Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Bikram Choudhury

2026-05-17T20:35:41Z

AnonyMo: stub.

{{Short description|Indian yoga teacher Bikram Yoga}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bikram Choudhury
| image = Bikram Choudhury.jpg
| caption = At a book signing in New York in 2007
| birth_date = 1944<ref name="Horton 2019"/>
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| known_for = Founder of [[Bikram Yoga]]
| occupation = [[Yoga]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Rajashree Choudhury|1984|2016|end=div}}
}}
'''Bikram Choudhury''' (born 1944) is an Indian-American [[Modern yoga gurus|yoga guru]],<ref name="Newcombe 2017">{{cite journal |last=Newcombe |first=Suzanne |author-link=Suzanne Newcombe |title=The Revival of Yoga in Contemporary India |journal=Religion |publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedias |volume=1 |year=2017 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.253|isbn=9780199340378 |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/48147/1/April_Yoga_Revival_Newcombe.pdf }}</ref> and the founder of [[Bikram Yoga]], a form of [[hot yoga]] consisting of [[Postures of Bikram Yoga|a fixed series of 26 postures]] practised in a hot environment of {{convert|40|C}}. The business became a success in the United States and then across the Western world, with a variety of celebrity pupils. His former wife Rajashree Choudhury assisted him in the yoga business.

In 2009, he began a series of copyright claims to protect the series of postures of Bikram Yoga; this was ultimately unsuccessful, and other studios continue to teach the series.

Choudhury was the subject of civil suits [[Sexual abuse by yoga gurus|alleging sexual assault]] and discrimination against racial and sexual minorities. In 2017, a court awarded $7 million to his former lawyer, Minakshi Jafa-Bodden, who gained control of his yoga business when Choudhury fled to India without paying her. Since then he has continued to [[Yoga teacher training|train yoga teachers]] outside the United States in countries including Spain and Mexico.

==Life, Work, and Controversy==

===Early life===

Bikram Choudhury was born in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[British India]] in 1944. He claimed to have begun studying yoga under [[Bishnu Charan Ghosh]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Despres |first1=Loraine |title=Yoga's Bad Boy: Bikram Choudhury |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/lifestyle/yoga-s-bad-boy-bikram-choudhury |publisher=[[Yoga Journal]] |access-date=29 April 2020 |date=5 April 2017 |orig-year=2007}}</ref> and to have won the National India Yoga Championship for three consecutive years in his teens.<ref name="bodywork"/> However, the first ever Yoga competition in India took place in 1974, long after he had left the country.<ref name="bodywork">{{cite news |author=Schickel |first=Erica |title=Body Work |date=25 September 2003 |work=[[L.A. Weekly]] |url=https://www.laweekly.com/body-work/}}</ref> Recent evidence from interviews for the podcast series "30for30" on Choudhury (2018, [[ESPN]]) and from [[Jerome Armstrong]]'s book, ''Calcutta Yoga'', have proven his claim of winning the National India Yoga Championships to be false and also that he did not start his training under Ghosh at the age of 5 but rather in 1962 when he was 18. His initial focus was on bodybuilding and massage.<ref>{{cite AV media |last=Henderson |first=Julia L. |title=Bikram. ''30for30'', season 3, episodes 4&5 |publisher=[[ESPN]] |date=2018 |url=https://30for30podcasts.com/bikram/}}</ref><ref name="Armstrong 2018">{{cite book |last1=Armstrong |first1=Jerome |author-link1=Jerome Armstrong |title=Calcutta Yoga : Buddha Bose & the yoga family of Bishnu Ghosh and Yogananda |date=2018 |publisher=Webstrong |isbn=978-0692116715}}</ref> A few years later, during 1969, Bikram completed in six months his training on [[Asana]]s under Ghosh and other senior teachers, but he did not get the chance to finish his training on [[Pranayama]] (breathing exercises), [[Bandha (yoga)|Bandha]] (bodily locks) or [[Dhyāna in Hinduism|Dhyāna]] (focused meditation) before Ghosh died in 1970.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Armstrong |first1=Jerome |title=Calcutta Yoga |date=9 January 2020 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-1-5290-4811-7 |page=320 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QvjCDwAAQBAJ&dq=bikram+yoga-bayam&pg=PP321}}</ref>

Choudhury developed [[Postures of Bikram Yoga|a 26-posture series]], by piecing together existing sequences from over 500 poses and variations created by Ghosh, and put it into his signature series which takes about ninety minutes to perform.<ref name=bodywork/> The {{cvt|40|C|order=flip}} heat in which Bikram Yoga is practiced is, according to Choudhury, meant to mimic the climate of India.<ref name=bodywork/> Choudhury was closely associated with the United States's [[competitive yoga]] from its inception; the annual [[Bishnu Charan Ghosh Cup]] is named after his teacher.<ref name="Pollack 2009">{{cite magazine |last1=Pollack |first1=Neal |title=Top Yogi |url=https://slate.com/culture/2009/02/a-dispatch-from-the-sixth-annual-international-yoga-championship.html |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=17 February 2009}}</ref>

===Yoga in the United States===
{{further|Bikram Yoga}}

In 1971, Choudhury immigrated to the [[United States]] and began to teach yoga. He opened his first studio in Los Angeles, teaching his own style of yoga.<ref name=money>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2005/03/money-pose |title=The Money Pose |magazine=Mother Jones |author=Joshua Kurlantzick |date=March–April 2005}}</ref> The author Brigid Delaney describes the atmosphere around him as "fawning":<ref name="Delaney 2019"/> he was, she writes, treated reverentially, as if he were a guru, though he was a "braggart" openly boasting about the film stars he had taught and the money he had made.<ref name="Delaney 2019"/> He was rude and insulting to students;<ref name="Delaney 2019"/> in [[Netflix]]'s 2019 documentary film, ''[[Bikram: Yogi, Guru, Predator]]'' directed by [[Eva Orner]], he uses abusive language and jeers at overweight pupils.<ref name="Delaney 2019">{{cite news |last=Delaney |first=Brigid |title=He made a fortune from his trademarked Bikram yoga, but now his empire is in tatters |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/dec/03/he-made-a-fortune-from-his-trademarked-bikram-yoga-but-now-his-empire-is-in-tatters |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2 December 2019}}</ref> The critic Adrian Horton writes that the film "visually synthesizes decades of archival footage with first-person testimony and filmed court depositions into a devastating portrait of an abusive narcissist protected from consequences by his own inflated cult of personality, wealth and professional power within the niche world of [[hot yoga]]."<ref name="Horton 2019">{{cite news |last=Horton |first=Adrian |title='He got away with it': how the founder of Bikram yoga built an empire on abuse |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/nov/20/bikram-choudhury-yoga-founder-abuse-netflix-documentary |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=20 November 2019}}</ref>

All the same, Bikram Yoga expanded rapidly across the United States. In the 1990s, he began offering nine-week teacher certification courses, training thousands of instructors. Bikram Yoga studios were founded in many countries around the world.<ref name=laweekly>{{cite news |last=Moss |first=Rebecca |url=http://www.laweekly.com/2012-07-19/news/Bikram-yoga-greg-gumucio-bikram-choudhury/ |title=Bikram Choudhury Battles for Control of the Hot Yoga Tradition he Invented |date=19 July 2012 |newspaper=[[LA Weekly]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723131044/http://www.laweekly.com/2012-07-19/news/Bikram-yoga-greg-gumucio-bikram-choudhury/ |archive-date=23 July 2012}}</ref> Choudhury taught celebrities such as the pop singers [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] and [[Lady Gaga]], and the footballer [[David Beckham]], and claimed to have taught yoga to American presidents [[Richard Nixon]], [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[Bill Clinton]].<ref name="Rushe Guardian 2013"/>


From 2009, Choudhury claimed that the series of 26 postures of his [[Yoga as exercise|yoga]] practice, [[Bikram Yoga]], was under [[copyright]] and could not be taught or presented by anyone whom he had not authorized.<ref name=Forbes>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2009/0921/entrepreneurs-franchising-bikram-yoga-new-twists.html |title=Bikram Yoga's New Twists |last=Farrell |first=Maureen |date=3 September 2009 |magazine=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Choudhury began making [[copyright claims on Bikram Yoga]] in 2012. In 2011 Choudhury started a lawsuit against [[Yoga to the People]], a competing yoga studio founded by a former student and with a location near one of the Bikram Yoga studios in [[New York City]]. As a result of that lawsuit, the [[United States Copyright Office]] issued a clarification that yoga postures (''[[asanas]]'') could not be copyrighted, and that Yoga to the People and others could continue to teach the series.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brack |first=Kate |url=http://brooklynbased.com/blog/2013/04/19/the-fallout-from-a-downward-facing-dog-fight/ |title=The Fallout From A Downward-Facing Dog Fight |website=Brooklyn Based |date=13 April 2013}}</ref>

{{anchor|Sexual abuse}}

=== Sexual assault and harassment allegations===
{{further|Sexual abuse by yoga gurus}}
[[File:Bikram Yoga - with Bikram Choudhury - Flickr - tiarescott.jpg|thumb|Choudhury assisting a pupil in [[Paschimottanasana]] in his own style]]

Choudhury has faced lawsuits alleging [[sexual harassment]], assault, [[racism]] and [[homophobia]].<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news |last=Godwin |first=Richard |title='He said he could do what he wanted': the Scandal that Rocked Bikram Yoga |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/feb/18/bikram-hot-yoga-scandal-choudhury-what-he-wanted |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=18 February 2017}}</ref><ref name=newyorker>{{cite magazine |title=Yoga Reconsiders the Role of the Guru in the Age of #MeToo |last=Griswold |first=Eliza |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=23 July 2019 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/yoga-reconsiders-the-role-of-the-guru-in-the-age-of-metoo}}</ref> By January 2014, five women were suing Bikram Choudhury with allegations including sexual harassment and [[sexual assault]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Wallace |first=Benjamin |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/society/2014/01/bikram-choudhury-yoga-sexual-harassment |title=Is Yoga Guru Bikram Choudhury Sexually Assaulting His Students? |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=19 December 2013}}</ref> Two lawsuits accusing Bikram Choudhury of [[rape]] were filed in May 2013, with other counts of sexual battery, [[false imprisonment]], discrimination, and harassment. One suit describes a cult-like atmosphere where members of Choudhury's inner circle help him find young women to assault.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rape Accusations Against Bikram Choudury |publisher=[[Yoga Journal]] |url=http://blogs.yogajournal.com/yogabuzz/2013/05/rape-accusations-against-birkram-choudury.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608022324/http://blogs.yogajournal.com/yogabuzz/2013/05/rape-accusations-against-birkram-choudury.html |archive-date=8 June 2013 |date=8 June 2013}}</ref> Another suit claims that Choudhury recruits volunteers from overseas who are "so in fear of defendant Bikram Choudhury's wrath that they will travel to the US and risk violating immigration laws in order to serve him."<ref name="Rushe Guardian 2013">{{cite news |last=Rushe |first=Dominic |title=Yoga guru Bikram Choudhury accused of rape in two new lawsuits |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/14/bikram-yoga-sexual-assault-lawsuit |date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In 2016, Choudhury was ordered to pay a $6.8 million judgment for similar charges.<ref>{{Cite news |title=California: $6.5. Million Judgment Against Founder of Bikram Yoga |last=Associated Press |author-link=Associated Press |date=26 January 2016 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/27/us/california-dollar6-5-million-judgment-against-founder-of-bikram-yoga.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grochowski |first=Sarah |date=Jan 21, 2023 |title=Controversial Bikram yoga founder's planned Vancouver workshops raising flags |url=https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/controversial-bikram-yoga-founders-planned-vancouver-workshops-raising-flags |website=Vancouver Sun}}</ref>

Minakshi Jafa-Bodden served as Head of Legal and International Affairs from Spring 2011 to March 13, 2013, when she was "abruptly and unlawfully terminated". During the two years that Jafa-Bodden worked closely with Choudhury, she was both the victim of and witness to Choudhury's "severe, ongoing, pervasive and offensive conduct" toward women, homosexuals, African Americans and other minorities. Bikram Yoga teacher Sarah Baughn filed a sexual harassment suit in March, just before Jafa-Bodden was fired.<ref>''Yoga Dork'' "Former Bikram Legal Advisor Files Extremely Disturbing Lawsuit over Sexual Harassment, Discrimination, Assault" http://yogadork.com/news/lawsuit-asana/bikrams-former-head-of-legal-files-extremely-disturbing-complaint-involving-sexual-harassment-discrimination/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814071724/http://yogadork.com/news/lawsuit-asana/bikrams-former-head-of-legal-files-extremely-disturbing-complaint-involving-sexual-harassment-discrimination/ |date=2013-08-14 }}</ref> On January 25, 2016, a jury awarded Jafa-Bodden $924,500 against Choudhury in actual damages, finding that Choudhury acted with malice, oppression and fraud.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yoga guru Bikram Choudhury must pay $900,000 to former employee, jury decides |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=25 January 2016 |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-yoga-guru-bikram-choudhury-20160125-story.html}}</ref> On January 26, 2016, the jury awarded Jafa-Bodden an additional $6.4 million in punitive damages.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ceasar |first=Stephen |title=Yoga guru Bikram Choudhury must pay $6.4 million in punitive damages, jury decides |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-bikram-yoga-lawsuit-20160126-story.html |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=26 January 2016}}</ref>

===Life after leaving the United States===
{{further|Postural yoga in India}}

In May 2016, Choudhury returned to India, where he began opening yoga studios.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/disgraced-hot-yoga-guru-bikram-choudhury-winds-up-us-business-sets-shop-in-lonavla/17272159 | title=Disgraced hot yoga guru Bikram Choudhury winds up US business, sets shop in Lonavla | date=26 May 2016}}</ref> In October 2016, Choudhury's attorney stated that his client would not return to the United States to defend himself in person at the other pending court cases.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.law360.com/articles/856055/yoga-guru-won-t-return-to-us-for-deposition-atty-says |title=Yoga Guru Won't Return to US for Deposition, Atty Says - Law360}}</ref> In a late 2016 interview on ''[[Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel]]'', Bikram responded to the accusations by asking, "Why would I have to harass women? People spend one million dollars for a drop of my sperm", and calling his accusers "trash" and "psychopaths".<ref name="HuffPoBikramResponse">{{cite news |last=Hatch |first=Jenavieve |title=Bikram Yoga Creator Loses It When Asked About Sexual Assault Allegations |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bikram-choudhury-loses-it-when-asked-about-sexual-assault-allegations_us_58139871e4b0390e69d0014a |work=[[Huffington Post]] |date=28 October 2016}}</ref>

In May 2017, a Los Angeles judge issued a warrant for Choudhury's arrest, on the grounds that he had fled the country without paying any of the $7 million owed to Jafa-Bodden in compensation and [[punitive damages]].<ref name="People_20170525">{{cite magazine |last=Harris |first=Chris |title=Arrest Warrant Issued after Hot Yoga Founder Allegedly Fled U.S. Without Paying $7M Lawsuit |url=http://people.com/crime/arrest-warrant-issued-hot-yoga-founder-bikram-choudhury/ |magazine=[[People Magazine]] |access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref> The ''[[New York Daily News]]'' reported that luxury vehicles and other items of Choudhury's had been moved out of state, and that a court order preventing him from moving any of his other possessions out of warehouses in Florida and Nevada had been issued.<ref name="NYDN_20170526">{{cite news |last=Bodner |first=Brett | title=Arrest warrant issued for yoga mogul Bikram Choudhury in California |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/arrest-warrant-issued-yoga-mogul-bikram-choudury-article-1.3194681 |newspaper=[[New York Daily News]] |date=26 May 2017}}</ref>

Despite Choudhury's departure in disgrace, people continued to attend his teacher trainings, such as in [[Murcia, Spain]] and [[Acapulco, Mexico]] in 2019. The yoga teacher [[Jessamyn Stanley]] called it "bizarre" that people would still take his trainings after all the rape allegations against him.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hatch |first=Jenavieve |title=Why Are You Still Doing Bikram Yoga? {{!}} While disgraced yoga guru Bikram Choudhury hides out in Mexico amid allegations of rape and harassment, women all over the world are still giving him their money |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/why-are-you-still-doing-bikram-yoga_uk_5d4fdcf5e4b0820e0af69b91 |newspaper=[[Huffington Post]] |date=8 November 2019}}</ref>

After the broadcast of the Netflix 2019 documentary ''Bikram: Yogi, Guru, Predator'', multiple studios removed "Bikram Yoga" from their name and replaced it with the term "Hot Yoga" instead, while others chose to maintain it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Settembre |first1=Jeanette |title=Netflix's 'Bikram' doc prompts hot yoga studios to spend thousands on re-branding |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/money/netflixs-bikram-doc-prompts-hot-yoga-studios-to-spend-thousands-on-re-branding |access-date=14 December 2021 |work=[[Fox Business]] |date=6 December 2019}}</ref>

In January 2023, despite public outcry and the possibility of arrest, it was reported that Choudhury was planning to teach yoga and give lectures in [[Vancouver, British Columbia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schettler |first=Renee Marie |date=2023-02-03 |title=He Faced Allegations of Sexual Assault and Rape From Students for Years. Now Bikram Choudhury is "Back" Teaching in Canada. |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/lifestyle/bikram-choudhury-teaching-yoga/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Yoga Journal |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life==

In 1984, Choudhury married Rajashree Choudhury, who assisted him in founding the United States Yoga Federation and the International Yoga Sports Federation (IYSF).<ref name="Barr Indy 2019">{{cite news |last=Barr |first=Sabrina |title=Bikram Choudhury: Who is the yoga guru accused of rape and sexual abuse? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/bikram-choudhury-yoga-rape-sexual-abuse-netflix-documentary-who-a9210771.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=20 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Founder of International Yoga Sports Federation |url=http://i.yogasportsfederation.org/rajashree-choudhury |publisher=IYSF |access-date=5 June 2012}}</ref> She won the first National Yoga Championship held by the Yoga Federation of India in 1979, followed by four more consecutive years as National Yoga Champion.<ref name="Hart 2016">{{cite news |last=Hart |first=Anna |title=How Bikram Choudhury's divorce is tearing the yoga world apart |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/how-bikram-choudhurys-divorce-is-tearing-the-yoga-world-apart/ |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=5 January 2016 |quote='I met my husband when I was balancing my body on swords — one of the acts as part of the competition', said Rajashree, five-time winner of the All-India Yoga Championship between 1979 to 1983.}}</ref> In December 2015, after 31 years of marriage, Rajashree filed for divorce citing irreconcilable differences. The divorce was finalized in May 2016. Rajashree was awarded the houses in [[Beverly Hills]] and Los Angeles, and some of his luxury cars, while he kept the apartment in [[Hawaii]]. The settlement indemnified Rajashree from financial responsibility in Bikram's pending (or possible future) lawsuits.<ref name="Hart 2016"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Staufenberg |first=Jess |title=Bikram Yoga founder's wife seeks divorce after rape allegations |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=28 December 2015 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/bikram-yoga-founders-wife-seeks-divorce-after-rape-allegations-a6788331.html}}</ref>

==Books==

* {{cite book |last1=Choudhury |first1=Bikram |last2=Reynolds |first2=Bonnie Jones |year=2000 |orig-year=1978 |title=Bikram's Beginning Yoga Class |edition=New |editor=J. Goldstein |publisher=[[Thorsons]] |isbn=978-0007154999 |url=https://archive.org/details/bikramsbeginning00chou |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Choudhury |first=Bikram |title=Bikram Yoga: The Guru Behind Hot Yoga Shows the Way to Radiant Health and Personal Fulfillment |publisher=[[HarperCollins Publishers]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-06-056808-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bikramyogagurube00chou |ref=none}}

==See also==

* [[K. Pattabhi Jois]]

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150626220153/http://bikramyoga.com/ Official Bikram Yoga website]

{{Yoga as exercise}}
{{Modern yoga gurus}}

{{Authority control}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhury, Bikram}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American yoga teachers]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Modern yoga pioneers]]
[[Category:Modern Indian yoga gurus]]
[[Category:American people of Bengali descent]]

S. V. China Appala Naidu

2026-05-07T05:28:10Z

AnonyMo: new new page - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Sambangi Venkatachina Appala Naidu''' (born 1955) is an [[Indian politician]] who is serving as [[Member of 15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Bobbili Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/?do=download&r=31315&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=e1580e5c70f834406805849654408acf |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of Legislative Assembly |url=https://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-assembly/member-s-information |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ANDHRA PRADESH LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY MEMBERS |url=https://www.oneindia.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-mlas-list/ |website=Oneindia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who |url=https://vizianagaram.ap.gov.in/about-district/whos-who/ |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=District Administration of Vizianagaram |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Appala Naidu hails from Pakki village in Bobbili mandal, Vizianagaram district. He belongs to [[Velama]] caste.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=mani |date=2019-06-12 |title=Pro tem speaker post a great honour to me: Sambangi |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/pro-tem-speaker-post-a-great-honour-to-me-sambangi--537170 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> His father Surapu Naidu is a farmer. He studied intermediate(plus two)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-31 |title=Sambangi Venkta China Appala Naidu {{!}} MLA {{!}} Bobbili {{!}} Vizianagaram |url=https://theleaderspage.com/sambangi-venkta-china-appala-naidu/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> and later completed his graduation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sambangi Venkata China Appala Naidu |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/sambangi-venkata-china-appala-naidu |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
He began his political career as a village sarpanch in 1976. Following the call given by late chief minister NT Ramarao, he joined Telugu Desam Party and became an MLA for the first time in 1983.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=K. Srinivasa |date=2022-04-08 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Koppula Velamas seek representation in State Cabinet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-koppula-velamas-seek-representation-in-state-cabinet/article65303150.ece |access-date=2024-03-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He won as MLA again in 1994 and was made the government whip in 1995. After winning the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] on YSRCP ticket, he was made as the pro tem speaker and administered oath to all the 175 MLAs.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Appala Naidu, Sambangi Venkata China}}
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]

{{AndhraPradesh-politician-stub}}

1831 in India

2026-05-06T19:06:35Z

AnonyMo: New New Data!

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Year in India|1831}}
Events in the year '''1831 in India'''.

==Incumbents==
*[[Governor-General of India]]: [[Lord William Bentinck]]

==Events==

* 6 May: The [[Battle of Balakot]] took place which saw the [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Sikh forces]] under prince [[Sher Singh]] defeat the [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi#Jihad movement and Islamic State|Mujahideen]]<nowiki/>under [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi]] at [[Balakot]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1huAAAAMAAJ |title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Lion of Lahore, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839 |date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0515-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* 9 October: The [[Nagar revolt]] which began in 1830, ended when the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] took over.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buchanan |first=Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bK4Ba6824koC&q=kilidi&pg=PA128 |title=A Journey from Madras Through the Countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar: For the Express Purpose of Investigating the State of Agriculture, Arts and Commerce, the Religion, Manners, and Customs, the History Natural and Civil, and Antiquities |last2=Hamilton |first2=Francis |date=1988 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0386-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* October: The [[Ropar Meeting]] took place.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Latif |first=Syad Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzBAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA451&dq=ropar+meeting&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiI1uDDraWUAxXxk2oFHdQoOcgQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=ropar%20meeting&f=false |title=History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time |date=1891 |publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company, limited |isbn=978-81-7096-245-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1831}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1831 in India}}
[[Category:1831 in India| ]]
[[Category:1831 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 19th century in India]]

{{india-year-stub}}

Jitendra Kumar (Bihar politician)

2026-05-01T13:36:05Z

AnonyMo: Started basic biography needs work...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jitendra kumar
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| image = Jitendra kumar.jpg
| caption = Kumar in 2022
| constituency = [[Asthawan Assembly constituency|Asthawan]]
| predecessor = Satish Kumar
| term_start = February 2005
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| birth_date = 25 May 1972
| birth_place = [[Asthawan]], [[Nalanda]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| children = 1 Son and 1 daughter
| parents = Ayodhya Prasad (Father)
| occupation = Business and Politician
| alma_mater = P.hd and M.A. ([[Magadh University]])
}}

'''Jitendra Kumar''' (born 1972) is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]] who was elected as an MLA five times, from [[Asthawan Assembly constituency]], in [[Nalanda district|Nalanda District]]. He won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asthawan Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Asthawan Assembly Election Latest News & Updates |url=https://news.abplive.com/bihar-election/live-election-result-bihar-asthawan-assembly-election-result-2020-171.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Bihar election result 2020: Seat wise full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-result-full-list-of-winners-1739762-2020-11-10 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kumar is from [[Asthawan]], Nalanda district, Bihar. His father Ayodhya Prasad was also represented [[Asthawan Assembly constituency|Asthawan]] two times in 1972 and 1980.He completed his doctorate in 2003 at [[Magadh University]]. Earlier, he did his M.A. at the same university in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jitendra Kumar(Janata Dal (United)(JD(U))):Constituency- ASTHAWAN(NALANDA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=10941 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Kumar won from Asthawan Assembly constituency representing Janata Dal (United) in the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. He polled 51,525 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Anil Kumar of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], by a margin of 11,600 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Asthawan (Bihar) Assembly Election Results 2020 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/asthawan-bihar-assembly-election-results-2020-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7023621/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Asthawan Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Jitendra Kumar of JDU Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/asthawan-election-result-2020-live-updates-asthawan-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061007.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

He first became an MLA winning the [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from Asthawan Assembly constituency representing [[Janata Dal (United)]] and also clinched the [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] defeating [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] independent candidate Puspanjay, by a margin of 15,486 votes. He retained the seat for JD(U) winning the [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].At that time, he had defeated the powerful leader of his time and former M.L.C. [[Kapildev Prasad Singh|Kapildev Singh]] of [[Lok Janshakti Party|L.J.P.]], by a margin of 19,570 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/Bihar-Election-results-Live-Update-53215-2010-11-24|title= बिहार में जदयू भाजपा गठबंधन कि तीन चौथाई बहुमत से सत्ता में वापसी|newspaper= Aaj Tak|date= 24 November 2010}}</ref> He won for the third time in the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Chhote Lal Yadav of [[Lok Janshakti Party]] by a margin of 10,444 votes.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Jitendra}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]
[[Category:People from Nalanda district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Kanpur Dehat panchayats

2026-05-01T12:34:15Z

AnonyMo: Started a article more to come...

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=May 2015}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2019}}}}

The '''Panchayati raj''' system<ref>{{cite web | url=http://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/contact_us_dist.aspx | title=Panchayati Raj Department - Uttar Pradesh }}</ref><ref name="panchayatiraj.up.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/Acts%20And%20Rules%20Pdfs/ctizencharter.pdf|title=Citizen charter}}</ref> is a system of governance. It includes elected bodies at three levels: Village, Block (Kshetra), and District. in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It attempts to enhance participation and more effectively implement [[rural development]] programs. Gram Panchayats govern a village or group of villages, Kshetra Panchayats operate at the block level (a group of Gram Panchayats), and the District panchayat at the top level (group of Kshetra Panchayats) in [[Kanpur Dehat district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India. The term of each body is five years.

== District Panchayat ==
The District panchayat ([[jirga]]) is an elected body. Elections are conducted under the control of the [[Election Commission of India]]. The tenure of this local body is five years. The district panchayat of Kanpur Dehat district consists of 10 blocks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kanpurdehat.nic.in/visit_rbn/visit_rbn.html|title=Visit RBN |work=kanpurdehat.nic.in}}</ref> Each block contains members according to population. The headquarters of District Panchayat is at district headquarters. Kanpur Dehat district has 33 members. The Panchayat chairman is elected by the members of the district panchayat.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Districts<ref name=A>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-dehat-12223508.html|title=जिला पंचायत में 6 व क्षेत्र पंचायत की 136 सीटें बढ़ीं|date=1 April 2015|work=jagran.com}}</ref>
|-
!District!!Name of seat of district panchayat member
|-
| Sarvankheda||Katethi, Tilaunchi and Umaran
|-
| [[Maitha]] ||Ranjeetpur, Aungi, Mawaiya and Bhujpura
|-
| [[Rasulabad]]||Asalatganj, Birhun, Rasulabad first, Rasulbad second and Sunasi
|-
| [[Jhinjhak]]||Jajmuiya, Parjani and Lakshmanpur Pilakh
|-
| [[Sandalpur]]||Sandalpur first and Sandalpur second
|-
| [[Rajpur, Kanpur Dehat|Rajpur]]||Rajpur first, Rajpur second and Rajpur third
|-
| [[Amraudha]]||Shahjahanpur, Amraudha first, Amraudha second and Musanagar
|-
| [[Malasa]]-||Kurhwa, Murlipur and Baraur
|-
| [[Derapur]]||Mugisapur, Sithmara and Kapasi
|-
| [[Akbarpur, Kanpur Dehat|Akbarpur]]||Tigai, Jaganpur and Bara
|}

== Kshetra Panchayat ==
Kshetra panchayat is a publicly elected legislative body. Elections are conducted under the control of the election commission of India. The tenure of this local body is five years. A total of 808 seats make up the Kshetra Panchayats of Kanpur Dehat district. The headquarters of Kshetra Panchayat is at block headquarters. The head of Kshetra Panchayat is called Block Pramukh and is elected by members of Kshetra Panchayat.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Kshetra panchayats<ref name="A" />
|-
! Name of Block!!Number of members
|-
| [[Sarwankheda|Sarvankheda]]||87
|-
| [[Maitha]] ||91
|-
| [[Rasulabad]]||117
|-
| [[Jhinjhak]]||73
|-
| [[Sandalpur]]||61
|-
| [[Rajpur, Kanpur Dehat|Rajpur]]||72
|-
| [[Amraudha]]||99
|-
| [[Malasa]]||73
|-
| [[Derapur]]||61
|-
| [[Akbarpur, Kanpur Dehat|Akbarpur]]||74
|}

== Gram Panchayat ==
Gram panchayats are elected by the general public. The election is conducted the under control of the election commission of state. The tenure of this local body is five years. After that, citizen charters are scheduled for public convenience.<ref name="panchayatiraj.up.nic.in"/> 640 Gram Panchayats make up the district, and ward members of Gram Panchayats number 8050. The head of the Gram Panchayat is called Pradhan and is elected by Gram Panchayat voters by secret ballot.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanpur Dehat panchayats}}
[[Category:Panchayati raj (India)]]
[[Category:Kanpur Dehat district]]
[[Category:Local government in Uttar Pradesh]]

Air India Express Flight 1344

2026-04-27T14:10:09Z

AnonyMo: New A Article

{{Short description|2020 aviation accident in Kerala, India}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| image = VT-AXH B738 Air India Express DXB 20180404.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VT-AXH, the aircraft involved in the accident, pictured in 2018
| occurrence_type = Accident
| date = {{start date|df=yes|2020|8|7}}
| summary = [[Runway excursion|Runway overrun]] in poor weather conditions due to [[pilot error]]
| site = [[Kozhikode International Airport]], Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|11|07|59|N|75|58|13|E|type:event_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| aircraft_type = [[Boeing 737 Next Generation#737-800|Boeing 737-8HG(SFP)]]
| operator = [[Air India Express]]
| IATA = IX1344
| ICAO = AXB1344
| callsign = EXPRESS INDIA 1344
| tail_number = VT-AXH
| origin = [[Dubai International Airport]], Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| destination = [[Kozhikode International Airport]], Calicut, Kerala, India
| occupants = 190<ref name="AIstat"/>
| passengers = 184
| crew = 6
| fatalities = 21<ref name=blogupdate/>
| injuries = 110<ref name ="AAIB">{{cite web|url=https://aaib.gov.in/Reports/2020/accident/Final%20Report%20AXH.pdf|title=ACCIDENT INVOLVING M/S AIR INDIA EXPRESS LIMITED B737-800 AIRCRAFT VT-AXH ON 07 AUGUST 2020 AT KOZHIKODE|publisher=Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau|date=17 August 2021|access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref>
| survivors = 169
}}
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{Coord|11|08|06|N|75|57|46|E}}
| zoom = 14
| float = right
| width = 285
| height = 230
| caption =
| title =
| scalemark = 60
| shape1 = image
| mark1 = MUTCD I-5.svg
| mark-size1 = 14
| label1 = Calicut International Airport
| mark-coord1 = {{Coord|11|08|13|N|75|57|19|E}}
| label-pos1 = right
| label-size1 = 14
| label-color1 = green
| mark-title1 = Calicut International Airport
| mark-image =
| mark-description1 =
| shape2 = image
| mark2 = 1a2.svg
| mark-size2 = 16
| label2 = Crash site
| mark-coord2 = {{Coord|11|07|59|N|75|58|13|E}}
| label-pos2 = left
| label-size2 = 14
| label-color2 = red
| mark-title2 = Crash site
| mark-image2 =
| mark-description2 =
}}
'''Air India Express Flight 1344''' was a scheduled international flight on 7 August 2020 from [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates, to [[Kozhikode]], India, landing at [[Calicut International Airport]]. The flight was part of the [[Vande Bharat Mission]] to [[Repatriation|repatriate]] Indian nationals stranded due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The flight crew [[Go-around|aborted two landing attempts]] because of heavy rain and [[Headwind and tailwind|tailwind]]. On the third landing attempt, the aircraft touched down on runway 10, but skidded off the end of the [[tabletop runway]] and slid down a {{convert|30|–|35|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip|adj=on|round=0.5}} slope, killing 19 passengers and both pilots. The 4 cabin crew members and 165 passengers survived, 110 people were injured.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ajay Prakash |date=2021-09-12|title=Pilot Error Led to Air India Crash at Kozhikode Last Year |url=https://travelradar.aero/pilot-error-led-to-air-india-crash-at-kozhikode-last-year/|access-date=2021-09-14|website=Travel Radar |language=en-US|archive-date=14 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914120544/https://travelradar.aero/pilot-error-led-to-air-india-crash-at-kozhikode-last-year/|url-status=dead}}</ref> This was the second fatal accident involving Air India Express, after [[Air India Express Flight 812|Flight 812]] in 2010.

== Background ==
=== Airport ===
[[Calicut International Airport]] in [[Karipur]], Malappuram, is considered one of the most dangerous airports in India, according to India's [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] (DGCA).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Anisha |last2=Tripathi |first2=Ashutosh |title=Kozhikode's tabletop runway risky for landing, officials warned 10 years ago |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kozhikode-s-table-top-runway-risky-for-landing-officals-warned-10-years-ago/story-0Gxz1WNuL7wqYq44Rte71M.html |access-date=11 August 2020 |work=The [[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810145309/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kozhikode-s-table-top-runway-risky-for-landing-officals-warned-10-years-ago/story-0Gxz1WNuL7wqYq44Rte71M.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It has a [[tabletop runway]], that is a [[runway]] located on the top of a [[plateau]] or hill with one or both ends adjacent to a steep precipice which drops into a [[gorge]]. The DGCA designated Calicut Airport as a "critical airfield", which means that only the captain (and not the first officer) can perform takeoffs and landings there.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kaminski-Morrow|first=David|title=Tailwind indicated before Air India 737's fatal 'table-top' overrun|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/safety/tailwind-indicated-before-air-india-737s-fatal-table-top-overrun/139687.article|access-date=2020-08-11|work=flightglobal.com|date=August 8, 2020|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810110943/https://www.flightglobal.com/safety/tailwind-indicated-before-air-india-737s-fatal-table-top-overrun/139687.article|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Airports Authority of India]] says that the airport is licensed for use in all weather conditions under [[instrument flight rules]], but that the pilots operating night flights to and from Calicut Airport should have sufficient flying hours and previous daytime experience of operating at Calicut.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Calicut Airport - Security related information|url=https://www.aai.aero/en/node/2705|access-date=14 August 2020|website=aai.aero|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714192621/https://www.aai.aero/en/node/2705|url-status=live}}</ref>

Captain Mohan Ranganathan, a member of a safety advisory committee of the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]], said in 2011 that Calicut Airport is "unsafe".<ref name="toi2020">{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/my-warning-after-mgalore-crash-was-ignored-says-captain-mohan-ranganathan/articleshow/77423977.cms | title = My Warning After M'galore Crash Was Ignored: Says Captain Mohan Ranganathan | website = The Times of India | date = 8 Aug 2020 | accessdate = 22 February 2025}}</ref> He recommended that Calicut Airport not be used for landing during wet weather.<ref name="toi2020"/> He observed that the airport had a tabletop runway with a steep down-slope from one-third of the runway 10 and inadequate "buffer zones", referring to the [[runway safety area|runway end safety area]]s (RESA) at both ends of the runway. Instead of the recommended {{convert|240|m|ft|abbr=on}} safety area, it had only {{convert|90|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="toi2020"/> The buffer space on each side of runway 10 is only {{convert|75|m|ft}} on each side, whereas the recommended width is {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="toi2020"/> Calicut Airport also lacked an [[engineered materials arrestor system]] (EMAS), which could have prevented the accident. He also reported that there were heavy rubber deposits on the runway.<ref name=":3">{{cite news|last1=Nath|first1=Akshaya|others=Captain Mohan Ranganathan|date=8 August 2020|title=Kozhikode airport tailor-made for disaster: Aviation expert warned DGCA in 2011|work=The India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aviation-expert-had-warned-of-kozhikode-airport-dangers-in-2011-letter-1709120-2020-08-08|access-date=11 August 2020|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810074222/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aviation-expert-had-warned-of-kozhikode-airport-dangers-in-2011-letter-1709120-2020-08-08|url-status=live}}</ref> Calicut Airport's management ignored several warnings about the dangerous conditions at Calicut Airport, especially during wet conditions.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ayyappan|first=V.|others=Captain Mohan Ranganathan|date=8 Aug 2020|title=Plane crash in Kerala: Runway 10 of Kozhikode airport unsafe, expert warned 9 years ago|work=The Times of India|agency=Times News Network|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/runway-10-of-kozhikode-airport-unsafe-expert-warned-9-years-ago/articleshow/77424513.cms|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809105104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/runway-10-of-kozhikode-airport-unsafe-expert-warned-9-years-ago/articleshow/77424513.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhardwaj|first=Deeksha|others=Captain Mohan Ranganathan|date=8 August 2020|title=Civil aviation expert's 2011 warning about 'unsafe' KIA runway fell on DGCA's deaf ears|work=The Hindustan Times|location=Delhi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/civil-aviation-expert-s-2011-warning-about-unsafe-kia-runway-fell-on-dgca-s-deaf-ears/story-X5uZw88Xe3K3oYVY3KnRtI.html|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808180150/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/civil-aviation-expert-s-2011-warning-about-unsafe-kia-runway-fell-on-dgca-s-deaf-ears/story-X5uZw88Xe3K3oYVY3KnRtI.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|last=Prasad|first=Aditi|date=8 August 2020|title='Kozhikode plane crash not an accident but murder': Air safety expert Capt Mohan Ranganathan|work=The Hindustan Times|location=Delhi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kozhikode-plane-crash-not-an-accident-but-murder-air-safety-expert-capt-mohan-ranganathan/story-FmzwXnfwCFbUYgFQm7ySwJ.html|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810035230/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kozhikode-plane-crash-not-an-accident-but-murder-air-safety-expert-capt-mohan-ranganathan/story-FmzwXnfwCFbUYgFQm7ySwJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Many international airlines stopped landing [[wide-body aircraft]] at Calicut because of the dangerous conditions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=8 August 2020|title=As Kerala plane crash theories rise, pilots' body makes an appeal, govt presents defence|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/as-kerala-plane-crash-theories-rise-pilots-body-makes-an-appeal-govt-presents-defence/story-7ZXScwoqM8qf8mEbQXKs9H.html|access-date=8 August 2020|work=The Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809031202/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/as-kerala-plane-crash-theories-rise-pilots-body-makes-an-appeal-govt-presents-defence/story-7ZXScwoqM8qf8mEbQXKs9H.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Kotoky|first=Anurag|date=9 August 2020|title=India's Aviation Regulator Points to Pilot Error in Air India Express Crash|url=https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2020/08/09/578468.htm|url-status=live|access-date=10 August 2020|work=Insurance Journal|language=en-US|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927110022/https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2020/08/09/578468.htm}}</ref> Ranganathan said "The warnings were ignored... in my opinion, it is not an accident but a murder. Their own audits have had flagged safety issues".<ref name=":10" />

Conditions at Calicut Airport were investigated in 2019, following a [[tailstrike]] during the landing of Air India Express aircraft. The investigation revealed several safety hazards, including multiple cracks in the runways, pools of stagnant water, and excessive rubber deposits. In July 2019, the DGCA issued a [[Order to show cause|show-cause notice]] to the director of Calicut Airport because of these hazards.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Kanishka|date=8 August 2020|title=DGCA issued notice to Kozhikode airport in July 2019 over safety lapses: Official|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dgca-issued-notice-to-kozhikode-airport-in-july-2019-over-safety-lapses-official/story-rBjEcofrP7Mrr3Qp7OpjcJ.html|access-date=8 August 2020|work=The Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809035409/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dgca-issued-notice-to-kozhikode-airport-in-july-2019-over-safety-lapses-official/story-rBjEcofrP7Mrr3Qp7OpjcJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Touchdown Zone (TDZ)|url=https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Touchdown_Zone_(TDZ)|url-status=live|access-date=9 August 2020|website=skybrary.aero|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116205241/https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Touchdown_Zone_(TDZ)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Krishnaswamy|first=Murali N.|others=Captain Mohan Ranganathan|date=9 August 2020|title=What is a 'tabletop airport' and how many are there in India?|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-hindu-explains-what-is-a-tabletop-airport-and-how-many-are-there-in-india/article32306678.ece|access-date=2020-08-09|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=11 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811021006/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-hindu-explains-what-is-a-tabletop-airport-and-how-many-are-there-in-india/article32306678.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Aircraft and crew ===
The aircraft involved a [[Boeing 737 Next Generation#737-800|Boeing 737-800]] with a short-field performance package, [[aircraft registration|registered]] as VT-AXH, manufacturer's serial number 36323 and line number 2108.<ref name="aviation-safety">{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=Accident description Air India Express Flight 1344 |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/319139 |access-date=7 August 2020 |website=aviation-safety.net |publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]] |archive-date=16 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816003703/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20200807-0 |url-status=live }}</ref> The aircraft, that [[Maiden flight|first flew]] on 15 November 2006, was operated by [[Air India Express]] and had a tail [[aircraft livery|livery]] with [[India Gate]] on the left and [[Gateway of India]] on the right.{{cn|date=November 2025}} The crew consisted of experienced Captain Deepak Sathe (59), first officer Akhilesh Kumar (32); and four flight attendants.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Deepshikha|date=8 Aug 2020|title=Captain Who Died In Kerala Plane Crash Was Decorated Ex-Air Force Pilot|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pilot-dead-after-air-india-express-plane-skids-off-runway-in-kerala-splits-in-pieces-2276069|url-status=live|access-date=7 August 2020|website=NDTV|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808103311/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pilot-dead-after-air-india-express-plane-skids-off-runway-in-kerala-splits-in-pieces-2276069}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 August 2020|title=Air India's Dubai-Kozhikode flight splits into two on Karipur runway, pilot among 19 dead|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/aug/07/air-indias-dubai-kozhikode-flight-splits-into-two-on-karipur-runway-pilot-among-dead-2180503.html|url-status=dead|access-date=7 August 2020|work=The New Indian Express|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808103909/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/aug/07/air-india-flight-splits-into-two-after-skidding-off-calicut-airport-runway-pilots-among-19-dead-2180503.html/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Incident involving Air India Express at Calicut - Dark Site Info|url=http://www.airindia.in/dark-site-info.htm?2|access-date=2020-08-08|website=airindia.in|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808102620/http://www.airindia.in/dark-site-info.htm?2|url-status=live}}</ref> Sathe had landed successfully at Calicut airport at least 27 times, including more than ten times in 2020.<ref name=":1" /> He had 10,000 hours of flying experience on the Boeing 737, including 6,662 as commander.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tripathi|first=Neha LM|date=9 Aug 2020|editor-last=Sahay|editor-first=Abhinav|title=Air India Express pilot Captain Deepak Sathe's mortal remains reach Mumbai|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/air-india-express-pilot-captain-deepak-sathe-s-mortal-remains-reach-mumbai/story-MKJFVHdVZO1qjEY8MHLC8K.html|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810012711/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/air-india-express-pilot-captain-deepak-sathe-s-mortal-remains-reach-mumbai/story-MKJFVHdVZO1qjEY8MHLC8K.html}}</ref> He was former [[Indian Air Force]] pilot.

== Accident ==
The aircraft departed stand E6 and took off from runway 30R at [[Dubai International Airport]] on 7 August 2020, at 14:14 [[Gulf Standard Time|GST]] (7 August 2020, 10:14 [[UTC]]) and was scheduled to arrive at Calicut International Airport at 19:40 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (7 August 2020, 14:10 [[UTC]]), covering a distance of {{Convert|2673|km|mile|abbr=}}.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 August 2020|title=Kozhikode flight tried to land once before final skid on runway|url=https://www.siasat.com/kozhikode-flight-tried-to-land-once-before-final-skid-on-runway-1942398/|access-date=2020-08-08|work=The Siasat Daily|language=en-GB|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810135735/https://www.siasat.com/kozhikode-flight-tried-to-land-once-before-final-skid-on-runway-1942398/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was a [[repatriation]] flight for people who had been stranded abroad due to the COVID-19 pandemic, under the [[Vande Bharat Mission]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 August 2020|title=Air India Express plane skids off runway, killing at least 18 and injuring more than 100|work=[[CBS News]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/air-india-plane-crash-dubai-calicut-passengers/|access-date=7 August 2020|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808083645/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/air-india-plane-crash-dubai-calicut-passengers/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The aircraft reached the airport on schedule. The aircraft made two landing approaches, first on Runway 28 which was [[go-around|aborted]] due to [[tailwind]] and then from the opposite direction on Runway 10.{{Efn|Runway numbers and letters are determined from the [[Runway#Sections|approach direction]]. It is the whole number nearest to one-tenth of the [[Compass#How a magnetic compass works|magnetic]] [[azimuth]] of the centerline of the runway, measured clockwise from the [[North Magnetic Pole|magnetic north]]. For example: 84° is marked as 8; 85° is marked as 8 or 9; 86° is marked as 9. The opposite end of the runway is then marked with the reciprocal heading which is determined by adding or subtracting 180° from the runway heading. For example: opposite to runway 26 is runway 8 (260° − 180° i.e, 80°) or opposite to runway 8 is runway 26 (80° + 180° i.e, 260°).<ref>{{cite web |title=Section 3 Airport Marking Aids and Signs |url=https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap2_section_3.html |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621074032/https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap2_section_3.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Airport markings and signs |url=https://www.cfinotebook.net/notebook/aircraft-operations/terminal/airport-markings-and-signs |website=cfinotebook.net |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921065135/https://www.cfinotebook.net/notebook/aircraft-operations/terminal/airport-markings-and-signs |url-status=live }}</ref> Calicut International Airport have one runway as 28, i.e., runway 280° and the opposite runway is runway 10 (280° − 180° i.e., 100°).}}<ref name="HindustanTimes">{{Cite news|last1=Sarkar|first1=Sohini|last2=Phillip|date=7 August 2020|title=Air India Express plane with 191 from Dubai skids off Kozhikode runway, pilot killed|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/air-india-express-aircraft-from-dubai-to-calicut-with-191-passengers-crashes-reports/story-EC7jvZELVkWi32EgT2ZOmJ.html|access-date=7 August 2020|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808083600/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/air-india-express-aircraft-from-dubai-to-calicut-with-191-passengers-crashes-reports/story-EC7jvZELVkWi32EgT2ZOmJ.html/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Kotoky|first1=Anurag|last2=Phillip|first2=Siddharth|last3=Levin|first3=Alan|date=8 August 2020|title=Air India Express Plane Circled Kerala Airport Several Times Before Crash|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/air-india-737-overshoots-runway-breaks-apart-in-trying-to-land-2276067|access-date=2020-08-08|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808103303/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/air-india-737-overshoots-runway-breaks-apart-in-trying-to-land-2276067|url-status=live}}</ref> At around 19:37 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (14:07 [[UTC]]), they were given clearance to land on runway 10.<ref name=":5" /> Due to the monsoon and floods in Kerala at the time, inclement weather conditions reduced visibility at the time of landing to {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Runway 28 was operational and in the first landing attempt, the pilot could not see the runway thus requested for runway 10. On the second attempt on {{convert|2860|m|ft|abbr=on}} runway 10, the aircraft touched down near taxiway <nowiki>''C''</nowiki>, which is approximately {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}} beyond the runway threshold.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 August 2020|title=Kozhikode crash: Air India Express plane touched down near taxiway, 1,000 metres from beginning of runway|work=The India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kozhikode-crash-air-india-express-plane-touched-down-near-taxiway-1-000-metres-from-beginning-of-runway-1709095-2020-08-08|access-date=11 August 2020|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809023029/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kozhikode-crash-air-india-express-plane-touched-down-near-taxiway-1-000-metres-from-beginning-of-runway-1709095-2020-08-08|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://aim-india.aai.aero/eaip-v2//25-05-2017/eAIP/EC-AD-2.1VOCL-en-GB.pdf|title=VOCL - Calicut / Domestic|date=25 May 2017|work=aim-india.aai.aero|publisher=Airport Authority of India|pages=21|access-date=15 August 2020|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714192624/https://aim-india.aai.aero/eaip-v2//25-05-2017/eAIP/EC-AD-2.1VOCL-en-GB.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft failed to stop before the end of the tabletop runway and plunged {{convert|30-35|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip|round=0.5}} into a [[Canyon|gorge]], splitting the [[fuselage]] into two sections upon impact.<ref name="HindustanTimes" /><ref name="SkyNews">{{Cite web|last=Lucia|first=Binding|date=8 August 2020|title=Kerala plane crash: At least 14 dead and several injured as aircraft 'splits in two' at airport|url=https://news.sky.com/story/flight-carrying-191-passengers-crash-lands-at-airport-in-kerala-12044620|access-date=8 August 2020|work=Sky News|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808083624/https://news.sky.com/story/flight-carrying-191-passengers-crash-lands-at-airport-in-kerala-12044620|url-status=live}}</ref> The accident site was around {{convert|3|km|ft|abbr=on}} from the airport terminal.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Pisharody|first=Rahul V|date=11 Aug 2020|title=Plane did not slide, took off cliff, collapsed: CISF officer who saw last minutes of Air India Express flight|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-plane-crash-air-india-express-kozhikode-last-minutes-cisf-officer-6549840/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-08-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915201622/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-plane-crash-air-india-express-kozhikode-last-minutes-cisf-officer-6549840/}}</ref> No post-crash fire was reported.<ref name="Firstpost">{{Cite web|date=8 August 2020|title=Kozhikode plane crash: 17 dead, several injured as Air India Express flight IX-1344 bringing Indians home breaks into two while landing |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/kozhikode-plane-crash-16-dead-several-injured-as-air-india-express-flight-ix-1344-bringing-indians-home-breaks-into-two-while-landing-8683781.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 August 2020|work=The Firstpost|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808103914/https://www.firstpost.com/india/kozhikode-plane-crash-17-dead-several-injured-as-air-india-express-flight-ix-1344-bringing-indians-home-breaks-into-two-while-landing-8683781.html/}}</ref> It was suggested that the crew shut off the engines on landing, which may have saved lives by preventing a fire.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tripathi|first=Neha LM|date=9 Aug 2020|title=Pilots' move may have saved many, say experts|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pilots-move-may-have-saved-many-experts/story-u9m52AuUz6rByuTTH0TCyH.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-08-11|work=The Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810073727/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pilots-move-may-have-saved-many-experts/story-u9m52AuUz6rByuTTH0TCyH.html}}</ref> According to a CISF officer, the aircraft did not slide into the gorge. It took off from the cliff and then collapsed.<ref name=":6" />

The accident was the second fatal accident of Air India Express and was similar to [[Air India Express Flight 812]] which also overran the runway 10 years earlier at [[Mangalore International Airport]], killing 158 people on board.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Poulomi|date=8 August 2020|title=Air India Express Plane Crash: 13-year-old Boeing 737 to be Blamed? Kozhikode Crash Brings Chilling Memories of 2010 Crash|url=https://www.india.com/news/air-india-express-plane-crash-13-year-old-boeing-737-to-be-blamed-kozhikode-crash-brings-chilling-memories-of-2010-crash-4105355/|access-date=8 August 2020|website=India.com|language=en|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808083627/https://www.india.com/news/air-india-express-plane-crash-13-year-old-boeing-737-to-be-blamed-kozhikode-crash-brings-chilling-memories-of-2010-crash-4105355//|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="aviation-safety 812">{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=Accident description Air India Express Flight 812|url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/321303|access-date=2020-11-25|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=Aviation Safety Network|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204025030/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20100522-0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Air India Express|url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/database/operators/8718|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-10|website=aviation-safety.net|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204201202/https://aviation-safety.net/database/operator/airline.php?var=8718}}</ref>

== Victims ==
A total of 184 passengers, four cabin crew and two cockpit crew were on board, all Indian.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 August 2020|title=Kerala plane crash: Full list of passengers on board Air India Express flight|work=Business Today|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/kerala-plane-crash-full-list-of-passengers-on-board-air-india-express-flight/story/412383.html|access-date=11 August 2020|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810090540/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/kerala-plane-crash-full-list-of-passengers-on-board-air-india-express-flight/story/412383.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="theindependent.in">{{Cite news |date=7 August 2020 |title=IX 1344 crashes. Many feared dead |language=en-IN |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://theindependent.in/ix-1344-skids-off-runway-falls-off-and-splits-many-feared-dead/ |access-date=7 August 2020 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808083618/https://theindependent.in/ix-1344-skids-off-runway-falls-off-and-splits-many-feared-dead// |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBCNews">{{Cite news |date=7 August 2020 |title=Air India jet breaks in two on Kerala runway |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53699857 |access-date=7 August 2020 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808070623/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53699857 |url-status=live }}</ref> Seventeen people died at the scene of the accident, including both pilots,<ref name="Firstpost" /> with four more later dying of their injuries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/death-toll-in-air-india-express-flight-crash-rises-to-20/articleshow/77703610.cms|title=Death toll in Air India Express flight crash rises to 20|work=Mumbai Mirror|publisher=The Times of India|date=August 23, 2020|first=Gladwin|last=Emmanuel|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108213551/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/death-toll-in-air-india-express-flight-crash-rises-to-20/articleshow/77703610.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 Aug 2020|title=Kozhikode: Air India Plane Crash Toll Climbs to 21 as One More Passenger Succumbs to Injuries|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kozhikode-air-india-plane-crash-toll-climbs-to-21-as-another-passenger-succumbs-to-injuries-2814647.html|url-status=live|access-date=14 Jul 2021|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713180929/https://www.news18.com/news/india/kozhikode-air-india-plane-crash-toll-climbs-to-21-as-another-passenger-succumbs-to-injuries-2814647.html}}</ref><ref name=blogupdate/> and more than 100 people were injured.<ref name="IndiaToday" /><ref>{{Cite news|last1=John|first1=Tara|last2=Sud|first2=Vedika|last3=Pokharel|first3=Sugam|last4=Gupta|first4=Swati|title=Air India plane crashes in Kerala after skidding off the runway|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/07/asia/plane-crash-calicut-india-intl/index.html|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818063039/https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/07/asia/plane-crash-calicut-india-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{Cite web |last=Dutta Roy |first=Divyanshu |date=8 August 2020 |title=18 Dead Including Both Pilots After Plane Breaks In Two In Kerala |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/air-india-express-flight-with-180-passengers-from-dubai-skids-off-runway-while-landing-at-kozhikode-2276039 |access-date=8 August 2020 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808083604/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/air-india-express-flight-with-180-passengers-from-dubai-skids-off-runway-while-landing-at-kozhikode-2276039 |url-status=live }}</ref> The chief minister of [[Maharashtra]], [[Uddhav Thackeray]], announced a state funeral for late [[Wing commander]] Captain Deepak Vasant Sathe in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2020|title=Maharashtra govt to accord state funeral to Air India pilot Capt Deepak Vasant Sathe|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maharashtra-govt-to-accord-state-funeral-to-air-india-pilot-capt-deepak-vasant-sathe/story-4xNDsm2AxVL6rGKbWj2eNL.html|access-date=11 August 2020|archive-date=12 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812021755/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maharashtra-govt-to-accord-state-funeral-to-air-india-pilot-capt-deepak-vasant-sathe/story-4xNDsm2AxVL6rGKbWj2eNL.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
|+List of fatalities<ref name="AIstat">{{Cite web|title=Accident Bulletin|url=http://www.airindia.in/dark-site-info.htm?2|access-date=2020-08-08|website=airindia.in|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808102620/http://www.airindia.in/dark-site-info.htm?2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=blogupdate>{{Cite web|title=IX 1344 incident at Kozhikode – Updates – Expressions|url=http://blog.airindiaexpress.in/ix-1344-incident-at-kozhikode-updates/|work=[[Air India Express]] (official blog)|access-date=8 August 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=12 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812012737/http://blog.airindiaexpress.in/ix-1344-incident-at-kozhikode-updates/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=col| Type of victims
! scope=col| Total on board
! scope=col| Survivors
! scope=col| Fatalities
|-
!scope=row| Passengers
| 184
| 165
| 19
|-
!scope=row| Pilots
| 2
| 0
| 2
|-
!scope=row| Cabin crew
| 4
| 4
| 0
|-
!scope=row| Total
| 190
| 169
| 21
|}

=== Compensation ===
The [[Government of India]] and [[Government of Kerala|Kerala]] each announced an interim compensation of {{INRConvert|10|l|lk=on|year=2020}} for the families of the deceased above the age of 12 years, {{INRConvert |5|l|lk=on|year=2020|to=USD}} for below the age of 12 years, {{INRConvert|2|l|year=2020}} for seriously injured, and {{INRConvert |50|k|year=2020}} for those who sustained minor injuries.<ref name=":7">{{cite news|last1=Prasanth|first1=M P|date=9 August 2020|title=All deceased identified, AIE and Kerala govt announce Rs 10 lakh solatium|work=The Times of India|agency=Times News Network|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/all-deceased-identified-aie-and-kerala-govt-announce-rs-10-lakh-solatium/articleshow/77445185.cms|access-date=11 August 2020|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810212932/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/all-deceased-identified-aie-and-kerala-govt-announce-rs-10-lakh-solatium/articleshow/77445185.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also announced that the medical expenses of the injured would be borne by the state government.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=8 August 2020|title=Kozhikode Air India Express crash live updates: Centre announces Rs 10 lakh relief for deceased, state follows suit|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/air-india-express-kozhikode-calicut-crash-live-updates-6544679/|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808055253/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/air-india-express-kozhikode-calicut-crash-live-updates-6544679/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=8 Aug 2020|title=Air India Express plane crash latest updates: Kerala announces Rs 10 lakh compensation to kin of flight crash victims; Digital Flight Data Recorder recovered from aircraft|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/aviation/dubai-kozhikode-air-india-flight-skids-off-runway-splits-in-two-multiple-passengers-injured-report-6576301.htm|url-status=live|access-date=8 August 2020|publisher=CNBC TV 18|language=en-US|archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924013846/https://www.cnbctv18.com/aviation/dubai-kozhikode-air-india-flight-skids-off-runway-splits-in-two-multiple-passengers-injured-report-6576301.htm}}</ref>

