituency)|Ghosi]]
|[[Fagu Chauhan]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Resigned on 26 July 2019 (made governor of Bihar)
|-
|Vijay Kumar Rajbhar
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Elected during By-Elections on 21 October 2019
|-
| 355
|[[Muhammadabad-Gohna (Assembly constituency)|Muhammadabad-Gohna]] (SC)
|[[Shriram Sonkar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 356
|[[Mau (Assembly constituency)|Mau]]
|[[Mukhtar Ansari]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Ballia district|'''Ballia District''']]
|-
| 357
|[[Belthara Road (Assembly constituency)|Belthara Road]] (SC)
|[[Dhananjay Kannoujia]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 358
|[[Rasara (Assembly constituency)|Rasara]]
|[[Uma Shankar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Umashankar Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| 359
|[[Sikanderpur (Assembly constituency)|Sikanderpur]]
|[[Sanjay Yadav (politician)|Sanjay Yadav]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 360
|[[Phephana (Assembly constituency)|Phephana]]
|[[Upendra Tiwari]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 361
|[[Ballia Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Ballia Nagar]]
|[[Anand Swaroop Shukla]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 362
|[[Bansdih (Assembly constituency)|Bansdih]]
|[[Ram Govind Chaudhary]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 363
|[[Bairia (Assembly constituency)|Bairia]]
|[[Surendra Nath Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Jaunpur district|'''Jaunpur District''']]
|-
| 364
|[[Badlapur (Assembly constituency)|Badlapur]]
|[[Ramesh Chandra Mishra]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 365
|[[Shahganj (Assembly constituency)|Shahganj]]
|[[Shailendra Yadav Lalai]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 366
|[[Jaunpur (Assembly constituency)|Jaunpur]]
|[[Girish Chandra Yadav]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 367
| rowspan="2" | [[Malhani (Assembly constituency)|Malhani]]
|[[Parasnath Yadava]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| Died in June 2020
|-
|Lucky Yadav
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|Elected during By-Elections in November 2020
|-
| 368
|[[Mungra Badshahpur (Assembly constituency)|Mungra Badshahpur]]
|[[Sushma Patel]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| 369
|[[Machhlishahr (Assembly constituency)|Machhlishahr]] (SC)
|[[Jagdish Sonkar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 370
|[[Mariyahu (Assembly constituency)|Mariyahu]]
|[[Leena Tiwari]]
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
|
|-
| 371
|[[Zafrabad (Assembly constituency)|Zafrabad]]
|Dr [[Harendra Prasad Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 372
| [[Kerakat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kerakat (SC)]]
|[[Dinesh Choudahry]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Ghazipur district|'''Ghazipur District''']]
|-
| 373
|[[Jakhanian (Assembly constituency)|Jakhanian]] (SC)
|[[Triveni Ram]]
|style="background:{{party color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| 374
|[[Saidpur (Assembly constituency)|Saidpur]] (SC)
|[[Subhash Pasi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 375
|[[Ghazipur Sadar (Assembly constituency)|Ghazipur Sadar]]
|[[Sangeeta Balwant]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 376
|[[Jangipur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Jangipur]]
|[[Virendra Kumar Yadav]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 377
|[[Zahoorabad (Assembly constituency)|Zahoorabad]]
|[[Om Prakash Rajbhar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| 378
|[[Mohammadabad (Assembly constituency)|Mohammadabad]]
|[[Alka Rai]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 379
|[[Zamania (Assembly constituency)|Zamania]]
|[[Sunita (politician)|Sunita]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Chandauli district|'''Chandauli District''']]
|-
| 380
|[[Mughalsarai (Assembly constituency)|Mughalsarai]]
|[[Sadhana Singh (politician)|Sadhana Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 381
|[[Sakaldiha (Assembly constituency)|Sakaldiha]]
|[[Prabhunarayan Yadav]]
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|-
| 382
|[[Saiyadraja (Assembly constituency)|Saiyadraja]]
|[[Sushil Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 383
|[[Chakia (Assembly constituency)|Chakia]] (SC)
|[[Sharada Prasad]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Varanasi district|'''Varanasi District''']]
|-
| 384
|[[Pindra (Assembly constituency)|Pindra]]
|[[Avadhesh Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 385
|[[Ajagara (Assembly constituency)|Ajagara]] (SC)
|[[Kailash Nath Sonkar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
|
|-
| 386
|[[Shivpur (Assembly constituency)|Shivpur]]
|[[Anil Rajbhar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 387
|[[Rohaniya (Assembly constituency)|Rohaniya]]
|[[Surendra Narayan Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 388
|[[Varanasi North (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi North]]
|[[Ravindra Jaiswal]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 389
|[[Varanasi South (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi South]]
|[[Neelkanth Tiwari]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 390
|[[Varanasi Cantonment (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi Cantonment]]
|[[Saurabh Srivastava (politician)|Saurabh Srivastava]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 391
|[[Sevapuri (Assembly constituency)|Sevapuri]]
|[[Neel Ratan|Neel Ratan Singh Patel Neelu]]
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Bhadohi district|'''Bhadohi District''']]
|-
| 392
|[[Bhadohi (Assembly constituency)|Bhadohi]]
|[[Ravindra Nath Tripathi]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 393
|[[Gyanpur (Assembly constituency)|Gyanpur]]
|[[Vijay Mishra (politician)|Vijay Mishra]]
|bgcolor=#0066A4|
|[[NISHAD Party]]
|
|-
| 394
|[[Aurai (Assembly constituency)|Aurai]] (SC)
|[[Dinanath Bhaskar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Mirzapur district|'''Mirzapur District''']]
|-
| 395
|[[Chhanbey (Assembly constituency)|Chhanbey]] (SC)
|[[Rahul Prakash]]
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
|
|-
| 396
|[[Mirzapur (Assembly constituency)|Mirzapur]]
|[[Ratnakar Mishra]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 397
|[[Majhawan (Assembly constituency)|Majhawan]]
|[[Suchismita Maurya]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 398
|[[Chunar (Assembly constituency)|Chunar]]
|[[Anurag Singh (politician)|Anurag Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 399
|[[Marihan (Assembly constituency)|Marihan]]
|[[Rama Shankar Singh]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey"| [[Sonbhadra district|'''Sonbhadra District''']]
|-
| 400
|[[Ghorawal (Assembly constituency)|Ghorawal]]
|[[Anil Kumar Maurya]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 401
|[[Robertsganj (Assembly constituency)|Robertsganj]]
|[[Bhupesh Chaubey]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 402
|[[Obra, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Obra]] (ST)
|[[Sanjiv Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjiv Kumar]]
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 403
|[[Duddhi (Assembly constituency)|Duddhi]] (ST)
|[[Hariram (politician)|Hariram]]
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
|
|}

== See also==

* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Terms of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022| ]]

Irula people

2026-03-15T06:43:17Z

Anshuchoudhary28:

{{Short description|Ethnic group in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Irula
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Irulas1871.jpg
| caption = Irula men from the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu, c.1871
| total = 213,641
| total_year = 2011 census
| popplace = {{flag|India}}
| total_ref = <ref name="census">{{cite web|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=28 October 2017}}</ref>
| region1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| pop1 = 189,621
| region2 = [[Kerala]]
| pop2 = 23,721
| region3 = [[Karnataka]]
| pop3 = 10,259
| languages = [[Irula language|Irula]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]],<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". www.censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2 November 2017.</ref> [[Traditional religion]], [[Christianity]]
| related = [[Soliga tribe|Soliga]], [[Tamil people|Tamil]], [[Yerukala people|Yerukala]]
}}

'''Irula''', (Natively: ër̠la/ïr̠la, {{ipa|pcf|ərla, ɨrla|ipa}}){{sfnp|Zvelebil|1979}} also known as '''Iruliga'',''''' are a [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]] ethnic group inhabiting the Indian states of [[Tamil Nadu]], and parts of [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]].<ref>Perialwar, R. (1979), Phonology of Irula with Vocabulary, Annamalai University</ref> A [[scheduled tribe]], their population in this region is estimated at around 200,000 people.<ref name="worldbank_rat">[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/OPPORTUNITIES/GRANTS/DEVMARKETPLACE/0,,contentMDK:20214659~menuPK:214469~pagePK:180691~piPK:174492~theSitePK:205098,00.html World Bank grant to improve standard of living for rat-catchers]</ref><ref name="ashanet_irula_project">[http://www.ashanet.org/projects/tamilnadu/irulas/Irulas.html Irula Project Proposal and site report]</ref> People of Irula ethnicity are called ''Irular'', and speak [[Irula language|Irula]], which belongs to the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] languages family.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/president-gives-nod-to-add-puducherrys-irular-community-in-the-scheduled-tribes-list/articleshow/56150919.cms President gives nod to add Puducherry's Irular community in the Scheduled Tribes list]</ref>

==Etymology==
Irula is derived from the term ''iruḷ'' "black" and ''-a/iga'' "people".<ref>https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Castes_and_Tribes_of_Southern_India/Irulas</ref><ref>https://kolichala.com/DEDR/search.php?esb=1&q=2552&lsg=0&emb=0&meaning=&tgt=unicode2</ref>

==Society==
The Irula society is divided into four tribes– Vete Kadu Irulas, Male Nadu Irula, Urali and Kasava, of whom the former two intermarry hence forming three endogamous units.{{sfnp|Zvelebil|1979}} While majority of the Irula are illiterate, they possess a oral tradition, significant part of which are riddles.{{sfnp|Zvelebil|1979}}

== Distribution and religion ==
The tribe numbers around 200,000 spread across three states: 189,621 in Tamil Nadu, 23,721 in Kerala and 10,259 in Karnataka. Those in Karnataka are named Iruligas. The Irulas are mainly concentrated in northern Tamil Nadu: in a wedge extending from [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]] and [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]] districts in the west to [[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]] and [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]] districts in the south and [[Tiruvallur district]] in the north. Small populations live in [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] and [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]] districts and were classified by Thurston as a different population. In Kerala, the Irulas are in [[Palakkad district]], while in Karnataka they are concentrated in [[Ramanagara district|Ramanagara]], [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagara]] and [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore]] districts.<ref name="census"/>

The Irula people practice some sort of [[Animism]] where they primarily believe in a goddess named Inga who lives with her six sisters worshipped in the form of stones under trees. The Irula people traditionally believe that these 7 sisters created the first Irula man and woman. This traditional concept of seven goddesses was [[Sanskritised]] as [[Matrikas|Sapta Matrika]]. The Irula people also believe in ancestral spirits, and they traditionally believe that Kannipe (spirits of virgin girls) can possess anyone. These kannipe spirits are worshipped as guardian deities of villages by Irula tribals. The Irula also believe in the presence of evil spirits known as Pe who can possess and haunt people. In order to keep these spirits away, a [[Chicken|rooster]] is sacrificed and offered to them. Many Irula people worship Hindu gods and also take part in Hindu festivals. Some Irulas have also been converted to [[Christianity]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Language ==
The Irula speak the [[Irula language]], a [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] that is closely related to [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{cite web |title=People of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve |url=http://keystone-foundation.net/web/nbr/ |publisher=Keystone Foundation |access-date=26 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929230456/http://keystone-foundation.net/web/nbr/ |archive-date=29 September 2007 |date=2006}}</ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:எலி பிடிக்கும் இருளர் சமூகத்தினர் படம் 2.JPG|thumb|262x262px|Irula man and woman tilling the soil.]]
[[File:எலி பிடிக்கும் இருளர் படம் 4.JPG|left|thumb|262x262px|Irala [[rat catcher]]s, Tamil Nadu]]
Traditionally, the main occupation of the Irulas has been [[snake]] and rat catching, and [[honey]] collection. They also work as labourers<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 July 2021|title=Criminalizing Scheduled Tribes in Post Independence State|url=https://article51a.in/criminalizing-scheduled-tribes-in-post-independence-state/|url-status=dead|website=Article 51-A|access-date=28 July 2021|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118203936/https://article51a.in/criminalizing-scheduled-tribes-in-post-independence-state/}}</ref> ([[coolie]]s) in the fields of the [[landlords]] during the sowing and harvesting seasons or in the rice mills. Fishing and cattle farm is also a major occupation.

Rats destroy a quarter of the grain grown on [[Tamil Nadu]]-area farms annually. To combat this pest, Irula men use a traditional earthen pot [[fumigation]] method. Smoke is blown through their mouths, which leads to severe respiratory and heart problems.<ref name="worldbank_rat"/>

In January 2017, Masi Sadaiyan and Vadivel Gopal from the Irula tribe of [[Tamil Nadu]] were brought in, along with two translators, to work with detection dogs to track down and capture invasive [[Burmese pythons]] in [[Key Largo]], Florida.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/animalia/wp/2017/01/26/florida-is-deploying-snake-hunters-from-india-to-catch-invasive-pythons/ Snake hunters from India are the latest weapons in Florida’s war on pythons]</ref> The Irula men and their translators were paid $70,000 by the State of [[Florida]], and captured 14 pythons in less than two weeks.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/one-florida-agency-put-out-a-want-ad-for-python-killers/ar-AAogQhZ?li=BBmkt5R&ocid=spartanntp One Florida agency put out a want ad for python killers]</ref>

== Caste discrimination ==
Irula people face severe discrimination and harassment from other castes and numerous such cases are reported every year.

* In 2020, a girl named Dhanalaxmi was assaulted and barred from getting a Scheduled Tribe certificate by [[Vanniyar]] community in her village.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Marx|first=Karal|date=27 July 2020|title=Tamil Nadu: Four assault Irula girl for seeking caste certificate|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/tamil-nadu-four-assault-irula-girl-for-seeking-caste-certificate/articleshow/77191277.cms|access-date=21 November 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* In Dharmapuri, Irula people were trashed and urinated upon by a mob who were infuriated by the marriage between an Irular man and a [[Vanniyar]] woman.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pramod Madhav|date=20 September 2021|title=Tamil Nadu: Irula tribe members say they were thrashed, urinated upon after inter-caste couple eloped|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/chennai/story/tamil-nadu-irula-tribe-members-thrashed-urinated-upon-inter-caste-marriage-1854828-2021-09-20|access-date=21 November 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
* In 1993, the Rajakannu Vs. State of [[Tamil Nadu]] and Ors. was a case that was fought in the High Court of Judicature at Madras ([[Madras High Court]]). It involved the death via [[torture]] of an Irular man held in custody for the false charge of theft at the Kammapuram Police Station in the [[Cuddalore district]] of Tamil Nadu. Three police officers were charged in the case for murder by the High Court despite the arguments given by prosecution to have the case be done in a Criminal court. The case was fought by [[K. Chandru]] and proved to be an important event for the Irular people as it led to the establishment of the பழங்குடி இருளர் பத்துகாப்பு சங்கம் (Eng. Palangudi Irular Pathugaappu Sangam) in 1996, the union is dedicated to the protection of the rights of the Irula people and has fought over 1,000 cases, mostly relating to false charges or [[Human rights]] violations.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Rajakannu v/s State of Tamil Nadu and Ors.|url=https://dakshalegal.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/rajakannu__vs_state_of_tamil_nadu_and_ors__0108199t940974com268564.pdf|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Irula language]]
* [[Irula Nritham]]
* [[Tondaimandalam|Tondai Nadu]]
* [[Jai Bhim (film)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{citation | last1=Zvelebil | first1=K. V. | title=Irula Riddles | journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London | date=1979 | volume=42 | issue=2 | pages=361–368 | doi=10.1017/S0041977X00145926 | jstor=615027 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/615027 }}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Irula people}}
* {{cite web | title=fwc news: Irula tribesmen and detector dogs help UF/IFAS and FWC remove pythons in Florida | website=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission | date=23 January 2017 | url=http://myfwc.com/news/news-releases/2017/january/23/python-projects/ | access-date=23 September 2018 | archive-date=23 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235156/http://myfwc.com/news/news-releases/2017/january/23/python-projects/ | url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web | title=One Florida agency put out a want ad for python killers | website=msn.com | date=15 March 2017 | url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/one-florida-agency-put-out-a-want-ad-for-python-killers/ar-AAogQhZ?li=BBmkt5R&ocid=spartanntp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315085139/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/one-florida-agency-put-out-a-want-ad-for-python-killers/ar-AAogQhZ?li=BBmkt5R&ocid=spartanntp | archive-date=15 March 2017 | url-status=dead}}
*[http://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/jportal_derivate_00036471/wp_2007_031.pdf "Building a better Rat Trap: Technological Innovation, Human Capital and the Irular" - Economic Research Paper about the Irula]
* [http://kerala.gov.in/docs/publication/2014/kc/march/34.pdf "Irular: The Seekers of light" - Article by G. S. Unnikrishnan Nair in ''Kerala Calling'' March 2014]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Kerala]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Tamil Nadu]]

Suraiya Hasan Bose

2026-03-15T05:05:31Z

Anshuchoudhary28: Stub

{{Short description|Indian textile conservator (1928–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| name = Suraiya Hasan Bose
| othername = Suraiya Appa
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1928
| birth_place = [[Etawah]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2021|9|3|1928|1|4}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Aurobindo Bose|1955}}
| relatives = {{plain list|
* [[Abid Hasan Safrani]] (uncle) }}
| education = Textile Design
| alma_mater = [[University of Cambridge]]
| occupation = Textile conservator, [[textile design]]er
| years_active = 1950s–2021
| parents =
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Suraiya Hasan Bose''' (1928–2021) was an Indian [[textile conservator]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Akbar |first=Syed |date=13 January 2023 |title=Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose-Abid Hasan Safrani kin meet in Hyderabad, turn nostalgic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-abid-hasan-kin-meet-in-hyderabad-turn-nostalgic/articleshow/96952097.cms |accessdate=4 April 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Textile design|designer]], and manufacturer, who worked to preserve traditional Indian textile art and techniques. She worked with the Indian Cottage Industries Emporium and the Indian Handloom and Handicrafts Export Corporation before establishing her own textile manufacturing unit to produce traditional Indian textiles. Her designs have been exhibited at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]].

== Biography ==
Suraiya Hasan was born in 1928 in [[Etawah]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and raised in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]. Her father, Badrul Hasan, established a bookstore and a handicraft manufacturing unit in [[Hyderabad]]. His handicraft unit focused on manufacturing traditional Indian ''[[Bidriware|bidri]]'' (metalwork) objects. She studied textile design at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Thatipalli |first=Mallik |title=The story of textiles in independent India is closely linked to the life of one Hyderabadi woman |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/920274/the-story-of-textiles-in-independent-india-is-closely-linked-to-the-life-of-one-hyderabadi-woman |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Her uncle was the Indian freedom fighter, [[Abid Hasan Safrani]]. She later married Aurobindo Bose, the nephew of Indian freedom fighter [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhash Chandra Bose]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Akbar |first=Syed |date=4 September 2021 |title=Hyderabad: Renowned textile revivalist Suraiya Hasan Bose dies at 93 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/renowned-textile-revivalist-suraiya-hasan-dies-at-93/articleshow/85911292.cms |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Her family were significant participants in the [[Swadeshi movement|Swadeshi]] movement, a nationalist movement that focused on producing and using native Indian textiles over imported British cotton during colonial rule in India.<ref name=":1" /> She died on 3 September 2021, at the age of 93.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=4 September 2021 |title=Suraiya Hasan Bose, heritage fabrics reviver, dead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/suraiya-hasan-bose-heritage-fabrics-reviver-dead/articleshow/85916101.cms |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
After studying textiles at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]], Hasan Bose joined the Indian Cottage Industries Emporium, a governmental organization dedicated to producing and manufacturing traditional Indian handicrafts. Along with [[Pupul Jayakar|Pupul Jaykar]], from the 1950s she managed the Handloom and Handicraft Export Corporation, a public sector undertaking of the Government of India in Delhi, and directed their export unit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Radhika |date=13 September 2021 |title=The story of Suraiya Hasan Bose (1928 – 2021) |url=https://www.vogue.in/fashion-insider/content/the-story-of-suraiya-hasan-bose-1928-2021 |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=[[Vogue India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> During her tenure in Delhi, she collaborated with Indian handloom artists and art conservators such as [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]], [[Martand Singh (textile conservator)|Martand Singh]] and Lakshmi Jain to revive traditional Indian handicrafts.<ref name=":0" />

In the 1970s, Hasan Bose moved back to Hyderabad along with her uncle, freedom fighter [[Abid Hasan Safrani]]. She established a textile manufacturing unit on land provided by Safrani. Hasan Bose collaborated with Indian artists to revive two traditional textile forms that nearly ceased to exist. These included ''himru'' weave, which derives from Persian textiles and is a complicated [[brocade]] weave embroidered with silk, created on custom eight-pedal looms, as well as ''mushroo'', a double-layered cotton and silk weave.<ref name=":0" /> Bose hired artisans, catalogued traditional and historical designs, and manufactured both, ''himru'' and ''mashru'' textiles, as well as other traditional textiles and techniques used in the creation of saris and fabrics, such as [[paithani]], [[Telia Rumal|telia rumal]], [[ikat]], [[jamawar]], and hand-painted [[kalamkari]].<ref name=":1" /> Her unit is currently the only manufacturer of ''himru'' textile in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2019-06-16 |title=Nifty in 90s |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/sunday-herald-art-culture/nifty-in-90s-740499.html |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref>

In addition to manufacturing textiles, Bose built an archive of traditional motifs for textile patterns in India, using these to create new designs and reconstructing heritage ''jaalas'' or graphs used to set looms for weaving patterns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prabhala |first=Lakshmi |date=16 December 2013 |title=The Age of Significance |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-the-age-of-significance-1935477 |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sridharan |first=Suvasini |date=2019-05-04 |title=Picking up lost threads with Suraiya Hasan Bose |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/picking-up-lost-threads-with-suraiya-hasan-bose/article27023691.ece |access-date=2021-12-03 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Her original designs were exhibited in the Victoria and Albert Museum in 2015, as part of a special exhibit on the fabrics of India.<ref name=":0" /> Bose's designs were supplied chiefly to Indian designers, as well as to [[Fabindia]], but also exported Indian textiles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=2021-09-03 |title=Handloom revivalist Suraiya Hasan passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/suraiya-hasan-bose-dies-at-the-age-of-93/article36280963.ece |access-date=2021-12-03 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Bose also established a training unit, in order to teach handloom, weaving, and textile art to widows who did not have other options for employment, as well as a school to provide free education to the families of weavers and handloom artists.<ref>{{Cite web|title=An attempt to take handlooms from the weavers' looms to wardrobes - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/an-attempt-to-take-handlooms-from-the-weavers-looms-to-wardrobes/articleshow/57595547.cms|access-date=2021-12-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Suraiya Hassan Bose|url=https://www.borderandfall.com/suraiya-hassan-bose/|access-date=2021-12-03|website=Border&Fall|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2019, Bose was the subject of a book that recorded her contributions to textile conservation in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jaffer|first=Askari|date=2019-03-26|title=Penning the legacy of Suraiya Hasan|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/penning-the-legacy-of-suraiya-hasan-515346|access-date=2021-12-03|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Fabindia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Suraiya Hasan}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Conservator-restorers]]
[[Category:Indian textile designers]]
[[Category:Indian textile artists]]
[[Category:People from Etawah]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:20th-century women textile artists]]
[[Category:21st-century women textile artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Telangana]]

2019 Bihar encephalitis outbreak

2026-03-10T21:47:06Z

Anshuchoudhary28: Made bio.

{{short description|Outbreak of acute encephalitis syndrome in India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox event
| title = 2019 Bihar encephalitis outbreak
| image = Bihar district location map Muzaffarpur.svg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Location of Muzaffarpur district in Bihar
| duration =
| date = {{start and end dates|df=yes|2019|06|01|2019|09|20}}
| venue =
| location = [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]] and adjoining districts, [[Bihar]], India
| coordinates = 
| also_known_as =
| type = [[Encephalitis]]
| cause = Unclear
| outcome =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| reported deaths = 161
| reported injuries =
| reported missing =
| reported property damage =
| burial =
| inquiries =
| notes =
}}
In June 2019, an [[outbreak]] of [[acute encephalitis syndrome]] (AES) occurred in [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]] and the adjoining districts in [[Bihar]] state of [[India]] resulting in deaths of more than 150 children, mainly due to [[hypoglycemia]]. In subsequent months more cases and deaths were reported. The cause of outbreak is unclear. Malnutrition, climate, hygiene, inadequate health facilities, and lack of awareness are considered as contributing factors. The lychee fruit toxins are also cited as plausible cause of AES.

== History ==
Outbreaks of [[acute encephalitis syndrome]] (AES) have occurred previously in the northern regions of [[Bihar]] state and eastern regions of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state of India. The first case of AES in Muzaffarpur district was recorded in 1995.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/acute-encephalitis-syndrome-low-blood-sugar-bihar-5785453/|title=Explained: What causes AES? What makes Bihar so vulnerable?|date=2019-06-18|work=The Indian Express|publisher=Indian Express Group|oclc=70274541|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618052246/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/acute-encephalitis-syndrome-low-blood-sugar-bihar-5785453/|archive-date=18 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="np" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-encephalitis-deaths-what-nitish-kumar-may-learn-from-yogi-adityanath-govt-1550323-2019-06-17|title=Bihar encephalitis deaths: What Nitish Kumar may learn from Yogi Adityanath govt| vauthors = Dutta PK |date=2019-06-17|work=India Today|publisher=Aroon Purie|issn=0254-8399|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617093439/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-encephalitis-deaths-what-nitish-kumar-may-learn-from-yogi-adityanath-govt-1550323-2019-06-17|archive-date=17 June 2019|url-status=live|access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref> There were 143 deaths in 2013, 355 in 2014, 11 in 2015, four in 2016, 11 in 2017 and 7 in 2018.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|publisher=Indian Express Group|oclc=70274541|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/heat-lack-of-nutrition-awareness-add-to-aes-bihar-kids-toll-over-100-5785552/|title=Heat, lack of nutrition, awareness add to AES, Bihar kids toll over 100|date=2019-06-18|work=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618042855/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/heat-lack-of-nutrition-awareness-add-to-aes-bihar-kids-toll-over-100-5785552/|archive-date=18 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In most recent years, the death toll had remained under 20.<ref name="np" />

== Outbreak ==
In June 2019, an outbreak of AES occurred in 222 blocks of [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]] and the adjoining districts in Bihar.<ref name="np">{{cite news | url = https://nationalpost.com/news/world/could-the-humble-litchi-fruit-be-behind-a-mysterious-sickness-that-has-killed-nearly-100-children-in-india | title = Could the humble litchi fruit be behind a mysterious sickness that has killed nearly 100 children in India? | first1=Joanna| last1=Slater| name-list-style = vanc | date = 17 June 2019 | access-date = 17 June 2019 | work = The National Post |issn=1486-8008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-acute-encephalitis-syndrome-aes-bihar-dg-echo-media-echo-daily-flash-17-june-2019|title=India - Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) in Bihar (DG ECHO, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 17 June 2019) - India|website=ReliefWeb|date=17 June 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618091839/https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-acute-encephalitis-syndrome-aes-bihar-dg-echo-media-echo-daily-flash-17-june-2019|archive-date=18 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

As a result of the outbreak, total 154 children died in first three weeks of June 2019.<ref name=":12">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ghosh S, Raghunath M, Sinha JK | title = Recurring acute encephalitis syndrome outbreaks in Bihar, India | language = English | journal = Lancet | volume = 394 | issue = 10202 | pages = 914 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31526729 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31811-2 | doi-access = free }}</ref> A total of 440 cases of AES were admitted to hospitals in these three weeks.<ref name=":5" /> At least 85 children of them died at the [[Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital]] (SKMCH), the largest state-operated hospital in Bihar, while at least 18 children died at the Kejriwal Matrisadan, a trust-run hospital, in these weeks.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/cities/bihar-encephalitis-outbreak-kills-over-125-children-with-107-dead-in-muzzaffarpur-2054896|title=Nitish Kumar Visits Encephalitis Ground Zero, "Go Back" Cry Protesters|website=NDTV.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618091840/https://www.ndtv.com/cities/bihar-encephalitis-outbreak-kills-over-125-children-with-107-dead-in-muzzaffarpur-2054896|archive-date=18 June 2019|access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref> Most of them were aged between 1 and 10 years.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/encephalitis-toll-reaches-83-in-bihar-s-muzaffarpur-1549820-2019-06-16|title=Encephalitis toll reaches 84 in Bihar's Muzaffarpur|date=16 June 2019|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=17 June 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617051842/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/encephalitis-toll-reaches-83-in-bihar-s-muzaffarpur-1549820-2019-06-16|archive-date=17 June 2019|publisher=Aroon Purie|issn=0254-8399|oclc=321350054}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/encephalitis-fever-bihar-1550297-2019-06-17|title=Encephalitis: Death toll reaches 100 in Bihar|date=17 June 2019|work=India Today|access-date=17 June 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617083113/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/encephalitis-fever-bihar-1550297-2019-06-17|archive-date=17 June 2019|publisher=Aroon Purie|issn=0254-8399|oclc=321350054}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/muzzafurpur-bihar-encephalitis-outbreak-kills-100-children-heatwave-kills-40-in-one-day-2054405|title=100 Children Die Of Encephalitis In 16 Days In Bihar's Muzaffarpur|website=NDTV.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617083117/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/muzzafurpur-bihar-encephalitis-outbreak-kills-100-children-heatwave-kills-40-in-one-day-2054405|archive-date=17 June 2019|access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref>

In subsequent months of July, August and September; at SKMCH; 30, 18 and at least 12 cases were reported. Total 647 cases of AES including 161 deaths were reported between 1 June and 20 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/acute-encephalitis-syndrome-strikes-north-bihar-again-2-children-dead-66844|title=Acute Encephalitis Syndrome strikes north Bihar again, 2 children dead|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|language=en|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref>

== Syndrome ==
The term [[acute encephalitis syndrome]] (AES) was coined by the [[World Health Organization|World Health Organisation]] in 2008.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ghosh S, Basu A | title = Acute Encephalitis Syndrome in India: The Changing Scenario | journal = Annals of Neurosciences | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 131–133 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 27721580 | pmc = 5043220 | doi = 10.1159/000449177 }}</ref> The symptoms of AES include an acute onset of fever and associated clinical neurological manifestations such as mental confusion, disorientation, delirium, convulsions, or [[coma]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Joshi R, Kalantri SP, Reingold A, Colford JM | title = Changing landscape of acute encephalitis syndrome in India: a systematic review | journal = The National Medical Journal of India | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = 212–20 | date = July–August 2012 | pmid = 23278779 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234030375 }}</ref> Early symptoms include headaches and vomiting, along with sudden [[hypoglycemia]] (drops in blood sugar levels), but may lead to coma, brain dysfunctions, and inflammation of the heart and lungs. Those that survive AES may have long-term neurological weaknesses.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48610932|title=Encephalitis in India kills more than 90 children|date=17 June 2019|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=17 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617123938/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48610932|archive-date=17 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The severe hypoglycemia can cause death.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shrivastava A, Kumar A, Thomas JD, Laserson KF, Bhushan G, Carter MD, Chhabra M, Mittal V, Khare S, Sejvar JJ, Dwivedi M, Isenberg SL, Johnson R, Pirkle JL, Sharer JD, Hall PL, Yadav R, Velayudhan A, Papanna M, Singh P, Somashekar D, Pradhan A, Goel K, Pandey R, Kumar M, Kumar S, Chakrabarti A, Sivaperumal P, Kumar AR, Schier JG, Chang A, Graham LA, Mathews TP, Johnson D, Valentin L, Caldwell KL, Jarrett JM, Harden LA, Takeoka GR, Tong S, Queen K, Paden C, Whitney A, Haberling DL, Singh R, Singh RS, Earhart KC, Dhariwal AC, Chauhan LS, Venkatesh S, Srikantiah P | display-authors = 6 | title = Association of acute toxic encephalopathy with litchi consumption in an outbreak in Muzaffarpur, India, 2014: a case-control study | language = English | journal = The Lancet. Global Health | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = e458–e466 | date = April 2017 | pmid = 28153514 | doi = 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30035-9 | doi-access = free }} {{open access}}</ref> The syndrome is locally known as C''hamki Bukhar'' in Bihar.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":12" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sunderam S, Kumar D | title = Recurring Outbreaks of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome Cases in Bihar: A Conundrum for Experts and Health System | journal = Indian Journal of Community Medicine | volume = 44 | issue = 4 | pages = 403 | date = 2019-10-01 | pmid = 31802811 | pmc = 6881881 | doi = 10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_342_19 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

== Cause ==
The cause of the outbreak is unclear.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48610932|title=India encephalitis death toll rises to 103|date=2019-06-18|access-date=2019-06-18|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617145557/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48610932|archive-date=17 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chatterjee P | title = No cause identified for death of children in Bihar, India | language = English | journal = Lancet | volume = 393 | issue = 10191 | pages = 2578 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31258117 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31509-0 | s2cid = 195699211 }}</ref>

AES can be caused by different microorganisms including virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites and [[Spirochaete|spirochetes]], as well as chemicals and toxins. AES mostly affects children below 15.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chaudhuri A, Kennedy PG | title = Diagnosis and treatment of viral encephalitis | journal = Postgraduate Medical Journal | volume = 78 | issue = 924 | pages = 575–83 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 12415078 | pmc = 1742520 | doi = 10.1136/pmj.78.924.575 }}</ref> In India, AES was chiefly associated with [[Japanese encephalitis|Japanese encephalitis virus]] (JEV) before 1975. The JEV cases and outbreaks became more frequent and endemic regions developed between 1975 and 1999. After 1999, non-JEV cases and outbreaks of AES were increasingly reported caused by other viruses including [[Chandipura virus]] (CHPV), [[Nipah virus]] (NiV), and [[enterovirus]]es. After 2012, it is observed that the cause shifting to JEV.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Initial examination shows little sign of the JEV or other viral routes in the affected children.<ref name="np" /> A study by [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna|AIIMS Patna]] found the presence of enterovirus.<ref name=":8" />

High temperature, humidity, malnutrition, poor hygiene and lack of awareness are known aggravating factors of AES.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/litchi-toxins-or-heat-wave-doctors-explain-whats-causing-the-deadly-encephalitis-epidemic-in-bihar-2191335.html|title=Litchi Toxins, Malnutrition or Heat Wave? Doctors Explain What's Causing Deadly AES Epidemic in Bihar|website=News18|date=18 June 2019|access-date=2019-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618065240/https://www.news18.com/news/india/litchi-toxins-or-heat-wave-doctors-explain-whats-causing-the-deadly-encephalitis-epidemic-in-bihar-2191335.html|archive-date=18 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Cases of AES tend to occur during the country's monsoon season.<ref name="bbc" /> In June 2019, the temperature in Muzaffarpur had remained above {{convert|40|C|F}} and the rains were delayed which might have aggravated the situation.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-acute-encephalitis-syndrome-bihar-symptoms-causes-treatment-5779371/|title=Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) explained: Definition, cause, and its contrary theories|date=2019-06-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617123944/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-acute-encephalitis-syndrome-bihar-symptoms-causes-treatment-5779371/|archive-date=17 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It was the [[2019 Indian heat wave|second-longest heatwave]] in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/india-heatwave-turns-deadly-190618090507114.html|title=India's heatwave turns deadly|date=18 June 2019|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=18 June 2019}}</ref> Poverty and malnutrition is widespread among children in the region. Malnourished children lack a buffer stock of sugar as glycogen in the liver which puts them at higher risk of hypoglycemia.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/interviews/health/-it-s-absurd-to-blame-litchi-for-aes-malnourishment-the-real-cause--65130|title='It's absurd to blame litchi for AES, malnourishment the real cause'|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|language=en|access-date=2019-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618072313/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/interviews/health/-it-s-absurd-to-blame-litchi-for-aes-malnourishment-the-real-cause--65130|archive-date=18 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":11" /> Awareness campaigns were carried out in March–April 2019 but were not conducted later due to the [[2019 Indian general election]]s. The local administration was not watchful due to the few cases of AES in recent years.<ref name=":5" />

[[File:Litchi_chinensis_fruits.JPG|thumb|right|[[Lychee]] fruits, which naturally include toxins related to encephalitis, are suspected to have been a contributing factor in the outbreak.]]The region is the largest producer of lychee fruits in India. A 2014 study published in Lancet found that the [[methylene cyclopropyl acetic acid]] and [[hypoglycin A]] found in unripe lychee (''Litchi chinensis)'' fruit can cause hypoglycemia and cited them as plausible cause of AES outbreaks. A diet heavy on unripe lychee fruits without having an otherwise full meal later in the day may put malnourished children at risk of hypoglycemia.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name="np" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8" /> Others disputed the findings citing the unlikeliness of very large consumption of unripe lychee fruits, lack of cases in healthy, well-nourished children and many other pediatric illnesses causing hypoglycemia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/health/litchi-hypoglycin-lancet-mcpg|title=Is Litchi the Real Culprit Behind 1995's Mysterious Muzaffarpur Child Deaths?|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618072324/https://thewire.in/health/litchi-hypoglycin-lancet-mcpg|archive-date=18 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> Health officials reported that most of the victims suffered severe hypoglycemia.<ref name="AJ">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/encephalitis-kills-100-children-india-bihar-state-190618030756153.html|title=Encephalitis kills more than 100 children in India's Bihar state|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2019-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618042910/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/encephalitis-kills-100-children-india-bihar-state-190618030756153.html|archive-date=18 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/20-more-kids-die-in-24-hours-bihar-encephalitis-toll-hits-93/articleshow/69818146.cms|title=Encephalitis: 20 more kids die in 24 hours, Bihar encephalitis toll hits 93|last=Ramashankar|first=Mr.|date=2019-06-17|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618080034/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/20-more-kids-die-in-24-hours-bihar-encephalitis-toll-hits-93/articleshow/69818146.cms|archive-date=18 June 2019|url-status=live|access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref>

The hospitals and primary health centres lacked the required facilities to treat children.<ref name=":5" />

== Government response ==
The Chief Minister of Bihar [[Nitish Kumar]] announced an [[ex gratia]] payment of {{INRConvert|4|l}} to the next of the kin of the children who died from AES.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> He also visited the hospital and ordered the expansion of the hospital.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/bihar-muzaffarpur-encephalitis-deaths-live-updates-acute-encephalitis-syndrome-outbreak|title=Muzaffarpur Deaths: CM Calls for Hospital Expansion, Toll at 109|date=2019-06-18|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2019-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618133023/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/bihar-muzaffarpur-encephalitis-deaths-live-updates-acute-encephalitis-syndrome-outbreak|archive-date=18 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The union minister of health [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]] visited and announced the set-up of 100-bed pediatric ward at the SKMCH as well as five virology laboratories in Bihar. He also announced the upgrade of the [[India Meteorological Department]]'s observatory in Muzaffarpur for better study of climate. Seven pediatric [[intensive care unit]]s are being established. The interdisciplinary team consisting of experts from [[Indian Council of Medical Research]], [[NIMHANS|National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]], [[National Institute of Malaria Research]]; [[National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad|National Institute of Nutrition]], [[National Institute of Virology]]; [[National Institute of Epidemiology]] and [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]] was formed and sent to Bihar to study the syndrome and establish the cause.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/bihar-encephalitis-deaths-harsh-vardhan-constitutes-high-level-multi-disciplinary-team-to-monitor-patients-find-cause-of-viral-disease-6836181.html|title=Bihar encephalitis deaths: Harsh Vardhan constitutes high-level multi-disciplinary team to monitor patients, find cause of viral disease|website=Firstpost|date=18 June 2019|access-date=2019-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618133022/https://www.firstpost.com/india/bihar-encephalitis-deaths-harsh-vardhan-constitutes-high-level-multi-disciplinary-team-to-monitor-patients-find-cause-of-viral-disease-6836181.html|archive-date=18 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] ordered the Bihar government to file an affidavit to show the competence of medical facilities and other hygiene conditions in the state in the wake of the deaths.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/big-stories/encephalitis-deaths-sc-directs-centre-bihar-govt-to-file-response-within-7-days-359590|title=Encephalitis deaths: SC directs Centre, Bihar govt to file response within 7 days|date=24 June 2019}}</ref>

The [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] (NHRC) sent notices to the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] and the [[Bihar government]] over the deaths and asked for a report in four weeks.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

== Aftermath ==
Total 872 cases of encephalitis including 176 deaths were reported in Bihar in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-12|title=176 died in Bihar due to Acute Encephalitis this year, 872 cases reported|url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/120719/176-died-in-bihar-due-to-acute-encephalitis-this-year-872-cases-reported.html|access-date=2020-12-09|website=The Asian Age}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2017 Gorakhpur hospital deaths]]
* [[Eluru outbreak]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Disasters in India in 2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bihar encephalitis outbreak}}
[[Category:2019 disease outbreaks]]
[[Category:2019 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Encephalitis]]
[[Category:Disease outbreaks in India]]
[[Category:Muzaffarpur]]
[[Category:June 2019 in India]]
[[Category:2010s in Bihar]]

Pench Tiger Reserve

2026-03-09T20:02:00Z

Anshuchoudhary28: added some info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Tiger Reserve in Central India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2020|cs1-dates=ls}}
{{citation style|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Pench Tiger Reserve
| iucn_category = II
| image = Collarwali Tigress of Pench.jpg
| image_caption = Tigress in Pench Tiger Reserve
| map = India Madhya Pradesh#India Maharashtra#India
| map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh
| location = {{ubl|[[Seoni District]] and [[Chhindwara district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]|[[Nagpur district]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]}}
| nearest_city =
| coordinates = {{coord|21|41|35|N|79|14|54|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{cvt|1179.63|km2}}
| established = 1977
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| governing_body =
| website = {{URL|http://www.mahapenchtiger.com/}}
}}

'''Pench Tiger Reserve''' is a [[Tiger reserves of India|tiger reserve in India]] straddling across [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Maharashtra]]. On the Madhya Pradesh side, it encompasses a core area of {{cvt|411.33|km2}}, with a buffer of {{cvt|768.3|km2}}, making for a total protected area of {{cvt|1179.63|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Tiger |work= |url=http://projecttiger.nic.in/Ntcamap/108_1_20_mapdetails.aspx}}</ref> On the Maharashtra side, the Pench Tiger Reserve has a core habitat area of {{cvt|257.3|km2}} along with a buffer zone of {{cvt|483.96|km2}} making total protected area of {{cvt|741.2|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://projecttiger.nic.in/Ntcamap/108_1_27_mapdetails.aspx |title=Project Tiger – Pench, Maharashtra}}</ref> Pench Tiger Reserve comprises [[Pench National Park]], Mowgli Pench Sanctuary and a buffer area, which span more than {{cvt|1920|km2}}.<ref name="W" />

==History==
Pench Sanctuary was created in September 1977, with an initial area of 449.39 km2. Pench National Park, recently renamed as Indira Priyadarshini Pench National Park, was created in 1983, carved out of the Sanctuary. The Tiger Reserve, 19th in the series, was formed under the Project Tiger scheme in November 1992.
The fictional works of [[Rudyard Kipling]], ''[[The Jungle Book]]'' and ''[[The Second Jungle Book]]'', are set in the region. Kipling himself never visited the area, instead basing his descriptions on other locations in India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u6UVDAAAQBAJ&q=kipling+never+set+foot+in+central+india&pg=PR15|title=The Jungle Book (with preface by W.W. Robson)|author=Kipling, R. |date=12 June 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199536450|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref>

[[Bor Wildlife Sanctuary]] and some adjacent protected areas will be merged with Pench Tiger Reserve (Maharashtra), as a 'Satellite core area', to more than double the area of that tiger reserve.<ref name="VP">{{cite news |title=Bor to be 'satellite' core of Pench tiger reserve |author=Pinjarkar, V. |place=Nagpur |date=2011|work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-12/nagpur/30390767_1_bor-sanctuary-tiger-reserve-pench
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103144520/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-12/nagpur/30390767_1_bor-sanctuary-tiger-reserve-pench
|url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-03|accessdate=2020-01-05}}</ref>

==Geography==
Pench Tiger Reserve located in [[Seoni district]] and [[Chhindwara district]] of Madhya Pradesh and [[Nagpur district]] of Maharashtra. It gets its name from the [[Pench River]] that flows {{cvt|74|km}} north to south through the reserve. The Pench River bisects the original Pench core reserve into two nearly equal parts; the {{cvt|147.61|km²}} of the Western Block which falls in the Gumtara Range of the [[Chhindwara district]] [[forest division]] and the {{cvt|145.24|km²}} of the Eastern Block in the Karmajhiri Range of the [[Seoni district]] forest division. The Reserve lies in the southern lower reaches of the [[Satpura Range]] of hills.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Pench Tiger Reserve derives its name from its life line, the [[Pench River]]. Inside the park, the river flows from north to south before joining the [[Kanhan River]]. The Meghdoot dam built across Pench River at [[Totaladoh]] has created a large water body of {{cvt|72|km2}} out of which {{cvt|54|km2}} falls in Madhya Pradesh and the rest in the adjoining state of Maharashtra. The Pench River emerges from [[Mahadeo Hills]] of [[Satpura Range]] and the various ''nallas'' and streams which drain into it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pench tiger reserve roars with 44 tigers |work=The Times of India |date=2017 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/pench-reserve-roars-with-44-tigers/articleshow/58567653.cms |accessdate=2017-05-08}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2025}}
The Central Indian Highlands have a [[Tropical climate|tropical]] [[monsoon]]al climate, with a distinct monsoon (July to September), winter (November to February), and summer (April to June).
The mean annual rainfall is around 1,400 mm, with the south-west monsoon accounting for most of the rainfall in the region. For the dry season (November to May), the mean rainfall is 59.5 mm, and the temperature varies from a minimum of 0 °C in winter to 45 °C in summer.

