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Challow language

2023-09-11T10:41:08Z

Anonymous: Fresh addition.

{{Short description|Tangkhulic language of Manipur, India}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Challow
|nativename=
|states=[[India]]
|region=[[Manipur]]
|ethnicity=[[Tangkhul Naga people|Tangkhul Naga]]
|speakers=
|date=
|ref=
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman]]
|fam3=[[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]] (?)
|fam4=[[Kuki-Chin–Naga languages|Kuki-Chin–Naga]]
|fam5=[[Tangkhul–Maring languages|Tangkhul–Maring]]
|fam6=[[Tangkhulic languages|Tangkhulic]]
|iso3=none
|glotto=
|glottorefname=
}}

'''Challow''' is an [[Tangkhulic languages|Tangkhulic]] language of [[Ukhrul District]], [[Manipur]], India.<ref>Ivani, Jessica K. (under review) ''Some preliminary notes on Challow, a Tibeto-Burman language from Manipur, India''.</ref><ref>IVANI, Jessica K & ZAKHARKO, Taras. 2023. ''Linguistic diversity in North-East India: a comparative look at neighboring languages Suansu, Kongai and Challow''. 26th Himalayan Languages Symposium, 4-6 September 2023. Paris: INALCO.</ref>

==Typology==
Challow is a tonal language with [[SOV word order]], [[agglutinative]] morphology, and [[ergative-absolutive alignment]].<ref>IVANI, Jessica K. 2023. ''Challow language from northeastern India: a field report''. 26th Himalayan Languages Symposium, 4-6 September 2023. Paris: INALCO.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}

[[Category:Tangkhulic languages]]

{{st-lang-stub}}

Bt cotton

2023-05-24T06:18:59Z

Anonymous: Shared an influential publication.

{{short description|Genetically modified variety of cotton}}
'''Bt cotton''' is a [[genetically modified organism|genetically modified]] pest resistant plant [[cotton]] variety, which produce an [[insecticide]] to combat [[bollworm]].

== Description ==

Strains of the bacterium ''[[Bacillus thuringiensis]]'' produce over 200 different [[Bt toxins]], each harmful to different insects. Most notably, Bt toxins are insecticidal to the larvae of [[Lepidoptera|moths and butterflies]], [[Coleoptera|beetles]], [[Helicoverpa armigera|cotton bollworms]] and [[Diptera|flies]] but are harmless to other forms of life.<ref name="UMTPublic">{{cite web|url=http://www.umt.edu/ethics/debating%20science%20program/odc/Biotechnology/Alternatives/Bt%20Cotton1/default.php|year=2013|publisher=University of Montana - Ethics and Public Affairs Program|title=Bt cotton - Explanation|access-date=2015-07-09|archive-date=2015-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709235704/http://www.umt.edu/ethics/debating%20science%20program/odc/Biotechnology/Alternatives/Bt%20Cotton1/default.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> The gene coding for Bt toxin has been inserted into cotton as a [[transgene]], causing it to produce this natural insecticide in its tissues. In many regions, the main pests in commercial cotton are [[lepidoptera]]n larvae, which are killed by the Bt protein in the [[genetically modified cotton]] they eat. This eliminates the need to use large amounts of broad-spectrum insecticides to kill lepidopteran pests (some of which have developed [[pyrethroid]] resistance). This spares natural insect predators in the farm ecology and further contributes to [[noninsecticide pest management]].

Bt cotton is ineffective against many cotton pests such as [[plant bug]]s, [[Brown marmorated stink bug|stink bug]]s, and [[aphid]]s; depending on circumstances it may be desirable to use insecticides in prevention. A 2006 study done by [[Cornell]] researchers, the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy and the [[Chinese Academy of Science]] on Bt cotton farming in China found that after seven years these secondary pests that were normally controlled by pesticide had increased, necessitating the use of pesticides at similar levels to non-Bt cotton and causing less profit for farmers because of the extra expense of GM seeds.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Cornell University]]|title=Seven-year glitch: Cornell warns that Chinese GM cotton farmers are losing money due to 'secondary' pests|author=Susan Lang|work=Cornell news|url=http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/July06/Bt.cotton.China.ssl.html}}</ref>