Air India Express completed the disbursement of interim compensation to all passengers and next of kin of the deceased passengers soon after the accident.<ref name="ANI">{{cite web |title=Kozhikode Crash: Air India Express completes disbursement of compensation to passengers, kin of deceased|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/kozhikode-crash-air-india-express-completes-disbursement-of-compensation-to-passengers-kin-of-deceased20201229120937/|website=ANI NEWS|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>
Interim compensation of {{INRConvert |10|l|year=2020}} was paid to the next of kin of 15 deceased passengers who were above the age of 12, {{INRConvert |5|l|year=2020}} to the next of kin of 4 deceased passengers who were below the age of 12, {{INRConvert |2|l|year=2020}} each to 92 passengers and 2 crew members who were critically injured, and {{INRConvert |50|k|year=2020}} each to 73 passengers who suffered minor injuries.<ref name="ANI"/>

== Aftermath ==
=== Rescue and response ===
Following the incident, local people from the surrounding [[Karipur]] village rushed to the accident site to rescue trapped victims from the aircraft,<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 Aug 2020|title=View: Kerala plane crash response shows how locals play key role in disaster management|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/view-kerala-plane-crash-response-shows-how-locals-play-key-role-in-disaster-management/articleshow/77430994.cms|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810035218/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/view-kerala-plane-crash-response-shows-how-locals-play-key-role-in-disaster-management/articleshow/77430994.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> followed by 40 [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF) personnel who were guarding the perimeter of the airport, a quick reaction team and the Chief Airport Security Officer. Family members of the CISF personnel living nearby also joined.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Saurabh |date=8 August 2020 |title=Calicut crash: CISF personnel were first responders with their families joining in rescue effort |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/calicut-crash-cisf-personnel-were-first-responders-with-their-families-joining-in-rescue-effort/articleshow/77427777.cms |access-date=8 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808173723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/calicut-crash-cisf-personnel-were-first-responders-with-their-families-joining-in-rescue-effort/articleshow/77427777.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kerala Police|Police]] and firefighters were also deployed for the initial rescue operations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sahay |first1=Abhinav |title=Civilians rushed to save lives after plane crash, honoured with special gesture |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kerala/civilians-rushed-to-save-lives-after-plane-crash-honoured-with-special-gesture/story-eza2CbeE704Wk2ePpg6v9L.html |access-date=11 August 2020 |work=The Hindustan Times |date=9 August 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809205934/https://www.hindustantimes.com/kerala/civilians-rushed-to-save-lives-after-plane-crash-honoured-with-special-gesture/story-eza2CbeE704Wk2ePpg6v9L.html |url-status=live }}</ref> All passengers were evacuated in about three hours and taken to various hospitals in [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]] and Malappuram districts.<ref name="IndiaToday">{{Cite web |author=P. S. Gopikrishnan Unnithan |date=7 August 2020 |title=Kerala: Air India flight with 190 onboard skids off runway in Kozhikode, both pilots among 16 dead |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pilot-dead-several-injured-as-air-india-express-skids-off-the-run-way-in-kozhikode-front-portion-splits-1708931-2020-08-07 |access-date=7 August 2020 |work=The India Today |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808083700/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pilot-dead-several-injured-as-air-india-express-skids-off-the-run-way-in-kozhikode-front-portion-splits-1708931-2020-08-07 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NDTV" /><ref name="BBCNews" /> [[Emergency response team]], GO Team{{Efn|To respond to an aviation incident, the airline would "activate GO team." The duty manager at the flight operations centre would deploy an extra 15 to 20 people to travel to the airport where the incident occurred, or, if the incident were airborne, to the airport receiving the plane.<ref>{{cite web |title=Airlines Go Teams Operations |url=https://aviationemergencyresponseplan.com/wp-content/uploads/Information-GO-TEAM.pdf |website=aviationemergencyresponseplan.com |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810024100/https://aviationemergencyresponseplan.com/wp-content/uploads/Information-GO-TEAM.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}} and special assistance team of [[Air India]] (officially known as 'Angels of Air India')<ref name="AIstat" /> from [[Kochi]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Delhi]] were sent to the accident site.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Neeta|date=8 Aug 2020|editor-last=Nair|editor-first=Arun|title="Angels Of Air India", Special Team of Grief Counselors, Flown To Kerala|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/angels-of-air-india-special-team-of-grief-counselors-flown-to-kerala-2276169|url-status=live|access-date=8 August 2020|website=NDTV|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808083706/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/angels-of-air-india-special-team-of-grief-counselors-flown-to-kerala-2276169}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 August 2020|title=Air India Express crash highlights: Kozhikode airport operator addressed issues red-flagged by DGCA, says aviation minister|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/air-india-express-plane-skids-off-runway-live-blog-during-landing-in-kerala/2048412/|access-date=2020-08-08|work=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807152447/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/air-india-express-plane-skids-off-runway-live-blog-during-landing-in-kerala/2048412/|url-status=live}}</ref> Three CISF officers were awarded [[Director general|Director General]] commendation disc for their rescue efforts after the mishap.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=10 Aug 2020|title=AAIB to submit report this week|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/aaib-to-submit-report-this-week/articleshow/77451247.cms|url-status=live|access-date=10 August 2020|work=The Times of India|location=[[Kochi]]|language=en|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810212530/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/aaib-to-submit-report-this-week/articleshow/77451247.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sabarwal |first1=Harshit |title=CISF to award 3 officers for rescue efforts at Kozhikode International Airport |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cisf-to-award-3-officers-for-rescue-efforts-at-kozhikode-international-airport/story-Uwz4j8mnuLnpztn1F9zP7H.html |access-date=11 August 2020 |agency=[[Asian News International]] (ANI) |work=The Hindustan Times |date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812093532/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cisf-to-award-3-officers-for-rescue-efforts-at-kozhikode-international-airport/story-Uwz4j8mnuLnpztn1F9zP7H.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The accident is predicted to cost the [[insurers]] and their [[Reinsurance|reinsurers]] {{INRConvert |375|c|lk=on|year=2020|to=USD}}, which includes aircraft or hull and liability for third party and passengers. It is around 90 per cent of the insured value and Air India will recover this amount since the aircraft has been totally damaged. The insurer is an Indian insurance consortium led by [[New India Assurance]]. Claim settlement survey has already started.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 August 2020|title=Kerala plane tragedy: Global reinsurers to shell out over 90% of crashed Air India Express plane claim|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/kerala-plane-tragedy-global-reinsure-90-of-crashed-air-india-express-claim-6546478/|access-date=2020-08-10|work=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810132846/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/kerala-plane-tragedy-global-reinsure-90-of-crashed-air-india-express-claim-6546478/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Phadnis|first=Aneesh|date=2020-08-08|title=Plane crash: Air India Express Boeing 737 aircraft was insured for $50 mn|work=The [[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/plane-crash-air-india-express-boeing-737-aircraft-was-insured-for-50-mn-120080800763_1.html|access-date=2020-08-10|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810014154/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/plane-crash-air-india-express-boeing-737-aircraft-was-insured-for-50-mn-120080800763_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Phadnis |first1=Anees |last2=Panda |first2=Subrata |title=Air India Express plane, which overshot runway, was insured for $50 mn |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/air-india-express-which-overshot-runway-was-insured-for-50-million-120081001318_1.html |access-date=11 August 2020 |work=The Business Standard |date=10 August 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029231526/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/air-india-express-which-overshot-runway-was-insured-for-50-million-120081001318_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The airline had engaged a US-based firm, Kenyon International, to recover the baggage along with Angels of Air India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 Aug 2020|title=Air India Express Hires US-Based Firm To Recover Baggage After Plane Crash|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/air-india-express-hires-us-based-firm-to-recover-baggage-after-plane-crash-in-kozhikode-2277395|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2020|website=NDTV|archive-date=11 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811015901/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/air-india-express-hires-us-based-firm-to-recover-baggage-after-plane-crash-in-kozhikode-2277395}}</ref>

=== COVID-19 infection ===
Two passengers on the flight who survived tested positive for [[COVID-19]], after arriving at a hospital after the accident. To check the spread among other passengers and rescue personnel, CISF and Kerala Health Department asked their personnel and other passengers who were on the flight to undertake testing and quarantine.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 August 2020|title=Kozhikode Air India Express crash: CISF personnel quarantined after passengers test positive for coronavirus|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-kozhikode-air-india-express-crash-coronavirus-quarantine-6545458/|access-date=8 August 2020|work=The Indian Express|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810135527/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-kozhikode-air-india-express-crash-coronavirus-quarantine-6545458/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 August 2020|title=AI Express passenger killed in crash tests Covid positive, rescue personnel to self quarantine|url=https://theprint.in/india/ai-express-passenger-killed-in-crash-tests-covid-positive-rescue-personnel-to-self-quarantine/477562/|access-date=9 August 2020|work=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714192624/https://theprint.in/india/ai-express-passenger-killed-in-crash-tests-covid-positive-rescue-personnel-to-self-quarantine/477562/|url-status=live}}</ref> One week later, 24 officers involved in the rescue operation tested positive. [[Kondotty|Kondotty municipality]], the place where the airport is located, was subsequently declared as a containment zone.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 Aug 2020|title=22 officials who led Kozhikode crash rescue operations test COVID positive|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/14/22-officials-who-led-kozhikode-crash-rescue-operations-test-covid-positive.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-08-15|website=The Week|language=en|archive-date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815031309/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/14/22-officials-who-led-kozhikode-crash-rescue-operations-test-covid-positive.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Naha|first=Abdul Latheef|date=2020-08-14|title=24 officers engaged in Kozhikode Air India crash rescue operations test positive for COVID-19|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/24-officers-engaged-in-kozhikode-air-india-crash-rescue-operations-test-positive-for-covid-19/article32353859.ece|access-date=2020-08-16|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815190409/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/24-officers-engaged-in-kozhikode-air-india-crash-rescue-operations-test-positive-for-covid-19/article32353859.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Pilots associations' response ===
The [[International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations]] (IFALPA) tightly monitored the actions after the accident and responded "Our thoughts are with the families of the pilots, crew members, and passengers who lost their lives aboard the aircraft. We send support and wishes to all the survivors, many of them injured and in hospital in critical condition." They got in touch with the Indian association, Air Line Pilots’ Association-India (ALPA-India) and the [[Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (India)|Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau]] (AAIB) for technical expertise and assistance in investigation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 Aug 2020|title=IFALPA Global Pilots on Air India Express Flight IX-1344|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200807005494/en/IFALPA-Global-Pilots-on-Air-India-Express-Flight-IX-1344|url-status=live|access-date=14 Jul 2021|website=businesswire.com|language=en|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714192620/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200807005494/en/IFALPA-Global-Pilots-on-Air-India-Express-Flight-IX-1344}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

Following the accident, many pilot associations in the country soared up against the director of the DGCA, Arun Kumar, and wanted him to be replaced with someone more technically sound in aviation, after he referred to the late pilots as "fellows" and also said, "...and the landing it seems was not appropriate...", "The landing was not smooth". The pilot associations said that these comments from the director were [[amateur]]ish and made them "the laughing stock of the aviation world".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-12|title='Made us laughing stock of aviation world': Pilot bodies seek removal of DGCA after Kozhikode plane crash|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/made-us-laughing-stock-aviation-world-pilot-bodies-seek-removal-dgca-kozhikode-plane-crash-1502916384.html|access-date=2021-07-14|website=The Statesman|language=en-US|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107104831/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/made-us-laughing-stock-aviation-world-pilot-bodies-seek-removal-dgca-kozhikode-plane-crash-1502916384.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Public interest litigation ===
According to Yeshwant Shenoy, a [[lawyer]] fighting for safer airports in India, the DGCA should have put restrictions on conditions when airlines could land or take off. He blamed the DGCA for being incompetent and negligent after the 2010 crash in Mangalore, and called it a state-run [[syndicate]].<ref name=":9">{{cite news|last=Zore|first=Prasanna D|date=14 Aug 2020|title=Kozhikode crash: 'We won't know the truth'|work=Rediff.com|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/kozhikode-crash-we-wont-know-the-truth/20200814.htm|access-date=17 August 2020|archive-date=17 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817043111/https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/kozhikode-crash-we-wont-know-the-truth/20200814.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He filed a [[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) in the [[Kerala High Court]] after the accident, to shut down operations of Calicut airport as it is not compliant with air regulations. Shenoy demanded an open inquiry by a Court of Inquiry instead of a closed one by AAIB. He also demanded that the investigation should be conducted by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]], as local police weren't experienced in these.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pinto|first=Stanley|date=15 Aug 2020|title=PIL filed in Kerala HC to shut down ops|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/kozhikode-air-crash-pil-filed-in-kerala-hc-to-shut-down-ops/articleshow/77551601.cms|access-date=17 August 2020|archive-date=17 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817025502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/kozhikode-air-crash-pil-filed-in-kerala-hc-to-shut-down-ops/articleshow/77551601.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Ban on wide-body aircraft ===
Shortly after the accident, operations of wide-body aircraft at Kozhikode were put on hold. As a result, Air India and Saudia removed their widebody services to Kozhikode.<ref name=":11" />

== Investigation ==
The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) and Flight Safety Departments investigated the accident.<ref name="NDTV" /><ref name="AvHerald">{{Cite web |last=Hradecky |first=Simon |title=Accident: India Express B738 at Kozhikode on Aug 7th 2020, overran runway and fell into valley |url=http://avherald.com/h?article=4daf960f |access-date=7 August 2020 |work=Aviation Herald |archive-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714192622/https://www.youtube.com/embed/RZhYUwKp6UI |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 Aug 2020|title=Boxes Recovered From Crashed Air India Express Flight In Kerala; Probe Underway|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-black-boxes-recovered-from-crashed-air-india-express-flight-in-kerala/358236|url-status=live|access-date=8 August 2020|work=The Outlook India|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808122433/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-black-boxes-recovered-from-crashed-air-india-express-flight-in-kerala/358236}}</ref> The [[cockpit voice recorder]] and [[flight data recorder]] were recovered the next day and sent to [[Delhi]] for analysis.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Som|first=Vishnu|date=8 Aug 2020|editor-last=Srinivasan|editor-first=Chandrashekar|title=Black Boxes Recovered From Crashed Air India Express Flight In Kerala|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/air-india-express-black-box-recovered-from-crashed-air-india-express-aircraft-in-keralas-kozhikode-airport-2276188|url-status=live|access-date=8 August 2020|website=NDTV|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808083713/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/air-india-express-black-box-recovered-from-crashed-air-india-express-aircraft-in-keralas-kozhikode-airport-2276188}}</ref> [[Boeing]] was to send its investigation team to examine the debris of the aircraft for defects and assist the probe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 Aug 2020|title=Air India Express crash - Boeing likely to send technical team to examine debris of flight: Report|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/air-india-express-crash-boeing-likely-to-send-technical-team-to-examine-debris-of-flight-report-5672011.html|url-status=live|access-date=10 August 2020|work=Moneycontrol|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714192621/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/air-india-express-crash-boeing-likely-to-send-technical-team-to-examine-debris-of-flight-report-5672011.html}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

Initial findings suggested that at the time of landing, the tailwind was around {{Convert|9|knot|km/h|abbr=}}. The aircraft was at {{Convert|176|knot|km/h|abbr=}} at an altitude of approximately {{Convert|450|ft|m|abbr=}} above the surface of runway 10, which is not considered ideal for [[Airfield traffic pattern|short finals]] during poor weather conditions.<ref name=":4" /> The [[throttle]] was found to be in a fully forward position ([[takeoff]] or [[go-around]] position) and the [[Spoiler (aeronautics)|spoilers]] were retracted from the position of the [[speed brake]] lever, which indicates that the pilots might have tried for a go-around.<ref>{{Cite news|last=V|first=Manju|date=19 Aug 2020|title=Air India Express crash: Pilots may have tried to take off after deep touchdown, experts say|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pilots-may-have-tried-to-take-off-after-deep-touchdown-experts/articleshow/77453144.cms|access-date=10 August 2020|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809221110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pilots-may-have-tried-to-take-off-after-deep-touchdown-experts/articleshow/77453144.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prakash Sharma|first=Jeevan|date=18 August 2020|title=Kozhikode Air India Crash: Cockpit Wreckage Suggests Pilots Tried To Take Off After Landing|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-kozhikode-air-india-crash-cockpit-wreckage-suggests-pilots-tried-to-take-off-after-landing/358874|access-date=19 August 2020|website=outlookindia.com|archive-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818221102/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-kozhikode-air-india-crash-cockpit-wreckage-suggests-pilots-tried-to-take-off-after-landing/358874|url-status=live}}</ref> The tailwind, rubber deposits and wet runway affecting the braking performance of the aircraft are thought to be contributory factors to the accident.<ref name=":3" /> [[Civil Aviation Minister (India)|Civil Aviation Minister]], [[Hardeep Singh Puri|Hardeep Puri]], in a press conference at Kozhikode on 8 August, said that there had been sufficient fuel onboard for the aircraft to have flown to a [[diversion airport]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Som|first=Vishnu|date=9 Aug 2020|title=Air India Express Plane Landed 1 Km Beyond Runway Threshold At High Speed|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kerala-plane-crash-air-india-express-plane-landed-1-km-beyond-runway-threshold-at-high-speed-2276381|url-status=live|access-date=8 August 2020|website=NDTV|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808141028/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kerala-plane-crash-air-india-express-plane-landed-1-km-beyond-runway-threshold-at-high-speed-2276381}}</ref> The possibility of [[pilot error]] as a cause of the accident was suggested by DGCA's Arun Kumar.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Raj|first2=Suhasini|last3=Bhagat|first3=Shalini Venugopal|date=8 August 2020|title=Air India Crash Investigators Focus On a Dangerous Runway and a Pilot's Actions|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/08/world/asia/india-plane-crash-dubai.html|access-date=12 August 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=12 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812161920/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/08/world/asia/india-plane-crash-dubai.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Choudhury|first=Sunetra|date=9 Aug 2020|title='All we know is touchdown was late': DGCA chief on Kerala plane crash|work=The Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/all-we-know-is-that-the-touchdown-was-late-director-general-of-civil-aviation-arun-kumar/story-DVNngwno2PLjWCLWO46k1M.html|access-date=10 August 2020|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809221023/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/all-we-know-is-that-the-touchdown-was-late-director-general-of-civil-aviation-arun-kumar/story-DVNngwno2PLjWCLWO46k1M.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Som|first=Vishnu|date=10 Aug 2020|editor-last=Sanyal|editor-first=Anindita|title=Pilots Told About Weather, Tailwinds: Aviation Watchdog On Kerala Crash|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kerala-pilots-were-told-about-weather-tailwinds-aviation-watchdog-chief-2276737|url-status=live|access-date=10 August 2020|website=NDTV|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714192653/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kerala-pilots-were-told-about-weather-tailwinds-aviation-watchdog-chief-2276737}}</ref>

Several concerns were raised on the inquiry on this incident, by Captain Mohan Ranganathan, Yeshwant Shenoy and others, that it might get covered up and the truth would never surface.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":9" /> [[Royal Aeronautical Society]] fellow and aviation safety expert Amit Singh alleged that evidence in the accident site was being tampered, as few unidentified people were spotted near the wreckage, thus asked for an open investigation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tripathi|first=Neha LM|date=20 Aug 2020|title=Royal Aeronautical Society fellow asks for court of inquiry into Kozhikode crash|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/royal-aeronautical-society-fellow-asks-for-court-of-inquiry-into-kozhikode-crash/story-dcz9E1dhwZBm5havvHVdVO.html|url-status=live|access-date=14 Jul 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=4 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704181415/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/royal-aeronautical-society-fellow-asks-for-court-of-inquiry-into-kozhikode-crash/story-dcz9E1dhwZBm5havvHVdVO.html}}</ref> He also pointed out that investigations were flawed and instead of punishing real culprits, the pilots were blamed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 Aug 2020|title=Air India Express Crash: DGCA Under Scanner As Industry Expert Points Out 'flawed Investigations'|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/air-india-express-crash-dgca-under-scanner-as-industry-expert-points-out-flawed-investigations-5662541.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-14|website=Moneycontrol|language=en|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029033900/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/air-india-express-crash-dgca-under-scanner-as-industry-expert-points-out-flawed-investigations-5662541.html}}</ref>

===Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB)===
The AAIB team in Kozhikode probed the incident with the assistance of [[Airports Authority of India]] officials, [[air traffic control]], [[ground staff]], CISF, the fire team and the rescue team. It found evidence of waterlogging of the runway at the time of landing. It also checked whether ATC was aware of waterlogging and whether the pilots adhered to rules. The preliminary investigation report was expected to be ready in a week after the accident,<ref name=":2" /> however this did not happen.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Prakash|first=Ajay|date=2020-09-19|title=Kozhikode Air India Crash: Where is the Preliminary Report of the Crash of Flight IX-1344?|website=The Public India|url=https://thepublicindia.com/2020/09/19/kozhikode-air-india-crash-where-is-the-preliminary-report-of-the-crash-of-flight-ix-1344/|access-date=2020-12-02|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101162401/https://thepublicindia.com/2020/09/19/kozhikode-air-india-crash-where-is-the-preliminary-report-of-the-crash-of-flight-ix-1344/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The United States [[National Transportation Safety Board]] (NTSB) also sent a member to assist the AAIB.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aviation Accident Summary DCA20WA136 |url=https://www.accidents.app/summaries/accident/20200807X61858 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-07-14 |website=accidents.app |archive-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714192623/https://www.accidents.app/summaries/accident/20200807X61858}}</ref>

A five-member committee was set up by AAIB on 13 August, to investigate the incident, with the final report to be submitted on 13 January 2021. The committee headed by Captain S.S. Chahar, former designated examiner on [[Boeing 737 Next Generation]], was to also provide recommendations to avoid such accidents in future.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Anu|date=14 Aug 2020|title=Five-member committee to investigate Air India Express accident, submit report in 5 months|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/aviation/five-member-committee-to-investigate-air-india-express-accident-submit-report-in-5-months-6631411.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2020-08-14|website=CNBCTV18|language=en-US|archive-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818191200/https://www.cnbctv18.com/aviation/five-member-committee-to-investigate-air-india-express-accident-submit-report-in-5-months-6631411.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=14 August 2020|title=Kozhikode plane crash: AAIB forms five-member inquiry panel, report expected in five months|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|publisher=Express Publications|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/aug/14/kozhikode-plane-crash-aaib-forms-five-member-inquiry-panel-report-expected-in-five-months-2183301.html|access-date=2020-08-14|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714192622/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/aug/14/kozhikode-plane-crash-aaib-forms-five-member-inquiry-panel-report-expected-in-five-months-2183301.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Guha|first=Ishita|date=2020-08-13|title=Centre sets up panel to probe Air India Express aircraft crash|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/govt-sets-up-team-to-probe-air-india-express-plane-crash-11597335406019.html|access-date=2020-08-14|website=Livemint|language=en|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714192631/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/govt-sets-up-team-to-probe-air-india-express-plane-crash-11597335406019.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The civil aviation ministry cited delays due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and granted a two-month extension to the AAIB to submit its draft final probe report on the accident.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anisha|first=Dutta|date=21 Jan 2021|title=Final probe report on Kozhikode air crash due in January delayed by 2 months|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/final-probe-report-on-kozhikode-air-crash-due-in-january-delayed-by-2-months-101611199465487.html|url-status=live|access-date=14 July 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714192633/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/final-probe-report-on-kozhikode-air-crash-due-in-january-delayed-by-2-months-101611199465487.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=January 22, 2021|title=AIE flight crash: Probe panel term extended by two months|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/aie-flight-crash-probe-panel-term-extended-by-two-months/articleshow/80393043.cms|access-date=May 9, 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420172742/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/aie-flight-crash-probe-panel-term-extended-by-two-months/articleshow/80393043.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Final report ===
On 11 September 2021 the final report was released by the Indian [[Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (India)|Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau]] (AAIB).<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Accident: India Express B738 at Kozhikode on Aug 7th 2020, overran runway and fell into valley |url=https://avherald.com/h?article=4daf960f&opt=0 |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=avherald.com}}</ref> The final report stated that the probable cause was "non adherence to [[Standard operating procedure|SOP]] by the [[Pilot flying|PF]], wherein, he continued an unstabilised approach and landed beyond the touchdown zone, half-way down the runway".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Investigation Report |url=https://aaib.gov.in/Reports/2020/accident/Final%20Report%20AXH.pdf |access-date=August 3, 2025 |website=aaib.gov.in}}</ref> The probable cause was also partially attributed to the First Officer for failing to takeover control and execute a go-around himself when the Captain failed to do so.

The report and subsequent analyses also highlighted weather and runway conditions as contributing factors. The aircraft landed during heavy monsoon rain on a wet runway, with a tailwind component, which reduced braking effectiveness and increased the likelihood of an overrun.<ref>{{cite web|title=Final Report Air India Express Flight IX1344|url=https://aaib.gov.in/Reports/2020/accident/Final%20Report%20AXH.pdf|website=AAIB India|access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref> Furthermore, Kozhikode Airport’s tabletop runway, with limited runway end safety areas and no engineered arresting system (EMAS), offered little margin for error, making overruns particularly hazardous. While these factors did not directly cause the accident, they were recognized as exacerbating the severity of the crash.<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India Express flight skids off tabletop runway at Kozhikode; pilot dead|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/air-india-express-flight-skids-off-tabletop-runway-at-kozhikode-pilot-dead-120080701866_1.html|website=Business Standard|access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pilot error, repeated systemic failures probable cause of Kozhikode crash: AAIB report|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pilot-error-air-india-express-repeated-systemic-failures-probable-cause-of-kozhikode-aug-2020-crash-aaib-report/amp_articleshow/86129930.cms|website=Times of India|access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
''Vande Bharat Flight IX 1344: Hope to Survival'' is a 2021 [[Discovery+]] original documentary based on the accident. The 45-minute documentary creates graphical simulations of the accident.<ref name=":11">{{cite web| url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/documentary-vande-bharat-flight-ix1344-hope-to-survival-revisits-a-tragic-crash-220904| title=Documentary Vande Bharat Flight IX1344: Hope To Survival revisits a tragic crash| date=5 Mar 2021| access-date=28 Jul 2021| website=tribuneindia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.newsexperts.in/discovery-new-investigative-documentary-vande-bharat-flight-ix1344-hope-to-survival/| title=New Investigative Documentary Vande Bharat Flight IX1344: Hope to Survival| author=Byju| date=4 March 2021| access-date=28 Jul 2021| website=newsexperts.in}}</ref>

The crash is featured on the 9th episode of the 26th season of the Canadian documentary series [[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]] titled "Monsoon Approach".{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Aviation|India}}
* [[List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft]]
* [[List of accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737]]
* [[Pegasus Airlines Flight 2193]] a [[Boeing 737 Next Generation#737-800|Boeing 737-86J]],{{efn |name="86J" |The last two alphanumeric characters of a Boeing aircraft indicate the Boeing customer code. A "Boeing 737-86J" is a Boeing 737-800 produced by Boeing for [[Air Berlin]] (the customer assigned customer code 6J by Boeing). Aircraft customer codes are based on the customer ordering the aircraft, and do not change if the aircraft is sold. See [[list of Boeing customer codes]] for more information.}} which overran the runway at [[Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen International Airport]], [[Pendik]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]. Three died.
* [[TAM Airlines Flight 3054]] an [[Airbus A320]], which overshot the runway at [[Congonhas Airport]], situated in [[Brazil]]
* [[Air France Flight 358]] an [[Airbus A340]], which overran the runway at [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]] in August, 2005
* [[TACA Flight 390]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{wikinews|Passenger flight crashes upon landing at Calicut airport in India}}
{{Commons category}}

* [http://blog.airindiaexpress.in/ix-1344-incident-at-kozhikode-updates/ IX 1344 incident at Kozhikode – UPDATES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812012737/http://blog.airindiaexpress.in/ix-1344-incident-at-kozhikode-updates/ |date=12 August 2020 }}—[[Air India Express]]
* [http://www.airindia.in/dark-site-info.htm?2 Accident Bulletin: AIXL Flight IX-1344]—[[Air India]]
*{{YouTube|id=G2QdYA3-e8k|title=Analyst of the incident and review of the DGCA Final Report by a commercial aircraft pilot and training captain}}

{{aviation accidents and incidents in 2020}}
{{Air India}}
{{aviation accidents and incidents in India}}

[[Category:2020 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737 Next Generation]]
[[Category:Air India accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:August 2020 in India]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2020]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents involving runway overruns]]
[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Evacuations of Indians]]
[[Category:History of Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Transport in Kozhikode]]

Mandaadi

2026-04-25T15:56:04Z

AnonyMo:

{{Short description|Upcoming film directed by Mathimaran Pugazhendhi}}
{{Update|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mandaadi
| image = Mandaadi.jpg
| caption = First look poster
| director = Mathimaran Pugazhendhi
| writer = Mathimaran Pugazhendhi R. Mohana Vasanthan Thiral Sankar
| story = Mathimaran Pugazhendhi
| producer = [[Elred Kumar]] [[Vetrimaaran]] '''(creative producer)'''
| starring = [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]] [[Mahima Nambiar]]
| cinematography = [[S. R. Kathir]]
| editing = [[Pradeep E. Ragav]]
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| studio = [[RS Infotainment]]
| distributor =
| released =
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}60 crore<ref name="b">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2025 |title=Soori teams up with newcomer Mathimaran Pugazhendhi for 'Mandaadi'; first look to be out tomorrow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/soori-teams-up-with-newcomer-mathimaran-pugazhendhi-for-mandaadi-first-look-to-be-out-tomorrow/articleshow/120401931.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}

'''''Mandaadi''''' ({{translation|Sea Wanderer}}) is an upcoming Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[sports film|sports]] [[action drama film|action drama]] film written and directed by Mathimaran Pugazhendhi of ''[[Selfie (2022 film)|Selfie]]'' (2022) fame and produced by [[Elred Kumar]] under the banner of [[RS Infotainment]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2025 |title=Soori teams up with Vetri Maaran's associate and 'Selfie' maker Mathimaran Pugazhenthi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/soori-teams-up-with-vetri-maarans-associate-and-selfie-maker-mathimaran-pugazhenthi/article69094695.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211132748/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/soori-teams-up-with-vetri-maarans-associate-and-selfie-maker-mathimaran-pugazhenthi/article69094695.ece |archive-date=11 February 2025 |access-date=19 April 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] in the titular role, alongside [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]] and [[Mahima Nambiar]].

The film was officially announced in January 2025 under the tentative title Soori's Next, as it is the sixth film for Soori, as the lead actor, and the official title was announced in April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2025 |title=Gear up for the new game, new arena 💪🔥 Soori's Next Title Look from Tomorrow 11.30 am ❤️‍🔥 |url=https://x.com/rsinfotainment/status/1912758806599348498 |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2025 |title=Soori's next titled Mandaadi; comedian-turned-actor reunites with his Viduthalai team |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sooris-next-titled-mandaadi-comedian-turned-actor-reunites-with-his-viduthalai-team/ad85f629a3927 |website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref> The film has music composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], cinematography handled by [[S. R. Kathir]] and editing by [[Pradeep E. Ragav]].

== Cast ==
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Muthukkaali<ref>{{Cite web |title=I, as #Muthukaali 🔥 The game enters into next league ⛵⚓❤️‍🔥#Mandaadi 🌊 First Look – Today at 7 PM 🕖 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DIndCNHiSi0/ |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref>
* [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]] as Puli<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2025 |title=He doesn't just ride the waves⛵ He rises above them 🌊🔥 Unveiling the Fierce First Look of @ActorSuhas as "PULI" from the world of #Mandaadi TOMORROW at 11:07 AM❤️‍🔥 |url=https://x.com/rsinfotainment/status/1918901785902895227 |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>
* [[Mahima Nambiar]]
* Krish Hassan
* Mithun Jai Sankar
* [[Sathyaraj]]
* [[Bala Saravanan]]
* [[Achyuth Kumar]]
* [[Ravindra Vijay]]
* [[Ramachandran]]
* [[Aadukalam Murugadoss]]
* Phathmen
* Rajesh Gopishetty

== Production ==

After the success of ''[[Viduthalai Part 2]]'', in mid-January 2025, [[RS Infotainment]] confirmed its next project with [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] in the lead role, directed by Mathimaran Pugazhendhi, a former assistant director of [[Vetrimaaran]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-13 |title=Viduthalai makers to back Vetrimaaran-Dhanush project and Soori's next |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/viduthalai-makers-to-back-vetrimaaran-dhanush-project-and-sooris-next-9775983/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208085353/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/viduthalai-makers-to-back-vetrimaaran-dhanush-project-and-sooris-next-9775983/ |archive-date=8 February 2025 |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> who earlier directed [[Selfie (2022 film)|''Selfie'']] (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2025 |title=RS Infotainment announces new projects with Vetrimaran, Soori as Viduthalai 2 completes 25-day run in theatres |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/rs-infotainment-announces-new-projects-with-vetrimaran-soori-as-viduthalai-2-completes-25-day-run-in-theatres-819140 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> On 18 April 2025, Soori officially revealed the title of his sixth film in the lead role<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-20 |title='Mandaadi': First look of Soori's next promises a thrilling 'game of ropes' in the seas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mandaadi-first-look-soori-mahima-nambiar-vetri-maaran-mathimaran-pugazhenthi/article69470648.ece |access-date=2025-04-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> to be a sea-based action drama titled ''Mandaadi'',<ref name="b"/> with Vetrimaaran as the creative producer of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-18 |title=Mahima Nambiar, Sathyaraj to join the sets of Soori's 'Mandaadi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mahima-nambiar-sathyaraj-to-join-the-sets-of-sooris-mandaadi/articleshow/120412937.cms |access-date=2025-04-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Apart from Soori, the film stars [[Mahima Nambiar]] alongside [[Sathyaraj]], [[Achyuth Kumar]], Sachana Namidass, and [[Ravindra Vijay]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-18 |title=Soori's next titled 'Mandaadi'; Sathyaraj, Achyuth Kumar, and more join the cast |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/soori-mandaadi-vetri-maaran-mathimaran-pugazhenthi-sathyaraj-achyuth-kumar/article69464502.ece |access-date=2025-04-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The technical team consists of music composer [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], cinematographer [[S. R. Kathir]], editor [[Pradeep E. Ragav]] and stunt choreographer [[Peter Hein]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-04-19 |title=Soori and Mathimaran Pugazhendhi to collaborate on Mandaadi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Apr/19/soori-and-mathimaran-pugazhendhi-to-collaborate-on-mandaadi |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In October, production was suspended after a boat used for filming capsized and equipment worth almost {{INRConvert|1|c|year=2025}} was lost.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhav |first=Pramod |date=2025-10-06 |title=Boat capsizes during Tamil film Mandaadi shoot, gear worth Rs 1 crore lost |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/boat-capsizes-during-tamil-film-soori-mandaadi-shoot-gear-worth-rs-1-crore-lost-2798719-2025-10-06 |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> However, production eventually resumed,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-01-03 |title=‘Mandaadi’ shoot nears completion; aims for summer 2026 release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/mandaadi-shoot-nears-completion-aims-for-summer-2026-release-1036140 |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2026-02-17 |title=Suhas: I attribute my failures to some reckless decisions |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2026/Feb/17/suhas-i-attribute-my-failures-to-some-reckless-decisions |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and wrapped in April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-25 |title=Soori's 'Mandaadi' shooting wrapped |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/sooris-mandaadi-shooting-wrapped |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=DT Next |language=en |agency=IANS}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film has music and background composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-19 |title=Mandaadi first look features Soori in rustic look |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/mandaadi-first-look-features-soori-in-rustic-look-830607 |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The post-theatrical digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 April 2026|title=#Mandaadi Digital Streaming Rights Bagged by Netflix 🍿!!|url=https://x.com/OTT_Trackers/status/2043660129565081637|website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=36596965}}

[[Category:2020s Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s sports films]]
[[Category:2020s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Upcoming films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian sports films]]
[[Category:Sports action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Upcoming Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Elred Kumar]]

Mekapati Vikram Reddy

2026-04-24T13:45:02Z

AnonyMo: Creating a info initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mekapati Vikram Reddy
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Atmakur Assembly constituency|Atmakur]]
| predecessor = [[Mekapati Goutham Reddy]]
| term_start = 11 July 2022 – 4 June 2024
| parents = [[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]] (father) Mekapati Manimanjari (mother)
| relations = [[Mekapati Goutham Reddy]] (brother)
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1973}}
| alma_mater =
| education = Master's Degree in Construction Management [[IIT Madras]]
| image =
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| successor = [[Anam Ramanarayana Reddy]]
}}

'''Mekapati Vikram Reddy''' is an Indian politician and former MLA who served as Member of [[15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Atmakur Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=2022-07-11 |title=Mekapati Vikram Reddy sworn in as Atmakur MLA |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-mekapati-vikram-reddy-sworn-in-as-atmakur-mla/article65626732.ece |access-date=2022-12-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=MN |first=Samdani |title=YSRCP's Mekapati Vikram Reddy wins by huge margin of over 82,000 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/atmakur-bypoll-ysrcps-mekapati-vikram-reddy-wins-by-huge-margin-of-over-82000-votes/articleshow/92468733.cms |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bansal |first=Kritika |date=2022-06-26 |title=Mekapati Vikram Reddy of YSR Congress Party Wins Atmakur Assembly Constituency By 82,888 Votes |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/atmakur-bypoll-result-2022-live-updates-andhra-pradesh-bjp-ysr-congress-winner-5475507/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=[[Zee Media]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Pavan Kumar |date=2022-07-11 |title=Mekapati Vikram Reddy takes oath as YSRCP MLA |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/mekapati-vikram-reddy-takes-oath-as-ysrcp-mla-says-will-fullfill-his-brothers-dreams-752898 |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candidate Details |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6IkNvdmVhdG1iOGM0bExJRDYxUnR3aHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUjJzQVErK0F1T0tvK1FJbzVTbEU3UT09IiwibWFjIjoiYmRiNWYxZWYzN2RmMTU4OTA1YmE1NWZmMjljNmNhYTI0ZTZhZWM3ZTQyZDg5MmE5NjhjNGRiZjVhNzExMWIzMyJ9/Mjg=/MTY=/NA==/QUM= |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> He is the younger brother of [[Mekapati Goutham Reddy]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Pavan Kumar |date=2022-06-02 |title=Mekapati Vikram Reddy files nomination for Atmakur by-election |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/mekapati-vikram-reddy-files-nomination-for-atmakur-by-election-says-will-work-for-victory-746401 |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> and son of [[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]. He graduated from [[IIT Madras]] and has Master's Degree in Construction Management.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janyala |first=Sreenivas |date=2022-06-26 |title=Construction magnate Mekapati Vikram Reddy retains Atmakur for YSRCP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/andhra-bypoll-mekapati-vikram-reddy-atmakur-ysrcp-7992499/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> In June 2022, he was congratulated for joining the government by [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]], [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=2022-06-27 |title=Jagan Mohan Reddy congratulates Mekapati Vikram Reddy |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/jagan-mohan-reddy-congratulates-mekapati-vikram-reddy/article65573329.ece |access-date=2022-12-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Mekapati Vikram}}
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]

{{AndhraPradesh-YSRCP-politician-stub}}

Bengal Silicon Valley Tech Hub

2026-04-21T04:27:38Z

AnonyMo: New New Details!

{{Short description|Technology hub in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Bengal Silicon Valley Tech Hub
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| nickname =
| logo_image =
| logo_size =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
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| address =
| city =
| country =
| location = [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] Action Area II, [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area|Kolkata (Greater)]], [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| elevation = 
| public_transit = [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange Line]]
| parking =
| owner = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| operator = [[West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation|HIDCO]]
| designation =
| type = Technology Park
| event = [[Information technology|IT]]/ITeS [[Data centre]] [[E-commerce]] [[Internet of things|IoT]] [[Knowledge process outsourcing|KPO]] [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] [[Research and development|R&D]] [[Telecommunications|Telecom]]
| seating_type =
| suites =
| capacity =
| record_attendance =
| dimensions =
| field_shape =
| acreage = 250 acres<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/more-land-for-bengal-silicon-valley/articleshow/91478697.cms|title=More land for Bengal Silicon Valley|work=The Times of India |date=11 May 2022|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
| surface =
| scoreboard =
| screens =
| current_use =
| production =
| broke_ground =
| built =
| opened = {{Start date|2018|08|13|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bengalsiliconvalley.in/|title=Bengal Silicon Valley Tech Hub::HIDCO|website=bengalsiliconvalley.in}}</ref>
| renovated =
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
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| years_active =
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| website = {{URL|bengalsiliconvalley.in}}
| embedded =
}}
'''Bengal Silicon Valley Tech Hub''' is a [[technology]] [[Business park|hub]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], consisting of various [[Industrial park|tech parks]], buildings, projects and premises which work on the sectors like [[Information technology|IT]]/ITeS, [[Data Centre]], [[E-commerce]], [[Internet of things|IoT]], [[Knowledge process outsourcing|KPO]], [[Artificial intelligence|AI]], [[Research and development|R&D]] and [[Telecommunications|Telecom]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=SILICON VALLEY SLIDE |url=https://bengalsiliconvalley.in/assets/brouchure/SILICON_VALLEY_SLIDE.pdf |access-date=10 April 2026 |website=Bengal Silicon Valley Tech Hub}}</ref> The hub is projected to be completed in 2025, generating 1,00,000 direct jobs. As of 2022, the total investment in the hub is ₹1 trillion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/bengal-silicon-valley-expected-to-be-operational-by-2025-end/3041300/|title=Bengal Silicon Valley expected to be operational by 2025 end |website=Financial Express |date=11 April 2023 }}</ref>

==Formation==
Bengali Silicon Valley Hub was formed in 2018 to boost technology service industry in the state and was inaugurated on 13 August 2018 by Chief Minister of West Bengal [[Mamata Banerjee]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/mamata-launches-bengal-silicon-valley-hub-1502673008.html|title=Mamata launches Bengal Silicon Valley Hub|first=Statesman News|last=Service|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=13 August 2018}}</ref> Initially 100 acres of land was embarked for the hub.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/project-silicon-valley-inaugurated-in-kolkata-today|title=Project Silicon Valley inaugurated in Kolkata today|website=Get Bengal}}</ref> Afterwards another 100 acres of land was added after the announcement of finance minister [[Amit Mitra]]. 107 acres were allotted in Phase I and II with TCS having 20 acres, Reliance Jio having 40 acres, Cognizant having 25 acres, ISI having four acres, Tech Mahindra having four acres and Capgemini having four acres. The Phase III allotted 56.7 acres of land.<ref>{{cite news |first=Suman |last=Chakraborty |date= |title=Hidco to allot 56 acres for Phase III of Silicon Valley|url= |work= Times of India|page= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> Additional 50 acres of land was added to the hub in May 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/more-land-for-bengal-silicon-valley/articleshow/91478697.cms|title=More land for Bengal Silicon Valley|date=11 May 2022|work=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

==Sectors==
{{Pie chart
| thumb =
| radius = 150
| caption = Land area usage (As of 2022)<ref name="auto2"/>
| footer = As of 2022, the total area allotted stands at 224 acres with 50 companies taking 59 plots<ref>{{cite web | title=51.8 acres in Kolkata tech hub for Adani hyperscale data centre | work=The Times of India | date=7 June 2022 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/51-8-acres-in-kolkata-tech-hub-for-adani-hyperscale-data-centre/articleshow/92047983.cms?bshm=lcbsc/2 }}</ref>
| label1 = Data Centre (118.11 acres)
| value1 = 47.24
| color1 = Red
| label2 = CoE (5.36 acres)
| value2 = 2
| color2 = Green
| label3 = Digital consulting (0.05 acres)
| value3 = 0.2
| color3 = Violet
| label4 = E-commerce (6.00 acres)
| value4 = 2.4
| color4 = Brown
| label5 = IoT (1.12 acres)
| value5 = 0.48
| color5 = Blue
| label6 = AI (1.25 acres)
| value6 = 0.50
| color6 = Lime
| label7 = IT/ITeS (77.89 acres)
| value7 = 28.35
| color7 = Yellow
| label8 = KPO (5.38 acres)
| value8 = 2.15
| color8 = Orange
| label9 = R&D (8.16 acres)
| value9 = 3.26
| color9 = Black
| label10 = Telecom (0.50 acres)
| value10 = 0.2
| color10 = #82CAFF
| other = Others
| other-color =
}}

===Data Centres===
BSVH has numerous data centre projects built and under construction. In 2018, [[Jio|Reliance Jio]] took 40 acres of land to set up Rs 1,000-crore [[data centre]] facility.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Parbat |first1=Kalyan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/reliance-jio-to-set-up-rs-1000-crore-data-centre-in-kolkata/articleshow/65391067.cms|title=Jio: Reliance Jio to set up Rs 1,000-crore data centre in Kolkata|website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=13 August 2018 }}</ref> It will have two international data centres in collaboration with Microsoft and a technology centre.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/reliance-begins-construction-of-data-centre-at-silicon-valley-396419|title=Reliance begins construction of data centre at Silicon Valley|first=Team|last=MP|date=19 January 2020|website=MillenniumPost}}</ref> The facility is planned to have a 525,000 square feet of built-up area. The company invested Rs 100 crore in the first phase.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/reliance-jio-to-set-up-40-acre-data-centre-near-kolkata-1900039|title=Reliance Jio To Set Up 40-acre Data Centre Near Kolkata|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> In 2020, the construction was started.<ref name="auto1"/>

[[Adani Enterprises]] is also constructing a hyper-scale data centre on 51.75 acres of land, which is the single largest land in the hub for a data centre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/article/companies/adani-enterprises-to-set-up-data-centre-at-bengal-silicon-valley-minister-122060600707_1.html|title=Adani Enterprises to set up data centre at Bengal Silicon Valley: Minister|date=6 June 2022|website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref>

NTT Global data centres, which is a pioneer company in the field of data centre is also constructing a data hub on 7.5 acres of land in BSVH. The project was launched in 2022 with a projected investment of ₹2000 Crores. The facility will consist 6 lakh sq. ft. of area, 40 MW capacity and will be built in three phases (buildings) completing 1, 2.5 and 2.5 lakhs sq. ft. of space respectively.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ntt-to-set-up-data-hub-in-city-invest-890-cr/articleshow/96043747.cms|title=NTT to set up data hub in city, invest 890 cr|work=The Times of India |date=7 December 2022|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/business/ntt-plans-rs-2000-crore-investment-in-kolkata-data-centre-news-261998|title=NTT Plans Rs 2000 Crore Investment In Kolkata Data Centre}}</ref>

Other companies are setting up data centres like STT global data centres in 5.6 acres, CtrlS global data centes in 5.6 acres, Techno Electric & Eng in 4 acres and Airtel Nxtra in 2.85 acres.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/companies/160123/ctrls-build-indias-largest-datacenter-parks.html|title=CtrlS to build India's largest datacenter parks |date=16 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/airtel-to-set-up-data-centre-in-new-town/articleshow/86665526.cms|title=Airtel to set up data centre in New Town|work=The Times of India |date=1 October 2021|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

===IT Space===
Major IT companies have started their constructions in the hub, likely [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/technology/tech-news/tcs-reliance-adani-focus-on-bengal-silicon-valley-govt-moving-swiftly-123041100165_1.html|title=TCS, Reliance, Adani eye Bengal 'Silicon Valley,' state govt moving swiftly|date=11 April 2023|website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-bengal-silicon-valley-reliance-jio-tcs-cap-geminin-and-firstsource-solutions-respond-to-eoi-2682075|title=Bengal Silicon Valley: Reliance Jio, TCS, Cap Gemini and Firstsource Solutions respond to EOI|website=DNA India}}</ref> in 20 acres, [[LTIMindtree]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/mindtree-planning-to-set-up-development-centre-in-kolkata-says-ceo-122090701457_1.html|title=Mindtree planning to set up development centre in Kolkata, says CEO|date=7 September 2022|website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref> in 18.92 acres, [[West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation Limited|Webel]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2023/03/webel-leading-the-it-transformation-in-bengal/|title=WEBEL leading the IT transformation in Bengal|first=Puja|last=Banerjee|date=7 March 2023}}</ref> in five acres, [[RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group|Firstsource Solutions]] in four acres. There are more than 40 medium and small IT companies.{{fact|date=July 2025}}

On 9 January 2023, [[Tata Consultancy Services]] (TCS) signed a lease agreement with [[WBHIDCO]] to lease a land parcel of 20 acres at a cost of {{INRConvert|94|c|lk=on|year=2026}} for 99 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-09 |title=TCS buys 20 acres of land in Bengal Silicon Valley Tech Hub at New Town, Kolkata for ₹94 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/tcs-buys-20-acres-of-land-in-bengal-silicon-valley-tech-hub-at-new-town-kolkata-for-94-crore-101775755340093.html |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

===Others===
Other sectors include [[E-commerce]], [[Internet of things|IoT]], [[Knowledge process outsourcing|KPO]], [[Artificial intelligence|AI]], [[Research and development|R&D]] and [[Telecommunications|Telecom]]. [[Indian Statistical Institute]] has a Centre of Excellence on a four-acre plot. [[Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering & Research]], an R&D institution under [[Ministry of Electronics and Information]] has a 3.05 acre R&D unit in the hub.<ref>{{cite report |author= |date= 9 February 2019 |title= BGBS 2019 |url= |publisher= Millenium Post |page= |access-date= }}</ref>

==Connectivity and transport==
Bengal Silicon Valley Tech Hub is located on the [[Biswa Bangla Sarani]]. [[Kolkata Metro]]'s [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange Line]] serves as the rapid transit of the area.

==See also==
*[[List of tech parks in Kolkata]]
*[[FinTech Hub, Kolkata]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Business parks of India]]
[[Category:Economy of West Bengal]]
[[Category:New Town, Kolkata]]

Sahab Uddin Choudhury

2026-04-21T03:01:13Z

AnonyMo: Made Some Post V1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sahab Uddin Choudhury
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2001
| term_end = 2006
| predecessor = [[Abdul Muhib Mazumder]]
| successor = [[Hazi Salim Uddin Barbhuiya]]
| constituency = [[Hailakandi Assembly constituency|Hailakandi]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Sahab Uddin Choudhury''' is an Indian politician who was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Hailakandi Assembly constituency|Hailakandi]] in the [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] as an Independent candidate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4007-assam-2001/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2001 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=assamassembly>{{cite web |title=Members 2001-2006 |website=Assam Legislative Assembly |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-2001-06.html |accessdate=30 January 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhury, Sahab Uddin}}
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:People from Hailakandi district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Assam-politician-stub}}

Vishwa Samvad Kendra

2026-04-20T06:32:38Z

AnonyMo: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh#Publications and media]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R to section}}
{{R with history}}
}}

Bharatiya Kisan Union Arajnaitik

2026-04-20T02:51:35Z

AnonyMo: New Article!