==Flora==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2025}}
Pench Tiger Reserve belongs to the Indo-Malayan [[Phytogeography|phytogeographical]] region and is categorized as a tropical moist [[deciduous]] habitat.<ref name="W">{{cite journal |author1=Wikramanayake, E. D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Dinerstein, E. |author3=Robinson, J. G. |author4=Karanth, U. |author5=Rabinowitz, A.|author6=Olson, D. |author7=Mathew, T. |author8=Hedao, P. |author9=Conner, M. |author10=Hemley, G. |author11=Bolze, D. |year=1998 |title=An Ecology-Based Method for Defining Priorities for Large Mammal Conservation: The Tiger as Case Study |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=865–878 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96428.x}}</ref> Floristically, Pench Tiger Reserve can be classified, according to Champion and Seth (1968) as Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests and Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests.

[[Teak]] is a ubiquitous species in the region, with a presence ranging from a sporadic distribution in most parts of the study area to localized teak-dominated patches. Teak (Tectona grandis), and associated species such as [[Madhuca indica]], [[Diospyros melanoxylon]], [[Terminalia tomentosa]], [[Buchanania lanzan]], [[Lagerstroemia parviflora]], [[Ougeinia dalbergoides]], [[Miliusa velutina]] and [[Lannea coromandalica]], occur on flat terrain. The undulating terrain and hill slopes have patches of Mixed Forest dominated by [[Boswellia serrata]] and [[Anogeissus latifolia]]. Species like [[Sterculia urens]] and [[Gardenia latifolia]] are found scattered on rocky slopes. [[Bamboo]] forests occur in the hill slopes and along streams. Some of the open patches of the Park are covered with tall grasses interspersed with [[Butea monosperma]] and [[Zizyphus mauritiana]]. Evergreen tree species like [[Terminalia arjuna]], [[Syzygium cumini]] and [[Ixora parviflora]] are found in [[riparian]] vegetation along nullahs and river banks. [[Cleistanthus collinus]] dominant patches are also found in some parts of the Tiger Reserve.
The tracts that previously formed pastures of villages (subsequently relocated outside the National Park limits) now constitute open grassy meadows much favoured by the gregarious herbivores. With the approach of summer, the extent of open areas of the Reserve gradually increases with the recession of reservoir's waters.

==Fauna==
[[File:LeopardPench.jpg|thumb|Leopard at Pench (MP)]]
[[File:Owl in Pench National Park, India.jpg|thumb|Owl in Pench National Park]]
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2025}}
[[Zoogeography|Zoogeographically]], the Reserve falls in Oriental region. The [[carnivore]] fauna is represented by the [[Bengal tiger]] (''Panthera tigris tigris''), [[Indian leopard]] (''Panthera pardus''), [[dhole]] (''Cuon alpinus''), [[jungle cat]] (''Felis chaus''), and [[small Indian civet]] (''Viverricula indica''). [[Indian wolf|Wolves]] (''Canis lupus pallipes'') occur on the fringes and outside the Reserve limits. [[Striped hyena]] (''Hyaena hyaena''), [[sloth bear]] (''Melursus ursinus''), [[golden jackal]] (''Canis aureus''), and [[Asian palm civet]] (''Paradoxurus hermaphroditus'') make up the rest of the carnivore fauna of the Reserve.
[[Chital]] (''Axis axis''), [[Sambar (deer)|sambar]] (''Cervus unicolor''), [[gaur]] (''Bos gaurus''), [[nilgai]] (''Boselaphus tragocamelus''), [[Indian boar|wild pig]] (''Sus scrofa''), [[Indian muntjac]] (''Muntiacus muntjac'') and [[four-horned antelope|chowsingha]] (''Tetraceros quadricornis''), are the wild [[ungulate]] species found in the study area. [[Chital]], [[Sambar deer|sambar]], [[nilgai]] and [[Wild boar|wild pigs]] are found all over the Tiger Reserve. With the distribution of water governing their movement patterns to a great extent, gaur migrate down from the hills during the dry season and occupy the forests along the Pench River and other sources of water, and migrate back to the hill forests during the
monsoon. Nilgai are found mostly in a few open areas, along forest roads, scrub jungles and fringe areas of the Reserve. Chowsingha are more localized to the greatly undulating areas of the Reserve. [[Barking deer]] are seen infrequently in moist riverine stretches. [[Chinkara]] (''Gazella bennetti'') are infrequently seen on the open areas bordering and outside the Buffer Zone of the Reserve (e.g. Turia, Telia, and Dudhgaon).

The common [[northern plains gray langur]] (''Semnopithecus entellus'') and [[rhesus macaque]] (''Macaca mulatta'') represent the primate fauna of the area. The [[Indian porcupine]] (''Hystrix indica''), two species of [[mongoose]] viz. [[Indian grey mongoose]] (''Urva edwardsii'') and [[ruddy mongoose]] (''Urva smithii''), and [[Indian hare]] (''Lepus nigricollis'') also occur in this Tiger Reserve.

===Famous tigers===
[[File:PatdevPTR.jpg|thumb|Patdev female of Pench Tiger Reserve]]
One of the tigresses in the reserve, Badi Mada or Barimada ('Big Mother'), became well known for giving birth to 29 cubs over 17 years.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/a-new-record-pench-s-collarwali-tigress-bears-seventh-litter-26th-cub-in-9-years/story-kmB6IqVAgDEaedMfZSXJ6K.html|title=A new record? Pench's Collarwali tigress bears seventh litter, 26th cub in 9 years|date=7 April 2017|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Collarwali, a daughter of Badi Mada, starred with her mother in the BBC Wildlife Special ''[[Tiger: Spy in the Jungle]]'', which popularised the reserve.<ref name=BBCobit>{{cite news |author=Sharanya Hrishikesh |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60020410 |title=Collarwali: Remembering India's 'super mum' tigress |publisher=BBC News |date=18 January 2022 }}</ref><ref name=Times/> She became one of India's best known tigers, giving birth to 26 cubs in 7 litters {{As of|2017|04|lc=on}}<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/> and 29 cubs in 8 litters by her death in January 2022 at the age of 16.<ref name=BBCobit/> Born in 2005 and initially dubbed T-15, she acquired the name Collarwali ('The One With a Collar') after being the first tigress in the park fitted with a [[radio collar]], in 2008. She was unusually large for a female and because she was comparatively friendly, was the most frequently seen tiger in the park. In 2010 she gave birth to an unusually large litter, 5 cubs.<ref name=BBCobit/> Of Collarwali's cubs, records indicate 14 of the 18 born by 2013<ref name=Times>{{cite news |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Collarwali-gave-birth-to-18-cubs-between-08-07042017017020|title=Collarwali gave birth to 18 cubs between '08 & '13|newspaper=Times of India |date=7 April 2017 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413191650/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Collarwali-gave-birth-to-18-cubs-between-08-07042017017020 |archive-date=13 April 2018 }}</ref> and 17 of the 22 from her first 6 litters survived to adulthood.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/> They have dispersed to other parts of Pench and some may have crossed over to other tiger reserves such as Kanha National Park. For example, in December 2010, male T-39, born in her second litter in October 2008, travelled more than 50 km to near the boundary of the reserve.<ref name="sanctuaryasia.com">{{cite journal |author1=Aniruddha Majumder |author2=Kalyanasundaram Sankar |author3=Khageswar Naik |url=http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/conservation/field-reports/9553-collarwali-an-iinsight-into-the-secret-family-life-of-a-remarkable-pench-tigress.html|title=Collarwali: An Insight Into The Secret Family Life Of A Remarkable Pench Tigress |journal=Sanctuary Asia |volume=33 |issue=4 |date=August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725135017/http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/conservation/field-reports/9553-collarwali-an-iinsight-into-the-secret-family-life-of-a-remarkable-pench-tigress.html |archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> She died in January 2022 and was cremated by a local tribal leader.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Madhya Pradesh: 'Supermom' Collarwali, who birthed 29 cubs, breathes her last {{!}} The Tatva| accessdate = 2022-01-21| date = 2022-01-17| url = https://www.thetatva.in/india/madhya-pradesh-supermom-collarwali-who-birthed-29-cubs-breathes-her-last/8279/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title = Tendulkar reacts to death of Supermom tigress Collarwali| work = The Week| accessdate = 2022-01-21| url = https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/01/18/tendulkar-reacts-to-death-of-supermom-tigress-collarwali.html}}</ref>
[[File:BobchakPTR.jpg|thumb|Swastik, a huge male tiger of Pench (MP).]]
The Baghin nala female or Baghinnalawali female, a littermate of Collarwali, was so-named because she established a territory close to a ''nullah'' (watercourse). Although shy, she was popular with tourists visiting Pench. However, on 28 and 29 March 2016, she and two 8-month-old cubs were found dead inside the core area of the tiger reserve, not far from a patrolling camp. [[Necropsy|Post-mortem examination]] confirmed poisoning, and three men were arrested in early April, suspected of poisoning a deer that the tigers had eaten.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/three-arrested-for-poaching-tigress-cubs-in-mp/story-8NFRz4MFGbYgp1aGbQxOAN.html|title=Three arrested for poaching tigress, cubs in MP|date=6 April 2016|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Langdi also called T-20 Langdi was born in 2008 , famous for her limp in front paw due to a congenital deformity in one leg which gave her this name.She is the sister of the renowned Collarwali tigress. She passed away on 7 March 2026 at the age of 18 due to age related issues.While most tigers live till age of 15-16 , 18 is an extraordinarily long lifespan for a tiger .She gave birth to 10 cubs during her lifetime which include the famous tigers L Mark , Lakshmi and Bijamatta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pench Tiger Reserve's Beloved 'Langdi' Tigress Dies Of Old Age |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pench-tiger-reserves-beloved-langdi-tigress-dies-of-old-age-11184858}}</ref>

==arch in Pench==
Long-term research in Pench was initiated by the study on the interactions between wild animal and their n the Pench Sanctuary by Shukla (1990). This was followed by a tiger-prey estimation study by Karanth and Nichols (1998). Since 1995 the [[Wildlife Institute of India]] has initiated a series of studies beginning with a long-term [[radio telemetry]] study on the gaur (Bos frontalis) (Sankar et al. 2000a), followed by the creation of a spatial mapping [[database]] for the Tiger Reserve (Sankar et al. 2000b).<ref name="B">
{{cite journal |author1=Biswas, S. |author2=K. Sankar |name-list-style=amp |year=2002
|title=Prey abundance and food habit of tigers (''Panthera tigris tigris)'' in Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=256 |issue=3 |doi=10.1017/S0952836902000456 |pages=411–420}}</ref>
Short-term Master's studies at the [[Wildlife Institute of India]] increased the knowledge on [[avifauna]] (Jayapal 1997),<ref name="P">
{{cite thesis |last1=Pasha |first1=M. K. S. |last2=R. Jayapal, G. Areendran, Q. Qureshi, and K. Sankar.
|year=2004 |title=Birds of Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, central India
|work=Newsletter for Ornithologists
|volume=1:2-3
|url=http://www.geocities.com/ashpittie/NLO2004.1-2.PDF
|accessdate=2012-03-13
|url-status=unfit
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607190256/http://www.geocities.com/ashpittie/NLO2004.1-2.PDF
|archive-date=June 7, 2022
}}</ref> wild herbivores (Acharya 1997) tiger food habits and the diversity and distribution of the avifauna in Pench Tiger Reserve.

== Threats ==
Wildlife in Pench Tiger Reserve is threatened by [[poaching]] gangs working in and around Pench Tiger Reserve. In 2016, a tigress and her cubs were killed by poisoning. Another notorious series of incidents occurred in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dubbed anti-tribal as we dealt strictly with Pench poachers |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/dubbed-anti-tribal-as-we-dealt-strictly-with-pench-poachers/articleshow/62309620.cms}}</ref>

Pench Tiger Reserve is under growing pressure from poaching, encroachment, grazing and forest degradation, which together threaten tiger habitat and prey populations. Recent research from PTR Maharashtra recorded livestock grazing across 15.33% of the reserve area, showing heavy human use disturb grasslands and forest edges.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shukla |first1=P. N. |last2=Rao |first2=E. C. |last3=Mishra |first3=Virendra |date=10 March 2025 |title=Factors influencing livestock grazing in Pench Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra VL |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/389730769_Factors_influencing_livestock_grazing_in_Pench_Tiger_Reserve_Maharashtra |journal=Discover Environment |volume=3 |doi=10.1007/s44274-025-00216-8|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Forest destruction increases due to illegal encroachment and converting woodland into farms. In the Satpuda–Pench corridor about 180 sq km forest loss linked to mining and encroachments, reducing safe movement routes for wildlife.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-20 |title=180 sq km forest lost to coal mining, encroachments in Satpuda-Pench corridor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/180-sq-km-forest-lost-to-coal-mining-encroachments-in-satpuda-pench-corridor/articleshow/77056854.cms |access-date=2026-01-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* Acharya, B. B. 1997. Habitat Occupancy by Wild Ungulates In Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh. M.Sc. Thesis. Saurashtra University, Rajkot.
*[https://archive.today/20130128184438/http://www.mahapenchtiger.com/ Pench Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra State by Ocean Software Technologies]
* Acharya, B. B. 2008. The Ecology of the Dhole or Asiatic Wild Dog (''Cuon alpinus'') in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh. Ph.D. Thesis. Saurashtra University, Rajkot.
* [[Harry George Champion|Champion, H. G.]], and S. K. Seth. 1968. A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India. Manager of Publications, Government of India, New Delhi.
* [[James Forsyth (traveller)|Forsyth, J.]] 1919. The Highlands of Central India: Notes on the Forests and Wild Tribes, Natural History and Sports. Chapman and Hall, London, (First published 1871).
* Jayapal, R. 1997. A Study On Bird Communities-Habitat Structure Relationships In Pench National Park, M.P. M.Sc. Thesis. Saurashtra University, Rajkot.
* {{cite journal | author = Karanth K. U. | author-link = K. Ullas Karanth, Nichols J. D. | year = 1998 | title = Estimation of tiger densities in India using photographic captures and recaptures | url = http://www.esajournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1890%2F0012-9658(1998)079%5B2852%3AEOTDII%5D2.0.CO%3B2 | journal = Ecology | volume = 79 | issue = 8 | pages = 2852–2862 | doi=10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2852:eotdii]2.0.co;2| url-access = subscription }}
* Kumar, S. 1989. Management Plan of Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh (1990–1995). Unpublished. Madhya Pradesh Forest Department.
* Sankar, K., Q. Qureshi, M.K.S. Pasha, and G. Areendran, G. 2000a. Ecology of gaur Bos gaurus in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh. Final Report. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun.
* Sankar, K., Q. Quresh, V.B. Mathur, S.K. Mukherjee, G. Areendran, M.K.S. Pasha, R. Thapa and P. Lal. 2000b. Mapping of the Protected Area (PA) and surrounding areas in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun
* Shukla, R. 1990. An ecological study of interactions between wild animals and vegetation in Pench Wildlife Sanctuary and its environs. Ph.D. Thesis, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar. 249 p.
* [[Robert Armitage Sterndale|Sterndale, R. A.]] 1887. Seonee, or Camp Life on the Satpura Range. Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta and Simla.

==External links==
{{commons category|Pench National Park}}

{{Tiger Reserves Of India}}

[[Category:Tiger reserves of India]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chhindwara district]]
[[Category:Seoni district]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1977]]

Dungarpur state

2026-03-09T13:15:00Z

Anshuchoudhary28: added initial info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Historical state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Dungarpur State
| common_name = Dungarpur
| nation =
| subdivision =
| capital = [[Dungarpur, Rajasthan|Dungarpur]]
| era =
| year_start =
| date_start =
| event_start =
| year_end =
| date_end =
| event_end = [[Independence of India]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 =
| s1 = Rajasthan
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag = Flag of Dungarp.svg
| image_coat =
| image_map = Sirohi-Udaipur map.jpg
| image_map_caption = Dungarpur State in [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
| stat_area1 = 3781
| stat_year1 = 1901
| stat_pop1 = 100,103
| today = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| footnotes = [http://www.indianrajputs.com/view/dungarpur Dungarpur (Princely State)]
| status_text = Independent (1177– 1527) Under the [[Mughal Empire]] (1527– 1713) Independent (1713–1818) Protectorate of the [[East India Company]] (1818–1857) [[Princely state]] of the [[British Raj]] (1857–1947)
| leader1 = [[Samantasimha (Guhila)|Samant Singh]] (First)
| year_leader1 = 1177–1192
| leader2 = [[Laxman Singh]] (Last)
| title_leader = [[Maharawal]]
| year_leader2 = 1918–1949
}}
[[File:Haveli Dungarpur.jpg|thumb|View of the Juna Mahal Palace of Dungarpur]]
[[File:Wandmalerei in Juna Mahal.jpg|thumb|Painting on a wall of the Juna Mahal Palace]]
'''Dungarpur State''' was a kingdom and later [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]]. Its capital was the city of [[Dungarpur]] in the southernmost area of present-day [[Rajasthan State]] in [[India]]. In 1901 the total population of Dungarpur State was 100,103, while that of the town was 6,094.

Dungarpur is the seat of elder branch of [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodiya]]s of [[Udaipur, Rajasthan|Udaipur]], while the younger branch is the seat of the Maharana of [[Mewar]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

==History==
Dungarpur State was founded in 1177 by [[Samantasimha (Guhila)|Samant Singh]], the eldest son of the ruler of Mewar, Karan Singh.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sharma | first=D. | title=Rajasthan Through the Ages: From the earliest times to 1316 A.D | publisher=Rajasthan State Archives | series=Rajasthan Through the Ages: A Comprehensive and Authentic History of Rajasthan | year=1966 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1dXAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2024-10-22 | page=673}}</ref> They are descendants of [[Bappa Rawal]], eighth ruler of the [[Guhilot]] Dynasty and founder of the Mewar Dynasty (r. 734-753).
The chiefs of the state, who bear the title of Maharawal, are descended from Mahup, eldest son of Karan Singh, chief of Mewar in the 12th century, and claim the honours of the elder line of Mewar. Mahup, disinherited by his father, took refuge with his mother's family, the [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]]s of [[Bagar, Rajasthan, India|Bagar]],<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_385.gif Dungarpur State] ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', 1908, v. 11, ''p. 379.''</ref> and made himself master of that country at the expense of the [[Bhil]] chiefs, while his younger brother Rahup founded a separate [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] dynasty.

Originally, the maharawals had their capital at [[Baroda, Dungarpur|Baroda]]. A [[Sanskrit]] inscription dated to April 1287 identifies the ruler Vīrasiṃhadeva as the ''mahārājakula'' (the Sanskrit form of "maharawal") of Vaṭapadraka (the Sanskrit name for Baroda). This inscription, the earliest known of Vīrasiṃhadeva, records him granting land "for the spiritual welfare of" his predecessor Devapāladeva (who is also known as Dedā or Dedu). The last dated inscription of Vīrasiṃhadeva is from 1302. Baroda remained the capital until the time of his grandson Ḍuṅgarasiṃha, who founded the city of Dungarpur, which was named after him.<ref name="Halder 1934">{{cite book |last1=Halder |first1=R. R. |editor1-last=Chakravarti |editor1-first=N. P. |editor1-link=N. P. Chakravarti |title=Epigraphia Indica, Vo. XXII |date=1934 |location=Delhi |pages=192–6 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13301/page/n249 |access-date=7 November 2024 |chapter=Mala Plates of Virasimhadeva: V. S. 1343}}</ref>{{rp|192–3}}

The town of [[Dungarpur]], the capital of the state, is traditionally held to have been founded in 1282 CE by Rawal Vir Singh, who named it after Dungaria, an independent [[Bhil]] [[chieftain]] whom he had caused to be assassinated.<ref name=enc/><ref>https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/p/AF1QipNmroUhG362Ff4l3G2FnLVkk7lr4hGvNyOAltqe=w960-h540-p-k-no {{Dead link|date=August 2022}}</ref> After the death of Rawal Udai Singh of [[Vagad]] at the [[Battle of Khanwa]] in 1527, where he fought alongside [[Rana Sanga]] against [[Babur]], his territories were divided into the states of Dungarpur and [[Banswara]]. Udai's elder son Prithviraj succeeded his father as the rawal of Dungarpur and his younger son [[Jagmal Singh of Banswara|Jagmal]] became the first ruler of [[Banswara]]. Rawal Askaran accepted Mughal Suzerainty and became a vassal of [[Mughal Empire]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.rajras.in/rulers-of-dungarpur/|date=16 September 2017|title=Rulers of Dungarpur}}</ref><ref name=enc>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Dungarpur |volume=8 |pages=679–680}}</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/173739/Dungarpur Dungarpur] ''[[Britannica.com]]''.</ref> It remained successively under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] until 1713.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A history of Rajasthan |year=2006| publisher=Rupa & Co. |isbn=9788129108906 |language=en |oclc=80362053}}</ref> the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] indirectly controlled the region in 1736.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ram Vallabh Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |pages=340-341}}</ref> The [[British Raj]] controlled the state by treaty in 1818, where it remained a 15-gun [[salute state]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} The revenue of the state was Rs.2,00,000 in 1901.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_385.gif Dungarpur State] ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', 1908, v. 11, ''p. 382.''</ref>

==List of Rulers==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}

=== Rawals ===
The rulers belonged to the [[Guhila Dynasty]] of the Ahara Guhilot clan.

* Before 1287: Devapāladeva, aka Dedā or Dedu<ref name="Halder 1934"/>{{rp|192–3}}
* Before April 1287 – after 1302: Maharawal Vir Singh (attested in contemporary inscriptions as ''mahārājakula'' Vīrasiṃha-deva, the Sanskrit form of his name)<ref name="Halder 1934"/>{{rp|192–3}}
* After 1302: Maharawal Dungar Singh (grandson of Vir Singh and namesake of Dungarpur)<ref name="Halder 1934"/>{{rp|192–3}}
* 1404: Rawal Pratap Singh
* 1440 - 1455: Maharawal Gopinath (Gaipa Rawal). He constructed [[Gaib Sagar Lake]] and Badal Mahal in [[Dungarpur]]
* 1455 – 1480: Maharawal Somdas
* 1481 - 1504: Maharawal Gangadas
* 1504 – 1527: Maharawal Udai Singh
* 1527 – 1549: Maharawal Prithviraj
* 1549 – 1587: Maharawal Askaran
* 1587 – 1604: Maharawal Sahasmal
* 1604– 1609: Maharawal Karan Singh II
* 1609 – 1658: Maharawal Punja
* 1658 – 1659: Maharawal Girdhardas
* 1659 – 1691: Maharawal Jaswant Singh I
* 1691 – 1700: Maharawal Khuman Singh
* 1700 – 1728: Maharawal Ram Singh
* 1728 – 1783: Maharawal Shiv Singh
* 1783 – 1789: Maharawal Bairisal
* 1789 – 1808: Maharawal Fateh Singh
* 1808 – 1846: Maharawal [[Jaswant Singh II of Dungarpur|Jaswant Singh II]]
* 1846 – 1898: HH Maharawal Sir [[Udai Singh II of Dungarpur|Udai Singh II]] (b. 1838 – d. 1898)
* 13 Feb 1898 – 15 Nov 1918: HH Maharawal Sir [[Bijai Singh]] (b. 1887 – d. 1918)
* 15 Nov 1918 – 15 Aug 1947: HH Maharawal Sir [[Laxman Singh|Lakshman Singh]] (b. 1908 – d. 1989)

The last princely ruler of Dungarpur was HH Rai-i-Rayan [[Laxman Singh|Maharawal Shri Lakshman Singh Bahadur]] (1918–1989), who was awarded [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] (1935) and [[GCIE]] (1947), and after independence became a Member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] twice, in 1952 and 1958, and later a member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] ([[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]) in 1962 and 1989.

=== Titular Maharawals ===

* HH Maharawal [[Mahipal Singh]]
* HH Maharawal [[Harshvardhan Singh Dungarpur|Harshvardhan Singh]]

==See also==
*[[List of Rajput dynasties and states]]
*[[Mewar Residency]]
* [[Dungarpur district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Princely states of India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|23.83|N|73.72|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Princely states of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:12th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1197 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:Dungarpur district]]

Devaru Kotta Thangi (2009 film)

2026-03-03T21:40:59Z

Anshuchoudhary28: further adjust page per standard format and fixed typos

{{No plot|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devaru Kotta Thangi
| image = Devaru Kotta Thangi (2009 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Om Sai Prakash]]
| producer = Smt Rajamma Saiprakash
| writer = Om Saiprakash B. A. Madhu (dialogues)
| screenplay = Om Saiprakash
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Meera Jasmine]] [[Monica (actress)|Monica]] Suraj
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = R Giri
| editing = M Muniraj
| studio = Sri Sridevi Pictures
| distributor = Sri Sridevi Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2009|11|12|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Devaru Kotta Thangi''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by [[Om Sai Prakash]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/52532/film-maker-attempts-suicide.html|title=Film maker attempts suicide|date=13 February 2010|work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Shiva Rajkumar]] and [[Meera Jasmine]], with [[Monica (actress)|Monica]] and Suraj.

==Cast==
*[[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Shivu
*[[Meera Jasmine]] as Lakshmi, Shivu's Sister
*[[Monica (actress)|Monica]] as Gowri, Shivu's Love interest
*Suraj Lokre as Shekhar
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Veerabhadragowda
*[[Hema Chaudhary]]
*[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]
*[[Ramesh Bhat]]
*[[Sadhu Kokila]]
*[[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]]
* Rekha Kumar
*[[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeetha]]
*Vasu
* Ramesh Pandith
*[[Karibasavaiah]]
*[[Biradar]]
*Ramanand

== Production ==
The makers of the film wanted [[Radhika Kumaraswamy|Radhika]], who played Shiva Rajkumar's sister in ''[[Thavarige Baa Thangi]]'' (2002) and ''[[Anna Thangi (2005 film)|Anna Thangi]]'' (2005) to play his sister in this film. However, she was unable to play the role because she had quit films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/oct/20/a-new-film-is-born-96381.html|title=A new film is born|date=20 October 2009|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Malayalam actress [[Meera Jasmine]] was brought in as her replacement, marking her return to Kannada cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/meera-jasmine-makes-comeback-to-kannada-films/story-4xgSscDGsJhJmQ4FhiikZK.html|title=Meera Jasmine makes comeback to Kannada films|date=21 May 2009|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Hamsalekha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Devaru-Kotta-Thangi-K0000272|title=Devaru Kotta Thangi Songs|accessdate=2015-01-13|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Kannadakke Saatiyilla" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || Hamsalekha || 04:56
|-
| 2 || "Devaru Kotta Thangi" || [[K. S. Chithra|Chithra]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]] || Hamsalekha || 06:18
|-
| 3 || "Thangi Madhuve" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Nanditha]] || Hamsalekha || 05:21
|-
| 4 || "Obba Thangi Maado Habba" || K. S. Chithra, [[Rajesh Krishnan]] || Hamsalekha || 05:19
|-
| 5 || "Nettige Bottitta" || K. S. Chithra, [[Udit Narayan]] || Hamsalekha || 04:42
|-
| 6 || "Ee Loka" || K. S. Chithra, [[C. Ashwath]], [[Vijay Yesudas]], Usha, Nandini Hamsalekha || Hamsalekha || 06:03
|}

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "It's Shivarajkumar's show all the way. The ace actor, with his brilliant acting, brings to life an otherwise dull film".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/devaru-kotta-thangi/movie-review/5230890.cms | title=Devaru Kotta Thangi Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Devaru Kotta Thangi by Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 November 2009}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "The commercial elements and sentiments are in over dose and if the film needs urgent trimming. The graphic update is very well synchronized in the film, where the lead actors have scored".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/devaru-kotta-thangi-review-kannada-pclxuLaaddeag.html | title=Devaru Kotta Thangi| work= [[Sify]]| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126050857/https://www.sify.com/movies/devaru-kotta-thangi-review-kannada-pclxuLaaddeag.html|archive-date=26 January 2022 }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "The movie could have been better but for the cliched formulaic story, regressive posturing and dragging narration".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/13/south-kannada-movie-review-devaru-kotta-thangi.htm | title=Devaru Kotta Thangi is a rehash of many films |work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=13 November 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Sai Prakash}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sai Prakash]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Rudhramadevi (film)

2026-03-03T17:53:59Z

Anshuchoudhary28: quick reworked formatting per standard format and improved wording

{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rudhramadevi
| image = Rudrama Devi Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Gunasekhar]]
| producer = Gunasekhar Raagini Guna Neelima Guna Yukthamukhi Guna
| writer = Gunasekhar
| based_on =
| starring = [[Anushka Shetty]] [[Allu Arjun]] [[Rana Daggubati]] [[Vikramjeet Virk]] [[Krishnam Raju]] [[Prakash Raj]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = [[Ajayan Vincent]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Neelima Guna|Gunaa Teamworks]]
| distributor = Gunaa Teamworks
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|10|9}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{Plainlist|
* {{INR}}60{{ndash}}80 crore{{efn|''[[India Today]]'' estimates the film's budget to be {{INR|60 crore}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2015 |title=Rudhramadevi release date: The historical drama to hit the screens on October 9 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rudhramadevi-release-date-the-hitorical-drama-to-hit-the-screens-on-october-9-291159-2015-08-31 |access-date=7 September 2020 |work=India Today}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' estimates the film's budget to be {{INR|60 crore}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2015 |title='Rudhramadevi' not just a war film: Gunasekhar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rudhramadevi-not-just-a-war-film-gunasekhar/ |access-date=7 September 2020 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> }}
}}
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}86.92 crore
}}

'''''Rudhramadevi''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[3D film|3D]] [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[action film]] based on the life of [[Rudrama Devi]], one of the prominent rulers of the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], and one of the few ruling queens in Indian history.<ref>Julius Jolly (1885) ''Outlines of an History of the Hindu Law of Partition, Inheritance, and Adoption:As Contained in the Original Sanskrit Treatises'', Thacker, Spink and Company, pp. 144–150: </ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bilkees I. Latif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-SCyobP0koC&pg=PA70 |title=Forgotten |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-306454-1 |page=70}}</ref> The film, written and directed by [[Gunasekhar]], features [[Anushka Shetty|Anushka]] in the title role alongside [[Allu Arjun]], [[Rana Daggubati]], [[Vikramjeet Virk]], [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Nithya Menen]], [[Adithya (actor)|Adithya]], and [[Catherine Tresa]]. The film was narrated by [[Chiranjeevi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2015 |title=Rudhramadevi Movie Database |url=http://filmdhamaka.in/rudhramadevi |access-date=27 January 2015 |publisher=Film Dhamaka}}</ref> The film's soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2015 |title=Maestro Ilayaraja Heads to London for Re-Recording of Rudramadevi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/mar/31/maestro-ilayaraja-heads-to-london-for-re-recording-of-rudramadevi-736147.html |access-date=7 September 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

''Rudhramadevi'' was released worldwide on 9 October 2015, with dubbed versions in [[Hindi]] and [[Malayalam]] languages. The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] version was released by [[Sri Thenandal Films]] on 16 October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2015 |title=Tamil version of Rudhramadevi to release on October 16 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tamil-version-of-rudhramadevi-to-release-on-october-16/story-aTe6Yzi1txC1HmoEo7eJNK.html |access-date=7 October 2015 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The film opened to mixed reviews and grossed {{INR}}87 crore at the worldwide box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudhramadevi box office collection: Anushka Shetty-starrer mints Rs 32 crore in the opening weekend |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/rudhramadevi-box-office-collection-anushka-shetty-starrer-mints-rs-32-crore-in-the-opening-weekend/ar-AAflEi8 |website=msn.com}}</ref> The film became the fifth highest opening day grossing Indian film of 2015.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2015 |title=Rudramadevi review: Lengthy but interesting period drama |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rudramadevi-review-lengthy-but-interesting-period-drama/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |date=10 October 2015 |title=Rudramadevi exempted from entertainment tax in TS |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/rudramadevi-exempted-from-entertainment-tax-in-ts/article7745022.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> It was the highest grossing female led film until 2018, when it was surpassed by the Telugu language biographical film, ''[[Mahanati]]''. ''Rudhramadevi'' went on to win the Telangana state Gaddar Film Award for Best Feature Film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2025 |title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards: Adivi Sesh Thanks Telangana Government For Honouring Major, Expresses Gratitude To Mahesh Babu |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-adivi-sesh-thanks-telangana-government-for-honouring-major-expresses-gratitude-to-mahesh-babu-article-151755732 |website=Times Now}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=September 2025}}
[[Ganapatideva]] ([[Krishnam Raju]]) is the emperor of the [[Kakatiya]] dynasty who rules the Kakatiya Empire from [[Orugallu]] (present day [[Warangal]], Telangana) as its capital city. There are only two threats to Ganapati's rule. Murari Devudu ([[Adithya Menon]]) and Hari Hara Devudu ([[Suman (actor)|Suman]]), dukes of Kakatiya, are both obviously unsatisfied with Ganapati's reign, and plot to usurp the throne. Emperor [[Simhana|Singhana]] of the Devagiri Empire also wishes to conquer the Kakatiyas and name his grandson and heir, [[Mahadeva of Devagiri|Mahadeva]], as the king. Meanwhile, Ganapati's wife is pregnant and everyone prays for a boy child, because a prince can repel the Devagiri Empire and serve as a successor to the throne. A priest working for Murari and Hari Hara predicts Ganapati's baby will be a girl who will be the saviour of the kingdom.

Ganapati's baby indeed turns out to be a girl, [[Rudramadevi]] ([[Anushka Shetty]]). Her birth disappoints Ganapati, who, being helpless, takes advice from his prime minister, Siva Devayya ([[Prakash Raj]]), to announce the baby to be a boy – Rudradeva. Murari and Hari Hara go mad after hearing the news that Ganapati gets a prince, a successor to be of the crown; they then angrily kill the priest who predicted king's heir would be a girl. Rudrama's gender and real name are kept secret from everyone other than Ganapati, his wife, and Siva Devayya; even Rudramadevi herself does not know she's a girl in her childhood.

She is then brought up and trained in a prince's manner. After a few years of training, Rudrama, who goes about as Rudradev is summoned back to Oragallu for her coronation as the crown prince. At her coronation, she befriends Chalukya Veerabhadra ([[Rana Daggubati]]), a neighborhing prince, and forms a friendly rivalry with [[Gona Ganna Reddy]] ([[Allu Arjun]]), another neighboring prince. She sneaks out of the capital along with Chalukya to bathe in the river. She realizes her gender when she sees an elegant statue of a beautiful woman. After seeing the boys disrobe, she realizes that her body is different from theirs. She then runs to her mother angrily and confusedly to ask the reason for hiding her real gender; her mother confesses the story and tells her the reason was to protect the kingdom. In front of her parents and Siva Devayya, Rudrama swears to continue living as a boy until the kingdom's safety is assured.

Years later, in a sporting event, Naga Devudu, the nephew of Murari and Hari Hara, fails to subdue a raging [[elephant]]. Murari and Hari Hara challenge Rudradeva to defeat the elephant. Rudradeva who was Rudrama accepts, however she is unaware that Murari and Hari Hara have rigged the competition so no one can win. Despite this, Rudrama wins the challenge, that adored the by several princesses in the scene, including Muktamba.Younger sister Ganapamba spoke to Muktamba and the others with pride and admiration about her brave elder brother, Rudradeva.

Gona Ganna Reddy, one of Rudrama's playmates in childhood and who was then thrown out of the palace and is now called a traitor, shows up in the scene to confront Rudrama. Gona is now the leader of an opposition army, which has been a threat to Ganapati's position. He manages to escape when Ganapati's army tries to arrest him. On the day of the Koumudi festival, Muktamba, Anambika, and Ganapamba were joyfully celebrating with drinks. During their merriment, Anambika shared her affection for Ganna Reddy, while Muktamba confessed her fondness for Rudradeva. Unbeknownst to them, Rudradeva was secretly watching it all. Suddenly, he went into a hidden chamber, removed all his battle armor, and transformed into Rudrama. She longed to celebrate the femininity that lived within her.

After the festival celebration, he happens to see her emerging from the river after a dip. Still caught in the thought of being Rudradeva, she absentmindedly calls him “friend,” only to suddenly realize that she is now Rudhrama. Embarrassed, she blushes deeply. From the very first moment he sees her, he feels drawn to her. But Rudhramaa teasingly pushes him into the river and walks away.

Ganapati, unable to escape from the pressure from inside and outside his palace, decides to get Rudrama married to a princess as being Rudradeva, and he chooses Muktamba. Then Chalukya forgot Rudradeva’s royal duties and lost himself in love. Being Rudrama, in her graceful form, she shared his affection but told him she would marry him only after he fulfilled the duties. Then Chalukya said he would complete them and return to her, affectionately holding her nose. She responded with a teasing smile. On their wedding night, Rudrama, in order to protect her secret, tells Muktamba that she has taken a vow of celibacy until the kingdom is safe. The conversation is tapped by a spy of Murari and Hari Hara, and she tells it to the two, making the secret and the fame of the Ganapati's family in danger.

In a secluded spot by the riverside Chalukya lies absorbed in thoughts of love. Rudradeva approaches him and reprimands him for neglecting his duties, challenging him outright. He declares that if Chalukya can defeat him in a sword duel, he will help Chalukya marry the woman he loves. But if Chalukya loses, he must forget her and return to his responsibilities and he accepts the challenge, and the two engage in a long, intense fight. During the prolonged duel, Chalukya’s sword accidentally slashes through the middle of Rudradeva’s tunic. The force of the strike tears it open, revealing a woman’s torso wrapped in a breast-band and that blow also knocks Rudradevan off-balance; his headgear falls, and his tightly bound hair comes loose.

In that instant, Chalukya's warrior friend Rudradeva suddenly becomes his love interest Rudradevi. Overwhelmed with shame and unable to hide the truth any longer, she admits her deception, guilt written all over her face..The two plan to reveal the secret and use it as an excuse to force Ganapati off the throne. However, before they can do so, Siva Devayya decides to reveal the secret to the people. When Ganapamba knows that her one long respected elder brother were revealed was a woman named Rudrama, she lovingly embraced her, gently held and pampered her chin like an elder sister's caring.