== Mechanism ==

Bt cotton was created through the addition of genes encoding toxin crystals in the Cry group of [[Delta endotoxin|endotoxin]].<ref name="UMTPublic"/> When insects attack and eat the cotton plant the Cry toxins or crystal protein are dissolved due to the high pH level of the insect's stomach. The dissolved and activated Cry molecules bond to cadherin-like proteins on cells comprising the brush border molecules.<ref name="UMTPublic"/> The epithelium of the brush border membranes separates the body cavity from the gut while allowing access to nutrients. The Cry toxin molecules attach themselves to specific locations on the cadherin-like proteins present on the epithelial cells of the midgut and ion channels are formed which allow the flow of potassium.<ref name="UMTPublic"/> Regulation of potassium concentration is essential and, if left unchecked, causes death of cells. Due to the formation of Cry ion channels sufficient regulation of potassium ions is lost, resulting in the death of epithelial cells. The death of such cells creates gaps in the brush border membrane.

==History==
Bt cotton was first approved for field trials in the United States in 1993, and first approved for commercial use in the United States in 1995.<ref name="James 1996">{{cite web|last=James|first=Clive|title=Global Review of the Field Testing and Commercialization of Transgenic Plants: 1986 to 1995|url=https://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/01/download/isaaa-brief-01-1996.pdf|publisher=The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications|access-date=17 July 2010|year=1996}}</ref> Bt cotton was approved by the Chinese government in 1997.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Qiu|first1=Jane|author-link=Jane Qiu|title=GM crop use makes minor pests major problem|url=http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100513/full/news.2010.242.html|access-date=10 June 2016|publisher=Nature}}</ref>

In 2002, a joint venture between Monsanto and [[Mahyco]] introduced Bt cotton to India.<ref name="kazmin">{{cite news|last1=Kazmin|first1=Amy|title=Monsanto faces growing troubles in India|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/7197ffa8-7551-11e5-a95a-27d368e1ddf7.html#axzz4AxpAIGWG|access-date=8 June 2016|publisher=Financial Times}}</ref>

In 2011, India grew the largest GM cotton crop at 10.6 million hectares. The U.S. GM cotton crop was 4.0 million hectares, the second largest area in the world, followed by China with 3.9 million hectares and Pakistan with 2.6 million hectares.<ref name = ISAAA-2011>[http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/43/executivesummary/default.asp ISAAA Brief 43-2011: Executive Summary Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2011]. Retrieved 24 September 2012.</ref>
By 2014, 96% of cotton grown in the United States was genetically modified<ref name=USDA2014>[http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us.aspx Adoption of Genetically Engineered Crops in the U.S.] – [[Economic Research Service]], of the [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]]</ref> and 95% of cotton grown in India was GM.<ref name="isaaa-india">{{Cite web|url = http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/biotech_country_facts_and_trends/download/Facts%20and%20Trends%20-%20India.pdf|title = Facts and trends - India|publisher = International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications}}</ref> India is the largest producer of cotton, and GM cotton, as of 2014.

== Advantages ==
{{main article|Cotton#Genetic modification}}
Bt cotton has several advantages over non-Bt cotton. The important advantages of Bt cotton are briefly :

* Increases yield of cotton due to effective control of three types of bollworms, viz. American, Spotted and Pink bollworms.
* Insects belonging to Lepidoptera (Bollworms) are sensitive to a crystalline endotoxic protein produced by the Bt gene which in turn protects cotton from bollworms.
* Reduction in insecticide use in the cultivation of Bt cotton in which bollworms are major pests.
* Potential reduction in the cost of cultivation (depending on seed cost versus insecticide costs).
* Reduction in predators which help in controlling the bollworms by feeding on larvae and eggs of bollworm.