{{Short description|Farmer's Union organization In India}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2022}}

{{Use Indian English|date = May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Bharatiya Kisan Union Arajnaitik
| native_name =
| caption = Logo of BKUA
| logo =
| abbreviation = BKUA
| predecessor =
| formation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|2022|05|15}}
| founders =
| extinction = 
| status = Active
| purpose = 
| headquarters = [[Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh]]
| region_served = India
| membership =
| leader_title = National President
| leader_name = Rajesh singh chauhan
| leader_title2 = National spokesperson
| leader_name2 = Dharmendra Malik
| key_people = Harinam Verma, Digambar Singh, Mangayram Tyagi, Rajveer Singh
| parent_organization =
| affiliations =
| website = {{url|www.bkua.org}}
| general_secretary =
}}
'''Bharatiya Kisan Union Arajnaitik''' (abbreviated '''BKUA''') (English: Indian Farmers' Union) is a farmer's representative organisation in India.The organization was formed on 15 May 2022 in [[Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh]], whose president was appointed Rajesh Singh Chauhan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bharatiya-kisan-union-rakesh-tikait-farmers-new-organisation-apolitical-1949775-2022-05-15|title= BKU splits: Section of farmers rebel against Tikait brothers, form new 'apolitical' organisation|website=[[India Today]]|date= 15 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/bharitya-kisan-union-splits-into-two-rajesh-singh-chauhan-becomes-chief-of-breakaway-faction-10676801.html|title= Bharitya Kisan Union splits into two: Rajesh Singh Chauhan becomes chief of breakaway faction|website=[[Firstpost]]|date= 15 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1024014/bharatiya-kisan-union-splits-leaders-of-new-outfit-say-it-would-remain-apolitical|title= Bharatiya Kisan Union splits, leaders of new outfit say it will remain apolitical|website=[[Scroll.in]]|date= 16 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/several-farm-leaders-part-ways-with-bku-rakesh-tikait-says-new-apolitical-outfit-formed-at-govts-behest-details-article-91592029|title=Several farm leaders part ways with BKU, Rakesh Tikait says new 'apolitical' outfit formed at govt's behest - Details|date=2022-05-15|work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/senior-bhartiya-kisan-union-leader-splits-from-union-to-form-apolitical-outfit-news-196906|title=Senior Bhartiya Kisan Union Leader Splits From Union To Form Apolitical Outfit|date=2022-05-15|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)]]}}</ref>

== History ==
In [[Uttar Pradesh]], on the occasion of the death anniversary of [[Mahendra Singh Tikait]], the leader of the farmers' movement and organization in North India, there was a split in the [[Bharatiya Kisan Union]]. Many farmer leaders associated with the Bharatiya Kisan Union of Naresh Tikait and [[Rakesh Tikait]] have separated and formed a new organization Bharatiya Kisan Union Arajnaitik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/politics/story/bku-non-political-bhartiya-kisan-union-non-political-bhartiya-kisan-union-rakesh-tikait-ntc-1464134-2022-05-15|title=भारतीय किसान यूनियन में क्यों पड़ी फूट, क्या रहे बड़े कारण, जानिए |date=2022-05-15|work=[[Aaj Tak]]}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/uttar-pradesh/uttar-pradesh-rajesh-singh-chauhan-announced-new-bku-will-be-non-political-union-au81-1233197.html|title=uttar pradesh rajesh singh chauhan announced new bku will be non political union|date=2022-02-15|work=[[TV9 Telugu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/delhi-ncr-haryana/mahendra-singh-tikait-death-anniversary-bharatiya-kisan-union-divided-in-two-groups-know-the-reason-vchr/1185817|title=महेंद्र सिंह टिकैत की पुण्यतिथि पर दो गुटों में बंटा भारतीय किसान यूनियन, सामने आई बिखराव की बड़ी वजह|date=2022-05-15|work=[[Zee News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/muzaffarnagar/bhartiya-kisan-union-rakesh-tikait-said-government-played-trick-of-dividing-so-bhartiya-kisan-union-arajanaitik-formed|title=Bhartiya Kisan Union Rakesh Tikait Said Government Played Trick Of Dividing So Bhartiya Kisan Union Arajanaitik Formed|date=2022-05-15|work=[[Amar Ujala]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/bku-non-political-chairman-targeted-tikait-family-said-they-cannot-work-for-the-interests-of-the-farmers-ann-2126025|title=Bhartiya Kisan Union activists not to contest Lok Sabha polls|date=2014-02-07|work=[[ABP News]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Bharatiya Kisan Union]]
*[[Narmada Bachao Andolan]]
*[[All India Kisan Sabha]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bkua.org/ Official Website]
{{Agriculture in India}}

[[Category:Farmers' organizations]]
[[Category:Rural community development]]
[[Category:Agricultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisers of 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]]

Surabhi Singh

2026-04-16T08:04:44Z

AnonyMo: Made First Bio W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Surabhi Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1985}}
| occupation = Dentist
| constituency = [[Kaimganj Assembly constituency|Kaimganj]]
| alma_mater = * [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University]]
* [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]]
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2022
| term_end =
| party = [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| other_party = [[National Democratic Alliance]]
| predecessor = [[Amar Singh Khatik]]
| successor = Incumbent
}}

'''Surabhi Singh''' (born 1985) is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Kaimganj Assembly constituency]] which is [[Reservation in India|reserved]] for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] in [[Farrukhabad district]]. She represents [[Apna Dal (Soneylal)]] Party, which is an ally of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-11 |title=BJP retains all seats of Farrukhabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/bjp-retains-all-seats-of-farrukhabad/articleshow/90137471.cms |access-date=2024-06-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Surabhi in Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/dr.-surabhi-kaimganj-candidate-s24a192c06/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh is from [[Kaimganj]]. She completed her [[bachelor's degree]] in dentistry at [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University|Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University]] in 2010 and later earned her postgraduate diploma in hospital management in 2020 at [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]]. She married Ajit Singh, who is also a doctor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Surabhi (winner) |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=1860&print=true |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh won the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election from the [[Kaimganj Assembly constituency|Kaimganj reserved constituency]] representing [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]] Party. She polled 1,14,952 votes and defeated Sarvesh Ambedkar of [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP) by a margin of 18,543 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Kaimganj Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Dr. Surabhi of ADS Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kaimganj-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4851845.html |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, she lost the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on [[Samajwadi Party]] ticket from the same constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Kaimganj, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: ADAL's Dr. Surabhi defeats SP's Sarvesh Ambedkar with 13883 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/kaimganj-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923221-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Surabhi}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Farrukhabad district]]
[[Category:Apna Dal (Sonelal) politicians]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

Kurupath Radhakrishnan

2026-04-16T05:29:48Z

AnonyMo: Started new page added tags

{{Short description|Indian neurologist (born 1948)}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Kurupath Radhakrishnan
|birth_date = {{birth-date and age|15 June 1948}}
|birth_place = Mathur, Palakkad district, Kerala, India
|fields = Epilepsy, neurology, neuroepidemiology
|alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Calicut Medical College]], Kerala|[[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]] (PGIMER), Chandigarh|[[Mayo Clinic]], Rochester, Minnesota, US}}
|academic_advisors = Jagjit Singh Chopra, Leonard Kurland, Donald Klass
|workplaces = {{ubl|Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Kerala, India|
|Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
|Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Cochin, Kerala, India
|Avitis Institute of Medical Sciences, Nemmara, Palakkad, Kerala, India}}
}}
'''Kurupath Radhakrishnan''' is an Indian neurologist and epileptologist, who has established R Madhavan Nayar Center for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care, (RMNC) at [[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology|Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology]] (SCTIMST) Thiruvananthapuram, India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=A SAGA OF INDIAN NEUROLOGY Reflections of Former Presidents|last=Dr. HV Srinivas|publisher=|year=|isbn=|url=https://www.ianindia.org/uploads/files/A-Saga-of-Indian-Neurology-Book-1-283.pdf|pages=80–85}}</ref> He has contributed for the resurgence of [[epilepsy surgery]] in India during 1990s, after the decline in 1970s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Radhakrishnan|first1=Kurupath|last2=Rathore|first2=Chaturbhuj|date=2017-03-01|title=Epidemiology of epilepsy surgery in India|url=https://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2017;volume=65;issue=7;spage=52;epage=59;aulast=Rathore;type=0|journal=Neurology India|language=en|volume=65|issue=7|pages=S52–S59|doi=10.4103/neuroindia.NI_924_16|issn=0028-3886|pmid=28281496|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He also served as the director of SCTIMST from 2009 - 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sctimst.ac.in/About%20SCTIMST/Former%20Directors/|title=Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum (SCTIMST)|website=sctimst.ac.in|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref> After his retirement he worked at the Department of Neurology, Kasturba Medical College, [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]], Manipal, Karnataka, India;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Dr-Kurupath-Radhakrishnan-neurologist-with-world-acclaim-has-joined-Kasturba-Hospital-Manipal-as-head-of-the-department-of-neurology-/articleshow/27533089.cms|title=Dr Kurupath Radhakrishnan, neurologist with world acclaim has joined Kasturba Hospital Manipal as head of the department of neurology. - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref> and at the Department of Neurology, Amrita Advanced Epilepsy Center, [[Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences]], Cochin, Kerala, India. Currently he is working as a senior Consultant, Department of Neurosciences, [[Avitis Institute of Medical Science]]s, Nemmara, Palakkad, Kerala, India.<ref name=":2" />

== Early life, education, and clinical training ==
Radhakrishnan was born to late Dr. T Madhavan Nair and late Smt. Kunhilakshmi Amma as the second of the five children, at the Kurupath House in the village Mathur, Palakkad district, Kerala on 15 June 1948.<ref name=":0" /> He did his schooling in Government Secondary School at Kottayi, Palakkad and later studied pre-degree course (biology) at the [[Government Victoria College, Palakkad]]. He completed the MBBS course from the [[Government Medical College, Kozhikode|Government medical college Kozhikode]], Kerala in 1971, where he won gold medals in physiology and medicine.<ref name=":0" /> He pursued his higher studies; MD (Internal Medicine) and DM (Neurology) from [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh]] in 1979. He was the first one to be awarded MNAMS (Neurology) by the National Academy of Medical Sciences, India in 1980.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.avitishospital.com/doctors-details.php?id=87|title=AVITIS|website=www.avitishospital.com|access-date=2019-07-05}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

== Career ==
He started his professional career in PGIMER, Chandigarh as a neurologist. Later he also worked as faculty at the Medical University, Benghazi, Libya, where he got interested in neuroepidemiology, which culminated in getting advanced training in neuroepidemiology under Leonard T. Kurland at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA, who is considered to be the father of neuroepidemiology.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=K|first=Radhakrishnan|date=2002-07-01|title=In memory of Leonard T. Kurland, the father of neuroepidemiology.|url=https://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2002;volume=50;issue=3;spage=377;epage=8;aulast=Radhakrishnan;type=0|journal=Neurology India|language=en|volume=50|issue=3|pages=377–8|issn=0028-3886|pmid=12391479}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kurland+LT%5BAuthor%5D+AND+Radhakrishnan|title=List of neuroepidemiology papers authored by Radhakrishan and Kurland|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Subsequently, he also got trained in EEG and epilepsy from Donald Klass at the Mayo Clinic. He returned to India in 1994 as Professor and Head of Department of Neurology at Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, where he established R Madhavan Nayar Center for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care using philanthropic funding in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sctimst.ac.in/about%20sctimst/Departments%20and%20Divisions/Hospital%20Wing/R%20Madhavan%20Nayar%20Center%20for%20Comprehensive%20Epilepsy%20Care/|title=R Madhavan Nayar Center for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care - Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum (SCTIMST)|website=sctimst.ac.in|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref> This was one of the pioneering centers in India which contributed for the paradigm shift in comprehensive epilepsy management. The center was mainly involved in 1) medical, surgical, psychosocial and occupational management of individual patients with epilepsy; 2) educating the primary and secondary care physicians about the current trends in the management of epilepsy, and enhance public awareness about epilepsy in order to dispel the prevailing misconceptions; and 3) undertake clinical, applied and basic science research and evolve cost-effective investigative and treatment strategies. This center performs almost 100 epilepsy surgeries annually.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Radhakrishnan|first=Kurupath|date=2009-01-01|title=Epilepsy surgery in India|journal=Neurology India|language=en|volume=57|issue=1|pages=4–6|doi=10.4103/0028-3886.48791|issn=0028-3886|pmid=19305068 |doi-access=free |hdl=1807/56249|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
Prof. Radhakrishnan is a life member of the [[Neurological Society of India]], [[Indian Academy of Neurology]] and [[Indian Epilepsy Association]]. He is a past president of the Indian Academy of Neurology. He is a Fellow of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] India (FAMS), [[American Academy of Neurology]] (FAAN) and [[American Neurological Association]] (FANA). He was awarded the prestigious Mayo Clinical Award in 1994, and the ‘Outstanding Achievement Epilepsy Award’ at the Asian Ocean Epilepsy Congress (AOEC), March 2012.<ref name=":2" /> He has served in the editorial board of Epilepsia, Neurology India and Indian Academy of Neurology. Recently, he has been appointed as Associate Editor of Epilepsy and Behavior Case Reports. He has over 300 scientific publications, several book chapters, with more than 12,000 citations, [[h-index]] of 57 and [[i10-index]] of 174.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=AARiBeYAAAAJ&hl=en|title=Kurupath Radhakrishnan - Google Scholar Citations|website=scholar.google.com|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref> He is also a recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award of Madras Neuro Trust.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madrasneurotrust.org/lifetime-achivement.html |title=MADRAS NEURO TRUST |website=www.madrasneurotrust.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220013643/http://www.madrasneurotrust.org/lifetime-achivement.html |archive-date=2017-02-20}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radhakrishnan, Kurupath}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian neurologists]]
[[Category:Indian epileptologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kerala]]

Stanzin Lundup

2026-04-14T18:21:16Z

AnonyMo: Made Some Details V1

{{Short description|Indian cross-country skier (born 1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox skier
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|6|11}}
| birth_place = [[Hemis]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India (now in [[Ladakh]])
| nationality = [[India]]
| sport = [[Cross-country skiing]]
| occupation = [[Indian Army]] athlete
}}

'''Stanzin Lundup''' (born 11 June 1998) is an Indian cross-country skier who competed at the 2026 Winter Olympics in the [[Cross-country skiing at the 2026 Winter Olympics – Men's 10 kilometre freestyle|10 kilometre freestyle]] for [[India at the 2026 Winter Olympics|India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olympedia – Stanzin Lundup |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/156643 |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=www.olympedia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Federation |first=International Ski and Snowboard |title=FIS | Stanzin LUNDUP - Athlete Biography - Cross-Country |url=https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/athlete-biography.html?sectorcode=cc&competitorid=283431 |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=www.fis-ski.com |language=en}}</ref> He placed 104th in the event.<ref name="intd">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Saurabh |date=13 February 2026 |title=Winter Olympics: India's Stanzin finishes 104th in men's 10km cross-country skiing |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/india-stanzin-lundup-104th-mens-10km-freestyle-cross-country-skiing-winter-olympics-2868022-2026-02-13 |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Lundup serves in the [[Indian Army]].<ref name="intd"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{FIS cross-country skier}}
* [https://www.olympics.com/en/milano-cortina-2026/results/athlete-details/22366 Stanzin Lundup] at [[Milano Cortina 2026]]
* {{Olympics.com|stanzin-lundup}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lundup, Stanzip}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Skiers from Ladakh]]
[[Category:People from Leh district]]
[[Category:Indian male cross-country skiers]]
[[Category:Olympic cross-country skiers for India]]
[[Category:Cross-country skiers at the 2026 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-crosscountry-skiing-bio-stub}}

Prathipadu, Guntur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:32:24Z

AnonyMo: new entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{distinguish|Prathipadu, Kakinada Assembly constituency}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Prathipadu
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (93- highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Prathipadu Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Burla Ramanjaneyulu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
| reservation = SC
| constituency_no = 93
| established = 1951
| electors = 267888
| type = SLA
}}

'''Prathipadu Assembly constituency''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] reserved constituency in [[Guntur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Burla Ramanjaneyulu]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 2019, there are a total of 250,247 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=https://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== History ==
In the Prathipadu assembly constituency, several political parties have competed for representation over the years. The Indian National Congress (INC) has been a prominent contender, securing victory in 5 elections held in 1952, 1972, 1978, 2004, and 2009. Following closely behind, the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) has demonstrated significant electoral success, winning seats in 7 elections conducted in 1983, 1985, 1989, 1994, 1999,2014 and 2024. Additionally, other parties such as the YSR Congress Party (YSRCP), Krishikar Lok Party (KLP), Communist Party of India (CPI), and Swatantra Party have also made notable contributions to the political landscape of the constituency.

According to the orders of the Delimitation Commission in 1955, the Assembly Constituency was named Pedda Kakani and included Prathipadu firka and Peddakakani firka (excluding Koppuravur, Venigandla, Nambur, Kantamraj-Kondur, Penumuli, and Devarayabhotlapalem villages) in Guntur taluk.<ref>Delimitation Commission, 1955, pp. 22, 48.</ref>

In the 1967 delimitation order, the Prathipadu Assembly Constituency was established, comprising Prathipadu firka in Guntur taluk, Nadendla firka, and six villages in Narasaraopet firka in Narasaraopet taluk. The six villages from Narasaraopet firka are:
* Dondapadu
* Kondakavur
* Ellamanda
* Kesanipalle
* Pothavarappadu
* Jonnalagadda.<ref>Delimitation Order, 1967, pp. 22, 31.</ref>

In the 1976 delimitation of parliamentary and assembly constituencies, the Prathipadu Assembly Constituency was formed with Prathipadu firka and Pedakakani firka (excluding the villages of Kopparavur, Venigandla, Pedakakani, Nambur, Kantamraju-Kondur, Penumuli, and Devarayabhotlapalem) in Guntur taluk.<ref>Delimitation Order, 1976.</ref> The latest delimitation was done in 2008.

== Mandals ==
It was formed with five ''[[Tehsil|mandals]]'' of Guntur district in 2009.<ref>{{cite book|title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DelimitationofParliamentaryAssemblyConstituenciesOrder-2008(English).pdf|publisher=The Election Commission of India}}</ref>

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Guntur Mandal (except M.Corp.)
|-
| [[Vatticherukuru]]
|-
| [[Prathipadu, Guntur district|Prathipadu]]
|-
| [[Pedanandipadu mandal|Pedanandipadu]]
|-
| [[Kakumanu]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan=2 | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Tamma Kotamma Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| M. C. Nagaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Peter Paul Chukka
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|Karumuru Lakshminarayanareddy
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|rowspan=5|Makineni Peda Rathaiah
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
|[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Raavi Venkata Ramana
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=2|[[Mekathoti Sucharitha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2012 Andhra Pradesh by-elections|2012]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Ravela Kishore Babu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[Mekathoti Sucharitha]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Burla Ramanjaneyulu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2024"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Prathipadu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Burla Ramanjaneyulu]]
|votes = 1,28,665
|percentage = 58.09
|change = {{increase}}17.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Balasani Kiran Kumar|votes=86,650|percentage=39.12|change={{decrease}}4.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Korivi Vinaya Kumar|votes=3,491|percentage=1.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=1,389|percentage=0.63|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=42,015|percentage=18.97|change={{increase}}15.45}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,21,479|percentage=83.72|change={{decrease}}0.21}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2024"/>

===2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Prathipadu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Mekathoti Sucharitha]]|votes=92,508|percentage=43.98%|change=-2.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Dokka Manikya Vara Prasada Rao]]|votes=85,110|percentage=40.46%|change=-9.64}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janasena Party|candidate=Ravela Kishore Babu|votes=26,371|percentage=12.54%|change=+12.54}}{{Election box majority||votes=7,398|percentage=3.52|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,10,342|percentage=83.93|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Prathipadu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Ravela Kishore Babu]]|votes=96,274|percentage=50.10|change=+10.61}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Mekathoti Sucharitha]]|votes=88,869|percentage=46.02|change=-2.82}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,405|percentage=3.90|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=193,101|percentage=85.46|change=+4.13}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012 By-Election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Andhra Pradesh by-elections]]: Prathipadu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Mekathoti Sucharitha]]|votes=87,742|percentage=48.83|change=+9.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kandukuri Veeraiah|votes=70,961|percentage=39.49|change=1.38}}
{{Election box majority||votes=16,781|percentage=9.34|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,79,662|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Prathipadu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mekathoti Sucharitha]]|votes=66,324|percentage=39.32|change=-12.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kandukuri Veeraiah|votes=64,282|percentage=38.11|change=-8.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Korivi Vinay Kumar|votes=33,889|percentage=20.09|change= +20.09}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,042|percentage=1.21|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=168,669|percentage=81.33|change=+0.23}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Prathipadu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ravi Venkata Ramana|votes=52,403|percentage=51.71|change=+8.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Makineni Peda Rattaiah|votes=47,479|percentage=46.85|change=-8.70}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,925|percentage=4.86|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=101,366|percentage=81.10|change=+10.10}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Prathipadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1999 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Makineni Peda Rathaiah|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=52,038|percentage=55.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rayapati Srinivas|party=Indian National Congress|votes=40,468|percentage=43.20%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,570 |percentage=12.35% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=95,087|percentage=72.06%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,951|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Prathipadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1994 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4051-andhra-pradesh-1994/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Makineni Peda Rathaiah|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=50,765 |percentage=55.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chebrolu Hanumaiah|party=Indian National Congress|votes=37,786|percentage=41.53%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,979 |percentage=14.26% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=92,299|percentage=73.81%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,053 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Prathipadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1989 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4050-andhra-pradesh-1989/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Makineni Peda Rathaiah|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=47,972 |percentage=51.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Venkata Appa Rao Guntupalli |party=Indian National Congress|votes=45,192|percentage=48.17%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,780 |percentage=2.96% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=95,509|percentage=73.83%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,363|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Prathipadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1985 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= Makineni Peda Rathaiah |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=42,004 |percentage=55.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Peter Paul Chukka|party=Indian National Congress|votes=31,214|percentage=41.17%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,790|percentage=14.23% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=76,921|percentage=70.80%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,651 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Telugu Desam Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Prathipadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1983 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4048-andhra-pradesh-1983/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= Makineni Peda Rathaiah|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=41,885 |percentage=59.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Venkata Appa Rao Guntupalli|party=Indian National Congress|votes=28,491|percentage=40.19%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,394 |percentage=18.90% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=72,178|percentage=70.93%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,754 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress (I) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Prathipadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1978 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Lakshmi Narayana Reddy Karumuru|party= Indian National Congress (I) |votes=27,961 |percentage=39.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sadasiva Rao K |party=Janata Party|votes=26,703|percentage=37.31%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,258 |percentage=1.76% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=73,089|percentage=74.90%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,584 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Indian National Congress (I) ||loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Prathipadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1972 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Peter Paul Chukka|party= Indian National Congress |votes=37,402 |percentage=57.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manne China Nagaiah|party=Swatantra Party|votes=25,993|percentage=39.72%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,409 |percentage=17.43% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=67,067|percentage=67.57%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,257 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= Swatantra Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Prathipadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1967 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4045-andhra-pradesh-1967/?do=download|publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=M.C. Nagaiah|party= Swatantra Party |votes=26,361 |percentage=44.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=E.C.R Reddy|party=Independent (politician)|votes=23,723|percentage=39.96%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,638 |percentage=4.44% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=63,715|percentage=74.39%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,653 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Swatantra Party ||loser= Communist Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Prathipadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1952 Madras Assembly Election Results |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Webarchieve |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf/ |archive-date=27 January 2013 | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= Tamma Kotamma Reddy|party= Indian National Congress |votes=15,130 |percentage=26.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Managva Seshayya|party=Communist Party of India|votes=14,274|percentage=24.99%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gingupalli Bapaiah|party=Independent (politician)|votes=13,732|percentage=24.04%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. Venkatasivaiah|party=Krishikar Lok Party|votes=12,954|percentage=22.68%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Y. Ananda Rao|party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|votes=1,028|percentage=1.80%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=856 |percentage=1.50% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=57,118|percentage=74.30%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,879 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==Peddakakani==
{{Election box begin|title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Peddakakani<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1962 Andhra State Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4044-andhra-pradesh-1962/?do=download| website= Webarchieve | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= PANGULURI KOTESWARARAO|party= Communist Party of India |votes=17,392 |percentage= 35.53|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=GUNTUPALLI SURYANARAYANA|party= Indian National Congress |votes=15,450|percentage=31.56|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=48,939|percentage=68.12%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,689 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Communist Party of India |loser= Krishikar Lok Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1955===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Peddakakani<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1955 Andhra State Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4042-andhra-pradesh-1955/?do=download| website= Webarchieve | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= GINJUPALLI BAPAYYA|party= Krishikar Lok Party |votes=25,865 |percentage= 55.51|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=PANGULURI KOTESWARARAO|party=Communist Party of India|votes=20,728|percentage=44.49|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=46,592|percentage=72.14%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,583 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Krishikar Lok Party |loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

{{coord|16.18|80.34|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Guntur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Salima Tete

2026-04-13T16:38:58Z

AnonyMo: Made New Bio W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| player name = Salima Tete
| image = Women's Hockey5s Medallist Ceremony YOG18 14-10-2018 (038) (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Salima Tete at the [[2018 Summer Youth Olympics]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2001|12|27}}
| birth_place = [[Simdega]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| position = Midfielder
| years1 =
| clubs1 = Hockey Jharkhand
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 = [[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2025–
| clubs3 = [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalyears2 = 2016–
| nationalcaps2 = 150
| nationalgoals2 = 16
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Hangzhou]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2022 Muscat]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2023 Ranchi]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2024 Rajgir]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|FIH Nations Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022 Spain]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Field hockey at the Youth Olympic Games|Youth Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver| [[2018 Summer Youth Olympics|2018 Buenos Aires]] | [[Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' tournament|Team]]}}
}}
'''Salima Tete''' (born 26 December 2001) is an Indian [[field hockey]] player.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-12|title=Determined to Perform Consistently for Indian Women's Hockey Team: Salima Tete|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/determined-to-perform-consistently-for-indian-womens-hockey-team-salima-tete-3073217.html|access-date=2021-07-05|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Patwardhan|first=Deepti|date=2021-05-04|title=The Olympics dreams of Jharkhand's hockey queens|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//news/big-story/the-olympics-dreams-of-jharkhand-s-hockey-queens-111620121878216.html|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Mintlounge|language=en}}</ref> On 2 May 2023, she was named as the captain of the India women's national field hockey team.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-03 |title=Salima takes baton from Savita as India captain |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/salima-takes-baton-from-savita-as-india-captain/articleshow/109799047.cms |access-date=2024-05-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Tete is from a village in the [[Simdega district]] of Jharkhand. Both her parents work as farmers. Her father also played hockey.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Mrituanjay|title=Hockey players Nikki Pradhan, Salima Tete selected for Olympics|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/hockey-players-nikki-pradhan--salima-tete-selected-for-olympics.html|access-date=2021-07-05|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=From back of beyond to front and centre: How progressive thinking turned rural Jharkhand into India's women's hockey hotspot |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/from-back-of-beyond-to-front-and-centre-how-progressive-thinking-turned-rural-jharkhand-into-indias-womens-hockey-hotspot-9052106/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
She made her debut for the national side in 2017 against [[Belarus women's national field hockey team|Belarus]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-29|title=Tokyo Olympics 2020: Postponement gives Indian women's hockey team scope to improve, says midfielder Salima Tete|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/tokyo-olympics-2020-postponement-gives-indian-womens-hockey-team-scope-to-improve-says-midfielder-salima-tete-8312241.html|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

At the [[2018 Summer Youth Olympics|2018 Youth Olympic games]], she was the captain of the Indian side, which went on to win a silver medal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=K. A.|date=2021-06-18|title=Two girls from Jharkhand in Tokyo Olympics hockey team {{!}} Ranchi News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/2-girls-from-state-in-oly-hockey-team/articleshow/83616139.cms|access-date=2021-07-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, she was selected in the Indian squad for the [[2020 Summer Olympics|Tokyo Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sadanandam|first=Abishek|date=2021-06-24|title=A look at the Indian women's hockey team going to the Tokyo Olympics|url=https://thebridge.in/hockey/indian-women-hockey-team-tokyo-olympics-22376|access-date=2021-07-05|website=thebridge.in|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{sports links}}
*[https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/salima-tete-profile-2131 Salima Tete] at [[Hockey India]]

{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FHW Squad 2020 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Asia Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 World Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Asian Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2025 Asia Cup}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tete, Salima}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Simdega district]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Pinak Ranjan Chakravarty

2026-04-11T19:38:39Z

AnonyMo: new new data

{{short description|Indian diplomat and former High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office1 = [[List of high commissioners of India to Bangladesh|High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh]]
| term_start1 = January 2007
| term_end1 = December 2009
| predecessor1 = [[Veena Sikri]]
| successor1 = [[Rajeet Mitter]]
| office2 = Ambassador of India to Thailand
| term_start2 = 2010
| term_end2 = 2011
| predecessor2 = [[Latha Reddy]]
| successor2 = [[Anil Wadhwa]]
| occupation = [[Indian Foreign Service]]
| children =
| party =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| spouse =
| sibling =
| website =
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]
}}
'''Pinak Ranjan Chakravarty''' is a retired Indian diplomat and former [[List of high commissioners of India to Bangladesh|High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title=Mature leadership in India and Bangladesh has not let minor disagreements threaten shared interests |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-bangladesh-ties-have-grown-mature-leadership-on-both-sides-8139541/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Chakravarty joined the Indian Foreign Service in 1977.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pinak Ranjan Chakravarty |url=https://www.orfonline.org/people-expert/pinak-ranjan-chakravarty |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=orfonline.org |language=en}}</ref> He had served in diplomatic missions in London, Jeddah, and Cairo.<ref name=":0" /> From 1994 to 1995, he was Consul-General of India in Karachi, Pakistan.<ref name=":0" />

Chakravarty was the Director of the 1995 [[SAARC]] Summit Secretariat.<ref name=":0" /> From 1995 to 1999, Chakravarty was a Counsellor at the Indian Embassy in Israel.<ref name=":0" /> He was the Deputy High Commissioner of India in Dhaka from 1999 to 2002.<ref name=":0" />

From 2002 to 2006, Chakravarty was the chief of protocol at the Ministry of External Affairs.<ref name=":0" /> He was appointed Ambassador of India to the Philippines but quickly shifted to the High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh in 2007.<ref name=":0" /> He called for a redrawing of Bangladesh-India border to solve old issues such as enclaves.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-19 |title=Time for new border |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-118490 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He served till 2010 when he was appointed the Ambassador of India to Thailand.<ref name=":0" />

Chakravarty was appointed Special Secretary (Public Diplomacy) in 2011 and later he was made the Secretary of Economic Relations at the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]].<ref name=":0" /> He retired from government service in 2011.<ref name=":0" />

Chakravarty cofounded thinktank DeepStrat, based in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-16 |title=Ambassador Pinak Ranjan Chakravarty, IFS - Deepstrat |url=https://deepstrat.in/team/ambassador-pinak-ranjan-chakravarty-ifs/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a visiting fellow of the [[Observer Research Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-17 |title=Pinak Ranjan Chakravarty - Jaipur Literature Festival |url=https://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/speaker/pinak-ranjan-chakravarty |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Jaipur Literature Festival |language=en}}</ref> He wrote ''Transformation- Emergence of Bangladesh and Evolution of India-Bangladesh Ties'' about [[Bangladesh–India relations|Bangladesh-India relations]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Book Discussion: Transformation- Emergence of Bangladesh and Evolution of India-Bangladesh Ties |url=https://www.orfonline.org/event/book-discussion-transformation-emergence-of-bangladesh-and-evolution-of-india-bangladesh-ties |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=orfonline.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukharji |first=Shantanu |date=2024-04-27 |title=An insider's chronicle |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/books/an-insiders-chronicle-561779 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, he wrote that popular anger against perceived corruption of Awami League meant India had to be ready to talk with [[Khaleda Zia]] and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 February 2018 |title=India must continue to support Hasina, but should not write off Khaleda Zia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/india-must-continue-to-support-hasina-but-should-not-write-off-khaleda-zia/story-hKsH5CN0jfC9DNVQ85UkFP.html |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

On 28 March 2024, Chakravarty claimed the United States Ambassador to Bangladesh, [[Peter D. Haas]], left the country following a strong warning from New Delhi to Washington DC about attempting regime change in Bangladesh.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Islam |first=M Serajul |date=23 April 2024 |title=Unbecoming comments of ex-Indian high commissioner |url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/opinion/233301/unbecoming-comments-of-ex-indian-high-commissioner |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=New age}}</ref> He believes India should support the ruling [[Awami League]] while viewing [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] as anti-Hindu and anti-India.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravarty |first=Pinak Ranjan |date=2024-01-07 |title=In Bangladesh, a Raging 'One-Woman' Show Against US' Selective Strategy |url=https://www.thequint.com/opinion/bangladesh-elections-sheikh-hasina-posed-as-pm-for-fifth-time-us-selective-diplomacy-india-pakistan |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh's growing Islamist violence and how it can destroy the country |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/bangladeshs-growing-islamist-violence-and-how-it-can-destroy-the-country |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=orfonline.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Matthew Miller (spokesperson)|Matthew Miller]], spokesman for the US State Department, denied his comments about Haas hiding during the general elections in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2024 |title=US denies 'Peter Haas' hiding' during Bangladesh election |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/229891/us-denies-peter-haas-hiding-during-bangladesh-election |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=New Age}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakravarty, Pinak Ranjan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Thailand]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the Philippines]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Yawal Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:30:14Z

AnonyMo: Made A Info Basic Info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Yawal
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 1,67,900
| mla = Chaudhary Ramesh Vitthal
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Yawal Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Patil Vithalrao Nathu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Deshpande Ramabai Narayan
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Ramabai Narayan Deshpande
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="2" | Jivaram Tukaram Mahajan
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Choudhari Sindhu Parth || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan="2" | Jivaram Tukaram Mahajan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan="2" | Chaudhary Ramesh Vitthal
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Haribhau Madhao Jawale || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Chaudhary Ramesh Vitthal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yawal }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chaudhary Ramesh Vitthal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,148 |percentage = 45.95% |change = {{increase}}6.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jawale Haribhau Madhav |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,726 |percentage = 41.98% |change = {{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vilas Nemichand Jain |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,007 |percentage = 6.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjay Prabhakar Tawade |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,786 |percentage = 3.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tayade Jayram Dagadu |party = Independent politician |votes = 979 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,422 |percentage = 3.97% |change = {{increase}}3.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 111,543 |percentage = 66.43% |change = {{decrease}}1.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 111,307}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,900 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yawal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Haribhau Madhao Jawale |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 38,227 |percentage = 40.10% |change = {{increase}}3.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chaudhary Ramesh Vitthal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,815 |percentage = 39.67% |change = {{decrease}}1.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chaudhari Ulhas Nimba |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 13,011 |percentage = 13.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salunke Subhash Gendu |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,793 |percentage = 6.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 412 |percentage = 0.43% |change = {{decrease}}3.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 101,584 |percentage = 68.17% |change = {{decrease}}7.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,320}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,010 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yawal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chaudhary Ramesh Vitthal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,077 |percentage = 40.69% |change = {{decrease}}8.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arun Govinda Mahajan |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 40,000 |percentage = 36.92% |change = {{decrease}}4.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salunke Subhash Gendu |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 11,431 |percentage = 10.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chaudhary Diwakar Shrawan |party = Janata Dal |votes = 5,547 |percentage = 5.12% |change = {{decrease}}0.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Uday Baburao Chaudhary |party = All-India Muslim League |votes = 2,016 |percentage = 1.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khushal Ramu Mahajan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,620 |percentage = 1.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,077 |percentage = 3.76% |change = {{decrease}}3.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,676 |percentage = 76.12% |change = {{increase}}8.30 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 108,329}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,016 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yawal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chaudhary Ramesh Vitthal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,668 |percentage = 48.75% |change = {{decrease}}5.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arun Govinda Mahajan |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 37,607 |percentage = 41.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Diwakar Shrawan Chaudhari |party = Janata Dal |votes = 5,159 |percentage = 5.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kashinatn Motiram Patil |party = Hindustan Janta Party |votes = 3,506 |percentage = 3.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,061 |percentage = 7.71% |change = {{decrease}}14.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,618 |percentage = 67.82% |change = {{increase}}12.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 91,622}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,045 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yawal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jivaram Tukaram Mahajan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,685 |percentage = 54.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Borole Yashwant Mansaram |party = Janata Party |votes = 19,009 |percentage = 31.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hamid Tadvi |party = Lokdal |votes = 2,695 |percentage = 4.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Medhe Bhimrao Kautik |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,234 |percentage = 3.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Kashiram Motiram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,423 |percentage = 2.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sonawane Prabhakar Jangalu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,292 |percentage = 2.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ingale Ramesh Chatru |party = Independent politician |votes = 646 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,676 |percentage = 22.61% |change = {{increase}}11.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,272 |percentage = 55.56% |change = {{decrease}}5.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,484}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,075 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing = {{increase}}5.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yawal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jivaram Tukaram Mahajan |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 30,503 |percentage = 48.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chaudhary Ramesh Vitthal |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,686 |percentage = 37.62% |change = {{increase}}7.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tadvi Mirabai Dagekha |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,167 |percentage = 9.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tadvi Hamid Vajir |party = Janata Party (Secular) [[Raj Narain]] |votes = 1,059 |percentage = 1.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Kashiram Motiram |party = Independent politician |votes = 589 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Gangadhar Nathu |party = Independent politician |votes = 560 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,817 |percentage = 10.83% |change = {{increase}}4.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,997 |percentage = 61.05% |change = {{decrease}}7.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,962}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,471 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}12.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yawal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Choudhari Sindhu Parth |party = Janata Party |votes = 24,021 |percentage = 36.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tadvi Mirabai Dagekha |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 19,617 |percentage = 29.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jivaram Tukaram Mahajan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,583 |percentage = 26.56% |change = {{decrease}}39.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Kashiram Motiram |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,285 |percentage = 3.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tayde Manohar Rajaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,726 |percentage = 2.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sonwane Lotu Onkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 958 |percentage = 1.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,404 |percentage = 6.65% |change = {{decrease}}25.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,586 |percentage = 68.36% |change = {{increase}}12.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,190}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,336 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}30.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yawal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jivaram Tukaram Mahajan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,567 |percentage = 66.31% |change = {{increase}}13.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kashinatn Motiram Patil |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 15,022 |percentage = 33.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,545 |percentage = 32.62% |change = {{increase}}3.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,200 |percentage = 55.73% |change = {{decrease}}16.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,589}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,901 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yawal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jivaram Tukaram Mahajan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,474 |percentage = 52.94% |change = {{increase}}10.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganpat Bhavadu Mahajan |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 11,842 |percentage = 23.68% |change = {{decrease}}17.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. A. Patil |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 5,825 |percentage = 11.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. G. Chaudhari |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,260 |percentage = 8.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. N. Patil |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 1,602 |percentage = 3.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,632 |percentage = 29.26% |change = {{increase}}27.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,970 |percentage = 71.98% |change = {{increase}}10.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,003}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,978 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yawal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ramabai Narayan Deshpande |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,809 |percentage = 42.85% |change = {{decrease}}14.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganpat Bhavadu Mahajan |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 15,246 |percentage = 41.32% |change = {{decrease}}1.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shenfadu Deoram Patil |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,098 |percentage = 8.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ekanath Tukaram Patil |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,743 |percentage = 7.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 563 |percentage = 1.53% |change = {{decrease}}12.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,652 |percentage = 61.82% |change = {{decrease}}4.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,896}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,761 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}14.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Yawal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Deshpande Ramabai Narayan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,848 |percentage = 57.00% |change = {{decrease}}7.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Borole Yeshwant Mansaram |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 17,993 |percentage = 43.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,855 |percentage = 13.99% |change = {{decrease}}32.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,841 |percentage = 66.22% |change = {{increase}}4.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,841}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,182 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Yawal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Vithalrao Nathu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,118 |percentage = 64.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Vyankatrao Bhaga |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 6,433 |percentage = 18.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Nikanth Shripat |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 6,177 |percentage = 17.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,685 |percentage = 46.70% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,728 |percentage = 61.75% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,728}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,863 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Jainism in Tamil Nadu

2026-03-26T06:28:58Z

AnonyMo: Created new entry initial version

{{Short description|none}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}

[[File:Kazhugumalai Jain beds (10).jpg|thumb|[[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]] ]]
{{Jainism}}
'''Jainism''' has an extensive history in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], although practiced by a minority of Tamils in contemporary times. According to the 2011 [[Census of India|India Census]], Jains represent 0.12% of the total population of Tamil Nadu,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref> and are of the [[Digambara]] sect. Tamil Jains are primarily concentrated in northern Tamil Nadu, in the districts of [[Madurai district|Madurai]], [[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]], [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]], [[Vellore district|Vellore]], [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]], [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]] and [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]].

==History==
[[File:அரிய சித்தன்னவாசல் ஒவியம் (Rare Siththanna Vaasal Painting).jpg|thumb|left|[[Sittanavasal Cave]] painting, 7th century]]

Early [[Tamil-Brahmi]] inscriptions in Tamil Nadu dated to the 3rd century BCE and describe the livelihoods of Tamil Jains. The oldest known Tamil kings were recorded to follow the Jain religion which makes Jainism, the second oldest religion in Tamil Nadu.
Inscriptions dating back to 8th century CE were found in [[Tiruchirappalli]] narrating the presence of Jain monks in the region.<ref>{{citation |title=Eighth century artefacts on Jainism at Rockfort lie neglected, damaged |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/Eighth-century-artefacts-on-Jainism-at-Rockfort-lie-neglected-damaged/articleshow/52709779.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 July 2016 }}</ref>

The [[Kalabhra dynasty]], who were patrons of Jainism, ruled over the entire [[ancient Tamil country]] in the 3rd–7th century CE.<ref name="kulke">{{cite book|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|author-link1=Hermann Kulke|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|date=2007|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780415329200|page=105|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC|access-date=7 September 2016|language=en}}</ref>

[[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]]s followed [[Hinduism]] but also patronized Jainism. The [[Trilokyanatha Temple]] in [[Kanchipuram]] and [[Chitharal Jain Temple]] were built during the reign of the [[Pallava dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/article8179948.ece|title = Looking for Jina Kanchi|newspaper = The Hindu|date = February 2016|last1 = Jain|first1 = Mahima A.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Chitharal| website=Tamil Nadu Tourism| url=http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/places/citiestowns/Kanniyakumari2.aspx?catid=c1&subcat1id=c1s1&subcat2id=c1s1s7 | access-date=23 March 2017}}</ref>

The [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyan]] kings were initially [[Jains]] but later became [[Shaivaites]].<ref name="EB">{{cite web|title=Pandya dynasty|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pandya-dynasty|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> The [[Sittanavasal Cave]] and [[Samanar Malai]] are Jain complexes that were built during the reign of [[Pandyan dynasty]].

The [[Chola]]s patronised Hinduism, however, Jainism also flourished during their rule.{{sfn|Sastri|2002|p=339}} The construction of [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)|Tirumalai cave complex]] was commissioned [[Kundavai|Queen Kundavai]], elder sister of [[Rajaraja Chola I]]. The [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)|Tirumalai cave complex]] consists of 3 Jain caves, 2 Jain temples and a {{convert|16|m|feet}} high sculpture of Tirthankara [[Neminatha]] which is the tallest idol of Neminatha and the largest Jain idol in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The Digambara Jain Temple in [[Thirakoil]] and the [[Mallinathaswamy Jain Temple, Mannargudi|Mallinathaswamy Jain Temple]] in [[Mannargudi]] were both built during the reign of the [[Chola dynasty]].

=== Decline of Jainism ===
[[File:Impalement Mural at Avudaiyar Koil ஆவுடையார் கோயில் கழுவேற்றும் ஓவியம்.jpg|thumb|185px|left|[[Impalement of the Jains in Madurai|Impalement of Jains by Sambandar at Madurai]]]]
Royal patronage has been a key factor in the growth as well as the decline of Jainism.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|pp=69–70}} The Pallava king [[Mahendravarman I]] (600{{nsndns}}630 CE) converted from Jainism to Shaivism under the influence of Appar.{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=409}} His work ''[[Mattavilasa Prahasana]]'' ridicules certain Shaiva sects and the Buddhists and also expresses contempt towards Jain ascetics.{{sfn|Arunachalam|1981|p=170}} Sambandar converted the contemporary [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandya]] king to Shaivism. During the 11th century, [[Basava]], a minister to the Jain king [[Bijjala II]], succeeded in converting numerous Jains to the [[Lingayatism|Lingayat]] Shaivite sect. The Lingayats destroyed various temples belonging to Jains and adapted them to their use.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=75–77}} The [[Hoysala dynasty|Hoysala]] king [[Vishnuvardhana]] (c.{{nbsp}}1108{{nsndns}}1152 CE) became a follower of the [[Vaishnava]] sect under the influence of saint [[Ramanuja]], after which Vaishnavism grew rapidly.{{sfn|Das|2005|p=161}}

== Art ==

=== Influence on Tamil literature ===
[[File:Tamil palm-leaf manuscript of Ciṟupañcamūlam 2.jpg|A palm leaf manuscript with ancient Tamil text [[Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi]]|300x200px|thumb]]
Parts of the [[Sangam literature]] in Tamil are attributed to Jain authors.
[[File:Mangulam inscription.jpg|thumb|[[Mangulam]] inscription dated 3rd century BCE]]
Parts of the [[Sangam literature]] in Tamil are attributed to Jains. Tamil Jain texts such as the ''[[Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi]]'' and ''[[Nālaṭiyār]]'' are credited to Digambara Jain authors.{{sfn|Cort|1998|p=163}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=116–117}} These texts have seen interpolations and revisions. For example, it is generally accepted now that the Jain nun Kanti inserted a 445-verse poem into ''Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi'' in the 12th century.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|pp=37–38}}{{sfn|Spuler|1952|pp=24–25, context: 22–27}} The Tamil Jain literature, according to Dundas, has been "lovingly studied and commented upon for centuries by Hindus as well as Jains".{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=116–117}} The themes of two of the Tamil epics, including the ''Silapadikkaram'', have an embedded influence of Jainism.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=116–117}}
Some scholars believe that the author of the oldest extant work of literature in Tamil (3rd century BCE), [[Tolkāppiyam]], was a Jain.<ref name=Encyclopaedia>{{Cite book | last = Singh | first = Narendra | title = Encyclopaedia of Jainism | publisher = Anmol Publications | year = 2001 | pages = 3144 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pHZwgrLlOkUC | isbn = 978-81-261-0691-2}}</ref>
[[S. Vaiyapuri Pillai]] suggests that Tolkappiyar was a Jain scholar well-versed in the Aintiram grammatical system and posits a later date, placing him in southern Kerala around the 5th century CE. Notably, Tolkappiyam incorporates several Sanskrit and Prakrit loanwords, reflecting its historical and linguistic context.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Tamil Language and Literature (Beginning to 1000 A.D.) |author=Prof. S. Vaiyapuri Pillai |publisher= |year=1956 |pages=62–68}}</ref>

A number of Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions have been found in Tamil Nadu that date from the 3nd century BCE. They are regarded to be associated with Jain monks and lay devotees.<ref>Early Tamil epigraphy from the earliest times to the sixth century A.D. Iravatham Mahadevan, Harvard University Press, 2003</ref><ref>http://jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=595&cat=42 Recent Discoveries of Jaina Cave Inscriptions in Tamilnadu by Iravatham Mahadevan</ref>

Naṉṉūl (Tamil: நன்னூல்) is a work on Tamil grammar written by a Tamil Jain ascetic Pavananthi Munivar around 13th century CE. It is the most significant work on Tamil grammar after Tolkāppiyam.

Some scholars consider the [[Tirukkural]] by [[Valluvar]] to be the work by a Jain.<ref>Tirukkural, Vol. 1, S.M. Diaz, Ramanatha Adigalar Foundation, 2000,</ref><ref>Tiruvalluvar and his Tirukkural, Bharatiya Jnanapith, 1987</ref><ref>The Kural, P. S. Sundaram, Penguin Classics, 1987</ref> It emphatically supports [[moral vegetarianism]] (Chapter 26) and states that giving up animal sacrifice is worth more than a thousand offerings in fire (verse 259).<ref>{{cite book|last=Das|first= G. N.|year= 1997| title= Readings from Thirukkural | publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn= 8-1701-7342-6|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pDZilIimNRIC&pg=PA11 |pages=11–12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=A. A. Manavalan |title=Essays and Tributes on Tirukkural (1886–1986 AD) |year=2009 |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |location = Chennai|edition = 1|page=128}}</ref>

[[Silappatikaram]], a major work in Tamil literature, was written by a Samaṇa(jain), [[Ilango Adigal]]. It describes the historical events of its time and also of the then-prevailing religions, Jainism, and [[Shaivism]]. The main characters of this work, [[Kannagi (Tamil mythology)|Kannagi]] and [[Kovalan]], who have a divine status among Tamils, were Jains.

According to [[George L. Hart]], the legend of the [[Tamil Sangams]] or "literary assemblies" was based on the Jain ''sangham'' at [[Madurai]]:
<blockquote>There was a permanent Jaina assembly called a Sangha established about 604 CE in Maturai. It seems likely that this assembly was the model upon which tradition fabricated the cangkam legend."<ref>The Milieu of the Ancient Tamil Poems, Prof. George Hart</ref></blockquote>

Jainism began to decline around the 8th century, with many Tamil kings embracing Hindu religions, especially [[Shaivism]]. Still, the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]], [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] and [[Pandya Dynasty|Pandya]] dynasties embraced Jainism.

=== Jain structures ===
[[File:Tirumalai 3329.JPG|Mahavir Swami temple, [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)|Tirumalai]]|thumb]]
There are 26 caves, 200 stone beds, 60 inscriptions, and over 100 sculptures in and around [[Madurai]]. This is also the site where Jain ascetics wrote great epics and books on grammar in Tamil.<ref>{{citation|author=S. S. Kavitha |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/namma-madurai-history-hidden-inside-a-cave/article4051011.ece |title=Namma Madurai: History hidden inside a cave |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 October 2012 }}</ref>

The [[Sittanavasal Cave]] temple is regarded as one of the finest examples of Jain art. It is the oldest and most famous Jain centre in the region. It possesses both an early Jain cave shelter, and a medieval rock-cut temple with excellent fresco paintings comparable to Ajantha paintings; the steep hill contains an isolated but spacious cavern. Locally, this cavern is known as ''"Eladipattam"'', a name that is derived from the seven holes cut into the rock that serve as steps leading to the shelter. Within the cave there are seventeen stone beds aligned in rows; each of these has a raised portion that could have served as a pillow loft. The largest stone bed has a distinct [[Tamil-Brahmi]] inscription assignable to the 2nd century BCE, and some inscriptions belonging to the 8th century BCE are also found on the nearby beds. The Sittannavasal cavern continued to be the "Holy Sramana Abode" until the 7th and 8th centuries. Inscriptions over the remaining stone beds name mendicants such as Tol kunrattu Kadavulan, Tirunilan, Tiruppuranan, Tittaicharanan, Sri Purrnacandran, Thiruchatthan, Ilangowthaman, Sri Ulagathithan, and Nityakaran Pattakali as monks.<ref>{{citation |author=S. S. Kavitha |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/preserving-the-past/article100194.ece |title=Preserving the past |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 February 2010 }}</ref>

The [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds|Kalugumalai temple]] from the 8th century CE marks the revival of Jainism in Tamil Nadu. This cave temple was built by King Parantaka Nedunjadaiya of [[Pandyan dynasty]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/15/stories/2003091503060500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031013104218/http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/15/stories/2003091503060500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2003 |title=Arittapatti inscription throws light on Jainism |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 September 2003 }}</ref>

[[Mel Sithamur Jain Math]] is headed by the primary religious head of this community, [[Bhattaraka Laxmisena]] Swami.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FGSGmP4jNcC |title=Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture
| first=Vilas Adinath |last=Sangave|publisher=Popular Prakashan|date=2001 |access-date=2012-05-27|isbn=9788171548392 |page=135 }}</ref>

==Complexes==
* [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)|Tirumalai]]
* [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]]
* [[Thirakoil]]
* [[Samanar Hills]]
* [[Sittanavasal Cave]]
* [[Armamalai Cave]]
* [[Mangulam]]
* [[Vallimalai Jain caves]]
* [[Thirupparankundram Rock-cut Cave and Inscription]]
* [[Onampakkam#Kurathimalai|Kurathimalai]], [[Onampakkam]]
* [[Keelavalavu#Panchapandavar Malai|Panchapandavar Malai]]
* [[Seeyamangalam#Rock Cut Jain Temple|Seeyamangalam]]
* [[Kanchiyur#Jain cave and stone beds|Kanchiyur Jain cave and stone beds]]
* [[Cholapandiyapuram#Andimalai|Andimalai Stone beds]], [[Cholapandiyapuram]]
* [[Nehanurpatti#Adukkankal|Adukkankal]], [[Nehanurpatti]]
* [[Ennayiram#Ennayira Malai .28Ancient Jain cave.2C beds and inscriptions.29|Ennayira Malai]]

<gallery>
File:Tirumalai_Neminatha_Statue.jpg|The 16 meter statue of Neminath, the tallest Jain sculpture in Tamil Nadu.
File:Thirakoil-Parsava nathar.JPG|Parshvanatha at Thirakoil, 8th Century
File:Onampakkam Mahaveerar.JPG|Mahaveer Swami at Kurathimalai, 8th Century AD
File:Kizhavalavu (Kilavalavu) -Jain Sculptures.JPG|Jain Reliefs at Panchapandava Bed, [[Keelavalavu|Kizhavalavu]], 9th Century
File:Vardhaman Keezhakuyilkudi.jpg|Image of Mahavira at Samanar Hills, 9th century
File:Jain Sculptures at Othakakai, Madurai.jpg|Jain Sculptures at Othakakai
File:Chitharal malaikovil.jpg|Chitharal malaikovil, before 425 AD
File:Seeyamangalam Jain image.JPG|Mahavir, Parshavanatha and Bahubali, Seeyamangalam, 9th century
File:Jain Sculptures, Jain Cave, Vallimalai.jpg|Tirthankar and Ambika, Vallimalai Jain caves, 9th century
</gallery>

==Temples==
* [[Mel Sithamur Jain Math]]
* [[Mannargudi Mallinatha Swamy Temple]]
* [[Arahanthgiri Jain Math]]
* [[Trilokyanatha Temple]]
* [[Vijayamangalam Jain temple]]
* [[Alagramam Jain Temple]]
* [[Karanthai|Karanthai Jain Temple]]
* [[Chitharal Jain Monuments|Chitharal Malai Kovil]]
* [[Poondi Arugar Temple]]
* [[Adisvaraswamy Jain Temple, Thanjavur]]
* [[Chandraprabha Jain Temple, Kumbakonam]]

<gallery>
File:Tiruparuthikundram (15).jpg|[[Trilokyanatha Temple]], [[Kanchipuram]]
File:Jain temple, Mettupudur 2.jpg|[[Vijayamangalam Jain temple]]
File:Mel Sithamur Jain Math, Tamil Nadu.JPG|Mel Sithamur Jain Math headed by [[Bhattaraka Laxmisena]]
File:Mannargudi Mallinatha Swamy Temple.png|Mannargudi Mallinatha Swamy Temple
File:Upper Temple Complex at Tirumalai.jpg|Arahanthgiri Jain Math
File:Desur Digambar Jain Temple.jpg|Shri Adinatheeswarar Jain Temple, Desur
File:Chitharal jain temple1.jpg|Chitharal Jain Temple
File:Gingee_Jain_Temple_6.jpg|Gingee Jain temple, [[Villupuram district]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commons category}}
{{Portal|Religion}}
* [[Religion in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Tamil Jain]]
* [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]]
* [[Thirakoil]]
* [[Kanchiyur#Jain cave and stone beds|Kanchiyur Jain cave and stone beds]]

==References==
=== Citation ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC |volume=I |date=2004 |orig-date=First published in 1998 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-1938-1 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|2004}} }}
* {{citation |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G.|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC |date=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |volume=1 |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 }}
* {{citation |editor-last=Arunachalam |editor-first=M. |title=Aintām Ulakat Tamil̲ Mānāṭu-Karuttaraṅku Āyvuk Kaṭṭuraikaḷ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WFDAAAAYAAJ |date=1981 |publisher=International Association of Tamil Research }}
* {{citation |last=Das |first=Sisir Kumar |author-link=Sisir Kumar Das |title=A History of Indian Literature, 500–1399: From Courtly to the Popular |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC |date=2005 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-2171-0 }}
* {{citation |first=Oliver |last=Freiberger |title=Asceticism and Its Critics: Historical Accounts and Comparative Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2cbCr7M4SJ8C&pg=PA127 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-1997-1901-3 }}
* {{citation |last=von Glasenapp |first=Helmuth |author-link=Helmuth von Glasenapp |translator=Shridhar B. Shrotri |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |trans-title=Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion |url={{Google books|WzEzXDk0v6sC |plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint: 1999) |year=1925 |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-1376-2}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Cort |editor-first=John E. |editor-link=John E. Cort |title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoHfm7BgqTgC |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |date=1998 |isbn=0-7914-3785-X }}
* {{citation |first1=Denise |last1=Cush|first2=Catherine |last2=Robinson|first3=Michael |last3=York|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3N4mGlbutbgC |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-18978-5 }}
* {{citation |first=Kamil |last=Zvelebil|title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC |year=1992|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-09365-6 }}
* {{citation |first=Bertold |last=Spuler|title=Handbook of Oriental Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kx4uqyts2t4C|year=1952|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-04190-7 }}
* {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-date=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-26605-X |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] }}
*{{citation |first=K. A. N. |last=Sastri |author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |orig-date=1955 |year=2002 |title=A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |publisher=Oxford University Press}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Jainism in India]]
[[Category:Religion in Tamil Nadu]]

Sanjay Bangar

2026-03-22T22:22:33Z

AnonyMo:

{{Short description|Indian cricket commentator, coach, and player}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Sanjay Bangar
| image = Sanjay Bangar (Indian Cricket team training SCG 2015).jpg
| fullname = Sanjay Bapusaheb Bangar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|10|11}}
| birth_place = [[Beed]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| country = India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium
| role = [[All-rounder]]
| club1 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| year1 = 1993–2014
| club2 = [[Deccan Chargers]]
| year2 = 2008
| club3 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| year3 = 2009
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2001–2004
| testdebutdate = 3 December
| testdebutyear = 2001
| testdebutagainst = England
| lasttestdate = 19 December
| lasttestyear = 2002
| lasttestagainst = New Zealand
| testcap = 240
| odidebutdate = 25 January
| odidebutyear = 2002
| odidebutagainst = England
| lastodidate = 24 January
| lastodiyear = 2004
| lastodiagainst = Zimbabwe
| odicap = 141
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 12
| runs1 = 470
| bat avg1 = 29.37
| 100s/50s1 = 1/3
| top score1 = 100*
| deliveries1 = 762
| wickets1 = 7
| bowl avg1 = 49.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 2/23
| catches/stumpings1 = 4/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 15
| runs2 = 180
| bat avg2 = 13.84
| 100s/50s2 = 0/1
| top score2 = 57*
| deliveries2 = 442
| wickets2 = 7
| bowl avg2 = 54.85
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 2/39
| catches/stumpings2 = 4/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 165
| runs3 = 8,349
| bat avg3 = 33.13
| 100s/50s3 = 13/49
| top score3 = 212
| deliveries3 = 21,837
| wickets3 = 300
| bowl avg3 = 31.13
| fivefor3 = 9
| tenfor3 = 1
| best bowling3 = 6/41
| catches/stumpings3 = 143/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 112
| runs4 = 2,560
| bat avg4 = 26.66
| 100s/50s4 = 3/15
| top score4 = 139
| deliveries4 = 4,264
| wickets4 = 92
| bowl avg4 = 38.40
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 4/35
| catches/stumpings4 = 31/–
| date = 7 September
| year = 2014
| source = http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/27225.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Sanjay Bapusaheb Bangar''' (born 11 October 1972) is an Indian [[Sports commentator|cricket commentator]] and the head of cricket development of the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] franchise [[Punjab Kings]]. He is a former Indian international [[cricket]]er. He played as an [[all-rounder]] and represented the [[India national cricket team]] in [[Test cricket|Test]]s and [[One Day International|ODI]]s.

==Early life==
Bangar was born in [[Beed]], [[Maharashtra, India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/sanjay-bangar-16-facts-about-indias-batting-coach-who-once-played-for-the-country-509091|title=Sanjay Bangar: 16 facts about India's batting coach who once played for the country|first=Chinmay|last=Jawalekar|date=11 October 2017|work=Cricket County}}</ref> He has completed his schooling from Saint Francis De Sales High School, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar.
He completed his Bachelor of Commerce from Ramniranjan Jhunjhunwala College, Ghatkopar. He has also completed Company Secretaries Intermediate Course.

== Playing career ==
Bangar began his career playing in the youth teams of [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] and [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]], but at the state level, he made his name representing [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] with his medium-pace bowling and sound defensive batting technique.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.skysports.com/cricket/player/4045/sanjay-bangar |title=Profile: Sanjay Bangar |publisher=Sky Sports |access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref>

In the 2000–01 season, Railways reached the final of the [[Ranji Trophy]] where they lost to [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]. The following season, they went one better and defeated Baroda to win the competition. Bangar's performances had caught the eyes of the selectors and he was called up to the Indian squad for their matches against [[England cricket team|England]] in the 2001–02 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/106944.html|title=Indian team undergoes major revamp before England tour|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|first=Anand|last=Vasu|date=28 November 2001|access-date=8 March 2013}}</ref>

In only his second Test, he scored 100 not out against [[Zimbabwean cricket team|Zimbabwe]] at [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground|Nagpur]] batting at number 7. On the [[Indian cricket team in England in 2002|2002 tour of England]], he was promoted to open the innings at [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] after some poor performances by [[Wasim Jaffer]]. He responded with his most important innings for India, making a patient 68 on the first day in an invaluable partnership with [[Rahul Dravid]] in difficult swinging and seaming conditions. Later on in the same match he also chipped in with two important wickets to set up a rare innings victory for India away from home.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63999.html | title=3rd Test, England v India at Leeds, Aug 22-26, 2002 | work=ESPNcricinfo | access-date=26 June 2016}}</ref>

Bangar was part of India's squad for the [[2003 Cricket World Cup| World Cup 2003 ]] where India finished as Runners up, but his performances for India began to tail off, and he made his final appearance for his country in 2004, appearing in 12 Test matches and 15 One Day Internationals in all. He made important contributions to 7 test match wins for India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/599307.html |title=Sanjay Bangar retires from first-class cricket |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Amol Karhadkar |date=1 January 2013 |access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref>

He later became the [[captain (cricket)|captain]] of Railways and led them to two major championship titles, the [[Ranji Trophy]] and the Irani Trophy victory in 2004–05. He also led the Railways team to a Ranji Trophy One Day National Championship in 2005–06. Along with [[Vijay Hazare]], he is only one of two players to score 6,000 runs and take 200 wickets in the Ranji Trophy.<ref name="OTD">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149405.html |title=An insomniac's dream |access-date=13 October 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=11 October 2005 }}</ref> He represented [[Deccan Chargers]] in the [[first IPL season]]. He played for the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in the [[2009 IPL]].

In January 2013, Bangar announced his retirement after 20 of years playing.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/bangar-calls-quits-time-right/43056| title=Bangar calls it quits, says "time is right"| work=[[Wisden India]]| date=2 January 2013| access-date=3 January 2013| archive-date=15 August 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815015436/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/bangar-calls-quits-time-right/43056| url-status=dead}}</ref> An article by Sanjay Bangar was featured in the 2012 book ''[[Rahul Dravid: Timeless Steel]]''.