Then Anambika and Muktamba adorned and dressed Rudrama as one of their own. Though she was the eldest among them, Rudrama behaved like the youngest. Because it was their first time celebrating together, she tried to hide the blush that colored her cheeks from shyness, but Anambika and Muktamba noticed and laughing as Rudrama, biting her nails in embarrassment, squirmed a little when Mukthaba lovingly tickled her on the waist. Once hidden behind the guise of Rudradeva, she now fully embraced her true nature of the shyness and beauty of womanhood. Those moments filled with love and joy became a cherished memory, of dance and celebration.

Siva Devayya then announces Rudramadevi's real identity and her to be the queen of the kingdom. The people of Kakatiya, after knowing Ganapati has cheated them for many years, become angry and unsatisfied and strongly object. Rudramadevi is not accepted by the people to be their queen and is hence driven out of the kingdom. Ganapati also loses the trust and support of his people because of this. Murari and Hari Hara take this chance to launch a coup using the secret passageway. They then proclaim that they will rule Oragallu in Mahadeva's name, while maintaining their own power. Before Murari and Hari Hara can kill Siva Devayya, he has a heart attack and dies.

It doesn't take too long for the people to realize that who deserves to rule the kingdom, as Murari and Hari Hara start to prosecute them with higher tax rates and unprecedented cruelty and aristocracy soon after they take power. The desperate people, along with Siva Devayya (who faked his death), then turn to Rudramadevi to apologize and for help. Rudramadevi then forms these people as an opposition army to fight against her own kingdom's army.

Rudramadevi and her army meet Gona Ganna Reddy's army on her way, which is surprisingly not about to attack her, but to help her get her crown back. It is revealed that Gona, who noticed Rudramadevi was a girl in their childhood, is not a traitor but a most loyal warrior of the kingdom. He had already expected that Rudramadevi would lose her power and be driven out of the kingdom one day, so he left the palace, pretending to be driven out for being a traitor, to form his own army to wait for the day.

After they join hands, their united army is greater and stronger than that of Murari and Hari Hara and beats the latter. They also repel and defeat the Devagiri Empire. Rudramadevi then gets her crown back, marries Chalukya and becomes the first queen of South India.

== Cast ==
''Source''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2015 |title=Rudhramadevi Official Trailer || Anushka, Allu Arjun, Rana, Gunasekhar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fc0QmDnNy3U |website=[[Gunasekhar|Gunaa Teamworks]] |via=YouTube}}</ref>
{{colbegin}}
* [[Anushka Shetty]] as Princess [[Rudrama Devi]] alias Prince Rudradeva Maharaja, princess of the [[Kakatiya Empire]], and later, the first queen in South Indian history; empress of [[Warangal|Orugallu]].
** [[Ulka Gupta]] as Young [[Rudrama Devi]], aged 14
** Medha as Young [[Rudrama Devi]], aged 9
* [[Allu Arjun]] as [[Gona Ganna Reddy]] a prince acts as rebel to Kakatiya Empire; who makes a huge army to support of Rudrama Devi for the battle Mahadeva Nayakudu. Later gains back his thrown [[Khilla Ghanpur|Vardhamanapuram]] from his paternal uncle Gona Lakuma Reddy with the support of Rudrama Devi and remains a loyal [[Samanta]] to her.
**Vikram Lagadapati as Young [[Gona Ganna Reddy]]
* [[Rana Daggubati]] as Prince Chalukya Veerabhadra; ruler of [[Nidadavolu|Niravadyapuram]]; Rudrama Devi's love interest later husband; a loyal [[Samanta]] to [[Kakatiya Empire]].
** [[Roshan Meka]] as Young Chalukya Veerabhadra
* [[Vikramjeet Virk]] as King [[Mahadeva of Devagiri|Mahadeva Nayakudu]]; who dreams to conquer Orugallu
** Yashwanth as Young Mahadeva Nayakudu
* [[Nithya Menen]] as Muktamba; wife of Rudra Deva to world, after revelation she became most trusted friend to Rudrama Devi.
* [[Catherine Tresa]] as Anambika; Gona Ganna Reddy's love interest later wife.
* [[Krishnam Raju]] as King [[Ganapatideva]]; father to Rudrama Devi
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Prime Minister Siva Devayya; an intelligent and loyal to Kakatiya Dynasty
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Hari Hara Devudu; a cunning [[Samanta]] wants to take over Orugallu.
* [[Adithya (actor)|Adithya]] as Murari Devudu; younger brother of Hari Hara Devudu
* [[Prabha (actress)|Prabha]] as Somamba, Ganapati Devudu's wife; and Rudrama Devi's mother
* [[Aditi Chengappa]] as Ganapamba,younger sister of Rudrama
* [[Vinod Kumar Alva]] as Gona Lakuma Reddy; Ganna Reddy's cunning paternal uncle who rebels against Kakatiya Empire.
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Kotareddy, Anambika's father
* [[Hamsa Nandini]] as Madanika, a spy to Mahadeva Nayakudu.
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Prasadaditya, Loyal Commander in Chief of Kakatiya Empire.
* [[Baba Sehgal]] as Naga Devudu; trusted henchman of Hari Hara Devudu.
* [[Raza Murad]] as [[Simhana]], King of [[Devagiri]]
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Amba Devudu, a cunning [[Samanta]] to Kakatiya Empire
* [[Subbaraya Sharma]] as Jayapa Naidu, a loyal [[Samanta]] to Kakatiya Empire
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Tittibi
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Manchana, an associate of Tittibi
* [[Arpit Ranka]] as Varada Reddy
* Akshara Mandhapati as Akshara Devi
* [[Krishna Bhagavaan]] as Somberi, Murari and Hari Hara's aide
* [[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] as Uppala Somudu
* Gary Tantony as [[Marco Polo]]
{{colend}}
[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Uttej]], [[Sivaji Raja]], [[Shanoor Sana|Sana]] and [[Rani (Tamil actress)|Raksha]] make special appearances in the song "Matthagajame".
===Family Tree===
{{align|left|'''Kakatiya Empire'''}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | |||||| }}
{{Tree chart| | |||KG|v|SMB|||||||||||||||||||||||KG=King Ganapatideva|SMB=Somamba Devi|}}
{{Tree chart| |||||,|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | ||||||||||||}}
{{Tree chart|||||RD|-|CVR|||GNP|RD=Rudhramadevi|CVR=Chalukya Veerabhadra |GNP=Ganapamba }}
{{Tree chart/end|align=center}}

== Production ==
[[File:1000 pillar temple warangal.jpg|thumb|[[Thousand Pillar Temple]] where the filming commenced.]]
Director Gunasekhar readied a script based on the life of Rani Rudramadevi. Gunasekhar selected Ilaiyaraja to compose the music and Thotta Tharani for art direction. [[Mahesh Babu]] and [[Jr. NTR]] were first approached for the role of Gona Ganna Reddy, but both of them rejected the offer. Later, [[Allu Arjun]] was eventually selected to do the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2012 |title=Anushka as a warrior princess |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad/anushka-warrior-princess-335 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007024334/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad/anushka-warrior-princess-335 |archive-date=7 October 2012 |access-date=24 November 2012 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> [[Neeta Lulla]] designed the costumes.<ref name="ger">{{Cite web |title=German technicians to work for Rudrama Devi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/German-technicians-to-work-for-Rudrama-Devi/etarticleshow/17349075.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217051144/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-24/news-interviews/35333145_1_gunasekhar-rudrama-devi-anushka |archive-date=17 December 2013 |access-date=29 November 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Rapper [[Baba Sehgal]] was hired by director [[Gunasekhar]] for a role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad Shiva |date=3 April 2013 |title=Baba Sehgal in Anushka's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Baba-Sehgal-in-Anushkas-film/etarticleshow/19359753.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410221951/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-03/news-interviews/38247793_1_rani-rudrama-devi-baba-sehgal-director-gunasekhar |archive-date=10 April 2013 |access-date=22 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Vikramjeet Virk]], who earlier played a negative role in [[Ashutosh Gowarikar]]'s ''[[Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey]]'' (2010) and in [[Puri Jagannadh]]'s 2014 film ''[[Heart Attack (2014 film)|Heart Attack]]'', was selected to play a negative character named Mahadeva Nayakadu.<ref name=toi/>

The filming was started on 14 February 2013 in [[Warangal]]. The first shot was shot at the [[Thousand Pillar Temple]] in Warangal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2013 |title=Anushka – Guna Sekhar's Rudramadevi film launch |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/muhurat-rudramadevi.html |access-date=15 February 2013 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref> Final schedule of shoot ended in July 2014.<ref name="toi">{{Cite news |last=Afrin Humayon |date=4 May 2013 |title=Vikramjeet Virk lands in T'wood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Vikramjeet-Virk-lands-in-Twood/etarticleshow/19864668.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508064100/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-03/news-interviews/39008589_1_rudramadevi-telugu-anushka |archive-date=8 May 2013 |access-date=4 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Rudhramadevi (soundtrack)}}

The soundtrack album and background score were composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. The audio music was planned to release separately in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states having the Chief ministers of these states as chief guests. The songs were released simultaneously in [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Warangal]] on 25 July 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rudhramadevi songs |url=http://www.telanganaroundup.net/rudhramadevi-mp3-songs-downloadlisten-online/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328005040/http://www.telanganaroundup.net/rudhramadevi-mp3-songs-downloadlisten-online/ |archive-date=28 March 2015 |access-date=27 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudramadevi to release 3 of its songs on July 25th |url=http://www.sakshipost.com/index.php/entertainment/news-gossip/54548-rudramadevi-to-release-3-of-its-songs-on-ugadi.html?psource=Feature |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403001530/http://www.sakshipost.com/index.php/entertainment/news-gossip/54548-rudramadevi-to-release-3-of-its-songs-on-ugadi.html?psource=Feature |archive-date=3 April 2015 |access-date=9 August 2015 |publisher=Sakshi}}</ref> Deccan Music named it as the Best Telugu Album of the month.<ref>[https://deccanmusic.wordpress.com/2015/03/31/best-telugu-songs-and-albums-of-march-2015/ Best Telugu Songs and Albums of July 2015] Deccan Music – 31 July 2015</ref> The soundtrack for the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] version were released on 15 August 2015 and the [[Malayalam]] version was released on 4 September 2015, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2015 |title=Rudhramadevi – Music Review (Telugu Movie Soundtrack) |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2015/03/23/rudhramadevi-music-review-telugu-movie-soundtrack/ |access-date=6 June 2019 |publisher=Music Aloud}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film's official trailer was released on 2 March 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rudhramadevi official trailer crosses million hits |url=http://www.iluvcinema.in/telugu/rudramadevi-official-trailer-crosses-million-hits-on-youtube/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307142131/http://www.iluvcinema.in/telugu/rudramadevi-official-trailer-crosses-million-hits-on-youtube/ |archive-date=7 March 2015 |access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref> The film was slated to be released on 26 June 2015, but it was but postponed to 9 October due to technical problems. [[Telangana]] state has given entertainment tax exemption for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudramadevi gets tax exemption – Telugu cinema news |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/rudramadevi-taxexemtion.html |website=idlebrain.com}}</ref>

==Legal release online==
HeroTalkies has legally released ''Rudhramadevi'' in 2D and 3D formats to overseas customers who have [[3D television|3D TVs]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2015 |title=Recent Tamil films release online |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/recent-tamil-films-release-online/article7880688.ece |access-date=27 December 2017 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Upon release, the film received positive reviews, with critics praising the direction, narration, and Anushka's performance.<ref name="auto1" /><ref name="auto2" /> Belvoir Eagle gave the film 3.5/5 rating,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudramadevi (Rudhramadevi) Movie Review and Rating: 3.5/5, Allu Arjun, Anushka |url=http://www.belvoireagle.com/entertainment/rudhramadevi-aka-rudramadevi-movie-review-rating-twitter-response-ft-anushka-shetty-allu-arjun-398.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009221537/http://www.belvoireagle.com/entertainment/rudhramadevi-aka-rudramadevi-movie-review-rating-twitter-response-ft-anushka-shetty-allu-arjun-398.html |archive-date=9 October 2015 |website=BLR Eagle}}</ref> and Kiaara Sindu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated 4/5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2015 |title=Rudramadevi Review Out: UK Film Critic Gives 4 Star Rating – The Hans India |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-10-08/Rudramadevi-review-out-UK-film-critic-gives-4-star-rating-179891 |website=thehansindia.com}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
It grossed {{INRConvert|32|c}} in its first weekend at the domestic box office, and turned out to be a success.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rudhramadevi Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Rudhramadevi by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/rudhramadevi/movie-review/49289505.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[CineMAA Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| 12 June 2016
| [[CineMAA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Anushka Shetty]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|
|-
| Best Actor – Jury
| [[Allu Arjun]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Special Appreciation Award
| [[Gunasekhar]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="2"| [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|18 June 2016]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| [[Anushka Shetty]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2016 |title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |access-date=7 September 2020 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
| [[Allu Arjun]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7"| [[IIFA Utsavam]]
| rowspan="7"| [[2nd IIFA Utsavam|28 – 29 March 2017]]
| Best Actress – Telugu
| [[Anushka Shetty]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2017 |title=IIFA Utsavam: Complete winner's list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/iifa-utsavam-complete-winner-list-4592896/ |access-date=7 September 2020 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| Best Supporting Actor – Telugu
| [[Allu Arjun]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress – Telugu
| [[Nithya Menen]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Performance in a Negative Role – Telugu
| [[Vikramjeet Virk]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyricist – Telugu
| [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] for ("Matthagajame")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu
| [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] for ("Aunka Neevena")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu
| rowspan="2"| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] for ("Punnami Puvvai")
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
| 27 July 2016
| Female Vocalist of the Year
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Music Awards 2015 Telugu Nominations |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/nominations-telugu-2015/ |access-date=7 September 2020 |website=Mirchi Music Awards}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Nandi Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Nandi Awards of 2015|14 November 2017]]
| [[Nandi Award for Best Character Actor|Best Character Actor]]
| [[Allu Arjun]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2015 |url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2015.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011114155/https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2015.html |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=7 September 2020 |website=APFTVTDC}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist|Best Female Dubbing Artist]]
| [[Sowmya Sharma]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Santosham Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[14th Santosham Film Awards|14 August 2016]]
| [[Santosham Best Film Award|Best Film]]
| ''Rudhramadevi'' – [[Gunasekhar]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2016 |title=Complete Winners List of Santosham Movie Awards 2016 |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/145927/Complete-Winners-List-of-Santosham-Movie-Awards-2016/ |access-date=7 September 2020 |website=India Herald}}</ref>
|-
| [[Santosham Best Actress Award|Best Actress]]
| [[Anushka Shetty]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7"| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="7"| [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|30 June – 1 July 2016]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
| ''Rudhramadevi'' – [[Gunasekhar]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7"| <ref>{{Cite news |date=27 May 2016 |title=SIIMA 2016 nominations out – here is the list |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/siima-2016-nominations-out-%E2%80%93-here-list-43912 |access-date=7 September 2020 |work=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
| [[Gunasekhar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Allu Arjun]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Critics Choice Best Actor – Telugu
| {{won}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Anushka Shetty]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Critics Choice Best Actress – Telugu
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress – Telugu
| [[Nithya Menen]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

==Legacy==
''Rudhramadevi'' is the first [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film to have its recording in [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]. The garments and jewellery designed for the lead cast are available in NAC Jewellers in [[Chennai]] as Rudhramadevi Collections.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2807410}}
{{Gunasekhar}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2010s action war films]]
[[Category:2015 war films]]
[[Category:2015 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Warangal]]
[[Category:Films set in the 13th century]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:2015 3D films]]
[[Category:History of India in fiction]]
[[Category:History of India on film]]
[[Category:2010s historical action films]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gunasekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian action war films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian war epic films]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Biographical films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films set in ancient India]]
[[Category:Biographical action films]]
[[Category:Historical epic films]]
[[Category:Indian swashbuckler films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:2010s biographical films]]
[[Category:Films set in Warangal]]

Maqbool

2026-03-03T12:05:20Z

Anshuchoudhary28: quick fixed article after review and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|2004 Indian crime drama film directed by Vishal Bhardwaj}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maqbool
| image = Maqbool poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| producer = Bobby Bedi
| screenplay = Vishal Bhardwaj [[Abbas Tyrewala]]
| story = Vishal Bhardwaj Abbas Tyrewala
| based_on = ''[[Macbeth]]'' by [[William Shakespeare]]
| starring = [[Irrfan Khan]] [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] [[Om Puri]] [[Pankaj Kapur]] [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
| music = Vishal Bhardwaj
| cinematography = [[Hemant Chaturvedi]]
| editing = Aarif Sheikh
| distributor = Kaleidoscope Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. [[Yash Raj Films]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Film Distribution Company - Movie Distributors in Theaters|website=[[Yash Raj Films]]|access-date=15 April 2022|url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/divisions/yrf-distribution-india|archive-date=17 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617155157/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/divisions/yrf-distribution-india|url-status=live}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|09|10|Toronto International Film Festival|2004|01|30|India}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Maqbool''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime drama]] film directed by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]], starring [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Pankaj Kapur]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Om Puri]], [[Piyush Mishra]], [[Murali Sharma]], and [[Masumeh Makhija]] in an adaptation of the play ''[[Macbeth]]'' by [[Shakespeare]].

The plot of the film is based on that of ''Macbeth'' with regard to events and characterisation. The film did not perform remarkably at the box office, but won director Vishal Bhardwaj international acclaim. Apart from directing it, he had also composed the background score and songs for the film. Bhardwaj then moved on to adapting [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Othello]]'' in his 2006 film ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'' which won him further critical success. He then directed ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]'' in 2014 adapting ''[[Hamlet]]'', leading to what is now called his ''Shakespeare trilogy''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2015/03/11/vishal-bhardwajs-shakespeare-trilogy-to-be-screened-at-the-new-york-indian-film-festival/|title=Vishal Bhardwaj's Shakespeare trilogy to be screened at the New York Indian Film Festival|date=11 March 2015|access-date=2 November 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107033146/https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2015/03/11/vishal-bhardwajs-shakespeare-trilogy-to-be-screened-at-the-new-york-indian-film-festival/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Interestingly the first letters M, O and H of Maqbool, Omkara and Haider are the same as the first letter of their Shakespearean source. It is intentional -if only to pay tribute to the original source- and not co-incidental.}}

The film had its North American premiere at the 2003 [[Toronto International Film Festival]]. Though the film failed to garner much of an audience during its theatrical run in India, critics were appreciative and considered as a [[Cult film]] over the years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=harperbroadcast |date=2024-05-28 |title=Omkara, Haider & Maqbool: Cult Classics now available as books |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/blog/editors-recommend/omkara-haider-maqbool-cult-classics-now-available-as-books/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=HarperCollins Publishers India Books, Novels, Authors and Reviews}}</ref> [[Pankaj Kapur]] went on to win a [[Filmfare Award]] for Best Actor (Critics) and a [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]. The film was screened in the Marché du Film section of the [[2004 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20040524-bollywood-star-aishwarya-rai-sizzles-at-57th-edition-of-cannes-film-festival-789969-2004-05-23|title=Aishwarya Rais's presence makes up for absence for Indian films in Cannes : SOCIETY & THE ARTS – India Today|date=24 May 2004 |access-date=18 October 2014|archive-date=22 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722095357/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bollywood-star-aishwarya-rai-sizzles-at-57th-edition-of-cannes-film-festival/1/196007.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is based on William Shakespeare's ''Macbeth'', with the Mumbai underworld as its backdrop. Miyan Maqbool ([[Irrfan Khan]]) is the right-hand man of Jahangir Khan (alias Abba Ji) ([[Pankaj Kapur]]), a powerful [[Indian mafia|underworld don]]. Maqbool is grateful and feels a close connection and personal indebtedness to Abba Ji. Seeing their close relationship but also sensing Maqbool's ambition, two corrupt policemen ([[Om Puri]] and [[Naseeruddin Shah]]) predict that Maqbool will soon take over the reins of the [[Mumbai Underworld]] from Abba Ji.

Nimmi ([[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]) is Abba Ji's mistress, but she and Maqbool are secretly in love. Nimmi encourages Maqbool's ambitions and persuades him to kill Abba Ji to take over as Don. Maqbool is torn between his love for Nimmi and his loyalty to Abba Ji, but he begins to prepare the ground for becoming a Don by ensuring that others in the line of succession cannot interfere. Finally, Maqbool murders Abba Ji in cold blood while he is in bed at night, with Nimmi next to him. Maqbool gets away with the murder and takes over as Don, just as planned, but both he and Nimmi are haunted by guilt, seeing Abba Ji's ghost and unable to wash the blood from their hands. There is also suspicion, within the gang, of Maqbool's role in the death of Abba Ji, and eventually the lovers meet a tragic end.

In addition to the portrayals of the three tragic heroes, the film offers performances by supporting cast members, in particular [[Om Puri]] and [[Naseeruddin Shah]]. The two open the film in their roles as black comic relief corrupt police inspectors-cum-astrologers, predicting the fall of Abba Ji—who has them on his payroll—and the rise and fall of Maqbool. Contrary to the original play, the corrupt cops are not just passive soothsayers. In an effort to sustain what they refer to as "balancing forces," they are also actively involved in shaping events, like aiding in providing information to Abba Ji's enforcers to wipe out a rival gang, using subtle nuances in coercing Maqbool to shift loyalties, deliberately botching an "encounter" attempt on Riyaz Boti (Macduff) and subsequently setting up an alliance between a rival politician (the incumbent one was backed by Abba Ji) and a fleeing Guddu (Fleance) and Riyaz Boti against Maqbool.

== Cast ==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Actor
!Character in the film
!Character in the play
|-
| [[Irrfan Khan]]
| Miyan Maqbool
| [[Macbeth (character)|Macbeth]]
|-
| [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
| Nimmi
| [[Lady Macbeth]]
|-
| [[Pankaj Kapur]]
| Jahangir Khan (Abbaji)
| [[Duncan I of Scotland]]
|-
| [[Om Puri]]
| Inspector Rajkumar Pandit
| [[Witch]] ([[Three Witches|Weird Sisters]])
|-
| [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
| Inspector R.S. Purohit
| [[Witch]] ([[Three Witches|Weird Sisters]])
|-
| [[Piyush Mishra]]
| Kaka
| [[Banquo]]
|-
| [[Ankur Vikal]]
| Riyaz Boti
| [[Macduff (thane)|Macduff]]
|-
| Ajay Gehi
| Guddu
| [[Fleance]]
|-
| [[Masumeh Makhija]]
| Sameera, Abbaji's daughter
|[[Malcolm (Macbeth)|Malcolm]]

|-
| [[Shammi Narang]]
| Vikas Bhosle
|
|-
| Pubali Sanyal
| Riyaz Boti's wife
| [[Lady Macduff]]
|-
| Master Raj
| Riyaz Boti's son
| [[Macduff's son]]
|-
| Gyanchand Rikhi
| Mughal
| Macdonwald
|-
|Manav Kaushik
|Asif
|Cawdor
|-
|[[Murali Sharma]]
|D.C.P. Davsare
|
|-
|Vinod Nahardri
|Chinna
|
|-
|[[Abbas Tyrewala]]
|Sadiq Chikna
|
|-
|[[Deepak Dobriyal]]
|Thapa
|
|-
|Firdaus Irani
|Usmaan
|
|-
|[[Vivek Mishra]]
|Tawde
|
|-
|Mohini Mathur
|Badi bi
|
|-
|Jaywant Wadkar
|Palekar
|
|-
|Jitendra Shrimali
|Palekar's P.A.
|
|-
|[[Shweta Menon]]
|Mohini Prasad
|
|-
|Bhupinder Sharma
|Mohini's secretary
|
|-
|Ramratan Sen
|Ahmed
|
|-
|Shankar Nihati
|Kaka's murderer
|
|-
|[[Dibyendu Bhattacharya]]
|Chinna's killer
|
|-
|Nadeem Khan (actor)|Nadeem Khan
|Badi bi's killer
|
|-
|Richa Nayer
|Doctor
|
|-
|Sanjay Bhutiyani
|Custom Officer
|
|-
|[[Dayashankar Pandey]]
|Masterji
|
|}

== Production ==
[[Irrfan Khan]] was selected to portray the lead role after attempts to sign [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Kay Kay Menon]] failed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chhabra |first=Aseem |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-irrfan-khan-landed-role-of-maqbool/411201/ |title=Irrfan Khan landed the role of Maqbool after Naseeruddin Shah vetoed Kamal Haasan |work=[[ThePrint]] |access-date=30 April 2020 |url-status=live |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145109/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-irrfan-khan-landed-role-of-maqbool/411201/ }}</ref> In 2023, Vishal Bhardwaj revealed that the team had reached advanced discussions with Kamal Haasan, but the actor wanted the film to be a bilingual shot in Tamil and Hindi, with separate actors brought in for the Tamil version. Vishal Bharadwaj was unwilling to compromise on making the film just in Hindi, with Naseeruddin Shah also noting his reluctance to work with Kamal Haasan.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vishal-bhardwaj-rumour-naseeruddin-shah-refused-to-do-maqbool-if-kamal-haasan-starred-in-it-8994711/ | title=Vishal Bhardwaj addresses rumour that Naseeruddin Shah refused to do Maqbool if Kamal Haasan starred in it: 'Tum soch lo' | date=22 October 2023 }}</ref>

==Reception==
''Maqbool'' received universal critical acclaim. ''Rediff'' described the film as "a visual gallery that is an intelligent blend of dark, tragic overtones and comic, satirical undertones".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/jan/30maqbool.htm|title=Watch Maqbool. It is class!|date=30 January 2004|work=Rediff|access-date=25 June 2007|archive-date=21 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021040444/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/jan/30maqbool.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Variety'' wrote that while the visuals are great, audiences might need an understanding of Macbeth to fully enjoy the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117922283.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&p=0|title=Maqbool|date=29 October 2003|work=Variety|access-date=20 April 2020|archive-date=31 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731142313/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117922283.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&p=0|url-status=live}}</ref> ''India Today'' described it as a "haunting operatic tragedy".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20040216-movie-review-of-vishal-bharadwaj-maqbool-790685-2004-02-15|title=Movie review: Vishal Bharadwaj's Maqbool, starring Irrfan Khan, Tabu : YOUR WEEK – India Today|date=16 February 2004 |access-date=8 July 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714130021/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/movie-review-of-vishal-bharadwaj-maqbool/1/196725.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Outlook'' said that it "effectively transported the essence of the story to the milieu of the Bombay underworld of our times".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Maqbool/222895|title=Maqbool – Madhu Jain|access-date=8 July 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222905/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Maqbool/222895|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Deccan Herald'' described the film as "Brooding, tragic and brilliant. 'Maqbool' with its {{sic|sat|rical}} undertones is cinema at its best".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/feb012004/mr2.asp|title=Maqbool|work=Deccan Herald|date=1 February 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409132632/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/feb012004/mr2.asp|archive-date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Maqbool
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| cover =
| released = 2004
| recorded = Nirvana Studio
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Music Today
| producer =
}}

The soundtrack features eleven songs composed by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] with lyrics by [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]].

{{track listing
| title1 = Ru-Ba-Ru
| note1 = performed by [[Daler Mehndi]], Rakesh Pandit, Sabir Khan, Dominique
| length1 = 5:53
| title2 = Jhin Min Jhini
| note2 = performed by [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Ustad Sultan Khan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]], Rakesh Pandit
| length2 = 5:32
| title3 = Rone Do
| note3 = performed by [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
| length3 = 5:02
| title4 = Dheemo Re
| note4 = performed by [[Ustad Sultan Khan]]
| length4 = 3:18
| title5 = Maqbool Theme
| note5 = [[instrumental]]
| length5 = 1:34
| title6 = Rukhe Naina
| note6 = performed by [[Sanjeev Abhyankar]]
| length6 = 5:14
| title7 = Chingari
| note7 = performed by [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
| length7 = 4:26
| title8 = Rin Din Din
| note8 = instrumental
| length8 = 1:36
| title9 = Nirvana
| note9 = instrumental
| length9 = 1:53
| title10 = Shoonya
| note10 = instrumental
| length10 = 1:58
| title11 = Jhin Min Jhini (extended)
| note11 = performed by [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Ustad Sultan Khan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]], Rakesh Pandit
| length11 = 6:24
}}

== Further reading ==
Mendes, AC. “[[doi:10.1075/fillm.9.10men|Transculturating Shakespeare: Vishal Bhardwaj’s Mumbai Macbeth]]”, Casie Hermansson and Janet Zepernick (eds.), ''Where is Adaptation? Mapping cultures, texts, and contexts''. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 165–180. {{ISBN|9789027201492}}

==Footnotes==
{{notelist|1}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0379370|Maqbool}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|maqbool}}
* [http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/jan/30maqbool.htm Review at Rediff.com]
* [https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117922283.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&p=0 Review at Variety.com]
* [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/imdb/reviews/article_display.jsp?rid=1984464&vnu_special_account_code=thrsiteimdbpro The Hollywood Reporter review]

{{Vishal Bhardwaj}}
{{Macbeth}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maqbool (film)}}
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2004 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2000s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Macbeth]]
[[Category:Modern adaptations of works by William Shakespeare]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vishal Bhardwaj]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor National Film Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Bhardwaj]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Yash Raj Films]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]

Lal

2026-02-23T17:04:14Z

Anshuchoudhary28: minor edit

{{Other uses}}
'''Lal''' ({{langx|fa|لعل}}, {{langx|hi|लाल}}, {{langx|bn|লাল}}, {{langx|ur|{{nq|لال}}}}, {{langx|ps|Lāl}}) is an [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] surname and given name, which means "darling", "precious", or "beloved", from the [[Sanskrit]] ''lala'' ("cajoling").<ref name="DAFN">''Dictionary of American Family Names''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FJoDDAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA382 Family History"], Oxford University Press, 2013. Retrieved on 19 January 2016.</ref> In addition, Lal means "[[garnet]]" or "[[ruby]]" in [[Persian language|Persian]], "ruby" in [[Pashto language|Pashto]], and "red" in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="DAFN" /> The name Lal may refer to mainly [[Kayastha]] as well as used by other communities: {{cn|date=May 2022}}

==Surname==
'''Lal '''is a surname related to honorific title Lal,<ref>{{cite web | title = Lal Name Meaning & Lal Family History |publisher= Ancestry.com | url = http://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=lal | accessdate = 2014-06-25 }}</ref> and is found among various social groups and [[caste]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lal| url = http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/180426/282968_en.html|publisher= Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada| accessdate = 2014-06-25 }}</ref> The surname is also common in the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]].{{cn|date=May 2020}}

===Notable people===
*[[Akash Lal]] (born 1940), Indian cricketer
*[[Amrit Lal (1940s Southern Punjab cricketer)]]
*[[Amrit Lal (1960s Southern Punjab cricketer)]]
*[[Ananda Lal]] (born 1955), Indian theatre critic
*[[Arun Lal]] (born 1955), Indian cricketer
*[[B. B. Lal (archaeologist)|B. B. Lal]] (1921–2022), Indian archaeologist
*[[Bansi Lal]] (1927–2006), Indian politician and two-time chief minister of Haryana
*[[Bhai Nand Lal]] (1633–1713), Persian poet
*[[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]] (1930–2011), Indian politician
*[[Bihari Lal]] (1595–1663), Indian poet
*[[Brij Lal]], Indo-Fijian politician
*[[Brij Lal (historian)]] (born 1952), Fijian historian
*[[Chatur Lal]] (1925–1965), Indian tabla player
*[[Chaudhary Devi Lal]] (1909–2001), Indian politician who twice served as Chief Minister of Haryana
*[[Chuni Lal]] (1968 - 2007) Indian Army soldier
*[[Deepak Lal]] (born 1940), British economist
*[[Durga Lal]] (1948 - 1990), Indian Kathak dancer
*[[Gobind Behari Lal]] (1889–1982), Indian journalist
*[[Jean Paul Lal]] (born 1988), Malayalam film director
*[[Kishan Lal]] (1917 – 1980), Indian field hockey player
*[[K. S. Lal]] (1920–2002), Indian historian
*[[Lallu Lal]] (1763–1835), Indian writer
*[[Madan Lal]] (born 1951), Indian cricket player and coach
*[[Mohanlal]] (born 1960), Indian Actor
*[[Nidhin Lal]] (born 1991), Indian footballer
*[[Padma Narsey Lal]] (born 1951), Fijian ecological economist
*[[Pancham Lal]] (born 1951), Indian Administrative Service officer
*[[Pratap Chandra Lal]] (1916–1982), Indian air marshal
*[[Prerna Lal]] (born 1984), Fijian writer
*[[Priyaa Lal]] (born 1993), British Indian actress
*[[Purshotam Lal]] (born 1954), Indian cardiologist
*[[Purushottama Lal]] (1929–2010), Indian writer
*[[Sanjay Lal]] (born 1969), American football coach
*[[Shaneel Lal]] (born 2000), Fijian-New Zealand activist
*[[Siddhartha Lal]] (born 1973), Indian businessman
*[[Sunder Lal]], Indian freedom fighter
*[[Vikram Lal]] (born 1942), Indian businessman
*[[Vinay Lal]] (born 1961), Indian historian

==Given name==
*[[Lal Behari Dey]] (1824–1892), Indian journalist
*[[Lal Jayawardena]] (1935–2004), Sri Lankan economist
*[[Lal Jose]] (born 1966), Indian filmmaker
*[[Lal Khan]] (born 1956), Pakistani political activist
*[[Lal Krishna Advani]] (born 1927), Indian politician
*[[Abdul Kader Mia|Lal Mia]] (died 1960), Bengali politician
*[[Lal Muhammad Khan]], Pakistani politician
*[[Lal Thanhawla]] (born 1942), Indian politician
*[[Lal Thanzara]], Indian politician
*[[Lal Wickrematunge]] (born 1950), Sri Lankan businessman

==See also==
* [[Lal (disambiguation)]]
* [[Lalu (disambiguation) ]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{given name|type=both}}

[[Category:Indian given names]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]

Mumbai–Chennai Mail

2026-02-22T16:38:56Z

Anshuchoudhary28: further corrected structure to improve readability and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus – Chennai Egmore Superfast Fast mail Express
| image= 11042 Chennai Central Mumbai CSMT Express - Train Board.jpg
| caption = Mumbai Mail
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1871|03|15}}
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| start = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] (CSMT)
| stops = 34 as ''22157'', 31 as ''22158''
| end = {{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}} (MS)
| distance = {{convert|1289|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 23 hours 23 minutes as 22157 Mumbai–Chennai Mail, 23 hours 5 minutes as 22158 Chennai–Mumbai Mail
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = E-Catering available At CSMT; and every other station from Kalaburagi
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities= Bedroll given In AC Coaches
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el = 100%
| trainnumber = 22157 / 22158
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} including halts.
| map = [[File:Mumbai-Chennai Express Trains Route map.jpg|thumb|300px|Mumbai–Chennai Express/Mail Train Route map]]
| map_state =
}}

'''The 22157 / 22158 Mumbai CSMT – Chennai Egmore Superfast Mail''' is a train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Central Railway zone]] that runs between [[Mumbai CSMT|Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] & {{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}} in India. It was earlier known as '''Bombay–Madras Mail'''.

It operates as train number 22157 from Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus to Chennai Egmore and as train number 22158 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Tamil Nadu]].

==History==

The Mumbai-Chennai Mail service started on March 15, 1871 as Bombay-Madras Mail. Until 1997, this train used to cover {{convert|1284|km|mi}} in 30 hours 00 mins
via [[Renigunta]] -[[Guntakal]] line at an average speed of {{convert|42.80|km/h|0|abbr=on}} . After [[Guntakal]] - [[Bangalore]] Line was converted to [[Broad Gauge]] in 1997, the train was diverted to run via [[Bangalore]], having a reversal there & covering {{convert|1507|km|mi}} in 30 hours, running at an average speed of {{convert|50|km/h|0|abbr=on}} . In 2002, the route was reverted back to the [[Renigunta]] -[[Guntakal]] line. Journey took 28 hours 30 mins at an average speed of {{convert|45|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. Finally in 2019, Mumbai-Chennai Mail was upgraded to [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] express, drastically reducing journey time to 23 hrs 30 mins at average speed of {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.
As part of Indian Railways’ ongoing rolling stock modernization programme, the train was equipped with [[LHB coaches]] for the first time on 14 January 2025, replacing the long used [[ICF coaches]]. This marked a major milestone in the train’s history, bringing enhanced safety, improved ride quality, and compatibility with higher operational speeds, while continuing its legacy as a historic Mail service.

== Coach composition==

'''The train consists of:'''
* 2 AC Two Tier
* 3 AC Three Tier coaches
* 5 Sleeper Class
* 4 General Unreserved
* 1 Sitting cum Luggage Rake
* 1 End-On-Generation, Brake Cum Luggage Car

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | Loco
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 1
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 16
|-
| [[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] || SLR || GS || GS || S5 || S4 || S3 || S2 || S1 || B3 || B2 || B1 || A1 || A2 || GS || GS || EOG
|}

== Service ==

The 22157 Mumbai CSMT–Chennai Egmore Mail covers the distance of {{convert|1289|km|0|abbr=on}} in 23 hours 23 mins (55 km/h) and in 23 hours 15 mins as 22158 Chennai Egmore–Mumbai CSMT Mail (55 km/h).

== Route ==

The 22157 / 22158 Mumbai CSMT–Chennai Egmore Mail runs from [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] (CSMT) via {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Karjat}}, {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Daund Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Solapur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kalaburagi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Wadi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Adoni}}, {{stnlnk|Guntakal Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Gooty Junction}}, [[Yerraguntla Junction railway station|Yerraguntla Junction]], {{stnlnk|Kadapa}}, {{stnlnk|Renigunta Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Arakkonam Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Perambur}} to {{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}}.

== Traction==
As the entire Chennai-Mumbai line is electrified, this train is hauled end to end by a Royapuram-based WAP-7.

== Operation ==

It runs on a daily basis.

==Rake sharing==

It shares its rakes with 22153/22154 Chennai Egmore-Salem Superfast Express.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
11042 Chennai Central Mumbai CSMT Express - AC 2 tier coach.jpg|''11042 Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station–Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Express'' – [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]] coach
11042 Chennai Central Mumbai CSMT Express - AC 3 tier coach.jpg|''11042 Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central railway station–Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Express'' – [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]] coach
Mumbai Chennai Mail - Sleeper Class coach.jpg|''Mumbai CSMT – MGR Chennai Central Mail'' – [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]] coach
11042 Chennai Central Mumbai CSMT Express - Pantry Car coach.jpg|''11042 Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central railway station–Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Express'' – [[Dining car|Pantry]] coach
11042 Chennai Central Mumbai CSMT Express about to be shunted off to the marshalling yard.jpg|''11042 Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central railway station–Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Express'' about to be shunted off to the [[Classification yard|marshalling yard]]
</gallery>

* [[Dedicated Intercity trains of India]]
* [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Chennai Central Weekly Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOUqT354hkY|title=11027 Mumbai-Chennai Mail crossing Udyan at Boroti – YouTube|date=17 April 2011 |via=YouTube|accessdate=2014-08-11}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xtyXh2-WBMA|title=Chennai Mail Crossing Udyan Express – YouTube|date=22 July 2011 |via=YouTube|accessdate=2014-08-11}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=1415&id=0,4,268|title=Southern Railway Welcomes You|publisher=sr.indianrailways.gov.in|accessdate=2014-08-11}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-five-stops-to-chennai-in-less-than-20-hours-1246709|title=Five stops to Chennai in less than 20 hours & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|work=Daily News and Analysis|accessdate=2014-08-11|date=2009-04-09}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.trainspnrstatus.com/runningstatus/11027-csmt-mas-mail Mumbai Chennai Mail]
* [https://www.trainspnrstatus.com/runningstatus/11028-mas-csmt-mumbai-mail Chennai Mumbai Mail]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate= 8 April 2014 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-04-05}}

{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai-Chennai Mail}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mail trains in India]]

Kaunke Kalan

2026-02-21T15:54:03Z

Anshuchoudhary28:

{{Short description|Village in Punjab, India}}

{{more references|date=February 2026}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}

[[File:Kaunke Kalan village in Jagraon tehsil of Ludhiana district, Survey of India geographical block-map for 44 N NW Ferozepore (1921) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Kaunke Kalan village in Jagraon tehsil of Ludhiana district, Survey of India geographical block-map for 44 N NW Ferozepore (1921)]]
'''Kaunke Kalan''', also spelt as '''Kaonke Kalan''', also known simply as '''Kaunke''' or '''Kaonke''', is a village in the [[Jagraon]] region of western [[Ludhiana district]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]].<ref>PUNJAB. SERIES-04. PART XII-B. DISTRICT ''CENSUS'' HANDBOOK. ''LUDHIANA''. 2011.</ref> It is located 7 km southwest of Jagraon town.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Gurmukh |title=KĀOṄKE |url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/KAONKE.HTML |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Version) |publisher=Punjabi University |publication-place=Patiala}}</ref>

== History ==
The village was visited by [[Guru Hargobind]] in 1631–32, who headed to Mahron village afterwards<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Gurmukh |title=MAHROṄ |url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/MAHRON.HTML |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Version |publisher=Punjabi University |publication-place=Patiala}}</ref>, with a shrine called Gurdwārā Gurūsar commemorating the guru's stay in the northwest area of the village's boundary.<ref name=":0" /> The shrine was renovated in 1912 and 1955.<ref name=":0" /> The 1912 renovation was assisted by Mai Kishan Kaur (1860–1952). During the [[Akali movement|Jaito agitation]] of 1923–24, police interrupted an akhand path happening at Gurdwara Gurusar and prevented those inside the shrine from leaving. A Sikh ''[[jatha]]'' dispatched from the nearby village of [[Rode, Moga|Rode]] led by Dullā Siṅgh and Suchchā Siṅgh, known as the ''Durli Jatha'', managed to bring supplies to those stuck inside.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giānī |first=Gurcharan Singh |title=KISHAN KAUR, MĀĪ (1860-1952) |url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/KISHAN%20KAUR%20MAI%20(1860-1952).HTML |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Version) |publisher=Punjabi University |publication-place=Patiala}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{coord|30|45|55|N|75|24|56|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Ludhiana district]]
{{improve categories|date=June 2025}}

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

National Highway 335 (India)

2026-02-19T06:00:49Z

Anshuchoudhary28: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{infobox road
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route= 335
|map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|title=National Highway 335|zoom=8|text= Map of National Highway '''335''' in red}}
|map_custom = yes
|length_km=110
|direction=
|direction_a=
|terminus_a= [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]]
|destinations= [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]], [[Raebareli]], [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]]
|direction_b=
|terminus_b= [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]]
|junction=
|states= [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 35
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 35 
| next_route = 31 
}}

'''National Highway 335''' ('''NH 335''') is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in India.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Highways in India}}
{{IND NH35 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]

Khurana, India

2026-02-18T00:50:21Z

Anshuchoudhary28: New new post.