The main selling points of Bt cotton are the reductions in pesticides to be sprayed on a crop and the ecological benefits which stem from that. China first planted Bt cotton in 1997 specifically in response to an outbreak of cotton bollworm, ''Helicoverpa armigera'', that farmers were struggling to control with conventional pesticides.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | last1 = Lu | first1 = Y | last2 = Wu | first2 = K | last3 = Jiang | first3 = Y | last4 = Guo | first4 = Y | last5 = Desneux | first5 = N | date = Jul 2012 | title = Widespread adoption of Bt cotton and insecticide decrease promotes biocontrol services | journal = Nature | volume = 487 | issue = 7407| pages = 362–5 | doi=10.1038/nature11153 | pmid=22722864| bibcode = 2012Natur.487..362L | s2cid = 4415298 }}</ref> Similarly in India and the US, Bt cotton initially alleviated the issues with pests whilst increasing yields and delivering higher profits for farmers.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kathage | first1 = J | last2 = Qaim | first2 = M | date = Jul 2012 | title = Economic impacts and impact dynamics of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton in India | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | volume = 109 | issue = 29| pages = 11652–6 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1203647109 | pmid=22753493 | pmc=3406847| bibcode = 2012PNAS..10911652K | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Morse | first1 = S | last2 = Bennett | first2 = RM | last3 = Ismael | first3 = Y | year = 2005 | title = Genetically modified insect resistance in cotton: some farm level economic impacts in India | journal = Crop Prot | volume = 24 | issue = 5| pages = 433–40 | doi=10.1016/j.cropro.2004.09.008}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal | last1 = Wu | first1 = K-M | last2 = Lu | first2 = Y-H | last3 = Feng | first3 = H-Q | last4 = Jiang | first4 = Y-Y | last5 = Zhao | first5 = J-Z | date = Sep 2008 | title = Suppression of cotton bollworm in multiple crops in China in areas with Bt toxin-containing cotton | journal = Science | volume = 321 | issue = 5896| pages = 1676–8 | doi=10.1126/science.1160550 | pmid=18801998| bibcode = 2008Sci...321.1676W | s2cid = 18498845 }}</ref>

Studies showed that the lower levels of pesticide being sprayed on the cotton crops promoted biodiversity by allowing non-target species like ladybirds, lacewings and spiders to become more abundant.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Likewise it was found that [[integrated pest management]] strategies (IPM) were becoming more effective due to the lower levels of pesticide encouraging the growth of [[Biological pest control|natural enemy]] populations.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In India alone widespread adoption of Bt cotton led to 2.4-9 millions less cases of [[pesticide poisoning]], with similar reduction also seen in other countries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smyth|first=Stuart J.|title=The human health benefits from GM crops|journal=Plant Biotechnology Journal|language=en|volume=18|issue=4|pages=887–888|doi=10.1111/pbi.13261|issn=1467-7652|pmc=7061863|pmid=31544299}}</ref>

==Bt-resistant pests==
After the introduction of Bt cotton in northern China, non-target pests such as [[mirid bugs]] (''Heteroptera: Miridae'') became more abundant, because less pesticides were sprayed.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lu | first1 = Y | last2 = Wu | first2 = K | last3 = Jiang | first3 = Y | last4 = Xia | first4 = B | last5 = Li | first5 = P | last6 = Feng | first6 = H | display-authors = etal | year = 2010 | title = Mirid bug outbreaks in multiple crops correlated with wide-scale adoption of Bt cotton in China | journal = Science | volume = 328 | issue = 5982| pages = 1151–4 | doi=10.1126/science.1187881 | pmid=20466880| bibcode = 2010Sci...328.1151L | s2cid = 2093962 }}</ref> In 2013, a second issue being seen across the world, was the development of Bt resistant pests limiting the usefulness of Bt crops.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tabashnik | first1 = BE | last2 = Brévault | first2 = T | last3 = Carrière | year = 2013 | title = Insect resistance to Bt crops: lessons from the first billion acres | journal = Nat Biotechnol | volume = 31 | issue = 6| pages = 510–21 | doi=10.1038/nbt.2597 | pmid=23752438| s2cid = 205278530 }}</ref>