== Coaching career ==
Having previously coached [[India A cricket team|India A]], Bangar began working with the [[Kochi Tuskers]] as batting coach in 2010.
In January 2014, Bangar was named assistant coach of [[Kings XI Punjab]] ahead of [[IPL 2014]]. He was promoted to the role of head coach during the season and coached them to final, the Franchise's best IPL performance to date, where they lost to [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]. He went on to Coach Kings XI Punjab for three years until he had to give up his role to comply with the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]'s conflict of interest rules.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/712329.html Bangar named Kings XI's coach]</ref>
[[File:DUNCAN FLETCHER & SANJAY BANGAR (16005499798).jpg|thumb|Sanjay Bangar (right) with Duncan Fletcher (left)]]
In August 2014, he was named batting coach of [[India cricket team|India]] after an embarrassing Test series defeat to England.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-india-2014/content/story/772063.html Shastri named director of cricket for England ODIs]</ref> He was named head coach of [[India national cricket team]] for [[Zimbabwe]] tour in June 2016.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1019899.html?CMP=chrome Bangar named India coach for Zimbabwe tour]</ref>

After [[Anil Kumble]] was appointed as India's head coach for a one-year tenure starting with the tour of West Indies in July 2016, Bangar was reappointed as the team's batting coach.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Wisden India Staff |title=Bangar, Abhay retained on coaching staff |url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/bangar-abhay-retained-on-coaching-staff/214448 |website=Wisden India |publisher=FW Sports And Media India Private Limited |access-date=27 September 2019 |archive-date=15 March 2018 |date=25 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315233708/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/bangar-abhay-retained-on-coaching-staff/214448 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Many Indian batsmen, including Indian captain [[Virat Kohli]], [[Rohit Sharma]], [[KL Rahul]] and [[Ajinkya Rahane]], have credited Bangar for contributing to their growth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-blog/in-bangar-the-batsmen-trust/234047|title=In Bangar the Batsmen Trust}}</ref>

After Anil Kumble's tenure as head coach ended in June 2017, where Indian Team lost in the Finals of the ICC Champions Trophy, Bangar carried out the role of Interim Coach to India's tour of West Indies in June–July 2017. After [[Ravi Shastri]]'s reappointment as head coach, Bangar was promoted to the role of Assistant Coach till 2019. Bangar's coaching has been credited for improving India's lower order.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/846169/yet-another-600-plus-score-indias-investment-in-lower-order-is-paying-off-big-time|title=Yet another 600-plus score: India's investment in lower-order is paying off big time|last=Narula|first=Chetan|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>

Bangar's tenure as batting coach saw India create several records,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/interview/exclusive-how-this-man-transformed-indias-batting/20200701.htm|title=How Sanjay Bangar transformed India's batting|last=Kotian|first=Harish|website=Rediff.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref> with Indian batsmen scoring over 150 centuries and India winning 30 tests out of 52 tests played, 82 ODIs out of 120 ODIs and the Test team staying at top of ICC Test Rankings for over three and half years during his tenure of over 5 years as coach.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/we-are-on-the-verge-of-creating-something-very-special/article22328450.ece|title=We are on the verge of creating something very special: Sanjay Bangar|last=Lokapally|first=Vijay|date=2017-12-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/will-sanjay-bangar-be-made-scapegoat-for-indias-loss-at-world-cup/articleshow/70475775.cms|title=Will Sanjay Bangar be made scapegoat for India's loss at World Cup? - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=August 2019 |access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>

In 2018, [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18|India toured South Africa]] in what was considered a mixed bag, with India losing the test series 1-2 but later winning the ODI series by a record 5–1 margin, a feat not accomplished by any other Indian team. India then lost a closely contested [[Indian cricket team in England in 2018|Test Series in England]] by a margin of 1–4, with India's batting and Bangar's role came under criticism for unable to chase a 4th innings target of 193 set by England in the first test. However, later India won a [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2018–19|historic Test Series]] in Australia 2–1, thus ending the 2018 season with 4 rare overseas Test victories in South Africa, England, and Australia.

Bangar's contract with BCCI ended in 2019 after the [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019 World Cup]] where India lost in the semi finals, although it was widely debated that why only one member of the coaching staff's contract was not renewed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/sports/cricket/250819/batting-coach-sanjay-bangars-ouster-is-baffling.html|title=Batting coach Sanjay Bangar's ouster is baffling|last=Memon|first=Ayaz|date=2019-08-25|website=The Asian Age|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>
As compared to previous foreign coaches, Bangar's performance was notable. Indian batsmen under him scored a total of 150 centuries including 89 overseas centuries, across formats.<ref>{{Cite web|title=If Rohit succeeds in Tests, India can chase down targets they haven't before - Sanjay Bangar {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27609758/if-rohit-succeeds-tests-india-chase-targets-sanjay-bangar|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=2020-05-23}}</ref> In February 2021, Bangar was appointed as a Consultant for [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] for the [[2021 Indian Premier League]] where they finished third in the table and qualified for the play offs.

On 9 November 2021, he was named the New Head Coach of [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] for the [[2022 Indian Premier League]],<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1457956877992558596|user=RCBTweets|title=🔊 ANNOUNCEMENT 🔊Sanjay Bangar, former interim head coach of #TeamIndia and batting consultant for RCB, is all set…|date=9 November 2021}}</ref> a season in which RCB gave their best performance since 2016 before losing the Qualifier 2 match to the eventual finalist [[Rajasthan Royals]].

Ahead of [[IPL 2023]], Bangar was appointed Head of Cricket Development at Punjab Kings, with whom he had worked already (when they were Kings XI Punjab).
== Personal life ==

Sanjay Bangar is married to Kashmira Bangar and has two children: a son, Atharva, and a daughter, Anaya Bangar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-11 |title=Who is Sanjay Bangar’s son and why is he trending? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/who-is-sanjay-bangars-son-and-why-is-he-trending/articleshow/115178940.cms |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Anaya, born Aryan Bangar, changed her gender and transitioned in her early twenties. She is now a cricketer, graphic designer, and an advocate for the [[LGBTQ+]] community. She faced challenges in her cricketing career, including harassment from fellow players.<ref>[https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/meet-sanjay-bangar-s-daughter-trans-cricketer-anaya-alleges-physical-harassment-deeply-toxic-spor-356017.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com MyKhel]</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}

Her father, Sanjay Bangar, advised her to step away from cricket during this time. Despite these challenges, Anaya has become a vocal advocate for inclusivity and equality in sports.<ref>[https://www.moneycontrol.com/sports/cricket/i-had-to-take-a-stand-got-suicidal-thoughts-sanjay-bangar-told-daughter-anaya-to-quit-cricket-article-13000113.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com MoneyControl]</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}

Anaya now resides in [[Manchester]], England, where she works as a graphic designer.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{ESPNcricinfo|id=27225}}
*[https://greyobserver.com/2022/11/04/virat-with-sachin-former-cricketer-sanjay-bangar-said-all-records-are-going-to-be-broken/ Sanjay bangar News] for [[Virat Kohli]]

{{India Squad 2003 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India national cricket team coaches}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangar, Sanjay}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Central Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Deccan Chargers cricketers]]
[[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Railways cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]
[[Category:People from Marathwada]]
[[Category: People from Beed]]
[[Category:Coaches of the Indian national cricket team]]

Polish Armed Forces

2026-03-22T18:29:14Z

AnonyMo: expanded content

{{Short description|Combined military forces of Poland}}
{{Infobox national military
| name = Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland
| native_name = {{lang|pl|Siły Zbrojne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej}}
| image = Chorągiew Wojska Polskiego.svg{{!}}border
| image_size = 150px
| alt =
| caption = Banner of the Polish Armed Forces
| image2 = [[File:POL Wojska Lądowe.svg|60px]] [[File:POL Wojska Lotnicze.svg|60px]] [[File:POL Marynarka Wojenna.svg|60px]] [[File:POL Wojska Specjalne.svg|60px]] [[File:POL Wojska Obrony Terytorialnej.svg|60px]]
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Military eagle|Insignia of the Polish Armed Forces' service branches]]
| motto = God, Honor, Fatherland ({{lang|pl|Bóg, Honor, Ojczyzna}})
| founded = 12 October 1918
| current_form = 31 December 1989
| disbanded =
| branches = {{unbulletedlist
| {{army|Poland|name=Land Forces|size=25px}}
| {{air force|Poland|name=Air Force|size=25px}}
| {{naval|Poland|name=Navy|size=25px}}
| {{flagicon image|PL special forces flag IIIRP.svg|border=0|size=25px}} [[Polish Special Forces|Special Forces]]
| {{flagicon image|PL territorial defence force flag IIIRP.svg|border=0|size=25px}} [[Territorial Defence Force (Poland)|Territorial Defence Force]]}}
| headquarters = [[Warsaw]]
| flying_hours =
| website = {{URL|https://www.wojsko-polskie.pl}}
| commander-in-chief = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the President of Poland.svg|size=25px}} [[Karol Nawrocki]]
| commander-in-chief_title = [[President of Poland|President]] 
| chief minister =
| chief minister_title =
| minister = {{Flagicon image|POL Flaga MON.svg|border=0|size=25px}} [[Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz]]
| minister_title = [[Minister of National Defence (Poland)|Minister of National Defence]]
| commander = {{Flagicon image|Flaga Szefa Sztabu Generalnego Wojska Polskiego.svg|size=25px}} [[General]] [[Wiesław Kukuła]]
| commander_title = [[Polish General Staff|Chief of the General Staff]]
| age = 18 years of age
| conscription = No
| active = ~250,000<ref name="SZRP">{{Cite web | url=https://www.gazetaprawna.pl/wiadomosci/kraj/artykuly/9547402,raport-polska-armia-trzecia-w-nato-i-najwieksza-w-unii-europejskiej.html
|title=Raport: Polska armia trzecia w NATO i największa w Unii Europejskiej |language=pl |website=gazetaprawna.pl |date=2024-07-16}}</ref>
| ranked =
| reserve = ~50,000<ref name="SZRP">{{Cite web | url=https://www.gazetaprawna.pl/wiadomosci/kraj/artykuly/9547402,raport-polska-armia-trzecia-w-nato-i-najwieksza-w-unii-europejskiej.html
|title=Raport: Polska armia trzecia w NATO i największa w Unii Europejskiej |language=pl |website=gazetaprawna.pl |date=2024-07-16}}</ref>
| deployed =
| amount = [[Polish Zloty|PLN]]200 billion [[US$]]55.0 billion<ref name=Budget2025>{{cite web |title=Defence Budget as an Element of Civilian Oversight of the Military |url=https://defence24.com/defence-policy/defence-budget-as-an-element-of-civilian-oversight-of-the-military |website=Defence24 |date=2025-01-02| access-date=2025-01-04}}</ref> ([[List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditures|ranked 11th]])
| percent_GDP = 4.7% (2025)<ref>Poland's national defense is financed from two main sources. The first is the state budget from which, in accordance with the law, at least 3% of GDP is allocated to national defense. The second is the Armed Forces Support Fund, which is supplied with extra-budgetary funds and therefore depends on many factors. The values given are the highest assumed for a given year.</ref>
| domestic_suppliers = [[Polska Grupa Zbrojeniowa|PGZ]] [[:pl:PGZ Stocznia Wojenna|PGZ Stocznia Wojenna]] [[PZL Mielec]] [[PZL-Świdnik]] [[:pl:PIT-Radwar|PIT-RADWAR]] [[Bumar-Łabędy|BUMAR-ŁABĘDY]] [[Huta Stalowa Wola|HSW]] [[:pl:Wojskowe Zakłady Motoryzacyjne|WZM]] [[:pl:Rosomak (przedsiębiorstwo)|Rosomak]] [[Jelcz|JELCZ]] [[:pl:Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Urządzeń Mechanicznych „OBRUM”|OBRUM]] [[Mesko|MESKO]] [[:pl:Zakłady Metalowe „Dezamet”|DEZAMET]] [[BELMA]] [[Zakłady Mechaniczne Tarnów|ZM Tarnów]] [[FB "Łucznik" Radom|FB Radom]] [[:pl:PCO (przedsiębiorstwo)|PCO]] [[Maskpol|MASKPOL]] [[TELDAT]] [[WB Group]]
| foreign_suppliers = {{USA}} {{KOR}}<ref>https://edition.cnn.com/2025/07/12/asia/poland-south-korea-tank-deal-intl-hnk-ml</ref> {{GER}} {{UK}} {{SWE}} {{FRA}} {{ESP}} {{ISR}} {{ITA}} {{CRO}} {{CZE}} {{EU}} {{flag|NATO}}
| imports =
| exports = 
| history = [[List of wars involving Poland]] [[Timeline of the Polish Army]]
| ranks = [[Polish Armed Forces rank insignia]]
}}

The '''Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland''' ({{langx|pl|Siły Zbrojne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej}}, {{IPA|pl|ˈɕiwɨ ˈzbrɔjnɛ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔsˈpɔlitɛj ˈpɔlskʲɛj|pron}}; abbreviated '''SZ RP'''), also called the '''Polish Armed Forces''' and popularly called '''{{lang|pl|Wojsko Polskie}}''' in Poland ({{IPA|pl|ˈvɔj.skɔ ˈpɔl.skjɛ|}}, roughly "the Polish Military"—abbreviated '''''WP'''''), are the national [[Military|armed forces]] of the [[Poland|Republic of Poland]]. The name has been used since the early 1800s, but can also be applied to [[Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|earlier periods]].

The [[Polish Legions in World War I|Polish Legions]] and the [[Blue Army (Poland)|Blue Army]], composed of Polish volunteers from the [[United States]] and those who switched sides from the [[Central Powers]], were formed during [[World War I]]. In the war's aftermath, the Polish Army was reformed from the remnants of the partitioning powers' forces and expanded significantly during the [[Polish–Soviet War]] of 1920. [[World War II]] dramatically impacted Polish military structures, with the initial defeat by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union invasions leading to the dispersion of Polish forces into the [[Home Army|underground]]. After the war, the [[Polish People's Army]] (LWP) was formed, and its standards aligned with those of the former [[Warsaw Pact]]. The LWP's reputation suffered due to its role in political suppression both domestically and abroad, such as during the [[Prague Spring]]. Following the fall of communism, Poland shifted towards Western military standards, joining [[NATO]] in 1999, participating in missions in [[Iraq]] and [[Afghanistan]], and undertaking substantial modernization of its forces.

The Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland comprise five main service branches: the [[Polish Land Forces]] ({{lang|pl|Wojska Lądowe}}), the [[Polish Navy]] ({{lang|pl|Marynarka Wojenna}}), the [[Polish Air Force]] ({{lang|pl|Siły Powietrzne}}), the [[Polish Special Forces]] ({{lang|pl|Wojska Specjalne}}), and the [[Territorial Defence Force (Poland)|Polish Territorial Defence Force]] ({{lang|pl|Wojska Obrony Terytorialnej}}), under the command of the [[Ministry of National Defence (Poland)|Ministry of National Defence of Poland]]. According to the [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]], Poland spent $38.0 billion on its defense budget in 2024, ranking [[List of countries by military expenditures|13th]] globally in terms of military expenditures.<ref name="SIPRI-2020">{{Cite web |date=April 2025 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2024 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2025-04/2504_fs_milex_2024.pdf#page=2 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=SIPRI |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>

In 2024, Poland spent the greatest share of its GDP for military expenditures (4.12%) among all NATO members.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schneider |first=Zak |last2=Taylor |first2=Kristen |date=2025-06-20 |title=NATO Defense Spending Tracker |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/commentary/trackers-and-data-visualizations/nato-defense-spending-tracker/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}</ref> With over 216,100 active personnel in 2024, the Polish Armed Forces are the third-largest military in NATO, right after [[Turkish Armed Forces|Turkey]] and the [[United States Armed Forces|United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Celej |first=Piotr |date=2024-07-16 |title=Polska armia trzecia w NATO i największa w Unii Europejskiej |trans-title=The Polish army is the third in NATO and the largest in the European Union |url=https://www.gazetaprawna.pl/wiadomosci/kraj/artykuly/9547402,raport-polska-armia-trzecia-w-nato-i-najwieksza-w-unii-europejskiej.html |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=[[Dziennik Gazeta Prawna]] |language=pl}}</ref>

==Mission==
[[File:1 PBOT oznk rozp (2019) mundur p.jpg|thumb|220px|upright|Shoulder sleeve insignia of the Polish [[Territorial Defence Force (Poland)|Territorial Defence Force]] Command]]

Pursuant to the national security strategy of Poland, the supreme strategic goal of Poland's military forces is to ensure favourable and secure conditions for the realization of national interests by eliminating external and internal threats, reducing risks, rightly assessing undertaken challenges, and ably using existing opportunities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wp.mil.pl/pliki/File/English/strategia_obronnosci_eng.pdf |title=Strategic defence goals |publisher=[[Ministry of National Defence (Poland)|Ministry of National Defence]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904203723/http://www.wp.mil.pl/pliki/File/English/strategia_obronnosci_eng.pdf |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |pages=7–8}}</ref> The Republic of Poland's
main strategic goals in the area of defence include:
* Ensuring the independence and sovereignty of the Republic of Poland, as well as its integrity and the inviolability of its borders
* Defence and protection of all the citizens of the Republic of Poland
* Creating conditions to ensure the continuity of the implementation of functions by public administration authorities and other entities competent in the area of national security, including entities responsible for running the economy and for other areas important for the life and security of its citizens
* Creating conditions for the improvement of the state's national defence capabilities and ensuring defence readiness in allied structures
* Developing partnership military cooperation with other states, especially neighbouring ones
* Implementing commitments arising from Poland's [[NATO]] and [[European Union]] membership
* Engaging in international crisis response operations led by NATO, the EU, the UN, and as a part of emergency coalitions

==History==
{{Main|History of the Polish Army}}

===Origins and establishment===
The [[List of Polish wars]] chronicles Polish military involvement in armed conflicts since the year 972. The present armed forces trace their roots to the early 20th century, yet the history of Polish armed forces in their broadest sense stretches back much further. After the [[partitions of Poland]], during the period from 1795 to 1918, the Polish military was recreated several times during national insurrections that included the [[November Uprising]] of 1830, the [[January Uprising]] in 1863, and the [[Napoleonic Wars]] that saw the formation of the [[Polish Legions in Italy]]. [[Congress Poland]], being part of the [[Russian Empire]] with a certain degree of autonomy, had a separate Polish army in the years 1815–1830, which was disbanded after the unsuccessful November Uprising. Large numbers of Poles also served in the armies of the partitioning powers, the [[Russian Empire]], [[Austria-Hungary]], and the [[German Empire]].

During [[World War I]], the [[Polish Legions in World War I|Polish Legions]] were set up in [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]], the southern part of Poland under Austrian occupation. They were both disbanded after the [[Central Powers]] failed to provide guarantees of Polish independence after the war. General [[Józef Haller]], the commander of the Second Brigade of the Polish Legion, switched sides in late 1917 and, via [[Murmansk]], took part of his troops to [[France]], where he created the [[Blue Army (Poland)|Blue Army]]. It was joined by several thousand Polish volunteers from the [[United States]]. It fought on the French front in 1917 and 1918.

The Polish Army was recreated in 1918 from elements of the three separate Russian, Austro-Hungarian, and German armies, and armed with equipment left following World War I. The force expanded during the [[Polish–Soviet War]] of 1919–1922 to nearly 800,000 men, but was then reduced after peace was reestablished.

[[File:Polish president with army.PNG|thumb|left|[[President of Poland]] inspecting troops during the [[Armed Forces Day (Poland)|Armed Forces Day]] parade in [[Warsaw]], 2007]]

At the onset of [[World War II]], on 1 September 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland. Polish forces were overwhelmed by the [[Invasion of Poland|German attack in September 1939]], which was followed on 17 September 1939 by [[Soviet invasion of Poland|an invasion by the Soviet Union]]. Some Polish forces escaped from the occupied country and joined Allied forces fighting in other theaters, while those that remained in Poland splintered into guerrilla units of the ''Armia Krajowa'' ("[[Home Army]]") and [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|other partisan groups]] which fought in clandestine ways against the foreign occupiers. Thus, there were three threads to the Polish armed forces from 1939: the [[Polish Armed Forces in the West]], the ''Armia Krajowa'' and other resistance organizations fighting the Germans in Poland, and the [[Polish Armed Forces in the East]], which later became the post-war communist [[Polish People's Army]] (LWP).

Until the [[Revolutions of 1989|fall of communism]], the army's prestige under communist rule continued to fall, as it was used by the government to resettle ethnic minorities immediately after the war ([[Operation Vistula]]), and to violently suppress opposition several times, during the [[Poznań 1956 protests|1956 Poznań protests]], the [[1970 Polish protests]], and during [[martial law in Poland]] in 1981–1983. The LWP also took part in the suppression of the 1968 democratization process of Czechoslovakia, commonly known as the [[Prague Spring]]. That same year, Marshal of Poland Marian Spychalski was asked to replace [[Edward Ochab]] as chairman of the [[Polish Council of State|Council of State]], and General [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]], at that time the [[Polish General Staff|Chief of the General Staff]], was named to replace him.<ref>Michta, 1990, p.59, citing the Polish army daily ''Żołnierz Wolności'', April 12, 1968</ref> Jaruzelski, a known Soviet loyalist, was put in place by the Soviets in order to ensure that a trusted group of officers was in control of one of the least trusted armies in the Warsaw Pact.<ref>Michta, 1990, p.62. Michta's footnote emphasises that Spychalski would not have been the right officer to have in charge of the [[Polish People's Army]] during the invasion.</ref>

===Republic of Poland===
[[File:List of wars involving Poland since 1990.png|thumb|350px|Polish military interventions since 1990: [[Gulf War]], [[Operation Uphold Democracy]], [[war on terror]], and [[Operation Serval]]]]

After January 1990 and the collapse of the communist bloc, the name of the armed forces was changed to "Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland" to accord with the Polish State's new official name. Following the subsequent disbandment of the [[Warsaw Pact]], Poland was admitted into [[NATO]] on 12 March 1999, and the Polish armed forces began a major reorganization effort in order to conform to the new Western standards.

====Involvement in Afghanistan (2002-2014)====
From 2002 until 2014, Polish military forces were dispatched to the [[International Security Assistance Force]] mission in [[Afghanistan]], led by [[NATO]]. Poland's contribution to ISAF was the country's largest since its entrance into NATO. Polish forces also took part in the [[Iraq War]]. From 2003 to 2008, Polish military forces commanded the [[Multinational Division Central-South]] (MND-CS) located in the South-Central Occupation Zone of Iraq. The division consisted of troops from 23 states and totaled as many as 8,500 soldiers.

====Invasion of Iraq (2003)====
{{See also|2003 invasion of Iraq}}
[[File:GROM DN-SD-04-01612.JPEG|thumb|left|[[GROM]] special operations unit secures a section of the port of [[Umm Qasr]] in [[Iraq]], 2003]]
In March 2003, the Polish Armed Forces took part in the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], [[Polish involvement in the 2003 invasion of Iraq|deploying special forces and a support ship]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Domisiewicz |first=Rafał |url=https://www.bundesheer.at/pdf_pool/publikationen/10_wg12_psm_70.pdf |title=Consolidating the Security Sector in Post-Conflict States: Polish Lessons from Iraq |quote=Around 200 Polish soldiers took part in combat, including [[JW GROM|GROM]] and [[JW Formoza|Formoza]] (Naval Frogmen Group) special forces, a chemical decontamination unit as well as the [[ORP Kontradmirał Xawery Czernicki|ORP Kontradmirał X. Czernicki]] logistical ship. |publisher=[[Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs]] |access-date=April 4, 2021}}</ref> Following the destruction of Saddam's regime, the [[Polish Land Forces]] supplied a brigade and a division headquarters for the 17-nation [[Multinational Division Central-South]], part of the U.S.-led [[Multi-National Force – Iraq]]. At its peak, Poland had 2,500 soldiers in the south of the country.

====Peacekeeping missions====
Other completed operations include the 2005 'Swift Relief' in Pakistan, in which [[NATO Response Force]]-allocated personnel were dispatched. [[Polish Land Forces]] personnel sent to Pakistan included a [[military engineering]] company, a platoon of the [[JW Komandosów|1st Special Commando Regiment]], and a logistics component from the 10th Logistics Brigade. Elsewhere, Polish forces were sent to [[United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad|MINURCAT]] in Chad and the [[Central African Republic]] (2007–2010).

As of 2008, Poland had deployed 985 personnel in eight separate UN peacekeeping operations (the [[United Nations Disengagement Observer Force]], [[United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara|MINURSO]], [[MONUSCO|MONUC]], [[United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire|UNOCI]], [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UNIFIL]], [[United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea|UNMEE]], [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo|UNMIK]], [[United Nations Mission in Liberia|UNMIL]], and [[United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia|UNOMIG]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://skmponz.w.interia.pl/misje.htm |title=Wojskowe misje ONZ z udziałem Polaków |trans-title=UN military missions with Polish participation |language=pl |publisher=Interia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117000543/http://skmponz.w.interia.pl/misje.htm |archive-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref>

====Fully professional armed forces (2010)====
[[File:Polish Rosomak in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|Polish army's [[KTO Rosomak|Rosomak]] armored vehicle on patrol in [[Ghazni]], Afghanistan, 2010]]

Formerly set up according to [[Warsaw Pact]] standards, the Polish armed forces are now fully organized according to [[NATO]] requirements. Poland is also playing an increasingly larger role as a major European peacekeeping power in the world through various UN peacekeeping actions, and cooperation with neighboring nations through multinational formations and units such as the [[Multinational Corps Northeast]] and [[Polish–Ukrainian Peace Force Battalion|POLUKRBAT]]. As of 1 January 2010, the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland have transitioned to a completely contract-based manpower supply system.

On 10 April 2010, a [[2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash|Polish Air Force Tu-154M crashed]] near Smolensk, Russia, while it was travelling to a ceremony commemorating the [[Katyn massacre]]. On board the plane were the President (Commander-in-Chief), the Chief of Staff, all four Branch Commanders of the Polish Military, and a number of other military officials; all were killed.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

In 2014–2015, the [[Armed Forces General Command (Poland)|Armed Forces General Command]] and [[Armed Forces Operational Command (Poland)|Armed Forces Operational Command]] were both established, superseding the previous individual service branch command structures.

====Homeland Defence Act (2022)====
Prompted in part by the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the [[Homeland Defence Act]] was unanimously passed by the Polish parliament on March 17, 2022, and signed into law by President [[Andrzej Duda]] the following day. In accordance with the act, Poland intends to roughly double the size of the armed forces to 300,000 personnel, and to spend at least 3% of GDP on the defence budget in 2023.<ref name=polramp>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-03 |title=Poland to ramp up defence spending, army as Ukraine war rages |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/poland-ramp-up-defence-spending-army-ukraine-war-rages-2022-03-03/ |access-date=2022-03-23}}</ref> This includes increasing the size of the tank fleet by adding approximately 1,000 new tanks and adding 600 new howitzers to Poland's ground forces.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.19fortyfive.com/2022/09/poland-land-forces-ready-to-defend-nato/ | title=How Strong is Poland's Army and Could It Take on Russia? | date=16 September 2022 }}</ref> Poland's Deputy Prime Minister and Defense Minister [[Mariusz Błaszczak]] said that it is Poland's goal to build the most powerful ground forces of all the North Atlantic Treaty Organization members in Europe.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.news.cn/europe/20220729/ab51fff567d8443a9b43e5cdd6ed36aa/c.html | title=Poland to build Europe's strongest NATO army: Defense minister-Xinhua }}</ref>

==Equipment==
{{Main|Modernization of the Polish Armed Forces}}

{{Further||List of equipment of the Polish Land Forces|Polish Air Force#Current inventory|Polish Navy#Ships and naval aircraft|Polish Special Forces#Equipment|Military Gendarmerie (Poland)#Equipment}}

[[File:170614-F-RH756-417 (35187714171).jpg|thumb|A [[Polish Air Force]] [[F-16]]C Fighting Falcon during a military exercise, 2017]]

Since 2011, the Armed Forces have been in the middle of a long-term modernization program. Plans involve new anti-aircraft missile systems, ballistic missile defense systems, a Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT) aircraft, medium transport and combat helicopters, submarines, unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as self-propelled howitzers.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} Technical modernization plans for the years 2013 through to 2022 have been put in place.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/cgi-bin/client/modele.pl?shop=dae&modele=release&prod=141459 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203172621/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/cgi-bin/client/modele.pl?shop=dae&modele=release&prod=141459 |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 3, 2024 |title=Technical Modernisation of Polish Armed Forces 2013–2022 |date=December 14, 2012 |publisher=[[Ministry of National Defence (Poland)|Ministry of National Defence]] |via=defense-aerospace.com |access-date=April 4, 2021 }}</ref> During the 2013 to 2016 period of the plan, 37.8 billion PLN, or 27.8% of the period's military budget of 135.5 billion PLN, was invested into technical modernisation.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:ORP Ślązak 2015-1.jpg|thumb|right|ORP ''Ślązak'' [[patrol boat|offshore patrol vessel]] in the [[Baltic Sea]], 2015]]

Significant military equipment acquisitions are also planned for through the 2022 period, with the Ministry of Defense outlining 61 billion [[Polish złoty|złoty]] to be spent on further modernization. A major feature of the program is the acquisition of around 1,200 unmanned aerial vehicles, including at least 1,000 with combat capabilities.

Additionally, new helicopters and air defense systems are to be procured along with five light vessels for the navy. A new submarine force is to be jointly operated with a NATO partner, and general upgrade and modernization efforts are aimed at the country's air defenses, naval forces, cyber warfare capabilities, armored forces, and territorial defense forces (to have 50,000 volunteer members).<ref name="DW20161207">{{cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17890/Poland_To_Spend__14_5_Billion_For_Military_Procurement_From_2017_2022#.WEg7FVKsBZE |title=Poland To Spend $14.5 Billion For Military Procurement From 2017-2022 |website=defenseworld.net |date=December 7, 2016 |access-date=April 4, 2021}}</ref>

==Organization==
The Polish Armed Forces consist of 292,000+ active duty personnel.{{sfn|IISS|2021|p=66}} In 2023, troop strength in the five different branches was as follows:
* [[Polish Land Forces|Land Forces]] ({{lang|pl|Wojska Lądowe}}): 100,200, Reserve 40,000+{{sfn|IISS|2020|p=135}}
* [[Polish Air Force|Air Force]] ({{lang|pl|Siły Powietrzne}}): 46,500{{sfn|IISS|2020|p=135}}
* [[Polish Navy|Navy]] ({{lang|pl|Marynarka Wojenna}}): 17,000{{sfn|IISS|2020|p=135}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mon.gov.pl/pl/strona/206/LG_54_181 |title=Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej, Uzbrojenie |publisher=[[Ministry of National Defence (Poland)|Ministry of National Defence]] |date=March 21, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630034613/http://www.mon.gov.pl/pl/strona/206/LG_54_181 |archive-date=June 30, 2012 |access-date=March 13, 2010}}</ref>
* [[Polish Special Forces|Special Forces]] ({{lang|pl|Wojska Specjalne}}): 4,000{{sfn|IISS|2020|p=135}}
* [[Territorial Defence Force (Poland)|Territorial Defence Force]] ({{lang|pl|Wojska Obrony Terytorialnej}}): 55,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://media.terytorialsi.wp.mil.pl/informacje/715705/cel-32-tys-zolnierzy-zostal-zrealizowany/|title=The goal of 32,000 has been achieved|date=December 12, 2021}}</ref>

All five branches are supported by:
* Military infrastructure: 25,500,{{sfn|IISS|2020|p=134}} including:
**[[Ministry of National Defence (Poland)|Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Poland]] ({{lang|pl|Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej}})
** [[Integrated logistics support|Central support]]
**[[Command (military formation)|Military command]]
**[[Military supply-chain management|Supply]] and [[military logistics]]
* [[Military Gendarmerie (Poland)|Military Gendarmerie]] ({{lang|pl|Żandarmeria Wojskowa}}): 4,500<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dz.urz.mon.gov.pl/zasoby/dziennik/pozycje/zalaczniki/2013/02/Zal._do_Poz._49_2.pdf |title=Dochody budżetowe Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej na 2013 rok |trans-title=Budget income of the Ministry of National Defense for 2013 |language=pl |access-date=April 4, 2021}}</ref>

==Traditions==
{{See also|Polish Armed Forces rank insignia|Polish military awards and decorations|Polish military eagle}}
[[File:74. rocznica zakończenia II wojny światowej w Europie.jpg|thumb|[[Representative Honor Guard Regiment of the Polish Armed Forces|Honor Guard]] at the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Warsaw)|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] in Warsaw's [[Piłsudski Square]]]]

The Polish armed forces have consistently held two yearly military parades ({{langx|pl|Defilada wojskowa}}) on [[Armed Forces Day (Poland)|Armed Forces Day]] and [[National Independence Day (Poland)|National Independence Day]]. These parades take place on [[Ujazdów Avenue]] and near the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] on [[Piłsudski Square]], respectively. The Armed Forces Day Parade was introduced in 2007 and 2008 as the first grand military parades since the holiday was reinstated and has been held yearly since 2013. The first Polish military parade took place on 17 January 1945, and as of 2019, the [[3 May Constitution Day]] parade was officially reinstated.

''[[Marsz Generalski]]'' and ''[[Warszawianka (1831)]]'' are the main military musical pieces performed at ceremonial events. While the former is a solemn march used during inspections and the march on of the Polish flag, the latter is a march strictly used for marches pasts, [[military parades]], and other processions.

The Polish Armed Forces are the only military entity in the world to use a [[two-finger salute]], which is only used while wearing a hat (it refers to the fact that the salute is given to the emblem itself) with the emblem of the Polish eagle, such as military hat, [[rogatywka]]. The salute is performed with the middle and index fingers extended and touching each other, while the ring and little fingers are bent and touched by the thumb. The tips of the middle and index fingers touch the peak of the cap, two fingers supposedly meaning Honour and Fatherland (Honor i Ojczyzna).

''Czołem Żołnierze'' (the [[Polish language]] version of ''Greetings Soldiers'') is the official military greeting of the armed forces, usually given by the members of the government or military establishment, as well as visiting dignitaries during ceremonial occasions. The soldiers will usually respond with ''Czołem (States title/rank of dignitary<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2016-08-23/czolem-panie-ministrze-tak-zolnierze-powitali-rzecznika-mon/|title="Czołem, panie ministrze" - tak żołnierze powitali rzecznika MON |date=August 23, 2016 |website=Polsat News}}</ref>)''.

==See also==
* [[Polish Armed Forces (Second Polish Republic)]]
* [[Polish People's Army]]
* [[Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army]] (GZI WP)
* [[Internal Military Service]] (WSW)
* [[Border Protection Troops]] (WOP)
* [[Polish Legions (Napoleonic era)]]
* [[Polish Military Organisation]]
* [[Armia Ludowa]]
* [[Gwardia Ludowa]]
* [[Polish forces in the West]]
* [[Polish forces in the East]]
**[[Anders' Army]]
*[[First Polish Army (1944–1945)]]
*[[Armia Krajowa]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=IISS |title=The Military Balance 2020 |year=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0367466398 }}
* {{cite book |last=IISS |title=The Military Balance 2021 |year=2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1032012278 }}
* Rafał Domisiewicz, [http://www.bmlv.gv.at/pdf_pool/publikationen/10_wg12_psm_70.pdf Consolidating the Security Sector in Post-Conflict States: Polish Lessons from Iraq], Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
* Andrew A. Michta, ''Red Eagle: The Army in Polish Politics 1944–1988'', Hoover Press, 1990.
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=en&id=156791 |title=Poland: Defense Strategy 2009 |access-date=November 17, 2014 |archive-date=November 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141117205556/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=en&id=156791 |url-status=bot: unknown }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|url=https://defence24.com/read-more-analysis/universal-service-building-reserves-to-defend-poland|title=Universal service: building reserves to defend Poland|publisher=defence24.com|first=Jarosław|last=Gromadziński|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202191501/https://defence24.com/read-more-analysis/universal-service-building-reserves-to-defend-poland|archive-date=2025-12-02}}
* Remigiusz Wilk, "Work in Progress", ''[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]'', 20 August 2012

==External links==
{{Commons category|Military of Poland}}
* [https://www.gov.pl/web/obrona-narodowa Official website] of the [[Ministry of National Defence (Poland)|Ministry of National Defense]] {{in lang|pl}}
* [https://www.wojsko-polskie.pl/sgwp/ Official website] of the [[Polish General Staff]] {{in lang|pl}}
* [https://www.wojsko-polskie.pl/dorsz/ Official website] of the [[Armed Forces Operational Command (Poland)|Armed Forces Operational Command]] {{in lang|pl}}
* [https://www.wojsko-polskie.pl/kgzw/ Official website] of the [[Military Gendarmerie (Poland)|Military Gendarmerie]] {{in lang|pl}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127112508/http://www.army.mil.pl/strona_pl/glowna/irak/iraq_foto/galeria1/galeria.html |date=November 27, 2005 |title=Pictures of the Polish Army in Iraq (2003)}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208124935/http://www.polishsoldier.nl/introduction/ |date=February 8, 2016 |title=Polish forces in the West – study of the Polish participation in the liberation of Western Europe}}

{{Poland topics}}
{{Military of Poland}}
{{North Atlantic Treaty Organization}}
{{Militaries of European Union member states}}
{{Military of Europe}}
{{Polish wars and conflicts}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Military of Poland| ]]
[[Category:Permanent Structured Cooperation]]

Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal

2026-03-21T12:18:20Z

AnonyMo: Started a stub needs work

{{Short description|2022 film directed by Vignesh Shivan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vignesh Shivan]]
| writer = Vignesh Shivan
| producer = {{ubl|S. S. Lalit Kumar|Vignesh Shivan}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vijay Sethupathi]]|[[Nayanthara]]|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|[[S. R. Kathir]]|[[Vijay Kartik Kannan]]}}
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| studio = {{ubl|[[Seven Screen Studio]]|[[Rowdy Pictures]]}}
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|04|28|ref1=}}
| runtime = 170 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda0mjiy |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR}}70 crore<ref name="BO">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2022 |title='Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal' lifetime BO collection: Vijay Sethupathi, Nayanthara and Samantha starrer collects Rs. 70 crore globally |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-lifetime-bo-collection-vijay-sethupathi-nayanthara-and-samantha-starrer-collects-rs-70-crore-globally/articleshow/91827840.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531042229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-lifetime-bo-collection-vijay-sethupathi-nayanthara-and-samantha-starrer-collects-rs-70-crore-globally/articleshow/91827840.cms |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal''''' ({{translation|Two loves in a breeze}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Vignesh Shivan]]. It was produced by him under [[Rowdy Pictures]], and co-produced by S. S. Lalit Kumar under [[Seven Screen Studio]]. The film stars [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Nayanthara]] and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] in the lead roles alongside [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Kala Master]], [[Redin Kingsley]], [[Lollu Sabha Maaran]] and [[Shihan Hussaini]]. It follows a perpetually unlucky man whose luck changes when he falls in love with two women.

The film was initially announced in 2016. However, it was stalled, and Vignesh moved on to other projects. In February 2020, Vignesh re-announced the film. [[Principal photography]] commenced that December. It was shot in several locations including [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Mysore]], and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by late-March 2022. The film has music composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], cinematography jointly handled by [[S. R. Kathir]] with [[Vijay Kartik Kannan]] and editing by [[A. Sreekar Prasad]].

''Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal'' was released theatrically on 28 April 2022. It received mixed reviews from critics and audiences, who praised the performances of the main cast, soundtrack and background score but criticised the outdated script, length and climax. Despite this, the film was financially successful, grossing over {{INRConvert|70|c}} at the box office.<ref name="BO" />

== Plot ==
Ranjankudi Anbarasu Murugesa Boopathy Ohondhiran, or Rambo, is born into a family subject to a curse that states that anyone who weds into the family will die. Rambo's father, determined to break the curse, marries a local teacher named Minah Kaif while his brothers and sister remain unmarried. However, the curse strikes when Rambo's father accidentally slips from a tower and dies, announcing his son's birth. Minah suffers a stroke shortly after and becomes paralysed.

Rambo's uncles, aunt, and the whole village believe that the birth of Rambo brought negative luck that his father tried so hard to fight. Rambo grows up believing that he emanates ill luck wherever he goes. When his mother suffers a seizure in his presence, he runs away from the village for good, believing that his proximity to her makes her ill.

Now an adult, Rambo works two jobs to earn a living. During the day, he is a cab driver. At night, he is a [[bouncer]] at a pub. He meets Khatija Begum at the pub, and the two develop a friendship. One day, Rambo confronts Khatija's violent boyfriend, Mohammed Mobi, after he slaps her. Khatija breaks up with Mohammed and begins spending more time with Rambo.

While driving his cab, Rambo also meets Kanmani Ganguly, a saleswoman who raises her younger sister, Minmini, and her disabled brother, Bhargav. Kanmani seeks a husband who will allow her siblings to live with her after marriage, but she struggles to find one. Khatija and Kanmani develop feelings for Rambo, which Rambo reciprocates, and both women propose to him on the same day. Though Rambo is surprised that two fabulous women have fallen for him, he quickly realises that only their love has turned his bad luck around for good, so he accepts both proposals.

Not knowing how to proceed with his double love life, Rambo gets help from [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], a reality show host, who makes Rambo concoct a story that he has a [[memory disorder]] that makes him forget events that happened during the day and night alternately. The ruse falls apart when Rambo reveals that he has memories of both women and is equally in love with both; it is up to them to sacrifice their love for the other person. Kanmani and Khatija refuse to do so and stand by their decision to marry Rambo. The three move in together, and though both women dislike each other at first, they strike up a friendship after the unexpected death of Khatija's father. The two women find out from a friend of Rambo's that the reality show was staged and kick him out of the house.

Rambo's friend asks them to travel to the village one last time to see Rambo's mother, who is seriously ill. Rambo decides not to go back as he fears his presence could worsen her condition. When he is forced to go, his mother miraculously recovers, leading the village to believe Rambo's presence now brings good luck. They beg Khatija and Kanmani to marry Rambo so the family's curse can be broken and all his aunts and uncles can get married. The women eventually agree and host a wedding ceremony for his entire family, not only Rambo.

After the rest of the family is married, Khatija and Kanmani leave the wedding, each sacrificing their love so the other person can marry Rambo. One year later, the three meet again, with Rambo saying their relationship was enough to break the curse. After the two women leave, Rambo shocks his neighbour by telling him that [[Katrina Kaif]] has started chatting with Rambo as his new girlfriend. Rambo tosses his phone and leaves Kaif waiting for him online.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as Ranjankudi Anbarasu Murugesa Boopathy Ohondhiran (Rambo)
** Kamalesh as young Rambo
* [[Nayanthara]] as Kanmani Ganguly
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] as Khatija Begum
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as his namesake, a Tamil game show host
* [[Kala Master]] as M. Idhayakala
* Dipika Kothari as Minmini Ganguly, Kanmani's sister
* Master Bhargav Sundar as Bhargav Ganguly, Kanmani's brother
* [[S. Sreesanth]] as Mohammed Mobi
* [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Minah Kaif, Rambo's mother
** [[Divya Pillai]] as Young Minah Kaif
* [[Redin Kingsley]] as Arnold
* [[Lollu Sabha Maaran|Maaran]] as Maaran, Rambo’s friend
* [[Dhilip Subbarayan]] as a drunk tenant
* [[Lollu Sabha Maaran]] as Maaran, Rambo's friend
* [[Shihan Hussaini]] as Rambo's neighbour
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Rambo's fake father
* [[Ravikanth (actor)|Ravikanth]] as Khatija's father
* [[Ravi Raghavendra]] as the fake psychiatrist
* [[Bijili Ramesh]] as a [[Chocolate bar|chocobar]] seller
* Teju Ashwini as Khatija's friend
* Lingesan as Rambo's father
* Latha as Khatija's mother
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In 2016, [[Vignesh Shivan]] announced that [[Vijay Sethupathi]] would play the lead role in his next film, titled ''Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal''; it would mark their second collaboration after ''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan]]'' (2015). Produced by [[A. M. Rathnam]], the film was supposed to go into production in August 2016,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=28 March 2016 |title=Vijay-Vignesh film titled Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kadhal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-vignesh-film-titled-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kadhal/articleshow/51571799.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418080405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-vignesh-film-titled-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kadhal/articleshow/51571799.cms |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=23 March 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> but failed to materialise; Sethupathi moved on to act in ''[[Kavan (film)|Kavan]]'' (2017) and Vignesh decided to direct ''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |last=MK |first=Surendhar |date=19 December 2017 |title=Thaanaa Serndha Koottam is not a scene-by-scene remake of Special 26: Director Vignesh Shivan |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/thaanaa-serndha-koottam-is-not-a-scene-by-scene-remake-of-special-26-director-vignesh-shivan-4265591.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326193207/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/thaanaa-serndha-koottam-is-not-a-scene-by-scene-remake-of-special-26-director-vignesh-shivan-4265591.html |archive-date=26 March 2018 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> He also decided to direct a film produced by [[Lyca Productions]] starring [[Sivakarthikeyan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2018 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's next will be with Vignesh Shivan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-next-will-be-with-vignesh-shivan/articleshow/66591644.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418080403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-next-will-be-with-vignesh-shivan/articleshow/66591644.cms |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=23 March 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After this film was shelved,<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2019 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's film with Vignesh Shivan delayed? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-film-with-vignesh-shivan-delayed/articleshow/73045414.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418081908/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-film-with-vignesh-shivan-delayed/articleshow/73045414.cms |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=23 March 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> on 14 February 2020 ([[Valentine's Day]]), Vignesh officially re-announced ''Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal'' with Sethupathi still attached. He produced the film under his own banner, [[Rowdy Pictures]], along with Lalit Kumar of [[Seven Screen Studio]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=14 February 2020 |title=Vignesh Shivan announces ''Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kaadhal'' with Vijay Sethupathi, and the choice of heroines will surprise you |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vignesh-shivan-announces-kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal-with-vijay-sethupathi-and-the-choice-of-heroines-will-surprise-you/articleshow/74133578.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418080403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vignesh-shivan-announces-kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal-with-vijay-sethupathi-and-the-choice-of-heroines-will-surprise-you/articleshow/74133578.cms |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=23 March 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2020 |title=Samantha and Nayanthara's romance with Vijay Sethupathi to begin from December |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/samantha-and-nayantharas-romance-with-vijay-sethupathi-to-begin-from-december/articleshow/79486732.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121215410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/samantha-and-nayantharas-romance-with-vijay-sethupathi-to-begin-from-december/articleshow/79486732.cms |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=23 March 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Vijay Kartik Kannan and [[S. R. Kathir]] served as cinematographers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2021 |title=''Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kaadhal'' release pushed! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal-release-pushed-news-tamil-vmiftWaihdefd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215144811/https://www.sify.com/movies/kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal-release-pushed-news-tamil-vmiftWaihdefd.html |archive-date=15 December 2021 |access-date=19 December 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film marked the debut of Shweta Sabu Cyril (daughter of art director [[Sabu Cyril]]), who joined the film's team as the production designer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 December 2020 |title=Shwetha Sabu Cyril joins Vignesh Shivan's Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kaadhal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shwetha-sabu-cyril-joins-vignesh-shivans-kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal/articleshow/79724287.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229192728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shwetha-sabu-cyril-joins-vignesh-shivans-kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal/articleshow/79724287.cms |archive-date=29 December 2020 |access-date=23 March 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
In February 2020 [[Nayanthara]] and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] were announced as the lead actresses. Sethupathi and Nayanthara earlier acted in ''Naanum Rowdy Dhaan'' and ''[[Imaikkaa Nodigal]]'' (2018), where Sethupathi appeared in a cameo role, and Sethupathi reunited with Samantha after ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]'' (2019).<ref name=":0" /> Vignesh announced on 21 March 2021 ([[World Down Syndrome Day]]), that Bhargav Sundar, who has [[Down syndrome]], would be joining the cast.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=CMry8uMBSzq |user=wikkiofficial |title=On this special day, we are happy to announce that this special boy Bhargav is a part of our special film. Down syndrome results when there is an extra chromosome in the 21st pair out of the 23 pairs every human cell has. These special children require extra care and attention and special treatment accordingly. But otherwise, they shouldn't be treated differently, after all, they just have something extra compared to us. They deserve the same love if not more and also the same kind of opportunities and we are glad that he's joining us in our film Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal! |author=Vignesh Shivan |author-link=Vignesh Shivan |date=21 March 2021 |access-date=23 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He had been cast after the makers approached the Down Syndrome Association of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=14 July 2022 |title='We are glad that Bhargav was not shown as deserving sympathy' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/Jul/14/bhargav-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-child-actor-32723.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528022633/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/Jul/14/bhargav-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-child-actor-32723.html |archive-date=28 May 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> In December 2021, former Indian cricketer [[S. Sreesanth]] was announced to be making his acting debut in Tamil with this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2021 |title=Cricketer Sreesanth to star in Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kaadhal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/dec/18/cricketer-sreesanth-to-star-in-kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal-28513.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124120940/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/dec/18/cricketer-sreesanth-to-star-in-kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal-28513.html |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=19 December 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> It was announced in December 2021 that dance choreographer [[Kala Master]] would make her acting debut with the film, as part of the supporting cast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2021 |title=Choreographer Kala master makes her acting debut with 'Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kadhal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/choreographer-kala-master-makes-her-acting-debut-with-kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kadhal/articleshow/88404442.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119013258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/choreographer-kala-master-makes-her-acting-debut-with-kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kadhal/articleshow/88404442.cms |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] was supposed to start in April 2020 but was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]]. That May, the production house announced that filming would begin that August.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2020 |title=Vignesh Shivan's ''Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal'' shooting from August |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vignesh-shivans-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-shooting-from-august/articleshow/75889568.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418081910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vignesh-shivans-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-shooting-from-august/articleshow/75889568.cms |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=23 March 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> On 10 December 2020, the film officially began production in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2020 |title=Vignesh Shivan's Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal shoot begins without Nayanthara and Samantha |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vignesh-shivan-s-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-shoot-begins-without-nayanthara-and-samantha-1748280-2020-12-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008093740/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vignesh-shivan-s-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-shoot-begins-without-nayanthara-and-samantha-1748280-2020-12-10 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=8 October 2021 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2020 |title=Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kaadhal shoot begins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal-shoot-begins/articleshow/79657613.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418080408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal-shoot-begins/articleshow/79657613.cms |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=23 March 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 December 2020 |title=Vignesh Shivan welcomes Vijay Sethupathi on set with a delicious surprise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vignesh-shivan-welcomes-vijay-sethupathi-on-set-with-a-delicious-surprise/articleshow/79720039.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108092101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vignesh-shivan-welcomes-vijay-sethupathi-on-set-with-a-delicious-surprise/articleshow/79720039.cms |archive-date=8 January 2021 |access-date=23 March 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 December 2020 |title=Spotted: Vijay Sethupathi arrives in Hyderabad to shoot for his next with Vignesh Shivan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spotted-vijay-sethupathi-arrives-in-hyderabad-to-shoot-for-his-next-with-vignesh-shivan/articleshow/79722533.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110112606/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spotted-vijay-sethupathi-arrives-in-hyderabad-to-shoot-for-his-next-with-vignesh-shivan/articleshow/79722533.cms |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=23 March 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The film continued production through January 2021,<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |date=26 January 2021 |title=Samantha says fans are going to love ''Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kaadhal'' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/samantha-says-fans-are-going-to-love-kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal/articleshow/80467932.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307133421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/samantha-says-fans-are-going-to-love-kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal/articleshow/80467932.cms |archive-date=7 March 2021 |access-date=23 March 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and on 10 February 2021, Vignesh announced that the shooting of the second schedule had ended.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2021 |title=Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kaadhal finishes shooting the second schedule; Samantha calls Nayanthara fierce and Vijay Sethupathi mighty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal-finishes-shooting-second-schedule-samantha-calls-nayanthara-fierce-and-vijay-sethupathi-mighty/articleshow/80782725.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210082752/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal-finishes-shooting-second-schedule-samantha-calls-nayanthara-fierce-and-vijay-sethupathi-mighty/articleshow/80782725.cms |archive-date=10 February 2021 |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> By August 2021, shooting was happening in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<ref name="pondicherry">{{Cite news |date=21 August 2021 |title=Nayanthara shooting in Pondicherry for Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nayanthara-shooting-in-pondicherry-for-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal/articleshow/85511728.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831155218/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nayanthara-shooting-in-pondicherry-for-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal/articleshow/85511728.cms |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In late August 2021, a video from the shooting spot surfaced into the internet. It had the lead actors recreating the song "Valai Osai" from ''[[Sathyaa]]'' (1988), and also wearing similar costumes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2021 |title=Samantha Akkineni, Vijay Sethupathi, Nayanthara recreate Kamal Haasan's Valayosai song for Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kaadhal. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/samantha-akkineni-nayanthara-vijay-sethipathi-recreate-kamal-haasan-valayosai-song-for-kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal-watch-video-7468176/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831155218/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/samantha-akkineni-nayanthara-vijay-sethipathi-recreate-kamal-haasan-valayosai-song-for-kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal-watch-video-7468176/ |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> In early December 2021, the makers began post-production activities for the film, including dubbing works.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2021 |title=Nayanthara starts dubbing for Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nayanthara-starts-dubbing-for-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal/articleshow/88043965.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202165156/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nayanthara-starts-dubbing-for-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal/articleshow/88043965.cms |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=19 December 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2021 |title=Vijay Sethupathi starts dubbing for Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-starts-dubbing-for-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal/articleshow/88189996.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124121032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-starts-dubbing-for-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal/articleshow/88189996.cms |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=19 December 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 9 December, Vignesh kickstarted the final shooting schedule in [[Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2021 |title=Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal final schedule in Mysore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-final-schedule-in-mysore/articleshow/88179264.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124120940/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-final-schedule-in-mysore/articleshow/88179264.cms |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=19 December 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Principal photography [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] on 30 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2022 |title=Nayanthara surprises Samantha with special gift as they wrap up Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal. See pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nayanthara-surprises-samantha-with-special-gift-as-they-wrap-up-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-see-pics-1931774-2022-03-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331094853/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nayanthara-surprises-samantha-with-special-gift-as-they-wrap-up-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-see-pics-1931774-2022-03-31 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The film was edited by [[A. Sreekar Prasad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 Mar 2022 |title=It's a wrap for Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Mar/31/its-a-wrap-for-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-30596.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528022610/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Mar/31/its-a-wrap-for-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-30596.html |archive-date=28 May 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| released = 23 April 2022
| recorded = 2020–2021
| studio = Albuquerque Records, [[Chennai]] Krimson Avenue Studios, Chennai
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 23:08
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| producer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| prev_title = [[Beast (2022 Indian film)|Beast]]
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title = [[Don (2022 film)|Don]]
| next_year = 2022
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Rendu Kaadhal
| single1date = 14 February 2021
| single2 = Two Two Two
| single2date = 18 September 2021
| single3 = Naan Pizhai
| single3date = 3 January 2022
| single4 = Dippam Dappam
| single4date = 20 April 2022
| single5 = Kaathu Vaakula Rendu
| single5date = 10 May 2022 (After the release of the film)
| single6 = Kanne Kanmaniyae
| single6date = 17 May 2022 (After the release of the film)
| single7 = Azha Thonudhe
| single7date = 17 May 2022 (After the release of the film)
}}
}}

The film's seven-song soundtrack was composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] in his 25th album.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=15 February 2021 |title=First single from Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal out |url=https://onlookersmedia.in/videos/first-single-from-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-out/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621161646/https://onlookersmedia.in/videos/first-single-from-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-out/ |archive-date=2025-06-21 |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=onlookersmedia.in |language=en}}</ref> The first single "Rendu Kaadhal" was released on 14 February 2021, Valentine's Day.<ref name="first single">{{Cite web |date=15 February 2021 |title=First single from ''Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal'' released |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-single-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-released-143465 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418080404/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-single-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-released-143465 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Though Vignesh announced that the second single would be released in July 2021 in an online interaction with fans,<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2021 |title=Second single from Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal in July |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/second-single-from-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-in-july/articleshow/83710931.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016055518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/second-single-from-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-in-july/articleshow/83710931.cms |archive-date=16 October 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> the song, which was later titled "Two Two Two," was eventually released on 18 September, which coincided with the director's birthday.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=18 September 2021 |title=Anirudh's Two Two Two song from Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal to be out today at 2:22pm |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/anirudh-s-two-two-two-song-from-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-to-be-out-today-at-2-22pm-1854168-2021-09-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921092827/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/anirudh-s-two-two-two-song-from-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-to-be-out-today-at-2-22pm-1854168-2021-09-18 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2021 |title=Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kaadhal second single "Two Two Two" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal-second-single-two-two-two/articleshow/86317270.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016055527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal-second-single-two-two-two/articleshow/86317270.cms |archive-date=16 October 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The track received positive response from music critics, and actress [[Priyanka Chopra]] shared and praised the song through social media.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=20 September 2021 |title=Priyanka Chopra loves Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal's Two Two Two song. Samantha reacts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/priyanka-chopra-loves-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-s-two-two-two-song-samantha-reacts-1854874-2021-09-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212858/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/priyanka-chopra-loves-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-s-two-two-two-song-samantha-reacts-1854874-2021-09-20 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