{{Other uses|Khurana (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khurana
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sangrur district|Sangrur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi (Gurmukhi)]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sangrur]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Khurana''' is a village in the [[Sangrur district]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://offerings.nic.in/directory/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=15916|title=Khurana|author=|date=|work=|publisher=www.offerings.nic.in|accessdate=25 March 2012|archive-date=3 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003040036/http://offerings.nic.in/directory/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=15916|url-status=dead}}</ref> of [[Punjab, India]]. It's located seven kilometers east of [[Sangrur]] city, on the [[Sangrur]]-[[Patiala]] road. [[Guru Hargobind]], the sixth Guru of [[Sikhism]], visited the village during his travels in 1616 CE coming from Akoī and stayed sometime close to the village pond, southeast of the village where a [[gurdwara]] Gurdwara Sahib Patshahi Chhevin now marks the site as a testimony to the visit.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|30|15|N|75|54|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}
{{Sangrur district}}

[[Category:Sangrur district]]
[[Category:Villages in Sangrur district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Maqbool Bhat

2026-02-10T18:14:22Z

Anshuchoudhary28: revised

{{Short description|Kashmiri seperatist leader}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Muhammad Maqbool Bhat محمد مقبول بھٹ
| image = MaqboolBhat.jpg
| alt =
| birth_name = Muhammad Maqbool Bhat
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1938|2|18}}
| birth_place = [[Trehgam]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1984|2|11|1938|2|18}}
| death_place = [[Tihar Jail]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| death_cause = [[Hanging]]<ref>
{{cite news |title=The long, deadly trek to Sunjuwan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/attackers-crossed-loc-in-aug-govt/article22746815.ece |accessdate=23 February 2018 |agency=The Hindu |date=14 February 2018}}
</ref>
| education = [[St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Baramulla|SJS Baramulla]]
| other_names =
| organization = [[National Liberation Front (Jammu Kashmir)|NLF]] & [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front|JKLF]]
| known_for = [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmiri separatism]]
}}

'''Maqbool Bhat''' (18 February 1938 – 11 February 1984)<ref name="Bilal Handoo">
{{cite news |last=Handoo |first=Bilal |title=What fuelled Kashmir's Maqbool Butt |newspaper=Free Press Kashmir |date=11 February 2018 |url=https://freepresskashmir.com/2018/02/11/what-fuelled-kashmirs-maqbool-butt/}}
</ref> was a Kashmiri separatist, who founded the [[National Liberation Front (Jammu Kashmir)|National Liberation Front]] (NLF), which was a precursor to the present day [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]] (JKLF). He is called the “Father of the Nation of Kashmir (Baba-e-Qaum)” by the locals.<ref name=Reuter2011>
{{cite news |last=Mushtaq |first=Sheikh |title=Kashmir seeks return of hanged separatist leader's remains |newspaper=Reuters |date=11 February 2011 |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2011/02/11/kashmir-seeks-return-of-hanged-separatist-leaders-remains/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011143429/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2011/02/11/kashmir-seeks-return-of-hanged-separatist-leaders-remains/ |archive-date=11 October 2019 }}
</ref>{{efn|The [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]] was founded in Birmingham, UK in 1977, where Maqbool Bhat was clearly not present. But it was an ideological successor to the National Liberation Front and, so, sometimes identified with it. The NLF was also referred to as "Kashmir National Liberation Front" {{harv|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=194}} and the JKLF was often called "Kashmir Liberation Front".<ref>
Zafar Meraj, Inderjit Badhwar, [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19890430-discontent-brewing-in-kashmir-for-two-years-again-finds-expression-in-violence-816036-1989-04-30 Discontent brewing in Kashmir for two years again finds expression in violence], India Today, 30 April 1989.
</ref> In any case, Maqbool Bhat is often regarded as a co-founder of the JKLF.}} He was arrested and sentenced to a double death sentence. He was executed by hanging on 11 February, 1984 in [[Tihar Jail]] in [[Delhi]].

==Early life==
Muhammad Maqbool Bhat was born on 18 February 1938 in the [[Trehgam]] in the [[Kashmir Valley]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir and Jammu]] in [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India) into a [[Kashmiri Muslim]] family. His father was called Ghulam Qadir Bhat. His mother died when Maqbool was 11 years old, and his father remarried.{{sfnp|Bhat, Social Background and Political Ideology|2015|loc=Sec. 1}}

After studying locally, Bhat studied at the [[St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Baramulla|St. Joseph's School and College]] in [[Baramulla]], where he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in [[History]] and [[Political Science]] around 1957.{{sfnp|Bhat, Social Background and Political Ideology|2015|loc=Sec. 1}}

==Political career==
[[File:Bhat hq.jpg|right|thumb|Maqbool Bhat (left) and [[Hashim Qureshi]] (center)]]

The feudal system under the princely state and the politics of [[Sheikh Abdullah]] after independence shaped Bhat's political views. During the college days, he was involved with the student activities of the [[Plebiscite Front]] (founded by [[Mirza Afzal Beg]] when Sheikh Abdullah was in prison for canvassing for independence). In December 1957, Sheikh Abdullah was released, leading to agitations. He was rearrested in April 1958. The student activists of the Plebiscite Front were also targeted at this time, causing Maqbool Bhat to leave for Pakistan in August 1958.{{sfnp|Bhat, Social Background and Political Ideology|2015|loc=Sec. 2}}

Bhat joined the [[Peshawar University]], studying for an MA Urdu Literature in [[Peshawar|Peshawar, Pakistan]] He worked for some time as a journalist for the local newspaper ''Anjaam''.{{sfnp|Bhat, Social Background and Political Ideology|2015|loc=Sec. 2}} In 1961, Bhat contested in the 'Basic Democracy' elections introduced by President Ayub Khan's military regime, and won the [[Kashmiri diaspora]] seat from Peshawar.{{sfnp|Bhat, Social Background and Political Ideology|2015|loc=Sec. 2}} The elected government of [[K. H. Khurshid]] lasted till 1964, when Pakistan forced its resignation.

In April 1965, the [[Azad Kashmir Plebiscite Front]] was formed in [[Muzaffarabad]] at the initiative of [[Abdul Khaliq Ansari]], its president, and [[Amanullah Khan (JKLF)|Amanullah Khan]], its general secretary. Maqbool Bhat was appointed as the publicity secretary, owing to his journalistic background.{{sfnp|Bhat, Social Background and Political Ideology|2015|loc=Sec. 2}}<ref name="Rehman">
Shams Rehman, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160508140229/http://thekashmirwalla.com/2016/05/remembering-amanullah-khan/ Remembering Amanullah Khan]}}, The Kashmir Walla, 7 May 2016.
</ref><ref name="Ansari obit.">
[http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/abdul-khaliq-ansari-passes-away/149015.html Abdul Khaliq Ansari passes away], Greater Kashmir, 17 June 2013.
</ref> Journalist Arif Jamal states that, the participants drove to an unguarded location of the Kashmir [[Line of Control]] at [[Suchetgarh, Jammu and Kashmir|Suchetgarh]] and, bringing back soil from the Indian-held Kashmir, took an oath that they would work exclusively for the liberation of Jammu and Kashmir.{{sfn|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|pp=87-88}}

Amanullah Khan and Maqbool Bhat also wanted to set up an armed wing for the Plebiscite Front, but the proposal did not get the majority support in the Plebiscite Front. Undeterred, they established an underground group called [[National Liberation Front (Jammu Kashmir)|National Liberation Front]] (NLF), obtaining some support for it in August 1965. The group was fashioned after the Algerian ''[[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|Front de Libération Nationale]]''. Major Amanullah, a former soldier in the Azad Kashmir forces, was in charge of the armed wing while Amanullah Khan and Mir Abdul Qayoom took charge of the political and financial wings. Maqbool Bhat was made responsible for the overall coordination. All the members swore in blood that they would be ready to sacrifice their lives for the objective of the NLF, ''viz''., to create conditions in Jammu and Kashmir that enable its people to demand self-determination. The organisation was successful in recruiting members from Azad Kashmir, and obtained backing from the bureaucracy of the state.<ref name=Rehman/>{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=104, 107}}{{sfn|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|pp=88-89}}

== Militancy ==
=== First reentry ===
For ten months, The NLF recruited and trained a cadre of militants in the use of explosives and small arms. On 10 June 1966, two groups of NLF crossed into Jammu and Kashmir. The first group consisting of Maqbool Bhat, a student from Gilgit called Tahir Aurangzeb, an immigrant from Jammu called Mir Ahmad,{{efn|The name also appears as "Amir Ahmad" in some places.}} and a retired subedar called Kala Khan, went around the cities to find recruit and set up secret cells.{{sfnp|Bhat, Social Background and Political Ideology|2015|loc=Sec. 2}} The second group, under Major Amanullah, trained the recruit in sabotage activities in the forests of [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]]. However, in September 1966, Bhat's group was compromised near Srinagar. The group kidnapped a CID police inspector called Amar Chand as a hostage and, when he tried to escape, shot and killed him. The police mounted a search and zeroed in on them, leading to an exchange of fire in the Kunial village near [[Handwara]]. A member of Bhat's group, Kala Khan, was killed. Bhat and Mir Ahmad were captured and tried for sabotage and murder, receiving death sentences from a [[Srinagar]] court in September 1968.{{efn|Gh. Rasool Bhat states that Kala Khan received a life sentence in the trial. But other sources state that he was killed during the shoot out.}} Major Amanullah's wing waiting to receive the volunteers at the Line of Control retreated, but it was arrested by the Pakistan Army.{{sfnp|Bhat, Social Background and Political Ideology|2015|loc=Sec. 2}}{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=104–105}}{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|pp=114-115}}{{sfn|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|pp=88-89}}

Maqbool Bhat's arrest brought the group's activities into the open, and sharply divided the Plebiscite Front. Nevertheless, they declared it an unconstitutional body and "banned" it. Meanwhile, Maqbool Bhat and Mir Ahmad escaped from the Indian prison in December 1968, along with another inmate Ghulam Yasin, tunneling their way out of the prison complex. They returned to Azad Kashmir in January 1969, creating a sensation in the militant circles. Their standing increased within the community, forcing the Plebiscite Front to abandon its opposition. However, the NLF's failed operations in Jammu and Kashmir put at risk all its sympathisers in the state, many of whom were arrested.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=115}}{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=107-108}}{{sfn|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|pp=90-91}}

Their escape from an Indian prison was viewed with suspicion by Pakistan. Bhat and his colleagues were detained and brutally interrogated for several months.<ref name="Ansari 1971">
[http://jkdlp.org/?p=271 Statement of Advocate Abdul Khaliq Ansari before ‘Azad Kashmir" High Court in 1971], Jammu Kashmir Democratic Liberation Party, 8 June 2015.
</ref> Long after their release, Bhat was still suspected of being a double agent. Pakistan extended little support to the other Indian youth that crossed over into Azad Kashmir for arms and training. [[Praveen Swami]] suggests that, as Pakistan was waging a covert war through its own network in Jammu and Kashmir, it did not want those official operations jeopardised by the amateur operators of the NLF.{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=108-109}}

===Ganga hijacking===
[[Hashim Qureshi]], a [[Srinagar]] resident who went to [[Peshawar]] on family business in 1969, met Maqbool Bhat and got inducted into the NLF. He was given an ideological education and lessons in guerrilla tactics in [[Rawalpindi]]. In order to draw the world's attention to the Kashmiri independence movement, the group planned an airline hijacking fashioned after the [[Dawson's Field hijackings]] by the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]. Hashim Qureshi, along with his cousin Ashraf Qureshi, was ordered to execute one. A former Pakistani air force pilot Jamshed Manto trained him for the task. However, Qureshi was arrested by the Indian [[Border Security Force]] when he tried to reenter into [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir, India]] via [[Line of Control|LoC]] with arms and equipment. He negotiated his way out by claiming to help find other conspirators that were allegedly in the Indian territory, sought an appointment in the Border Security Force to provide such help. Maqbool Bhat sent Qureshi replacement equipment for the hijacking, but it fell into the hands of a double agent, who then turned it over to the Indian authorities. Undeterred, the Qureshis made look-alike explosives out of wood and hijacked an [[Indian Airlines]] plane called Ganga on 30 January 1971.{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=112-113}}{{sfn|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=92-93}}

The hijackers landed the plane at [[Lahore]] and demanded the release of 36 NLF prisoners lodged in Indian jails. However, they succumbed to pressure from the airport authorities and ended up releasing all the passengers and the crew. Years later, Ashraf Qureshi admitted that they were naive and didn't realise that "the passengers were more important than the actual plane." Pakistan's Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Bhutto]] showed up at the airport and paid a handsome tribute to the hijackers. Indian Government then refused to carry out the demands. The plane lay on the tarmac for eighty hours, during which the Pakistani security personnel thoroughly searched the air plane and removed papers and postal bags they found in it. Eventually, upon the advice of the authorities, Hashim Qureshi burnt the plane down.{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=112-113}}{{sfn|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=94-95}}

For some time, the Qureshis were lauded as heroes. After India reacted by banning overflight of Pakistani planes over India, the Pakistani authorities claimed that the hijack was staged by India, and arrested the hijackers and all their collaborators. A one-man investigation committee headed by Justice Noorul Arifeen declared the hijacking to be an Indian conspiracy, citing Qureshi's appointment in the Border Security Force. In addition to the hijackers, Maqbool Bhat and 150 other NLF fighters were arrested. Seven people were eventually brought to trial (the rest being held without charges). The High Court acquitted them of treason charges. Hashim Qureshi alone was sentenced to seven years in prison. Ironically, Ashraf Qureshi was released even though he was an equal participant in the hijacking. This is said to have been a deal made by [[ Zulfikar Bhutto ]], by now the President of Pakistan, who declared that he would convict one hijacker but release the other.{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=112-113}}{{sfn|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=96-97}}

Amanullah Khan was also imprisoned for 15 months in a Gilgit prison during 1970-72, accused of being an Indian agent. He was released after protests broke out in Gilgit. Thirteen of his colleagues were sentenced to 14 years in prison, but released after a year.<ref name=Catch>
[http://www.catchnews.com/politics-news/in-amanullah-khan-s-death-kashmiri-separatism-lost-its-champion-1461747721.html In Amanullah Khan's death Kashmiri separatism lost its champion], Catch News, 27 April 2016.
</ref> According to Hashim Qureshi, 400 activists of the Plebiscite Front and NLF were arrested in Pakistan after the Ganga hijacking.<ref name="Ansari obit."/> Abdul Khaliq Ansari, who was arrested and tortured, testified in the [[High Court of Azad Kashmir|High Court]] that the Ganga hijacking had emboldened the people to question the corrupt practices of the Azad Kashmir leaders and, in reaction, the government arrested them and forced them to confess to being Indian agents.<ref name="Ansari 1971"/>

=== Second reentry ===
Further attempts by the NLF to infiltrate into [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir, India]] also met with failure. The organisation did not have enough funds and infrastructure, or support from other sources, to make an impact inside India.{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=108-109}}

In May 1976, Maqbool Bhat reentered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]. He was encouraged by the student protests against the [[1974 Indira-Sheikh accord]], by which [[Sheikh Abdullah]] surrendered his demand and joined Indian system. Bhat attempted to rob a bank in [[Kupwara]]. A bank employee was killed in the course of the robbery. Bhat was rearrested and received a second death sentence.{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|p=129}}

=== JKLF ===
Bhat's arrest effectively broke the back of the NLF in Azad Kashmir. Amanullah Khan moved to England, where he received the enthusiastic support of the [[British Mirpuri]] community. The UK chapter of the Plebiscite Front was converted into the [[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]] (JKLF) in May 1977 and formed an armed wing called the `National Liberation Army'. Amanullah Khan took charge as the General Secretary of JKLF the following February.{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=129-130}}

Several attempts were made by different Kashmiri groups for the release of Maqbool Bhat, including the hijacking of an Indian plane by Abdul Hameed Diwani in 1976 and an unsuccessful attempt to blow up the Delhi conference hall of Non Alignment Movement in 1981.{{fact|date=March 2018}} In the first week of February 1984, the ‘National Liberation Army’ of JKLF kidnapped an Indian diplomat [[Killing of Ravindra Mhatre|Ravindra Mhatre]] from the Indian consulate in Birmingham. They demanded the release of Maqbool Bhat and a sum of money from the Indian government but killed him just two days after abduction.

== Death ==
Within a week of the diplomat's killing, Bhat's petition for clemency was rejected. He was executed in the [[Tihar Jail]] in [[New Delhi]] on 11 February 1984, amidst heavy security. Bhat was described as calm and composed, who did not "utter any word as he was being taken to the gallows".{{sfnp|Faheem, Dead Men Do Tell Tales|2013|loc=p. 19, col. 1}}<ref name="Phil. Inquirer"/>
His body was buried within the Tihar Jail premises against his wishes.{{sfnp|Faheem, Dead Men Do Tell Tales|2013|loc=p. 19, col. 2}} High-ranking officials in the government said that the hanging was meant to signal a harder line against political violence.<ref name="Phil. Inquirer"/>

Sporadic incidents of protest against Bhat's execution were reported in the newspapers, which were described as "tremors of tension". In Trehgam, no shops opened for four consecutive days. In old Srinagar, streets were deserted even though there was no call for any bandh.{{sfnp|Faheem, Dead Men Do Tell Tales|2013|loc=p. 19, col. 1–2}} The police had already arrested around 1,000 opposition members in the preceding days in order to preempt protests.<ref name="Phil. Inquirer"/>

[[Abdul Ghani Lone]], then a member of the legislative assembly, described the hanging as "judicial murder". Bhat's lawyers called it a "political and hasty decision".{{sfnp|Faheem, Dead Men Do Tell Tales|2013|loc=p. 19, col. 1–2}}
They believed it was a violation of Bhat's constitutional rights to hang him in haste.<ref name="Phil. Inquirer">
Mark Fineman, Militant Leader is Executed in India, Philadelphia Inquirer, 12 February 1984. {{ProQuest|1819978361}}
</ref>

== Legacy ==
Five years after Bhat’s hanging, the [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]] (JKLF) launched a militant movement for the separation of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|UT of Jammu & Kashmir]] from India. Since his death, the JKLF has demanded that the mortal remains of the party's founder, which were buried inside the Tihar Jail, be handed over. Separatist leaders also call for shutdown each year, which is observed in the Valley to mark his anniversary of death.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shutdown on JKLF founder's death anniversary |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/jammu-and-kashmir/shutdown-on-jklf-founder-s-death-anniversary_757859.html |accessdate=9 February 2013 |newspaper=Zee News |date=11 February 2012}}</ref> JKLF announced a ceasefire in 1994.<ref>{{cite news|title=JKLF wants all cases against its cadres withdrawn |work=The Times Of India |date=16 January 2013 |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-16/news/36374079_1_jklf-yasin-malik-trial-courts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214119/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-16/news/36374079_1_jklf-yasin-malik-trial-courts |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 October 2013 }}
</ref>

On 4 November 1989, JKLF militants allegedly shot dead judge [[Neelkanth Ganjoo]], who had presided over the Amar Chand murder trial, and declared sentence of death on Maqbool Bhat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media on a Fai ride |work=Asian Age |url=http://archive.asianage.com/columnists/media-fai-ride-933 |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121252/http://archive.asianage.com/columnists/media-fai-ride-933 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]]
* [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]]
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
* [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
<references/>

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Bhat |first=Gh. Rasool |title=Social Background and Political Ideology of Maqbool Bhat (18th February 1938 – 11th February 1984) |journal=Research Directions |issn=2321-5488 |volume=2 |number=8 |date=February 2015 |citeseerx=10.1.1.672.6784 |ref={{sfnref|Bhat, Social Background and Political Ideology|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last=Jamal |first=Arif |title=Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNO5MAAACAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Melville House |isbn=978-1-933633-59-6 |ref={{sfnref|Jamal, Shadow War|2009}}}}
* {{citation |title=Kashmir: Dead Men Do Tell Tales |first=Farrukh |last=Faheem |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=48 |number=17 |date=27 April 2013 |pages=18–21 |jstor=23527180 |ref={{sfnref|Faheem, Dead Men Do Tell Tales|2013}}}}
* {{citation |first=Victoria |last=Schofield |authorlink=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-date=First published in 2000 |isbn=1860648983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}}}}
* {{citation |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |authorlink=Christopher Snedden |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-9350298985 |orig-date=first published as ''The Untold Story of the People of Azad Kashmir'', 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cPjAAAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013}}}}
* {{citation |last=Staniland |first=Paul |title=Networks of Rebellion: Explaining Insurgent Cohesion and Collapse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E75fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |date=2014 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-7102-5 |pages=68– |ref={{sfnref|Staniland, Networks of Rebellion|2014}}}}
* {{citation |last=Swami |first=Praveen |authorlink=Praveen Swami |title=India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The covert war in Kashmir, 1947-2004 |series=Asian Security Studies |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vrl8AgAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-415-40459-4 |ref={{sfnref|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007}}}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news |title=Pakistan Moves to Block March By Supporters of a Free Kashmir |work=The New York Times |date=11 February 1992 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/11/world/pakistan-moves-to-block-march-by-supporters-of-a-free-kashmir.html}} 
* {{cite news |title=The Rediff Interview/Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Liberation Front Chief Hashim Qureshi |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/14inter.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=14 February 2001}}

==External links==
* [http://maqboolbutt.com Maqbool Butt Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613133612/http://www.maqboolbutt.com/ |date=13 June 2018 }}

{{Authority control}}
{{Kashmir separatist movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat, Maqbool}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century murderers]]
[[Category:Kashmiri militants]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by India]]
[[Category:People executed for murder]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:People from Kupwara district]]
[[Category:Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]]
[[Category:University of Peshawar alumni]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Kashmiri independence activists]]
[[Category:Inmates of Tihar Jail]]
[[Category:People executed by India by hanging]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned on terrorism charges]]
[[Category:Executed Indian people]]
[[Category:People convicted on terrorism charges]]

Prasiddhi Singh

2026-02-10T02:31:40Z

Anshuchoudhary28: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian social entrepreneur and environmental activist}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prasiddhi Singh
| image = Prasiddhi Awardee.jpg
| caption = Prasiddhi Singh’s portrait commemorating her award
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2012|10|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chengalpattu]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| known_for = Environmental activism
| father =
| honours = [[Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar]], 2021
}}

'''Prasiddhi Singh''' (born 31 October 2012) is a [[Social entrepreneurship|social entrepreneur]] and [[Environmental movement|environmental activist]], hailing from the [[Chengalpattu]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-24|title=7-YO Environmentalist Helps Plant 13000 Trees, Aims to plant 1 Lakh Saplings|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/243020/7-year-old-girl-prasiddhi-singh-tamil-nadu-tree-plantation-saplings-fruit-forest-san196/|access-date=2021-03-17|website=The Better India|language=en-US}}</ref> She is well noted for having led the plantation programme of thousands of trees and fourteen forests all across [[India]], with a specific focus in the derogated [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil]] region, through the ‘Prasiddhi Forest Foundation’ she has established.<ref>{{Cite news|title=This 7-year-old girl from Tamil Nadu is aiming to plant 1 lakh trees to improve the Earth's green cover|url=https://www.edexlive.com/people/2020/dec/02/this-7-year-old-girl-from-tamil-nadu-is-aiming-to-plant-1-lakh-trees-to-improve-the-earths-green-cover-16300.html|access-date=2024-07-21|newspaper=The New Indian Express|language=en|date=2 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Prasiddhi Forest – Youngest Fruit Forest Creator|url=https://prasiddhiforest.org/|access-date=2021-03-17|language=en-US}}</ref> In [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], Prasiddhi had regularly been carrying out environmental activities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Treegering green goals|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/jan/30/treegering-green-goals-2256819.html|access-date=2021-03-17|website=The New Indian Express|date=30 January 2021 }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Prasiddhi was born in 2012<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Times of India|work=PM Bal Puraskar winner talks greenager goals|url=https://toistudent.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/top-news/pm-bal-puraskar-winner-talks-greenager-goals/66010.html|access-date=2021-03-18}}</ref> and is currently undergoing her primary studies at the Mahindra World School in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-28|title=Mahindra World School student Prasiddhi Singh conferred Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar 2021|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/mahindra-world-school-student-prasiddhi-singh-conferred-pradhan-mantri-rashtriya-bal-puraskar-2021/|access-date=2021-03-17|website=India Education,Education News India,Education News {{!}} India Education Diary|language=en-US}}</ref> She started with environmental activism in 2016 after [[Cyclone Vardah]] uprooted trees in her neighbourhood and destroyed villages and farmlands.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kamini Mathai|date=14 Nov 2019|title=Teen eco warriors on a mission to school Chennai on climate change {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/teen-eco-warriors-on-a-mission-to-school-city-on-climate-change/articleshow/72046595.cms|access-date=2021-03-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
For her contributions in the field of social welfare, Singh was presented with the [[Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=വയസ് ഏഴ്, ഇതുവരെ നട്ടത് 13,000 തൈകൾ, ലക്ഷ്യം ഒരുലക്ഷം മരങ്ങൾ|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/web-specials-magazine/prasiddhi-singh-seven-year-old-who-planted-13000-trees-qkpj8y|access-date=2021-03-17|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=ml}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Prasiddhi}}
[[Category:Activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2012 births]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]

{{India-activist-stub}}
{{environmentalist-stub}}

Bhokar taluka

2026-02-07T15:24:52Z

Anshuchoudhary28: Starting basic details added tags...

{{Short description|Townsted in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
'''Bhokar taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Nanded district]] of Maharashtra an Indian state.<ref name="Gaur1992" />
It was Revenue mahal in [[Nizam]] territory under [[mahalwari]] Revenue system.

==Nanded district==

There were 16 talukas in Nanded district as of November 2014: [[Nanded taluka|Nanded]], [[Ardhapur taluka|Ardhapur]], Bhokar, [[Biloli taluka|Biloli]], [[Deglur taluka|Deglur]], [[Dharmabad taluka|Dharmabad]], [[Hadgaon taluka|Hadgaon]], [[Himayatnagar taluka|Himayatnagar]], [[Kandhar taluka|Kandhar]], [[Kinwat taluka|Kinwat]], [[Loha taluka|Loha]], [[Mahur taluka|Mahur]], [[Mudkhed taluka|Mudkhed]], [[Mukhed taluka|Mukhed]], [[Naigaon taluka|Naigaon]], and [[Umri taluka|Umri]].<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके - महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या. |date=2014-11-27 |work=Prahar |accessdate=19 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |archivedate=22 July 2015 }}</ref>
* In 1981, there were Only eight (8) talukas in the district: Nanded, Hadgaon, Kinwat, Bhokar, Biloli, Deglur (Degloor), Mukhed and Kandhar.<ref name="Gaur1992">{{cite book|author=Keshav Dev Gaur|title=Dynamics of Rural Development in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5mZUifCw00C&pg=PA258|year=1992|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-396-4|pages=258–}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Talukas in Nanded district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

Patrasayer (community development block)

2026-01-24T08:57:08Z

Anshuchoudhary28: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Patrasayer
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = Raghuvir Temple-Patrasayer-West Bengal-DSC 0020.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Raghuveer Temple in Patrasayer
| image_map = Patrasayer in Bankura (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.2167|N|87.5167|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 321.07
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 61
| population_total = 184,070
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 722206 (Patrasayer)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03244
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-67, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-68
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 64.87%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Indas (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Indas]], [[Sonamukhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonamukhi]]
| website = {{URL|patrasayerblock.org/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Patrasayer''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] (CD block) that forms an administrative division in the [[Bishnupur subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==

===From Bishnupur kingdom to the British Raj===
{{Main|History of Bankura district}}

From around the 7th century AD till around the advent of British rule, for around a millennium, history of Bankura district is identical with the rise and fall of the Hindu Rajas of [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]. The Bishnupur Rajas, who were at the summit of their fortunes towards the end of the 17th century, started declining in the first half of the 18th century. First, the [[Bardhaman Raj|Maharaja of Burdwan]] seized the Fatehpur Mahal, and then the [[Bargi|Maratha]] invasions laid waste their country.<ref name=omalley>{{cite web| url = http://bankura.gov.in/gezetter.htm |title = Bengal District Gazetteers: Bankura |last = O’Malley |first= L.S.S. | publisher= Bankura District Authorities | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

Bishnupur was ceded to the British with the rest of Burdwan chakla in 1760. In 1787, Bishnupur was united with [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] to form a separate administrative unit. In 1793 it was transferred to the Burdwan collectorate. In 1879, the district acquired its present shape with the thanas of Khatra and Raipur and the outpost of Simplapal being transferred from Manbhum, and the thanas of Sonamukhi, Kotulpur and Indas being retransferred from Burdwan. However, it was known for sometime as West Burdwan and in 1881 came to be known as Bankura district.<ref name=omalley/>

==Geography==
[[File:Bakura District.svg|500px|thumb|left|Map of Bankura District showing CD blocks and municipalities]]
Patrasayer is located at {{coord|23.2167|N|87.5167|E|format=dms|}}.

Patrasayer CD block is located in the eastern part of the district and belongs to the fertile low lying [[Alluvium|alluvial]] plains, similar to the predominating rice lands in the adjacent districts of West Bengal. The area is also referred to as Patrasayer plains. Here, the eye constantly rests on wide expanses of rice fields, green in the rains but parched and dry in summer.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 8 December 2016}}</ref><ref name= omalley1>O’Malley, L.S.S., ICS, ''Bankura'', Bengal District Gazetteers, pp. 1-20, first published 1908, 1995 reprint, Government of West Bengal</ref>

Patrasayer CD block is bounded by the [[Galsi II (community development block)|Galsi II]] CD block, in Purba Bardhaman district across the [[Damodar River|Damodar]], on the north, [[Khandaghosh (community development block)|Khandaghosh]] CD block, in Purba Bardhaman district, and [[Indas (community development block)|Indas]] CD block on the east, [[Joypur, Bankura (community development block)|Joypur]] CD block on the south and [[Bishnupur, Bankura (community development block)|Bishnupur]] and [[Sonamukhi (community development block)|Sonamukhi]] CD blocks on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map on fifth page| publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/barddhman.html| title = Bardhaman Tehsil Map | publisher = Maps of India |access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

Patrasayer CD block has an area of 322.62 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 10 [[gram panchayat]]s, 134 gram sansads (village councils), 160 [[mouza]]s and 151 inhabited villages. [[Patrasayer#Police station|Patrasayer]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 May 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at Patrasayer.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Bankura | work= Map of Bankura with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 November 2016 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Patrasayer block/ panchayat samiti are: Balsi I, Balsi II, Belut Rasulpur, Birsingha, Biur Betur, Hamirpur, Jamkuri, Kushadwip, Narayanpur and Patrasayer.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bankura - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 August 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Patrasayer CD block had a total population of 184,070, all of which were rural. There were 93,614 (51%) males and 90,456 (49%) females. Population in the age range of 0 to 6 years was 21,226. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 85,501 (46.45%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 5,533 (3.01%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

According to the 2001 census, Patrasayer block had a total population of 164,048, out of which 83,432 were males and 80,616 were females. Patrasayer block registered a population growth of 16.68 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 15.15 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url =http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_13.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Bankura District | access-date = 18 August 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928204920/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_13.htm |archive-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 17 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Patrasayer CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Kantaban (4,209), [[Patrasayer|Patrasair]] (10,844), Chak Patra Saer (5,100), Biur (4,105) and Birsinha (5,231).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Patrasayer CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Jamkuri (3,348), Rasulpur (3,266), Belut (2,780), Hamirpur (2,635), [[Balsi Purbapara]] (1,516), Balsi Dakshinpara (1,003), Jamkuri (3,341), Kushadwip (1,943), [[Hadal Narayanpur]] (487 + 1148) and [[Patit Dommahal]] (3,971).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census the total number of literates in Patrasayer CD block was 105,629 (64.87% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 60,755 (73.46% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 44,874 (56.00%) of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 17.46%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Bankura district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Patrasayer CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.20}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|12.58}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|maroon|2.10}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.12}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 156,826 and formed 85.20% of the population in Patrasayer CD block. Muslims numbered 23,160 and formed 12.58% of the population. Others numbered 4,084 and formed 2.22% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 28 August 2016}}</ref> and other religious communities. In 2001, Hindus were 86.38%, Muslims 11.25% and tribal religion followers 2.07% of the population respectively.<ref name=censusreligion2001>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Patrasayer CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 97.36 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 2.55 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.09 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 97.36% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 2.55% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
In Patrasayer CD block 37.63% families were living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2007.<ref name=humandev2 >{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page 27, Pages 237-244 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 8 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 28.87% of the total number of families were [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] families in the Bankura district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| title = West Bengal Summary| work = Rural Household Survey 2005| publisher = Department of Panchayat & Rural Development, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 10 April 2020| archive-date = 13 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200113235534/http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Patrasayer CD block'''
|value1 = 23.22
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 53.51
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 4.27
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 19.00
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Patrasayer CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 18,441 and formed 23.22%, agricultural labourers numbered 42,494 and formed 53.51%, household industry workers numbered 3,391 and formed 4.27% and other workers numbered 15,093 and formed 19.00%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 79,419 and formed 43.15% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 104,651 and formed 56.85% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 27 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 151 inhabited villages in the Patrasayer CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Bankura, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 150 villages (99.34%) have drinking water supply. 20 villages (13.25%) have post offices. 146 villages (96.69%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 48 villages (31.79%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 46 villages (30.46%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 17 villages (11.26%) have agricultural credit societies and 9 villages (5.96%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bankura, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 83, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
There were 99 fertiliser depots, 12 seed stores and 48 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 8.2, 17.2, 18.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Patrasayer CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 13.86%, patta (document) holders 20.65%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 4.82%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 15.68% and agricultural labourers 44.99%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2003-04 net area sown Patrasayer CD block was 16,413 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 5,000 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page: 58 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Patrasayer CD Block was 17,867 hectares, out of which 7,727 hectares was by canal water, 225 hectares by tank water, 980 hectares by river lift irrigation, 438 hectares by deep tube well, 8,432 hectares by shallow tubewell, 55 hectares by open dug wells and 10 hectares by other methods.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, Patrasayer CD block produced 3,390 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 1,405 hectares, 7,964 tonnes of Aus paddy from 3,191 hectares, 16,859 tonnes of Boro paddy from 4,851 hectares, 293 tonnes of wheat from 152 hectares and 12,578,000 tonnes of potatoes from 2,030 hectares. It also produced pulses and mustard.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Handloom and pottery industries===
The handloom industry engages the largest number of persons in the non farm sector and hence is important in Bankura district. The handloom industry is well established in all the CD blocks of the district and includes the famous Baluchari saris. In 2004-05 Patrasayer CD block had 546 silk looms in operation.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page: 85 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Bankura district is famous for the artistic excellence of its pottery products that include the famous [[Bankura horse]]. The range of pottery products is categorised as follows: domestic utilities, terracota and other decorative items and roofing tiles and other heavy pottery items. Around 3,200 families were involved in pottery making in the district in 2002. 225 families were involved in Patrasayer CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Pages: 83-84 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Patrasayer CD block had offices of 7 commercial banks and 3 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>
1 District central Co-Operative Bank

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
The Bankura district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Bankura-Masagram line|collapse=yes}}

In 2013-14, Patrasayer CD block had 2 ferry services and 11 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Diesel multiple unit#Diesel-electric|DEMU]] services are available between Bankura and Masagram on the [[Bankura-Masagram line]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-bankura-masagram-demu-78056/67667/955/8691 | title = 78056 Bankura-Masagram DEMU| publisher = India Rail Info |access-date = 29 January 2019}}</ref> There are stations at Kumrul, Betur, [[Patrasayer railway station|Patrasayer]] and [[Dhagaria railway station|Dhagaria]].<ref>Google maps</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Series 20 Part XII A, Census of India 2011| work= Page 603: Map of Patrasayer CD Block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations 2011 |access-date = 21 January 2019}}</ref>

The [[State Highway 8 (West Bengal)]] running from Santaldih (in Purulia district) to Majhdia (in Nadia district) passes through this CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 23 August 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Patrasayer CD block had 143 primary schools with 15,294 students, 17 middle schools with 2,258 students, 7 high schools with 3,825 students and 14 higher secondary schools with 14,021 students. Patrasayer CD block had 1 general college with 1,215 students and 305 institutions for special and non-formal education with 10,303 students.
<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 4.4 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in the Patrasayer CD block, among the 151 inhabited villages, 18 villages did not have a school, 34 villages had two or more primary schools, 37 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 22 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bankura, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 1293, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

[[Patrasayer Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 2005 at [[Patrasayer]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.patrasayermahavidyalaya.org/ | title = Patrasayer Mahavidyalaya | publisher = Patrasayer Mahavidyalaya | access-date = 29 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170106075345/http://www.patrasayermahavidyalaya.org/ | archive-date = 6 January 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/PatrasayerMahavidyalaya/PatrasayerMahavidyalaya.shtml | title = Patrasayer Mahaviyalaya | publisher = College Admission | access-date = 6 March 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Culture==
The Patrasayer CD block has several heritage temples.
<gallery widths="210px" heights="150px">
File:Aat-Chala-temple-Patit02.jpg|'''[[Patit Dommahal]]''': ''[[Bengal temple architecture#Chala temple|At chala]]'' Sridhar temple built in the 19th century.
File:At-Chala-Shiva-Temple-and -Deul-Vishnu-Temple-Balsi.jpg|'''[[Balsi Purbapara]]''': ''At chala'' Shiva temple, Vishnu ''[[Bengal temple architecture#Rekha deul|deul]]'', both with terracotta decoration.
File:Ghosal-family-Aatchala-Temple-Dalan-Temple-Deul-PatraSayar.jpg|'''[[Patrasayer]]''': ''[[Bengal temple architecture#Rekha deul|Deul]]'', ''at chala'' and ''dalan'' temples.
File:Ghoshal-family-Sridhar-Aatchala-PatraSayar 01.jpg|Patrasayer: ''At chala'' Sridhar temple
File:Navartana-Nilmadhab-Temple-Bamira-03.jpg|'''Bamira''': ''[[Bengal temple architecture#Ratna temple|Nava ratna]]'' Nilmadhab temple, built in 18th century with terracotta plaques.
</gallery>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Patrasayer CD block had 1 rural hospital and 3 primary health centres with total 50 beds and 4 doctors. It had 27 family welfare sub centres and 1 family welfare centre. 5,229 patients were treated indoor and 168,175 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Patrasayer Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at Hat Krishnanagar, is the major government medical facility in the Patrasayer CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Purba Naldanga (Roll) (with 6 beds), Pandua (Kushdwip) (with 4 beds) and [[Balsi Purbapara|Balsi]] (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =10 April 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Bankura topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Bankura district]]

Rosalia Rodrigues

2026-01-13T21:11:43Z

Anshuchoudhary28: added some bio more to come...

{{Short description|Indian theatre actress and singer (1968–2013)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rosalia Rodrigues
| image = Rosalia Rodrigues (cropped).jpg
| caption = Rodrigues in 2011
| birth_name = Mary Rosalia Agnela Odette Rodrigues
| birth_place = [[Ribandar]], Goa, India
| birth_date = {{birth date|1968|9|4|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Miramar, Goa]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|9|13|1968|9|4|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer}}
| years_active = 1997–2013
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/mary.rosalia.33}}
| awards = [[Kala Academy]]'s "Best Actress Award"
| burial_place = Our Lady of Help Church cemetery, Ribandar, Goa, India
| employer = Goa Industrial Development Corporation, [[Panaji]]
}}

'''Mary Rosalia Agnela Odette Rodrigues''' (4 September 1968 – 13 September 2013), known professionally as '''Rosalia Rodrigues''', was an Indian theatre actress and singer who worked on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].