Main drivers for the widespread resistance in India and China included the high proportion of Bt cotton being planted, 90% and 95% respectively in 2011,<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="IndiaInvestigates">{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/news/india-investigates-bt-cotton-claims-1.10015|author=Jayaraman KS|title=India investigates Bt cotton claims|journal=Nature |publisher=Nature News|year= 2012|doi=10.1038/nature.2012.10015 |s2cid=167762098 }}</ref> and few refuge areas.<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite journal | last1 = Tabashnik | first1 = BE | last2 = Sisterson | first2 = MS | last3 = Ellsworth | first3 = PC | last4 = Dennehy | first4 = TJ | last5 = Antilla | first5 = L | last6 = Liesner | first6 = L | display-authors = etal | date = Dec 2010 | title = Suppressing resistance to Bt cotton with sterile insect releases | journal = Nat Biotechnol | volume = 28 | issue = 12| pages = 1304–7 | doi=10.1038/nbt.1704| pmid = 21057498 | s2cid = 4988462 }}</ref><ref name="dx.plos.org">{{cite journal | last1 = Wan | first1 = P | last2 = Huang | first2 = Y | last3 = Wu | first3 = H | last4 = Huang | first4 = M | last5 = Cong | first5 = S | last6 = Tabashnik | first6 = BE | display-authors = etal | year = 2012 | title = Increased frequency of pink bollworm resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in China. Smagghe G, editor | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 1| page = e29975 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0029975 | pmid = 22238687 | pmc = 3251611 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Refuge areas of non-Bt crops limit resistance development in targeted pests.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> The US [[Environmental Protection Agency]] requires farmers to have refuge areas of 20–50% non-Bt crops within 0.8 km of their Bt fields.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hutchison | first1 = WD | last2 = Burkness | first2 = EC | last3 = Mitchell | first3 = PD | last4 = Moon | first4 = RD | last5 = Leslie | first5 = TW | last6 = Fleischer | first6 = SJ | display-authors = etal | date = Oct 2010 | title = Areawide suppression of European corn borer with Bt maize reaps savings to non-Bt maize growers | url = http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1223&context=entomologyfacpub| journal = Science | volume = 330 | issue = 6001| pages = 222–5 | doi=10.1126/science.1190242 | pmid=20929774| bibcode = 2010Sci...330..222H | s2cid = 238816 }}</ref> Such requirements were not seen in China, where instead farmers relied on natural refuge areas to decrease resistance.<ref name="dx.plos.org"/>

In 2009, a novel solution to the resistance problem was trialed in Arizona, when sterile male pink bollworms (''Pectinophora gossypiella'') were released into populations of their wild Bt-resistant counterparts. The hypothesis was that sterile males mating with the few surviving females, who had developed resistance, would lead to a decrease in pests in the following generation. There was a dramatic reduction in pink bollworms, with only two pink bollworm larvae being found by the third year of the study.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

== Controversies ==
{{See also|Farmers' suicides in India}}
{{See also|Genetically modified food controversies}}

In India, Bt cotton has been enveloped in controversies due to its supposed failure to reduce the need for pesticides and increase yield.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vandana|first=Dr. Shiva|author2=Afsar H. Jafri|title=Failure of GMOs in India|journal=Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology|url=http://www.greens.org/s-r/33/33-04.html|access-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> The link between the introduction of Bt cotton to India and a surge in farmer suicides has been refuted by other studies,<ref>{{cite web|last=Gruere|first=Guillaume|title=Bt Cotton and farmer suicides in India: Reviewing the Evidence|publisher=International Food Policy Research Institute |url=http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ifpridp00808.pdf|access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref> with decreased farmer suicides since Bt cotton was introduced.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Plewis | first1 = I | year = 2014 | title = Indian farmer suicides: Is GM cotton to blame? | journal = Significance | volume = 11 | issue = 1| pages = 14–18 | doi=10.1111/j.1740-9713.2014.00719.x| doi-access = free }}</ref> Bt cotton accounts for 93% of cotton grown in India.<ref name="IndiaInvestigates" />

==By country==
=== In India ===
Bt cotton is supplied in [[Maharashtra]] by the agri-biotechnology company [[Mahyco]], which distributes it.<ref name="liftban">{{cite news|title=Maharashtra lifts ban on Mahyco's Bt cotton seeds|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/maharashtra-lifts-ban-on-mahyco-s-bt-cotton-seeds/1111899/|agency=[[Indian Express]]|location=Nagpur|access-date=2013-09-03|author=Vivek Deshpande}}</ref>

In 2001, prior to the approval of Monsanto/Mahyco Bt cotton, Navbaharat Seeds sold illegal, unapproved Bt cotton, which was grown on 11,000 hectares in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jayaraman |first1=K.S. |title=Illegal Bt cotton in India haunts regulators |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=1090 |doi=10.1038/nbt1201-1090|pmid=11731762 |s2cid=5158158 }}</ref>