On 3 January 2022, the third single track "Naan Pizhai".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2022 |title=Watch: Romantic single Naan Pizhai from Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal is out |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-romantic-single-naan-pizhai-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-out-159470 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215080418/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-romantic-single-naan-pizhai-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-out-159470 |archive-date=15 February 2022 |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2022 |title=Naan Pizhai track from Vignesh Shivan's Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2022/jan/03/naan-pizhai-track-from-vignesh-shivanskaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-out-28789.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215071409/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2022/jan/03/naan-pizhai-track-from-vignesh-shivanskaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-out-28789.html |archive-date=15 February 2022 |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Vocalist Ravi G was approached to sing the track after Anirudh and Vignesh liked one of his covers during the lockdown.<ref>{{Cite news |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=20 January 2022 |title=I feel Naan Pizhai was made for me: Ravi G |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/i-feel-naan-pizhai-was-made-for-me-ravi-g/articleshow/88999594.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215083217/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/i-feel-naan-pizhai-was-made-for-me-ravi-g/articleshow/88999594.cms |archive-date=15 February 2022 |access-date=15 February 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In an interview with Srinivasa Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'', Ravi said "What's most heartening is that it is a melody, which itself is a difficult proposition for composers to churn out in this age of fast-paced peppy numbers. The opportunity to explore such melodies in the film music space is scarce."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=5 January 2022 |title=Meet Ravi G, the voice behind Anirudh's recent hit 'Naan Pizhai' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/how-anirudhs-trending-naan-pizhai-came-about/article38125487.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210172459/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/how-anirudhs-trending-naan-pizhai-came-about/article38125487.ece |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=15 February 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The track crossed above 7 million views in YouTube within a week of its release there.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2022 |title=யூடியூபில் 7 மில்லியன் பார்வைகளை கடந்த ''நான் பிழை'' பாடல்! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/naan-pizhai-song-hits-7-million-views-on-youtube-379326 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215071408/https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/naan-pizhai-song-hits-7-million-views-on-youtube-379326 |archive-date=15 February 2022 |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=ta}}</ref> On 20 April 2022, the fourth single "Dippam Dappam" was released.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kameshwari |first=A. |date=21 April 2022 |title=Dippam Dappam is just the perfect song for your Instagram reels, watch Samantha Ruth Prabhu-Vijay Sethupathi's latest |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dippam-dappam-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kadhal-watch-samantha-ruth-prabhu-vijay-sethupathi-video-7879112/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423030126/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dippam-dappam-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kadhal-watch-samantha-ruth-prabhu-vijay-sethupathi-video-7879112/ |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_lyrics = [[Vignesh Shivan]]
| title1 = Rendu Kaadhal
| length1 = 4:20
| extra1 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], Aishwarya Suresh Bindra
| title2 = Two Two Two
| length2 = 2:57
| extra2 = Anirudh Ravichander, [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Sanjana Kalmanje
| title3 = Naan Pizhai
| length3 = 4:05
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra3 = Ravi G, [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
| total_length = 23:08
| headline = Track listing
| title4 = Dippam Dappam
| length4 = 3:26
| extra4 = [[Anthony Daasan]], Anirudh Ravichander
| title5 = Kaathu Vaakula Rendu
| extra5 = Anirudh Ravichander, [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| length5 = 3:55
| title6 = Kanne Kanmaniyae
| extra6 = Anirudh Ravichander
| length6 = 2:11
| title7 = Azha Thonudhe
| extra7 = Anirudh Ravichander
| length7 = 2:13
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kadhal'' released on 28 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2022 |title=Watch: Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal teaser promises fun romcom, release date announced |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-teaser-promises-fun-romcom-release-date-announced-160887 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211144402/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-teaser-promises-fun-romcom-release-date-announced-160887 |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> It was initially slated for a theatrical release in December 2021 but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the release was delayed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=2 February 2022 |title=Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal teaser to release on February 11, film to hit theatres in April |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-teaser-to-release-on-february-11-film-to-hit-theatres-in-april-1907792-2022-02-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203044234/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-teaser-to-release-on-february-11-film-to-hit-theatres-in-april-1907792-2022-02-02 |archive-date=3 February 2022 |access-date=17 February 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The film was later dubbed in Telugu as ''Kanmani Rambo Khatija''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2022 |title=Samantha Or Nayanthara: సమంత, నయనతారలో విజయ్ సేతుపతి ఎవరికి ఓటేశాడు? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/kanmani-rambo-khatija-telugu-teaser-is-here-samantha-nayanthara-vijay-sethupathi-22256 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124120908/https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/kanmani-rambo-khatija-telugu-teaser-is-here-samantha-nayanthara-vijay-sethupathi-22256 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=[[ABP Desam]] |language=te}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
The [[Tamil Nadu]] distribution rights of the film were bought by [[Red Giant Movies]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2022 |title='Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal' to have a grand release on April 28 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-to-have-a-grand-release-on-april-28/articleshow/89748892.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222105422/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-to-have-a-grand-release-on-april-28/articleshow/89748892.cms |archive-date=22 Feb 2022 |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was distributed in the UK and Europe by Ahimsa Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=11 May 2022 |title=Here's where Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal has emerged as Vijay Sethupathi's highest grosser |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/heres-where-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-has-emerged-as-vijay-sethupathis-highest-grosser/8acd029760812 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306005839/https://www.ottplay.com/news/heres-where-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-has-emerged-as-vijay-sethupathis-highest-grosser/8acd029760812 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] from 27 May 2022.<ref name="Disney+Hotstar">{{Cite tweet |number=1526910381586690050 |user=sri50 |title=#KaathuvaakulaRenduKaadhal alias #KanmaniPlusKhatija will start streaming on #DisneyPlusHotstar from May 27!... |first=Sreedhar |last=Pillai |date=18 May 2022 |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
The film grossed over {{INRConvert|70|c|year=2022}} in worldwide box office, becoming one of the [[List of Tamil films of 2022|highest-grossing Tamil films]] of the year.<ref name="BO" />

=== Critical response ===
The film received mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2022 |title=Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal box office collections: Samantha, Vijay Sethupathi, Nayanthara movie nears Rs 50 crore mark globally |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-box-office-collections-samantha-vijay-sethupathi-nayanthara-7904253/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520115536/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-box-office-collections-samantha-vijay-sethupathi-nayanthara-7904253/ |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Soundarya Athimuthu of ''[[The Quint]]'' gave the rating 2.5 out of 5 stating that "The makers have hinted at it quite well because just like how Vijay Sethupathi as Rambo in the film smartly tries to justify cheating on two women at the same time, Director Vignesh Shivan with his quirky comedy, some beautifully placed emotional dialogues and heart touching lyrics also cheekily cheats the audience – making them believe that this is a one of a kind love story while all he did was, reimagine the rom-com genre by twisting the tale of the usual storyline – "two girls fight over a guy". But what feels somewhat good is that the hero is not completely rewarded at the end despite his mistakes as one would anticipate."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Athimuthu |first=Soundarya |date=28 April 2022 |title=Review Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal: Rambo Rattles Between Rocking & Rambling |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-nayanthara-vignesh-shivan-anirudh-ravichander |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428173153/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-nayanthara-vignesh-shivan-anirudh-ravichander |archive-date=28 April 2022 |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> Manoj Kumar R of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film's rating 2 out of 5 stating that "The latent nature of adult comedy in this movie is a big turn off. This film aims to play into the wild fantasies of a lovelorn man by subtly sexualising the leading ladies. But, it's neither clean humour nor an outright adult comedy. It's a mess. The main reason is Vignesh's indecisiveness. He wants to keep the film safe for people to watch it with family. And at the same time, sprinkle it with just enough double meaning dialogues and scenes so that people get the hint. It also wants to be a double-meaningful director [[C. S. Amudhan]]'s ''[[Tamizh Padam|Thamizh Padam]]'', a spoof film, and Vignesh's 2015 hit ''Naanum Rowdy Dhaan''. You can't have it both ways."<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=29 April 2022 |title=Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kadhal movie review: Samantha Ruth Prabhu, Vijay Sethupathi, Nayanthara film is a colossal mess |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kadhal-movie-review-samantha-ruth-prabhu-nayanthara-vijay-sethupathi-film-colossal-mess-7891520/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428155711/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kadhal-movie-review-samantha-ruth-prabhu-nayanthara-vijay-sethupathi-film-colossal-mess-7891520/ |archive-date=28 April 2022 |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Logesh Balachandran from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 stars and noted that "however manage only to recreate the same in parts.The mere presence of Vijay Sethupathi, Nayanthara and Samantha helps to elevate even ordinary scenes despite the sloppy writing. A single-shot scene in which Vijay Sethupathi delivers a lengthy dialogue again showcases the prowess of the actor and how a good actor can make a scene interesting."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=28 April 2022 |title=Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal Movie Review : This romcom with a dream combo manages to entertain only in parts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal/movie-review/91139509.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428160042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal/movie-review/91139509.cms |archive-date=28 April 2022 |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Srivatsan S from ''The Hindu'' noted that "Except for a few scattered laughs, this Vignesh Shivan directorial remains firmly bland despite featuring three brilliant actors"<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=28 April 2022 |title='Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal' movie review: A sincere Vijay Sethupathi and a superb Samantha deadlift this safe love triangle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-movie-review/article65362871.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428155716/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-movie-review/article65362871.ece |archive-date=28 April 2022 |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> However, ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' critic Haricharan Pudipeddi noted that "The film, nevertheless, is salvaged by decent comedy and Anirudh’s splendid music. Vijay Sethupathi is at his effortless best on screen, and alongside both Nayanthara and Samantha, we get some lovely moments between the trio. The film does feel dragged post interval but by the end, it makes up for the problematic plot."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=28 April 2022 |title=Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kaadhal movie review: Vijay Sethupathi, Samantha Ruth Prabhu's film is a rom-com with rough edges |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal-review-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-ruth-prabhu-nayanthara-film-is-a-rom-com-with-rough-edges-101651124995181.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313134612/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal-review-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-ruth-prabhu-nayanthara-film-is-a-rom-com-with-rough-edges-101651124995181.html |archive-date=13 March 2023 |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 2.5 out of rating and said that "For almost half its running time, ''Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal'' explores the idea of a specific type of mental illness. Around halfway point, it seems like the film realises its folly and the makers dodged the ‘wrongful representation’ bullet.'<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=28 April 2022 |title=Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal Movie Review: This quirky romcom has potential, but not potency |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/apr/28/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-krk-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-nayanthara-vignesh-shivan-31152.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428161515/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/apr/28/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-krk-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-nayanthara-vignesh-shivan-31152.html |archive-date=28 April 2022 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Priyanka Thirumurthy of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Vijay Sethupathi has done an admirable job in the role given to him. We only wish that when such a firecracker cast was brought together, the script was fitting for their talent."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thirumurthy |first=Priyanka |date=28 April 2022 |title=Kaathuvakula Rendu Kaadhal review: Two women love a man who is not worth fighting for |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kaathuvakula-rendu-kaadhal-review-two-women-love-man-who-not-worth-fighting-163371 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313135014/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kaathuvakula-rendu-kaadhal-review-two-women-love-man-who-not-worth-fighting-163371 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Vignesh Shivan}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vignesh Shivan]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Papadu

2026-03-16T08:28:05Z

AnonyMo: updated details

{{Short description| Sardar Sarvai Papanna}}
[[File:Statue of Sarvai Papanna Goud.jpg|thumb|266x266px]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
'''Papanna''' or '''Sardhar''' (born as '''Papanna'''; 1650 - 1710) Sardhar

== Early life ==

Papanna was born in 1650 to a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family, lost his father during his early years assisted his mother Smt. Sarvamma as a
cattle herder. And later on upon his mother's request and force he took up Toddy tapping as his profession. Having seen the oppressions and atrocities committed by Mughals, during that time raised a small army out of various castes through guerilla attacks on them.

[[Sardar Sarvai Papanna Goud]] being a strong devotee of Lord Shiva and Goddess Yellamma. His victory inscriptions, and sculptures are also
available in buddhism dominant regions such as Dhoolmitta to show that he respected and loved Buddhism too. Papanna Goud's history came into limelight when the British historian J.A.Boyal recorded the folklore music during 1874 A.D. This combined with further studying of archealogical evidence of ruined or existing forts, inscriptions, and temples brought the history of Papanna Goud into limelight.

=== Developments ===

Papanna during his reign of 30 years ruled Buvanagiri of Nalgonda Thatikonda of Warangal, Kolanupaka,
Cheriyala, Karimnagar, Huzurabad, and Husnabad regions. Papanna constructed his first fort in Sarvayeepeta in
1675 A.D. According to the historian Pervaram Jeganatham, with the aim of expanding his rule and conquering
Golconda, Papanna constructed forts in Thatikonda, Vemulkonda during 1678 A.D. and between 1700 - 1705
A.D he constructed another fort at Shahpuram. Existing Check Dam constructed during the rule of Papanna in
Thatikonda shows that he is a king of development oriented

=== Yellamma Temple ===

Present day existing Goddess Yellamma temple in Husnabad of Karimnagar constructed during the rule of Papanna show that Papanna was religious. This temple during times was added with new idols. But the original Goddess Yellama idol constructed of soil is still existing. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/20570510/biography-of-great-freedom-fighter-sardar-sarvayi-papanna-goud|title=Biography of Great Freedom Fighter Sardar Sarvayi Papanna Goud|website=yumpu.com}}</ref>

The mutual respect that ensued enabled Golkonda to become an extremely wealthy region, as evidenced by the construction of [[Hyderabad]]. However, by the 1630s it was apparent that troubles lay ahead. [[Shah Jahan]], who was the Mughal emperor at [[Delhi]], began to exact [[tribute]] from the Qutb Shahi sultan and then sent his son, [[Aurangzeb]], to represent him in Golkonda. Aurangzeb eventually succeeded in [[Siege of Golconda|conquering Hyderabad]] and gaining total control of the region in 1687, making it the last of the independent sultanates to be annexed to the [[Mughal Empire]]. Many changes followed this event, and they generally caused a reduction in the influence of those people who had once been notable within Golkonda.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|pp=157–158|ps=}} Furthermore, the conquest had caused or coincided with crop failures, famine, [[cholera]] epidemics and other disasters, between 1686 and 1690,{{sfnp|Richards|Rao|1980|p=97|ps=}} while the post-conquest era saw Aurangzeb bleeding Golkonda of its wealth in order to finance projects elsewhere.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|p=159|ps=}}

===Rise===
Papanna had no desire to remain a toddy-tapper and his refusal to work in the traditional occupation of his caste was one of his early acts of defiance.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|p=160|ps=}} It has been speculated that the contradiction between the position of his caste and the roles in society that his father, brother and sister may have attained could explain Papanna's refusal to accept the restrictive ritualised norms. That he later married a woman who was almost certainly not of a toddy-tapper caste, since she was the sister of a ''[[faujdar]]'' (military governor), is also a possible indicator of this.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|p=174|ps=}}

In the 1690s he stole money and property from his wealthy widowed sister, assaulting her in the process. With these funds he built a hill-fort at Tatikonda and drew a band of men around him who were willing to become highwaymen, and then proceeded to rob traders who used the nearby route between Hyderabad and Warangal, the erstwhile capital of Golkonda. The bandits did not stay at Tarikonda for long: the disruption and loss caused by their raids led to them being driven out by the local ''[[zamindars]]'' (hereditary chieftain-landlords) and ''faujdars''.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|p=162|ps=}} The opposition of the ''zamindars'' was to become a theme of his life, in part because of the destabilising threat that he posed to society and, more specifically, to their own vested interests in inherited lands and the power base implicit in their control of local militias.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|p=172|ps=}}

Moving over a hundred miles away to [[Kaulas Fort|Kaulas]], Papanna spent a period in the employ of Venkat Rao, a ''zamindar'' of that area. It was not long before Rao found it necessary to imprison him, as Papanna's liking for banditry resurfaced, but within months Papanna and all of Rao's other prisoners were freed by the latter's wife, who thought that showing such compassion might cause the health of her sick son to be blessed. Papanna moved to Shahpur, not far from his old haunt at Tarikonda, where he established another hill-fort and again recruited people to pursue his banditry.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|p=162|ps=}}

It was at this time that he began to kidnap women. The outrage caused by this and by his other disruptive activities caused Aurangzeb to be petitioned in order that something might be done to stop Papanna. A force was sent to serve achieve that end but its ''faujdar'' was killed in fighting. The matter was then passed into the hands of [[Rustam Dil Khan|Dil Khan]], the deputy-governor of [[Hyderabad Subah|Hyderabad]], who determined to lay siege on the fort.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|p=162|ps=}}

Although the siege was successful, forcing Papanna to flee and enabling Khan to blow up the fort, it was not long before the brigands returned. Khan had moved back to Hyderabad and Papanna was able to rebuild the Shahpur fort, this time using a stone construction that was much stronger than the previous edifice. He went on to wage campaigns that resulted in the capture of other local forts and enhanced his growing reputation as a potential regional warlord.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|p=163|ps=}}

Another imperial attempt to curb Papanna occurred in 1706, when Khan had returned to the region following a posting elsewhere. Khan engaged the services of another bandit, who was probably Riza Khan, to challenge Papanna but the attempt came to naught. A year later, Dil Khan determined to take responsibility for the task himself but again failed. He took a considerable force to Shahpur and laid siege for two months or so, as he had done previously. On this occasion it was money that decided the outcome because Papanna bribed Khan in order to have the siege lifted.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|p=163|ps=}}

===Peak===
Papanna was emboldened by this success. On 31 March 1708 he initiated an attack on the [[Warangal fort|heavily fortified]] former capital city of Warangal with a force of between 2500 and 3500 men. This action was planned to coincide with the eve of the Muslim celebrations of [[Day of Ashura|Ashura]], when the city walls would be poorly manned, if at all. In a wider context, the timing was opportunistic as the forces of empire were in some disarray due to a power struggle that had developed upon the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. The city, which had become an important commercial centre, was looted extensively but the larger prize came in the form of the abduction of many wealthy and influential residents, who were then imprisoned at Shahpur in a compound constructed that purpose.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|pp=164–165|ps=}}

The successful raid on Warangal, with all the riches that resulted from it, propelled Papanna to new heights. He was able to arm his fort and his followers with the latest weaponry and, as Eaton describes: {{quote|He also began comporting himself in the style of a ''raja''. Élite bearers carried him around in a palanquin, and an élite guard accompanied him when mounted on a horse. If he acted like a king, he had actually become a parvenu landholder. For we hear that he raided passing Banjaras (itinerant grain carriers) and seized their cattle, which he put to work ploughing his fields for him.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|pp=164–165|ps=}}}}

By now Papanna's support among the landless peasantry must have been considerable, as evidenced by his ability to raise large numbers of people to fight or to build on his behalf and the numbers that would have been required to tend his 10,000–12,000 captured cattle and extensive landholdings.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|p=172|ps=}}{{efn|The provenance of his landholdings is not known: they could have been taken from people whom he defeated, developed from previously uncultivated areas, or a combination of these two methods. He did create at least one new village, called Hasanabad.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|p=166|ps=}}}} Despite his enhanced status, Papanna desired more and raided [[Bhongir]] on 1 June 1708, being the occasion of a Muslim festival. Although many hostages were taken – he had promised silver to those who captured females, and gold if they were of high status – the raid was not as successful as that at Warangal, at least in part because an accident caused the insurgents to give away their intentions. Eaton has described it as a "fiasco".{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|p=166|ps=}}

In 1709 Papanna demonstrated his desire for recognition when he attended an audience at Hyderabad with [[Bahadur Shah I]], who by that time was beginning to assert some authority as emperor in the fractious post-Aurangzeb court power struggles. Papanna gave the emperor an array of wealth in his search to be recognised as a tribute-paying chieftain, and he was rewarded with an honorific robe. Loud protests followed this recognition, especially from influential Muslims of the area whose relatives had been kidnapped and people who decried that an emperor would recognise a person of a toddy tapper caste.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|p=167|ps=}} Eaton describes that the robe "... seemed to represent official acknowledgement of his status as a legitimate, tribute-paying ''nayaka-zamindar'' ... Landholders claiming descent from ancient ''nayaka'' families were simply incensed at such impudence."{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|p=173|ps=}} Bahadur Shah had to back down and he announced that Papanna would be killed, with the responsibility for achieving this end being given to Dilawar Khan.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|p=167|ps=}}

===Fall===
The beginning of the fall of Papanna can be dated to June 1709. Prisoners at Shahpur – including his brother-in-law, the ''faujdar'' – managed to overturn their captors and take possession of the fort while Papanna was besieging another fort elsewhere.{{efn|Papanna's wife assisted her brother and his fellow captives by smuggling [[file (tool)|files]] that they used to free themselves from their chains{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|p=167|ps=}}}} Simultaneously, Dilawar Khan was advancing on him and, unaware of the situation at Shahpur, Papanna thought it prudent to defend his position by lifting his siege and retreating to his base.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|p=167|ps=}} When he reached Shahpur he found that the tables were turned on him: he was fired upon by his former captives, using his own cannon, and with the imminent arrival of Khan he was forced to take refuge in the very compound that he had constructed to imprison them. Finding his position there to be untenable, and facing the desertion of some of his own forces, he decamped to the fort at Tatikonda, leaving Khan to take control of the wealth within Shahpur in accordance with instructions of his superior, the governor of Hyderabad.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|pp=168–169|ps=}}

Yusuf Khan, the Hyderabad governor, sent a force of several thousand to besiege Tatikonda and this became a prolonged affair, lasting until March 1710. At that point, Yusuf Khan determined to take personal charge, doubling the number of imperial forces to around 12,000 and being further aided by the provision of at least 30,000 soldiers – cavalry and infantry – supplied by local landowners.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|pp=168–169|ps=}} This concentration of support from Hindu chieftains, together with the fact that they were the first to oppose him when he was originally based at Tatikonda and evidence that he attacked both Muslims and Hindus, demonstrate that Papanna's motivations and the popular support for them were not based on religious considerations. Claims that he was a "Hindu warrior" are further negated by analysis of the names of his followers noted in the ballads, which appear to demonstrate that those within his group included Muslims and non-Hindu tribal peoples in almost equal proportion to Hindus.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|p=171|ps=}}

Despite the considerable forces set against him at Tatikonda, it was bribery that caused significant losses for Papanna: his men, by now weary, hungry and demoralised, were tempted to defect by offers of double pay made in May. The final straw was when Papanna ran out of gunpowder and was forced to flee in disguise. Although wounded, he was able to reach the village of Hasanabad before being betrayed by a toddy tapper and captured by the brother-in-law who had previously been his prisoner. He was executed a few days later.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|pp=168–169|ps=}} The traditional accounts say that the method of execution was that of decapitation, and that thereafter his body was cut into pieces and his head sent to Delhi.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|pp=168–169|ps=}}{{sfnp|Richards|Rao|1980|ps=}}

Richards and Rao refer to Papanna's attempt as a "dual rebellion"{{sfnp|Richards|Rao|1998|p=514|ps=}} and that phrase has been used subsequently by the Metcalfs, among others.{{sfnp|Singh|2008|p=108|ps=}} They say that in leading such a rebellion "against both imperial and local chiefly authority, Papanna struck too boldly at the most basic ordering of society, and thus mobilized against him all those with a stake in the established hierarchies of caste and wealth."{{sfnp|Metcalf|Metcalf|2002|pp=30-31|ps=}}

==Popular culture==
Aside from the folklore upon which much of the knowledge regarding Papanna relies, there has been at least one film production telling his story: ''Sardar Papanna'', directed by [[Pratani Ramakrishna Goud]] and starring [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], was released in 2006.<ref>''Bharatwaves'', 24 August 2006.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Robin Hood]]
*[[Dulla Bhatti]]
*[[Jagga Jatt]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.bharatwaves.com/news/Sardar-Papanna-Releasing-Tomorrow-2489.html |title=Sardar Pananna releasing tomorrow |publisher=bharatwaves.com |date=24 August 2006 |accessdate=4 January 2012}}
*{{citation |journal=The Indian Antiquary |date=January 1874 |title=Telugu Ballad Poetry |first=J. A. |last=Boyle |volume=3 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheIndianAntiquaryVolIii}}
*{{citation |title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives |series=New Cambridge History of India |first=Richard M. |last=Eaton |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-25484-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC}}
*{{citation |title=Bandits |first=Eric |last=Hobsbawm |author-link=Eric Hobsbawm |publisher=Hachette UK |year=2010 |orig-year=1969 |isbn=978-0-297-86531-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rVNXz-WhhwC}}
*{{citation |title=Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India |first=Gijs |last=Kruijtzer |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-8728-068-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTTJa0usl80C}}
*{{citation |title=A Concise History of India |first1=Barbara Daly |last1=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |last2=Metcalf |authorlink1=Barbara D. Metcalf |authorlink2=Thomas R. Metcalf |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-63974-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC}}
*{{citation |first1=J. F. |last1=Richards |first2=V. N. |last2=Rao |title=Banditry in Mughal India: Historical and Folk Perceptions |journal=Indian Economic and Social History Review |issue=1 |volume=17 |pages=95–120 |date=January 1980 |doi=10.1177/001946468001700103|s2cid=145230793 }}
*{{citation |chapter=Banditry in Mughal India: Historical and Folk Traditions |editor1-first=Muzaffar |editor1-last=Alam |editor2-first=Sanjay |editor2-last=Subrahnanyam |first1=J. F. |last1=Richards |first2=V. Narayana |last2=Rao |title=The Mughal State 1526–1750 |year=1998 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195639056 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQJuAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{citation |chapter=Mughal Centralisation and Local Resistance in North Western India: An Exploration in the Ballad of Dulla Bhatti |first=Surinder |last=Singh |title=Popular literature and pre-modern societies in South Asia |editor1-first=Surinder |editor1-last=Singh |editor2-first=I. D. |editor2-last=Gaur |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1358-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=Power, administration, and finance in Mughal India |first=John F. |last=Richards |location=Aldershot |publisher=Variorum |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-86078-366-4}}
*{{cite journal |title=The Imperial Crisis in the Deccan |first=John F. |last=Richards |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=35 |issue=2 |date=February 1976 |pages=237–256 |jstor=2053981 |doi=10.1017/s0021911800080700}}

[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:17th-century births]]
[[Category:1710 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Indian bandits]]
[[Category:Executed Indian people]]
[[Category:People executed by decapitation]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Kumkum Dhar

2026-03-16T01:58:49Z

AnonyMo: Started a info more to come...

{{Short description|Indian Kathak dancer (born 1956)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kumkum Dhar
| birth_name =
| alias =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1956|02|04}}
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Lucknow University]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Kathak]] dancer|dance teacher}}
| known for =
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2020) [[Yash Bharati]] (2015) [[Uttar Pradesh Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1994)
}}
'''Kumkum Dhar''' is a [[Kathak]] dancer and dance teacher from [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India. She received many awards including the [[Uttar Pradesh Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1994), and the [[Yash Bharati]] (2015) by the Uttar Pradesh Government and the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2020) for Kathak.

==Biography==
Kumkum Dhar is on 4 February 1956 at Nagpur, [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="SNA">{{cite web |title=KUMKUM DHAR |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1741001313_Kumkum%20Dhar_11zon.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]}}</ref> Later she moved to [[Lucknow]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and trained in Kathak there under noted Kathak exponent [[Lachhu Maharaj]] of the [[Lucknow gharana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Kumkum Dhar's Kathak dance holds audience in thrall |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/state-editions/kumkum-dhars-kathak-dance-holds-audience-in-thrall.html |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=Hindustan Times |title=PROF KUMKUM DHAR |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow-live/20160416/281706908850895 |access-date=2025-06-26 |via=PressReader}}</ref>

Dhar completed [[Bachelor of Arts]] in 1974 and [[Master of Arts]] in 1976 from [[Lucknow University]].<ref name="times">{{cite news |title=Was shy of visiting Lucknow University's canteen, recalls Kathak maestro |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/was-shy-of-visiting-lu-canteen-recalls-kathak-maestro/articleshow/79030558.cms |work=The Times of India |date=4 November 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |access-date=27 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102075641/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/was-shy-of-visiting-lu-canteen-recalls-kathak-maestro/articleshow/79030558.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She also completed sangeet visharad degree in music and also holds a Doctorate in Economics.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news |title=Five from UP win Sangeet Natak Akademi Award |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/five-from-up-win-sangeet-natak-akademi-award-101669482453499.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 November 2022 |language=en-us}}</ref> After completing Masters in Economics, she worked for 25 years as an economist with a consultancy firm.<ref name="Hindustan Times2">{{cite news |title=Dancing through life |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/dancing-through-life/story-KQNBLeCjlHC01ZcB3IKHmI.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=31 March 2006 |language=en-us |archive-date=12 March 2023 |access-date=27 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312163205/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/dancing-through-life/story-KQNBLeCjlHC01ZcB3IKHmI.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Kumkum Dhar started performing Kathak in 1972.<ref>{{cite news |title=Central Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards: President bestows coveted award on Lucknow's Kumkum Dhar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/central-sangeet-natak-akademi-awards-president-bestows-coveted-award-on-lucknow-s-kumkum-dhar-101677174177754.html |archive-date=2023-02-28 |access-date=2025-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228205856/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/central-sangeet-natak-akademi-awards-president-bestows-coveted-award-on-lucknow-s-kumkum-dhar-101677174177754.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Apart from numerous venues and dance festivals in India, Dhar has also performed several solo dance shows in countries like USA, UK, Egypt, Kuwait, Mexico, Guatemala, and Bangladesh.<ref name="SNA"/> She excels in both '[[Tandava]]' (vigorous/ masculine) and '[[Lasya]]' (soft/ feminine) modes of Kathak.<ref name="SNA"/>

Dhar who worked as a professor in [[Bhatkhande Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya]], Lucknow, also served as the Dean of Faculty of Dance and later as vice-chancellor of Bhatkhande Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya.<ref>{{cite web |title=INTACH ARCHIVE : image : Kumkum Dhar performing Kathak [IHL_064] |url=https://icharchive.intach.org/Detail/objects/14677 |website=icharchive.intach.org}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times"/>

She has also trained more than 500 disciples under the [[Guru–shishya tradition]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bharat |first1=V. S. K. |title=If a nation lacks cultural values, it can never progress - Suresh Soni Ji |url=https://vskbharat.com/if-a-nation-lacks-cultural-values-it-can-never-progress-suresh-soni-ji/?lang=en |work=VSK Bharat |date=24 February 2025}}</ref> She is a Top-grade artist of [[Doordarshan]], and an 'Outstanding Artist' of [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name="SNA"/>

Other than career in Kathak dance, Dhar also worked as radio jockey, television artist, actor and singer.<ref name="Hindustan Times2"/>

==Awards and honors==
Kumkum Dhar received hundreds<ref name="times"/> of awards including the [[Uttar Pradesh Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1994), and the [[Yash Bharati]] by the Uttar Pradesh Government (2015) and the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2020) for Kathak by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], Government of India.<ref name="SNA"/> In 2024 she received the Bharat Muni Award.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bharat Muni Award 2024 Kumkum Dhar and Harekrishna Meher |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/ncr/new-delhi/story-bharat-muni-award-2024-kumkum-dhar-and-harekrishna-meher-honored-for-performing-arts-and-literature-201740238264834.html |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhar, Kumkum}}
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]

Pakala Junction railway station

2026-03-15T12:31:04Z

AnonyMo: typo fix

{{Short description|Railway Station in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Pakala Junction
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| address = [[Pakala, Tirupati district|Pakala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| image = Pakala jn sign board.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Pakala Junction railway station board
| line = [[Gudur–Katpadi branch line]], [[Dharmavarm–Pakala branch line]]
| country = India
| structure =
| track(s) =
| electrified = Yes
| elevation = {{cvt|371|m}}
| status = Functional
| parking = available
| code = PAK
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[South Coast Railway zone]]
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh##Location in India
}}

'''Pakala Junction railway station''' (station code: '''PAK'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Distances in kilometers between stations on the Pakala Jn.–Tirupati section |url=http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf |website=Indian Railways |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=99 |date=12 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414150809/http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) is a railway station serving [[Pakala, Tirupati district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], 517112, India.

== Administration ==
The station comes under the jurisdiction of [[Guntakal railway division]] of [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railways]].

== Infrastructure ==
The station has three platforms.This station is selected in Amrit Bharat Scheme which is being under redevelopment

== Routes ==
This station is a junction railway station has three lines from here towards [[Dharmavaram Junction railway station|Dharmavaram Junction]], {{stnlnk|Katpadi Junction}}, [[Renigunta Junction railway station|Renigunta Junction]].

== Connectivity ==
More than 50 trains halts in this station. It is well connected to major Indian cities such as [[Tirupati]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Madurai]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Mysuru]], [[Pune]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kanniyakumari]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Ernakulam]],[[Ranchi]] etc.

== Halting Trains ==

{{div col}}
* 22615 - [[ Tirupati–Coimbatore Intercity Express ]]
* 22616 – Coimbatore–Tirupati Intercity SF express
* 22617 – Tirupati–SMVT Bengaluru Intercity SF express
* 22618 – [[SMVT Bengaluru–Tirupati Intercity Express]]
* 22715 – [[Kacheguda–Madurai Weekly Express]]
* 22716 – Madurai–Kacheguda Weekly SF Express
* 16339 – [[Mumbai–Nagercoil Express]]
* 16340 – Nagercoil– Mumbai CSMT
* 16779 – Tirupati–Rameswaram Meenakshi express
* 16780 – [[Rameswaram–Tirupathi Meenakshi Express]]
* 16219 – [[Chamarajanagar–Tirupati Express]]
* 16220 – Tirupati–Chamarajanagar
* 16381 – Pune–Kanyakumari [[Kanyakumari–Mumbai Express|Jayanthi Janata Express]]
* 16382 – [[Kanyakumari–Pune Express]]
* 16870 – Villupuram–Tirupati
* 16853 – Tirupati–Villupuram
* 16854 – Villupuram–Tirupati
* 18637 – [[Hatia–SMVT Bengaluru Weekly Express]]
* 18638 – SMVT Bengaluru–Hatia
* 12797 – Kacheguda–Chittoor [[Venkatadri Express]]
* 12798 – Chittoor–Kacheguda
* 12765 – [[Tirupati–Amravati Express]]
* 12766 – Amravati–Tirupati Superfast Express
* 12731 – [[Tirupati–Secunderabad Superfast Express]] or Padmavathi Express Via Guntakal
* 12732 – Secunderabad–Tirupati Superfast Express
* 12769 – Tirupati–Secunderabad [[Seven Hills Express]]
* 12770 – Secunderabad–Tirupati Seven hills Superfast Express
* 17209 – SMVT Bengaluru–Kakinada Town [[Seshadri Express]]
* 17210 – Kakinada Town–SMVT Bengaluru
* 17247 – Narsapur–Dharmavaram Express
* 17248 – Dharmavaram–Narsapur Express
* 17407 – Tirupati–Mannargudi [[Pamani Express]]
* 17408 – Mannargudi–Tirupati
* 17423 - Tirupati - Chikkmagaluru
* [[Tirupati-Chikkmagaluru Weekly Express|17424- Chikmagalur to Tirupati Weekly Express]]
* 17069 - [[Hyderabad-Kanniyakumari Express]]
* 17070 - Kanniyakumari - Hyderabad
* 17615 – [[Kacheguda–Tuticorin Express]]
* 17616 – Tuticorin – Kacheguda
* 57404 – Guntakal – Tirupati
* 57403 – Tirupati – Guntakal
* 66028 – Tirupati – Katpadi
* 57405 – Tirupati – Kadiridevarapalli
* 57406 – Kadiridevarapalli – Tirupati
* 66205 - Tirupati - Katpadi
* 66206 - Katpadi - Tirupati
* 66207 - Tirupati - Katpadi
* 66208 - Katpadi - Tirupati
* 66209 - Tirupati - Katpadi
* 66210 - Katpadi - Tirupati
* 07605 - Tirupati - Akola
* 07606 - Akola - Tirupati
* 07219 - Narsapur - Tiruvannamalai
* 07220 - Tiruvannamalai - Narsapur
* 01477 - Solapur - Anakapalle
* 01478 - Anakapalle - Solapur
* 07189 - H S Nanded - Dharmavaram
* 07190 - Dharmavaram - H S Nanded
* 07615 - Charlapalli - Tiruchirapalli
* 07616 - Tiruchirapalli - Charlapalli
{{div col end}}

== Line and location ==
This station is situated in [[Gudur–Katpadi branch line]] with a branch line connecting to [[Dharmavaram Junction railway station|Dharmavaram]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{IndiaRailInfo|2502}}
{{Railway stations in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|13.4509|79.1146|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Guntakal railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Tirupati district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Rajaram II of Satara

2026-03-07T22:33:45Z

AnonyMo: new a info - done

{{Short description|Chhatrapati of the Marathas from 1749 to 1777}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rajaram II
| title = [[Maharaja|Maharaj]]
| image =
| succession = [[Chhatrapati of the Marathas]]
| reign = 15 December 1749 – 11 December 1777
| birth_date = June 1726
| birth_place = [[Kolhapur]], [[Maratha Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = 11 December 1777 (aged 51)
| death_place = [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Maratha Empire]] {{small|(present-day Maharashtra, India)}}
| predecessor = [[Shahu I]]
| successor = [[Shahu II of Satara|Shahu II]]
| royal house = [[Bhonsle dynasty|Bhonsale]]
| father = [[Shahu I]] (adoptive) [[Shivaji II]] (claimed biological)
| mother = Bhavani Bai<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thebetterindia.com/121097/rani-tarabai-warrior-queen-maratha-shivaji-aurangzeb-inspiring-woman/ | title=The Forgotten Story of Rani Tarabai, the Indomitable Warrior Queen of the Marathas | date=5 December 2017 }}</ref>
| issue = [[Shahu II of Satara]] (adopted)
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| reg-type1 = Peshwa
| regent1 = {{Plain list|
*[[Balaji Baji Rao]]
*[[Madhavrao I]]
*[[Narayan Rao]]
*[[Raghunath Rao]]
*[[Madhavrao II]]
}}
}}

'''Rajaram II''' (Rajaram Bhonsale, {{IPA|mr|[ɾaːd͡ʒaɾaːm ˈbʱos(ə)le}}; June 1726 – 11 December 1777), also known as '''Ramaraja''', was the sixth [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref>V.S. Kadam, 1993. ''Maratha Confederacy: A Study in its Origin and Development.'' Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi.</ref> He was an adopted son of Chhatrapati [[Shahu I]]. [[Tarabai]] had presented him to Shahu as her own grandson and used him to grab power after Shahu's death. However, after being sidelined, she stated that Rajaram II was only an impostor. Nevertheless, [[Balaji Baji Rao]] retained him as the Chhatrapati. In reality, Peshwa and other chiefs had all the executive power, while Rajaram II was only a nominal head of the Marathas.

==Early life==
After Shahu's death, Rajaram II was appointed as the new Chhatrapati, the King of Marathas. When [[Peshwa]] [[Balaji Baji Rao]] left for the Mughal frontier, Tarabai urged Rajaram II to remove him from the post of Peshwa. When Rajaram refused, she imprisoned him in a dungeon at Satara, on 24 November 1750. She claimed that he was an imposter from [[Gondhali]] caste and she had falsely presented him as her grandson to Shahu. His health deteriorated considerably during this imprisonment. Tarabai later signed a peace treaty with Balaji Rao, acknowledging his superiority. On 14 September 1752, Tarabai and Balaji Rao took an oath at [[Jejuri#Khandoba Temple|Khandoba temple]] in [[Jejuri]], promising mutual peace. At this oath ceremony, Tarabai also swore that Rajaram II was not her grandson, but an impostor from the Gondhali caste.<ref name="CAKDBP_1918">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofmaratha03kincuoft#page/2/mode/2up/search/umabai |title=A History of the Maratha People Volume 3 |author1=[[Charles Augustus Kincaid]] |author2=[[Dattatray Balwant Parasnis]] |year=1918 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=2–10 }}</ref> Nevertheless, the Peshwa retained Rajaram II as the titular Chhatrapati and a powerless figurehead.<ref name="BP_2000">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2Yn4LlujqsC&pg=PA30 |title=Issues in Modern Indian History |editor=Biswamoy Pati |isbn=9788171546589 |publisher=Popular |year=2000 |page=30 }}</ref>

==Reign==

During Rajaram II's reign, the power of the [[Chhatrapati]] based in [[Satara (city)|Satara]] was almost totally overshadowed by his hereditary Peshwas belonging to the [[Bhat family]] in [[Pune]] and other commanders of the confederacy such as the [[House of Holkar|Holkar]]s, [[Gaekwad]], [[Scindia]] and [[Bhonsle (clan)|Bhonsale]] (Nagpur).{{cn|date=August 2020}} During this period, the [[Maratha]]s were engaged in a continual conflict with the [[Durrani Empire]] based in Afghanistan. the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] took place in his time.{{fact|date=October 2020}} The Marathas and the Mughals signed an agreement in 1752. The Marathas agreed to help the Mughals defeat external aggression as well as internal rebellions. The Mughals agreed to appoint Peshwa Balaji Rao as the [[Subahdar]] of [[Ajmer subah|Ajmer]] and [[Agra Subah|Agra]] subah. The Marathas were also granted the right to collect ''[[chauth]]'' from [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore]], [[Subah of Multan|Multan]], [[Sind State|Sindh]] subahs as well as some districts of [[Hisar (city)|Hissar]] and [[Moradabad]]. However, the Mughal emperor had also ceded Lahore and Multan to Ahmad Shah Durrani in order to pacify him. In addition, he did not ratify the transfer of Rajput-ruled territories like Ajmer to the Marathas. This brought the Marathas in conflict with Durranis as well as Rajputs.<ref name="GSC_2005"/> [[Madho Singh I|Madho Singh]] sought help from [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] as well as the Afghan king [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] (Abdali).<ref name="GSC_2005">{{cite book |author=G.S.Chhabra |title=Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume 1: 1707–1803) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&pg=PA19 |date= 2005 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-81-89093-06-8 |pages=29–47 }}</ref> The Maratha-[[Jat people|Jat]] relations also worsened during Rajaram's reign.

He was succeeded by [[Shahu II of Satara]], another adopted titular ruler.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Shahuji]] |
title=[[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]] |
years=1749–1777 |
after=[[Shahu II of Satara|Shahu II]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajaram 02 Of Satara}}
[[Category:Rajas of Satara]]
[[Category:Maratha kings]]

RangiTaranga

2026-03-03T21:32:52Z

AnonyMo: quick fix

{{short description|2015 film by Anup Bhandari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = RangiTaranga
| image = 2015 Kannada film Rangitaranga poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anup Bhandari]]
| producer = [[H. K. Prakash]]
| studio = [[Shree Devi Entertainers]]
| writer = Anup Bhandari
| starring = [[Nirup Bhandari]] [[Radhika Chetan]] [[Avantika Shetty]] [[Saikumar (actor, born 1960)|Saikumar]]
| music = '''Songs:''' Anup Bhandari '''Score:''' [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| cinematography = Lance Kaplan [[William David]]
| editing = Praveen Joyappa
| distributor = Jayanna Films
| released = {{Film date|2015|07|03|[[India]]|df=y}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| budget = {{INR}}1.5 crore<ref name=":0" />
| gross = {{INR}}43 crore<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kantara To HanuMan: 7 Low-budget South Movies With High Box Office Collections |url=https://www.news18.com/web-stories/entertainment/kantara-to-hanuman-7-low-budget-south-movies-with-high-box-office-collections-1577159/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''RangiTaranga''''' (English: ''Colourful Wave'') is a 2015 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[psychological thriller]] written and directed by [[Anup Bhandari]] in his debut, and produced by H. K. Prakash, under [[Shree Devi Entertainers]]. It features debutantes [[Nirup Bhandari]], [[Radhika Chetan]] and [[Avantika Shetty]] in the lead roles, along with veteran actor, [[Saikumar (actor, born 1960)|Saikumar]].

Anup Bhandari said that in writing the story for the film, he took inspiration from "Dennana Dennana", a track that featured as the theme song in the 1990s Kannada [[Soap opera|television soap]] ''[[Guddada Bhootha|Guddada Bhoota]]''.<ref name="th1">{{cite news|author=Raghava M.|title=Guddada Bhoota theme song inspired me: Anup|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/guddada-bhoota-theme-song-inspired-me-anup/article7406181.ece|access-date=3 August 2015|work=The Hindu|date=10 July 2015}}</ref> In addition to directing the film, Bhandari also scored its soundtrack and penned the lyrics. It featured cinematography by [[United States|US]]-based cinematographer Lance Kaplan and [[William David]], the former of whom had previously collaborated with Bhandari on a short film.<ref>{{cite news|author=A. Sharadhaa|title=Hollywood Cinematographers Work on Kannada Movies|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/Hollywood-Cinematographers-Work-on-Kannada-Movies/2015/06/30/article2893379.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001204926/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/Hollywood-Cinematographers-Work-on-Kannada-Movies/2015/06/30/article2893379.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2015|access-date=3 August 2015|work=The New Indian Express|date=30 June 2015}}</ref>

''RangiTaranga'' is set in Kamarottu, a fictional village in the coastal region of [[Karnataka]], at Indu's ancestral village, where she, along with her husband Gautham Suvarna, decide to perform a ritual to ward off evil spirits. However, Indu goes missing, which leads Gautham and a reporter named Sandhya to investigate the disappearance of pregnant women (as well as Gautham's unknown past). Parts of the filming took place in [[Mysore]], [[Bangalore]], [[Madikeri]], [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]], [[Sira, India|Sira]], [[Ottapalam]], [[Alappuzha]] and [[Ooty]]. Upon theatrical release on 3 July 2015, the film received overwhelmingly positive reviews from both critics and audience. The film went on to become the [[List of Kannada films of 2015|highest-grossing Kannada film of 2015]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Sourabha B.|title=Quality Addition To Indian Cinema – RANGITARANGA: Movie Review|url=http://www.theindianpanorama.com/entertainment-news-news-tip/quality-addition-to-indian-cinema-rangitaranga-movie-review-44236/#.VcdJXvmqqko|website=theindianpanorama.com|access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=S. Shiva|title=It's making waves|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/anup-bhandaris-film-rangitaranga/article7481505.ece|website=The Hindu|date=30 July 2015|access-date=3 August 2015}}</ref> The film made it into the list of productions eligible for the [[88th Academy Awards]],<ref name="ReminderListOfProductionsEligibleForThe88ThAcademyAwards">{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/88th_reminder_list.pdf|title=Reminder List of Productions Eligible for the 88th Academy Awards|work=Oscars.org Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=Inter-Asian News Service|title=Never expected RangiTaranga to make it to Oscar race: Anup Bhandari|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/never-expected-rangitaranga-to-make-it-to-oscar-race-anup-bhandari|work=The Indian Express|access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=Inter-Asian News Service|title=Two south Indian films eligible for Oscar nomination|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/two-south-indian-films-eligible-for-oscar-nomination|work=The Indian EXPRESS|access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Joy|first1=Prathibha|title=Two Kannada films in the Oscar race!|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Two-Kannada-films-in-the-Oscar-race/articleshow/50215183.cms|access-date=17 December 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref> but it did not make it into the final [[88th Academy Awards#Nominations|list of nominations]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The 88th Academy Awards 2016 Nominees|date=16 February 2017 |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=Inter-Asian News Service|title=India out of Oscars race: 'Court', 'Jalam', 'RangiTaranga', 'Nachom-ia Kumpasar' fail to make it to nominations' list|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/india-out-of-oscars-race-court-jalam-rangitaranga-nachom-ia-kumpasar-fail-to-make-it-to-nominations-list-2584448.html|access-date=14 January 2016|work=Firstpost}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=May 2025}}
Gautham Suvarna is a [[novelist]], leading a reclusive life in [[Ooty]]. His latest novel is titled ''RangiTaranga'', a word which might hold the key to his past. Indu, Gautham's wife, is a soft-natured girl who paints the cover pages of all of Gautham's novels. Sandhya, a self-proclaimed [[journalist|reporter]] from [[Bangalore]], is in search of an anonymous writer who goes by the pen name ''Anashku''. She finds out about the writer from a publisher and sets on a journey to find him. A [[pregnant]] Indu finds herself in trouble when she repetitively gets nightmares of an accident. She then convinces Gautham to visit her ancestral home in the village of Kamarottu in order to perform some rituals to solve her problems. Upon their arrival in Kamarottu, Gautham befriends the post master Kalinga and the elderly school head master Shankar.

During their stay in the village, Indu experiences strange occurrences in the house, including an incident where Indu is almost pulled into a well while she is fetching a bucket of water. The incident provokes Gautham to investigate the village further. He learns from Kalinga that the well contains ''[[Brahmarakshasa]]'' (devil) and that the Kamarottu home is haunted by a ghost (''Guddada Bhoota''). Gautham's investigation also irks the powerful men in the village: on one occasion, one of the henchmen of a powerful politician attacks Gautham, leaving him injured. Meanwhile, Sandhya's trail leads her to Kamarottu. Indu goes missing one night and later, the local police declare that she was killed six years ago in an accident. Confused, Gautham starts searching for her and discovers an illegal sand mafia, led by the corrupt politician Mahabala Hegde, along with the local police, which leads him to conclude that their attack on him was merely to cover up their illegal activity.

Sandhya meets Gautham during the investigation of his wife's disappearance and helps him in discovering a diary titled ''Harini''. Through this diary, Gautham discovers that the woman who he believed to be his wife Indu, was actually Harini, a yoga instructor from Bangalore, and that he himself is not Gautham. Indu and her husband Gautham were in reality, Harini's friends. In a desperate and impulsive attempt to escape further abuse, Harini killed a man who was abusive to her and threatened her after she spurned his physical advances. Horrified by the realization that she has killed a person and terrified by the prospect of legal repercussions, she confides in Indu and Gautham, who decide to take her to Kamarottu and create an alibi for her. It is revealed that Gautham was actually Siddharth, an aspiring writer/singer who was in love with Sandhya.

Telling her that he will be back soon, Siddharth leaves for a bike trip with his college friends. Under a thick blanket of [[fog]], Siddharth and his friend on a motorbike collides with the car carrying Indu, Gautham and Harini, near the Kamarottu junction. Harini and Siddharth, who has lost his memory, are the sole survivors of the accident. Harini, reluctant to go back to her previous life, assumes the identity of her now-dead friend Indu, and informes the authorities and Siddharth that he is her husband Gautham. With nothing else to go on to, Siddharth accepts this as the truth. After learning the truth about his past, Gautham and Sandhya infiltrate the police station and search the records. They find a strange coincidence in the missing person files: every year on July 7, a woman goes missing in the village. When they check with the families of the missing women, they learn that they were pregnant -- like Indu -- and that the ''Guddada Bhoota'' is responsible for the abductions.

They initially suspect the local doctor, as he is the only person who has access to the pregnancy reports in the village, but he reveals that his girlfriend, Anasuya, was the first victim of the ''Guddada Bhoota''. After connecting the dots, Gautham and Sandhya realise that the pregnancy reports are delivered from the hospital to the patient via post, and the only person who has access to all the posts is Kalinga. After enquiring Shankar about further information, they deduce that Kalinga is the ''Guddada Bhoota'' and is responsible for the abductions. Kalinga's wife, Anasuya, had an extramarital affair with the local doctor; on July 7, when Kalinga found out, Anasuya did not reveal the doctor's identity, and he mistook Angara, a mentally ill man from the village, to be her lover and beheaded him.

Kalinga tortured his wife in an abandoned house on the hillock, finally killing her after 11 days. After this incident, he became mentally tormented and began killing other women on the same day (July 18) while donning the ''Bhoota Vesha'' (devil's getup). After learning this, Siddharth tracks Kalinga down with the help of Shankar, fearing that Kalinga is about to kill Harini (as it is July 18). Upon finding his hideout, Siddharth engages in a brutal fight with Kalinga and eventually kills him, saving Harini. Later, Harini gives birth to a child. Sandhya wishes Siddharth well, telling him that he is probably better off being with Harini and his newborn child. She leaves without revealing her relationship with Siddharth or his true identity, nursing a broken heart.

==Cast==

{{div col begin}}
* [[Nirup Bhandari]] as Gautham Suvarna / Siddarth
* [[Radhika Chetan]] as Indu Suvarna / Harini Ranganath
* [[Avantika Shetty]] as Sandhya Bhargav
* [[Saikumar (actor, born 1960)|Saikumar]] as Thenkabail Ravindra "Kalinga" Bhat
* [[Pramod Shetty]] as Manohar Alva
* Ananth Velu as Shankar
* [[Shilpa Singh]] as Shilpa Rao
* Arvind Rao as Inspector Basavaraj Haadimani
* [[William David]] as Naarnu
* Chetan Raj as Garnal Babu
* [[Siddu Moolimani]] as Nilesh Gowda aka Pandu
* Roshni Kore as Panchami aka Panchali
* Dinesh Siriyara as Angaara
* Shanker Ashwath as Mahabala Hegde
* [[Anup Bhandari]] as Gautham Suvarna
* Srinath Vasistha
* Swapna Raj
* Renuka
* Karthik Rao Kordale as Rafique
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = RangiTaranga
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anup Bhandari]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 16 June 2015
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:58
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Rajaratha]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] scored the film's background music and [[Anup Bhandari]] composed for its soundtrack, also writing lyrics for all but one track. The soundtrack album consists of 10 tracks, featuring a [[flute]] bit of the track "Dennana Dennana", a [[karaoke]] of "Akka Pakka" and a dialogue bit "Ashu Kavi Kalinga" mouthed by [[Sai Kumar (Tollywood actor)|Saikumar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rangi Taranga (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=14 March 2015|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/rangi-taranga-original-motion/id976540379|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306025517/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/rangi-taranga-original-motion/id976540379|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2016|publisher=iTunes|access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> The track "Dennana Dennana" which has its lyrics in [[Tulu language|Tulu]] was the theme song of the Kannada [[soap opera]] ''[[Guddada Bhootha]]'' that was first aired on [[DD Chandana]] in the 1990s and re-telecast on [[Zee Kannada]] between 2013 and 2014. It was used in the film after rights were given to Bhandari by its lyricist Sadananda Suvarna.<ref name="th1"/> The album was released on 16 June 2015 in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rangitaranga audio released|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/11711-rangitaranga-audio-released.html|publisher=chitraloka.com|date=16 June 2015|access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline= Track list
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 29:58
| title1 = Akka Pakka
| extra1 = [[Anup Bhandari]], Suchitra Lata
| lyrics1 = [[Anup Bhandari]]
| length1 = 2:32
| title2 = Kele Cheluve
| extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]], Deepika T., Anup Bhandari
| lyrics2 = Anup Bhandari
| length2 = 4:00
| title3 = Ee Sanje
| extra3 = [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], Gokul Abhishek, Monisha
| lyrics3 = Anup Bhandari
| length3 = 4:35
| title4 = Nee Kele Vaduve
| extra4 = Deepika T
| lyrics4 = Anup Bhandari
| length4 = 3:44
| title5 = Kareyole
| extra5 = [[Inchara Rao]]
| lyrics5 = Anup Bhandari
| length5 = 2:04
| title6 = Dennana Dennana
| extra6 = Supriya Raghunandan
| lyrics6 = Sadananda Suvarna, Sudhakar Saaja
| length6 = 2:55
| title7 = Kele Cheluve
| note7= Yakshagana
| extra7 = Satish Patla, Deepika T., Anup Bhandari
| lyrics7 = Anup Bhandari
| length7 = 4:00
| title8 = Dennana
| note8= Flute
| extra8 = Anup Bhandari
| lyrics8 =
| length8 = 2:55
| title9 = Akka Pakka
| note9= Karaoke
| extra9 = Anup Bhandari
| lyrics9 =
| length9 = 2:32
| title10 = Ashu Kavi Kalinga
| note10= Bit
| extra10 = [[Sai Kumar (Tollywood actor)|Sai Kumar]]
| lyrics10 = Anup Bhandari
| length10 = 0:41
}}

===Critics review===
The critics received the album well and noted for its non-usage of words from the English and [[Hindi language]]s in its tracks, which was the hitherto trend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://namcinema.com/audio-reviews/music-review-rangitaranga-gives-refreshing-music/ |title=Music Review: RangiTaranga gives refreshing music|publisher=Nam Cinema |date=15 April 2015|access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film was given the "U/A" (Parental Guidance) certificate by the Regional Censor Board. It was released theatrically in theatres across [[Karnataka]] on 3 July 2015. Upon release, the film met with universal critical acclaim, who acclaimed the film's screenplay, film score, cinematography and the acting performance of [[Saikumar (actor, born 1960)|Saikumar]]. After a tremendous response at the domestic market, the film was released in [[Germany]] on 1 August 2015, followed by the [[Netherlands]] and [[Ireland]]. Following this it was released in the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]], [[Australia]], [[Norway]], [[Singapore]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Japan]], [[Sweden]], [[Finland]], [[Switzerland]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Denmark]] among other countries.<ref name="toi1">{{cite news|last1=Prasad S.|first1=Shyam|title=RangiTaranga achieves what Baahubali did|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/RangiTaranga-achieves-what-Baahubali-did/articleshow/48523957.cms|access-date=19 August 2015|work=The Times of India|date=18 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=A. Sharadhaa|title=Bhandari Duo on to their Next|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Bhandari-Duo-on-to-their-Next/2015/07/21/article2930918.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726005202/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Bhandari-Duo-on-to-their-Next/2015/07/21/article2930918.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 July 2015|access-date=9 August 2015|work=The New Indian Express|date=21 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Veena|title='RangiTaranga' To Release In Europe; Turns Out To Be Silent Hit Movie Of 2015!|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2015/rangitaranga-flies-to-europe-turns-to-be-the-silent-hit-movie-of-2015-192444.html|access-date=9 August 2015|publisher=filmibeat.com|date=30 July 2015}}</ref>

Reviewing the film for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Archana Nathan calling the film "well-made thriller" credited the performance of all lead actors and the cinematography, and wrote, "The director also successfully captures the flavour of the region and gets the essence and accent of the language right."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nathan|first1=Archana|title=From the occult to the real|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/from-the-occult-to-the-real/article7387830.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 July 2015|access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' described the film as "beautiful, chilling and bold" and wrote, "The film steeped in the strong ethos of a bygone culture, is beautifully etched and well enacted by newcomers. Anup’s storyline does not differentiate between the shades of good and evil. The journey exposes secrets but does not lose its balance. The director has showcased his understanding of horror, friendship, revenge and forgiveness, well."<ref>{{cite web|author=A. Sharadhaa|title=Perfectly Crafted to Thrill|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Perfectly-Crafted-to-Thrill/2015/07/04/article2900607.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001131506/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Perfectly-Crafted-to-Thrill/2015/07/04/article2900607.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2015|website=The New Indian Express|date=9 August 2015}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Deccan Herald]]'', S. Viswanath called the film "[a]n eerie romantic thriller". On the cinematography, he wrote, "... Lance Kaplan and William David capture the verdant and scenic vicissitudes of mountainous ravines and quietly flowing rivers of coastal Mangaluru, as also the famous tea gardens and hills of Ooty." He concluded acclaiming the screenplay and the film's music.<ref>{{cite web|author=S. Viswanath|title=An eerie romantic thriller|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/487523/an-eerie-romantic-thriller.html|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=5 July 2015|access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref>

Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3/5 and wrote, "[the film is] visually breath-taking and packed with a lot of punch, be it in both the acting and the technical departments." Crediting the acting performance of Saikumar, she added, "The other highlights of the film apart from Anup's writing are his music and lyrics. The songs are catchy, though they seem a tad too many in the second half. B Ajaneesh Lokanath's background score is on par with some of the best global thrillers, as is the cinematography by Lance Kaplan and William David."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Suresh|first1=Sunayana|title=RangiTaranga Movie Review|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/RangiTaranga/movie-review/47945555.cms|access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref> Having rated the film 3.5/5 Shyam Prasad S. of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' felt that the film was "a very good attempt and packs enough thrills". He, however, felt that it lacked pace with the songs and these few scenes dragging the film through. He concluded writing, "The cinematography makes the film look like a live presentation rather than something happening on the screen. The background music is equally apt and very well ingrained into the film" and highlighted the acting performance of Saikumar.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Prasad S.|first1=Shyam|title=Movie review: Rangi Taranga|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-review-Rangi-Taranga/articleshow/47928292.cms|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref> Shashiprasad S. M. of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated the film 3/5 and wrote, "the director makes an impressive debut with this good suspense thriller. Anup Bhandari who has penned the script has showcased a realistic and scary experience for the audience." He highlighted the cinematography and songs in the film, and criticized its slow pace and editing.<ref>{{cite web|author=Shashiprasad S. M.|title=Movie review 'Rangitaranga': A ghostly affair|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150708/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-rangitaranga-ghostly-affair|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=8 July 2015|access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref>

== Box office ==
With medium occupancy at theatres in [[Karnataka]] on the first three days after theatrical release, it gradually improved and registered 100% in many theatres following good reviews by audiences and word-of-mouth marketing. Following the first week of release, the film performed very well at the domestic box office. At the end of its 300 days from release, it had collected more than {{INR}}38 crore in Karnataka alone<ref name="tnie1">{{cite news|author=A. Sharadhaa|title=Sandalwood hits Rangitaranga and Uppi 2 Run to Full House in USA|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Sandalwood-hits-Rangitaranga-and-Uppi-2-Run-to-Full-House-in-USA/2015/08/17/article2977653.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818154224/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Sandalwood-hits-Rangitaranga-and-Uppi-2-Run-to-Full-House-in-USA/2015/08/17/article2977653.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2015|access-date=19 August 2015|work=The New Indian Express|date=17 August 2015}}</ref> with the total worldwide gross collections reported to be around ₹43 crores.<ref name=":0"/> The movie completed 365 days run at 2 theatres in [[Bangalore]]- [[INOX Leisure Limited|INOX]] [[Mantri Square]] in [[Malleswaram]] and [[Cinepolis]] Royal Meenakshi Mall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/cineloka/photos/a.241569509250682.57029.224955457578754/1104418702965754/?type=3&theater |title=Cineloka.co.in - Timeline |publisher=[[Facebook]] |date= |access-date=2016-08-09}}</ref>
===Overseas===
It performed strongly in the [[United States of America|US]] upon release on 14 August in 36 screens. It collected US$200,802 ({{INR}}13.1 million), which trade analyst [[Taran Adarsh]] called an "Excellent start".<ref>{{cite news|author=Veena|title=RangiTaranga Biggest Overseas Release Ever; Nears 50 Successful Days At Theatres!|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2015/rangitaranga-biggest-overseas-release-ever-nears-successful-50-days-at-theatres-194730.html|access-date=19 August 2015|publisher=filmibeat.com|date=18 August 2015}}</ref> The second day collections of US$75,000 ({{INR}}49 [[lakh]]) was more than that of any Indian film there. By the end of the first weekend of the three-day run, it managed to break the lifetime records set by all previous Kannada films in the United States and became the highest grosser.<ref>{{cite news|title=RangiTaranga set to create history in USA|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/RangiTaranga-set-to-create-history-in-USA/articleshow/48510033.cms|access-date=19 August 2015|work=The Times of India|date=17 August 2015}}</ref> In the process, ''RangiTaranga'' also became the first Kannada film to make it to the weekend box office list of ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name="toi1"/> By the end of September, it became the first Kannada film to complete a 50 days run in the US, and collected {{INRConvert|2.1|c}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rangitaranga Soars High Overseas|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Rangitaranga-Soars-High-Overseas/2015/09/28/article3050442.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930223320/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Rangitaranga-Soars-High-Overseas/2015/09/28/article3050442.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2015|access-date=29 September 2015|work=The New Indian Express|date=28 September 2015}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
! {{tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| [[2015 Karnataka State Film Awards]]
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Director's First Time Best Film|Best Debut Film Of Newcomer Director]]
| Director - [[Anup Bhandari]] Producer - [[H.K.Prakash]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Karnataka-State-Film-Awards-2015-Full-List/articleshow/52311976.cms|title=Karnataka State Film Awards, 2015: Full List|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en|access-date=2020-02-17}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="13" | [[1st IIFA Utsavam]]
| Best Picture
| [[H.K.Prakash]]
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="13" | <ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/srimanthudu-rangitaranga-win-laurels-at-iifa-utsavam/|title='Srimanthudu', 'Rangitaranga' win laurels at IIFA Utsavam |newspaper=The Indian Express|date=27 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| [[Anup Bhandari]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Performance In A Leading Role – Male
| Nirup Bhandari
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Performance In A Leading Role – Female
| [[Radhika Chetan]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Performance In A Supporting Role – Male
| [[Saikumar (actor, born 1960)|Sai Kumar]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Performance In A Supporting Role – Female
| Renuka
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Performance In A Comic Role
| Karthik Rao
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Performance In A Negative Role
| Arvind Rao
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Music Direction
| Anup Bhandari
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Lyrics
| Anup Bhandari (for "Kareyole")
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer - Female
| [[Inchara Rao]] (for "Kareyole")
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Background Music
| [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Sound Mixing
| Murali Rayasam
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[63rd Filmfare Awards South]]
| Best Film
| [[H.K.Prakash]]
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="6" | <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Winners-63rd-Filmfare-South-Awards/articleshow/52816168.cms|title=Winners: 63rd Filmfare South Awards |newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| [[Anup Bhandari]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| [[Saikumar (actor, born 1960)|Saikumar]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| [[Avantika Shetty]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[Anup Bhandari]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer - Female
| [[Inchara Rao]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|5th SIIMA Awards]]
| Best Film
| [[H.K.Prakash]]
| {{Nominated}}
| rowspan="9" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scooptimes.com/awards/siima-awards-2016-winners/4203|title=5th SIIMA Awards 2016 Winners List, Nominees, Voting Details |publisher=Scoop times|date=30 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://siima.in/2016/winners.html|title=5th SIIMA Winners List|access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor in a Supporting Role
| Arvind Rao <ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinemachaat.com/tag/arvind-rao|title=Arvind Rao in RangiTaranga in Cinema Chaat|date=24 Aug 2015}}</ref>
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Actor in a Negative Role
| [[Saikumar (actor, born 1960)|Saikumar]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Debut Actor
| Nirup Bhandari
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Debut Actress
| Radhika Chetan
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Debut Director
| [[Anup Bhandari]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[Anup Bhandari]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| [[Anup Bhandari]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer - Female
| [[Inchara Rao]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| IBNLive Movie Awards
| Best Director South
| Anup Bhandari
| {{won}}
|<ref>IBNLive Movie Awards
* {{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ibnlive-movie-awards-anup-bhandari-wins-best-southern-director-for-rangi-taranga-1213964.html|title=IBNLive Movie Awards: Anup Bhandari wins Best Southern director for 'Rangi Taranga'|access-date=9 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4432480}}

{{H.K. Prakash}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada}}
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]

Saradhi

2026-03-03T20:39:53Z

AnonyMo: Made The Data W/ Infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saradhi
| image = Saradhi 2015.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = Gopalan Manoj
| producer = Sreekumar Pillai
| writer = Rajesh K. Raman
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sunny Wayne]]
*[[Vinutha Lal]]
}}
| music = Gopi Sundar
| cinematography = Noushad Shereef
| editing = Ayoob Khan
| studio = Movies Nest Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2015|2|13|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Saradhi''''' is a 2015 Indian Malayalam-language action thriller directed by Gopalan Manoj and starring [[Sunny Wayne]] and [[Vinutha Lal]].
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/previews/saradhi/articleshow/46228608.cms|title=Saradhi|newspaper=The Times of India|date=13 February 2015|accessdate=17 September 2022}}</ref> This film inspired the Tamil film ''[[Sei (film)|Sei]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/sep/22/sunny-wayne-starrer-saradhi-to-have-a-tamil-version-1522656.html |title=Sunny Wayne-starrer Saradhi to have a Tamil version |date=22 September 2016 |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref>

== Plot ==
An ambulance driver receives an unexpected call to transport a deceased body and grieving family members to a distant location. As he embarks on the journey, he discovers that the situation is not as straightforward as it seems. Faced with a dilemma, he must make a decision - to flee or to confront the mysterious circumstances unfolding before him.