==Early life==
Mary Rosalia Agnela Odette Rodrigues was born on 4 September 1968. She hailed from the locality of Patto in [[Ribandar]], [[Goa]], and emerged as an artist with a passion for music and acting. Rodrigues, the eldest of four children, was born to Luis Rodrigues, a [[civil servant]], and Milagrina Conceição Fernandes, a [[homemaker]]. She had two sisters Marionette (born 1969),<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registration of Birth |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&_Mode=B&__cscKey= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> and Sandra,<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=14 September 2013 |title=Death: Mary Rosalia Agnela Odette Rodrigues (Goa I.D.C., Panaji / Tiatrist) |work=[[O Heraldo]] |pages=28}}</ref> and a brother Austin (born 1971).<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2001 |title=Directorate of Planning, Statistics and Evaluation and Office of the Chief Registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/CertificateSelect_goaonline.aspx |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027073241/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/CertificateSelect_goaonline.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> From an early age, she displayed an inclination towards the arts. Encouraged by her father, who himself was a musician and [[scriptwriter]], Rodrigues found a nurturing environment for her talents in the ''[[tiatr]]s'', a unique form of [[Goan]] [[musical theatre]], held in her hometown of Ribandar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gracias |first=Michael |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=133}}</ref>

Rodrigues's journey into the limelight began during her primary school years, where she took to the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] stage with gusto. The theatrical performances in the local communities of Patto and Fondvem served as ideal venues for Rodrigues to exhibit her artistic abilities. Demonstrating aptitude both as an actress and a singer, Rodrigues quickly gained recognition as a [[child artist]]. Luis, father of Rodrigues, coordinated [[theatrical production]]s known as ''tiatrs'' in their hometown of Ribandar, where Rodrigues and her siblings were given the chance to demonstrate their artistic skills.<ref name=":0" /> In 1978, at the age of nine, Rodrigues received a special award for her singing talent in the ''tiatr'' production ''Bodlo'', written by Konkani playwright Danny Fernandes. This honor was bestowed as part of the 5th Tiatr Competition held by the [[Kala Academy]] Goa during the 1978–1979 season.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=1974–1975 |title=KALA ACADEMY GOA 1st Tiatr 'A' Group Competition 1974–1975 |url=https://kalaacademygoa.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Tiatr-A-Group-Competition-Programme-Results.pdf |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Kala Academy Goa |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212055954/https://kalaacademygoa.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Tiatr-A-Group-Competition-Programme-Results.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Rodrigues was an acclaimed actress known for her performances in the ''[[tiatr]]'', a form of [[Goan]] theater. She garnered recognition and was honored with several awards, notably the Best Actress Award, which she consistently won for three successive years in the ''tiatr'' competitions held by the [[Kala Academy]] in [[Panaji]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2018-09-23 |title=A tribute to artistes of yesteryears – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/09/23/magazines/buzz/a-tribute-to-artistes-of-yesteryears/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323125151/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/09/23/magazines/buzz/a-tribute-to-artistes-of-yesteryears/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Rodrigues showcased her talent for portraying [[tragic character]]s, captivating audiences with her emotive and powerful portrayals. Her understanding of the nuances of tragedy allowed her to deliver performances that left an impact on the audience. Not only was Rodrigues an actress, but she also possessed a singing voice. Her vocal abilities earned her additional accolades and prizes throughout her career. Her performances added an extra layer of depth and artistry to her theatrical endeavors. In addition to her involvement in ''tiatr'', Rodrigues expanded her [[repertoire]] by participating in ''fells'', which are traditional Goan [[street play]]s performed during the festive [[Carnival in Goa|Carnival season in Goa]]. This further demonstrated her versatility as an actress and her commitment to exploring diverse forms of dramatic expression.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Rosalia Rodrigues 2011 tiatr.jpg|thumb|Rodrigues singing a [[duet]] alongside Agnelo in a 2011 ''tiatr'' production.]]
Rodrigues also made contributions to the commercial theater scene. She collaborated with [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatrist]]s'', including [[Comedian Agostinho]], Comedian 64, Maxcy Pereira, Peter-Roshan, etc. Her involvement in these productions further solidified her reputation as a versatile performer. Rodrigues' impact on the [[Goan]] theater community extended beyond her acting and singing abilities. Her last known appearances in [[Goa]] included roles in former police officer and [[Konkani language|Konkani]] playwright [[Sammy Tavares]]' 2012 ''tiatr Aplean Bhurgeam Sangatak'' (With Their Children) and Konkani singer Junior Reagan's ''Teacher'' (2013), where she portrayed the role of a [[headmistress]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pereira |first=J. P. |date=2013-05-17 |title='Teacher' tiatr pollennarank dipkaita |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/18_may_avaz |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Amcho Avaz via [[O Heraldo]] |language=gom |archive-date=2023-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826080650/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/18_may_avaz |url-status=live }}</ref> These performances showcased her ability to bring characters to life with authenticity and conviction.<ref name=":0" />

Rodrigues is known for her participation in various ''[[tiatr]]'' competitions organized by [[Kala Academy]], [[Panaji]]. She made her debut as a child singer in 1978 and later took part in the 23rd Tiatr Competition (1997–1998) organized by Kala Academy Goa. In this competition, she was selected for the ''tiatr'' titled ''Dhondo'' (Business) directed by Diogo Fernandes, which was performed in Panaji in November 1997. Rodrigues portrayed the character of Aysha in the play, and her performance earned her a merit certificate in the female acting category. Additionally, she received a certificate in the [[duo (music)|duo]] category alongside her long-time castmate Gracy Rodrigues, with whom she had been performing since 1978. The following year, Rodrigues continued her involvement in the ''tiatr'' scene by participating in the 24th Tiatr Competition (1998–1999), once again directed by Diogo. She was cast in the theatrical production ''Sombondh'' (Relationship), where she portrayed the character of Ravina. Her acting skills led to her receiving another merit certificate in the female acting category. The play was staged in Panaji in 1998. In addition to her acting contributions, Rodrigues also made significant contributions as a [[duet]] singer in the same production. Her collaboration with Newton D'Souza in the duet earned them a cash prize of {{INR Convert|250|year=1998}}.<ref name=":1" />

During the late 1990s, Rodrigues actively participated in professional state ''tiatr'' competitions, which became a significant part of her career. One notable event was her involvement in the 25th Tiatr Competition held by the Kala Academy Goa in 1999–2000. In this competition, Rodrigues was cast in the ''tiatr'' titled ''Ekuch Kuttumbh'' (One Family), written by Diogo Fernandes, a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] playwright. This marked Rodrigues's third collaboration with Fernandes on a theatrical production. In ''Ekuch Kuttumbh'', Rodrigues portrayed the character of Shanti and received the second-place award for Best Acting in the female category, along with a cash prize of {{INR Convert|750|year=1999}}. As the 2000s began, Rodrigues continued her active participation in ''tiatr'' competitions. She took part in the 26th Tiatr Competition held in 2000–2001, once again under the direction of Diogo Fernandes. In this competition, she appeared in Diogo's ''tiatr'' titled ''Vishwass'' (Trust), playing the role of Sylvia. Rodrigues's performance earned her a merit certificate for acting in the female category. It is worth mentioning that Rodrigues had been associated with the Dramatic Troupe of Ribandar, led by Diogo Fernandes, since 1997. Prior to joining this troupe, she had started her journey as a child artist with the Clubo desportivo dos Jovens de Ribandar ({{translation|Youth Sports Club Ribandar}}), headed by Danny Fernandes. However, after her performance in 1978, Rodrigues left the club and joined Diogo and his fellow castmates, marking the beginning of a collaboration between them.<ref name=":1" />

Rodrigues actively participated in ''[[tiatr]]'' competitions organized by the [[Kala Academy]] in [[Panaji]] throughout the 2000s. In the 28th Tiatr Competition held during 2002–2003, she delivered a performance as Sonia in the ''tiatr'' production called ''Sharonaeta'' (2002), which was written by her long-time collaborator Diogo Fernandes. Her acting skills earned her the first prize in the Best Acting category for female performers. The following year, Rodrigues, as a member of the Dramatic Troupe of Ribandar, took part in the 29th Tiatr Competition of 2003–2004. She played the role of Mary in Diogo's ''tiatr Parashrayee'', and once again, she secured the first prize for Best Acting in the female category, along with a cash prize of {{INR Convert|1000|year=2003}}. During the early 2000s, Rodrigues achieved success and gained recognition from the state [[cultural institution]], Kala Academy. She continued to pursue her passion and participated in subsequent professional ''tiatr'' competitions. In the 30th Tiatr Competition of 2004–2005, Rodrigues portrayed the character of Sarah in Diogo's ''tiatr Dhaago'' (Threads). Her performance in this role earned her the first prize for Best Acting in the female category, along with a cash prize of {{INR Convert|1000|year=2004}}. Rodrigues' involvement in ''tiatr'' competitions concluded in 2007, at the 33rd Tiatr 'A Group' competition of 2007–2008. In Diogo's ''tiatr'' production ''Dolleam Add'', she played the role of Milly and received a merit certificate for her acting performance in the female category. This marked the end of Rodrigues' ten-year collaboration with playwright Diogo Fernandes and his [[theatrical troupe|theatrical group]], the Dramatic Troupe of Ribandar.<ref name=":1" />

==Personal life==
Rodrigues never married or had any children, unlike her siblings who were married and had children. Her father, Luis, who was a [[civil servant]] and [[trumpeter]], died on 22 May 2006. His funeral took place on 23 May, and he was buried in his hometown of [[Ribandar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2006 |title=Obituary - Luis Rodrigues (Ribandar/Goa) |url=http://www.goa-world.com/goa/index.html |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Goa World|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615235637/http://www.goa-world.com/goa/index.html |archive-date=2006-06-15 }}</ref> In addition to her involvement in theater, Rodrigues worked at the Goa Daman and Diu Industrial Development Corporation (GDDIDC) in [[Panjim]], which was later renamed to the Goa Industrial Development Corporation (Goa I.D.C).<ref name=":2" /> She resided in the neighborhood of Patto in Ribandar until her death in 2013.<ref name=":0" />

==Death==
[[File:Rosalia Rodrigues funeral.jpg|thumb|Rodrigues's funeral; shown is her body in a casket at Ribandar church.]]
On 13 September 2013, Rodrigues, aged 45, died at Esperança Hospital in the beach area of [[Miramar, Goa]], in the state capital of [[Panaji]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2013 |title=Directorate of planning, statistics and evaluation and office of the chief registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154022/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/ErrorPage/500.htm?aspxerrorpath=/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> She had celebrated her 45th birthday just nine days ago. Despite performing on the stage the same year in Junior Reagan's ''[[tiatr]] Teacher'' in May 2013,<ref name=":3" /> Rodrigues' cause of death was undisclosed. Her funeral was held the next day on 14 September, where she was [[Catholic funeral|laid to rest]] at Nossa Senhora de Ajuda Church (also known as Our Lady of Help Church) in her hometown of [[Ribandar]].<ref name=":2" />

===Reactions===
[[File:Rosalia Rodrigues funeral at Ribandar.jpg|thumb|Rodrigues's close relatives and friends gather to pay their final respects before the burial.]]
''Goa World'', an [[online news]] website that is no longer operational, published a tribute in honor of Rodrigues and expressed their condolences.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 September 2013 |title=Tearful Farewell & Condolences - Mary Rosalia Rodrigues (Ribandar, Goa) |url=http://www.goa-world.com/goa/index.html |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Goa World|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130114070056/http://www.goa-world.com/goa/index.html|archive-date= 2013-01-14}}</ref> Francis de Verna, who was the president of Kuwait-Goa Tiatristanchi Sonvstha (KGTS) at that time, along with the managing committee and other members, extended their condolences to Rodrigues' family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de Verna |first=Francis |date=15 September 2013 |title=Condolences |url=http://www.goa-world.com/goa/index.html |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Goa World|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114070056/http://www.goa-world.com/goa/index.html |archive-date=2013-01-14 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rodrigues, Rosalia}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Musicians from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Actors from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Actresses from Goa]]

Republic Kannada

2026-01-11T16:49:29Z

Anshuchoudhary28:

{{Short description|Indian Kannada-language news channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Republic Kannada
| logo = Republic_Kannada_logo.svg
| logo_size =
| founder = [[Arnab Goswami]]
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2023|09|23|df=y}}
| replaced = Dighvijaya News
| key_people = [[Arnab Goswami]]
| sister_channels = [[Republic TV]] [[Republic Bharat]] [[Republic Bangla]]
| owner = {{plainlist|
*Republic Media Network
*[[Arnab Goswami]]
* ARG Outlier Media}}
| picture_format = [[Standard-definition television|SDTV]]
| slogan =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| area = Worldwide
| network = [[Broadcast television]] and Online
| affiliates =
| headquarters = [[Bengaluru]],[[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| website = {{url|https://kannada.republicworld.com}}
| online_serv_1 = Republic Kannada live
| online_chan_1 = {{url|https://kannada.republicworld.com/livetv.html|Live TV}}
| online_chan_2 = {{url| https://www.youtube.com/@KannadaRepublic|Republic Kannada}}
| online_serv_2 = [[YouTube]]
}}

'''Republic Kannada''' (stylized as '''R. ಕನ್ನಡ''') is a [[free-to-air]] Indian [[Kannada-language]] [[news channel]], launched on 23rd September 2023 with the tagline 'ನಿಮ್ಮ ಧ್ವನಿ', ''Nimma Dhwani'' (trans. 'Your Voice'), by [[Republic Media Network]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic to launch Kannada news channel soon |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2023/09/02/des12-republic-kannada.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2023-09-02 |title=Arnab Goswami's Republic Network to launch Kannada news channel |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/arnab-goswamis-republic-network-launch-kannada-news-channel-181777 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic acquires VRL's Kannada broadcast news business, announces Republic Kannada - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/republic-acquires-vrls-kannada-broadcast-news-business-announces-republic-kannada-129584.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mr.Leader |date=2023-09-24 |title=Republic Kannada Launches on Tata Play, Airtel, and Other Leading Cable Providers, LCN details – dthhelp for dth news and dth updates |url=https://www.dthhelp.net/republic-kannada-launches-on-tata-play-airtel-and-other-leading-cable-providers |access-date=2023-10-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> Republic Kannada was previously named [[VRL Group|Dighvijaya News]] and was owned by Vijay Sankeshwar's [[VRL Group|VRL Media]]. Republic Media Network officially bought the channel and [[Rebranding|rebranded]] it as Republic Kannada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannada |first=Republic |title=Republic Kannada LIVE {{!}} LIVE News {{!}} LIVE TV 24x7 {{!}} India News {{!}} |url=https://kannada.republicworld.com/livetv.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Republic Kannada |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=World |first=Republic |date=2023-09-01 |title=Arnab Goswami announces Republic Kannada, channel to go on-air 'very soon |url=https://www.republicworld.com/india-news/general-news/arnab-goswami-announces-republic-kannada-channel-to-go-on-air-very-soon-articleshow.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Republic World |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sai Ram B |first=News Tap One |date=2023-09-02 |title= Republic Media Network’s Groundbreaking Acquisition: Unveils Republic Kannada to Transform Kannada News |url=https://newstapone.com/2023/09/02/republic-media-acquisition-launch-republic-kannada-front-page/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=NewsTapOne |language=en}}</ref>

The channel has been able to make a mark as one of the most aggressive Kannada news channels to set the news agenda in Karnataka.{{cn|date=January 2025}} The channel focuses on stories of impact that touch the common man.

Some of the renowned shows on the channel include ''Mahabharata'', ''Karnataka Primetime'', ''Yenu Nimma Problemu'', ''Big Morning'' and ''Super 3''.

Republic Kannada, through its ''Super 3 Impact'' segment, highlighted the plight of a [[Dalit]] family living in severe [[poverty]] without access to basic necessities, prompting immediate government action. Within 24 hours of the [[Broadcasting|broadcast]], a team of officials, including representatives from food, health, and administrative departments, visited the family to provide essential services. Interventions included issuing [[Aadhaar]] and [[Ration card (India)|ration card]]s, connecting the household to the electricity grid, repairing their roof, providing an LPG connection, distributing basic food items, conducting health check-ups, admitting a child to a government hostel, and issuing a Unique Disability ID (UDID) card. Additionally, the elder son was guaranteed employment to ensure financial stability. This swift response significantly improved the family’s living conditions, showcasing the impact of media in driving social change.<ref>{{Cite web |last=One |first=News Desk- |date=2024-09-21 |title=Republic Kannada’s 'Super 3 Impact' Prompts Government to Rush Support to Dalit Family |url=https://newstapone.com/2024/09/21/republic-kannadas-super-3-impact-prompts-government-to-rush-support-to-dalit-family/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=News Tap One |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Launch ==
[[Arnab Goswami]] announced the acquisition of the broadcast division of VRL Media Pvt. Ltd. and the upcoming launch of Republic Kannada (R. Kannada) on September 1, 2023, in Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-01 |title=Republic acquires VRL’s Kannada broadcast news business, announces Republic Kannada - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/republic-acquires-vrls-kannada-broadcast-news-business-announces-republic-kannada-129584.html |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref> Following this announcement, the channel was rebranded and officially launched as Republic Kannada on September 23, 2023.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

The channel is the fourth launched by the [[Republic Media Network]], after the launches of [[Republic TV]] in English, [[Republic Bharat TV|Republic Bharat]] in Hindi and [[Republic Bangla]] in Bangla. Goswami himself has spoken of his ambition to launch channels in all states and regional languages across India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arnab Goswami to launch Republic in every state, every language in the next one year |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2020/11/arnab-goswami-to-launch-republic-in-every-state-every-language-in-the-next-one-year/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=bestmediainfo.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Hosts ==
Some of the prominent anchors of the channel include Niranjan Narayanaswamy, Jayaprakash Shetty, Smita Ranganath, Divith, Nagendra Babu, Shripad, Shruti Kittur, Ranjith and Nikesh. Niranjan Narayanaswamy is the current Editorial Head of the channel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-01 |title=Republic Kannada launches with Karnataka Asset Acquisition |url=https://www.adgully.com/republic-kannada-launches-with-karnataka-asset-acquisition-136082.html |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Kanasina Karnataka Summit ==
Republic Kannada's marquee event called ''Kanasina Karnataka'' is organised every year in [[Bengaluru]]. The event aims to bring who's who of [[Karnataka]] under one roof to ideate on what needs to be done to take the state to greater heights. Some of the most notable voices in the two editions held so far, in 2023 and 2024 include [[D. K. Shivakumar]], [[HD Deve Gowda]], [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]], [[Satish Jarkiholi]], Swami Nirbhayanad, Jai Mrutyunjaya Swamiji, [[Veerendra Heggade]], [[Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)|Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]] and many more.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Republic Kannada's ‘Kanasina Karnataka’ Summit sets new industry benchmark |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/republic-kannada-kanasina-karnataka-summit-sets-new-industry-benchmark-with-star-studded-line-up-of-speakers/ |access-date=2025-01-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/mandya-clashes-a-preplanned-conspiracy-bjps-ct-ravi-at-republic-kannada-summit/ar-AA1rih8A?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Karnataka Media Academy conferred the ''Mysuru Digantha Datthi Prashasti'', Republic Kannada's journalist B.K. Devayya. He was conferred this award for his reportage of a 50 year old physically disabled man's plea of not receiving his pension for 6 years. After the report was telecasted, the government swiftly acted and resolved the issue. This report was a part of the ''Super 3'' show hosted by Jay Prakash Shetty.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharathi |first=Vartha |title=Karnataka Media Academy announces awards for 2023, 2024 |url=https://english.varthabharati.in/karnataka/karnataka-media-academy-announces-awards-for-2023-2024 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=english.varthabharati.in |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
==External links==
* [https://m-kannada.republicworld.com/livetv.html Official Website]

{{Television news in India}}
{{Kannada TV Channels}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Republic Kannada}}
[[Category:Republic Media Network]]
[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
{{Television news in India}}
[[Category:Kannada-language television channels]]
[[Category:Television stations in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2023]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Karnataka]]

{{India-tv-station-stub}}

Pavagadh

2026-01-09T20:34:22Z

Anshuchoudhary28: cleanup details based on references

{{for|the town in Karnataka, India|Pavagada}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pavagadh
| image_skyline = Top of Pavadagh hill.JPG
| image_caption = [[Kalika Mata Temple, Pavagadh|Kalika Mata Temple]] on [[Pavagadh Hill]]
| image_map = Pavagadh plan 1847 by J Ramsay.jpg
| map_caption = Plan of Pavagadh, 1847, by J Ramsay
| elevation_m = 762
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|India]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Gujarat]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Panchmahal]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.46672|73.50048|display=inline}}
| official_name = Pawagadh
}}
[[File:Saat-Kamaan-Pavagarh-vadodara-krutarth.jpg|alt=#Panchamahotsav, Saat Kamaan By KayP|thumb|Saat Kamaan, Pavagadh]]
'''Pavagadh''' is a municipal operated region in [[Panchmahal district]] about {{convert|46|km|mi|0}} away from [[Vadodara]] in [[Gujarat]] state in western [[India]]. It is known for a famous [[Mahakali]] temple which is one of the 51 Shaktipeeths and draws thousands of pilgrims every day. However, as per records, this was originally a [[Jain]] temple belonging to the [[Svetambara]] [[Achal Gaccha|Achalgaccha]] sect, whose Adhistayika Mahakali's idol was installed here in the 12th century. This locality [[Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]] was declared by [[UNESCO]] as a [[World Heritage Site]] in 2004.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1101 Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]</ref>

==History==
[[File:Path on Pavadagh hill.JPG|thumb|[[Pavagadh Hill]]'s Footsteps]]

Pavagadh was an Ancient [[Jainism|Jain]] Pilgrimage. In 140 CE, Greek geographer Ptolemy during his tour to India stated that Pavagadh is very ancient & holy, which proves its antiquity. It is stated that Raja Gangasinh, a successor of Emperor Ashok got the fort & the temples of Pavagadh repaired. There have been several attempts to destroy the evidence of its [[Jain temples, Pavagadh|Jain heritage]]. However, the court ordered against destruction of facts and heritage.

The Jain history of Pavagadh dates back to 3rd century BC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krause |first=Charlotte |title=Ancient Jaina Hymns |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/011036/91?highlight=pavagadh |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Ramnik |title=Jainism by Vividus |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/006582/72}}</ref>

# [[Samprati|King Samprati]], in the 3rd century BC, constructed the temple and installed the idol of [[Sambhavanatha|Sambhavnatha]] which was consecrated by Svetambara Jain monk Acharya Suhastisuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Education Committee |first=JAINA |title=King Samprati |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/201071/2}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=Kalaprabhasagarsuri |title=Aetihasik Tirth Pavagadh Champaner - Arya Kalyan Gautam Smruti Granth |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/230048/1}}</ref>
# In 1055 CE, [[Śvetāmbara]] monk Acharya Gunsagarsuri consecrated a new temple of [[Jirawala Tirth|Jirawala Parshvanath]] and reconstructed an ancient 52-shrine Temple of [[Abhinandananatha|Abhinandanswami]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sompura |first=Kantilal |title=Structural Temples of Gujarat |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/006728/273}}</ref>
# In 1113 CE, the Achalgacch of the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect of Jainism was established here by Acharya [[Aryarakshitsuri]]. He was unhappy with the wrong practices that had crept into the conduct of Jain monks due to the influence of [[yati]]s. He attempted reforms, but failed. Therefore, he ascended the hill to perform Santhara or [[Sallekhana]]. The Legend says that demi-goddess [[Mahakali]] appeared before him and requested the Acharya not to perform [[Sallekhana]] and told him that he was the only one who could spread the Truth. She asked him to start a new order based on the truth of the [[Aagam|Agamas]] and assured him that she would safeguard the lay-followers of the new order and that they will prosper. Thus, in 1113 CE, Acharya Aryarakshitsuri founded the Anchalgacch (or Viddhipaksh) at Pavagadh, and installed demi-goddess [[Mahakali]] as the ''Adhishthayika'' ({{Translation|protecting deity}}) of the ''gaccha''. The founder [[Śrāvaka]]s of the ''gaccha'' installed the idol of [[Mahakali]] on the hill to mark their respects. This is the idol and the shrine which was later encroached upon by the Hindus, who additionally installed two more of their idols.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muni |first=Ratnaprabhavijay |title=Shramana Bhagwaan Mahavira Part 5 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/008006/435}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=Jagacchandrasuri |title=Pavagadh Tirth ki Aetihasikta |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/211351/2}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
# There is a reference to a temple called “Sarvatobhadra” (auspicious on all sides) built by Minister Tejpal in the 12th century.<ref name=":3" />
# Ceremonial installation and consecration of a temple built by Jayawant Seth by Acharya Vijaysensuri in 1581 CE.<ref name=":2" />
# Under the guidance of Acharya [[Kalyansagarsuri]], a monk and reformer of Achalgacch, sravakas Sheth Vardhaman and Sheth Padamshin reconstructed the shrine of Mahakali in 16th century CE.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
# In 1689 CE, Gani Shilvijay Maharaj has referred to the existence of a temple of [[Neminatha]].<ref name=":2" /> which was destructed, fragments of which have been placed on the steps going uphill to the Mahakali Temple.
# In a laudatory poem dedicated to [[Jirawala Tirth|Jirawala Parshvanatha]] and composed by Jain monk Dipvijay Kaviraaj in late 18th century CE, the temples existing here are described in detail.<ref name=":3" />

Several monks of the Achalgacch such as Acharya Mahendraprabhasuri, Acharya Merutungasuri, Acharya Jaykesarisuri amongst many, and those of the Tapagacch such as Acharya Dharmaratnasuri, Acharya Hemvimalsuri, Acharya Laxmisagarsuri, Acharya Bhuvansundarsuri etc. have consecrated Jain temples and idols on the hill. According to several [[Śvetāmbara]] scriptures, at one time, these shrines were considered to be of equal rank and importance as those atop the hill at [[Palitana temples|Palitana]].<ref name=":0" />

It is believed that there was one large [[Śvetāmbara]] temple earlier on the hill, which faced multiple invasions. The ruins of that temple have been used to construct 3 smaller [[Digambara|Digambar]] temples by the Digambar community who have taken over these Svetambar temples.

It is said that King [[Vanraj Chavda]] established [[Champaner]] at the foot of Pavagadh in fond memory of his wise minister Champa. Later, the Patai Raval family ruled Pavagadh and took care of the boundary. The local [[Folklore|folk tale]]s say that Mahakali assumed the form of a woman and danced in a [[Garba (dance)|Garba]] during [[Navaratri]]. The last Patai, Jaisinh watched her with dirty looks. The deity became angry at Jaisinh and cursed him that the town will fall. Eventually, the [[Muslim]] emperor of [[Gujarat]], [[Mahmud Begada]] assaulted Pavagadh and won the hill on the boundary in the 15th century.

Patai was defeated and killed. [[Mahmud Begada]] shifted his capital from [[Ahmedabad]] to Champaner for some time for reasons of Diplomacy. He developed the town by constructing buildings such as the fort of Champaner, Uohra mosque, Mandavi, Kirtistambh, the temple of Shalkh, Jama Masjid (originally a Jain temple), Nagina Mosque and Kevda Mosque. The remains of the Palace of Begada are still found near Vad Talav (Banyan Pond) two kilometers (1.25 miles) away from Champaner by road.

The government has granted many concessions and offered subsidies to the new industries coming up in this area. As a result of it, [[Halol]] and [[Kalol (Panchmahal)|Kalol]] towns near Pavagadh have turned into virtual Industrial estates. A film studio at Halol has this added advantage.

==Geography==
Pavagadh is the gateway to [[Panchmahal]]. The locations of hilly areas around [[Halol]] provide good scenery. [[Pavagadh Hill]] has total height of 822 meters and you can find many scenic trails to climb including waterfalls during monsoon time. The plateau at an altitude of 490 meters is known as Machi [[Haveli]]. The bus service has been extended up to Machi.

==Places of interest==
[[File:Jain Temple, Pavagadh (cropped).jpg|thumb|200px|Pavagadh Jain temple]]
[[File:Pavagadh in Monsoon.png|thumb|Pavagadh in monsoon]]

*[[Pavagadh Jain Temple]]: The temples of [[Jainism]] at Pavagadh are noteworthy. They fall into three different groups: The first consists of the Bhavanaderi temples near the Naqqarkhana gate called the Navalakka temples, the second group is in honor of the [[Tirthankara]]s [[Suparshvanatha]] and [[Chandraprabha|Chandraprabhu]] and the third group, situated on the southeast of Pavagadh Hill (''Mataji's'' cliff), is near the [[Pārśva]] temple next to the Dudhia tank. On the basis of their "stylistic and architectural features", the date of construction of these temples is deduced to be the 14th–15th centuries. The temple is made up of pure white stone with elaborately carved seated and standing images of the Jain [[Pantheon (gods)|pantheon]] are seen on the outer walls of the temples.<ref name=Science>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_1BE01ADA16E57D45AE12B1BAA3A6840B7ABF0A00/filename/B+B+Goud.pdf|format=pdf|title=Scientific Conservation of World Heritage Monuments of Champaner-Pavgadh|author=B. Busa Goud|access-date=29 September 2012|publisher=UNESCO. Org}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Kalika Mata Temple, Pavagadh|Kalikamata Temple]], now a famous Hindu pilgrim center which was once a Jain site, is located at Pavagadh. Situated amid dense forest cover on a cliff, the temple is believed to be one of the 51 Shakti Peeths. Maa Mahakalika Udan Khotala (A Passenger Ropeway) is operating since 1986 and takes you quickly and comfortably from Manchi to the hilltop near the Maha Kalika Temple in about 6 minutes, whereas, the steep climb on foot takes over one hour. The temple of [[Kali]] is at the height of 550 metres (1,523 feet). A rope-way facility has been made available (commissioned in 1986<ref>{{cite web|title=Usha Breco Limited {{!}} Maa Kalidevi|url=http://www.ushabreco.com/maa-kalidevi.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219095105/http://www.ushabreco.com/maa-kalidevi.html|archive-date=2011-12-19}}</ref>) to the tourists to reach the temple. About 250 steps have to be climbed from there.

==Reconstruction of the Temple==
Pavagadh temple has a controversial history as 15th century king Sultan Mahmud Begda, who ruled Champaner, where the temple is located, is said to have destroyed the "shikhar" or spire of the temple. During that time a shrine "Sadanshah Pir Dargah" was said to have been built in the 11th century temple complex. During the renovation, the dargah was shifted amicably next to the temple and the "shikhar" was constructed. A restoration was also perform by lay-followers of the Jain monk Acharya Kalyansagarsuri of Achalgaccha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha, DHNS |first=Satish |title=Redeveloped Pavagadh temple in line with 'cultural independence', shows 'eternal faith' says PM Modi |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/redeveloped-pavagadh-temple-in-line-with-cultural-independence-shows-eternal-faith-says-pm-modi-1119194.html |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable people==
The great music maestro of 16th century, and [[Tansen|Tansen's]] contemporary rival, [[Baiju Bawra]] belonged to [[Champaner]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hill stations in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Forts in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Panchmahal district]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]

Pitta

2026-01-09T20:00:37Z

Anshuchoudhary28: general fixed structure and improved wording

{{Short description|Family of passerine birds}}
{{About||the bread|Pita|other uses}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Pitta
| image = Pitta sordida - Sri Phang Nga.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| image_caption = [[Western hooded pitta]] in southern Thailand
| display_parents = 3
| parent_authority =
| taxon = Pittidae
| authority = Authority disputed.{{efn|Walter Bock credited [[William Swainson]], 1831 as the authority for the family name Pittidae.<ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=147, 262 | hdl=2246/830 }}</ref> This assignment has been disputed by [[Storrs L. Olson|Storrs Olson]] on the grounds that Swainson merely used the word ''Pittae'' as the plural of the genus name ''Pitta'' to denote the species placed in this genus, without an intention to introduce a suprageneric name.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Olson | first=Storrs L. | author-link=Storrs L. Olson | year=1995 | title=Reviewed Work: History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Volume 222 by W.J. Bock | journal=The Auk | volume=112 | issue=2 | pages=539–546 [544] | jstor=4088759 | url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v112n02/p0524-p0546.pdf | doi=10.2307/4088759 }}</ref> [[Hugh Edwin Strickland]] used "Pittinae" for pittas, treated as a subfamily of the [[Turdidae]] or thrush family, in 1844.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Strickland | first=Hugh E. | author-link=Hugh Edwin Strickland | year=1844 | title=Description of several new and imperfectly-defined genera and species of birds. | journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History | volume=13 | pages=409–421 [410] | doi=10.1080/03745484409442625 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/22068343 }}</ref>}}
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
* ''[[Erythropitta]]''
* ''[[Hydrornis]]''
* ''[[Pitta (genus)|Pitta]]''}}

'''Pittas''' are a [[family (biology)|family]], '''Pittidae''', of [[passerine]] [[bird]]s found in Asia, [[Australasia]] and Africa. There are 44 species of pittas, all similar in general appearance and habits. The pittas are Old World [[suboscine]]s, and their closest relatives among other birds are in the genera ''[[Smithornis]] '' and ''[[Calyptomena]]''. Initially placed in a single genus, as of 2009 they have been split into three genera: ''[[Pitta (genus)|Pitta]]'', ''[[Erythropitta]]'' and ''[[Hydrornis]]''. Pittas are medium-sized by passerine standards, at {{cvt|15|to(-)|25|cm|in|frac=2}} in length, and stocky, with strong, longish legs and long feet. They have very short tails and stout, slightly decurved [[beak|bills]]. Many have brightly coloured [[plumage]].

Most pitta species are [[tropical]]; a few species can be found in [[temperate]] climates. They are mostly found in forests, but some live in [[scrubland|scrub]] and [[mangrove swamp|mangroves]]. They are highly terrestrial and mostly solitary, and usually forage on wet forest floors in areas with good ground cover. They eat [[earthworm]]s, [[snail]]s, [[insect]]s and similar invertebrate prey, as well as small vertebrates. Pittas are monogamous and females lay up to six [[bird egg|eggs]] in a large domed [[bird nest|nest]] in a tree or [[shrub]], or sometimes on the ground. Both parents care for the young. Four species of pittas are fully [[bird migration|migratory]], and several more are partially so, though their migrations are poorly understood.

Four species of pitta are listed as [[Endangered species|endangered]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]; a further nine species are listed as [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]] and several more are [[near-threatened]]. The main threat to pittas is habitat loss in the form of rapid [[deforestation]], but they are also targeted by the [[cage-bird trade]]. They are popular with birdwatchers because of their bright plumage and the difficulty in seeing them.

==Taxonomy and systematics==
[[File:Pitta oatesi female - Mae Wong.jpg|thumb|alt= stout dull coloured bird hunched over mossy rock|The [[rusty-naped pitta]] was once placed in the genus ''Pitta'' but is now in ''Hydrornis''.]]

The first pitta to be described scientifically was the [[Indian pitta]], which was described and illustrated by [[George Edwards (naturalist)|George Edwards]] in 1764.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Edwards | first=George | year=1764 | title=Gleanings of Natural History, Exhibiting Figures of Quadrupeds, Birds, Insects, Plants &c | volume=3 | location=London | publisher=Printed for the author | page=242, Plate 324 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50176497 }}</ref> [[Carl Linnaeus]] included the species in his revised [[12th edition of Systema Naturae|12th edition]] (1766–1768) of the ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' based on Edwards' descriptions and illustrations as well as other accounts, placing it with the [[Corvidae]] as ''Corvus brachyurus''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1766 | title=Systema naturae: per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=12th | volume=1, Part 1 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=la | page=158 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42946354 }}</ref> Ten years later [[Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller|Statius Müller]] moved it and three other pittas to the thrush family [[Turdidae]] and the genus ''[[Turdus]]'', due to similarities of morphology and behaviour.{{sfn|Erritzoe|Erritzoe|1998|pp=14, 132}} In 1816 [[Louis Pierre Vieillot]] moved it to the new genus ''Pitta''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9745205x/f48.image|title=Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire|last=Vieillot|first=Louis Pierre|publisher=Deterville/self|year=1816|location=Paris|page=42, Num. 137|language=fr|author-link=Louis Pierre Vieillot}}</ref> The name is derived from the word ''pitta'' in the [[Telugu language]] of [[South India]] meaning "small bird".<ref name=whistler>{{cite book|author=Whistler, H. |title=Popular Handbook of Indian Birds |edition=4th|pages=[https://archive.org/details/popularhandbooko033226mbp/page/n322 275]–277|publisher=Gurney and Jackson|year=1949|url=https://archive.org/details/popularhandbooko033226mbp}}</ref>

The family's closest relatives have for a long time been assumed to be the other [[suboscine]] birds (suborder [[Tyranni]]), and particularly the Old World suboscines; the [[Eurylaimidae|broadbills]], [[asity|asities]] and the New World [[sapayoa]]. These [[arboreal]] relatives were formerly treated as two families, and are now either combined into a single taxon or split into four. A 2006 study confirmed that these were indeed the closest relatives of the pittas.<ref name ="Irestedt">{{cite journal|url=http://www.nrm.se/download/18.72ab64ef10e51a5c8f4800047/Irestedt+et+al+OW+suboscines.pdf|author=Irestedt, M.|author2=Ohlson, J.I.|author3=Zuccon, D.|author4=Källersjö, M.|author5=Ericson, P.G.P.|name-list-style=amp|year=2006|title=Nuclear DNA from old collections of avian study skins reveals the evolutionary history of the Old World suboscines (Aves: Passeriformes)|journal=Zoologica Scripta|volume=35|issue=6|pages=567–580|doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00249.x|s2cid=84788609|access-date=2011-01-22|archive-date=2020-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223013814/https://www.nrm.se/download/18.72ab64ef10e51a5c8f4800047/Irestedt+et+al+OW+suboscines.pdf}}</ref> The [[clade]] they form, the [[Eurylaimides]], is one of the two infraorders of suboscines, which is one of three suborders of the [[passerine]] birds. With regards to their relationship within the Eurylaimides, another 2006 study placed the pittas as a sister clade to two clades of broadbills and asities. This same study postulated an Asian origin for the Eurylaimides and therefore the pittas.<ref name="Moyle 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Moyle |first1=Robert G. |last2=Chesser |first2=R Terry |last3=Prum |first3=Richard O. |last4=Schikler |first4=Peter |last5=Cracraft |first5=Joel |title=Phylogeny and evolutionary history of Old World suboscine birds (Aves: Eurylaimides) |journal=American Museum Novitates |date=2006 |issue=3544 |page=1 |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3544[1:PAEHOO]2.0.CO;2 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/5822/N3544.pdf?sequence=1|citeseerx=10.1.1.331.7073 |hdl=2246/5822 |s2cid=15871486 }}</ref>
{{Cladogram|caption=Phylogeny of the Eurylaimides, showing the relationship of the pittas (Pittidae), based on Selvatti ''et al'', 2016
|clades={{clade |style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%;
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Pittidae]] (pittas)
|2=[[Calyptomenidae]] (green and African broadbills)}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Eurylaimidae]] (broadbills)
|2=[[Philepittidae]] (asities) }} }}
|2=[[Sapayoidae]] (sapayoa) }} }}
}}
Two DNA studies, from 2015 and 2016, came to a different conclusion, finding that the Eurylaimides were divided into two clades and that the pittas formed a clade with the broadbills of the genera ''[[Smithornis]] '' and ''[[Calyptomena]]'', with the remaining broadbills and asities in the other clade.<ref name="Prum">{{cite journal |last1=Prum |first1=Richard O. |last2=Berv |first2=Jacob S. |last3=Dornburg |first3=Alex |last4=Field |first4=Daniel J. |last5=Townsend |first5=Jeffrey P. |last6=Lemmon |first6=Emily Moriarty |last7=Lemmon |first7=Alan R. |title=A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing |journal=Nature |date=2015 |volume=526 |issue=7607 |pages=569–573 |doi=10.1038/nature19417|pmid=26444237 |bibcode=2015Natur.526..569P |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Selvatti"/> The 2016 study also disputed the earlier claims about the origin of the group, and concluded that the most likely ancestral home of the pittas and the Eurylaimides was Africa (the sapayoa having diverged before the core clades had reached Africa). The study found that the pittas diverged from the ''Smithornis'' and ''Calyptomena'' broadbills 24 to 30 million years ago, during the [[Oligocene]]. The pittas diverged and spread through Asia before the [[oscine]]s (suborder Passeri) reached the Old World from Australia.<ref name="Selvatti">{{cite journal |last1=Selvatti |first1=Alexandre Pedro |last2=Galvão |first2=Ana |last3=Pereira |first3=Anieli Guirro |last4=Pedreira Gonzaga |first4=Luiz |last5=Russo |first5=Claudia Augusta de Moraes |title=An African origin of the Eurylaimides (Passeriformes) and the successful diversification of the ground-foraging Pittas (Pittidae) |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=2016 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=483–499 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msw250 |pmid=28069777 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The number of pitta genera has varied considerably since Vieillot, ranging from one to as many as nine. In his 1863 work ''A Monograph of the Pittidae'', [[Daniel Giraud Elliot|Daniel Elliot]] split the pittas into two genera, ''Pitta'' for the species with comparatively long tails and (the now abandoned) ''Brachyurus'' for the shorter-tailed species. Barely two decades later, in 1880/81, [[John Gould]] split the family into nine genera, in which he also included the [[lesser melampitta]] (in the genus ''[[Melampitta]]'') of New Guinea, where it was kept until 1931 when [[Ernst Mayr]] demonstrated that it had the [[Syrinx (bird anatomy)|syrinx]] of an oscine bird.<ref name="Mayr">{{cite journal |last1=Mayr|first1=Ernst|title=Die Syrinx einiger Singvögel aus Neu-Guinea|journal=Journal für Ornithologie |date=1931 |volume=79 |issue=3|pages=333–337|doi=10.1007/bf01953006|bibcode=1931JOrn...79..333M |s2cid=26905688|url=http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Journal-fuer-Ornithologie_79_1931_0333-0337.pdf|language=de}}</ref> [[Philip Sclater]]'s ''Catalogue of the Birds of the British Museum'' (1888) brought the number back down to four – ''Anthocincla'', ''Pitta'', ''Eucichla'', and ''Coracopitta''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8327774|title=Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Volume 14|publisher=British Museum|year=1888|volume=14 |place=London|page=412}}</ref><ref name="HBW" /> Elliot's 1895 ''Monograph of the Pittidae'' included three genera split into subgenera ''Anthocincla'', ''Pitta'' (subgenera ''Calopitta'', ''Leucopitta'', ''Gigantipitta'', ''Hydrornis'', ''Coloburis'', ''Cervinipitta'', ''Purpureipitta'', ''Phaenicocichla'', ''Monilipitta'', ''Erythropitta'', ''Cyanopitta'', ''Galeripitta'', ''Pulchripitta'', ''Iridipitta''), and ''Eucichla'' (subgenera ''Ornatipitta'', ''Insignipitta'').<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003757603/page/n3|title=Monograph of the Pittidae, or the family of ant-thrushes|author=Elliot, Daniel Giraud|publisher=Bernard Quaritch|year=1895|place=London}}</ref>

{{Cladogram|caption=Phylogeny of the family Pittidae, based on Selvatti ''et al'', 2016
|clades={{clade |style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%;
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pitta (genus)|Pitta]]''
|2=''[[Erythropitta]]'' }}
|2=''[[Hydrornis]]'' }} }}
}}
Modern treatments of taxa within the family vary as well. A 1975 checklist included six genera, whereas the 2003 volume of the ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]'', which covered the family, placed all the pittas in a single genus.<ref name = "HBW book">{{Cite book | first = J. | last = Erritzoe | editor-last = Josep | editor-first = del Hoyo | editor2-last = Andrew | editor2-first = Elliott | editor3-last = David | editor3-first = Christie | contribution = Family Pittidae (Pittas) | title = Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 8, Broadbills to Tapaculos | year = 2003 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/106 106–127] | place = Barcelona | publisher = Lynx Edicions | isbn = 978-84-87334-50-4 | title-link = Handbook of the Birds of the World }}</ref> Writing in 1998, Johannes Erritzoe stated that most contemporary authors considered the family to contain a single genus.{{sfn|Erritzoe|Erritzoe|1998|p=14}} Before 2006 the family was not well studied using modern anatomical or phylogenetic techniques; two studies, in 1987 and 1990, each used only four species, and comparisons amongst the family as a whole had relied mostly on external features and appearances.<ref name ="Irestedt"/>

[[File:Hydrornis irena - Sri Phang Nga.jpg|thumb|alt= Stout bird with bright yellow stripe on head and blue breast stands on mossy rock|In 2010 the banded pitta was split into three species, making this male a [[Malayan banded pitta]].]]