The use of Bt cotton in [[India]] has grown exponentially since its introduction in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bt cotton: how it flowered and is losing lustre now|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/bt-cotton-how-it-flowered-and-is-losing-lustre-now/article8386090.ece|work=The Hindu|author=KV Kurmanath}}</ref> Eight years after the deployment of Bt cotton, India became the number one exporter of cotton globally and the second largest cotton producer in the world. India has bred Bt-cotton varieties such as ''Bikaneri Nerma'' and hybrids such as NHH-44.<ref name="Choudhary2010">{{cite journal|author1=Choudhary, B. |author2=Gaur, K.|year=2010|title=Bt Cotton in India: A Country Profile|journal=ISAAA|series=Series of Biotech Crop Profiles|location=Ithaca, NY|url=http://isaaa.org/resources/publications/biotech_crop_profiles/bt_cotton_in_india-a_country_profile/download/default.asp}}</ref>

Socio-economic surveys confirm that Bt cotton continues to deliver significant and multiple [[agronomic]], [[economic]], [[Environment (biophysical)|environmental]] and welfare benefits to Indian farmers and society including halved insecticide requirements and a doubling of yields.<ref>{{cite journal|author=James, Clive|year=2009|title=Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2009|journal=ISAAA|series=ISAAA Briefs|number=41|location=Ithaca, NY|url=http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/41/download/isaaa-brief-41-2009.pdf}}</ref>

India's success has been subject to scrutiny. [[Monsanto]]'s seeds are expensive and lose vigour after one generation, prompting the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] to develop a cheaper Bt cotton variety with seeds that could be reused. The cotton incorporated the cry1Ac gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), making the cotton toxic to bollworms. This variety showed poor yield, was removed within a year,{{when}} and contained a DNA sequence owned by Monsanto, prompting an investigation.<ref name="IndiaInvestigates" /> In parts of India cases of acquired resistance against Bt cotton has occurred. Monsanto has admitted{{when}} that the pink bollworm is resistant to the first generation transgenic Bt cotton that expresses the single Bt gene (Cry1Ac).<ref name="Choudhary2010"/>

The state of Maharashtra banned the sale and distribution of Bt cotton in 2012, to promote local Indian seeds, which demand less water, fertilizers and pesticide input,<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra bans Bt cotton seeds|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maharashtra-bans-Bt-cotton-seeds/articleshow/15420778.cms}}</ref> but lifted the ban in 2013.<ref name="liftban"/>

Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) has successfully developed the country's first Bt cotton varieties. [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]] has identified three varieties, namely PAU Bt 1, F1861 and RS 2013, for cultivation in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan.<ref name="ISAAA-PAUBt1F1861RS2013">{{cite web | title=Indian Universities Develop Bt Cotton Varieties with Reusable Seeds | publisher=ISAAA ([[International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications]]) | website=Crop Biotech Update | date=2017-03-15 | url=http://www.isaaa.org/kc/cropbiotechupdate/article/default.asp?ID=15257 | access-date=2022-05-02}}</ref><ref name="Hindu-PAUBt1F1861RS2013">{{cite web | title=PAU develops country's first Bt cotton varieties | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=2017-03-08 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pau-develops-countrys-first-bt-cotton-varieties/article17428499.ece | access-date=2022-05-02}}</ref> It is a cheaper alternative to Bt cotton hybrid seed.

===In the USA===
In Hawaii, growing GMO cotton has been prohibited since 2013.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Robynne Boyd|title=Hawaii's Big Island Bans Biotech Companies & GMO Crops|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/19/big-island-bans-gmo_n_4305729.html|access-date=24 October 2015|work=Huffington Post}}</ref> Hybridization with the wild cotton species [[Gossypium tomentosum]] may be possible. Transgenic cotton is also banned in some parts of Florida.

===In Africa===
====Burkina Faso====
[[Burkina Faso]], Africa's top cotton producer, banned GM cotton in 2016, because of economic and quality concerns.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top African producer bans GM cotton|url=http://phys.org/news/2016-04-african-gm-cotton.html|website=Phys.org|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref>
====Kenya====
Bt cotton is legal in Kenya having been conditionally approved by the [[National Biosafety Authority]] in 2016, conditional on the approval of the [[National Environment Management Authority of Kenya|National Environment Management Authority]]. The [[Government of Kenya|Government]] is promoting its use, expecting greatly increased output and some greater filling of its own [[domestic demand]].<ref name="Kenya">{{cite web | url=http://www.kenyanews.go.ke/bt-cotton-is-now-ready-for-harvesting/ | title=Bt Cotton Ready For Harvesting | website=[[Kenya News Agency]] | date=August 9, 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bt brinjal]]
* [[Genetically modified food controversies]]

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Genetic engineering}}

[[Category:Genetically modified organisms in agriculture]]
[[Category:Cotton]]
[[Category:Monsanto]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1993 in biotechnology]]

Gross Domestic Product

2022-04-25T12:34:33Z

Anonymous: Published an insightful resource.