==Cast==
*[[Sunny Wayne]] as Christy<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/road-race-game-by-saaradhi-team/articleshow/46213460.cms|title=Road race game by Saaradhi team - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=12 February 2015 }}</ref>
*[[Vinutha Lal]]
*[[Nedumudi Venu]]
*[[Sreenivasan]]
*[[Madhupal]]
*[[Vishnu G Raghav]]

==Soundtrack==
Music by [[Gopi Sunder]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/gopi-sunder-composes-for-saaradhi/articleshow/46078010.cms|title=Gopi Sunder composes for Saaradhi - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> In a soundtrack album review, ''The Times of India'' stated that "Saaradhi is no extraordinary album but has its musical moments through the first two songs, and the album is worth grabbing".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/saradhi-music-review/articleshow/46329837.cms|title=Saradhi Music Review - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

*"Mazhamukile" - Najim Arshad, Mridula Warrier
*"Kuthu Kuthu" - [[Anuradha Sriram]]
*"Munne Munne" - Gopi Sunder.

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' opined that "Despite its inconsistent pace, Saradhi is watchable and can be quite gripping at times. Sunny Wayne as an ambulance driver transporting corpses pulls off an amazing performance in this crime thriller".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/saradhi/movie-review/46252591.cms|title=Saradhi Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Saradhi by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "Saaradhi makes an effort to be different but ends up being a run-of-the-mill affair".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-saaradhi-is-run-of-the-mill/20150217.htm|title=Review: Saaradhi is run-of-the-mill|first=Paresh C.|last=Palicha|website=Rediff}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "The attempt is to present things in a serious way but what this thriller manages is to bore you to death".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/saaradhi--review-news-malayalam-pcpwutheeiece.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416110013/https://www.sify.com/movies/saaradhi--review-news-malayalam-pcpwutheeiece.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 April 2022|title=Saaradhi -Review|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|qid=Q50819322|id=tt4699988}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gopi Sundar]]

Rihand Dam

2026-03-03T16:02:13Z

AnonyMo:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Rihand Dam
| name_official = Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar
| image = Jawaharlal Nehru at Rihand Dam.jpg
| image_caption = Jawaharlal Nehru at Rihand Dam
| image_alt =
| location_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|24|12|9|N|83|0|29|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Sonbhadra]], Uttar Pradesh
| status =
| construction_began = 1953
| opening = 1962
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner =
| dam_type =
| dam_height = {{Convert|91.46|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation=
| dam_length = {{Convert|934.45|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|title=India: National Register of Large Dams 2009 |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |publisher=Central Water Commission |access-date=10 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_crosses =
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = 10.6 billion cubic metres
| res_capacity_active = 8.9 billion cubic metres (314.34 tmc ft)
| res_capacity_inactive= 1.7 billion cubic metres (60 tmc ft)
| res_catchment = {{Convert|13333.26|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Rihand Dam, Uttar Pradesh Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited ">{{cite web | author = UPJVNL| title =Uttar Pradesh Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited| url = https://www.upjvn.org/Home/Rihand| access-date = 2018-11-20
}}</ref>
| res_surface =
| res_elevation =
| res_max_depth =
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines = 6 x 50 [[megawatt|MW]] [[Francis turbine|Francis-type]]
| plant_capacity = 300 MW<ref>{{cite web|title=Rihand Power Station, Pipri, District : Sonebhadra (UP)|url=http://www.upjvn.org/static/rihand.aspx|publisher=UPDESCO|access-date=10 July 2011|archive-date=9 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109120946/http://www.upjvn.org/static/rihand.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| plant_annual_gen =
| website =
| extra =
}}
'''Rihand Dam''', also known as '''Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar''', is the second-largest dam in India by volume (storage), behind only [[Indirasagar Dam]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The reservoir of Rihand Dam, called [[Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar]], is India's largest manmade lake.<ref name="WWF, SA: NI">{{WWF ecoregion |id=im0206 |name=Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests |access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref> Rihand Dam is a concrete [[gravity dam]] located at [[Pipri]] in [[Sonbhadra District]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.india9.com/i9show/Rihand-Dam-44802.htm|title= Rihand Dam |access-date=5 December 2015}}</ref> Its reservoir is on the border of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is located on the [[Rihand River]], a tributary of the [[Son River]]. The catchment area of this dam extends over Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and [[Chhattisgarh]] states, and it supplies irrigation water to [[Bihar]], located downstream.

==Specifications==
[[Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar]] is the largest man-made lake in India. Rihand Dam is a concrete gravity dam with a length of 934.45 meters. The maximum height of the dam is 91.46 meters. It was constructed during 1954–62. The dam consists of 61 independent blocks and ground joints. The powerhouse is situated at the toe of the dam, with installed capacity of 300 MW (6 units of 50 MW each). The intake structure is situated between blocks no. 28 and 33. The Dam is in a distressed condition. It is proposed to carry out rehabilitation works in the dam and the powerhouse.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://irrigation.up.nic.in/rehand_dam.htm|title= Rehabilitation of Rihand dam |access-date=5 December 2015}}</ref> The F.R.L. of the dam is {{convert|268.22|ft|m|abbr=on}}, and it impounds {{Convert|8.6|e6acre-ft}} of water. The construction of the dam resulted in forced relocation of nearly 100,000 people <ref>B. Terminski, Development-Induced Displacement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges, Geneva, 2013</ref>
[[File:Rihand Dam, Renukoot 1.jpg|thumb|left |300px|Rihand Dam front view]]

Many [[super thermal power station]]s are located in the catchment area of the dam. These are [[Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station|Singrauli]], [[Vindhyachal Thermal Power Station|Vindyachal]], [[Rihand Thermal Power Station|Rihand]], [[Anpara Thermal Power Station|Anpara]], and Sasan super thermal power stations and Renukoot thermal station. The high-alkalinity runoff from the [[Ash pond|ash dumps]] (some are located in the reservoir area) of these [[coal-fired power station]]s ultimately collects in this reservoir, raising its alkalinity. Using high-alkalinity water for irrigation converts the agriculture fields in to fallow [[alkali soils]].

== Dams and Development ==
[[File:Power Plant on Rihand Dam Sonbhadra.jpg|thumb|Power plant on Rihand Dam Sonbhadra]]
As the first prime minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] was determined to make India economically self-reliant and self-sufficient in its food production.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/uncategorized/the-dammed-water-wants-a-history-of-indias-dams/3098/|title=The Dammed ~ Water Wants: A History of India's Dams {{!}} Wide Angle|date=2003-09-18|website=Wide Angle|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> Nehru waged an aggressive dam-building campaign, drastically expanding infrastructure left by the [[British Raj]], who "had put down {{Convert|75000|mi}} of irrigation canals to water the subcontinent’s most valuable farmland."<ref name=":5" /> Nehru believed that dams held the key for growth and the achievement of his economic goals for India. At the opening of the [[Bhakra Dam]] in 1963, he referred to the dam as "the temple of a free India, at which I worship."<ref name=":5" /> The taming of rivers throughout India marked the dawn of a new, independent, and most importantly free India that would finally be able to make use of its resources on its own terms, enriching its people in the process. To this day, India continues to build dams throughout to achieve these ambitious economic goals.

== Background ==
Before the dam was built, [[Renukoot]], the town in which it was built, was a primarily agrarian locale. The region lacked basic modern features such as adequate transportation, roads, and electricity, but the prospect of arable land provided a boon for local villages to farm and sustain themselves. Authorities recognized the potential for growth in the region, as [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]] was home to vast natural resources including coal and forests with various types of trees such as sal, bamboo, khair, and salal. Building a dam to harness the power of the [[Rihand River|Rihand]] would represent a first step in developing the region and bringing industry to it.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Satyajit Kumar|date=1985|title=From the Dam to the Ghettos: The Victims of the Rihand Dam|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=20|issue=39|pages=1643–1644|jstor=4374864|issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

British colonial authorities were interested in building a dam on the Rihand River as early as 1940.<ref name=":0" /> The construction of a dam had the potential to improve irrigation in the region and held the promise of generating hydroelectric power. In 1952, the Independent Indian government sanctioned survey work; construction began in 1954 and was completed in 1962.

== Social Impact ==
The construction of the Rihand Dam has catalyzed the transformation of the [[Singrauli district|Singrauli region]] from an agrarian society into an industrial one. Greenpeace found "the social and demographic profile of the area has undergone a significant transformation with the massive industrial changes to the landscape."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/publication/1006/singrauli-the-coal-curse/|title=Singrauli: The Coal Curse|website=Greenpeace India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> This influx of industry, primarily energy and manufacturing interests, has allowed the region to grow and power the growing Indian economy. Despite this growth, serious questions over the nature of these development projects remain, as tens of thousands of locals were forced to relocate for the construction of the Rihand Dam, and tens of millions throughout India as a consequence of the construction of dams throughout the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fmreview.org/accountability-and-displacement/lama|title=Internal displacement in India: causes, protection and dilemmas {{!}} Forced Migration Review|website=www.fmreview.org|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fernandes|first=Walter|date=October 2013|title=Internally Displaced Persons and Northeast India|journal=International Studies|language=en|volume=50|issue=4|pages=287–305|doi=10.1177/0020881717714900|s2cid=158254014|issn=0020-8817}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Ray|first=Parshuram|date=August 2000|title=Internal Displacement in India: Causes, Protection and dilemmas|url=https://www.fmreview.org/accountability-and-displacement/lama|journal=Forced Migration Review|volume=8}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Sadual|first=Manoj Kumar|date=January 2015|title=Tribal Displacement in the Name of Development in India: Legal Intervention and Redressal|journal=International Journal of Management and Social Sciences|volume=3|pages=575–590}}</ref> Critics allege that growth takes priority over human welfare, with safety precautions in work environments severely lacking and little care taken to protect the environment. Despite being built 60 years ago, these impacts are longstanding.

=== Economic impact ===
In terms of achieving economic growth and development for Indian authorities and business interests, the Rihand Dam has been an unmitigated success. The construction of the dam allowed for the Singrauli region to expand rapidly in the ensuing years, with various industries emerging in the region. Local industries produce a wide range of goods, such as commercial vehicles, mining equipment, locomotives, telecommunication cables, and power-generation equipment. To facilitate this growth, the Indian government subsequently purchased thousands of acres of land in neighboring villages and throughout the district of Madhya Pradesh to sell to industrialists. These plants required tens of thousands of workers to operate them, creating opportunities for Indians to earn better wages.<ref name=":0" /> Singh points out that firms did not hire the locals displaced by the dam. Instead, the government and companies chose to hire laborers from other regions within India.

As these other industries arose, coal remained the driving force behind the expansion of the Singrauli economy. With nine billion tons of coal reserves, Singrauli has long been viewed as "India's energy capital"; its vast coal reserves, discovered in 1840, have long attracted mining companies, and state planners sought to harvest this resource to power the industry that eventually came to dominate the area.<ref name=":1" /> Coal mining increased precipitously in the decades after the construction of Rihand; by 1980, production totaled around six million tons and at the time Singh wrote his article, was expected to reach 30 million tons by 1995 and eventually eclipse 75 million tons, amounting to more than half of India's entire production of coal in 1983.<ref name=":0" />

=== Environmental Impact ===

[[File:ISS022-E-35634 - View of India.jpg| thumb|right|420px| Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar]]
As the Indian government's primary concern has been to foster growth, it has often chosen the most expedient route to achieve its goals, at the expense of the environment. The construction of the Rihand Dam was only the beginning of industrialization in the Singrauli region. As state and private entities have continued to develop the region, pollution has increased, threatening the environment and well-being of residents, while taking valuable farmland.<ref name=":1" /> Pollution from industry has harmed the health of local residents, as well. [[Fluoride]] contamination in the dam's reservoir water pollutes groundwater, consequently affecting drinking water and agriculture. Researchers estimate that more than 60 million people from 17 states deal with the effects of [[Dental fluorosis|dental]], [[Skeletal fluorosis|skeletal]], or non-skeletal fluorosis, a chronic condition caused by excessive intake of fluorine compounds, marked by mottling of the teeth and, if severe, calcification of the ligaments. While some fluoride contamination may be caused by natural processes, human activities such as coal and mineral mining, and the operation of thermal power plants have led to increased pollution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Usham|first1=A. L.|last2=Dubey|first2=C. S.|last3=Shukla|first3=D. P.|last4=Mishra|first4=B. K.|last5=Bhartiya|first5=G. P.|date=April 2018|title=Sources of Fluoride Contamination in Singrauli with Special Reference to Rihand Reservoir and its Surrounding|journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India|language=en|volume=91|issue=4|pages=441–448|doi=10.1007/s12594-018-0877-y|bibcode=2018JGSI...91..441U |s2cid=134250100|issn=0016-7622}}</ref> Coupled with increased demands for water, more residents are consequently forced to drink this contaminated water.

Despite the ramifications of this industry, the Indian government has often willfully ignored the consequences. On January 13, 2010, the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] halted all mining in the region until environmental concerns were addressed. Indian officials from the [[Central Pollution Control Board]] and researchers from the [[Indian Institutes of Technology|Indian Institute of Technology]] found the area to be "critically polluted", but mining was allowed to continue in July 2011.<ref name=":1" /> This tension between immediate growth and environmental safeguards continues, as Indian authorities continue to push for more money (energy production and economic growth), ignoring the concerns of local governments and the lives of these people.

=== Forced Relocation ===
The most significant consequence of the construction of the Rihand Dam has been the internal displacement of local tribes. Development projects throughout India have led to the forced migration of tens of millions within India, creating a phenomenon that Indian environmental activist Parshuram Ray dubs "development-induced displacement". After British colonial rule, the Indian government ambitiously sought to develop their newly independent country. The state facilitated the construction of dams, mines, factories, and irrigation projects.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Sudesh|last2=Mishra|first2=Anindya J.|date=2018|title=Development-Induced Displacement in India: An Indigenous Perspective|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:jmpp1&volume=10&issue=1&article=003|journal=Journal of Management and Public Policy|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=25|doi=10.5958/0976-0148.2018.00008.2|issn=0976-013X|url-access=subscription|doi-access=free}}</ref> Despite governments making promises to these groups, little action has been taken to alleviate their suffering. Researchers estimate the number of displaced persons for dam projects across India to top 50 million and believe official statistics often understate the true level of destruction that these projects bring to mask their true cost.<ref name=":4" /> Despite this forced relocation across India being rather commonplace, the government is most likely violating its own constitution, which guarantees its citizens a right to life.<ref name=":3" /> But there is little political will to address or contest this, and authorities have no impetus to change their practices.

By 1960, the dam was nearing completion and almost ready to be put into use. 108 villages containing 50,000 people were immediately put at risk, but the government provided no assistance to assist their relocation. Instead, in May–June 1961, 20,000 locals went to protest the lack of government action to protect their welfare. Instead of acknowledging the protesters' concerns, the local Deputy Commissioner instead sent two thousand policemen to force the protesters home and ordered the dam gates to be closed, forcing people from their homes with only 24 hours of notice.<ref name=":0" /> The same villagers were then forced to relocate in 1965 when coal mines opened, again in 1980 when the [[National Thermal Power Corporation]] broke ground on a thermal power project, and once more in 2009, when the [[Essar Power Limited|Essar Power MP]] broke ground on a new plant. Despite being displaced as many as five times, families forced out by the construction of Rihand never found a new permanent home.<ref name=":2" />

Enduring such upheavals caused psychological harm in addition to the precipitous drop in living standards. Parshuram Ray goes into further detail when discussing the traumas caused by displacement:<blockquote>The long drawn out, dehumanising [sic], disempowering and painful process of displacement has led to widespread traumatic psychological and socio-cultural consequences. It causes dismantling of production systems, desecration of ancestral sacred zones or graves and temples, scattering of kinship groups and family systems, disorganization of informal social networks that provide mutual support, weakening of self-management and social control and disruption of trade and market links etc… Essentially, the very cultural identity of the displaced community and individual is subjected to massive onslaught leading to very severe physiological stress and psychological trauma.<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>Despite these very real traumas, the national government has failed to alleviate suffering in any meaningful way. Planners are not pressured by governments to plan for these consequences. The disruption in communities that these projects cause also quash potential political unrest or protest, as people can no longer rely on their destroyed networks.

Within these forced displacements, gender and economic issues bring more hardship. Indian law provides no relief to displaced women and women do not enjoy the same economic protections and freedoms that men do. Women are consequently forced to rely on male members of the household, as they are not entitled to any benefits the government offers. For tribes that have only lived off the land, shifting to a market economy is also a massive shock because they have never engaged in such a system.<ref name=":2" />

The constant and forced resettlement, in addition to being cruel and callous, threatens gains from these projects such as the Rihand Dam. The [[Intergenerational trauma|intergenerational traumas]] wound those forced to leave, but also disrupt stable villages and economies, ultimately dooming millions of future Indians to poverty.

== The Push for Sustainable Growth ==
The construction of the Rihand Dam falls into a larger paradigm, as its construction has arguably propagated more problems than it has benefits. Writing in 2003, reporter Diane Raines Ward found:<blockquote>
A 1995 Indian Environment Ministry report revealed that 87 percent of India's river-valley projects did not meet required safeguards. Recent reports show that larger dam reservoirs are silting up at rates far higher than assumed when the projects were built, that the life span of major Indian dams is likely to be only two-thirds of their projected life, and that every dam built in India during the last 15 years has violated various environmental regulations — from [[siltation]] and [[soil erosion]], to the neglect of health, seismological, forest, wildlife, human, and clean water issues.<ref name=":5" /></blockquote>
As the world's largest democracy and second most populous country, Indian leaders must balance the goals of economic development with democratic ideals and the overall welfare of its people. While economic growth is attractive, it alone cannot increase the welfare of Indian people and growth pursued in this matter will not only not bring about long term growth, but it will kill people in the process and make India uninhabitable. [[Amartya Sen]] and [[Jean Drèze]] discuss these tensions, acknowledging "issues of economic development in India have to be seen in the larger context of the demands of democracy and social justice."<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Drèze, Jean|title=An uncertain glory : India and its contradictions|others=Sen, Amartya, 1933-|date=11 August 2013|isbn=978-0-691-16079-5|location=Princeton, New Jersey|oclc=846540422}}</ref> They push back against India's preoccupation with simply increasing its GDP per capita, as such a metric is limited in scope and fails to capture what is being done with that increase in wealth, who is benefiting from it, and whether people's lives are materially improving. They write:<blockquote>Those who dream about India becoming an economic superpower, even with its huge proportion of undernourished children, lack of systematic health care, extremely deficient school education, and half the homes without toilets (forcing half of all Indians to practise [[open defecation]]), have to reconsider not only the reach of their understanding of the mutual relationship between growth and development, but also their appreciation of the demands of [[social justice]], which is integrally linked with the expansion of human freedoms.<ref name=":6" /></blockquote>Sen and Drèze push for [[sustainable growth]]; growth that is environmentally sustainable but socially sustainable so that the gains are not [[Zero-sum game|zero-sum]]. Instead, sustainable growth maximizes the number of individuals who benefit, while minimizing the hardship and complications that arise from economic expansion. The construction of the Rihand Dam and the destruction it caused in the lives of hundreds of thousands exemplify the need for such an approach. This is achievable, but requires patience and a commitment to working within this framework. [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] working with villages and small towns to bring back water collection methods speak to the efficacy of such an approach, showing mega-projects are not the only solution.<ref name=":5" /> Local level provisions like these can often solve the problem more effectively, as locals are more privy to their own needs and how their immediate area operates.

By 2019, various Indian companies such as the [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group]] and [[ReNew Power]] had won the rights to invest ₹7.5 billion ($106 million) to build solar panels with a capacity of 150MW on the Rihand Dam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/productline/power-generation/up-government-clears-states-first-floating-solar-power-plant-on-rihand-dam/articleshow/71065036.cms?from=mdr|title=UP government clears state's first floating solar power plant on Rihand Dam|date=2019-09-10|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> A project like this shows not only how sustainable policies and projects are possible, but existing infrastructure can be used in new and different ways to yield more benefit.

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Soil pH]]
* [[Cation-exchange capacity]]
* [[Sodium adsorption ratio]]
* [[Residual Sodium Carbonate Index|RSC Index]]
* [[Soda lake]]
* [[Soil salinity]]
*[[Narmada Bachao Andolan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Son basin}}

[[Category:Artificial lakes of India]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in India]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dams in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1962]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sonbhadra district]]
[[Category:Son River basin]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Latur

2026-03-02T13:45:23Z

AnonyMo: page fix

{{Distinguish|Latour (disambiguation){{!}}Latour|La Tour (disambiguation){{!}}La Tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Latur
| native_name = ''Lātūra''
| native_name_lang = iso 15919
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Satyamjaite.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Marathwada Liberation Day|Marathwada Martyr Monument]] (Marathwada Hutatma Smarak), located in the city
| nickname = Adishru
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 5
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Latur in Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{coord|18.40|N|76.56|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Maharashtra.svg}} [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Latur district|Latur]]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = Possibly 7th century AD
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Latur Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Jayashri Sonkamble ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| leader_title1 = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader_name1 = mansi meena, [[Indian Administrative Services|IAS]]
| leader_title2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]]
| leader_name2 = *[[Amit Deshmukh]] – [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City ]] 
*[[Ramesh Karad]]– [[Latur Rural Assembly constituency|Latur Rural]]
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name3 = [[Kalge Shivaji Bandappa|Dr. Shivajiao Kalge (INC)]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="PLACE_LATUR">{{cite web |title=Gazetteers Department - Latur |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Latur_Site/index.html |date=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614154439/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Latur_Site/index.html |archive-date=14 June 2011 |publisher=Government of Maharashtra |language=mr |access-date=31 December 2015}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 32.56
| area_rank = [[List of cities in Maharashtra|16th (Maharashtra)]] [[List of cities in India|120th (India)]]
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 515
| population_total = 266,955<ref name="Censusindia 2011 Latur City"/>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Laturkar
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=29 March 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = {{Unbulleted list
| 413 512
| 413 531
}}
| area_code = 91-02382
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = MH-24/MH-55
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 923.54 [[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|BSh]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|https://latur.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 96.76
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = 860.9 mm
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|41|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|13|°C|°F}}
| official_name =
| population_metro = 300000
}}
'''Latur''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Lātūra''; formerly '''Ratnapur''') is a city located in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra [[States and union territories of India|state]] of India [[country]]. Before 1982 Latur was a part of the [[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]] district (now [[Dharashiv]]). The city is a tourist hub surrounded by many historical monuments like [[Kharosa|Kharosa Caves]]. The most spoken language in Latur is [[Marathi language|Marathi]].

The city's quality of education attracts students from all over Maharashtra. It is a drought prone area with acute [[water scarcity|water shortage]] in its city and rural areas. The economy is agriculture intensive, but in recent years is also dependent on Educational sector and its allied activities. Industrial development is minimal in the district. Latur is 43 kilometers from the [[epicenter]] in killari of the devastating [[1993 Latur earthquake]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Killari to Latur |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Killari,+Maharashtra+413516/Latur,+Maharashtra/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m4!1s0x3bcf64357bccb6f5:0xe9eab2d0fc616813!8m2!3d18.0712041!4d76.59216649999999!1m5!1m4!1s0x3bcf83bd7132cd29:0x83629bac5848da3e!8m2!3d18.4087934!4d76.5603828!3e0 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=Killari to Latur |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Latur has an ancient history, which probably dates to the [[Rashtrakuta]] period. It was home to a branch of the Rashtrakutas which ruled the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] from 753 to 973 AD. The first [[Rashtrakuta]] king, '''[[Dantidurga]]''', was from Lattaluru, the ancient name for Latur. Ratnapur is also mentioned as an historic name for Latur.<ref name="MofI">{{Cite web|title=Latur District Map: History of Latur |publisher=Maps of India |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/maharashtra/districts/latur.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517015534/http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/maharashtra/districts/latur.htm |archive-date=17 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The King [[Amoghavarsha]] of the [[Rashtrakutas]] developed the Latur city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} CRPF |url=https://crpf.gov.in/Training/Recruit-Training-Centres/RTC-Latur/About-Us#:~:text=Latur%20has%20an%20ancient%20history,carved%20out%20of%20Osmanabad%20district. |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=crpf.gov.in}}</ref> The Rashtrakutas who succeeded the [[Chalukyas]] of [[Badami]] in 753 AD called themselves the residents of Lattaluru.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-09-19|title=The rule of the Chalukyas of Badami came to an end with Kirtivarman II who was overthrown by Dantidurga, a Rashtrakuta|url=https://www.preservearticles.com/notes/the-rule-of-the-chalukyas-of-badami-came-to-an-end-with-kirtivarman-ii-who-was-overthrown-by-dantidurga-a-rashtrakuta/11931|access-date=2022-02-20|website=PreserveArticles.com: Preserving Your Articles for Eternity|language=en-US}}</ref>

It was, over the centuries, variously ruled by the [[Satavahanas]], the [[Sakas]], the [[Chalukyas]], the [[Rashtrakutas]] of [[Malkhed]], the Yadavas of [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Deogiri]], the [[Delhi Sultanate#Sultans|Delhi Sultans]], the [[Bahamani]] rulers of South India, [[Adilshahi]], and the [[Mughals]].

In Latur's Papvinashak Temple a 12th-century inscription of King [[Someshvara III]] was found. According to that inscription, 500 scholars were living in Lattlaur (Latur) at that time and that Latur was the city of King Someshwar.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Deshmukh|first=Pranav|date=20 August 2020|title=Latur chya itihasacha paiilu 86 varshanantar ujedat|work=Sakal paper-Today Latur}}</ref>

In the 19th century, Latur became part of the [[Princely state]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. In 1905 it was merged with surrounding areas and renamed Latur tehsil, becoming part of [[Osmanabad district]]. Before 1948, Latur was a part of [[Hyderabad State]] under [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]]. The chief of the [[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razakar]]'s, [[Qasim Rizwi]], was from Latur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} CRPF |url=https://crpf.gov.in/Training/Recruit-Training-Centres/RTC-Latur/About-Us#:~:text=Latur%20has%20an%20ancient%20history,carved%20out%20of%20Osmanabad%20district. |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=crpf.gov.in}}</ref>

After [[Indian independence movement#Sovereignty and partition of India|Indian independence]] and the [[Indian annexation of Hyderabad]], [[Osmanabad]] became part of [[Bombay Province]]. In 1960, with the creation of Maharashtra, Latur became part of one of its districts. On 16 August 1982, a separate [[Latur district]] was carved out of [[Osmanabad]] district.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zilla Parishad, Latur|url=http://zplatur.gov.in/htmldocs/leftframe/aboutLatur.htm|access-date=2022-02-20|website=zplatur.gov.in}}</ref>

==Geography and climate==
{{climate chart
|Latur
|12|29|2.8
|14|32|2.1
|19|36|3.3
|22|38|3.5
|25|38|24.4
|24|34|114.2
|22|30|115.6
|21|29|119.6
|21|30|121.6
|19|32|60.8
|15|30|10.7
|12|28|6.5
|source=[http://weather.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?wealocations=wc:18173&q=Lātūr,+IND+forecast:averagesm&setunit=C MSN Weather]
|float=left
|clear=left
}}

Latur is situated 636 metres above mean sea level, on the Balaghat plateau, near the Maharashtra–[[Karnataka]] state boundary. It receives its drinking water from the nearby [[Manjira River]], which suffered from environmental degradation and silting in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.<ref>{{Cite news|title=In dry Latur, villagers revive a dead river |date=10 May 2016 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/In-dry-Latur-villagers-revive-a-dead-river/articleshow/52197331.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512051740/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/In-dry-Latur-villagers-revive-a-dead-river/articleshow/52197331.cms |archive-date=12 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of this and lack of implementation of a water management strategy, during the drought of the 2010s the city ran out of water.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latur Drinking Water Crisis highlights absence of Water Allocation Policy and Management |publisher=South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People |date=20 April 2016 |url=https://sandrp.wordpress.com/2016/04/20/latur-drinking-water-crisis-highlights-absence-of-water-allocation-policy-and-management/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Gokhale, Nihar |date=8 September 2015 |title=Water supply once a month: lessons to be learnt from Latur |publisher=Catch News (Rajasthan Patrika Group) |url=http://www.catchnews.com/environment-news/water-supply-once-a-month-lessons-to-be-learnt-from-latur-1441632486.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911002353/http://www.catchnews.com/environment-news/water-supply-once-a-month-lessons-to-be-learnt-from-latur-1441632486.html |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Temperature''': Temperatures in Latur range from {{convert|13|to|41|C|F}}, with the most comfortable time to visit in the winter, which is October to February. The highest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|45.6|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. The lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|2.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. In the cold season the district is sometimes affected by cold waves in association with the eastward passage of western disturbances across north India, when the minimum temperature may drop down to about {{convert|2|to|4|C|F}}.<ref>[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/gazetteer.php?level=2&showFile=1&gazetteerSqlId=20020423103801&gazetteerMainId=&gazetteerFile2Id=20020423105420&distId=19&gazId=20020422121541&pubYear=&fileExists=1&headingSqlName=General&chapter= Maharashtra government web site] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213111308/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/gazetteer.php?level=2&showFile=1&gazetteerSqlId=20020423103801&gazetteerMainId=&gazetteerFile2Id=20020423105420&distId=19&gazId=20020422121541&pubYear=&fileExists=1&headingSqlName=General&chapter= |date=13 February 2009 }}</ref>

'''Rainfall''': Most of the rainfall occurs in the monsoon season from June to September. Rainfall varies from {{convert|9.0 to 693|mm}} per month. Average annual rainfall is {{convert|725|mm}}.

Recently, Latur has been bearing the brunt of climate change. Extreme weather episodes, including torrential rainfall and even hailstorms in summers, have been showing up in Latur for over a decade now.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://science.thewire.in/economy/agriculture/hailstorms-at-43-c-wreck-farming-in-latur/ | title= Hailstorms at 43 °C Wreck Farming in Latur | website=The Wire}}</ref>

Latur has been ranked 29th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

===Latur earthquake of 1993===
{{Main|1993 Latur earthquake}}

On 30 September 1993, at 3:53 a.m. local time, Latur was almost completely destroyed by a devastating [[intraplate earthquake]] that affected the southern [[Marathwada]] region of Maharashtra state in central-western part of India—including Latur, Beed, Osmanabad, and adjoining districts about {{convert|400|km}} south-east of [[Mumbai]]—and resulted in a huge loss of life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} CRPF |url=https://crpf.gov.in/Training/Recruit-Training-Centres/RTC-Latur/About-Us |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=crpf.gov.in}}</ref> The earthquake measured only 6.3 on the [[Richter magnitude scale]], but its [[Hypocenter|focus]] was relatively shallow, at around {{convert|12|km}} deep. Consequently, the resultant shock waves, being unattenuated, caused more damage. The quake caused around 10,000 deaths <ref name="EERI Newsletter January 1994">{{cite web|title=The September 29, 1993, M6.4 Killari, Maharashtra Earthquake in Central India, EERI Newsletter, Vol. 28, No. 1, January 1994|url=http://www.nicee.org/eqe-iitk/uploads/EQR_Killari.pdf|access-date=15 March 2016}}</ref> and 30,000 were injured, mainly due to the poor construction of stone houses and huts which collapsed on people who were fast asleep. After the earthquake, seismic zones were reclassified, and building codes and standards revised, all over India.

==Demographics==

{{Historical populations
|title=Population growth
|align = center
|1931|29000
|1971|67000
|1981|101000
|1991|159200
|2001|299179
|2011|382940
|estimate=
|estyear=
|estref=
|footnote=Source:Census of India<ref name="Mahapopulation">Census of India cited by {{Cite web |last=((Planning Department, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Maharashtra)) |title=Economic Survey of Maharashtra, 2002–2003 |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/ecoSurvey/ataglanc.pdf |publisher=Government of Maharashtra |language=mr, en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204222/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/ecoSurvey/ataglanc.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2009 |pages=111–113 |website=Maharashtra.gov.in |access-date=13 August 2022}}; see also {{Cite web |title=Economic Survey of Maharashtra, 2014–15 |url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/upload/WhatsNew/Economic%20Survey%20of%20Maharashtra...pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423113505/https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/upload/WhatsNew/Economic%20Survey%20of%20Maharashtra...pdf |archive-date=23 April 2015 |publisher=Government of Maharashtra |url-status=live |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>
}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Latur City (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religious Community: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|70.14}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|23.95}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|4.60}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|pink|0.79}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.52}}
}}

Latur's population, as of the 2011 census, is 382,940. it has a sex ratio of 937 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 84.22%. 12.49% of the population is under six years of age. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 17.62% and 1.45% of the population respectively.<ref name="Censusindia 2011 Latur City">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Latur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/802/download/2858/DH_2011_2728_PART_A_DCHB_LATUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Language in Latur City (2011)<ref name="Language"/>
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 71.92 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 12.88 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 11.32 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value4 = 1.75 |color4 = maroon
|label5 = Other |value5 = 2.13 |color5 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 71.92% of the population spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 12.88% [[Hindi]], 11.32% [[Urdu]] and 1.75% [[Marwari language|Marwari]] as their first language.<ref name="Language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra (Town level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10253/download/13365/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Administration and politics==

===Local administration===
{{Main|Latur Municipal Corporation}}

[[File:New Collector Office Latur.jpg|thumb|Office of Collector, Latur]]
Latur has an earlier Municipal Council, which was established in 1952. [[Latur Municipal Corporation]] (LMC) is the local civil body. It is divided into five zones. The Municipal Corporation area is about {{convert|117.78|sqkm|sqmi}}. It was elevated to the status of Municipal Corporation by the State Government in 2011.

The Urban Development Dept., [[Govt. of Maharashtra]] expressed its desire vide letter dated 30/10/2006 to notify fringe area of Latur and appoint [[CIDCO]] as its Special Planning Authority. [[CIDCO]] has submitted its proposal to notify the fringe area measuring approx. 26541.00 ha. inclusive of urbanisable zone of about 16696 ha. Govt. has appointed [[CIDCO]] as Special Planning Authority. The notified area covers 40 villages on the fringe of [[Latur Municipal Corporation]]. It is envisaged in the project not to acquire 100% land but to adopt minimum land acquisition model for development of infrastructure and growth corridors.

The city is divided in 70 electoral wards called as ''Prabhag'' and each ward is represented by a Corporator (called as ''Nagarsevak'') elected by the people from each ward. LMC is responsible for providing basic amenities such as drinking water, drainage facility, road, street lights, healthcare facilities and primary schools. LMC collects its revenue from the urban taxes which are imposed on citizens. The administration is headed by the Commissioner of Municipal Corporation; an I.A.S. Officer, assisted by the other officers of different departments.

===State and central administration===
[[File:Keshavraoji_Sonawane.png|thumb|right|[[Keshavrao Sonawane]], first minister from Latur constituency.]]
Latur contributes one seat to the [[Lok Sabha]]. The seat is currently held by Dr. Shivaji Kalge, [[Member of Parliament|MP]], of the INC. It also holds one seat for the Assembly - Latur [[Indian National Congress]]. In latest constituency arrangements made by [[Election Commission of India]], Latur will contribute one [[Loksabha]] seat, and two state assembly seats, i.e. [[Latur City (Maharashtra Assembly constituency)|Latur City]] and [[Latur Rural (Maharashtra Assembly constituency)|Latur Rural]].

===Prominent politicians from Latur===

The city is the birthplace of [[Shivraj Patil]], who served as home minister of India,

Amidst national political controversy is the death, on 1 December 2014, of judge [[Brijgopal Harkishan Loya]] of the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]], who was addressing the case involving [[Amit Shah]], the national leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and who was cremated at his native village of Gategaon.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Supriya |last2=Chari |first2=Mridula |title='He said he was stressed': Tracking CBI judge Brijgopal Loya's last journey from Nagpur to Latur |url=https://scroll.in/article/859981/he-said-he-was-stressed-tracking-cbi-judge-brijgopal-loyas-last-journey-from-nagpur-to-latur  |date=2 December 2017 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |access-date=22 May 2023}}</ref>

Vikrant Vikram Gojamgunde is the mayor of Latur. He became mayor in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maharashtra mayoral polls: Sena-Congress-NCP get the better of BJP |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maharashtra-mayoral-polls-sena-congress-ncp-get-the-better-of-bjp/articleshow/72184536.cms |date=22 November 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref> He is the youngest mayor in the state of Maharashtra.

==Education and research==
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Latur district}}

Latur has developed into an educational hub for secondary, higher secondary, and university education. The district is known in Maharashtra for its "[[Latur Pattern]]" of study, which involves intensive coaching given in the city. Students of junior colleges in Latur have a good record in taking competitive engineering and medical entrance exams.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mylaturpattern.com/education/what-is-latur-pattern.php |title=What is Latur Pattern? |publisher=Mylaturpattern.com |date=25 August 2009 |access-date=15 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221810/http://www.mylaturpattern.com/education/what-is-latur-pattern.php |archive-date=2 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Basic and higher education===
Public schools (known locally as ''municipality schools'') are run by the [[Latur Municipal Corporation|LMC]], and are affiliated with the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education|MSBSHSE]]. Private schools are run by educational trusts or individuals. They are usually affiliated with either the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education|state board]] or national education boards, such as the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] or [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] boards.

===University education===
Due to more than 140 colleges, the city is known as an educational hub in Marathwada. Many of the students studying in the colleges and the university are from nearby districts. Most colleges in Latur are affiliated with the [[Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University|Nanded University]]. There is a sub-center of SRTMUN at Latur.

The [[Sandipani Technical Campus - Faculty of Engineering, Latur]], founded in 2011 by [[Shri. Vinodji Agrawal]], is one of the leading engineering colleges in Marathwada. Along with Engineering Courses like Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, most demanding [[Artificial Intelligence and Data Science]] Engineering was also included recently in the college. Polytechnic courses of Civil, Computer and Mechanical are also available for the students of this region in this reputed college campus.

The [[M. S. Bidve Engineering College, Latur]], founded in 1983, is one of the oldest engineering colleges in Marathwada. The [[Maharashtra Institute of Medical Science & Research Latur]] was founded in 1988 by [[Vishwanath Karad]].

The [[Border Security Force]] Training Centre, [[Chakur]] and the Disaster Management Training Institute were established in Latur in 2005 and 2008, respectively.

Dayanand Law College was established by the Dayanand Education Society. Established medical schools such as the [[Government Medical College Latur|Government Medical College]], Manjara Ayurvedic College are present in the city.

Channabasweshwar Pharmacy College is a degree college that provides diploma, degree, and master courses in the pharmacy field. Other pharmacy colleges are Dayanand College of Pharmacy and Vilasrao Deshmukh College of Pharmacy.

Vilasrao Deshmukh Foundation's (VDF) College is a degree college that provides diploma, degree, and courses in the engineering and pharmacy field. Other pharmacy colleges are Dayanand College of Pharmacy and Vilasrao Deshmukh College of Pharmacy.

[[Rajarshi Shahu College, Latur]], is a reputed college for undergraduate as well as post graduate education. It provides education in Arts, Humanities, Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Commerce.

===Professional education===
Latur is home to a branch of the [[Western India Regional Council]] of the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]], along with an exam centre, Information Technology training lab, reading room, and a library for Chartered Accountants as well as for students.

Medical education is provided by the [[Government Medical College, Latur|Vilasrao Deshmukh Government Medical College and Institute]], a public institute of medicine under the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences. Maharashtra Academy for Education and Research ([[MAERS Pune]]) runs a private medical college known as Maharashtra Institute of Medical Sciences and Research [[MIMSR]] and Yeshwantrao Chavan Rural Hospital, Latur.

Engineering and technology education is provided by [[Sandipani Technical Campus - Faculty of Engineering and Polytechnic]], M.S. Bidve College of Engineering, Puranmal Lahoti Government Polytechnic, and [[Government Residential Women's Polytechnic Latur]].

==Trade and industries==
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2025}}

The city is a major sugarcane and edible oils, [[soybean]], grapes and mango production centre. A fine blend of mango with locally grown mangoes was developed as Keshar Amba. Oil seeds were the major produce of the Latur region. So for benefit of farmers [[Keshavrao Sonavane]] had established Dalda Factory which was Asia's first oil mill set up on cooperative terms.<ref name="mirror">{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Ex-minister-Keshavrao-Sonawane-dead/articleshow/15652040.cms|title=Ex-minister Keshavrao Sonawane dead|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=18 April 2015}}</ref>

Till 1990, Latur languished as a city, remaining an industrially backward. In 1960, region of [[Marathwada]] was merged with [[Maharashtra]]. This was the time when the industrial development of the Marathwada region began, propelled through designated backward area benefits. Latur got its first MIDC setup during the tenure of then Co-operative minister [[Keshavrao Sonavane]]. It was only when the MIDC ([[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]]) began acquiring land and setting up industrial estates that it began to grow. Many companies have manufacturing plants in Latur, in agriculture processing, edible oils, biotech, consumer durables, plastic processing, and aluminium processing; but the majority are small- and medium-scale agricultural industries, not industrial ones.

Latur has the largest trading centre for soybean in India. The green city is inside what is called 'Sugar Belt' of Maharashtra. The district has more than eleven sugar factories, which makes it among the highest sugar-producing districts of India. It also has oil seeds, commodities and fruit market.

Latur is also known for high quality grapes and houses many state and privately owned cold storage facilities. A grape wine park spread over 1.42 square kilometres (350 acres) has been established near Ausa, 18 km from Latur city. A brand new Latur Food Park, spread across 1.2 square kilometres (300 acres) is under construction at Additional MIDC Latur. Latur is major transport junction to south India.

===Latur sugar belt===
The Latur region is known as the "Sugar Belt of India". This region houses over eleven large sugar factories. Most of the sugar factories of the Latur sugar belt work on the [[Cooperative movement in India|co-operative basis]]. Latur got its title "Sugar Belt of India" largely due to the efforts of its cooperative political leader [[Keshavrao Sonawane]], who was instrumental in setting up several co-operative institutions in Latur, Osmanabad, and elsewhere in Maharashtra.

===MIDC industrial areas in Latur===
* Latur Industrial Area
* Additional Latur Phase I Industrial Area
* Additional Latur Phase II Industrial Area
* Latur Co-Operative Industrial Estate
* Murud taluka Co-Operative Industrial Estate
* Chakur Co-Operative Industrial Estate
* Udaygiri Co-Operative Industrial Estate
* Ausa Industrial Area
* Ahmedpur Industrial Area
* Nilanga Industrial Area
* Udgir Industrial Area

===Specialised industrial parks and export zones in Latur===
* Nana Nani park, Latur
* Latur Infotech Park
* Latur Integrated Textile Park, Latur
* Bombay Rayon Fashions, Latur
* Grape Yards, Ausa

===Chamber of Commerce and industry associations===
* Latur Chamber of Commerce, Latur
* Latur Manufacturers Association, MIDC
* Engineers and Architects Association, Latur
* Latur Builders Association, Latur
* Computers and Media Dealers Association (CMDA), Latur
* Latur Branch of the Western India Regional Council of the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]]

==Transport==
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2025}}

===Road===
Latur is connected by roads with various major cities of Maharashtra and other states. Road connectivity is excellent, and roads connecting to [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Nagpur]], [[Nanded]], [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Sangli]], and [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]] are being widened to four-lane highways. Latur city has one national highway running through it, [[National Highway 361 (India)|NH 361]].

===Rail===
{{Main|Latur Railway Station}}

The Latur-Miraj Railway (metre gauge) ran for {{convert|391|mi|km}} north-west from Latur city to Miraj on the south-western section of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway and was built between 1929 and 1931. This railway service was closed after the gauge conversion of Miraj-Latur section from metre to broad gauge. The old and centrally located Latur Railway Station on metre gauge was abandoned thereafter.

The station (code: '''LUR''') is located on the Latur-Miraj section of the [[Solapur railway division]] of the [[Central Railway zone]]. The Manmad-Kacheguda broad-gauge railway line, which emanates from the Vikarabad-Latur-Road-Parli trunk route at Latur Road, is an important artery of traffic in Latur district. It also serves as a link between Aurangabad and Hyderabad.

Latur has rail connectivity with Bangalore, Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur, Manmad, Aurangabad, Nanded, Parbhani, Parli Vaijnath, Osmanabad, Mudkhed, Adilabad, Basar, Nizamabad, Nashik and Kacheguda.

The Miraj–Latur railway track is being electrified. Work is expected to be completed around 2024.

Latur has been blessed with the new Marathwada Railway Coach Factory being set up at Latur. Located near the Harangul Railway Station, the factory was set up by the Indian Railways' undertaking Rail Vikas Nigam Limited [[RVNL]] in 2018. First coach shell was produced on 25 December 2020, on Good Governance Day.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/marathwada-rail-coach-factory-produced-first-coach-shell-on-good-governance-day20201227003556/ | title=Marathwada Rail Coach Factory produced first coach shell on Good Governance Day }}</ref> The factory has been designed with an initial capacity of 250 MEMU/EMU/LHB coaches per annum.

A {{cvt|5|km|spell=in}} long railway line has also been provided from factory to new electronically interlocked harangul station, which earlier used to be a halt station only.

== Places of interest ==
{{Main|Tourism in Marathwada}}

[[File:Ganj Golai.jpg|thumb|Ganj Golai]]
[[File:Dantidurga (8th century) Jain Statue 25-09-19 10-54-34-765.jpg|thumb|[[Jain]] statue from an underground basadi, Latur, commissioned during the reign of [[Dantidurga]] (8th century)]]
[[File:Buddha Garden - Latur.jpg|thumb|Buddha statue at Buddha Garden Temple in Latur, Maharashtra]]
[[File:Virat Hanuman Mandir Latur.jpg|thumb|Virat Hanuman Temple]]

* Latur is widely recognized as one of Maharashtra's leading educational centers, often referred to as the "Oxford of Maharashtra" due to its strong academic culture and the famous '''Latur Pattern''' of exam preparation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Latur Pattern |url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Latur_Pattern |access-date=2026-01-07}}</ref> The city hosts numerous schools, colleges, and coaching institutes that attract students from across the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Latur Education Hub |url=https://www.indiandistricts.in/statistics/maharashtra/latur/education/ |access-date=2026-01-07}}</ref>

* Beyond education, Latur is known for its peaceful and harmonious community life, where people from diverse backgrounds live together with mutual respect and cultural unity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Latur City Profile |url=https://latur.gov.in/en/about-district/ |access-date=2026-01-07}}</ref>

* Siddheshwar & Ratneshwar Temple is situated about 2 km from Latur city. It was built by King Tamradwaj and dedicated to Lord Siddharameshwar Swamy Siddarama of Solapur, a town deity of Latur [1](https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/maharashtra/siddheshwar-and-ratneshwar-temple-latur.html)[2](https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Siddheshwar_%26_Ratneshwar_Temple).

* Ganj Golai is a prominent landmark located in the center of Latur city, Maharashtra, India. It was originally designed by town planner '''Shri Faiyazuddin''' and constructed around '''1917''' during the rule of the '''Nizam of Hyderabad''', who funded the project.<ref>Reliable source confirming design and funding</ref> The structure is a two-storey circular building from which '''16 radial roads''' extend outward, forming the core of Latur’s market area.<ref>Source confirming road count and layout</ref>

At the center of Ganj Golai stands the '''Ambabai (Jagdamba) temple''', which was included in the original design.<ref>Source confirming temple inclusion</ref> The surrounding roads host various markets selling traditional goods, including jewelry, textiles, footwear, and food items.<ref>Source confirming market details</ref>

The building underwent major renovations in the '''1980s''' and further repairs after the '''1993 Latur earthquake'''.<ref>Source confirming renovation and earthquake repairs</ref> Despite these changes, Ganj Golai continues to serve as a cultural and commercial hub of Latur city.
(https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/maharashtra/ganj-golai-latur.html)[4](https://maharashtratourism.gov.in/temple/ganj-golai/).

* Shri Ashtavinayak Mandir in Shivaji Nagar was constructed in 1988–1989. It's notable for its South Indian-style architecture, landscaped gardens with an artificial fountain, and a ~9 ft tall Shiva statue at the entrance [5](https://www.holidify.com/places/latur/shri-ashtavinayak-mandir-sightseeing-1254215.html)[6](https://bing.com/search?q=Shri+Ashtavinayak+Mandir+Shivaji+Nagar+Latur+built+year)[7](https://www.makemytrip.com/tripideas/attractions/shri-ashtavinayak-mandir).

* Buddha Garden Temple is a peaceful park with a large Buddha statue at its center [8](https://zplatur.gov.in/en/places-centres/buddha-garden-latur/)[9](https://vushii.com/place.php?name=Buddha%20Garden,%20Narayan%20Nagar).

* Shri Virat Hanuman Mandir at Parivar Housing Society features a **25 ft tall scarlet-red Hanuman statue**, surrounded by a garden and an artificial waterfall [10](https://www.holidify.com/places/latur/shri-virat-hanuman-mandir-sightseeing-1254411.html)[11](https://mapcon2025latur.com/place.php?a=a5).

* Shri Keshav Balaji Temple in Ausa (about 20 km from Latur) sits on a hill and includes temples to Ganesha, Shiva, Vitthal–Rukmini, and Keshavanand Bapu. It's open from 6 am to 9 pm daily, with prasadam at 10 am & 7 pm and mahaprasadam on Fridays [12](https://mapcon2025latur.com/place.php?a=5)[13](https://zplatur.gov.in/en/places-centres/keshav-balaji-temple-ausa-dist-latur/)[14](https://www.marathwadatourism.com/en/keshav-balaji-temple/).

* Surat Shahawali Dargah, located at Patel Chowk, Ram Galli, was built in 1939 in memory of Saint Saif Ullah Shaha Sardari. A **5-day fair** is held annually in June or July [15](https://www.holidify.com/places/latur/surat-shawali-dargah-sightseeing-1254412.html)[16](https://www.makemytrip.com/tripideas/attractions/surat-shawali-dargah).