A 2006 study of the nuclear [[DNA]] of the pittas was the first to examine most representatives of the family, and found evidence of three major clades of pitta. Based on the study the pittas were split into three genera. The first clade, using the genus name ''Erythropitta'', included six species that had previously been considered closely related based on external features. They are all generally small species with small tails, extensive amounts of crimson or red on the underparts, and greenish or blueish backs.<ref name ="Irestedt"/> The second genus, ''Hydrornis'', includes variable Asian species. These species are unified morphologically in exhibiting [[sexual dimorphism]] in their plumage, as well as in possessing cryptic juvenile plumage (in all the species thus-far studied). This genus includes the [[eared pitta]], which had often been placed into its own genus, ''Anthocincla'', on account of its apparently primitive characteristics. The third genus, ''Pitta'', is the most widespread. Most species in this genus have green upperparts with a blue wing-patch, dark upperparts and cinnamon-buff underparts. This clade contains all the migratory pitta species, and it is thought that many of the pitta species from islands are derived from migratory species.<ref name ="Irestedt"/> This division of the pittas into three genera has been adopted by the [[International Ornithological Congress]]' (IOC) ''[[Birds of the World: Recommended English Names]]'',<ref name="IOC">{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2019 | title=NZ wrens, broadbills, pittas | work=World Bird List Version 8.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/nz_wrens/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=12 January 2019 }}</ref> the ''Handbook of the Birds of the World'''s HBW Alive checklist, and the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (which follows the HBW Alive checklist).<ref name="IUCN"/>

As with genera, there has been considerable variation in the number of accepted pitta species. The checklists of Sclater and Elliot at the end of the 19th century contained 48 and 47 species respectively. More recent checklists have had fewer than this, one from 1975 listing just 24 species. Since the 1990s, the figure has been between 30 and 32 species; the 2003 ''Handbook of the Birds of the World'' recognised 30. One species not recognised by the handbook is the [[black-crowned pitta]], which it treated as a [[subspecies]] of either the [[garnet pitta]] or the [[graceful pitta]].<ref name = "HBW"/> Since the publication of the handbook, further splits to pitta species have been made; in 2010 the [[banded pittas|banded pitta]] was split into three species, one [[Endemism|endemic]] to Java and Bali, one endemic to Borneo and one found in Sumatra and the [[Malay Peninsula|Thai-Malay Peninsula]].<ref name="Rheindt">{{cite journal|last=Rheindt|first=Frank|author2=James Easton |title=Biological species limits in the Banded Pitta ''Pitta guajana''|journal=Forktail|year=2010|volume=26|pages=86–91|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274387758 }}</ref> A 2013 study found that the [[red-bellied pitta]], a widespread species found from Sulawesi to Australia, was actually a [[species complex]]. The study divided it into 17 new species;<ref name="Irestedt 2013">{{cite journal|last1=Irestedt|first1=M.|last2=Fabre|first2=P.|last3=Batalha-Filho |first3=H. |last4=Jønsson |first4=K. |last5=Roselaar|first5=C.|last6=Sangster|first6=G.|last7=Ericson|first7=P.|title=The spatio-temporal colonization and diversification across the Indo-Pacific by a 'great speciator' (Aves, ''Erythropitta erythrogaster'') |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |date=2013 |volume=280 |issue=1759 |article-number=20130309|doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.0309|pmid=23554394|pmc=3619518 |bibcode=2013PBioS.28030309I }}</ref> some authorities have recognised fewer, for example the IOC have recognised only 10.<ref name="IOC"/>

==Description==
[[File:Pitta cyanea 1 - Khao Yai.jpg|thumb|alt= blue bird with yellow, orange and black head stands on leafy forest floor|The [[blue pitta]] is sexually dimorphic, the bright plumage of this bird means it is a male]]

The pittas are small to medium-sized passerines, ranging in size from the [[blue-banded pitta]] at {{convert|15|cm|in|abbr=on}} to the [[giant pitta]], which can be up to {{convert|29|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length. In weight they range from {{convert|42|to(-)|210|g|oz|abbr=on}}. Pittas are stout-bodied birds with long, strong [[Tibiotarsus|tarsi]] (lower leg bones) and long feet. The colour of the legs and feet can vary dramatically even within a species. This may be a characteristic used by females in judging the quality of a prospective mate. The wings have ten [[flight feather|primaries]] that are generally rounded and short; those of the four migratory species are more pointed. There are nine secondaries with the tenth being [[Vestigiality|vestigial]]. Anatomically, pittas have large [[temporal fossa]]e in the skull unlike typical perching birds.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/structureclassif00bedd|title=The Structure and Classification of Birds|author=Beddard, Frank E.|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.|year=1898|place=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/structureclassif00bedd/page/181 181]}}</ref> The [[Syrinx (bird anatomy)|syrinx]] is tracheo-bronchial and lacks a pessulus or intrinsic muscles.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines|author1=Schodde, R.|author2=Mason, I.J.|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|year=1999|isbn=978-0-643-10086-2}}</ref> Pittas are behaviourally reluctant to [[bird flight|fly]], but are capable and even strong fliers. The tails range from being short to very short, and are composed of twelve feathers.<ref name = "HBW"/><ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1893.tb01238.x|url= https://archive.org/stream/ibis651893brit#page/488/mode/2up|title=A review of the species of the family Pittidae|author=Whitehead, John|journal=Ibis|volume=35|issue=4|year=1893|pages=488–509}}</ref>

Unlike most other forest-floor bird species, the [[plumage]] of pittas is often bright and colourful. Only one species, the eared pitta, has entirely cryptic colours in the adults of both sexes. In the same genus, ''Hydrornis'', are three further species with drabber than average plumage, the [[blue-naped pitta]], [[blue-rumped pitta]] and [[rusty-naped pitta]]. Like the other ''Hydrornis'' pittas they are sexually dimorphic in their plumage, the females tending towards being drabber and more cryptic than the males. In general the sexes in the family tend to be very similar if not identical. Across most of the family the brighter colours tend to be on the undersides, with patches or areas of bright colours on the rump, wings and uppertail coverts being concealable. Being able to conceal bright colours from above is important as most predators approach from above; four species have brighter upperparts.<ref name = "HBW"/>

==Distribution and habitat==
The pittas are generally birds of tropical forests, semi-forests and scrub. Most species need forests with much cover, a rich understory, and leaf litter for feeding, and they are often found near waterways as well. Some species inhabit swamps and bamboo forests,<ref name = "HBW"/> and the [[mangrove pitta]], as its name suggests, is a [[mangrove]] specialist.<ref name="singapore">{{cite journal|last=Lok|first=A.|author2=Khor, K.|author3=Lim, K.|author4=R. Subaraj|title=Pittas (Pittidae) of Singapore|journal=Nature in Singapore|year=2009|volume=2|pages=155–165|url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/nis/bulletin2009/2009nis155-165.pdf|access-date=2011-01-23|archive-date=2014-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125012454/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/nis/bulletin2009/2009nis155-165.pdf}}</ref> Several species are lowland forest specialists. For example, the [[rainbow pitta]] is not found above {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Other species may occur at much higher elevations, including, for example, the rusty-naped pitta, which has been found up to {{convert|2600|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The altitudinal preferences varies in the [[fairy pitta]] across its range, it can be found up to {{convert|1300|m|ft|abbr=on}} in [[Taiwan]] but stays at lower altitudes in [[Japan]].<ref name = "HBW"/> As well as natural habitats, pittas may use human-altered spaces. For example, migrating [[blue-winged pitta]]s and [[hooded pitta]]s use parks and urban gardens in [[Singapore]].<ref name="singapore"/>
[[File:Fairy Pitta 3952, crop.jpg|thumb|left|alt=White bird with red belly stands in dried river bed with smooth boulders|The [[fairy pitta]] migrates from Korea, Japan, Taiwan and coastal China to Borneo]]
The greatest diversity of pittas is found in South-east Asia. Of the three genera, the large genus ''Pitta'' is the most widespread. The two species found in Africa, the [[African pitta]] and [[green-breasted pitta]], are from this clade, as is the most northerly species (the fairy pitta) and the most southerly (the noisy pitta, ''[[Pitta versicolor]]''). The most remote insular endemics are in this group as well, including the [[black-faced pitta]], which is endemic to the [[Solomon Islands]]. The pittas of the clade ''Erythropitta'' are mostly found in Asia. with one species, the [[Papuan pitta]], reaching the north of Australia. The ''Hydrornis'' pittas are exclusively Asian.<ref name = "HBW"/><ref name ="Irestedt"/> Some pittas have large distributions, like the hooded pitta, which ranges from Nepal to New Guinea, while others have much smaller ones, like the [[superb pitta]], which is endemic to the tiny island of [[Manus Island|Manus]] in the [[Admiralty Islands]].<ref name = "HBW"/><ref name=superb>{{cite web|author=BirdLife International|author-link=BirdLife International |title=Species factsheet: ''Pitta superba''|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=4007 |work= Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|access-date=24 January 2011}}</ref>

The movements of pittas are poorly known and notoriously difficult to study.{{sfn|Erritzoe|Erritzoe|1998|p=21}} [[Bird ringing]] studies have not shed much light on this. One study in the [[Philippines]] ringed 2000 red-bellied pittas but only recaptured ten birds, and only one of these recaptures was more than two months after the initial capture. Only four species of pitta are fully or mostly [[bird migration|migratory]], all in the genus ''Pitta'': the Indian pitta, the African pitta, the fairy pitta and the blue-winged pitta. As well as these four, the northern subspecies of the hooded pitta is a full migrant. Other species make smaller or more local, and poorly understood, movements across small parts of their range,<ref name = "HBW"/> including the noisy pitta of Australia.<ref name="noisy pitta"/> The migration of pittas is apparently nocturnal, and pittas migrate in small loose flocks that use the same resting and foraging sites each year.{{sfn|Erritzoe|Erritzoe|1998|p=22}}

==Behaviour and ecology==
===Sociality and calls===

[[File:Pitta moluccensis - Kaeng Krachan.jpg|thumb|Blue-winged pitta (Pitta moluccensis), Kaeng Krachan, Thailand]]

{{Listen
| filename = Blue winged pitta - Pitta moluccensis.ogg
| title = {{Center|The call of the blue-winged pitta}}
| description = {{center|Recorded in Phuket, Thailand}}
}}
Pittas are [[Diurnality|diurnal]], requiring light to find their often cryptic prey. They are nevertheless often found in darker areas and are highly secretive, though they will respond to imitations of their calls. They are generally found as single birds, even young birds not associating with their parents unless they are being fed. The only exception to their solitary lifestyle is small groups that have been observed forming during migration.<ref name = "HBW">{{cite journal | first = J. | last = Erritzoe|editor1-last=del Hoyo |editor1-first=Josep |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=Andrew |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=Jordi |editor4-last=Christie |editor4-first=David A. |editor5-last=de Juana |editor5-first=Eduardo |year=2017 |title=Family Pittidae (Pittas) |journal=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive |url=http://www.hbw.com/family/pittas-pittidae |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona | doi = 10.2173/bow.pittid1.01| s2cid = 241970288|access-date=11 July 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The pittas are strongly [[territory (animal)|territorial]], with territories varying in size from {{convert|3000|m2|abbr=on}} in the African pitta to {{convert|10000|m2|abbr=on}} in the rainbow pitta. They have also been found to be highly aggressive in captivity, attacking other species and even their own; such behaviour has not been observed in the wild.{{sfn|Erritzoe|Erritzoe|1998|p=22}} Pittas will perform territory-defence displays on the edges of their territories; fights between rivals have only been recorded once. One such territorial display is given by the rainbow pitta, which holds its legs straight and bows to a rival on the edge of its territory, while making a purring call. Displays like this are paired with calls made out of sight of potential rivals;<ref name="Zimmerman 1995">{{cite journal |last1= Zimmerman |first1=Udo|title=Displays and postures of the Rainbow Pitta and other Australian Pittas|journal=Australian Bird Watcher |date=1995|volume=16|issue=4|pages=161–164|url= https://www.birdlife.org.au/afo/index.php/afo/article/view/308|url-access=subscription}}</ref> these territorial calls are frequent and can account for up to 12% of a bird's daylight activity.<ref name="HANZAB Rainbow">{{cite book|editor1-last=Higgins|editor1-first=P.J. |editor2-last=Peter|editor2-first=J.M.|editor3-last=Steele|editor3-first=W.K.|title=Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 5: Tyrant-flycatchers to Chats|date=2001| pages = 117–125 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Melbourne|isbn=978-0-19-553258-6}}</ref> Migratory species will defend non-breeding feeding territories as well as their breeding ones.<ref name = "HBW"/>

The [[bird vocalization|vocalisations]] of pittas are best described as calls, as they are generally short, mono or disyllabic, and often fluting or whirring. They are made by both sexes and throughout the year.<ref name = "HBW"/> One species, the black-and-crimson pitta, was also described making a mechanical noise (sonation) in 2013. The sonation, a clapping sound, was made in flight and is hypothesised to be made by the wings.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pegan |first1=Teresa |last2=Hruska |first2=Jack |last3=M. Hite |first3=Justin |title=A newly described call and mechanical noise produced by the Black-and-crimson Pitta ''Pitta ussheri'' |journal=Forktail |date=2013 |volume=29 |pages=160–162 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283476740}}</ref>

===Diet and feeding===
[[File:Noisy Pitta anvil.jpg|upright|thumb|alt= Small collection of broken snail shells next to large root on leafy forest floor|The anvil of a [[noisy pitta]], used to smash snails against to remove the shells]]

[[Earthworm]]s form the major part of the diet of pittas, followed by snails. Earthworms can become seasonally unavailable in dry conditions when the worms move deeper into the soil, and pittas also take a wide range of other invertebrate prey, including many insects groups such as [[termite]]s, [[ant]]s, [[beetle]]s, [[Hemiptera|true bugs]], and [[butterfly|lepidopterans]]. [[Freshwater crab]]s, [[centipede]]s, [[millipede]]s, and [[spider]]s are also taken.<ref name = "HBW"/> Some species, such as the fairy pitta and rainbow pitta, have been recorded feeding on small vertebrate prey. This including [[skink]]s, [[frog]]s, [[snakes]] and, in the case of the fairy pitta, [[shrew]]s.<ref name = "HBW"/><ref name=fairybreed/> There are also records of some pittas taking plant food, such as the ''[[Carpentaria]]'' palm fruits or [[maize]] seeds.<ref name = "HBW"/>

Pittas feed in a [[true thrush|thrush-like]] fashion, moving aside leaves with a sweeping motion of the [[beak|bill]]. They have also been observed to probe the moist soil with their bills to locate earthworms. They have a keen sense of smell, and it has been suggested that they are able to locate earthworms this way. This suggestion was supported by a study which found that the Indian pitta has the largest [[olfactory bulb]] of 25 passerines examined.<ref name = "HBW"/><ref name="Bang">{{cite journal|last=Bang|first=B.G.|author2=Stanley Cobb |year=1968|title=The size of the olfactory bulb in 108 species of birds|journal=The Auk|volume=85|issue=1|pages=55–61|doi=10.2307/4083624|jstor=4083624|bibcode=1968Auk....85...55C |s2cid=87392351}}</ref> Eight species have been recorded using stones as anvils on which to smash open snails to eat,<ref name = "HBW"/> and the rainbow pitta has been observed using the root of a tree to do so.<ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1071/MU98007E |last=Woinarski|first=J.C.W. |author2=A. Fisher |author3=K. Brennan |author4=I. Morris |author5=R.C. Willan |author6=R. Chatto |year=1998|title=The Chestnut Rail ''Eulabeornis castaneoventris'' on the Wessel and English Company Islands: Notes on unusual habitat and use of anvils|journal=Emu|volume=98|issue=1|pages=74–78 |bibcode=1998EmuAO..98...74W }}</ref>

===Breeding===
Like most birds, pittas are [[monogamy in animals|monogamous]] breeders, and defend breeding territories. Most species are seasonal breeders, timing their breeding to occur at the onset of the [[rainy season]].<ref name = "HBW"/><ref name="noisy pitta"/> An exception to this is the superb pitta, which breeds almost year-round, as the island of Manus on which it breeds remains wet all year. The courtship behaviours of the family are poorly known, but the elaborate dance of the African pitta includes jumping into the air with a puffed-out breast and parachuting back down to the perch.<ref name = "HBW"/>

[[File:Green-breasted Pitta at nest - Kibale Uganda 06 4667 (16925037065).jpg|thumb|left|alt= The head of a bird is visible in an opening of a domed nest constructed of leaves and twigs|An incubating [[green-breasted pitta]] in its domed nest]]

Pittas build a rudimentary [[bird nest|nest]] that is a dome with a side entrance. The structure of the nest is consistent across the whole family. The nest is as large as a [[Rugby football|rugby]] ball, and is usually well-camouflaged amongst vines or vegetation of some kind. The nest's appearance is also difficult to distinguish from a heap of leaves pushed together by the wind;<ref name = "HBW"/> a few species create a "doormat" of sticks (sometimes decorated with mammal dung<ref name="Zimmerman 2004">{{cite journal|last1=Zimmerman|first1=Udo|last2=Noske|first2=Richard|title=Why do Rainbow Pittas ''Pitta iris'' place wallaby dung at the entrance to their nests?|journal=Australian Field Ornithology |date=2004 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=163–165 |url-access=subscription|url=http://www.birdlife.org.au/afo/index.php/afo/article/view/81}}</ref>) by the entrance. The nests can either be placed on the ground or in trees. Some species always nest in trees, like both African species, others nest only on the ground, and others show considerable variation. Both sexes help to build the nest, but the male does most of the work. It takes around two to eight days to build a new nest; this probably varies depending on the experience of the birds involved. A new nest is constructed for each nesting attempt,<ref name = "HBW"/> and work on building a nest for a second brood may start while the chicks from the first brood are still being fed.<ref name="Zimmerman"/>

The [[avian clutch size|clutch size]] varies by species. Typically three to five eggs are laid, but two is typical for the garnet pitta, whereas six is more common for the blue-winged pitta and the Indian pitta.<ref name = "HBW"/> It is thought that species with higher levels of predation tend to have smaller clutches, as smaller clutches involve fewer provisioning trips that might alert a predator to the presence of a nest, and smaller clutches are easier to replace if lost.<ref name="Zimmerman">{{cite journal|last1=Zimmermann|first1=Udo M.|last2=Noske|first2=Richard A.|title=Breeding biology of the Rainbow Pitta, ''Pitta iris'', a species endemic to Australian monsoon-tropical rainforests|journal=Emu|date=2003|volume=103| issue=3 |pages=245–254 |doi=10.1071/MU02005 |bibcode=2003EmuAO.103..245Z |s2cid=84067407|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248900314}}</ref> Clutch size may vary within a species depending on latitude. A study of noisy pittas found that birds in the tropics had smaller clutch sizes than those in more temperate environments.<ref name="noisy pitta">{{cite journal |last=Woodall|first=P.F.|title=Breeding season and clutch size of the Noisy Pitta ''Pitta versicolor'' in tropical and subtropical Australia |journal=Emu |year=1994 |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=273–277 |doi=10.1071/MU9940273|bibcode=1994EmuAO..94..273W }}</ref> The eggs of pittas are slightly pointed at one end, and generally smooth (the deeply pitted eggs of the superb pitta being the exception to this). The size of eggs varies by species, smaller-sized species laying smaller eggs. There is also some variation in egg size within a species in species with large ranges. For example, the eggs of noisy pittas are smaller closer to the tropics.<ref name = "HBW"/> Eggs are typically white or creamy, and usually slightly glossy.{{sfn|Erritzoe|Erritzoe|1998|p=26}}

[[File:Indian pitta (Pitta brachyura) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|thumb|alt= A buff and green bird stands on a branch|The [[Indian pitta]] has a clutch size of six or more eggs]]

Both parents [[Avian incubation|incubate]] the clutch, the period between laying and hatching being between 14 and 18 days (14 to 16 being more typical). The chicks usually hatch asynchronously, over several days, but in some species the hatching is synchronous. On hatching the [[Gurney's pitta]] parents are reported to consume the eggshells. This behaviour ensures that the calcium used to create the eggs is not lost. It is unknown if other species do this, but it is a common behaviour among birds. As with the incubation, both parents are involved in rearing the chicks. The chicks of pittas are entirely [[altricial]], hatching both naked and blind, and dependent upon their parents for warmth, food and nest sanitation. Young chicks are brooded continuously, the female brooding alone in some species and sharing responsibilities with the male in others.<ref name="Gulson-Castillo">{{cite journal |last1=Gulson-Castillo |first1=Eric R. |last2=Dreelin |first2=R. Andrew |last3=Fernandez-Duque |first3=Facundo |last4=Greig |first4=Emma I. |last5=Hite |first5=Justin M. |last6=Orzechowski |first6=Sophia C. |last7=Smith |first7=Lauren K. |last8=Wallace |first8=Rachel T. |last9=Winkler |first9=David W. |title=Breeding biology during the nestling period at a Black-crowned Pitta ''Erythropitta ussheri'' nest |journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club |date=2017 |volume=137 |issue=3 |pages=173–194 |doi=10.25226/bboc.v137i3.2017.a2 |bibcode=2017BBrOC.137..173G |issn=0007-1595|doi-access=free }}</ref> The males and females make regular feeding trips to the chicks;<ref name = "HBW"/> one study of Gurney's pittas found a pair made 2300 feeding visits to the nest, traveling an estimated {{convert|460|km|mi|abbr=on}} over the nestling stage.{{sfn|Erritzoe|Erritzoe|1998|p=27}} Earthworms are important food items for many species, and the dominant item in the nestling diet of some. 73% of the parental visits of fairy pittas, 63% of rainbow pitta's, up to 79% of Gurney's pitta's visits involved bringing earthworms. Parents can and do carry more than one item in their bills during visits; in a study of breeding fairy pittas, as many as six items were observed being brought in a single visit; less than four was more typical.<ref name=fairybreed>{{cite journal|last=Lin|first=Ruey-Shing |author2=Yao, Cheng-Te |author3=Pei-Fen Lee|title=The diet of Fairy Pitta ''Pitta nympha'' nestlings in Taiwan as revealed by videotaping |journal=Zoological Studies |year=2007| volume=46| issue=3| pages=355–361 |url=http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/161659/1/39.pdf}}</ref> When the chicks are small, prey may be broken up before being fed to the chicks,<ref name = "HBW"/> and larger prey items like skinks and snakes are only fed to chicks who are old enough to manage them.<ref name=fairybreed/>

==Relationship with humans==
The brilliant plumage of many pittas has resulted in considerable interest in pittas from people living within their range, scientists, [[aviculture|aviculturists]] and [[bird watching|birdwatchers]], and has led to the colloquial name jewel-thrushes. Such is their attractiveness that, in Borneo, even the body of a dead pitta can be a favoured toy for local children. They have proven difficult to maintain and breed in captivity, requiring large amounts of space, humidity and sufficient vegetation of the right kind.<ref name="HBW"/> Pittas are a very popular group of birds with birdwatchers, due to the dazzling plumage of many species and the relative difficulty of seeing these retiring birds in dark forests.<ref name="HBW"/> Their desirability as birdwatching targets was the subject of the book ''The Jewel Hunter'' (2013), in which the writer Chris Goodie recounted his attempt to see every species of pitta.<ref>{{cite news|last1=GrrlScientist|title=The Jewel Hunter [Book Review]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/punctuated-equilibrium/2011/feb/28/2|access-date=18 July 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|date=28 February 2011}}</ref>

===Status and conservation===
[[File:Pitta baudii koronás pitta.jpg|thumb|alt=Illustration of two birds with different plumage|[[Blue-headed pitta]]s (male left, female right) are threatened by rapid [[deforestation in Borneo]]]]

Pittas are generally forest birds and, as such, are vulnerable to [[habitat loss]] caused by rapid deforestation.<ref name="HBW" /> They can also be difficult birds to survey and are easily overlooked.<ref name="Gurney"/> Four species are assessed to be [[endangered species|endangered]], and a further nine are listed as [[vulnerable species|vulnerable]] by the IUCN. Eight species are listed as [[near-threatened]], and one, the [[Louisiade pitta]], is too poorly known to be assessed and is listed as [[data deficient]].<ref name="IUCN">{{cite web|author1=BirdLife International|author-link1=BirdLife International |title=Family Pittidae |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/results?thrlev1=&thrlev2=&kw=&fam=103&gen=0&spc=&cmn=&reg=0&cty=0&rlEX=Y&rlEW=Y&rlCR=Y&rlEN=Y&rlVU=Y&rlNT=Y&rlDD=Y|website=Data Zone |access-date=17 July 2017|date=2017}}</ref>

The Gurney's pitta was not seen for 34 years between 1952 and 1986, before a small population was discovered in southern Thailand.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gretton |first1=Adam |last2=Kohler |first2=Marcus |last3=Lansdown|first3=Richard V.|last4=Pankhurst|first4=Tim J. |last5=Parr |first5=John |last6=Robson|first6=Craig|title=The status of Gurney's Pitta ''Pitta gumeyi'', 1987–1989|journal=Bird Conservation International |date=1993|volume=3|issue=4|pages=351–367 |doi= 10.1017/S0959270900002604 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231826888|doi-access=free}}</ref> This small population declined after its rediscovery, and, by 2000, it had reached a low of 10 pairs, and was listed as [[critically endangered]]. In 2003, the species was found in Burma for the first time since 1914, and in large numbers, between nine and thirty five thousand pairs. The species was considerably less threatened than thought, but it is still of considerable conservation concern, as deforestation of the habitat in Burma continues.<ref name="Gurney">{{cite journal|last1=Donald|first1=P. F.|last2=Aratrakorn|first2=S.|last3=Win Htun |first3=T. |last4=Eames|first4=J. C.|last5=Hla|first5=H.|last6=Thunhikorn|first6=S.|last7=Sribua-Rod |first7=K. |last8=Tinun|first8=P.|last9=Aung|first9=S.M.|last10=Zaw|first10=S.M.|last11=Buchanan|first11=G.M.|title=Population, distribution, habitat use and breeding of Gurney's Pitta ''Pitta gurneyi'' in Myanmar and Thailand|journal=Bird Conservation International|date=2009|volume=19|issue=4|pages=353–366 |doi= 10.1017/S0959270909008612 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The rapid rate of deforestation in Borneo has pushed the [[blue-headed pitta]], considered common and secure as recently as 1996, into the list of species considered vulnerable.<ref name="Bluehead">{{cite web|author=BirdLife International|title=Blue-headed Pitta|url=https://www.globalconservation.info/rudy/view_html.php?id=237&op=pittbaud|work=Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book|publisher=BirdLife International|access-date=2 August 2010|location=Cambridge|year=2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411191144/https://www.globalconservation.info/rudy/view_html.php?id=237&op=pittbaud|archive-date=11 April 2016}}</ref>

Pittas have been targeted by poachers for the illegal [[wild-bird trade]]. They are not targeted because of their song, as many songbirds are, and may simply be captured as bycatch from collecting other species, and because of their attractive plumage. According to some trappers, they also may end up being eaten for food.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shepherd |first1=Chris |last2=Eaton |first2=James|last3=Serene|first3=Chng|title=Pittas for a pittance: observations on the little known illegal trade in Pittidae in west Indonesia|journal=Birding Asia|date=2015|volume=24|pages=18–20 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292977680}}</ref> On Manus, locals report that predation by snakes, including the [[brown tree snake]], is responsible for the rarity of the endangered superb pitta,<ref name ="Dutson">{{cite journal|last1=Dutson|first1=Guy C.L.|last2=Newman|first2=Jonathan L.|title=Observations on the Superb Pitta ''Pitta superba'' and other Manus endemics|journal=Bird Conservation International|date= 1991 |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=215–222 |doi=10.1017/S0959270900000605|doi-access=free}}</ref> but the snake, the introduction of which is responsible for several extinctions of island birds across the Pacific, is native to the island, and is therefore likely a natural threat.<ref name="superb" />

==Species of pitta==

There are 44 species of pitta in three genera according to the International Ornithological Congress' (IOC) ''Birds of the World: Recommended English Names''.<ref name="IOC"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Genus !! Living species
|-
|[[File:Pitta oatesi male - Mae Wong.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Hydrornis]]'' {{small|Blyth, 1843}} ||
* [[Eared pitta]], ''Hydrornis phayrei''
* [[Blue-naped pitta]], ''Hydrornis nipalensis''
* [[Blue-rumped pitta]], ''Hydrornis soror''
* [[Rusty-naped pitta]], ''Hydrornis oatesi''
* [[Schneider's pitta]], ''Hydrornis schneideri''
* [[Giant pitta]], ''Hydrornis caerulea''
* [[Blue-headed pitta]], ''Hydrornis baudii''
* [[Blue pitta]], ''Hydrornis cyanea''
* [[Bar-bellied pitta]], ''Hydrornis elliotii''
* [[Javan banded pitta]], ''Hydrornis guajana''
* [[Malayan banded pitta]], ''Hydrornis irena''
* [[Bornean banded pitta]], ''Hydrornis schwaneri''
* [[Gurney's pitta]], ''Hydrornis gurneyi''
|-
|[[File:Black-crowned Pitta (Erythropitta ussheri).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Erythropitta]]'' {{small|Bonaparte, 1854}} ||
* [[Whiskered pitta]], ''Erythropitta kochi''
* [[Philippine pitta]], ''Erythropitta erythrogaster''
* [[Sula pitta]], ''Erythropitta dohertyi''
* [[Sulawesi pitta]], ''Erythropitta celebensis''
* [[Siau pitta]], ''Erythropitta palliceps''
* [[Sangihe pitta]], ''Erythropitta caeruleitorques''
* [[South Moluccan pitta]], ''Erythropitta rubrinucha''
* [[North Moluccan pitta]], ''Erythropitta rufiventris''
* [[Louisiade pitta]], ''Erythropitta meeki''
* [[Bismarck pitta]], ''Erythropitta novaehibernicae''
* [[Papuan pitta]], ''Erythropitta macklotii''
* [[Blue-banded pitta]], ''Erythropitta arcuata''
* [[Garnet pitta]], ''Erythropitta granatina''
* [[Black-crowned pitta]], ''Erythropitta ussheri''
* [[Graceful pitta]], ''Erythropitta venusta''
|-
|[[File:Pitta megarhyncha 1 - Singapore.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Pitta (genus)|Pitta]]'' {{small|Vieillot, 1816}} ||
* [[Hooded pitta]], ''Pitta sordida''
* [[Ivory-breasted pitta]], ''Pitta maxima''
* [[Superb pitta]], ''Pitta superba''
* [[Azure-breasted pitta]], ''Pitta steerii''
* [[African pitta]], ''Pitta angolensis''
* [[Green-breasted pitta]], ''Pitta reichenowi''
* [[Indian pitta]], ''Pitta brachyura''
* [[Fairy pitta]], ''Pitta nympha''
* [[Blue-winged pitta]], ''Pitta moluccensis''
* [[Mangrove pitta]], ''Pitta megarhyncha''
* [[Ornate pitta]], ''Pitta concinna''
* [[Elegant pitta]], ''Pitta elegans''
* [[Banda Sea pitta]], ''Pitta vigorsii''
* [[Noisy pitta]], ''Pitta versicolor''
* [[Black-faced pitta]], ''Pitta anerythra''
* [[Rainbow pitta]], ''Pitta iris''

|-
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Cited texts===
* {{cite book|last1=Erritzoe|first1=L.|last2=Erritzoe|first2=H.|title=Pittas of the World, A Monograph of the Pitta Family|date=1998|publisher=Lutterworth Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-7188-2961-2 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pittidae}}
{{Wikispecies|Pittidae}}
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/pittas-pittidae Pitta videos] on the Internet Bird Collection

{{Passeriformes|P.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q217472}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pittas| ]]

2024 Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL) season

2025-12-10T23:02:38Z

Anshuchoudhary28: Starting basic info basic info

{{short description|WPL cricket team in 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
|club=Royal Challengers Bangalore
|season=[[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024]]
|captain=[[Smriti Mandhana]]
|coach=[[Luke Williams (cricketer)|Luke Williams]]
|comp1=[[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)#League stage|WPL League]]
|comp1 result=Qualified for Playoffs<ref name="Po">{{Cite web |title=WPL 2024: Ellyse Perry's Remarkable Comeback Against MI |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/wpl-2024-rcb-beat-mi-reach-playoffs-ellyse-perry-six-wicket-haul-royal-challengers-bangalore-mumbai-indians-8813256.html |website=News18}}</ref> (Eliminator)<ref name="E">{{Cite web |title=MI vs RCB WPL 2024 Eliminator: Preview, Team News, Predicted Playing XI, Live Streaming |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/mi-vs-rcb-wpl-2024-eliminator-preview-team-news-predicted-playing-xi-live-streaming-269977.html |website=myKhel}}</ref>
|comp2=[[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)#Eliminator|WPL Eliminator]]
|comp2 result=Qualified for Final<ref name="F">{{Cite web |title=WPL 2024 Eliminator: Mumbai Indians Heartbroken as Royal Challengers Bangalore Turn Fortunes to Storm into Final - News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/wpl-2024-eliminator-mumbai-indians-heartbroken-as-royal-challengers-bangalore-turn-fortunes-to-storm-into-final-8817312.html |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>
|comp3=[[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket) final|WPL Final]]
|comp3 result=Maiden title<ref name = "C">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-17 |title=DC vs RCB Highlights, WPL 2024 Final: RCB conquer Delhi Capitals by 8 wickets, clinch maiden title |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/dc-vs-rcb-wpl-final-2024-live-cricket-score-delhi-capitals-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-womens-premier-league-t20-101710671013418.html |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|most runs=[[Ellyse Perry]] (347)
|most wickets=[[Shreyanka Patil]] (13)
|most catches=[[Georgia Wareham]] (6)
|most dismissals=[[Richa Ghosh]] (13)
|prevseason=[[Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2023 (WPL)|2023]]
|nextseason=[[Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2025 (WPL)|2025]]}}

The [[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024 season]] was the second season for the franchise [[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]]. They were one of five teams that competed in the [[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024 Women's Premier League]]. They finished at the fourth place in the [[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|previous (inaugural) season]]'s League stage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WPL Points Table {{!}} WPL Standings {{!}} WPL Ranking |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2022-23-1348825/points-table-standings |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

Royal Challengers Bangalore qualified for the WPL Playoffs for the first time,<ref name="Po" /> after being placed third in the Points table.<ref name="E" /> They qualified for the Final after their win against [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]] in the Eliminator.<ref name="F" /> They won their maiden title after defeating [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]] in the Final.<ref name = "C" />

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
*Ages as of 23 February 2024

{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Notes
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#dcdcdc" |Captain
|-
|'''[[Smriti Mandhana]]'''
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|1996|7|18|df=y}}
|Left-handed
|Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]]
|
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#dcdcdc" |Batters
|-
|[[Disha Kasat]]
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|1997|9|19|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
|
|-
|'''[[Sabbhineni Meghana]]'''
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|1996|6|7|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
|
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#dcdcdc" |All-rounders
|-
|'''[[Kanika Ahuja]]'''
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|2002|8|7|df=y}}
|Left-handed
|Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]]
|
|-
|[[Asha Sobhana]]
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|1991|3|16|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Leg spin|leg break]]
|
|-
|'''[[Sophie Devine]]'''
|{{crw|NZL}}
|{{Birth date and age|1989|9|1|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
|Overseas player
|-
|'''[[Heather Knight (cricketer)|Heather Knight]]'''
|{{crw|ENG}}
|{{Birth date and age|1990|12|26|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]]
|Overseas player
|-
|'''[[Ellyse Perry]]'''
|{{crw|AUS}}
|{{Birth date and age|1990|11|3|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
|Overseas player
|-
|'''[[Shubha Satheesh]]'''
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|1999|7|13|df=y}}
|Left-handed
|Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
|
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#dcdcdc" |Wicket-keepers
|-
|'''[[Richa Ghosh]]'''
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|2003|9|28|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
|
|-
|[[Indrani Roy]]
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|1997|9|5|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
|
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#dcdcdc" |Bowlers
|-
|'''[[Simran Bahadur]]'''
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|1999|12|13|df=y}}
|Left-handed
|Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
|
|-
|'''[[Ekta Bisht]]'''
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|1986|2|8|df=y}}
|Left-handed
|[[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left-arm orthodox]]
|
|-
|'''[[Kate Cross]]'''
|{{crw|ENG}}
|{{Birth date and age|1991|10|3|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
|Overseas player
|-
|'''[[Sophie Molineux]]'''
|{{crw|AUS}}
|{{Birth date and age|1998|1|17|df=y}}
|Left-handed
|[[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left-arm orthodox]]
|Overseas player
|-
|'''[[Shreyanka Patil]]'''
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|2002|7|31|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]]
|
|-
|'''[[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]]'''
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|1996|2|1|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
|
|-
|'''[[Georgia Wareham]]'''
|{{crw|AUS}}
|{{Birth date and age|1999|5|23|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Leg spin|leg break]]
|Overseas player
|}
* Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=WPL 2024 squads: Full player list for all teams {{!}} The Cricketer |url=https://www.thecricketer.com/Topics/wpl/wpl_2024_squads_full_player_list_all_teams.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=www.thecricketer.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Administration and support staff ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Position
!Name
|-
|Director of cricket
|Mo Bobat<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mo Bobat to join RCB as director of cricket after 12 years in England set-up |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ecb-s-bobat-to-join-rcb-in-ipl-as-director-of-cricket-after-12-years-in-england-set-up-1400496 |access-date=2023-12-02 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Head of team operations
|Soumyadeep Pyne
|-
|Team manager & doctor
|Dr Harini Muralidharan
|-
|Head coach
|[[Luke Williams (cricketer)|Luke Williams]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-30 |title=RCB appoint Big Bash winner Luke Williams as WPL Head Coach |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/rcb-appoint-big-bash-winner-luke-williams-as-wpl-head-coach-101696053879466.html |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Assistant head coach
|[[Malolan Rangarajan]]
|-
|Batting coach
|RX Murali
|-
|Fielding coach
|[[Vellaswamy Vanitha]]
|}
*Source: Official website<ref>{{cite web |title=Squad/Women |url=https://royalchallengers.com/rcb-squad-women |access-date=27 March 2023 |publisher=Royal Challengers Bangalore}}</ref>

== Sponsors ==
* Title sponsor: Kajaria Tiles<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Euan |date=2023-03-03 |title=IPL and WPL teams hurry to secure last-minute deals, RCB and MI active |url=https://www.sportcal.com/sponsorship/ipl-and-wpl-teams-hurry-to-secure-last-minute-deals-rcb-and-mi-active/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Sportcal |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Principal partners: Mia by Tanishq & [[Dream11]]
* Official partners: Zuno General Insurance<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zuno and RCB a truly fitting match |url=https://www.hizuno.com/blog/others/zuno-and-rcb-a-truly-fitting-match |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=www.hizuno.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1634496359926763523 |user=RCBTweets |title=Official Partner}}</ref>
* Associate partners: [[Puma (brand)|Puma]], Himalaya, & Vega
* Kit manufacturer: [[Puma SE|Puma]]
* Main shirt sponsor: Kajaria
* Back shirt sponsor: [[Tanishq|Mia]]