#REDIRECT [[Gross domestic product]]

{{Redirect category shell|1=
{{R from other capitalisation}}
}}

Abbas Siddique

2021-03-03T20:46:38Z

Anonymous:

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Pirzada
| name = Abbas Siddique
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1986}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = India
| other_names =
| occupation = Cleric
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| organization = [[Indian Secular Front]]
}}
ধর্মনিরপেক্ষ পশ্চিমবঙ্গের একমাত্র বাঘের মত শৌর্য ,তোমার আমার সবার প্রিয় পীরজাদা '''Abbas Siddique(ভাইজান)''' is an Indian cleric and the head of Muslim shrine Furfura Sharif.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Mamata Banerjee Created Hindu-Muslim Divide, Did More Harm Than Good to Muslims: ISF's Abbas Siddiqui|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/mamata-banerjee-created-hindu-muslim-divide-did-more-harm-than-good-to-muslims-isfs-abbas-siddiqui-3349511.html|date=27 January 2021|website=News18}}</ref> Siddique is the founder of Furfura Sharif Ahale Sunnatul Jamat and formed [[Indian Secular Front]] in January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Explained: Spotlight on a Muslim cleric, election pointers in West Bengal|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/spotlight-on-muslim-cleric-pirzada-abbas-siddiqui-election-pointers-in-bengal-7194843/|date=24 February 2021}}</ref> He is the scion of the Siddiqui family, which is the custodian of the famous Furfura Sharif shrine.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Popular Muslim cleric Abbas Siddiqui floats new political party in Bengal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/popular-muslim-cleric-abbas-siddiqui-floats-new-political-party-in-bengal-101611236598916.html|date=21 January 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

He is secular minded form the very fast of his life. Now he created a Party ISF and it became very popular now in West Bengal and All-over India.
Fearing his honesty now someone wants to defamed him but doing like this vulgar play , none can defamed him.
Popular Slogan of his Organization is "শিরায় শিরায় রক্ত, ভাইজানের ভক্ত।।"

==Controversies==
Siddique has been infamous for his incendiary rhetoric, fear-mongering and calls for 'divine intervention' for the death of 50 crore Indians.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-03|title=Bombs, shotguns recovered from ISF worker's house in West Bengal|url=http://www.opindia.com/2021/03/bombs-shotguns-recovered-from-isf-workers-house-in-west-bengal/|date=3 March 2021}}</ref> He was seen addressing a large gathering of followers and praying to Allah to kill 50 crore Indians with the virus.

On February 26, 2020, a video of Siddique had gone viral on social media in which he was heard referring to anti-Hindu Delhi riots and saying: {{quote|Recently I have got the news that mosques are being set on fire, mosques are being burnt for the last two days. I think something is going to happen within a month. May Allah accept our prayers. May Allah send such a terrible virus to India that ten to twenty to fifty crore people die in India. Am I saying something wrong? It is absolutely blissful.}} He also said that he did not mind whether he would die or survive but he would surely take Hindus with him. However, he later claimed that he was quoted 'out of context'.<ref name="OPIN">{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-03|title=Meet Abbas Siddiqui: The Islamist ally of Congress, Left in West Bengal|url=http://www.opindia.com/2021/03/abbas-siddiqui-radical-cleric-peerzada-indian-secular-front-left-congress-ally-west-bengal/|date=1 March 2021}}</ref>

In 2019, after the Indian government passed the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), Siddiqui claimed that the citizenship law was unfair to the Muslim population of the country and threatened to block Kolkata airport if the law was not revoked. He urged Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee to either move the Supreme Court or bring a resolution against CAA in State Assembly or else risk losing the support of Muslims in West Bengal.<ref name="OPIN" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]