=== Parks ===
* Nana Nani Park is also known as Vilasrao Deshmukh Park. It is centrally situated, near the municipal office, and is popular with people due to its relaxing atmosphere. People walk here and spend time with family, children, and friends. There is a space for community meetings at the center of the park. An open theater is also available.<ref name="TripAdvisorNanaNaniPark">{{Cite web |title=Nana Nani Park |url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g1602183-d3913141-Reviews-Nana_Nani_Park-Latur_Latur_District_Maharashtra.html | website=[[TripAdvisor]] |access-date=21 September 2018}}</ref>

=== Other historical places in Latur district ===

* Kharosa Caves are historical caves in Latur, with ancient architecture and rock-cut temples, amidst rugged landscapes, depicting scenes from mythology and showcasing the artistic prowess that thrived centuries ago.<ref name="Readera.com">{{Cite web |title=Discover the Best Places to Visit in Latur - Uncover Hidden Gems and Must-See Attractions |url=https://www.readera.co.in/blog-details/Best-Places-to-Visit-in-Latur |website=www.readera.co.in |access-date=13 July 2023}}</ref>
* Ausa Fort is a historical fort in Latur, which showcases Maratha history and architecture, with towering walls, intricate carvings, and strategic location. It was built during the 15th century by Ahmad Nizam Shah I and was a stronghold for various dynasties that ruled over Maharashtra.<ref name="Readera.com" />

==Geographical location==
{{Geographic Location
|Centre = Latur
|North = [[Ambajogai]], [[Parbhani]]
|Northeast = [[Ahmedpur, Latur|Ahmedpur]], [[Nanded]]
|East = [[Udgir]], [[Nizamabad, Andhra Pradesh|Nizamabad]]
|Southeast = [[Omerga]], [[Bidar]]
|South = [[Ausa (town)|Ausa]], [[Gulbarga]], [[Tuljapur]]
|Southwest = [[Solapur]], [[Osmanabad]]
|West = [[Pune]], [[Barsi]]
|Northwest = [[Mumbai]]
}}Latur city is situated in [[Marathwada|Marathwada region]] in southern part of [[Maharashtra]]. Latur is 498 km from state capital [[Mumbai]] and 484 km from [[winter capital]] [[Nagpur]](via [[Nanded]], [[Yavatmal|Yawatmal]], [[Wardha]]).

==Notable people==

*[[Shivraj Vishwanath Patil]] is an Indian politician who was the Governor of the state of Punjab and Administrator of the Union Territory of Chandigarh from 2010 to 2015. Previously, he was the Speaker of the 10th Lok Sabha from 1991 to 1996 and served in Manmohan Singh's cabinet as Union Minister of Home Affairs from 2004 to 2008. He also served in the Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi cabinets as Minister of Defence during the 1980s.
*[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]] was an Indian politician from the [[Indian National Congress]]. He served as the Chief Minister of Maharashtra twice, first from 1999 to 2003 and again from 2004 to 2008. Later, he held several Union Cabinet portfolios including Heavy Industries, Rural Development, and Science & Technology. Known for promoting the Latur Pattern of education and urban infrastructure development, he remained an influential figure in Maharashtra politics. He was also the father of Bollywood actor [[Riteish Deshmukh]].
* Amit Vilasrao Deshmukh 3rd Term MLA Of Latur City & Former Cabinet Minister.
*[[Ramesh Karad]] is an Indian politician and 1st Time Member of Legislative Assembly from Latur Rural In 2024 Assembly Elections. He belongs to Bhartiya janta party
*[[Sambhaji Patil Nilangekar]] is a Member of the 13th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly and represents Nilanga. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Nilangekar was inducted into the cabinet of Devendra Fadnavis in 2016 and has the portfolio of Labour Skill Development & Entrepreneurship.
*[[Keshavrao Sonavane]] was the minister of co-operation in Yashwantrao Chavan's cabinet and later Vasantrao Naik's cabinet during 1962–1967. He was elected as Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly 4 times, twice from [[Latur City (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Latur City]] and twice from [[Ausa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ausa]].

==See also==
* [[Marathwada]]
* [[List of Indian princely states]]
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[Maratha Empire]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.laturpolice.com Latur police department]
*[https://latur.gov.in/en/ Latur Government Site]

{{Latur}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Historical places of Rashtrakuta}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Latur| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Latur district]]
[[Category:Latur district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Cities in Maharashtra]]

Punjabi language

2026-02-28T01:51:07Z

AnonyMo: add structure per standard format

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Punjabi
| nativename = {{hlist|{{lang|pa|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ}}|{{lang|pnb|{{nq|پنجابی}}}}}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA|pa|pəɲˈd͡ʒaːbːi||Pa-ਪੰਜਾਬੀ.ogg}}
| states = Mostly the [[Punjab region]] (located in [[Pakistan]] and [[India]])
| region = [[Punjab]]
| ethnicity = [[Punjabis]]
| speakers = 150 million
| date = 2011–2023
| ref = {{efn|[[2011 Indian Census]] and [[2023 Pakistani Census]]; The figure includes the [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] and [[Hindko]] varieties which have been separately enumerated in Pakistani censuses since [[Census in Pakistan#1981|1981]] and [[2017 Pakistani census|2017]] respectively; 88.9 million [Punjabi, general], 28.8 million [Saraiki], 5.5 million [Hindko] in Pakistan (2023), 31.1 in India (2011), 0.8 in [[Saudi Arabia]] (Ethnologue), 0.6 in [[Punjabi Canadians|Canada]] (2016), 0.3 in the [[British Punjabis|United Kingdom]] (2011), 0.3 in the [[Punjabi Americans|United States]] (2017), 0.2 in [[Punjabi Australians|Australia]] (2016) and 0.2 in the United Arab Emirates. See {{section link||Geographic distribution}} below.}}
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Northwestern Zone|Northwestern]]
| stand1 = [[#Standard Punjabi|Standard Punjabi]]
| script = *[[Shahmukhi|Shāhmukhī]] (majority, Pakistan)
*[[Gurmukhi|Gurmukhī]] (official, India)
*[[Punjabi Braille]]
{{collapsible list | title = Historical |
*[[Laṇḍā scripts|Laṇḍā]] ([[Multani script|Multani]])
*[[Takri|Tākri]]
*[[Devanagari|Devanāgarī]]
*[[Anandpur Lipi]]
}}
| agency = {{collapsible list
|
*[[Pakistan]]: Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture
*[[India]]: Department of Languages<ref>{{cite web | last=India | first=Tribune | title=Punjabi matric exam on Aug 26 | website=The Tribune | date=19 August 2020 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/patiala/punjabi-matric-exam-on-aug-26-128241 | access-date=18 September 2020 | archive-date=19 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819214819/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/patiala/punjabi-matric-exam-on-aug-26-128241 | url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
| nation = *[[Official languages of India|India]]
**[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]{{efn|<ref>{{cite web |title=NCLM 52nd Report |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |publisher=NCLM |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2016 |date=15 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Punjab mandates all signage in Punjabi, in Gurmukhi script | website=The Hindu | date=21 February 2020 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/punjab-mandates-all-signage-in-punjabi-in-gurmukhi-script/article30881840.ece | access-date=9 September 2020 | archive-date=22 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222140301/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/punjab-mandates-all-signage-in-punjabi-in-gurmukhi-script/article30881840.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
**[[Haryana]] (additional){{efn|<ref>{{cite news | title=All milestones, signboards in Haryana to bear info in English, Hindi and Punjabi: Education Minister | work=The Indian Express | date=3 March 2020 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/all-milestones-signboards-in-haryana-to-bear-info-in-english-hindi-and-punjabi-education-minister-6297747/ | access-date=9 September 2020 | archive-date=14 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314065123/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/all-milestones-signboards-in-haryana-to-bear-info-in-english-hindi-and-punjabi-education-minister-6297747/ | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
**[[Delhi]] (additional){{efn|<ref>{{cite news | title=Punjabi, Urdu made official languages in Delhi | work=The Times of India | date=25 June 2003 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Punjabi-Urdu-made-official-languages-in-Delhi/articleshow/43388.cms | access-date=10 September 2020 | archive-date=14 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314171554/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/punjabi-urdu-made-official-languages-in-delhi/articleshow/43388.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
**[[West Bengal]] (additional){{efn|In blocks and divisions with at least 10% Punjabi speakers<ref name="The Telegraph-2012">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1121211/jsp/bengal/story_16301872.jsp |title=Multi-lingual Bengal |date=11 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232340/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1121211/jsp/bengal/story_16301872.jsp |archive-date=25 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| iso1 = pa
| iso2 = pan
| iso3 = pan
| lc1 = pan
| ld1 = Eastern Punjabi
| lc2 = pnb
| ld2 = Western Punjabi
| lingua = 59-AAF-e
| image = Punjabi gurmukhi shahmukhi.png
| imagescale = 0.5
| imagecaption = 'Punjabi' written in [[Shahmukhi|Shahmukhi script]] (top) and [[Gurmukhi|Gurmukhi script]] (bottom)
| image_class = skin-invert-image
| map = Geographical distribution of Punjabi language.png
| mapcaption = Geographic distribution of Punjabi language in Pakistan and India.
| caption =
| notice = IPA
| glotto = lahn1241
| glottorefname = Greater Panjabic
| dia1 = ''See'' [[Punjabi dialects]]
| ancestor = [[Prakrit]] (''debated''){{efn|[[Paishachi]], [[Shauraseni Prakrit|Saurasheni]], or [[Gandhari language|Gandhari]] Prakrits have been proposed as the ancestor [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indo-Aryan language]] to Punjabi.<ref name="Singh-2019">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Sikander |title=The Origin Theories of Punjabi Language: A Context of Historiography of Punjabi Language |journal=International Journal of Sikh Studies |date=April 2019 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353680383}}</ref>}}
| ancestor2 = [[Apabhraṃśa]] (''debated'')
| ancestor3 = [[wikt:Old Punjabi|Old Punjabi]]<ref name="Languages of India">{{cite book |last1=Haldar |first1=Gopal |title=Languages of India |date=2000 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788123729367 |page=149 |quote=The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.}}</ref><ref name="Bhatia-2013"/><ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=9781136451089 |edition=First |chapter=0.2.1 – Form |quote=Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and Old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.}}</ref>
| ancestor4 = [[#Origin|Middle Punjabi]]<ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=William |title=International encyclopedia of linguistics |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195139778 |page=423 |edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name="Austin-2008">{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Peter |title=One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost |date=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520255609 |page=115}}</ref>
| ancestor5 = [[#Modern times|Early Modern Punjabi]]<ref name="Language in South Asia">{{cite book |author1=Braj B. Kachru |author2=Yamuna Kachru |author3=S. N. Sridhar |title=Language in South Asia |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139465502 |page=411}}</ref>
}}
{{Punjabis}}

'''Punjabi''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|p|ʌ|n|ˈ|dʒ|ɑː|b|i}} {{respell|pun|JAH|bee}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student's Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> [[Shahmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|{{nq|پنجابی}}}}; [[Gurmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ}}, {{IPA|pa|pəɲˈd͡ʒaːbːi|lang|Pa-ਪੰਜਾਬੀ.ogg}}.<ref>{{Cite Q|page=88|Q23831241}}</ref>}} sometimes spelled '''Panjabi''',{{efn|''Punjabi'' is the [[British English]] spelling, and ''Pañjābī'' is the [[ISO 15919|Romanized]] spelling from the native scripts.}} is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] native to the [[Punjab]] region of [[Pakistan]] and [[India]]. It is one of the most widely spoken native languages in the world, with approximately 150 million native speakers.<ref>{{cite news | title=The World Factbook - WORLD | work=CIA | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/#people-and-society | access-date=20 October 2023 | archive-date=26 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032610/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/#people-and-society | url-status=dead }}</ref>{{efn|[[2011 Indian Census]] and [[2023 Pakistani Census]]; The figure includes the [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] and [[Hindko]] varieties which have been separately enumerated in Pakistani censuses since [[Census in Pakistan#1981|1981]] and [[2017 Pakistani census|2017]] respectively; 88.9 million [Punjabi, general], 28.8 million [Saraiki], 5.5 million [Hindko] in Pakistan (2023), 31.1 in India (2011), 0.8 in [[Saudi Arabia]] (Ethnologue), 0.6 in [[Punjabi Canadians|Canada]] (2016), 0.3 in the [[British Punjabis|United Kingdom]] (2011), 0.3 in the [[Punjabi Americans|United States]] (2017), 0.2 in [[Punjabi Australians|Australia]] (2016) and 0.2 in the United Arab Emirates. See {{section link||Geographic distribution}} below.}}

Punjabi is the most widely-spoken first language in Pakistan, with 88.9 million native speakers according to the [[2023 Pakistani census]], and the 11th most widely-spoken in India, with 31.1 million native speakers, according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]]. It is spoken among a [[Punjabi diaspora|significant overseas diaspora]], particularly in [[Canada]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]], [[Australia]], and the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]].

In Pakistan, Punjabi is written using the [[Shahmukhi alphabet]], based on the [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]]; in India, it is written using the [[Gurmukhi|Gurmukhi alphabet]], based on the [[Brahmic scripts|Indic scripts]]. Punjabi is unusual among the Indo-Aryan languages and the broader [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language family]] in its usage of [[Tone (linguistics)|lexical tone]].

== History ==
=== Etymology ===
The word ''Punjabi'' (sometimes spelled ''Panjabi'') has been derived from the word ''Panj-āb'', [[Persian language|Persian]] for 'Five Waters', referring to the five major eastern [[Tributary|tributaries]] of the [[Indus River]]. The name of the region was introduced by the [[Turko-Persian]] conquerors<ref>{{cite book|last=Canfield|first=Robert L.|title=Persia in Historical Perspective|year=1991|page=1 ("Origins")|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=[[Cambridge]], United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-521-52291-5}}</ref> of [[South Asia]] and was a translation of the [[Sanskrit]] name, ''Panchanada'', which means 'Land of the Five Rivers'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?p.1:375.hobson|title=Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive|first=Yule, Henry|last=Sir|date=13 August 2018|website=dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201141824/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?p.1:375.hobson|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/macdonell_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%96&searchhws=yes|title=A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary with Transliteration, Accentuation, and Etymological Analysis Throughout|first=Arthur Anthony|last=Macdonell |date=13 August 2018|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201141645/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/macdonell_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%96&searchhws=yes|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Panj'' is [[cognate]] with other [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] languages' words for five, like [[Sanskrit]] ''{{IAST|pañca}}'' ({{Langx|sa|पञ्च|label=none}}), [[Greek language|Greek]] ''pénte'' ({{lang|grc|πέντε}}) and [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] ''penki'', but also [[English language|English]] ''five''; ''āb'' is cognate with Sanskrit ''áp'' ({{Langx|sa|अप्|label=none}}) and with the {{IAST|Av-}} of {{IAST|Avon}}. The historical [[Punjab region]], now divided between India and Pakistan, is defined [[Physical geography|physiographically]] by the [[Indus River]] and these five [[tributaries]]. One of the five, the [[Beas River]], is a tributary of another, the [[Sutlej]].

===Origin===
[[File:Tilla Jogian.jpg|thumb|[[Tilla Jogian]], Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan, a hilltop associated with many Nath jogis (considered among compilers of earlier Punjabi works)]]
Punjabi developed from [[Prakrit]] languages and later {{IAST|Apabhraṃśa}} ({{Langx|sa|अपभ्रंश}}, 'deviated' or 'non-grammatical speech')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=H. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |page=166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&dq=punjabi+prakrit+language&pg=PA166 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121195057/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |archive-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> From 600 BC, [[Sanskrit]] developed as the standard literary and administrative language and [[Prakrit]] languages evolved into many regional languages in different parts of India. All these languages are called Prakrit languages (Sanskrit: {{Langx|sa|प्राकृत|translit=prākṛta|label=none}}) collectively. [[Paishachi]] Prakrit was one of these Prakrit languages, which was spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi developed from this Prakrit. Later in northern India Paishachi Prakrit gave rise to Paishachi [[Apabhraṃśa]], a descendant of Prakrit.<ref name="Singh-2019"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=G S Sidhu |url=http://archive.org/details/panjabandpanjabi_202003 |title=Panjab And Panjabi |date=2004}}</ref> Punjabi emerged as an Apabhramsha, a form of Prakrit, in the 7th century AD and became stable by the 10th century. The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to the [[Nath|Nath Yogi]]-era from 9th to 14th century.<ref name="Hoiberg 2000">{{Cite book|last=Hoiberg|first=Dale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&q=Punjabi+language+Nath+Saints&pg=PA214|title=Students' Britannica India|date=2000|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-0-85229-760-5|language=en|access-date=25 October 2020|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402155537/https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&q=Punjabi+language+Nath+Saints&pg=PA214|url-status=live}}</ref> The language of these compositions is morphologically closer to [[Shauraseni Prakrit|Shauraseni Apbhramsa]], though vocabulary and rhythm is surcharged with extreme colloquialism and folklore.<ref name="Hoiberg 2000"/> Writing in 1317–1318, [[Amir Khusrau]] referred to the language spoken by locals around the area of Lahore as ''Lahauri''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Anne |title=Routledge Handbook of South Asian Religions |date=29 November 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780429622069 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |pages=206–207 |chapter=13: The Territorialisation of Sikh Pasts}}</ref> The precursor stage of Punjabi between the 10th and 16th centuries is termed 'Old Punjabi', whilst the stage between the 16th and 19th centuries is termed as 'Medieval Punjabi'.<ref name="Languages of India"/><ref name="Bhatia-2013">{{cite book |last1=Bhatia |first1=Tej K. |title=Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9781136894602 |page=XXV |edition=Reprint |quote=As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to Present).}}</ref><ref name="Routledge"/><ref name="Oxford University Press"/><ref name="Austin-2008"/><ref name="Language in South Asia"/>

===Arabic and Persian influences===
{{See also|Persian language in the Indian subcontinent}}
The [[Arabic]] and [[New Persian|Modern Persian]] influence in the historical [[Punjab]] region began with the late first millennium [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite book|title=East of Indus: My Memories of Old Punjab|author=Brard, G.S.S.|date=2007|publisher=Hemkunt Publishers|isbn=9788170103608|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&pg=PA81|page=81|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&pg=PA81|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> Since then, many [[Persian language|Persian]] words have been incorporated into Punjabi<ref>{{cite book|title=The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab|author=Mir, F.|date=2010|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520262690|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35|page=35|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice|author=Schiffman, H.|date=2011|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004201453|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA314|page=314|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045040/https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA314|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> (such as ''zamīn'', ''śahir'' etc.) and are used with a liberal approach. Through Persian, Punjabi also absorbed many Arabic-derived words like ''dukān'', ''ġazal'' and more, as well as [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] words like ''qēncī'', ''sōġāt'', etc. After the fall of the [[Sikh Empire|Sikh empire]], [[Urdu]] was made the official language of [[British Punjab|Punjab under the British]] (in [[Pakistani Punjab]], it is still the primary official language) and influenced the language as well.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schiffman|first=Harold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&q=urdu+words+in+punjabi&pg=PA314|title=Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice|date=9 December 2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-20145-3|language=en|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402155506/https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&q=urdu+words+in+punjabi&pg=PA314|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[second millennium]], Punjabi was [[Lexical semantics|lexically]] influenced by [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] (words like ''almārī''), [[Greek language|Greek]] (words like ''dām''), [[Japanese language|Japanese]] (words like ''rikśā''), [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (words like ''cāh'', ''līcī'', ''lukāṭh'') and [[English language|English]] (words like ''jajj'', ''apīl'', ''māsṭar''), though these influences have been minor in comparison to Persian and Arabic.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume|author1=Menon, A.S.|author2=Kusuman, K.K.|date=1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA87|page=87|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA87|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> In fact, the sounds /{{IPA link|z}}/ (ਜ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ز ژ ذ ض ظ}}}}), /{{IPA link|ɣ}}/ (ਗ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|غ}}}}), /{{IPA link|q}}/ (ਕ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ق}}}}), /{{IPA link|ʃ}}/ (ਸ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ش}}}}), /{{IPA link|x}}/ (ਖ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|خ}}}}) and /{{IPA link|f}}/ (ਫ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ف}}}}) are all borrowed from Persian, but in some instances the latter three arise natively. Later, the letters ਜ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ز}}}}, ਸ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ش}}}} and ਫ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ف}}}} began being used in English borrowings, with ਸ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ش}}}} also used in [[Tatsama|Sanskrit borrowings]].

Punjabi has also had minor influence from and on neighbouring languages such as [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Haryanvi]], [[Pashto]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English
! [[Gurmukhi]]-based ([[Punjab, India]])
! [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]-based ([[Punjab, Pakistan]])
|-
| President
|{{lang|pa|ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਤੀ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''rāshtarpatī''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|صدرمملکت}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''sadar-e mumlikat''}})
|-
| Article
|{{lang|pa|ਲੇਖ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''lēkh''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|مضمون}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''mazmūn''}})
|-
| Prime Minister
|{{lang|pa|ਪਰਧਾਨ ਮੰਤਰੀ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''pardhān mantarī''}})*
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|وزیراعظم}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''vazīr-e aʿzam''}})
|-
| Family
|{{lang|pa|ਪਰਵਾਰ }} ({{transliteration|pa|''parvār''}})* {{lang|pa|ਟੱਬਰ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''ṭabbar''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|خاندان}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''kḥāndān''}}) {{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|ٹبّر}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''ṭabbar''}})
|-
| Philosophy
|{{lang|pa|ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''falsafā''}}) {{lang|pa|ਦਰਸ਼ਨ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''darshan''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|فلسفہ}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''falsafah''}})
|-
| Capital city
|{{lang|pa|ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''rājdhānī''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|دارالحکومت}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''dār-al ḥakūmat''}})
|-
| Viewer
|{{lang|pa|ਦਰਸ਼ਕ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''darshak''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|ناظرین}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''nāzarīn''}})
|-
| Listener
|{{lang|pa|ਸਰੋਤਾ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''sarotā''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|سامع}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''sāmaʿ''}})
|}
Note: In more formal contexts, [[hypercorrect]] [[Sanskritized]] versions of these words (ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ ''pradhān'' for ਪਰਧਾਨ ''pardhān'' and ਪਰਿਵਾਰ ''parivār'' for ਪਰਵਾਰ ''parvār'') may be used.

=== Modern times ===
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
Modern Punjabi emerged in the 19th century from the Medieval Punjabi stage.<ref name="Bhatia-2013" /> Modern Punjabi has two main varieties, [[Lahnda|Western Punjabi]] and [[Punjabi language#Eastern Punjabi (Charda Punjab)|Eastern Punjabi]], which have many dialects and forms, altogether spoken by over 150 million people. The [[Majhi dialect]], which is transitional between the two main varieties, has been adopted as standard Punjabi in India and Pakistan for education and mass media. The Majhi dialect originated in the [[Majha]] region of the Punjab.

In [[India]], Punjabi is written in the [[Gurmukhī]] script in offices, schools, and media. Gurmukhi is the official standard script for Punjabi, though it is often unofficially written in the Latin scripts due to influence from [[Indian English|English]], one of India's two primary official languages at the [[Government of India|Union]]-level.

In Pakistan, Punjabi is generally written using the [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhī]] script, which in literary standards, is identical to the [[Urdu alphabet]], however various attempts have been made to create certain, distinct characters from a modification of the Persian [[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʿlīq characters]] to represent [[Punjabi phonology]], not already found in the [[Urdu alphabet]]. In Pakistan, Punjabi loans technical words from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]], just like [[Urdu]] does.

== Geographic distribution ==
Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in [[Pakistan]], the eleventh-most widely spoken in [[India]], and also present in the Punjabi diaspora in various countries.{{Pie chart|caption=Approximate distribution of native Punjabi speakers (inc. [[Lahnda|Lahndic dialects]]) (assuming a rounded total of 157 million) worldwide.|value1=78.6|label1=[[Pakistan]] (inc. all [[Provinces of Pakistan|Pakistani provinces]])|color1=#006a4e|value2=19.8|label2=[[India]] (inc. all [[States of India|Indian states]])|color2=#ffc000|value3=1.6|label3=Other Countries|color3=#FF671F}}

=== Pakistan ===
Punjabi is the most widely spoken language [[Languages of Pakistan|in Pakistan]], being the native language of 88.9 million people, or approximately 37% of the country's population.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Census history of Punjabi speakers in Pakistan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/index.html |title=Population Census Organization |access-date=17 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926230905/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/index.html |archive-date=26 September 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title = CCI defers approval of census results until elections| url = https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447| date = 21 March 2021| website = Dawn| access-date = 10 March 2021| archive-date = 20 June 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200620161758/https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447/cci-defers-approval-of-census-results-until-elections| url-status = live}} The figure of 80.54 million is calculated from the reported 38.78% for the speakers of Punjabi and the 207.685 million total population of Pakistan.</ref>
|-
! Year || Population of Pakistan || Percentage || Punjabi speakers
|-
| 1951 || 33,740,167 || 57.08% || 22,632,905
|-
| 1961 || 42,880,378 || 56.39% || 28,468,282
|-
| 1972 || 65,309,340 || 56.11% || 43,176,004
|-
| 1981 || 84,253,644 || 48.17% || 40,584,980
|-
| 1998 || 132,352,279 || 44.15% || 58,433,431
|-
| 2017 || 207,685,000 || 38.78% || 80,540,000
|-
|2023
|240,458,089
|36.98%
|88,915,544
|}

Beginning with the 1981 and 2017 censuses respectively, speakers of the [[Lahnda|Western Punjabi]]'s [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] and [[Hindko]] varieties were no longer included in the total numbers for Punjabi, which explains the apparent decrease. [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pothwari]] speakers however are included in the total numbers for Punjabi.<ref name="The Times of India-2008" />

=== India ===
{{See also|List of states and union territories of India by Punjabi speakers}}
[[File:Jalianwalabag.JPG|thumb|"[[Jallianwala Bagh]]" written in Hindi, Punjabi, and English in [[Amritsar]], India.]]
Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of [[Punjab]], and has the status of an additional official language in [[Haryana]] and Delhi. Some of its major urban centres in northern India are [[Amritsar]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Ambala]], [[Patiala]], [[Bathinda]], [[Hoshiarpur]], [[Firozpur]] and [[Delhi]].
[[File:Punjabi_in_india.png|center|thumb|Punjabi in India]]
In the 2011 census of India, {{sigfig|31.144095|4}} million reported their language as Punjabi. The census publications group this with speakers of related "mother tongues" like [[Bagri language|Bagri]] and [[Bhateali language|Bhateali]] to arrive at the figure of {{sigfig|33.124726|4}} million.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf| title = Statement 1 : Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011| access-date = 21 March 2021| archive-date = 1 February 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220201042328/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Census history of Punjabi speakers in India<ref>{{cite web |title=Growth of Scheduled Languages-1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement7.aspx |website=Census of India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=22 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220040137/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement7.aspx |archive-date=20 February 2015 }}</ref>

|-
! Year || Population of India || Punjabi speakers in India || Percentage
|-
| 1971 || 548,159,652 || 14,108,443 || 2.57%
|-
| 1981 || 665,287,849 || 19,611,199 || 2.95%
|-
| 1991 || 838,583,988 || 23,378,744 || 2.79%
|-
| 2001 || 1,028,610,328 || 29,102,477 || 2.83%
|-
| 2011 || 1,210,193,422 || 33,124,726 || 2.74%
|}

=== Punjabi diaspora ===
{{See also|Punjabi diaspora}}
[[File:Punjabi language by SA1 (Woolgoolga).svg|200px|right|thumb|Percentage of people in each [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] (ABS) statistical area 1 (SA1) in the coastal [[New South Wales]] town of [[Woolgoolga]] and nearby [[Sandy Beach, New South Wales|Sandy Beach]] and [[Safety Beach, New South Wales|Safety Beach]] who reported speaking Punjabi at home in the [[2021 Australian census|2021 census]].

{{Legend|#d3ffd3|0–5%}}
{{Legend|#aaffaa|5–10%}}
{{Legend|#56ff56|10–15%}}
{{Legend|#00ff00|15–20%}}
{{Legend|#00bf00|20–25%}}
{{Legend|#007f00|25–30%}}
{{Legend|#016001|30–35%}}
{{Legend|#015401|35–40%}}]]

Punjabi is also spoken as a [[minority language]] in several other countries where [[Punjabi people]] have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada.<ref name="The Times of India-2008">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Punjabi_is_Canadas_2nd_most_top_language/articleshow/2782138.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada |date=14 February 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114140743/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Punjabi_is_Canadas_2nd_most_top_language/articleshow/2782138.cms |archive-date=14 November 2016 }}</ref>

There were 670,000 native Punjabi speakers in Canada in 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |date=9 February 2022 |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Canada [Country] - Mother tongue |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm |access-date=11 September 2022 |website=Statistics Canada |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620062958/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref> 300,000 [[Languages of the United Kingdom|in the United Kingdom]] in 2011,<ref>273,000 in England and Wales, and 23,000 in Scotland:
*{{Cite web|title = 2011 Census: Quick Statistics for England and Wales, March 2011|url = https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/2011censusquickstatisticsforenglandandwales/2013-01-30#tab-Main-language|access-date = 24 March 2021|archive-date = 24 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114917/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-wards-and-output-areas-in-england-and-wales/STB-2011-census--quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales--march-2011.html#tab-Main-language|url-status = live}}
*{{cite web| title = Table AT_002_2011 – Language used at home other than English (detailed), Scotland| url = https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/additional_tables/AT_002_2011.xls| access-date = 24 March 2021| archive-date = 5 March 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210305105638/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/additional_tables/AT_002_2011.xls| url-status = dead}}</ref> 280,000 in the United States<ref>{{cite news|title=US survey puts Punjabi speakers in US at 2.8 lakh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/us-survey-puts-punjabi-speakers-in-us-at-2-8-lakh/articleshow/62121520.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 August 2020|date=18 December 2017|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422124317/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/us-survey-puts-punjabi-speakers-in-us-at-2-8-lakh/articleshow/62121520.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and smaller numbers in other countries.

=== Punjabi speakers by country ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Approximate number of Punjabi speakers by country<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjabi speaking countries |url=https://www.worlddata.info/languages/punjabi.php |access-date=26 December 2025 |website=Worlddata.info |language=en}}</ref>
!Country
!Native number of speakers
!Source
|-
|{{Flag|Pakistan}}
|88,915,544
|Census
|-
|{{Flag|India}}
|33,124,726
|Census
|-
|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|777,000
|Ethnologue
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|670,000
|Census
|-
|{{Flag|UK}}
|291,000
|Census<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/language/bulletins/languageenglandandwales/census2021 |title=Language, England and Wales: Census 2021 |work=Office for National Statistics }}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|USA}}
|280,867
|Census
|-
|{{Flag|Australia}}
|239,033
|Census
|-
|{{Flag|UAE}}
|201,000
|Ethnologue
|}

==Major dialects==
{{Main|Punjabi dialects and languages}}

===Standard Punjabi===


''Standard Punjabi'' (sometimes referred to as Majhi) is the standard form of Punjabi used commonly in [[education]] and [[news broadcasting]], and is based on the [[Majhi dialect]]. Such as the variety used on [[Google Translate]], Standard Punjabi is also often used in official online services that employ Punjabi. It is widely used in the TV and entertainment industry of Pakistan, which is mainly produced in [[Lahore]].

The Standard Punjabi used in India and Pakistan has slight differences. In India, it excludes many of the dialect-specific features of Majhi. In Pakistan, the standard is closer to the Majhi spoken in the urban parts of Lahore.<ref>Shahzadi, Sehrish; et al. (2021). "Multilingualism and Language Shift in Punjabi Society: A Sociolinguistic Study". Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 9(2): 349–358. [https://internationalrasd.org/journals/index.php/pjhss/article/download/1637/1058/8469](https://internationalrasd.org/journals/index.php/pjhss/article/download/1637/1058/8469)</ref><ref>"Punjabi Language". The Sikh Encyclopedia. [https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/punjabi-language/](https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/punjabi-language/)</ref>

===Eastern Punjabi===
"Eastern Punjabi" refers to the varieties of Punjabi spoken in [[Pakistani Punjab]] (specifically Northern Punjabi), most of [[Indian Punjab]], the far-north of [[Rajasthan]] and on the northwestern border of [[Haryana]]. It includes the dialects of [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]], [[Malwai dialect|Malwai]], [[Doabi dialect|Doabi]], [[Puadhi dialect|Puadhi]] and the extinct [[Lubanki dialect|Lubanki]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Greater Panjabic |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lahn1241 |access-date=13 July 2023 |website=glottolog.org |archive-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713015712/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lahn1241 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sometimes, [[Dogri language|Dogri]] and [[Kangri language|Kangri]] are grouped into this category.

===Western Punjabi===
{{main|Lahnda}}
"Western Punjabi" or "Lahnda" ({{langx|pa|{{nq|لہندا}}|label=none|link=no}}, {{lit|western}}) is the name given to the diverse group of [[Punjabi dialects and languages|Punjabi varieties]] spoken in the majority of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]], the [[Hazara region]], most of [[Azad Kashmir]] and small parts of [[Indian Punjab]] such as [[Fazilka]].<ref>{{e26|lah}}</ref>{{sfn|Shackle|1979|p=198}} These include groups of dialects like [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], [[Pahari-Pothwari]], [[Hindko]] and the extinct [[Inku language|Inku]]; common dialects like [[Jhangvi dialect|Jhangvi]], [[Shahpuri]], [[Dhanni dialect|Dhanni]] and [[Thali dialect|Thali]] which are usually grouped under the term Jatki Punjabi; and the [[Mixed language|mixed variety]] of Punjabi and [[Sindhi languages|Sindhi]] called [[Khetrani language|Khetrani]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zograph |first=G. A. |title=Languages of South Asia: A Guide |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9781000831597 |edition=Reprint |pages=52 |chapter=Chapter 3 |quote=LAHNDA – Lahnda (Lahndi) or Western Panjabi is the name given to a group of dialects spread over the northern half of Pakistan. In the north, they come into contact with the Dardic languages with which they share some common features, In the east, they turn gradually into Panjabi, and in the south into Sindhi. In the south-east there is a clearly defined boundary between Lahnda and Rajasthani, and in the west a similarly well-marked boundary between it and the Iranian languages Baluchi and Pushtu. The number of people speaking Lahnda can only be guessed at: it is probably in excess of 20 million.}}</ref>

Depending on context, the terms Eastern and Western Punjabi can simply refer to all the Punjabi varieties spoken in India and Pakistan respectively, whether or not they are linguistically Eastern/Western.

== Phonology ==

While a [[vowel length]] distinction between short and long vowels exists, reflected in modern [[Gurmukhi]] orthographical conventions, it is secondary to the vowel quality contrast between [[central vowel|centralised vowel]]s {{IPA|/ɪ ə ʊ/}} and peripheral vowels {{IPA|/iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː/}} in terms of phonetic significance.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=587}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''[[Vowel]]s'''
! ||[[Front vowel|Front]]||Near-front||[[Central vowel|Central]]||Near-back||[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|iː}} {{lang|pa|ਈ}} {{Nastaliq|اِی}} || || || ||{{IPA link|uː}} {{lang|pa|ਊ}} {{Nastaliq|اُو}}
|-
![[Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
| ||{{IPA link|ɪ}} {{lang|pa|ਇ}} {{Nastaliq|اِ}} || || {{IPA link|ʊ}} {{lang|pa|ਉ}} {{Nastaliq|اُ}} ||
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPA link|eː}} {{lang|pa|ਏ}} {{Nastaliq|اے}} || || || ||{{IPA link|oː}} {{lang|pa|ਓ}} {{Nastaliq|او}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| || || {{IPA link|ə}} {{lang|pa|ਅ}} {{Nastaliq|اَ}} || ||
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{IPA link|ɛː}} {{lang|pa|ਐ}} {{Nastaliq|اَے}} || || || || {{IPA link|ɔː}} {{lang|pa|ਔ}} {{Nastaliq|اَو}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| || || {{IPA link|aː}} {{lang|pa|ਆ}} {{Nastaliq|آ}} || ||
|}
The peripheral vowels have [[nasal vowel|nasal analogues]].{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=588}} There is a tendency with speakers to insert /ɪ̯/ between adjacent "a"-vowels as a separator. This usually changes to /ʊ̯/ if either vowel is nasalised.

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''[[Consonant]]s'''
! colspan="2"|
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- align=center
! colspan="2"| [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} {{lang|pa|ਮ}} {{Nastaliq|م}}
| {{IPA link|n}} {{lang|pa|ਨ}} {{Nastaliq|ن}}<ref>{{citation|last=Karamat |first=Nayyara |title=Phonemic inventory of Punjabi |page=182 |citeseerx=10.1.1.695.1248}}</ref>
| {{IPA link|ɳ}} {{lang|pa|ਣ}} {{Nastaliq|ݨ}}
| ({{IPA link|ɲ}}) {{lang|pa|ਞ}} {{Nastaliq|ن٘}}<ref name=":0">Used in conjunction with another consonant, commonly {{Unq|ج}} or {{Unq|ی}}</ref>
| ({{IPA link|ŋ}}) {{lang|pa|ਙ}} {{Nastaliq|ن٘}}<ref name=":0" />
|
|
|- align=center
! rowspan="4"| [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! {{small|tenuis}}
| {{IPA link|p}} {{lang|pa|ਪ}} {{Nastaliq|پ}}
| {{IPA link|t̪}} {{lang|pa|ਤ}} {{Nastaliq|ت}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}} {{lang|pa|ਟ}} {{Nastaliq|ٹ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} {{lang|pa|ਚ}} {{Nastaliq|چ}}
| {{IPA link|k}} {{lang|pa|ਕ}} {{Nastaliq|ک}}
| ({{IPA link|q}} {{lang|pa|ਕ਼}} {{Nastaliq|ق}})
|
|- align=center
! {{small|aspirated}}
| {{IPA link|pʰ}} {{lang|pa|ਫ}} {{Nastaliq|پھ}}
| {{IPA link|tʰ}} {{lang|pa|ਥ}} {{Nastaliq|تھ}}
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}} {{lang|pa|ਠ}} {{Nastaliq|ٹھ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}} {{lang|pa|ਛ}} {{Nastaliq|چھ}}
| {{IPA link|kʰ}} {{lang|pa|ਖ}} {{Nastaliq|کھ}}
|
|
|- align=center
! {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPA link|b}} {{lang|pa|ਬ}} {{Nastaliq|ب}}
| {{IPA link|d̪}} {{lang|pa|ਦ}} {{Nastaliq|د}}
| {{IPA link|ɖ}} {{lang|pa|ਡ}} {{Nastaliq|ڈ}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} {{lang|pa|ਜ}} {{Nastaliq|ج}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}} {{lang|pa|ਗ}} {{Nastaliq|گ}}
|
|
|- align=center
! {{small|tonal}}
| {{lang|pa|ਭ}} {{Nastaliq|بھ}}
| {{lang|pa|ਧ}} {{Nastaliq|دھ}}
| {{lang|pa|ਢ}} {{Nastaliq|ڈھ}}
| {{lang|pa|ਝ}} {{Nastaliq|جھ}}
| {{lang|pa|ਘ}} {{Nastaliq|گھ}}
|
|
|- align=center
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|voiceless}}
| ({{IPA link|f}} {{lang|pa|ਫ਼}} {{Nastaliq|ف}})
| {{IPA link|s}} {{lang|pa|ਸ}} {{Nastaliq|س}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{lang|pa|ਸ਼}} {{Nastaliq|ش}}
| colspan="2"|({{IPA link|x}} {{lang|pa|ਖ਼}} {{Nastaliq|خ}})
|
|- align=center
! {{small|voiced}}
|
| ({{IPA link|z}} {{lang|pa|ਜ਼}} {{Nastaliq|ز}})
|
|
| colspan="2"|({{IPA link|ɣ}} {{lang|pa|ਗ਼}} {{Nastaliq|غ}})
| {{IPA link|ɦ}} {{lang|pa|ਹ}} {{Nastaliq|ہ}}
|- align=center
! colspan="2"|[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}~{{IPA link|r}} {{lang|pa|ਰ}} {{Nastaliq|ر}}
| {{IPA link|ɽ}} {{lang|pa|ੜ}} {{Nastaliq|ڑ}}
|
|
|
|
|- align=center
! colspan="2"|[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|ʋ}} {{lang|pa|ਵ}} {{Nastaliq|و}}
| {{IPA link|l}} {{lang|pa|ਲ}} {{Nastaliq|ل}}
| {{IPA link|ɭ}} {{lang|pa|ਲ਼}} {{Nastaliq|ࣇ}}<ref>ArLaam (similar to ArNoon) has been added to Unicode since Unicode 13.0.0, which can be found in [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf Unicode] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228072827/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf |date=28 February 2020 }} [[Arabic Extended-A]] 08C7, PDF Pg 73 under "Arabic Letter for Punjabi"

08C7 : ࣇ Arabic Letter Lam With Small Arabic Letter Tah Above</ref>
| {{IPA link|j}} {{lang|pa|ਯ}} {{Nastaliq|ی}}
|
|
|
|}
Note: for the tonal stops, refer to the next section about Tone.

The three retroflex consonants {{IPA|/ɳ, ɽ, ɭ/}} do not occur initially, and the nasals {{IPA|[ŋ, ɲ]}} most commonly occur as allophones of {{IPA|/n/}} in clusters with velars and palatals (there are few exceptions). The well-established phoneme {{IPA|/ʃ/}} may be realised allophonically as the [[voiceless retroflex fricative]] {{IPA|[ʂ]}} in learned clusters with retroflexes. Due to its foreign origin, it is often also realised as {{IPA|[s]}}, in e.g. ''shalwār'' {{IPA|/salᵊ.ʋaːɾᵊ/}}. The phonemic status of the consonants {{IPA|/f, z, x, ɣ, q/}} varies with familiarity with [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] norms, more so with the Gurmukhi script, with the pairs {{IPA|/f, pʰ/}}, {{IPA|/z, d͡ʒ/}}, {{IPA|/x, kʰ/}}, {{IPA|/ɣ, g/}}, and {{IPA|/q, k/}} systematically distinguished in educated speech,{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=589}} /q/ being the most rarely pronounced. The [[retroflex lateral]] is most commonly analysed as an [[Retroflex lateral approximant|approximant]] as opposed to a [[Retroflex lateral flap|flap]].{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=97}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arora |first1=K. K. |last2=Arora |first2=S. |last3=Singla |first3=S. R. |last4=Agrawal |first4=S. S. |title=SAMPA for Hindi and Punjabi based on their Acoustic and Phonetic Characteristics |journal=Proceedings Oriental COCOSDA |date=2007 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3350695 |pages=4–6 |access-date=11 October 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031533/https://www.academia.edu/3350695 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ladefoged |first1=Peter |last2=Maddieson |first2=Ian |title=The Sounds of the World's Languages |date=1996 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0631198154 |pages=190–191}}</ref> Some speakers [[lenition|soften]] the voiceless aspirates /t͡ʃʰ, pʰ, kʰ/ into fricatives /ɕ, f, x/ respectively.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

In rare cases, the /ɲ/ and /ŋ/ phonemes in Shahmukhi may be represented with letters from [[Sindhi language#Perso-Arabic script|Sindhi]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} The /ɲ/ phoneme, which is more common than /ŋ/, is written as {{resize|{{nq|نی}}}} or {{resize|{{nq|نج}}}} depending on its phonetic preservation, e.g. {{resize|{{nq|نیاݨا}}}} /ɲaːɳaː/ (preserved ''ñ'') as opposed to {{resize|{{nq|کنج}}}} /kiɲd͡ʒ/ (assimilated into ''nj''). /ŋ/ is always written as {{resize|{{nq|نگ}}}}.

=== Diphthongs ===

Like [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], the diphthongs /əɪ/ and /əʊ/ have mostly disappeared, but are still retained in some dialects.

[[Phonotactics|Phonotactically]], long vowels /aː, iː, uː/ are treated as doubles of their short vowel counterparts /ə, ɪ, ʊ/ rather than separate phonemes. Hence, diphthongs like ''ai'' and ''au'' get [[Monophthongization|monophthongised]] into /eː/ and /oː/, and ''āi'' and ''āu'' into /ɛː/ and /ɔː/ respectively.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

The phoneme /j/ is very fluid in Punjabi. /j/ is only truly pronounced word-initially (even then it often becomes /d͡ʒ/), where it is otherwise /ɪ/ or /i/.

=== Tone ===
Unusually for an Indo-Aryan language, Punjabi distinguishes [[Tone (linguistics)|lexical tones]].<ref>{{cite book|author-last = Bhatia|author-first = Tej| date = 1999| editor1-last = Lust| editor1-first = Barbara| editor2-last = Gair| editor2-first = James| title = Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages| chapter = Lexican Anaphors and Pronouns in Punjabi| page = 637| publisher = Walter de Gruyter| isbn = 978-3-11-014388-1}} Other tonal Indo-Aryan languages include [[Hindko]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Western Pahari]], [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] and some [[Dardic languages]].</ref> Three tones are distinguished in Punjabi (some sources have described these as tone contours, given in parentheses): low (high-falling), high (low-rising), and level (neutral or middle).<ref name="Bailey">Bailey, T.Grahame (1919), ''English-Punjabi Dictionary'', introduction.</ref><ref>Singh, Sukhvindar, "Tone Rules and Tone Sandhi in Punjabi".</ref><ref name="Bowden">Bowden, A.L. (2012). [https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3982&context=etd "Punjabi Tonemics and the Gurmukhi Script: A Preliminary Study"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192042/https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3982&context=etd |date=17 April 2018 }}.</ref> The transcriptions and tone annotations in the examples below are based on those provided in [[Punjabi University, Patiala]]'s ''Punjabi-English Dictionary''.<ref>{{Cite Q|Q113676548}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Examples
! colspan="3" |Pronunciation
! rowspan="2" |Meaning
|-
! Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi
! Transliteration
!IPA
! Tone
|-
| {{lang|pa|ਘਰ}}
| {{lang|pnb|{{Uninastaliq|گھر}}}}
| ghar
|{{IPA|/kə̀.rᵊ/|lang=pa}}<ref>Punjabi University (2018). p. 281</ref>{{Efn|Standard or Eastern dialect. Pakistani Majhi and Western dialects usually pronounce it as {{IPA|/käː˨ɾᵊ/|lang=pa}}.}}
| low
| ''house''
|-
| {{lang|pa|ਕਰ੍ਹਾ}}
| {{lang|pnb|{{Uninastaliq|کرھا}}}}
| karhā
|{{IPA|/kə́.ra/|lang=pa}}<ref>Punjabi University (2018). p. 194</ref>
| high
| ''powdered remains of cow-dung cakes''
|-
| {{lang|pa|ਕਰ}}
| {{lang|pnb|{{Uninastaliq|کر}}}}
| kar
|{{IPA|/kər/|lang=pa}}<ref>Punjabi University (2018). p. 192</ref>
| level
| ''do, doing''
|-
| {{lang|pa|ਝੜ}}
| {{lang|pnb|{{Uninastaliq|جھڑ}}}}
| jhaṛ
|{{IPA|/t͡ʃə̀.ɽᵊ/|lang=pa}}<ref>Punjabi University (2018). p. 369</ref>
| low
| ''shade caused by clouds''
|-
| {{lang|pa|ਚੜ੍ਹ}}
| {{lang|pnb|{{Uninastaliq|چڑھ}}}}
| chaṛh
|{{IPA|/t͡ʃə́.ɽᵊ/|lang=pa}}<ref name="pu300">Punjabi University (2018). p. 300</ref>
| high
| ''rise to fame, ascendancy''
|-
| {{lang|pa|ਚੜ}}
| {{lang|pnb|{{Uninastaliq|چڑ}}}}
| caṛ
|{{IPA|/t͡ʃəɽ/|lang=pa}}<ref name="pu300" />
| level
| ''hangnail''
|}
Level tone is found in about 75% of words and is described by some as absence of tone.<ref name=Bailey /> There are also some words which are said to have rising tone in the first syllable and falling in the second. (Some writers describe this as a fourth tone.)<ref name=Bailey /> However, a recent acoustic study of six Punjabi speakers in the United States found no evidence of a separate falling tone following a medial consonant.<ref>Kanwal, J.; Ritchart, A.V (2015) [https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2015/Papers/ICPHS0929.pdf "An experimental investigation of tonogenesis in Punjabi".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161201/https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2015/Papers/ICPHS0929.pdf |date=18 April 2018 }} Proceedings of the 18th International of Phonetic Sciences, 2015</ref>
*{{lang|pa|ਮੋਢਾ}} / {{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|موڈھا}}}}, ''móḍà'' (rising-falling), "shoulder"

[[File:Punjabi specific sounds.ogg|thumb|Some Punjabi distinct tones for gh, jh, ḍh, dh, bh]]

It is considered that these tones arose when voiced aspirated consonants ({{IAST|gh, jh, ḍh, dh, bh}}) lost their aspiration.

==== Mechanics ====
In Punjabi, tone is induced by the loss of [h] in tonal consonants. Tonal consonants are any [[Aspirated consonant#Breathy-voiced release|voiced aspirates /ʱ/]] and the [[Voiced glottal fricative|voiced glottal fricative /ɦ/]]. These include the five voiced aspirated plosives ''bh'', ''dh'', ''ḍh'', ''jh'' and ''gh'' (which are represented by their own letters in Gurmukhi), the ''h'' consonant itself and any voiced consonants appended with [h] (Gurmukhi:[[Gurmukhi#Subscript letters|੍ਹ ''"perī̃ hāhā"'']], Shahmukhi: [[Shahmukhi#Difference from Persian and Urdu|{{nq|ھ}} ''"dō-caśmī hē"'']]); usually ''ṛh'', ''mh'', ''nh'', ''rh'' and ''lh''.

* Tonal consonants induce a rising tone (also called "high tone") before them or a falling tone (also called "low tone") after them.
** E.g. ''kaḍḍh'' > ''káḍḍ'' "remove", ''he'' > ''è'' "is"
* Tone is always induced onto the stressed syllable of a word.
** E.g. ''paṛh'''ā'''ī'' > ''paṛ'''ā̀'''ī'' "study", ''m'''ō'''ḍhā'' > ''m'''ṓ'''ḍā'' "shoulder"

The five tonal plosives also become voiceless word-initially. E.g. ''ghar'' > ''kàr'' "house", ''ḍhōl'' > ''ṭṑl'' "drum" etc.<ref name=Bowden />

Tonogenesis in Punjabi forfeits the sound of [h] for tone. Thus, the more [h] is realised, the less "tonal" a word will be pronounced, and vice versa. Tone is often reduced or rarely deleted when words are said with emphasis or on their own as a form of more exact identification.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Sequences with the consonant ''h'' have some additional gimmicks:
* The sequences ''ih'', ''uh'', ''ahi'' and ''ahu'' change into the vowels /eː˩˥/, /oː˩˥/, /ɛː˩˥/ and /ɔː˩˥/ respectively and acquire a rising tone.
** E.g. ''muhrā'' > ''mṓrā'' "chessman", ''rahiṇ'' > ''réṇ'' "stay"
* In the stressed sequence ''ah'', the vowel lengthens (''ā'') and acquires a rising tone /aː˩˥/.
** E.g. ''qahvā'' > ''qā́vā'' "coffee", ''dah'' > ''dā́'' "ten"
* In the final unstressed sequence ''ah'', the vowel becomes nasalised and long (''ā̃'').
** E.g. ''bā́rah'' > ''bā́rā̃'' "twelve", ''tárah'' > ''tárā̃'' "way"
* When h is preceded by a short vowel, proceeded by a long vowel and the latter is stressed, the former vowel becomes weak or blends into the latter.
** E.g. ''pahāṛ'' > ''păā̀ṛ'' /pə̯aː˥˩.ɽə̆/ "mountain", ''tuhāḍā'' > ''tŭā̀ḍā'' /tʊ̯aː˥˩ɖ.ɖaː/ "your"

The consonant ''h'' on its own is now silent or very weakly pronounced except word-initially.<ref>Lata, Swaran; Arora, Swati (2013) [http://www.tdil.meity.gov.in/WSI/papers/updated-ICHCI_SL%20SA.pdf "Laryngeal Tonal characteristics of Punjabi: An Experimental Study"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092956/http://www.tdil.meity.gov.in/WSI/papers/updated-ICHCI_SL%20SA.pdf |date=18 April 2018 }}</ref> However, certain dialects which exert stronger tone, particularly more northern Punjabi varieties and [[Dogri language|Dogri]], pronounce ''h'' as very faint (thus tonal) in all cases. E.g. ''hatth'' > ''àtth''.

The [[Jhangvi dialect|Jhangvi]] and [[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]] dialects of Punjabi (as they transition into [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]) show comparatively less realisation of tone than other Punjabi varieties,{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} and do not induce the devoicing of the main five tonal consonants (''bh'', ''dh'', ''ḍh'', ''jh'', ''gh'').

The [[Gurmukhi script]] which was developed in the 16th century has separate letters for voiced aspirated sounds, so it is thought that the change in pronunciation of the consonants and development of tones may have taken place since that time.<ref name=Bowden />

Some other languages in Pakistan have also been found to have tonal distinctions, including [[Burushaski]], [[Gujari language|Gujari]], [[Hindko]], [[Kalami language|Kalami]], [[Shina language|Shina]], and [[Torwali language|Torwali]],<ref>Baart, J.L.G. [http://www.geocities.ws/kcs_kalam/tonefeat.pdf "Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728101201/http://www.geocities.ws/kcs_kalam/tonefeat.pdf |date=28 July 2020 }}</ref> though these (besides Hindko) seem to be independent of Punjabi.

=== Gemination ===
[[Gemination]] of a consonant (doubling the letter) is indicated with [[Gurmukhi#Gemination|''adhak'']] in [[Gurmukhi]] and [[Shadda|''tashdīd'']] in [[Shahmukhi]].{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=149}} Its inscription with a unique diacritic is a distinct feature of Gurmukhi compared to [[Brahmic scripts]].

All consonants except six (''ṇ'', ''ṛ'', ''h'', ''r'', ''v'', ''y'') are regularly geminated. The latter four are only geminated in [[loan word]]s from other languages.{{efn|/jː/ is found in one other instance, for the name of the [[Gurmukhi letter]] ਯ (''yayyā'' ਯੱਯਾ)}}

There is a tendency to irregularly geminate consonants which follow long vowels, except in the final syllable of a word, e.g.''menū̃'' > ''mennū̃''.{{efn|This never occurs with /ɳ/ and /ɽ/, and is rare before /ʋ, ɾ, ɦ/}} It also causes the long vowels to shorten but remain peripheral, distinguishing them from the central vowels /ə, ɪ, ʊ/. This gemination is less prominent than the literarily regular gemination represented by the diacritics mentioned above.

Before a non-final prenasalised consonant,{{efn|''bindī/ṭippī'' or ''nūn ġunna'' before a consonant often causes it to be pre-nasalised, except where there is a true nasal vowel.}} long vowels undergo the same change but no gemination occurs.

The true gemination of a consonant after a long vowel is unheard of but is written in some English loanwords to indicate short /ɛ/ and /ɔ/, e.g. ਡੈੱਡ {{resize|{{nq|ڈَیڈّ}}}} /ɖɛɖː/ "dead".

== Grammar ==
{{Main|Punjabi grammar}}
[[File:Gurmukhi Script - traditional alphabet.svg|thumb|The 35 traditional characters of the [[Gurmukhi]] script]]
Punjabi has a canonical word order of [[subject–object–verb|SOV]] (subject–object–verb).<ref>Gill, Harjeet Singh and Gleason Jr, Henry A. (1969). ''A Reference Grammar of Panjabi''. Patiala: Department of Linguistics, Punjabi University</ref> Function words are largely [[postposition]]s marking [[grammatical case]] on a preceding nominal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_pan|title=WALS Online – Language Panjabi|website=wals.info|access-date=4 December 2019|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212073124/https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_pan|url-status=live}}</ref>

Punjabi distinguishes two [[grammatical gender|genders]], two [[grammatical number|numbers]], and six [[grammatical case|case]]s, [[direct case|direct]], [[oblique case|oblique]], [[vocative case|vocative]], [[ablative case|ablative]], [[locative case|locative]], and [[instrumental case|instrumental]]. The ablative occurs only in the singular, in free variation with oblique case plus ablative [[postposition]], and the locative and instrumental are usually confined to set [[adverb]]ial expressions.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shackle|2003|p=599}}</ref>

[[Adjective]]s, when declinable, are marked for the gender, number, and case of the nouns they qualify.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shackle|2003|p=601}}</ref> There is also a [[T-V distinction]].
Upon the [[inflection]]al [[grammatical case|case]] is built a system of [[Grammatical particle|particle]]s known as [[postposition]]s, which parallel English's [[preposition]]s. It is their use with a noun or verb that is what necessitates the noun or verb taking the [[oblique case]], and it is with them that the locus of grammatical function or "case-marking" then lies.
The Punjabi [[verb]]al system is largely structured around a combination of [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]] and [[Grammatical tense|tense]]/[[Grammatical mood|mood]]. Like the nominal system, the Punjabi verb takes a single inflectional suffix, and is often followed by successive layers of elements like auxiliary verbs and postpositions to the right of the [[Root (linguistics)|lexical base]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=257}}</ref>

== Vocabulary ==
Being an [[Indo-Aryan language]], the core vocabulary of Punjabi consists of [[tadbhava|tadbhav]] words inherited from [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="Frawley2003">{{cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=William |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set |date=2003 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 |page=423 |language=en |quote=Hindus and Sikhs generally use the Gurmukhi script; but Hindus have also begun to write Punjabi in the Devanagari script, as employed for Hindi. Muslims tend to write Punjabi in the Perso-Arabic script, which is also employed for Urdu. Muslim speakers borrow a large number of words from Persian and Arabic; however, the basic Punjabi vocabulary is mainly composed of ''tadbhava'' words, i.e. those descended from Sanskrit.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhatia |first1=Tej K. |title=Punjabi: A Conginitive-descriptive Grammar |date=1993 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-00320-9 |page=xxxii |language=en |quote=Punjabi vocabulary is mainly composed of ''tadbhav'' words, i.e., words derived from Sanskrit.}}</ref> It contains many loanwords from [[Persian language|Persian]] and Arabic.<ref name="Frawley2003"/>

== Writing systems ==
{{Arabic-script sidebar|Punjabi}}
[[File:Wiki Loves Women South Asia Logo-pa.png|thumb|Gurmukhi writing system on a sample logo]]
The Punjabi language is written in multiple scripts (a phenomenon known as [[synchronic digraphia]]). Each of the major scripts currently in use is typically associated with a particular religious group,{{sfn|Bhatia|2008|p=128}}{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|pp=12–13}} although the association is not absolute or exclusive.{{sfn|Jain|2003|pp=53, 57–8}}
In India, Punjabi [[Sikhs]] use [[Gurmukhi]], a script of the [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic]] family, which has official status in the state of Punjab. In Pakistan, Punjabi Muslims use [[Shahmukhi]], a variant of the [[Perso-Arabic]] script and closely related to the [[Urdu alphabet]]. Sometimes Punjabi is recorded in the [[Devanagari]] script in India, albeit rarely.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zograph |first=G. A. |title=Languages of South Asia: A Guide |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9781000831597 |edition=Reprint |pages=52 |chapter=Chapter 3 |quote=Devanagari itself is also used for Panjabi, if more rarely.}}</ref> The [[Punjabi Hindus]] in India had a preference for Devanagari, another Brahmic script also used for Hindi, and in the first decades since independence raised objections to the uniform adoption of Gurmukhi in the state of Punjab,{{sfn|Nayar|1966|pp= 46 ff}} but most have now switched to Gurmukhi{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=12}} and so the use of Devanagari is rare.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=594}} Often in literature, Pakistani Punjabi (written in Shahmukhi) is referred as Western-Punjabi (or West-Punjabi) and Indian Punjabi (written in Gurmukhi) is referred as Eastern-Punjabi (or East-Punjabi), although the underlying language is the same with a very slight shift in vocabulary towards Islamic and Sikh words respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjabi Language – Structure, Writing & Alphabet – MustGo|url=https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/punjabi/|access-date=8 February 2022|website=MustGo.com|language=en-US|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123124609/https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/punjabi/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The written standard for [[Shahmukhi]] also slightly differs from that of Gurmukhi, as it is used for western dialects, whereas Gurumukhi is used to write eastern dialects.