== League stage ==
{{2024 Women's Premier League Points table}}

=== Fixtures and results ===

{{Single-innings cricket match|round={{Anchor|Match 2}}'''Match 2'''|date=24 February 2024|time=19:30|night=y|team1=[[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]]|team2=[[UP Warriorz (WPL)|UP Warriorz]]|score1=157/6 (20 overs)|runs1=[[Richa Ghosh]] 62 (37)|wickets1=[[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]] 2/24 (4 overs)|score2=155/7 (20 overs)|runs2=[[Grace Harris]] 38 (23)|wickets2=Sobhana Asha 5/22 (4 overs)|result=Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 2 runs|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1417717.html Scorecard]|venue=[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]|umpires=Abhijit Bhattacharya and [[Narayanan Janani]]|motm=Sobhana Asha (Royal Challengers Bangalore)|toss=UP Warriorz won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match|round={{Anchor|Match 5}}'''Match 5'''|date=27 February 2024|time=19:30|night=y|team1=[[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]|team2=[[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]]|score1=107/7 (20 overs)|runs1=[[Dayalan Hemalatha]] 31[[not out|*]] (25)|wickets1=[[Sophie Molineux]] 3/25 (4 overs)|score2=110/2 (12.3 overs)|runs2=[[Smriti Mandhana]] 43 (27)|wickets2=[[Ashleigh Gardner]] 1/15 (3 overs)|result=Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 8 wickets|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1417720.html Scorecard]|venue=[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]|umpires=Parashar Joshi and Mohamed Rafi|motm=[[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)|toss=Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match|round={{Anchor|Match 7}}'''Match 7'''|date=29 February 2024|time=19:30|night=y|team1=[[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]|team2=[[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]]|score1=194/5 (20 overs)|runs1=[[Shafali Verma]] 50 (31)|wickets1=[[Sophie Devine]] 2/23 (3 overs)|score2=169/9 (20 overs)|runs2=[[Smriti Mandhana]] 74 (43)|wickets2=[[Jess Jonassen]] 3/21 (4 overs)|result=Delhi Capitals won by 25 runs|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1417722.html Scorecard]|venue=[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]|umpires=Abhijit Bhattacharya and [[Narayanan Janani]]|motm=[[Marizanne Kapp]] (Delhi Capitals)|toss=Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match|round={{Anchor|Match 9}}'''Match 9'''|date=2 March 2024|time=19:30|night=y|team1=[[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]]|team2=[[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]|score1=131/6 (20 overs)|runs1=[[Ellyse Perry]] 44[[not out|*]] (38)|wickets1=[[Pooja Vastrakar]] 2/14 (3 overs)|score2=133/3 (15.1 overs)|runs2=[[Amelia Kerr]] 40[[not out|*]] (24)|wickets2=[[Shreyanka Patil]] 1/15 (2 overs)|result=Mumbai Indians won by 7 wickets|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1417724.html Scorecard]|venue=[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]|umpires=Mohit Krishnadas and [[Pashchim Pathak]]|motm=[[Amelia Kerr]] (Mumbai Indians)|toss=Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match|round={{Anchor|Match 11}}'''Match 11'''|date=4 March 2024|time=19:30|night=y|team1=[[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]]|team2=[[UP Warriorz (WPL)|UP Warriorz]]|score1=198/3 (20 overs)|runs1=[[Smriti Mandhana]] 80 (50)|wickets1=[[Sophie Ecclestone]] 1/22 (4 overs)|score2=175/8 (20 overs)|runs2=[[Alyssa Healy]] 55 (38)|wickets2=Sobhana Asha 2/29 (4 overs) [[Sophie Molineux]] 2/29 (4 overs)|result=Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 23 runs|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1417726.html Scorecard]|venue=[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]|umpires=Abhijeet Bengeri and [[Vrinda Rathi]]|motm=[[Smriti Mandhana]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)|toss=UP Warriorz won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match|round={{Anchor|Match 13}}'''Match 13'''|date=6 March 2024|time=19:30|night=y|team1=[[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]|team2=[[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]]|score1=199/5 (20 overs)|runs1=[[Beth Mooney]] 85[[not out|*]] (51)|wickets1=[[Sophie Molineux]] 1/32 (4 overs)|score2=180/8 (20 overs)|runs2=[[Georgia Wareham]] 48 (22)|wickets2=[[Ashleigh Gardner]] 2/23 (4 overs)|result=Gujarat Giants won by 19 runs|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1417728.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]|umpires=[[Puttarangaiah Jayapal]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] |motm=[[Beth Mooney]] (Gujarat Giants)|toss=Gujarat Giants won the toss and elected to bat.|rain=|notes=}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match|round={{Anchor|Match 17}}'''Match 17'''|date=10 March 2024|time=19:30|night=y|team1=[[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]|team2=[[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]]|score1=181/5 (20 overs)|runs1=[[Jemimah Rodrigues]] 58 (36)|wickets1=[[Shreyanka Patil]] 4/26 (4 overs)|score2=180/7 (20 overs)|runs2=[[Richa Ghosh]] 51 (29)|wickets2=[[Alice Capsey]] 1/5 (1 over)|result=Delhi Capitals won by 1 run|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1417732.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]|umpires=Abhijit Bhattacharya and [[Narayanan Janani]]|motm=[[Jemimah Rodrigues]] (Delhi Capitals)|toss=Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to bat.|rain=|notes=Delhi Capitals qualified for the playoffs as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-1411373/delhi-capitals-women-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-women-17th-match-1417732/match-report |title=Heartbreak for Ghosh as Capitals qualify for playoffs in thriller |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=10 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match|round={{Anchor|Match 19}}'''Match 19'''|date=12 March 2024|time=19:30|night=y|team1=[[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]|team2=[[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]]|score1=113 (19 overs)|runs1=Sajeevan Sajana 30 (21)|wickets1=[[Ellyse Perry]] 6/15 (4 overs)|score2=115/3 (15 overs)|runs2=[[Ellyse Perry]] 40[[not out|*]] (38)|wickets2=[[Hayley Matthews]] 1/11 (2 overs)|result=Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 7 wickets|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1417734.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]|umpires=Mohit Krishnadas and [[Pashchim Pathak]]|motm=[[Ellyse Perry]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)|toss=Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=Royal Challengers Bangalore qualified for the playoffs as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-1411373/mumbai-indians-women-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-women-19th-match-1417734/match-report |title=The Perry show floors Mumbai, puts RCB in playoffs |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=12 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>}}

== Playoffs ==
{{#section:2024_Women's_Premier_League_(cricket)|playoffs}}

=== Eliminator ===
{{Excerpt|2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|hat=no|section=Eliminator|bold=yes}}

=== Final ===
{{Main|2024 Women's Premier League (cricket) final}}
{{Excerpt|2024 Women's Premier League (cricket) final|hat=no|section=Summary|bold=yes}}

== Statistics ==

=== Most runs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Runs
!Player
!{{Abbr|Inns|Innings}}
!Highest score
!Average
|-
!347
|[[Ellyse Perry]]
|9
|66
|69.40
|-
!300
|[[Smriti Mandhana]]
|10
|80
|30.00
|-
!257
|[[Richa Ghosh]]
|10
|62
|42.83
|-
!168
|[[Sabbhineni Meghana]]
|7
|53
|33.60
|-
!136
|[[Sophie Devine]]
|10
|32
|15.11
|}
*Source: [[ESPNcricinfo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title= Women's Premier League, 2024 batting most runs career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-15955 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

=== Most wickets ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Wickets
!Player
!Innings
!Best bowling
|-
!13
|[[Shreyanka Patil]]
|8
|4/12
|-
!rowspan=2|12
|[[Asha Sobhana]]
|10
|5/22
|-
|[[Sophie Molineux]]
|10
|3/20
|-
!rowspan=2|7
|[[Ellyse Perry]]
|7
|6/15
|-
|[[Georgia Wareham]]
|10
|2/38
|}
*Source: [[ESPNcricinfo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Premier League, 2024 bowling most wickets career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-15955 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://royalchallengers.com/}}
* [https://www.wplt20.com/teams/royal-challengers-bangalore Royal Challengers Bangalore on WPLT20 Website]
{{Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)}}{{2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)}}{{Women's Premier League (cricket)}}{{Portal bar|India|Cricket}}

[[Category:2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)]]

Sruti Mohapatra

2025-11-24T05:30:53Z

Anshuchoudhary28: Done

{{Short description|Indian disability inclusion expert and disability rights activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
[[File:Nari Shakti Puraskar to Sruti Mohapatra for empowerment of Divyangjan. Known as the 'Crusader in a Wheelchair'.jpg|Mohapatra receives [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] from President [[Ram Nath Kovind]]|alt= Indian woman in wheelchair receives award from a man who is President|thumb|right]]

'''Sruti Mohapatra''' (born {{circa|1963}}) is a disability inclusion expert. Her expertise is in inclusive education and inclusive disaster management and planning.

== Career ==
Sruti Mohapatra was born {{circa|1963}}.<ref name="NDTV" /> She lives in [[Bhubaneswar]], the capital city of [[Odisha]], India.<ref name="OI" /><ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |last1=Baral |first1=Maitree |title='Disability' Rendered Her Unsuitable For IAS: Meet Sruti Mohapatra, Crusader For People With Disabilities |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/success-story-disability-rendered-her-unsuitable-for-ias-meet-sruti-mohapatra-crusader-for-different-1770772 |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=NDTV |date=6 November 2017 |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812033706/https://www.ndtv.com/education/success-story-disability-rendered-her-unsuitable-for-ias-meet-sruti-mohapatra-crusader-for-different-1770772 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1987, she wanted to become an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer after passing the [[Union Public Service Commission]] examination but she injured her [[spinal cord]] in a car accident.<ref name="NDTV" /> Mohaptra is a wheelchair user who campaigns for [[disability rights]].<ref name="OI">{{cite news |title=Sruti Mohapatra Gives The Disabled Opportunities She Never Had |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/sruti-mohapatra-gives-the-disabled-opportunities-she-never-had/207321 |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=Outlook India |date=5 February 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309123638/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/sruti-mohapatra-gives-the-disabled-opportunities-she-never-had/207321 |url-status=live }}</ref> She has chaired the Odisha State Commission for the Protection of Child Rights and is a member of the National Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.<ref name="Tatsat" />

In 2009, she won a victory with other activists when the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] at [[Puri]] was made accessible to wheelchair users.<ref name="Special">{{cite news |last1=Mahapatra |first1=Sampad |title=Temple for special people |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/temple-for-special-people-401357 |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=NDTV |date=28 October 2009 |archive-date=15 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815220019/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/temple-for-special-people-401357 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], she warned that 43 per cent of disabled children in Odisha were dropping out of school.<ref name="ToI">{{cite news |title=43 lakh disabled students across states may drop out, unable to cope with e-education |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/43-lakh-disabled-students-across-states-may-drop-out-unable-to-cope-with-e-education-report/articleshow/77169020.cms |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |agency=ANI |date=25 July 2020 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230004239/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/43-lakh-disabled-students-across-states-may-drop-out-unable-to-cope-with-e-education-report/articleshow/77169020.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Mohaptra received the [[Real Heroes Award]] in 2010.<ref name="NDTV" /> President [[Ram Nath Kovind]] presented her with the 2021 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] on [[International Women's Day]] 2022.<ref name="Tatsat">{{cite news |last1=Kainthola |first1=Deepanshu |title=President Presents Nari Shakti Puraskar for the Years 2020, 2021 |url=https://tatsatchronicle.com/president-presents-nari-shakti-puraskar-for-the-years-2020-2021/ |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=Tatsat Chronicle Magazine |date=8 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309001953/https://tatsatchronicle.com/president-presents-nari-shakti-puraskar-for-the-years-2020-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohapatra, Sruti}}
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Indian disability rights activists]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian activists with disabilities]]

Dhirendra Nath Ganguly

2025-11-23T16:12:51Z

Anshuchoudhary28: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Short description|Indian actor and director (1893–1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dhirendra Nath Ganguly
| image = DG1.jpg
| imagesize =200px
| caption =Dhirendra Nath Ganguly in the movie [[Bilat Ferat]] (1921)
| birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes|1893|03|26}}
| years_active = 1919 - 1978
| occupation = Actor, Producer, Director
| birth_name =
| birth_place =[[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1978|11|18|1893|03|26}}
| death_place =[[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| othername =Dhiren Ganguly or D.G
| spouses =Premika Devi, Uma Devi
| domesticpartner =
| website =
}}

'''Dhirendra Nath Ganguly''' (26 March 1893 – 18 November 1978), better known as '''Dhiren Ganguly''' or '''D.G''', was a [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]-winning and [[Padma Bhushan]] recipient film entrepreneur/actor/director of [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali Cinema]]. He had set up a number of film production companies: [[#Indo British Film Company|Indo British Film company]], [[#British Dominion Films|British Dominion Films]], [[#Lotus Film Company|Lotus Film Company]]. Later, he directed films for [[New Theatres]]. He produced many movies in the comedy genre. He was born in [[Calcutta]] and died in the same city.

==Early life==
Ganguly studied in the [[Visva Bharati University]] in [[Shantiniketan]]. He became a headmaster of State Art School in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]. He released a book of photographs of his make-up techniques called ''Bhavki Abhibyakti'' in 1915. He also taught this art to [[Criminal Investigation Department|C.I.D.]] officers in both [[British India]] and independent [[India]]. His family hailed from [[Barisal]].
<ref name="arts">pp 950-951, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ae1Zrmz6ETwC&dq=%22Indo+British+Film+company%22&pg=PA951 Google books preview] from 'Arts of Transitional India Twentieth Century', by Vinayak Purohit, ISBN 0-86132-138-3</ref>

==Career==

===Indo British Film Company===
Ganguly's photography book brought him in contact of [[J. F. Madan]], who agreed to invest in his films.<ref name="arts"/> Ganguly and [[Madan Theatre]]s' manager Nitish Lahiri formed the '''Indo British Film Co''', the first [[film production]] company owned by [[Bengali people|Bengali]]s, in 1918.<ref name="bfja">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/cinema.htm |title=History of Bengali Cinema from BFJA Awards website |access-date=14 May 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050924155956/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/cinema.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Bilat Ferat (1921 film)|Bilat Ferat (1921)]]'' (''The England Returned''), a silent comedy film directed by Nitish Lahiri, was the first production from this company.<ref name="arts"/> They released another two movies in 1922: ''Yashoda Nandan'' and ''Sadhu Aur Shaitan''.<ref name="bfja"/>

===Lotus Film Company===
Ganguly founded '''Lotus Film Company''' in Hyderabad and also established a film studio and two cinema houses with the help of [[Nizam]]. In 1924, he was a distributor of ''Razia Begum'', a film made in [[Bombay]]. This film portrayed a Muslim princess who fell in love with an Abyssinian slave . This enraged Nizam and he ordered Ganguly to leave Hyderabad.<ref name="arts"/>

===British Dominion Films===
Ganguly returned to Calcuta and eventually formed another film production company '''British Dominion Films'''. Actor [[Pramathesh Barua]] invested in this venture and also acted in a film produced by this company. However, with the arrival [[talkie]]s and new sound technologies, this film company failed.<ref name="arts"/>

===Talkies era===
Ganguly joined Barua Pictures company of Pramathesh Barua. But, soon both of them joined [[B. N. Sircar]]'s [[New Theatres]].

==Recognition==
* D.G. received [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1974.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |accessdate=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref>
* He received the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] in 1975.

==Filmography==

===Director===
* Cartoon (1949)
* Shesh Nibedan (1948)
* Srinkhal (1947)
* Daabi (1943)
* Ahuti (1941)
* Karmakhali (1940)
* Path-Bhule (1940)
* Abhisarika (1938)
* Achin Priya (1938)
* Hal Bangla (1938)
* Country Girl (1936) (Hindi: Dehati Ladki)
* Dwipantar (1936)
* Bidrohi (1935)
* Excuse Me, Sir (1934)
* Halkatha (1934)
* Mastuto Bhai (1934)
* Night Bird (1934)
* Charitraheen (1931)
* Takay Ki Na Hay (1931) (English title: Money Makes What Not)
* Alik Babu (1930) (English title: Master Liar)
* Flames of Flesh (1930) (Bengali title: Kamonar Agun)
* Bimata (1923) (Hindi title: Bijoy Basant, English title: Stepmother)
* Chintamani (1923)
* The Marriage Tonic (1923)
* Sati Simantini (1923)
* Vijay and Basanta (1923)
* Yayati (1923)
* Yashoda Nandan (1922) (Hindi title: Shri Radha Krishna)
* Hara Gouri (1922)
* Indrajeet (1922)
* Lady Teacher (1922)

===Actor===
* Shesh Nibedan (1948)
* Bondita (1945)
* Hal Bangla (1938)
* Excuse Me, Sir (1934)
* Mastuto Bhai (1934)
* Maraner Pare (1931) (English title: After the Death)
* Takay Ki Na Hay (1931) (English title: Money Makes What Not)
* Panchasar (1930) (English title: Blind God / Five Arrows)
* Alik Babu (1930) (English title: Master Liar)
* Shankaracharya (1927) (English title: Renaissance of Hinduism)
* Yashoda Nandan (1922) (Hindi title: Shri Radha Krishna)
* Lady Teacher (1922)
* Sadhu Aur Shaitan (1922)
* Bilet Pherat (1921) (English title: The England Returned)

===Writer===
* Shesh Nibedan (1948) (screenplay)
* Bilet Pherat (1921) (English title: The England Returned) (writer)

===Producer===
* Flames of Flesh (1930) (Bengali title: Kamonar Agun)
* Bilet Pherat (1921) (English title: The England Returned)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0304358|name=Dhirendranath Ganguly}}
* [http://www.banglafilmsonline.com Bangla Films Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913044539/http://www.banglafilmsonline.com/ |date=13 September 2017 }}

{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganguly, Dhiren}}
[[Category:Visva-Bharati University alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali film producers]]
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:Mass media people from Kolkata]]
[[Category:People from Gournadi Upazila]]
[[Category:Male actors from Barisal Division]]
[[Category:Filmmakers from Barisal Division]]
[[Category:Actors from Barisal District]]

Mister Global

2025-11-15T22:14:05Z

Anshuchoudhary28: created some details and citations

{{Short description|International male beauty pageant in Thailand}}
{{Infobox pageant
| name = Mister Global
| logo =
| logosize = 175px
| image =Mister Global Organization.jpg
| caption =
| type = International male [[beauty pageant]]
| franchise_holder =
| organization = TPN Global Co., Ltd.
| headquarters= [[Bangkok]], Thailand
| pageant_region =
| region_represented=
| qualification =
| first = {{Start date and age|2014}}
| recent = [[Mister Global 2025|2025]]
| last = 
| current_titleholder = Alejandro Ortega
| titleholder_represents = Spain
| language ={{Hlist|[[English language|English]]| [[Thai language|Thai]]}}
| leader_title1 = President
| leader_name1 = [[Piyaporn Sankosik]]
| leader_title2 = Moto
| leader_name2 =Gentlemen With Essence
| leader_title3 = Chief Executive Officer
| leader_name3 =
| predecessor =
| successor = 
| website =[http://www.misterglobal.net Official website]
|leader_title4=Chief Operating Officer|leader_name4=|leader_title=Founder|leader_name=Pradit Pradinunt}}
'''Mister Global''' is an annual men's beauty contest that has been held in Thailand since it was founded in 2014. The competition's inaugural edition was held in the village of [[Pak Chong district|Pak Chong]], located some 170 kilometers (105 miles) to the northeast of Bangkok, with 16 participants.<ref name="twsTalkVietnam">MARCH 28, 2014 Written by VOVNEWS, Talk Vietnam, [http://www.talkvietnam.com/2014/03/vietnam-runner-up-at-mister-global-2014-pageant/ Vietnam runner-up at Mister Global 2014 Pageant] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029193842/https://www.talkvietnam.com/2014/03/vietnam-runner-up-at-mister-global-2014-pageant/ |date=2022-10-29 }}, Retrieved November 12, 2014, "...Nguyen Huu Vi joined 17 other contestants from countries and territories around the world at the final round of Mister Global 2014 held in Pak Chong, Thailand..."</ref><ref>QUỐC TẾ, March 27, 2014, Zing News, (Vietnamese news, in Vietnamese) [https://znews.vn/huu-vi-gianh-ngoi-a-vuong-mister-global-post403219.html Hữu Vi giành ngôi Á vương Mister Global], Retrieved November 14, 2014</ref><ref>GIẢI TRÍ, 13:43 ngày 28 tháng 03 năm 2014, Tien Phong News (Vietnamese news, in Vietnamese) [http://www.tienphong.vn/giai-tri/huu-vi-gianh-ngoi-a-vuong-3-tai-mister-global-2014-690577.tpo Hữu Vi giành ngôi Á vương 3 tại Mister Global 2014], Retrieved November 14, 2014</ref><ref>Song Nguyên, Thứ Sáu, ngày 28/3/2014, Anninhthudo (Vietnamese news, in Vietnamese), [http://www.anninhthudo.vn/hau-truong/cuoc-thi-mister-global-huu-vi-xuat-sac-gianh-ngoi-a-vuong/543372.antd Cuộc thi Mister Global: Hữu Vi xuất sắc giành ngôi Á Vương], Retrieved November 14, 2014</ref>

The reigning titleholder, Mister Global 2025 Alejandro Ortega from Spain, was crowned on October 5th in Bangkok, Thailand.

== History ==
Initially begun as a promotional event in 2014, the Mister Global pageant has since evolved into an annual competition. Winners are selected based on a comprehensive evaluation of formal wear, swimwear, modeling skills, personal interviews, and their final appearance on the night of the competition.<ref>LÊ VÂN (THEO MISSOSOLOGY, ẢNH MISSO, FB) 28/03/14 08:24 THẢO LUẬN, Giaoduc News (Vietnamese news, in Vietnamese), [http://giaoduc.net.vn/Van-hoa/Nguyen-Huu-Vi-tro-thanh-A-vuong-Mister-Global-2014-post142136.gd Nguyễn Hữu Vi trở thành Á vương Mister Global 2014], Retrieved November 14, 2014</ref><ref>TRANG CHỦ, GIẢI TRÍ, THỜI TRANG & LÀM ĐẸP10:08 AM, 21-03-2014, Doisong Phapluat (Vietnamese news, in Vietnamese) [http://www.doisongphapluat.com/thoi-trang/huu-vi-tham-gia-mister-global-2014-tai-thai-lan-a26453.html Hữu Vi tham gia Mister Global 2014 tại Thái Lan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129030618/http://www.doisongphapluat.com/thoi-trang/huu-vi-tham-gia-mister-global-2014-tai-thai-lan-a26453.html |date=2014-11-29 }}, Retrieved November 14, 2014</ref><ref>Thời trang, Thứ sáu, 28/03/2014 08:51, Tintuc Online, (Vietnamese news, in Vietnamese)[http://tintuconline.com.vn/thoi-trang/dai-dien-viet-nam-dang-quang-a-vuong-mister-global-2014-p0c1004n20140328085857898.vnn Đại diện Việt Nam đăng quang Á vương Mister Global 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040320/http://tintuconline.com.vn/thoi-trang/dai-dien-viet-nam-dang-quang-a-vuong-mister-global-2014-p0c1004n20140328085857898.vnn |date=2016-03-04 }}, Retrieved November 14, 2014</ref>

In 2024, TPN Global took over the contest, with [[Piyaporn Sankosik]] at the helm.<ref>[https://www.instagram.com/p/C2xGkc6vbco/?img_index=2], Retrieved January 31, 2024</ref>

As of 2024, over 70 countries and territories have participated in Mister Global. In recent years, the competition has seen consistent participation, with more than 30 countries competing annually in the last five editions. Thailand, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and South Africa have established their own national Mister Global contests.<ref>Làng sao, Thứ Sáu, ngày 28/03/2014 08:14 AM (GMT+7), Eva News, (Vietnamese news, in Vietnamese), [http://eva.vn/lang-sao/dai-dien-viet-nam-tro-thanh-a-vuong-mister-global-c20a174482.html Đại diện Việt Nam trở thành Á vương Mister Global], Retrieved November 14, 2014</ref><ref>КУЛЬТУРА И СПОРТ, 27 марта 2014, KNews, (Serbian News, in Serbian, [http://www.knews.kg/culture/47303_molodoy_kyirgyizstanets_voshel_v_pyaterku_luchshih_na_konkurse_Mister_Global_International2014/ Молодой кыргызстанец вошел в пятерку лучших на конкурсе «Mister Global International'2014»], Retrieved November 14, 2014</ref>

== Titleholders ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" width=50px| Edition
! rowspan="2" width=50px| Year
! rowspan="2" width=50px| Date
! rowspan="2" width=200px| Mister Global
! colspan="4" width=200px| Runners-Up
! rowspan="2" width=150px| Location
! rowspan="2" width=50px| Entrants
|-
! width=200px| First
! width=200px| Second
! width=200px| Third
! width=200px| Fourth
|-
| 1st
| [[:es:Mister Global 2014|2014]]
| March 27, 2014
| [[Myat Thuya Lwin]] {{flag|Myanmar}}
| Michael South {{flag|Canada}}
| Lee Jun Ho {{flag|South Korea}}
| Nguyễn Hữu Vi {{flag|Vietnam}}
| Wilfred Placencia {{flag|Philippines}}
| [[Nakhon Ratchasima]], [[Thailand]]
| 16
|-
| 2nd
| [[:id:Mister Global 2015|2015]]
| March 7, 2015
| Nguyễn Văn Sơn {{flag|Vietnam}}
| Yuber José Jimenez {{flag|Venezuela}}
| Apiwit Kunadireck {{flag|Thailand}}
| Diogo Bernardes {{flag|Brazil}}
| Bryan Weber {{flag|France}}
| [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]
| 21
|-
| 3rd
| [[:es:Mister Global 2016|2016]]
| May 6, 2016
| Tomáš Martinka {{flag|Czech Republic}}
| Thawatchai Jaikhan {{flag|Thailand}}
| Chema Malavia {{flag|Spain}}
| Giba Pignatti {{flag|Brazil}}
| Noel Ng {{flag|Singapore}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]]
| 30
|-
| 4th
| [[:es:Mister Global 2017|2017]]
| May 20, 2017
| Pedro Gicca {{flag|Brazil}}
| Gerrie Havenga {{flag|South Africa}}
| [[Christopher Bramell]] {{flag|England}}
| Fabián Esteban Abello {{flag|Chile}}
| Thuận Nguyễn {{flag|Vietnam}}
| 28
|-
| 5th
| [[:es:Mister Global 2018|2018]]
| July 22, 2018
| Dario Duque {{flag|United States}}
| Ahmed Lasheen {{flag|Egypt}}
| [[Jakub Kucner]] {{flag|Poland}}
| Dwayne Geldenhuis {{flag|South Africa}}
| Staporn Moollisan {{flag|Thailand}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]
| 38
|-
| 6th
| [[:es:Mister Global 2019|2019]]
| September 26, 2019
| Jongwoo Kim {{flag|South Korea}}
| Houssem Saïdi {{flag|Tunisia}}
| José Luis Navarro {{flag|Spain}}
| Kenan Murseli {{flag|Switzerland}}
| Braulio Encarnación {{flag|Dominican Republic}}
| 38
|-
| colspan="10" {{n/a|''2020 Cancelled due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]]''}}
|-
| 7th
| [[:es:Mister Global 2021|2021]]
| March 15, 2022 <hr> September 5, 2022
| Miguel Ángel Lucas {{flag|Spain}} (resigned) <hr> Danh Chiếu Linh {{flag|Vietnam}} (assumed) 
| Danh Chiếu Linh {{flag|Vietnam}} (originally first runner-up) 
| Dongwoo Shin {{flag|South Korea}}
| Juan Carlos Da Silva {{flag|Venezuela}}
| Gabriel Alejandro Ortiz {{flag|Mexico}}
| [[Maha Sarakham]], [[Thailand]]
| 33
|-
| 8th
| [[Mister Global 2022|2022]]
| February 11, 2023
| Juan Carlos Ariosa {{flag|Cuba}}
| Oscar Guerrero {{flag|Colombia}}
| William Gama {{flag|Brazil}}
| colspan="2" {{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
| [[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]]
| 39
|-
| 9th
| [[Mister Global 2023|2023]]
| November 26, 2023
| Jason Bretfelean {{flag|India}}
| Oliver Cheung {{flag|Hong Kong}}
| Álvaro Flores {{flag|Chile}}
| Kevin Davalos Tai {{flag|Taiwan}}
| Lê Hữu Đạt {{flag|Vietnam}}
| [[Maha Sarakham]], [[Thailand]]
| 36
|-
| 10th
| [[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
| October 6, 2024
| [[Mister Pilipinas Worldwide#Placements|Daumier Corilla]] {{flag|Philippines}}
| Manuel Romo {{flag|Spain}}
| Favour Ogbuokiri {{flag|Nigeria}}
| Patrick Pho-ngam Forstner {{flag|Thailand}}
| Luiz Mascarenhas {{flag|Brazil}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]
| 32
|-
| 11th
| [[Mister Global 2025|2025]]
| October 5, 2025
| Miguel Alejandro Ortega {{flag|Spain}}
| [[William Badell]] {{flag|Venezuela}}
| Gabriel Alejandro Silva {{flag|Mexico}}
| Riley Hedstrom {{flag|United States}}
| Adriano Cupaioli {{flag|France}}
| 37
|}

=== Country by number of wins ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%;"
! width="150" | Country
! width="30" | Titles
! Year
|-
| align=left | {{VIE}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| 2015, 2021
|-
| align=left | {{flag|Spain}}
| rowspan="12" style="text-align:center;" | 1
| 2025
|-
| align=left | {{flag|Philippines}}
| 2024
|-
| align=left | {{flag|India}}
| 2023
|-
| align=left | {{flag|Cuba}}
| 2022
|-
| align=left | {{flag|South Korea}}
| 2019
|-
| align=left | {{USA}}
| 2018
|-
| align=left | {{BRA}}
| 2017
|-
| align=left | {{CZE}}
| 2016
|-
| align=left | {{MYA}}
| 2014
|}

=== Continents by number of wins ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%;"
! Continent
! Titles
! Years
|-
| [[Asia]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| 2014, 2015, 2019, 2021, 2023, 2024
|-
| [[Americas]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| 2017, 2018, 2022
|-
| [[Europe]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| 2016, 2025
|-
| [[Africa]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 0
|
|-
| [[Oceania]]
|
|}

;Assumed wins
Titles assumed following resignations.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! Country or territory
! Titles
! Year(s)
|-
| {{flag|Vietnam}}
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| 2021
|}

;Resigned wins
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! Country or territory
! Titles
! Year(s)
|-
| {{flag|Spain}}
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| 2021
|}

===List of special awards winners===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"
! Year
! Mister Congeniality
! Mister Photogenic
! Best National Costume
! Mister Popularity
! Best Model
! Best Charming Smile
! Mister Physique / Best in Swimwear
! Best Talent
! Most Inspirational Videos / Most Inspiring Gentleman
|-
| 2014
| Felipe Mejía {{flag|Costa Rica}}
| Nguyễn Hữu Vi {{flag|Vietnam}}
| Andy Wicaksana {{flag|Indonesia}}
| Sameera Weerasinghe {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|{{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
|{{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
| Lee Jun Ho {{flag|South Korea}}
| Ulan Omurbekov {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|{{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
|-
| 2015
| Bryan Weber {{flag|France}}
| Jakub Smirak {{flag|Czech Republic}}
| Apiwit Kunadireck {{flag|Thailand}}
| Nguyễn Văn Sơn {{flag|Vietnam}}
|Yun The-ho {{flag|South Korea}}
|{{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
| José López {{flag|Puerto Rico}}
| Fajar Alamsyah {{flag|Indonesia}}
|{{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
|-
| 2016
| Jaren Guerrero {{flag|Guam}}
| Chema Malavia {{flag|Spain}}
| Isuru Nagoda {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| Mark Bornilla {{flag|Philippines}}
| [[Prateek Baid]] {{flag|India}}
| Noel Ng {{flag|Singapore}}
| Umut Mirza {{flag|Turkey}}
| Asyraf Nordin {{flag|Malaysia}}
|{{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
|-
| 2017
| Sujae Yoo {{flag|South Korea}}
| Shi Yuquan {{flag|China}}
| Menuka Alwis {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| Paing Soe Htun {{flag|Myanmar}}
| Daniel Sampedro {{flag|Spain}}
| James Ventura {{flag|Philippines}}
| Gerrie Havenga {{flag|South Africa}}
| Thuận Nguyễn {{flag|Vietnam}}
|{{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
|-
| 2018
| Hamid Noor {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| Betim Morina {{flag|Switzerland}}
| Muhammad Hafizh {{flag|Indonesia}}
| Kristian Sarmiento {{flag|Philippines}}
| Mac Trung Kien {{flag|Vietnam}}
| Marcus Jørgensen {{flag|Denmark}}
| Kang Doo-hyung {{flag|South Korea}}
| Roel van der Bas {{flag|Netherlands}}
|{{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
|-
| 2019
| Angelo Amaro {{flag|Portugal}}
| Chace Cheng {{flag|Hong Kong}}
| Thiha Kyaw {{flag|Myanmar}}
| Nguyễn Hùng Cường {{flag|Vietnam}}
| Nelson Cáceres {{flag|Chile}}
| Kiengkai Xouansouandao {{flag|Laos}}
| Kenny Guerra {{flag|Panama}}
|{{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
|{{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
|-
| 2021
| Lewis Ellis {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| Yaniel Ogando {{flag|Cuba}}
| Abhishek Pramuditha {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| Emmanuel Somto {{flag|Nigeria}}
| Bagus Ajidani {{flag|Indonesia}}
| Juan Carlos Da Silva {{flag|Venezuela}}
| Ariel Morales {{flag|Dominican Republic}}
|{{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
|Tseetej Shiwakoti {{flag|India}}
|-
| [[Mister Global 2022|2022]]
| Samuel Atana {{flag|DR Congo}}
| Juan Carlos Ariosa {{flag|Cuba}}
| Mark Avendaño {{flag|Philippines}}
| Senator Isinwa {{flag|Nigeria}}
| Willy Santer {{flag|Switzerland}}
| Kim Hee Won {{flag|South Korea}}
| Mehmet Vahip Agazade {{flag|Northern Cyprus}}
|{{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
|Angel Garciglia {{flag|Mexico}}
|-
| [[Mister Global 2023|2023]]
| Jeung Yoon Lim {{flag|South Korea}}
| Daniel William Wijaya {{flag|Indonesia}}
| Maligie Kamara {{flag|Sierra Leone}}
| Kevin Davalos Wei Tai {{flag|Taiwan}}
| Jordan Jiménez {{flag|Puerto Rico}}
| Yi Fang Gao {{flag|Canada}}
| Oliver Cheung {{HK}}
|{{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
|{{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
|-
| [[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
| Luiz Mascarenhas {{flag|Brazil}}
|{{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
| Fernando Wenur {{flag|Indonesia}}
| Baltej Tattla {{flag|England}}
|{{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
|{{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
|{{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
|{{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
| Fernando Wenur {{flag|Indonesia}}
|}

==List of Mister Global countries or territories==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 80%;"
!Country or territory
!Debut
!Join
!Years competed
!National title
!Place
!Best placement
!First placed
!Last placed
!Notes
|-
|'''{{Flag|Afghanistan}}'''
|2018
|1
|2018
|Mister Afghanistan
|0
|
|
|
|Won Mr. Congeniality in 2018
|-
| '''{{ALB}}'''
|2018
|2
| 2018 2022–present
|Mister Albania
|1
|Top 16
* ''David Qenanaj (2018)''
|2018
* ''David Qenanaj (Top 16)''
|2018
* ''David Qenanaj (Top 16)''
|
|-
| '''{{AUS}}'''
|2015
|1
| 2015
|Mister Australia
|0
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''{{AZE}}'''
|2016
|1
| 2016
|Mister Azerbaijan
|0
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''{{BGD}}'''
|2017
|1
| 2017
|Mister Bangladesh
|0
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''{{BEL}}'''
|2022
|1
|2022–present
|Mister Belgium
|0
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''{{BOL}}'''
|2021
|1
|2021
|Mister Bolivia
|0
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''{{BRA}}'''
|2015
|9
| 2015–present
|[[Mister Brazil]]
|8
| '''Winner'''
* ''Pedro Gicca (2017)''
|2015
* ''Diogo Bernardes'' ''(3rd runner-up)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Luiz Mascarenhas (4th runner-up)''
|Won Mister Kantharawichai's Favorite
|-
| '''{{CAM}}'''
|2015
|4
| 2015 2018 2022–present
|[[Miss Cambodia#Mister Cambodia|Mister Cambodia]]
|0
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''{{CAN}}'''
|2014
|4
| 2014 2016–2017 2022–present
|Mister Canada
|1
| 1st runner-up
* ''Michael South'' ''(2014)''
|2014
* ''Michael South'' ''(1st runner-up)''
|2014
* ''Michael South'' ''(1st runner-up)''
|
|-
|'''{{flag|Cape Verde}}'''
|2014
|1
|2014
|Mister Cape Verde
|0
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''{{CHI}}'''
|2015
|5
| 2015 2017–2019 2022–present
|Mister Chile
|4
| 2nd runner-up
* ''Álvaro Carvajal'' ''([[Mister Global 2023|2023]])''
|2015
* ''Cristóbal Álvarez (Top 15)''
|[[Mister Global 2023|2023]]
* ''Álvaro Carvajal (2nd runner-up)''
|Won Best Model in 2022, Won Mister Kantharawichai in 2023
|-
| '''{{CHN}}'''
|2016
|4
| 2016–2017 2019 2024
|Mister China
|2
|Top 10
* ''Shi Yuquan (2017)''
* ''Ken Luo Ke Da ([[Mister Global 2024|2024]]''
|2017
* ''Shi Yuquan (Top 10)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Ken Luo Ke Da (Top 10)''
|Won Mr Photogenic in 2017
|-
| '''{{COL}}'''
|2022
|1
|2022–present
|Mister Global Colombia
|1
| 1st runner-up
* ''Oscar Guerrero'' ''([[Mister Global 2022|2022]])''
|[[Mister Global 2022|2022]]
* ''Oscar Guerrero'' ''(1st runner-up)''
|[[Mister Global 2022|2022]]
* ''Oscar Guerrero'' ''(1st runner-up)''
|
|-
| '''{{CRC}}'''
|2014
|2
| 2014 2016
|Mister Costa Rica
|0
|
|
|
|Won Mr. Congeniality in 2014
|-
|'''{{flag|Croatia}}'''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
|1
|2024-present
|Mister Global Croatia
|1
|Top 20
*''Carlos Wiher ([[Mister Global 2024|2024]])''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
*''Carlos Wiher (Top 20)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
*''Carlos Wiher (Top 20)''
|
|-
|'''{{flag|Cuba}}'''
|2019
|5
|2019–present
|Mister Global Cuba
|4
|'''Winner'''
* ''Juan Carlos Ariosa ([[Mister Global 2022|2022]])''
|2019
* ''Rubert Arías (Top 16)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Rodolfo Fernández (Top 20)''
|Won Mr Photogenic in 2021 & 2022
|-
| '''{{CZE}}'''
|2015
|7
| 2015–present
|[[Muž Roku]]
|2
| '''Winner'''
* ''Tomáš Martinka (2016)''
|2015
* ''Jakub Šmiřák (Top 8)''
|2016
* ''Tomáš Martinka '''(Winner)'''''
|Won Mr Photogenic in 2015
|-
| '''{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}'''
|2022
|1
|2022-present
|Mister Democratic Republic of the Congo
|0
|
|
|
|Won Mr. Congeniality in 2022.
|-
| '''{{DEN}}'''
|2018
|1
|2018
|[[Mister Denmark]]
|0
|
|
|
|Won Best Charming Smile in 2018.
|-
| '''{{DOM}}'''
|2016
|6
| 2016 2018–present
|[[Mister Dominican Republic]]
|4
| 4th runner-up
* ''Braulio Encarnación (2019)''
|2018
* ''Frainy Figueroa (Top 16)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Kenneth Castillo'' ''(Top 20)''
|Won Mr. Physique in 2021
|-
| '''{{ECU}}'''
|2016
|3
|2016 2021 2023
|[[Mister Ecuador]]
|2
|Top 10
* ''Bruno Barbieri ([[Mister Global 2023|2023]])''
|2021
* ''Fabricio Caicedo (Top 17)''
|[[Mister Global 2023|2023]]
* ''Bruno Barbieri (Top 10)''
|
|-
|'''{{Flag|El Salvador}}'''
|2023
|1
|2023
|Mister El Salvador
|0
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''{{EGY}}'''
|2018
|2
| 2018–2019
|Mister Egypt
|1
| 1st runner-up
* ''Ahmed Lasheen (2018)''
|2018
* ''Ahmed Lasheen'' ''(1st runner-up)''
|2018
* ''Ahmed Lasheen'' ''(1st runner-up)''
|
|-
| '''{{ENG}}'''
|2017
|1
|2017
|Mister England
|1
|2nd runner-up
* ''[[Christopher Bramell]] (2017)''
|2017
* ''[[Christopher Bramell]]'' ''(2nd runner-up)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Baltej Tattla'' ''(Top 11)''
|
|-
| '''{{ETH}}'''
|2018
|1
| 2018
|Mister Ethiopia
|1
|Top 16
* ''Abdulfetha Ali Hasen (2018)''
|2018
* ''Abdulfetha Ali Hasen'' (Top 16)
|2018
* ''Abdulfetha Ali Hasen'' (Top 16)
|
|-
| '''{{FRA}}'''
|2014
|6
| 2014–2016 2021–present
|Mister France
|2
| 4th runner-up
* ''Bryan Weber (2015)''
|2015
* ''Bryan Weber'' ''(4th runner-up)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Julien Didier'' ''(Top 20)''
|Won Mr. Congeniality in 2015
|-
| '''{{GER}}'''
|2018
|1
| 2018
|Mister Germany
|1
|Top 16
* ''Jan Laskowski (2018)''
|2018
* ''Jan Laskowski (Top 16)''
|2018
* ''Jan Laskowski (Top 16)''
|
|-
|'''{{noflag|Guam}}'''
|2014
|4
|2014 2016 2018–2019
|Mister Guam
|1
|Top 16
* ''Jaren Guerrero (2016)''
|2016
* ''Jaren Guerrero (Top 16)''
|2016
* ''Jaren Guerrero (Top 16)''
|Won Mr. Congeniality in 2016
|-
|'''{{Flag|Haiti}}'''
|2019
|2
|2019 2022–present
|Mister Haiti
|0
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''{{noflag|Hong Kong}}'''
|2018
|4
| 2018–present
|Mister Global Hong Kong
|3
|1st runner-up
* ''Oliver Cheung ([[Mister Global 2023|2023]])''
|2018
* ''Vincent Lau (Top 16)''
|[[Mister Global 2023|2023]]
* ''Oliver Cheung (1st runner-up)''
|Won Mr Photogenic in 2019; Mister Na Chuek's Favorite in 2021
|-
| '''{{IND}}'''
|2015
|9
| 2015–present
|[[Rubaru Mister India]]
|6
|'''Winner'''
* ''[[Jason Bretfelean|Jason Dylan Bretfelean]] ([[Mister Global 2023|2023]])''
|2016
* ''Prateek Baid (Top 16)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Gemin Darin (Top 20)''
|Won Best Model in 2016; Most Inspirational Videos in 2021
|-
| '''{{INA}}'''
|2014
|9
| 2014–present
|Mister Global Indonesia
|5
|Top 8
* ''Andy Mukti Wicaksana (2014)''
|2014
* ''Andy Mukti Wicaksana (Top 8)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Fernando Wenur (Top 20)''
|Won Best in National Costume in 2016, 2018 & 2024; Best Model in 2021; Best Talent in 2015; Best Selfie Challenge in 2021; Mister Photogenic in 2023; Best Video Presentation in 2024
|-
|'''{{IRQ}}'''
|2017
|1
|2017
|Mister Iraq
|0
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''{{JPN}}'''
|2016
|5
| 2016–2017 2019–present
|[[Mister Japan]]
|1
|Top 16
* ''Yusuke Fujita (2016)''
|2016
* ''Yusuke Fujita (Top 16)''
|2016
* ''Yusuke Fujita (Top 16)''
|
|-
| '''{{KAZ}}'''
|2017
|2
| 2017
|Mister Kazakhstan
|1
|Top 16
* ''Nursultan Telmanov (2017)''
|2017
* ''Nursultan Telmanov (Top 16)''
|2017
* ''Nursultan Telmanov (Top 16)''
|
|-
|'''{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}'''
|2014
|1
|2014
|Mister Kyrgyzstan
|0
|
|
|
|Won Best Talent in 2014
|-
|'''{{Flag|Laos}}'''
|2019
|4
|2019–present
|[[Laotian beauty pageants#Mister Laos|Mister Global Laos]]
|2
|Top 11
* ''Kisun Pansengmeruang ([[Mister Global 2024|2024]])''
|2021
* ''Pay Souliyamath (Top 17)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Kisun Pansengmeruang (Top 11)''
|Won Best Charming Smile in 2018
|-
| '''{{LAT}}'''
|2015
|2
| 2015 2017
|Mister Latvia
|0
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''{{LIB}}'''
|2015
|2
| 2015–2016
|[[Mister Lebanon]]
|1
|Top 15
* ''Mohammad Akl (2015)''
|2015
* ''Mohammad Akl (Top 15)''
|2015
* ''Mohammad Akl (Top 15)''
|
|-
| '''{{noflag|Macau}}'''
|2021
|2
|2021–present
|Mister Global Macau
|0
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''{{MAS}}'''
|2014
|7
| 2014–2021
|Mister Global Malaysia
|3
|Top 10
* ''Asyraf Nordin (2016)''
|2015
* ''Tuan Mohd Faiz (Top 15)''
|2017
* ''Nazirul Mubin (Top 16)''
|Won Best Talent in 2016
|-
|'''{{noflag|Martinique}}'''
|2018
|1
|2018
|Mister Martinique
|0
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''{{MEX}}'''
|2018
|6
| 2018–present
|[[Mr Model México]]
|5
| 4th runner-up
* ''Gabriel Alejandro Ortiz (2021)''
|2019
* ''Manuel Duarte López (Top 16)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Bryan Vázquez (Top 11)''
|Won Most Inspiring Gentleman in 2022; Bright Face in 2022
|-
|'''{{Flag|Morocco}}'''
|2023
|0
|2023
|Mister Morocco
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''{{MMR}}'''
|2014
|8
| 2014–2017 2019–2023
|[[Mister Myanmar|Mister Global Myanmar]]
|6
| '''Winner'''
* ''[[Myat Thuya Lwin]] (2014)''
|2014
* ''[[Myat Thuya Lwin]] '''(Winner)'''''
|[[Mister Global 2023|2023]]
* ''Ye Thway Thiha (Top 15)''
|Won Best in National Costume in 2019; Mr. Popularity in 2017; People Choice in 2014; Smart Guy in 2022
|-
| '''{{NEP}}'''
|2016
|4
| 2016 2018–2019 2022–present
|[[Mr. Nepal]]
|1
|Top 10
* ''Dikpal Karki (2016)''
|2016
* ''Dikpal Karki (Top 10)''
|2016
* ''Dikpal Karki (Top 10)''
|
|-
| '''{{NED}}'''
|2016
|3
| 2016 2018 2022–present
|Mister Netherlands
|0
|
|
|
|Won Best Talent in 2018
|-
| '''{{NGR}}'''
|2019
|4
| 2019–present
|Misters of Nigeria
|4
|2nd runner-up
* ''Favour Ogbuokiri ([[Mister Global 2024|2024]])''
|2021
* ''Emmanuel Somto (Top 17)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Favour Ogbuokiri (2nd runner-up)''
|Won Mr. Popularity in 2021 & 2022; Voice for Changes in 2024
|-
|'''{{Flag|Northern Cyprus}}'''
|2019
|2
|2019 2022
|Mister North Cyprus
|2
|Top 15
* ''Mehmet Ağazade ([[Mister Global 2022|2022]])''
|2019
* ''Süleyman Mullahasan (Top 16)''
|[[Mister Global 2022|2022]]
* ''Mehmet Ağazade (Top 15)''
|Won Best in Swimwear in 2022; Mr. Smile with Elephants in 2022
|-
|'''{{Flag|Pakistan}}'''
|2018
|1
|2018
|Mister Pakistan
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''{{PAN}}'''
|2016
|5
| 2016–2017 2019–present
|[[Mister Panama]]
|2
|Top 15
* ''Raúl Pinto ([[Mister Global 2023|2023]])''
|2017
* ''Arturo Lugo (Top 16)''
|[[Mister Global 2023|2023]]
* ''Raúl Pinto (Top 15)''
|Won Best in Swimwear in 2019
|-
| '''{{PAR}}'''
|2016
|1
| 2016
|Mister Paraguay
|0
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''{{PER}}'''
|2015
|6
| 2015–2016 2018–2022
|Mister Global Peru
|4
|Top 13
* ''Bruno Giovanni Yañez (2015)''
|2015
* ''Bruno Giovanni Yañez (Top 13)''
|[[Mister Global 2022|2022]]
* ''Julio Dulanto (Top 15)''
|
|-
| '''{{PHI}}'''
|2014
|9
| 2014–present
|Mister Global Philippines
|7
| '''Winner'''
* ''Daumier Corilla (2024)''
|2014
* ''Wilfred Placencia'' ''(4th runner-up)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Daumier Corilla (Winner)''
|Won Best in National Costume in 2022; Mr. Popularity in 2016 & 2018; Best Charming Smile in 2017
|-
| '''{{POL}}'''
|2018
|3
| 2018–2019 2022–present
|Mister Polski
|3
| 2nd runner-up
* ''[[Jakub Kucner]] (2018)''
|2019
* ''Michal Jan Grudzień (Top 16)''
|[[Mister Global 2022|2022]]
* ''Daniel Dejneżenko (Top 15)''
|Won Shining Skin in 2022
|-
| '''{{POR}}'''
|2018
|3
| 2018–2021
|Mister Portugal
|1
|Top 16
* ''Angelo Amaro (2019)''
|2019
* ''Angelo Amaro (Top 16)''
|2019
* ''Angelo Amaro (Top 16)''
|Won Mr. Congeniality in 2019
|-
| '''{{noflag|Puerto Rico}}'''
|2015
|8
| 2015–2019 2022–present
|[[Misters of Puerto Rico]]
|5
|Top 8
* ''José López (2015)''
|2015
* ''José López (Top 8)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Jose Ali García (Top 20)''
|Won Mr. Physique in 2015
|-
| '''{{ROU}}'''
|2021
|1
|2021
|Mister Romania
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''{{RUS}}'''
|2017
|1
| 2017
|Mister Russia
|0
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''{{SIN}}'''
|2014
|6
| 2014–2018 2022–present
|[[List of Singapore representatives at international male beauty pageants|Mister Global Singapore]]
|2
| 4th runner-up
* ''Noel Ng (2016)''
|2014
* ''Jonathan Seah (Top 8)''
|2016
* ''Noel Ng'' ''(4th runner-up)''
|Won Best Charming Smile in 2016
|-
| '''{{RSA}}'''
|2017
|7
| 2017-present
|Mister Global South Africa
|5
| 1st runner-up
* ''Gerrie Havenga (2017)''
|2017
* ''Gerrie Havenga'' ''(1st runner-up)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Anton Siebert (Top 20)''
|Won Mr. Physique in 2017
|-
| '''{{flag|South Korea}}'''
|2014
|10
| 2014–present
|[[Mister International Korea]]
|9
| '''Winner'''
* ''Kim Jong Woo (2019)''
|2016
* ''Gi Jung Kim (2nd runner-up)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Yun Hyun Jae (Top 11)''
|Won Mr. Congeniality in 2017; Best Model in 2015; Best Charming Smile in 2022; Mr. Physique in 2014 & 2018; Mr. Physique in 2018; Earthglo Ambassador in 2021; Mister Lookergang Model in 2022; Mister Congeniality & Mister Kaeng Leng in 2023
|-
| '''{{ESP}}'''
|2016
|8
| 2016–present
|[[RNB España|Míster RNB España]]
|7
| '''Winner''' (dethroned/resigned)
* ''Miguel Ángel Lucas Carrasco (2021)''
|2016
* ''Chema Malavia (2nd runner-up)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Manuel Romo (1st runner-up)''
|Won Mr Photogenic in 2018; Best Model in 2017; Earthglo Video Challenge in 2021
|-
| '''{{SRI}}'''
|2014
|8
| 2014–present
|Mister Global Sri Lanka
|1
|Top 8
* ''Madura Peiris (2015)''
|2015
* ''Madura Peiris (Top 8)''
|2015
* ''Madura Peiris (Top 8)''
|Won Best in National Costume in 2016, 2017, 2021; Mr. Popularity in 2014
|-
| '''{{SUI}}'''
|2018
|4
| 2018–present
|Mister Suisse Francophone
|2
| 3rd runner-up
* ''Kenan Murseli (2019)''
|2019
* ''Kenan Murseli'' ''(3rd runner-up)''
|[[Mister Global 2023|2023]]
* ''Marcel Ignacio Riera'' ''(Top 15)''
|Won Mr Photogenic in 2018; Best Model in 2022
|-
|'''{{TJK}}'''
|2017
|1
|2017
|Mister Tajikistan
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''{{TWN}}'''
|2019
|3
|2019 2023-present
|Mister Taiwan
|2
|3rd runner-up
* ''Kevin Davalos Tai ([[Mister Global 2023|2023]])''
|[[Mister Global 2023|2023]]
* ''Kevin Davalos Tai (3rd runner-up)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Ace Lin (Top 20)''
|-
| '''{{THA}}'''
|2014
| 10
| 2014–present
|[[List of Thai representatives at international male beauty pageants|Mister Global Thailand]]
|8
| 1st runner-up
* ''Thawatchai Jaikhan (2016)''
|2014
* ''Phubess Samkratoke (Top 8)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Patrick Forstner (Top 5)''
|Won Best in National Costume in 2015; People Choice in 2016; San Pu Loei Favorite in 2022
|-
|'''{{Flag|Tibet}}'''
|2018
|1
|2018
|Mister Tibet
|0
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''{{Flag|Togo}}'''
|2019
|1
|2019
|Mister Togo
|0
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''{{TUR}}'''
|2016
|2
| 2016 2024
|Mister Turkey
|1
|Top 20
* ''Can Tiras ([[Mister Global 2024|2024]])''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Can Tiras (Top 20)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Can Tiras (Top 20)''
|Won Mr. Physique in 2016
|-
|'''{{flag|Tunisia}}'''
|2019
|1
|2019
|Mister Tunisia
|1
|1st runner-up
* ''Houssem Saïdi (2019)''
|2019
* ''Houssem Saïdi'' ''(1st runner-up)''
|2019
* ''Houssem Saïdi'' ''(1st runner-up)''
|
|-
| '''{{flag|United Kingdom}}'''
|2021
|1
|2021
|Mister United Kingdom
|0
|
|
|
|Won Mr. Congeniality in 2021
|-
| '''{{USA}}'''
|2014
|6
| 2014 2016 2018–present
|Mister Global USA
|3
| '''Winner'''
* ''Dario Duque (2018)''
|2016
* ''Leaon Gordon (Top 16)''
|2021
* ''DJ Davids (Top 10)''
|
|-
| '''{{VEN}}'''
|2015
|4
| 2015 2018 2021 2024
|[[Mister Venezuela]]
|4
| 1st runner-up
* ''Yuber José Jimenez'' ''(2015)''
|2015
* ''Yuber José Jimenez'' ''(1st runner-up)''
|[[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
* ''Sergio Gómez (Top 20)''
|Won Best Charming Smile in 2018
|-
| '''{{VIE}}'''
|2014
|10
| 2014-present
|Mister Global Vietnam
|8
| '''Winner'''
* ''Nguyễn Văn Sơn (2015)''
* ''Danh Chiếu Linh (2021*)''
|2014
* ''Nguyen Huu Vi (3rd runner-up)''
|[[Mister Global 2023|2023]]
* ''Lê Hữu Đạt (4th runner-up)''
|Won Mr Photogenic in 2014; Mr. Popularity in 2015 & 2019; Best Model in 2018; Best Talent in 2017
|}

== See also ==
* [[Mister World]]
* [[Manhunt International]]
* [[Mister International]]
* [[Miss and Mister Supranational#Mister Supranational|Mister Supranational]]
* [[Man of the World (pageant)|Man of the World]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Subject bar|commons-search=Mister Global|q=yes|d=yes|d-search=Q17062598|voy=yes|voy-search=Mister Global=l}}
* [http://www.misterglobal.net Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606164441/https://www.misterglobal.net/ |date=2021-06-06 }}
* [https://www.facebook.com/OfficialMisterGlobal?mibextid=9R9pXO Mister Global] on [[Facebook]]

{{Mister Global}}
{{TPN Global}}
[[Category:Mister Global]]
[[Category:International beauty pageants]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2014]]
[[Category:Beauty pageants in Thailand|Global]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Thailand]]
[[Category:2014 in Thailand]]
[[Category:2014 beauty pageants]]
[[Category:Male beauty pageants|Global]]
[[Category:Beauty pageants for youth]]

Barkheda, Raisen

2025-10-07T06:38:11Z

Anshuchoudhary28: updated structure further and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barkheda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Barkhera
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Barkheda, Raisen Railway Station 2012.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Barkhera Railway Station
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|22.92|77.65|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raisen district|Raisen]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block in India|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Obedullaganj]]
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 464995
| area_code_type = STD code
| area_code = 7480
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Barkheda''' is a village in the [[Obedullaganj]] block of the [[Raisen District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/DataEntry/HabitationDirectory/Reports/Rep_DirectoryList.aspx?Condition=P50votMRqBU%3D&id=I%2Fw2SfU2qFb8zwGPwPDVMQ%3D%3D&StateName=PBWlKeyyc32aGMU6z39kkQ%3D%3D&DistrictName=DqNwtapnSy%2FWnsd6pdzmXw%3D%3D&level=cMpX3xtH%2BqA%3D&sublevel=zf5afxWBEDk%3D |title=List of villages in the Obedullaganj block |accessdate=2012-04-28 |publisher=Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) |work=Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132026/http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/DataEntry/HabitationDirectory/Reports/Rep_DirectoryList.aspx?Condition=P50votMRqBU%3D&id=I%2Fw2SfU2qFb8zwGPwPDVMQ%3D%3D&StateName=PBWlKeyyc32aGMU6z39kkQ%3D%3D&DistrictName=DqNwtapnSy%2FWnsd6pdzmXw%3D%3D&level=cMpX3xtH+qA%3D&sublevel=zf5afxWBEDk%3D |archivedate=2016-03-04 }}</ref> Alternative English spellings of its name include Bharkada and '''Barkhera'''. It is a census-designated place with the code 484296 (2011).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=145927&rlbtype=V |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712000237/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=145927&rlbtype=V |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-12 |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |accessdate=2012-04-28 }}</ref>

Archaeological excavations at Barkhera have resulted in the history of early historical remains.<ref>{{cite book | url = http://www.asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201987-88%20A%20Review.pdf | title = Indian Archaeology: 1987-88 - A Review | editor = MC Joshi | publisher = Archaeological Survey of India | location = New Delhi | year = 1993 | page = 42 }}</ref><ref name="Bhattacharyya1977">{{cite book | author=Pranab Kumar Bhattacharyya | title=Historical Geography of Madhya Pradesh from Early Records | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njYpsvmr2dsC&pg=PA2 | accessdate=28 April 2012 | year=1977 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | page =2 }}</ref> These include pottery with close affinity to "Malwa ware"<ref name="Ghosh1990">{{cite book | author=Amalananda Ghosh | title=An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=law3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA55 | accessdate=28 April 2012 | year=1990 | publisher=BRILL | isbn=978-90-04-09264-8 | page=55}}</ref> and [[acheulean]] [[assemblage (archaeology)|assemblages]] similar to the ones found at [[Bhimbetka rock shelters|Bhimbetka]].<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.ias.ac.in/jbiosci/nov2001/491.pdf | title = Prehistoric human colonization of India | journal = Journal of Biosciences | issn = 0973-7138 | publisher = [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] | volume = 26 | issue = 4 |date=November 2001 | accessdate = 2012-04-28 | author = VN Misra | page = 494 | doi=10.1007/bf02704749 | pmid=11779962}}</ref> Barkhera has been identified as the source of the raw materials used in some of the monoliths discovered at Bhimbetka.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/925.pdf | title = Bhimbetka (India) No. 925 | publisher = UNESCO World Heritage Centre | accessdate = 2012-04-28 }}</ref> A human skeleton dating to 2nd millennium BCE has also been discovered at Barkheda.<ref name="BajpaiShastri1987">{{cite book | author1=K. D. Bajpai | author2=Ajay Mitra Shastri | author3=R. K. Sharma |author4=Agam Prasad | title=Vajapeya, essays on evolution of Indian art & culture: Prof. K.D. Bajpai felicitation volume | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DasbAQAAMAAJ | accessdate=28 April 2012 | year=1987 | publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan | page = 399 }}</ref>

The [[Betwa River]] originates near Barkheda.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nwda.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9361064102.PDF | title = Physical features | publisher = National Water Development Agency | accessdate = 2012-04-28 }}</ref>

The village is located along the [[National Highway 46 (India)|National Highway 46]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mppcb.nic.in/pdf/Exe_Summ/NHAI_ObBetul-NH-69_Eng.pdf | title = EAI Summary | publisher = Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board | accessdate = 2012-04-28 }}</ref> It has a railway station, which falls on the [[Itarsi]]-[[Bhopal]] line.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Raisen district]]

2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Middleweight

2025-10-06T19:01:27Z

Anshuchoudhary28:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox sports competition event
|event = Middleweight
|championship = 2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships
|image = Boxing pictogram.svg
|dates = 17–26 March
|venue = [[Indira Gandhi Arena|K. D. Jadhav Indoor Hall]]
|location = [[New Delhi]], India
|competitors = 21
|nations = 21
|gold = [[Lovlina Borgohain]]
|gold_nation = IND
|silver = [[Caitlin Parker]]
|silver_nation = AUS
|bronze = [[Li Qian (boxer)|Li Qian]]
|bronze_nation = CHN
|bronze2 = [[Valentina Khalzova]]
|bronze2_nation= KAZ
|prev = [[2022 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Middleweight|2022]]
|next = [[2025 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Middleweight|2025]]
}}
{{2023Women'sWorldBoxingChampionships}}
The '''Middleweight''' competition at the [[2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships]] was held between 17 and 26 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Delegations' Handbook|url=https://www.iba.sport/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/3qcc4h4b1Anjj2s921w02f4nrk4x6lmfA1gmt6hp7clz1xnd9jl4j5329rkrrzpztvA5Abr93ynhbmgzb3cr0zw44ldkmfhq3g5084384g6nA7dA0mg2rz8nrf66k1w9j4bffy1m4q8pndjv4scsjlw930knjj1v0ym0fA5vlk3xx70t27z1.pdf|publisher=[[International Boxing Association (amateur)|IBA]]|access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref>

==Results==
===Finals===
{{#invoke:RoundN|N4
| 3rdplace=no
| widescore=yes|bold_winner=high


||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lovlina Borgohain]]|4|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Qian (boxer)|Li Qian]]|1
||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Valentina Khalzova]]|0|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Caitlin Parker]]|5

||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lovlina Borgohain]]|5|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Caitlin Parker]]|2
}}

===Top half===
====Section 1====
{{#invoke:RoundN|N8
| RD1=Round of 32
| RD2=Round of 16
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| 3rdplace=no
| widescore=yes|bold_winner=high
| flex_tree=yes
| skipmatch=1;3-4
| omit_blanks=yes


||{{flagicon|VIE}} [[Điểm Quỳnh Lưu]]|0|{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Sokhiba Ruzmetova]]|5

||{{flagicon|MOZ}} [[Rady Gramane]]|5|{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Sokhiba Ruzmetova]]|0
||{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Citlalli Ortiz]]|0|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lovlina Borgohain]]|5

||{{flagicon|MOZ}} [[Rady Gramane]]|0|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lovlina Borgohain]]|5
}}

====Section 2====
{{#invoke:RoundN|N8
| RD1=Round of 32
| RD2=Round of 16
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| 3rdplace=no
| widescore=yes|bold_winner=high
| flex_tree=yes
| skipmatch=1;4
| omit_blanks=yes


||{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Alina Veber]]|5|{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Elenoa Lilo]]|0
||{{flagicon|KEN}} [[Elizabeth Akinyi]]|0|{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Chien-yu]]|5

||{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Davina Michel]]|5|{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Alina Veber]]|0
||{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Chien-yu]]||{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Qian (boxer)|Li Qian]]|RSC

||{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Davina Michel]]|0|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Qian (boxer)|Li Qian]]|5
}}

===Bottom half===
====Section 3====
{{#invoke:RoundN|N8
| RD1=Round of 32
| RD2=Round of 16
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| 3rdplace=no
| widescore=yes|bold_winner=high
| flex_tree=yes
| skipmatch=1;3-4
| omit_blanks=yes


||{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Elif Güneri]]|5|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Baison Manikon]]|2

||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Viviane Pereira (boxer)|Viviane Pereira]]|1|{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Elif Güneri]]|4
||{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Maryelis Yriza]]|0|{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Valentina Khalzova]]|5

||{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Elif Güneri]]|0|{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Valentina Khalzova]]|4
}}

====Section 4====
{{#invoke:RoundN|N8
| RD1=Round of 32
| RD2=Round of 16
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| 3rdplace=no
| widescore=yes|bold_winner=high
| flex_tree=yes
| skipmatch=1-2;4
| omit_blanks=yes


||{{flagicon|COL}} [[Angie Solano]]|0|{{Nowrap|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastasiia Shamonova]]}}|5

||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Caitlin Parker]]|5|{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Jessica Triebeľová]]|0
||{{Nowrap|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastasiia Shamonova]]}}|0|{{flagicon|PAN}} [[Atheyna Bylon]]|5

||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Caitlin Parker]]|4|{{flagicon|PAN}} [[Atheyna Bylon]]|3
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.iba.sport/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/75-3.pdf Draw]

{{Footer World Womens Amateur Champions Middleweight}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships - Middleweight}}
[[Category:2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships|Middleweight]]

Mogalthuru

2025-09-01T09:17:57Z

Anshuchoudhary28: Added Info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mogalthuru
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.4167|N|81.6000|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534281
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08814
| registration_plate = AP
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[NARSAPURAM]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mogalthuru''' is a village in [[West Godavari district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It was a princely estate during the [[British rule in India|British rule]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in West Godavari district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=8 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208134347/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|archivedate=8 February 2015|format=PDF}}</ref>

==Geography==
Mogalthuru is located at {{coord|16.4167|N|81.6000|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Mogalturru.html Falling Rain Genomics.Mogalturru]</ref> It has an average elevation of 1 meter (6 feet). [[NH 214A]] passes through the village.

==History==

Mogalthuru is known for the ancient Kalidindi Zamindari clan and a mud fort connected to the ancient Vishnukundina dynasty. The Zamindari territory expands to West Godavari and parts of Krishna District. The biggest of the ten forts which has survived the ravages of time is the Mogalthuru Fort in which the family of the erstwhile kingdom still lives.
Mogalthuru Old Name was KETAKIPURAM.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Mogalthuru had a population of 24,189. The total population constituted of, 12,089 males, and 12,100 females with a sex ratio of 1,001 females per 1,000 males. 2,347 children were in the age group of 0–6 years, with the sex ratio of 987. The average literacy rate stood at 75.02%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588756-mogalthur-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Mogalthur Population Census|accessdate=20 May 2017}}</ref>

== Notable people ==



* [[Uppalapati Krishnam Raju]], Telugu Film Actor, Rebel Star, Businessman, Politician, Producer
* [[Uppalapati Surya Narayana Raju]], Telugu Film Producer
* [[Prabhas]], Telugu Film Actor, Pan India Star
* [[Uppalapati Prabodh]], Telugu Film Producer
* [[Konidela Chiranjeevi]], Telugu Film Actor.
* [[Konidela Pawan Kalyan]], Telugu Film Actor, Politician

==References==
{{reflist}}
Barrister Parvatisam

[[Category:Villages in West Godavari district]]

Apurva Anand

2025-06-06T18:57:58Z

Anshuchoudhary28: Improved structure and clarity

#REDIRECT [[List of Bihar cricketers#A]]

{{r to list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Apurva}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Bihar cricketers]]

M. Surendran

2025-06-02T05:37:48Z

Anshuchoudhary28: expanded section further and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Surendran
| relations =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]
| term = 1967 - 1972 1971 - 1976
 1971 - 1976
| predecessor = Karuppanna Gounder
| successor =
| party = Praja Socialist Party
}}

'''M. Surendran''' was an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] from [[Mettur (State Assembly Constituency)|Mettur constituency]] as a [[Praja Socialist Party]] candidate in [[1967 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1967]], and [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1971 elections]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf 1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf 1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{{trim|{{#section-h:Mettur Assembly constituency|1971}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Mettur Assembly constituency|1967}}}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surendran, M.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1967–1971]]
[[Category:Praja Socialist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1971–1976]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:People from Salem district]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Anupallavi (music)

2025-06-01T16:16:09Z

Anshuchoudhary28: Starting the info added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{short description|Usually the second section of any composition in Carnatic music}}
{{Carnatic}}
In [[Carnatic music]], the '''anupallavi''' comes after the [[pallavi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carnatic Classical Music {{!}} Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT) {{!}} Page 1000 |url=https://ccrtindia.gov.in/carnatic-classical-music/1000/ |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=ccrtindia.gov.in}}</ref> and is usually the second section of any composition. It is then followed by one or more [[charanam]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carnatic Classical Music {{!}} Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT) {{!}} Page 1000 |url=https://ccrtindia.gov.in/carnatic-classical-music/1000/ |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=ccrtindia.gov.in}}</ref> The anupallavi is optional. In compositions that do not have an anupallavi, there often exists a Samrashti Charanam that combines both the anupallavi and charanam of the composition which directly follows the pallavi. It is usually sung at a higher pitch and adds more beauty to the music. Usually the Anupallavi is shorter than the Charanam . In Sanskrit 'anu' means 'next'. It literally means 'next to pallavi'.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Carnatic music terminology]]

{{India-music-stub}}

Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu

2025-05-26T19:08:42Z

Anshuchoudhary28: reworked page and cleaned formatting

#REDIRECT [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]

{{R unprintworthy}}

2008 elections in India

2025-05-11T08:22:49Z

Anshuchoudhary28:

{{short description|none}}
{{Infobox Indian elections
| year = 2008
| type =

| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 2007 elections in India
| previous_year = 2007
| election_date = 2008
| next_election = 2009 elections in India
| next_year = 2009
}}
{{Politics of India}}
Multiple '''State Assemblies of India''' went to [[elections in India|elections]] in 2008.

==Legislative Assembly elections==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Polling Date(s)
! State
! colspan="2" |Government before
! Chief Minister before
! colspan="2" |Government after
! Elected Chief Minister
! Maps
|- style="text-align:center;"
|23 February 2008
|[[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura]]
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| align="left"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Manik Sarkar]]
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| align="left"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Manik Sarkar]]
|[[File:IN-TR.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;
|3 March 2008
|[[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|Meghalaya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[D. D. Lapang]]
| {{Party color cell|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance}}
| align="left"|[[Meghalaya Progressive Alliance]]
|[[Donkupar Roy]]
|[[File:IN-ML.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|5 March 2008
|[[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|Nagaland]]
| {{Party color cell|Naga People's Front}}
| align="left"|[[Democratic Alliance of Nagaland]]
|[[Neiphiu Rio]]
| {{Party color cell|Naga People's Front}}
| align="left"|[[Democratic Alliance of Nagaland]]
|[[Neiphiu Rio]]
|[[File:IN-NL.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|10 May 2008,16 May 2008 and 22 May 2008
|[[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
| [[File:IN-KA.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 14 and 20 November 2008
| [[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Raman Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Raman Singh]]
| [[File:IN-CT.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 27 November 2008
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Madhya Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| [[File:IN-MP.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 29 November 2008
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Sheila Dikshit]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Sheila Dikshit]]
| [[File:IN-DL.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2 December 2008
| [[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|Mizoram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
| [[Zoramthanga]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Lal Thanhawla]]
| [[File:IN-MZ.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 4 December 2008
| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Vasundhara Raje]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Ashok Gehlot]]
| |[[File:IN-RJ.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|rowspan="2"|17,23 and 30 November and 7,13,17,24 December
|rowspan="2"|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Omar Abdullah]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:IN-JK.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
The first batch of elections for the year was announced<ref name="eci-press-note-14jan">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/press/current/PN140108.pdf |title=PRESS NOTE: Schedule for General Election to the Legislative Assemblies of Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura |date=14 Jan 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2009-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410063815/http://eci.nic.in/press/current/PN140108.pdf |archive-date=April 10, 2009 }}</ref> by the [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI) on 14 January 2008. This included the elections to the [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assemblies]] of the states of [[Meghalaya]], [[Nagaland]], and [[Tripura]]. Elections in all [[polling station]]s of all three states were conducted using [[Indian voting machines|electronic voting machines]] (EVMs).Elections to the state Assembly of [[Karnataka]] was announced<ref name="eci-press-note-2apr">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/press/current/PNKarnataka.pdf |title=PRESS NOTE: Schedule for the General Election to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |date=2 April 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2009-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410064450/http://eci.nic.in/press/current/PNKarnataka.pdf |archive-date=April 10, 2009 }}</ref> by the ECI on 2 April 2008. This was the first election to be held under the new boundaries drawn up by the [[Delimitation Commission of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/archivednews/pn200308.pdf |title=Election Commission of India Direction |date=20 March 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2009-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619074115/http://eci.nic.in/archivednews/pn200308.pdf |archive-date=June 19, 2009 }}</ref> The elections were split into three phases. Elections in all [[polling station]]s of the state were conducted using EVMs.
=== Chhattisgarh ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! SN
! Party
! Seats Contested
! Seats won
! Seats Changed
! Vote Share
|-
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
| 1
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 90
| 50
| 0
| 40.33
|-
| 2
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 87
| 38
| + 1
| 38.63
|-
| 3
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 90
| 2
| 0
| 6.11
|-
|
| '''Total'''
|
| '''90'''
|
|
|}

=== Delhi ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! SN
! Party
! Seats Contested
! Seats won
! Seats Changed
! % Votes
|-
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
| 1
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 69
| 43
| - 4
| 40.31
|-
| 2
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 69
| 23
| + 3
| 36.34
|-
| 3
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 69
| 2
| + 2
| 14.05
|-
| 4
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 41
| 1
| +1
| 1.35
|-
| 4
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|
| 1
| 0
| 3.92
|-
|
| '''Total'''
|
| '''70'''
|
|
|}

=== Jammu and Kashmir ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! SN
! Party
! Seats won
! Seats Changed
|-
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
| 1
| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
| 28
| 0
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
| 3
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 17
| - 3
|-
| 2
| [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|Peoples Democratic Party]]
| 21
| + 5
|-
| 4
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 11
| + 10
|-
| 5
| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| 4
| - 9
|-
| 6
| J&K National Panthers Party
| 3
| - 1
|-
| 7
| CPI(Marxist)
| 1
| - 1
|-
| 7
| J&K Democratic Party Nationalist
| 1
| + 1
|-
| 7
| People's Democratic Front
| 1
| + 1
|-
|
| '''Total'''
| '''87'''
|
|}

=== Karnataka ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! SN
! Party
! Seats won
! Seats Changed
|-
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
| 1
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 110
| + 31
|-
| 2
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 80
| + 15
|-
| 3
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 28
|
|- -12
| 4
| Others
| 7
| - 15
|-
|
| '''Total'''
| '''224'''
|
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! SN
! Party
! Seats Contested
! Seats won
! Seats Changed
! % Votes
|-
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
| 1
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 228
| 143
| - 30
| 37.64
|-
| 2
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 228
| 71
| + 33
| 32.39
|-
| 3
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 228
| 7
| + 5
| 8.97
|-
| 4
| Bharatiya Jan Shakti Party
| 201
| 5
| + 5
| 4.71
|-
| 5
| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
|
| 3
| + 1
| 8.23
|-
| 6
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 187
| 1
| - 6
| 1.99
|-
|
| '''Total'''
|
| '''230'''
|
|
|}

=== Meghalaya ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! SN
! Party
! Seats won
! Seats Change

|- style="background: #90EE90;"
| 2
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 15
| + 1
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
| 3
| [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]
| 11
| + 2
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
| 4
| Independents
| 5
| 0
|-style="background: #90EE90;"
| 5
| Hill State People's Democratic Party
| 2
| 0
|-style="background: #90EE90;"
| 6
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1
| - 1
|-style="background: #90EE90;"
| 6
| Khun Hynnieutrip National Awakaning Movement
| 1
| - 1
|-
| 1
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 25
| + 3
|-
|
| '''Total'''
| '''60'''
|
|}

=== Mizoram ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=4|[[File:India Mizoram Legislative Assembly 2008.svg]]
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! SN
! Party
! Seats won
! Seats Change

|-style="background: #90EE90;"
| 1
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 32
| + 20
|-
| 2
| [[Mizo National Front]]
| 3
| - 18
|-
| 3
| MPC
| 2
| 0
|-
| 4
| Zoram Nationalist Party
| 2
| 0

|-
|
| '''Total'''
| '''40'''
|
|}

=== Nagaland ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! SN
! Party
! Seats won
! Seats Change

|-style="background: #90EE90;"
| 1
| [[Nagaland Peoples Front]]
| 26
| + 7
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
| 4
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2
| - 5
|-
| 2
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 23
| - 2
|-
| 3
| Independents
| 7
| + 3
|-
| 4
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 2
| + 2
|-
|
| '''Total'''
| '''60'''
|
|}

=== Rajasthan ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! SN
! Party
! Seats won
! Seats Changed
|-
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
| 1
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 96
| + 40
|-
| 2
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 78
| - 42
|-
| 3
| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| 14
| - 1
|-
| 4
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 6
| + 4
|-
| 5
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3
| + 2
|-
| 6
| [[Loktantrik Samajwadi Party]]
| 1
| + 1
|-
| 6
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 1
| - 1
|-
|
| '''Total'''
| '''199/200'''
|
|}

=== Tripura ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! SN
! Party
! Seats won
! Seats Change
|-
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
| 1
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 46
| + 8
|-style="background: #90EE90;"
| 3
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| 2
| 0
|-style="background: #90EE90;"
| 4
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 10
| - 3
|-
| 4
| [[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra]]
| 1
| - 5
|-
|
| '''Total'''
| '''60'''
|
|}

==Local body elections==
*[[2008 Uttarakhand local body elections]]

==See also==
*[[N. Gopalaswami]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:2008 elections in India| ]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

NAL Wind Tunnel Road

2024-11-30T00:48:10Z

Anshuchoudhary28: Added New Page!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
[[File:Wind Tunnel Road,Logica 8-23-2010 5-16-20 PM.JPG|thumb|Embassy Golf Links district at NAL Wind Tunnel Road|alt= Embassy Golf Links district at Wind Tunnel Road, Bengaluru]]
'''NAL Wind Tunnel Road''', expanded as '''National Aerospace Laboratories Wind Tunnel Road''', is a road in the [[Murugeshpalya]] locality of [[Bengaluru]]. It was called Challaghatta Road, a name that still persists in local use, before it was renamed. It links [[Old Airport Road| HAL Airport Road]] with [[Bellandur]]. [[Old Airport Road| HAL Airport Road]] branches into Wind Tunnel Road at a traffic light junction.<ref name="BWSSB adds to the misery of pedestrians on Wind Tunnel road">{{cite news|title=BWSSB adds to the misery of pedestrians on Wind Tunnel road|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151221/nation-current-affairs/article/bwssb-adds-misery-pedestrians-wind-tunnel-road|access-date=28 February 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=21 December 2015|archive-date=12 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312075617/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/151221/nation-current-affairs/article/bwssb-adds-misery-pedestrians-wind-tunnel-road|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Road condition ==
The condition of this road has been a subject of constant criticism. Some of the common complaints are: poor condition of the road, occupied footpaths, irregular clearing of garbage etc. Between 2012 and 2014, 366 complaints were lodged about the HAL-Marathahalli stretch, including Wind Tunnel Road and Suranjan Das Road. According to the local residents, the local authority did not pay enough attention to resolve the issues. However, in September 2014, before Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s visit, the road was repaired and garbage were cleared.<ref name="It took a PM’s visit to smoothen the pothole-ridden Old Airport Road">{{cite news|title=It took a PM’s visit to smoothen the pothole-ridden Old Airport Road|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140926/nation-current-affairs/article/it-took-pm%E2%80%99s-visit-smoothen-pothole-ridden-old-airport-road|access-date=28 February 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=26 September 2014|archive-date=12 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312073531/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140926/nation-current-affairs/article/it-took-pm%E2%80%99s-visit-smoothen-pothole-ridden-old-airport-road|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Wind Tunnel Road, Golf Manor Apartment 8-8-2010 4-52-13 PM.JPG|thumb|An apartment on NAL Wind Tunnel Road|alt=Golf Manor apartment on Wind Tunnel Road]]
According to a report published in the ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' in July 2015, there were illegal garbage dumps in the road, and the authorities of Sophia School, a school located on this road were anxious about the health of the students studying there.<ref name="Illegal garbage dump in Murugeshpalya poses health hazard to schoolchildren">{{cite news|title=Illegal garbage dump in Murugeshpalya poses health hazard to schoolchildren|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/Illegal-garbage-dump-in-Murugeshpalya-poses-health-hazard-to-schoolchildren/articleshow/48074434.cms|accessdate=28 February 2016|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=15 July 2015|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704143425/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/bbmp-pta-dump-yard/articleshow/48074434.cms?|url-status=live}}</ref> According to another report published in ''[[The Economic Times]]'' in December 2015, the garbage collection point of this road was like an "open dump yard".<ref name="Non-stop traffic drives Konena Agrahara crazy">{{cite news|title=Non-stop traffic drives Konena Agrahara crazy|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-12-15/news/69062098_1_garbage-collection-point-gated-community-traffic|access-date=28 February 2016|work=The Economic Times|date=15 December 2015|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306170829/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-12-15/news/69062098_1_garbage-collection-point-gated-community-traffic|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In mid-2015, in the course of some construction work, [[Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board]] dumped large pipes on the footpaths of Wind Tunnel Road encroaching over a length of 2 kilometres of the road. This became a serious issue for pedestrians and the local residents, who were forced to walk on the main road ignoring traffic. On the other hand, the traffic movement on the road was also slow, due to poor condition of the streets.<ref name="BWSSB adds to the misery of pedestrians on Wind Tunnel road" /> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' reported in November 2015 that the condition of the footpaths were dangerous for pedestrians at that time.<ref name="People's problems">{{cite news|title=People's problems|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/514753/peoples-problems.html|accessdate=28 February 2016|work=Deccan Herald|date=30 November 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005029/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/514753/peoples-problems.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

One of the major issues is the increased traffic on this road by citizens opting to use this road as an alternative to reach Indiranagar from the fast developing HSR and areas south of Bellandur lake. To add to their woes, Parking of tempos is 'allowed' on the road resulting in long waiting times at the Airport Road junction traffic signal. The Ola cabs office on this road has resulted in a massive Ola cab explosion with no discipline being maintained.

In 2015, [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP) proposed to construct an [[underpass]] here to address traffic problem. However the authority faced difficulties to execute the plan because of land-acquisition issues.<ref name="Kundalahalli underpass plan dumped">{{cite news|title=Kundalahalli underpass plan dumped|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Kundalahalli-underpass-plan-dumped/articleshow/51129040.cms|accessdate=28 February 2016|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=25 February 2016|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704143418/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Kundalahalli-underpass-plan-dumped/articleshow/51129040.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Commons}}
{{reflist}}

{{Bangalore}}
{{coord|12|56|51.25|N|77|39|27.57|E|display=title}}
[[Category:Roads in Bengaluru]]