Historically, various local [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic]] scripts including [[Laṇḍā]] and its descendants were also in use.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=594}}{{sfn|Bhardwaj|2016|p=15}}

The [[Punjabi Braille]] is used by the visually impaired. There is an altered version of [[IAST]] often used for Punjabi in which the [[diphthongs]] ''ai'' and ''au'' are written as ''e'' and ''o'', and the long vowels ''e'' and ''o'' are written as ''ē'' and ''ō''.

== Sample text ==

This sample text was adapted from the Punjabi Wikipedia article on [[Lahore]].

'''[[Gurmukhi]]'''

{{lang|pa|ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨੀ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੀ ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ ਹੈ। ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ਼ ਕਰਾਚੀ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਲਹੌਰ ਦੂਜਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਹੈ। ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਸਿਆਸੀ, ਕਾਰੋਬਾਰੀ ਅਤੇ ਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਦਾ ਗੜ੍ਹ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਇਸੇ ਲਈ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਦਿਲ ਵੀ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਲਹੌਰ ਰਾਵੀ ਦਰਿਆ ਦੇ ਕੰਢੇ ’ਤੇ ਵੱਸਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸਦੀ ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਇੱਕ ਕਰੋੜ ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ ਹੈ।}}

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'''[[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]'''
<div style="direction:rtl; font-family:Mehr Nastaliq Saraiki">
{{lang|pa-Arab|{{unq|لہور پاکستانی پنجاب دی راجدھانی ہے۔ لوک گݨتی دے نالؕ کراچی توں بعد لہور دوجا سبھ توں وڈا شہر ہے۔ لہور پاکستان دا سیاسی، رہتلی کاروباری اتے پڑھائی دا گڑھ ہے اتے، ایسے لئی ایہنوں پاکستان دا دل وی کہا جاندا ہے۔ لہور راوی دریا دے کنڈھے تے وسدا ہے۔ ایسدی لوک گݨتی اک کروڑ دے نیڑے ہے۔}}}}
</div>
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'''[[Transliteration]]'''

{{Transliteration|pa|Lahaur Pākistānī Panjāb dī rājtā̀ni ài. Lok giṇtī de nāḷ Karācī tõ bāad Lahaur dūjā sáb tõ vaḍḍā šáir ài. Lahaur Pākistān dā siāsī, kārobāri ate paṛā̀ī dā gáṛ ài te ise laī ínū̃ Pākistān dā dil vī kihā jāndā ài. Lahaur Rāvī dariā de káṇḍè te vassdā ài. Isdī lok giṇtī ikk karoṛ de neṛe ài.}}

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'''[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]'''

{{IPA|/lɐɔ̂ːɾᵊ paˑkˑɪ̽sᵊˈtaˑnˑi pɐɲˈd͡ʒaːbᵊ di ɾaːd͡ʒᵊ ˈd̥âˑnˑi ɛ̂ ‖ loːkᵊ ˈɡɪɳᵊti de naːɭᵊ kɐ̆ɾaˑt͡ʃˑi tõ bǎːdᵊ lɐɔ̂ːɾᵊ duˑd͡ʒˑa sɐ̌bᵊ tõ ʋɐɖːa ʃɛ̌ːɾᵊ ɛ̂ ‖ lɐɔ̂ːɾᵊ paˑkˑɪ̽sᵊˈtaːnᵊ da sɐ̆ˈjaˑsˑi {{!}} kaːɾoˈbaːɾi ˈɐte pɐ̆ˈɽâːi da ɡɐ̌ɽᵊ ɛ̂ ˈɐte ˈɪse lɐi ˈěːnˑũ paˑkˑɪ̽sᵊˈtaːnᵊ da dɪlᵊ ʋi kɛ̌ːja d͡ʒaːnda ɛ̂ ‖ lɐɔ̂ːɾᵊ ˈɾaːʋi ˈdɐɾɐ̆ja de kɐ̌ɳɖe te ʋɐsːᵊda ɛ̂ ‖ ɪsᵊ di loːkᵊ ˈɡɪɳᵊti ɪkːᵊ kɐ̆ɾoːɽᵊ de neːɽe ɛ̂ ‖/}}

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'''Translation'''

[[Lahore]] is the capital city of Pakistani Punjab. After [[Karachi]], Lahore is the second largest city. Lahore is Pakistan's political, cultural, and educational hub, and so it is also said to be the heart of [[Pakistan]]. Lahore lies on the bank of the [[Ravi River]]. Its population is close to ten million people.

==Literature development==

{{main|Punjabi literature}}

===Medieval period ===
*[[Fariduddin Ganjshakar]] (1179–1266) is generally recognised as the first major poet of the Punjabi language.<ref>[http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/arts/shiv%20batalvi/Shiv%20batalvi.htm Shiv Kumar Batalvi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030410071639/http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/arts/shiv%20batalvi/Shiv%20batalvi.htm |date=10 April 2003 }} sikh-heritage.co.uk.</ref> Roughly from the 12th century to the 19th century, many great Sufi saints and poets preached in the Punjabi language, the most prominent being [[Bulleh Shah]]. Punjabi Sufi poetry also developed under [[Shah Hussain]] (1538–1599), [[Sultan Bahu]] (1630–1691), [[Shah Sharaf]] (1640–1724), Ali Haider (1690–1785), [[Waris Shah]] (1722–1798), [[Saleh Muhammad Safoori]] (1747–1826), [[Mian Muhammad Bakhsh|Mian Muhammad Baksh]] (1830–1907) and [[Khwaja Ghulam Farid]] (1845–1901).
*The [[Sikh]] religion originated in the 15th century in the Punjab region and Punjabi is the predominant language spoken by Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite book |editor1=Melvin Ember |editor2=Carol R. Ember |editor3=Ian A. Skoggard |title=Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediadias00embe |url-access=limited |publisher=Springer |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-306-48321-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediadias00embe/page/n1100 1077]}}</ref> Most portions of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] use the Punjabi language written in [[Gurmukhī alphabet|Gurmukhi]], though Punjabi is not the only language used in [[Sikh scriptures]].
[[File:Varan Gyan Ratnavali.jpg|thumb|[[Varan Bhai Gurdas|Varan Gyan Ratnavali]] by 16th-century historian [[Bhai Gurdas]].]]

The ''[[Janamsakhis]]'', stories on the life and legend of [[Guru Nanak]] (1469–1539), are early examples of Punjabi prose literature.

*The Punjabi language is famous for its rich literature of [[Punjabi Qisse|''qisse'']], most of which are about love, passion, betrayal, sacrifice, social values and a common man's revolt against a larger system. The qissa of [[Heer Ranjha]] by [[Waris Shah]] (1706–1798) is among the most popular of Punjabi qissas. Other popular stories include ''[[Sohni Mahiwal]]'' by Fazal Shah, ''[[Mirza Sahiban]]'' by Hafiz Barkhudar (1658–1707), ''[[Sassui Punnhun]]'' by Hashim Shah (c. 1735–c. 1843), and ''Qissa Puran Bhagat'' by [[Qadaryar]] (1802–1892).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unc.edu/depts/cdeisi/abstracts.html|title=Representations of Piety and Community in Late-nineteenth-century Punjabi Qisse|first=Farina|last=Mir|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|access-date=4 July 2008|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106223100/http://www.unc.edu/depts/cdeisi/abstracts.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Heroic ballads known as ''[[Vaar]]'' enjoy a rich oral tradition in Punjabi. Famous ''Vaars'' are ''Chandi di Var'' (1666–1708), ''Nadir Shah Di Vaar'' by Najabat and the ''Jangnama'' of [[Shah Mohammad]] (1780–1862).<ref>The Encyclopaedia of [[Indian Literature]] (Volume One – A to Devo). Volume 1. Amaresh Datta, ed. Sahitya Akademi: 2006, 352.</ref>

=== Modern period ===
[[File:Ghadar di gunj.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|''[[Ghadar di Gunj]]'' 1913, newspaper in Punjabi of [[Ghadar Party]], US-based Indian revolutionary party.]]
The Victorian novel, Elizabethan drama, free verse and [[Modernism]] entered Punjabi literature through the introduction of British education during the Raj. [[Nanak Singh]] (1897–1971), Vir Singh, Ishwar Nanda, [[Amrita Pritam]] (1919–2005), [[Puran Singh]] (1881–1931), [[Dhani Ram Chatrik]] (1876–1957), [[Diwan Singh]] (1897–1944) and [[Ustad Daman]] (1911–1984), [[Mohan Singh (poet)|Mohan Singh]] (1905–78) and [[Shareef Kunjahi]] are some legendary Punjabi writers of this period.
After independence of Pakistan and India Najm Hossein Syed, Fakhar Zaman and Afzal Ahsan Randhawa, [[Shafqat Tanvir Mirza]], [[Ahmad Salim]], and [[Najm Hosain Syed]], [[Munir Niazi]], [[Ali Arshad Mir]], Pir Hadi Abdul Mannan enriched Punjabi literature in Pakistan, whereas [[Jaswant Singh Kanwal]] (1919–2020), [[Amrita Pritam]] (1919–2005), [[Jaswant Singh Rahi]] (1930–1996), [[Shiv Kumar Batalvi]] (1936–1973), [[Surjit Patar]] (1944–) and [[Pash]] (1950–1988) are some of the more prominent poets and writers from India.

==Status==
Despite Punjabi's rich literary history, it was not until 1947 that it would be recognised as an official language. Previous governments in the area of the Punjab had favoured Persian, Hindustani, or even earlier standardised versions of local registers as the language of the court or government. After the annexation of the [[Sikh Empire]] by the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] following the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1849, the British policy of establishing a uniform language for administration was expanded into the Punjab. The British Empire employed Urdu in its administration of North-Central and Northwestern India, while in the North-East of India, [[Bengali language]] was used as the language of administration. Despite its lack of official sanction, the Punjabi language continued to flourish as an instrument of cultural production, with rich literary traditions continuing until modern times. The Sikh religion, with its [[Gurmukhi alphabet|Gurmukhi]] script, played a special role in standardising and providing education in the language via [[gurdwara]]s, while writers of all religions continued to produce poetry, prose, and literature in the language.

In India, Punjabi is one of the 22 [[scheduled languages of India]]. It is the first official language of the [[Punjab, India|Indian State of Punjab]]. Punjabi also has second language official status in Delhi along with [[Urdu]], and in [[Haryana]].


In Pakistan, no [[Languages of Pakistan|regional ethnic language]] has been granted official status at the national level, and as such Punjabi is not an official language at the national level, even though it is the most spoken language in Pakistan. It is widely spoken in [[Punjab, Pakistan]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hussain |first1=Fayyaz |last2=Khan |first2=Muhammad Asim |last3=Khan |first3=Hina |date=2018 |title=The implications of trends in Punjabi: As a covert and/or an overt Prestige in Pakistan |url=https://www.ahbabtrust.org/ojs/index.php/jicc/article/view/188 |journal=Kashmir Journal of Language Research |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=59–75 |doi=10.46896/jicc.v3i01.188 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |access-date=19 April 2024 |quote=Punjabi in Pakistan [is] language that is numerically prevalent. |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419195902/https://www.ahbabtrust.org/ojs/index.php/jicc/article/view/188 |url-status=live }}</ref> the second largest and the most populous province of Pakistan, as well as in [[Islamabad]] Capital Territory. The only two official languages in Pakistan are [[Urdu]] and [[Pakistani English|English]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Facts about Pakistan |url=http://opr.gov.pk/Detail/ZmI0YjVhNTEtZTE0OS00NDcxLWE0NDEtNGI2ZDY3N2UxYzg3 |website=opr.gov.pk |publisher=Government of Pakistan – Office of the Press Registrar |access-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204114529/http://opr.gov.pk/Detail/ZmI0YjVhNTEtZTE0OS00NDcxLWE0NDEtNGI2ZDY3N2UxYzg3 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===In Pakistan===
[[File:Punjabi-speakers by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|<div style="text-align: center">The proportion of people with Punjabi as their [[mother tongue]] in each Pakistani [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] as of the [[2017 Pakistan Census]]</div>]]
[[File:Punjabi prachar demand.jpg|thumb|A demonstration by Punjabis at Lahore, Pakistan, demanding to make Punjabi as official language of instruction in schools in Punjab]]

In 1908, Mian Shafi, a Muslim elite, opposed Prof. Mukherjee's comment that Punjabi should become the provincial language of the British province of Punjab, refuting that the language of Muslims was Urdu. Jinnah opposed [[Motilal Nehru|Motilal Nehru's]] 1928 proposal that every province should have its own language alongside the Hindustani language as the national language, with Jinnah stating that Urdu was the language of Muslims in a communication to [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Liaqat Ali Khan opposed a 1937 proposal by Gandhi to deliver free education to children in their mother tongue.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aslam |first=Irfan |date=21 February 2023 |title=Punjabis themselves are oppressing their language |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1738234/punjabis-themselves-are-oppressing-their-language |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=Dawn}}</ref>

When [[Pakistan]] was created in 1947, despite Punjabi being the majority language in [[West Pakistan]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] the majority in [[East Pakistan]] and [[Pakistan]] as whole, English and [[Urdu]] were chosen as the official languages. The selection of Urdu was due to its association with South Asian Muslim nationalism and because the leaders of the new nation wanted a unifying national language instead of promoting one ethnic group's language over another, due to this the [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] elites started identifying with [[Urdu]] more than Punjabi because they saw it as a unifying force on an [[Ethnoreligious group|ethnoreligious]] perspective.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |date=14 July 2020 |title=Why Punjabis in Pakistan Have Abandoned Punjabi |url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/ishtiaq-ahmed-pakistan-punjab-south-asian-languages-punjabi-language-world-news-16791/ |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=Fair Observer |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409074915/https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/ishtiaq-ahmed-pakistan-punjab-south-asian-languages-punjabi-language-world-news-16791/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Broadcasting in Punjabi language by [[Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation]] decreased on TV and radio after 1947. Article 251 of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]] declares that these two languages would be the only official languages at the national level, while provincial governments would be allowed to make provisions for the use of other languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch4.html|title=Chapter 4: "General." of Part XII: "Miscellaneous"|website=pakistani.org|access-date=30 December 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140603233302/http://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch4.html|archive-date=3 June 2014}}</ref> However, in the 1950s the constitution was amended to include the [[Bengali language]].

Punjabi is not a language of instruction for primary or secondary school students in Punjab Province (unlike Sindhi and Pashto in other provinces).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Zaidi|first1=Abbas|title=Linguistic cleansing: the sad fate of Punjabi in Pakistan|url=http://www.gowanusbooks.com/punjabi.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029194115/http://www.gowanusbooks.com/punjabi.htm|archive-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> Pupils in secondary schools can choose the language as an elective, while Punjabi instruction or study remains rare in higher education. One notable example is the teaching of Punjabi language and literature by the [[University of the Punjab]] in Lahore which began in 1970 with the establishment of its Punjabi Department.<ref>University of the Punjab (2015), "B.A. Two-Year (Pass Course) Examinations"
*{{cite web|url=http://pu.edu.pk/page/show/ba_gen_pattern.html|publisher=pu.edu.pk|title=University of the Punjab – Examinations|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-date=8 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208022145/http://pu.edu.pk/page/show/ba_gen_pattern.html}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pu.edu.pk/home/department/32/Department-of-Punjabi|title=Department of Punjabi|last=University of the Punjab|date=2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127220237/http://pu.edu.pk/home/department/32/Department-of-Punjabi|archive-date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

In the cultural sphere, there are many books, plays, and songs being written or produced in the Punjabi-language in Pakistan. Until the 1970s, there were a large number of Punjabi-language films being produced by the [[Lollywood]] film industry, however since then Urdu has become a much more dominant language in film production. Additionally, television channels in Punjab Province (centred on the Lahore area) are broadcast in Urdu. The preeminence of Urdu in both broadcasting and the [[Lollywood]] film industry is seen by critics as being detrimental to the health of the language.<ref>{{cite web | last=Masood | first=Tariq | title=The colonisation of language | website=The Express Tribune | date=21 February 2015 | url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/841584/the-colonisation-of-language/ | access-date=19 September 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912044311/http://tribune.com.pk/story/841584/the-colonisation-of-language/ | archive-date=12 September 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Warraich |first1=Faizan |last2=Ali |first2=Haider |title=Intelligentsia urges govt to promote Punjabi language |website=DailyTimes |date=15 September 2015 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/punjab/07-Feb-2015/intelligentsia-urges-govt-to-promote-punjabi-language |access-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630230024/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/punjab/07-Feb-2015/intelligentsia-urges-govt-to-promote-punjabi-language |archive-date=30 June 2015 }}</ref> [[Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul Haq]] banned three works promoting the Punjabi language.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Abbas |first=Mazhar |date=23 February 2025 |title=Punjabi, a dying language? |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/1285138-punjabi-a-dying-language |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=The News}}</ref> Until the early 1990s, members of the Punjab Assembly were forbidden to address the house in Punjabi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |date=14 July 2020 |title=Why Punjabis in Pakistan Have Abandoned Punjabi |url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/ishtiaq-ahmed-pakistan-punjab-south-asian-languages-punjabi-language-world-news-16791/ |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=Fair Observer}}</ref> However, this ban was lifted by Hanif Ramay yet was re-instated shortly after.<ref name=":2" />

The use of Urdu and English as the near-exclusive languages of broadcasting, the public sector, and formal education have led some to fear that Punjabi in Pakistan is being relegated to a low-status language and that it is being denied an environment where it can flourish. Several prominent educational leaders, researchers, and social commentators have echoed the opinion that the intentional promotion of Urdu and the continued denial of any official sanction or recognition of the Punjabi language amounts to a process of "Urdu-isation" that is detrimental to the health of the Punjabi language<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apnaorg.com/articles/ishtiaq8/|publisher=apnaorg.com|title=Punjabis Without Punjabi|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525144848/http://apnaorg.com/articles/ishtiaq8/|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><ref>"Inferiority complex declining Punjabi language: Punjab University Vice-Chancellor". PPI News Agency
*{{cite web|url=http://ppinewsagency.com/inferiority-complex-declining-punjabi-language-punjab-university-vice-chancellor/|publisher=ppinewsagency.com|title=Inferiority complex declining Punjabi language: Punjab University Vice-Chancellor | Pakistan Press International|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127220151/http://ppinewsagency.com/inferiority-complex-declining-punjabi-language-punjab-university-vice-chancellor/|archive-date=27 November 2016}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/880483/urdu-isation-of-punjab/|title=Urdu-isation of Punjab – The Express Tribune|date=4 May 2015|newspaper=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=30 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127215535/http://tribune.com.pk/story/880483/urdu-isation-of-punjab/|archive-date=27 November 2016}}</ref> In August 2015, the Pakistan Academy of Letters, International Writer's Council (IWC) and World Punjabi Congress (WPC) organised the ''Khawaja Farid Conference'' and demanded that a Punjabi-language university should be established in [[Lahore]] and that Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/lahore/21-Feb-2011/Rally-for-ending-150yearold-ban-on-education-in-Punjabi|title=Rally for ending 150-year-old 'ban on education in Punjabi|date=21 February 2011|website=The Nation|access-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142807/http://nation.com.pk/lahore/21-Feb-2011/Rally-for-ending-150yearold-ban-on-education-in-Punjabi|archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://nation.com.pk/lahore/26-Aug-2015/sufi-poets-can-guarantee-unity|title=Sufi poets can guarantee unity|date=26 August 2015|magazine=The Nation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030021751/http://nation.com.pk/lahore/26-Aug-2015/sufi-poets-can-guarantee-unity|archive-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> In September 2015, a case was filed in [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] against [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan]] as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/blogs/15-Sep-2015/supreme-court-s-urdu-verdict-no-language-can-be-imposed-from-above|title=Supreme Court's Urdu verdict: No language can be imposed from above|date=15 September 2015|website=The Nation|access-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916165410/http://nation.com.pk/blogs/15-Sep-2015/supreme-court-s-urdu-verdict-no-language-can-be-imposed-from-above|archive-date=16 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/109-world-top-news/254518-two-member-sc-bench-refers-punjabi-language-case-to-cjp.html|title=Two-member SC bench refers Punjabi language case to CJP|date=14 September 2015|website=Business Recorder|access-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021133224/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/109-world-top-news/254518-two-member-sc-bench-refers-punjabi-language-case-to-cjp.html|archive-date=21 October 2015}}</ref> Additionally, several thousand Punjabis gather in [[Lahore]] every year on [[International Mother Language Day]]. Thinktanks, political organisations, cultural projects, and individuals also demand authorities at the national and provincial level to promote the use of the language in the public and official spheres.<ref>"Mind your language—The movement for the preservation of Punjabi". ''The Herald''. 2 September 2106.
*{{cite web|url=http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153482|publisher=herald.dawn.com|title=Mind your language—The movement for the preservation of Punjabi – People & Society – Herald|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223065731/http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153482|archive-date=23 December 2016|date=4 August 2016}}</ref><ref>"Punjabi in schools: Pro-Punjabi outfits in Pakistan threaten hunger strike". ''The Times of India''. 4 October 2015.
*{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Punjabi-in-schools-Pro-Punjabi-outfits-in-Pakistan-threaten-hunger-strike/articleshow/49214265.cms|work=The Times of India|title=Punjabi in schools: Pro-Punjabi outfits in Pakistan threaten hunger strike|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927231834/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Punjabi-in-schools-Pro-Punjabi-outfits-in-Pakistan-threaten-hunger-strike/articleshow/49214265.cms|archive-date=27 September 2016}}
</ref><ref>"Rally for Ending the 150-year-old Ban on Education in Punjabi" ''The Nation.'' 21 February 2011.
*{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/lahore/21-Feb-2011/Rally-for-ending-150yearold-ban-on-education-in-Punjabi|publisher=nation.com.pk|title=Rally for ending 150-year-old 'ban on education in Punjabi|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142807/http://nation.com.pk/lahore/21-Feb-2011/Rally-for-ending-150yearold-ban-on-education-in-Punjabi|archive-date=7 March 2016|date=21 February 2011}}
</ref>

Despite being the most-widely spoken language in Pakistan, the language is in decline.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Usman |first=Noah |date=31 January 2022 |title=How to Preserve the Punjabi Language |url=https://www.americanpakistan.org/blog-main-feature/punjabi |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=American Pakistan Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Haider |first=Mehtab |date=17 November 2024 |title=Punjabi tops as 'most spoken language' in Pakistan |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/574766-punjabi-tops-as-most-spoken-language-in-pakistan |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=Geo News}}</ref><ref>Abbas, Furrakh & Chuhan, Muhammad & Ahmed, Marghoob & Kaleem, Muhammad. (2016). PUNJABI LANGUAGE IN PAKISTAN: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. Hamdard Islamicus: quarterly journal of the Hamdard National Foundation, Pakistan. 39. 1-12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341314184_PUNJABI_LANGUAGE_IN_PAKISTAN_PAST_PRESENT_AND_FUTURE</ref> The Punjabi language's decline in Pakistan has been attributed to various causes, such as lack of official recognition, lack of prestige, promotion of Urdu and English, to dispell fears of Punjabi domination by ethnic minorities, and other factors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Piracha |first=Rehan |last2=Ali |first2=Mateen |date=1 January 2025 |title=Apnay Kaar Wich Punjabi Pardesi |url=https://voicepk.net/2024/12/apnay-kaar-wich-punjabi-pardesi/ |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=voicepk.net}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohta |first=Nikita |date=18 April 2025 |title=The fight to keep Punjabi alive in Pakistan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/the-fight-to-keep-punjabi-alive-in-pakistan-9949120/ |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> The language has been relegated to informal communication, also as a means for crude humour, abuse, and to connect with uneducated masses.<ref name=":2" /> Parents who speak Punjabi opt to only communicate to their children in Urdu or English, with Punjabi being seen as ''paindu'' (shorthand for "backwardness" or "uneducated").<ref>{{Cite news |last=Randhawa |first=F. |date=15 October 2025 |title=How Punjab Can Reclaim Its Language And Lead A More Inclusive Pakistan |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/15-Oct-2025/punjab-can-reclaim-language-lead-inclusive-pakistan |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=The Friday Times}}</ref> In June 2024, the Punjab Assembly passed a resolution to allow lawmakers to communicate in Punjabi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 2024 |title=Pakistan's Punjab Assembly allows lawmakers to use of Punjabi language in house |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistans-punjab-assembly-allows-lawmakers-to-use-of-punjabi-language-in-house/articleshow/110783754.cms |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=Times of India}}</ref> In October 2024, the Punjab province's assembly passed a resolution to make Punjabi an official subject across more sectors of the education system as a compulsory subject.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamal |first=Neel |date=31 October 2024 |title=Pak Pb assembly OKs resolution to make Pbi compulsory subject |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/pakistan-punjab-assembly-approves-punjabi-language-as-compulsory-subject/articleshow/114795207.cms |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=Times of India}}</ref> In March 2024, Maryam Nawaz announced the introduction of Punjabi as a subject in schools.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2024 |title=Punjabi to be introduced as subject in schools: Maryam |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1166476-punjabi-to-be-introduced-as-subject-in-schools-maryam |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=The News International}}</ref> In November 2025, [[Maryam Nawaz]] again pushed for the inclusion of Punjabi language education in Pakistan's educational institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2025 |title=CM Maryam Nawaz Sharif Directs to Promote Punjabi ... |url=https://dgpr.punjab.gov.pk/node/65674 |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=Directorate General Public Relations, Government of Punjab, Pakistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2025 |title=CM Maryam orders promotion of Punjabi language |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40394239 |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=Business Recorder}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2025 |title=CM Maryam orders historic steps to promote Punjabi language |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/919929-cm-maryam-orders-historic-steps-to-promote-punjabi-language |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=Dunya News}}</ref> There is currently a [[Punjabi Language Movement|Punjabi language revitalisation movement]] in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Javed |first=Umair |date=16 September 2024 |title=Punjabi nationalism |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1859272/punjabi-nationalism |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=Dawn}}</ref>

===In India===
At the federal level, Punjabi has official status via the [[Eighth Schedule to the Indian Constitution]],<ref name="Khokhlova">{{cite journal|last1= Khokhlova|first1= Liudmila|date= January 2014|title= Majority Language Death|url= https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/4600/1/02Khokhlova.pdf|journal= Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia|access-date= 29 April 2017|quote= Punjabi was nonetheless included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India and came to be recognized as one of the fifteen official languages of the country.|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/4600/1/02Khokhlova.pdf|archive-date= 25 May 2017|df= dmy-all}}</ref> earned after the [[Punjabi Suba movement]] of the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=2123&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX|title=Fifty Years of Punjab Politics (1920–70)|website=[[Panjab Digital Library]]|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106204510/http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=2123&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX|url-status=live}}</ref> At the state level, Punjabi is the sole official language of the state of Punjab, while it has secondary official status in the states of Haryana and Delhi.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Ayres|first1= Alyssa|date= 2008|title= Language, the Nation, and Symbolic Capital: The Case of Punjab|url= https://alyssaayres.com/pdf/Ayres-JAS-Language-Nation.pdf|journal= The Journal of Asian Studies|volume= 67|issue= 3|pages= 917–946|doi= 10.1017/S0021911808001204|s2cid= 56127067|access-date= 28 April 2017|quote= in India, Punjabi is an official language as well as the first language of the state of Punjab (with secondary status in Delhi and widespread use in Haryana).|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141617/https://alyssaayres.com/pdf/Ayres-JAS-Language-Nation.pdf|archive-date= 25 May 2017|df= dmy-all}}</ref> In 2012, it was also made additional official language of [[West Bengal]] in areas where the population exceeds 10% of a particular block, sub-division or district.<ref name="The Telegraph-2012" />

Both union and state laws specify the use of Punjabi in the field of education. The state of Punjab uses the Three Language Formula, and Punjabi is required to be either the medium of instruction, or one of the three languages learnt in all schools in Punjab.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Kumar|first1= Ashutosh|date= 2004|title= Electoral Politics in Punjab: Study of Akali Dal|journal= Economic & Political Weekly|volume= 39|issue= 14/15|pages= 1515–1520|quote= Punjabi was made the first compulsory language and medium of instruction in all the government schools whereas Hindi and English as second and third language were to be implemented from the class 4 and 6 respectively|jstor= 4414869}}</ref> Punjabi is also a compulsory language in Haryana,<ref>{{cite report|url= http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|title= 52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|date= 2015|page= 25|publisher= National Commission on Linguistic Minorities|access-date= 28 April 2017|quote= "Languages taught in the State under the Three Language Formula: First Language : Hindi Second Language : Punjabi Third language : English"|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date= 25 May 2017|df= dmy-all}}</ref> and other states with a significant Punjabi speaking minority are required to offer Punjabi medium education.{{dubious|date=October 2017}}

There are vibrant Punjabi language movie and news industries in India, however Punjabi serials have had a much smaller presence within the last few decades in television up to 2015 due to market forces.<ref>{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Jasmine | title=Serial killer | website=The Tribune | date=13 September 2015 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/serial-killer/130865.html | access-date=15 September 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916044000/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/serial-killer/130865.html | archive-date=16 September 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Despite Punjabi having far greater official recognition in India, where the Punjabi language is officially admitted in all necessary social functions, while in Pakistan it is used only in a few radio and TV programs, attitudes of the English-educated elite towards the language are ambivalent as they are in neighbouring Pakistan.<ref name="Khokhlova" />{{rp|37}} There are also claims of state apathy towards the language in non-Punjabi majority areas like Haryana and Delhi.<ref>{{cite web | title=SGPC claims Haryana govt ignoring Punjabi language | website=Hindustan Times | date=30 July 2015 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/amritsar/sgpc-claims-haryana-govt-ignoring-punjabi-language/article1-1374818.aspx | access-date=15 September 2015}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Aujla | first=Harjap Singh | title=Punjabi's of Delhi couldn't get justice for Punjabi language | website=Punjab News Express | date=15 June 2015 | url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/news/mainpage.aspx?name=news%5C41059-punjabi-s-of-delhi-couldn-t-get-justice-for-punjabi-language | access-date=19 September 2015 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Perneet |title=Sikh bodies oppose DU's 'anti-Punjabi' move |website=Tribune India |date=9 July 2013 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130710/punjab.htm#1 |access-date=21 February 2018 |archive-date=19 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519214547/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130710/punjab.htm#1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Advocacy==
*[[Punjabi University]] was established on 30 April 1962, and is only the second university in the world to be named after a language, after [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]. The Research Centre for Punjabi Language Technology, Punjabi University, Patiala<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punjabiuniversity.ac.in/pbiuniweb/pages/departments/newresearchdepartment.html|publisher=punjabiuniversity.ac.in|title=final|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124024441/http://punjabiuniversity.ac.in/pbiuniweb/pages/departments/newresearchdepartment.html|archive-date=24 November 2016}}</ref> is working for development of core technologies for Punjabi, Digitisation of basic materials, online Punjabi teaching, developing software for office use in Punjabi, providing common platform to Punjabi cyber community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/about.aspx|publisher=learnpunjabi.org|title=ACTDPL, Punjabi University, Patiala|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210232833/http://learnpunjabi.org/about.aspx|archive-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> [[Punjabipedia]], an online encyclopaedia was also launched by Patiala university in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punjabipedia.org/aboutus.aspx|publisher=punjabipedia.org|title=ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪੀਡੀਆ|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005250/http://punjabipedia.org/aboutus.aspx|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/pbi-university-launches-punjabipedia/story-4nxtGZT4ajuIY02MbjwouN.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|title=Pbi University launches Punjabipedia | punjab | Hindustan Times|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123201247/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/pbi-university-launches-punjabipedia/story-4nxtGZT4ajuIY02MbjwouN.html|archive-date=23 November 2016|date=26 February 2014}}</ref>
*[[The Dhahan Prize]] was created to award literary works produced in Punjabi around the world. The Prize encourages new writing by awarding $25,000 CDN annually to one "best book of fiction" published in either of the two Punjabi scripts, Gurmukhi or Shahmukhi. Two second prizes of $5,000 CDN are also awarded, with the provision that both scripts are represented among the three winners. The Dhahan Prize is awarded by Canada India Education Society (CIES).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dhahanprize.com/|publisher=dhahanprize.com|title=The Dhahan Prize | The Dhahan Prize for Punjabi Literature|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227040500/http://www.dhahanprize.com/|archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref>

===Governmental academies and institutes===
The Punjabi Sahit academy, [[Ludhiana]], established in 1954<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quamiekta.com/2017/05/03/36257/ |title=ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਲੇਖਕਾਂ ਦਾ ਮੱਕਾ : ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਭਵਨ, ਲੁਧਿਆਣਾ |access-date=16 October 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503114809/http://www.quamiekta.com/2017/05/03/36257/ |archive-date=3 May 2017 |date=3 May 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/ludhiana/community/sirsa-again-elected-punjabi-sahit-akademi-president/223834.html |title=Sirsa again elected Punjabi Sahit Akademi president |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=18 April 2016 |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813111927/https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/ludhiana/community/sirsa-again-elected-punjabi-sahit-akademi-president/223834.html |url-status=live }}</ref> is supported by the [[Punjab state]] government and works exclusively for promotion of the Punjabi language, as does the Punjabi academy in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punjabiacademy.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718101904/http://punjabiacademy.com/|url-status=dead|title=Punjabi Academy|archive-date=18 July 2017|website=www.punjabiacademy.com}}</ref> The Jammu and Kashmir academy of art, culture and literature<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jkculture.nic.in/seminars.htm# |title= JK Cultural Academy|website=jkculture.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123081031/http://jkculture.nic.in/seminars.htm |archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir UT]], India works for Punjabi and other regional languages like Urdu, Dogri, Gojri etc. Institutions in neighbouring states<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.livehindustan.com/news/lucknow/article1-punjabi-academy-581875.amp.html |title=पंजाबी सीखने वाले छात्रों को अगले माह बटेगा एकल प्रोत्साहन राशि |publisher=M.livehindustan.com |date=24 October 2016 |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728101205/https://www.livehindustan.com/news/lucknow/article1-punjabi-academy-581875.amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as in [[Lahore, Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pilac.punjab.gov.pk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711180642/http://www.pilac.punjab.gov.pk/|url-status=dead|title=Welcome to Punjab Institute of Language, Art & Culture | Punjab Institute of Language, Art & Culture|archive-date=11 July 2017|website=pilac.punjab.gov.pk}}</ref> also advocate for the language.

<gallery>
File:Punjabi academy ludhiana.jpeg|Punjabi Sahit Academy, Ludhiana, 1954
File:Punjabi academy delhi.jpg|Punjabi Academy, Delhi, 1981–1982
File:Jammu and Kashmir academy of art culture and literature.jpg|Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Literature
File:Punjab institute of language art and culture.jpeg|Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture, Lahore, 2004
</gallery>

===Software===
*Software is available for the Punjabi language on almost all platforms. This software is mainly in the [[Gurmukhi]] script. Nowadays, nearly all Punjabi newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers via various Punjabi software programmes, the most widespread of which is [[InPage]] Desktop Publishing package. [[Microsoft]] has included Punjabi language support in all the new versions of Windows and both [[Windows Vista]], [[Microsoft Office 2007]], 2010 and 2013, are available in Punjabi through the [[Language Interface Pack]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.microsoft.com/pa-in/download|publisher=microsoft.com|title=Microsoft Download Center|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123205551/https://www.microsoft.com/pa-in/download|archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> support. Most [[Linux]] Desktop distributions allow the easy installation of Punjabi support and translations as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sourceforge.net/projects/punlinux/|publisher=sourceforge.net|title=Punjabi Linux (punlinux) download | SourceForge.net|date=21 April 2013 |access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123203353/https://sourceforge.net/projects/punlinux/|archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] implemented the Punjabi language keyboard across [[Mobile device]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/app/punjabi-keyboard/id428805745?mt=8|publisher=[[iTunes]]|title=Connecting to the iTunes Store.|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123203742/https://itunes.apple.com/in/app/punjabi-keyboard/id428805745?mt=8|archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> Google also provides many applications in Punjabi, like [[Google Search]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=DYs1WMq5FvGK8QebkZzoBQ|title=Google|access-date=13 January 2017|archive-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809113422/https://www.google.co.in/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=DYs1WMq5FvGK8QebkZzoBQ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Google Translate]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.co.in/?hl=pa&tab=wT|title=Google ਅਨੁਵਾਦ|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229033335/https://translate.google.co.in/?hl=pa|archive-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> and Google Punjabi Input Tools.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/intl/pa/inputtools/try/|title=Cloud ਇਨਪੁਟ ਔਜ਼ਾਰ ਔਨਲਾਈਨ ਅਜਮਾਓ – Google ਇਨਪੁਟ ਔਜ਼ਾਰ|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112124745/https://www.google.com/intl/pa/inputtools/try/|archive-date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Large-sized Guru Granth Sahib manuscript that was handwritten by Pratap Singh Giani and completed in 1908 C.E. 03.jpg|Guru Granth Sahib in Gurmukhi
File:Gurmukhi Script - traditional alphabet.svg| Punjabi Gurmukhi script
File:Shahmukhi1.JPG|Punjabi Shahmukhi script
File:Bhulay Shah.jpg|Bulleh Shah poetry in Punjabi (Shahmukhi script)
File:Munir niazi.gif|Munir Niazi poetry in Punjabi (Shahmukhi script)
File:Das Buch der Schrift (Faulmann) 138.jpg|Gurmukhi alphabet
File:Punjabi language sign board at hanumangarh rajasthan india.jpeg|A sign board in Punjabi language along with Hindi at [[Hanumangarh]], Rajasthan, India
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Punjab|Languages}}
* {{annotated link|Bhangra (music)}}
* [[Khalsa bole]] – coded language of Nihang Sikhs largely based on Punjabi
* [[List of Punjabi-language newspapers]]
* [[Punjabi cinema]]
* [[Punjabi Language Movement]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last = Bhardwaj | first = Mangat Rai | date = 2016 | title = Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar | doi = 10.4324/9781315760803| isbn = 9781138793859 | publisher = Routledge }}.
* {{citation |last = Bhatia | first = Tej K. | year = 2008 | chapter = Major regional languages | doi= 10.1017/CBO9780511619069.008 | title = Language in South Asia | publisher = Cambridge University Press |editor1 = Braj B. Kachru |editor2=Yamuna Kachru |editor3 = S.N. Sridhar |pages=121–131 |isbn = 9780511619069 }}.
* {{Cite LSI|9|1}}
* {{Citation
|last=Jain
|first=Dhanesh
|year=2003
|chapter=Sociolinguistics of the Indo-Aryan Languages
|editor1-last= Cardona
|editor1-first= George
|editor2-last= Jain
|editor2-first= Dhanesh
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5
|pages=46–66
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Masica
|first=Colin
|author-link=Colin Masica
|year=1991
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-29944-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=indo-aryan+languages
|access-date=7 October 2020
|archive-date=2 April 2023
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402155532/https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=indo-aryan+languages
|url-status=live
}}.
*{{citation | last = Nayar | first = Baldev Raj | year = 1966 | title = Minority Politics in the Punjab | publisher = Princeton University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WBrWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 | isbn = 9781400875948 | access-date = 9 November 2019 | archive-date = 2 April 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230402155514/https://books.google.com/books?id=WBrWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 | url-status = live }}.
* {{cite journal|last = Rao | first = Aparna | year = 1995 | title = Marginality and language use: the example of peripatetics in Afghanistan | journal = Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 69–95|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077550260;view=1up;seq=11}}
* {{cite journal |last=Shackle |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Shackle |title=Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab |journal=Transactions of the Philological Society |date=1979 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x |issn=0079-1636 |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=191–210}}
*{{Citation
|last=Shackle
|first=Christopher
|year=2003
|chapter=Panjabi
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA581
|editor1-last=Cardona
|editor1-first=George
|editor2-last=Jain
|editor2-first=Dhanesh
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5
|pages=581–621
|access-date=7 October 2020
|archive-date=2 April 2023
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402155504/https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA581
|url-status=live
}}.
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* Bhatia, Tej. 1993 and 2010. ''Punjabi : a cognitive-descriptive grammar''. London: Routledge. Series: Descriptive grammars.
* Gill H.S. [Harjit Singh] and Gleason, H.A. 1969. A reference grammar of Punjabi. Revised edition. Patiala, Punjab, India: Languages Department, Punjab University.
* Chopra, R. M., Perso-Arabic Words in Punjabi, in: Indo-Iranica Vol.53 (1–4).
* Chopra, R. M.., The Legacy of The Punjab, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.
* Singh, Chander Shekhar (2004). Punjabi Prosody: The Old Tradition and The New Paradigm. Sri Lanka: Polgasowita: Sikuru Prakasakayo.
* Singh, Chander Shekhar (2014). Punjabi Intonation: An Experimental Study. Muenchen: LINCOM EUROPA.

== External links ==
{{Wikibooks|Punjabi}}
{{commons category|Punjabi language}}
{{Wikivoyage|Punjabi phrasebook|Punjabi|a phrasebook}}
{{InterWiki|Eastern Punjabi|code=pa}}
{{InterWiki|Western Punjabi|code=pnb}}
* [http://www.shabdkosh.com/pa/ English to Punjabi Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310134224/http://www.shabdkosh.com/pa/ |date=10 March 2010 }}
* [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24046-arabic-noon-ring.pdf Proposal to encode ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH RING ABOVE] at the Unicode Website

{{Punjabi language topics}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Languages of Pakistan}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Pakistan topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Punjabi language| ]]
[[Category:Fusional languages]]
[[Category:Greater Punjabi languages and dialects]]
[[Category:Languages of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Punjab, Pakistan| ]]
[[Category:Languages written in Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Official languages of India]]
[[Category:Punjab|Language]]
[[Category:Punjabi culture]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]
[[Category:Tonal languages in non-tonal families]]

Sumeet Saigal

2026-02-26T08:02:53Z

AnonyMo: Made First Article From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian Bollywood actor (born 1966)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sumeet Saigal
| image = Saiyesha with sumit dad.png
| caption = Sumeet with his daughter [[Sayyeshaa]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|2|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actor]] [[Film producer|Producer]] Distributor
| yearsactive = 1987-2010
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Shaheen Banu|1990|2003|end=divorce}}
* {{marriage|[[Farah (actress)|Farah Naaz]]|2003}}
}}
| children = [[Sayyeshaa]]
| relatives = [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] (sister-in-law) [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] (son-in-law)
}}

'''Sumeet Saigal''' (born 18 February 1966) is an Indian former actor and producer who was active in [[Bollywood]] from 1987 to 1995, appearing in over 30 films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/sumeet-saigal-14753|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808035026/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/sumeet-saigal-14753|url-status=live|archive-date=8 August 2019|title=Sumeet Saigal movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> He went on to appear in television serials from 1995 to 2002.

==Career==
Saigal made his debut in the 1987 film ''[[Insaniyat Ke Dushman]]'' and played leading or supporting roles in films opposite actors including [[Jeetendra]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Hemant Birje]], [[Aditya Pancholi]] and [[Mithun Chakraborty]]. Some of his well-known films include ''[[Imaandaar]]'' (1987), ''[[Param Dharam]]'' (1987), ''[[Tamacha]]'' (1988), ''[[Lashkar (film)|Lashkar]]'' (1989), ''[[Bahaar Aane Tak]]'' (1990), ''[[Pati Patni Aur Tawaif]]'' (1990) and ''[[Gunaah (1993 film)|Gunaah]]'' (1993). In 1995, he acted in his last films ''[[Saajan Ki Baahon Mein]]'' and ''[[Sauda (film)|Sauda]]'' and left the film industry.

He went on to appear in several television serials including ''Suraag'', ''Aangan'', ''Woh Kaun'' and ''Ujala''.

In 2007, he directed the music video for a song featured in the film ''[[Red: The Dark Side]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Red-makes-way-for-music-videos/Article1-200691.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908203521/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Red-makes-way-for-music-videos/Article1-200691.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 September 2012|title=Red Makes for Music Videos|website=www.hindustantimes.com|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> In 2010, he produced the horror film ''[[Rokkk]]'', starring [[Udita Goswami]] and [[Tanushree Dutta]]. Currently, he has a production company named "Sumeet Arts", which dubs South Indian films into Hindi.

==Personal life==

Sumeet is the son of cinematographer Krishan Saigal. His uncles are directors [[Naresh Saigal]] and [[Ramesh Saigal]].

Sumeet married Shaheen Banu, the daughter of Sultan Ahmed, granddaughter of [[Naseem Banu]], and niece of actress [[Saira Banu]], in 1990. They have one daughter, [[Sayyeshaa]], born in 1997, who is a film actress and made her debut in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmymonkey.com/bollywood/shivaay-actress-sayyeshaa-is-the-daughter-of-bwood-actor-sumeet-saigal-and-grand-niece-of-saira-banu-read-more-see-pics-66299|title='Shivaay' actress Sayyesha Saigal is the step daughter of B'wood actress Farah & grand niece of Saira Banu|website=filmymonkey.com|access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref> The couple divorced in 2003.

Sumeet later married actress [[Farah Naaz]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebridalbox.com/articles/farha-naaz-marriage_0036673|title=Farah Naaz Marriage: The Dainty Beauty's Tumultuous Love Life - The Bridal Box|date=22 October 2016|website=thebridalbox.com|access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref>

==Filmography==

*1987 - ''[[Imaandaar]]''
*1987 - ''[[Insaniyat Ke Dushman]]''
*1987 - ''[[Param Dharam]]''
*1988 - ''[[Tamacha]]''
*1988 - ''[[Zulm Ko Jala Doonga]]''
*1988 - ''[[Aag Ke Sholay]]''
*1989 - '' [[Apna Desh Paraye Log]]''
*1989 - ''[[Billoo Badshah]]''
*1989 - ''[[Dost Garibon Ka]]''
*1989 - ''[[Garibon Ka Daata]]''
*1989 - ''[[Lashkar (film)|Lashkar]]''
*1989 - ''[[Sikka (film)|Sikka]]''
*1989 - ''[[Sindoor Aur Bandook]]''
*1989 - ''[[Souten Ki Beti]]''
*1989 - ''[[Ab Meri Baari]]''
*1989 - ''[[Apne Begaane]]''
*1989 - ''[[Nishane Baazi]]''
*1989 - ''Tu Nagin Main Sapera''
*1990 - ''[[Bahaar Aane Tak]]''
*1990 - ''[[Maha-Sangram]]''
*1990 - ''[[Meri Lalkaar]]''
*1990 - ''[[Nyay Anyay]]''
*1990 - ''[[Pati Patni Aur Tawaif]]''
*1990 - ''[[Shandaar]]''
*1990 - ''Choron Ki Rani Hasino Ka Raja''
*1990 - ''[[Kasam Dhande Ki]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasam Dhande Ki - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kasam_dhande_ki |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> ''as Satyaprakash''
*1991 - ''[[Khatra (film)|Khatra]]''
*1991 - ''[[Swarg Jaisaa Ghar]]''
*1991 - ''Mehandi Ban Gai Khoon''
*1991 - ''Naag Mani''
*1992 - ''[[Sarphira]]''
*1992 - ''Jethaa''
*1993 - ''[[Gunaah (1993 film)|Gunaah]]''
*1993 - ''Dharam Ka Insaaf''
*1994 - ''[[Janam Se Pehle]]''
*1995 - ''[[Saajan Ki Baahon Mein]]''
*1995 - ''[[Sauda (film)|Sauda]]''
*1996 - ''Sikander'' (video)
*2002 - ''Samay Kheluchhi Chaka Bhaunri''

===Television===
* ''Shadyantra'' (1996-1997)
* ''Suraag'' (1999)
* ''Aangan'' (1999-2003)
* ''Woh Kaun'' (2002)
* ''Ujala'' (2002)
*''[[Zee Horror Show]]''
*''[[Tara (TV series)]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0756489}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saigal, Sumeet}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1966 births]]

Thirunageswaram

2026-02-22T16:12:05Z

AnonyMo: refined lead to improve readability as per guidelines

{{more citations needed|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thirunageswaram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town panchayat/Sub urban
| image_skyline = Tirunageswaram3.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Rahu Stalam]]
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Thirunageswaram, [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.9637|N|79.4315|E|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thirunageswaram&params=10.9637_N_79.4315_E_type:city(13814)_region:IN-TN]
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Kurinja S.Saminathan
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 75
| population_total = 13,814
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =612204
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Thirunageswaram''' is a [[panchayat town]] in [[Thanjavur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Thirunageswaram is located 6 km east of [[Kumbakonam]]. It is the suburban region of business city of Kumbakonam.

Thirunageswaram is one of the many temple towns in the state which is named after the grooves, clusters or forests dominated by a particular variety of a tree or shrub and the same variety of tree or shrub sheltering the presiding deity. The region is believed to have been covered with [[Magnolia champaca|Chamapaka]] forest and hence called Chamapakavanam.<ref>{{cite book|title=Alayam - The Hindu temple - An epitome of Hindu Culture|pages=10, 31|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|year=2013|location=Mylapore, Chennai|last=Reddy|first=G.Venkatramana|isbn=978-81-7823-542-4}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Thirunageswaram had a population of 9,814. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Thirunageswaram has an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: the male literacy is 79%, and the female literacy is 65%. In Thirunageswaram, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

The town receives a rainfall every year (120 cm) and is known for its extremely fertile land. The chief crops harvested here include rice and corn, while coconut and mango farms are also found in abundance.

==Temples at Thirunageswaram==
There are two major temples at Thirunageswaram. One of them is the famous [[Vaishnavite]] temple of '''Oppliyappan''' ([[Oppliyappan Sannadhi]]), while the other is the [[Rahu stalam|Thiru Nageswarar]] or '''Naganatha Swami''' temple for [[Shaivites]].

===Oppliyappan Sannadhi===
[[Oppiliappan temple]] attracts pilgrims throughout the year. [[Rama Navami|Ramanavami]] is celebrated every year in a grand manner in the months of April/May. Thirukalyanam and Kanakibishekam are the two important events in Ramanavami festival. The temple food ([[Prasada|prasadam]]) is always prepared without salt in any food, and a custom of not carrying salt-containing foods into the temple is observed.

===Naganatha Swami temple===
[[Tirunageswaram Naganathar Temple]] (''Naga'' meaning "Snake" and ''Natha'' meaning "God" in Tamil and Sanskrit) is a temple dedicated to [[Shiva]]. An important feature of the Naganatha Swami temple is the [[Rahu]] bhagawan (one of the [[Navagraha|nine celestial bodies]]) sannathi. It is the 29th in the series of [[Paadal Petra Sthalam|Tevara Stalams]] located south of the [[river Kaveri]]. Here milk [[abhishekam]] is performed daily during [[Rahukaalam]]. While this is performed, the milk poured on the statue turns blue when it passes over the body of the idol and once again to white after it reaches the floor. This wonder is watched by many daily during the Raahu Kaalam. This is also the only place wherein one can view Rahu bhagawan with his consorts. The mythological serpents [[Shesha|Aadi Seshan]], [[Daksha|Dakshan]] and Kaarkotakan worshipped [[Shiva]] here. Nala worshipped Shiva here too. [[Gautama Maharishi]], [[Parashara]] and [[Bhageerata]] are also associated with this temple.

== Business ==
*Weaving silk sarees is the main economic activity in this small town, while tourism and devotees visiting the temples here provide a secondary income for the people of this town.

== Education ==
*Government Higher Secondary School.
*Rajamani Matriculation School.
*Aided Primary School, Thirunageswaram North.
*Tiruvalluvur Primary School.
*Aided middle school, Sannapuram.
*Primary School.
*Government Primary School Anthamangalam .

== Politics ==
Tirunageswaram assembly constituency is part of [[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency|Mayiladuturai (Lok Sabha constituency)]].
Present MP - '''Mr. S.RAMALINGAM''' (DMK)

Present MLA - '''Mr. Anbazhagan''' (DMK)

President Mrs. T.JOTHI THAMARAISELVAN (DMK)

Present

Present Vice President - '''Mrs. Udaya Uppili'''(DMK).
Thirunageswaram has totally 15 wards.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thirunageswaram&params=10.9637_N_79.4315_E_type:city(13814)_region:IN-TN GeoHack - Thirunageswaram]

{{Thanjavur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Thanjavur district]]

Delhi Open

2026-02-22T11:54:13Z

AnonyMo: info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox tennis tournament
| name = Delhi Open
| type = joint
| current =
| logo =
| logo size =
| event name = Delhi Open (2015–present) ONGC-GAIL Delhi Open (2014)
| city =
| country =
| founded =
| abolished =
| location = [[New Delhi]], India
| venue = [[R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex]]
| surface = [[Hard court|Hard]] / Indoor
| website =
| notes =
| ATP category = [[ATP Challenger Tour]]
| ATP draw = 32S / 32Q / 16D / 4Q
| ATP prize money = $50,000
| WTA tier = [[ITF Women's Circuit]]
| WTA draw = 32S / 48Q / 16D
| WTA prize money = $25,000
}}

The '''Delhi Open''' (formerly known as '''ONGC–GAIL Delhi Open''') is a professional [[tennis]] tournament played on outdoor [[hardcourt]]s. It is currently part of the [[ATP Challenger Tour]]<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/india-atp-challenger-events-2026-tennis-schedule-calendar-dates|title=India to host four ATP Challenger Tour tennis events in 2026|date=10 December 2026}}</ref> and the [[ITF Women's Circuit]]. Since 2014, it has been held annually at the [[R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex]] in [[New Delhi]], India.
==Past finals==

===Men's singles===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!Year
!width="200"|Champion
!width="200"|Runner-up
!width="175"|Score
|-
| [[2026 Delhi Open|2026]] || {{flagicon|GRE}} '''[[Stefanos Sakellaridis]]''' || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Oliver Crawford (tennis)|Oliver Crawford]] || 7–5, 4–6, 7–6(8–6)
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Open|2025]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Kyrian Jacquet]]''' || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Billy Harris (tennis)|Billy Harris]] || 6–4, 6–2
|-
| [[2024 Delhi Open|2024]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Geoffrey Blancaneaux]]''' || {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Coleman Wong]] || 6–4, 6–2<ref>{{cite web |title=Results {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/archive/new-delhi/6961/2024/results |website=ATP Tour |access-date=5 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#ededed" | 2017–23 || colspan=3 align=center style="background:#ededed" | ''Not held''
|-
| [[2016 Delhi Open|2016]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Stéphane Robert]]''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni]] || 6–3, 6–0
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Open|2015]] || {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Somdev Devvarman]]''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuki Bhambri]] || 3–6, 6–4, 6–0
|-
| [[2014 ONGC–GAIL Delhi Open|2014]] || {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Somdev Devvarman]]''' || {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Aleksandr Nedovyesov]] || 6–3, 6–1
|-
|}

===Men's doubles===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!Year
!width="200"|Champions
!width="200"|Runner-up
!width="175"|Score
|-
| [[2026 Delhi Open|2026]] || {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Siddhant Banthia]]''' {{flagicon|BUL}} '''[[Alexander Donski]]'''|| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Pruchya Isaro]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha]]||4–6, 6–4, [12–10]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Open|2025]] || {{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Masamichi Imamura]]''' {{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Rio Noguchi]]'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha]] {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Courtney John Lock]]||6–4, 6–3
|-
| [[2024 Delhi Open|2024]] || {{flagicon|POL}} '''[[Piotr Matuszewski]]''' {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Matthew Romios]]'''|| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Jakob Schnaitter]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Mark Wallner]]||6–4, 6–4
|-
| style="background:#ededed" | 2017–23 || colspan=3 align=center style="background:#ededed" | ''Not held''
|-
| [[2016 Delhi Open|2016]] || {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Yuki Bhambri]]''' {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Mahesh Bhupathi]]'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanam Singh]]||6–3, 4–6, [10–5]
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Open|2015]] || {{flagicon|BLR}} '''[[Egor Gerasimov]]''' {{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Alexander Kudryavtsev]]'''|| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Riccardo Ghedin]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Toshihide Matsui]]||6–7(5–7), 6–4, [10–6]
|-
| [[2014 ONGC–GAIL Delhi Open|2014]] || {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Saketh Myneni]]''' {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Sanam Singh]]'''|| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sanchai Ratiwatana]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sonchat Ratiwatana]]||7–6(7–5), 6–4
|}

===Women's singles===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!Year
!width="200"|Champion
!width="200"|Runner-up
!width="175"|Score
|-
| [[2016 Delhi Open|2016]] || {{flagicon|UZB}} '''[[Sabina Sharipova]]''' || {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nina Stojanović]] || 3–6, 6–2, 6–4
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Open|2015]] || {{flagicon|POL}} '''[[Magda Linette]]''' || {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Tadeja Majerič]] || 6–1, 6–1
|-
| [[2014 ONGC–GAIL Delhi Open|2014]] || {{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Wang Qiang (tennis)|Wang Qiang]]''' || {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yuliya Beygelzimer]] || 6–1, 6–3
|-
|}

===Women's doubles===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!Year
!width="200"|Champion
!width="200"|Runner-up
!width="175"|Score
|-
| [[2016 Delhi Open|2016]] || {{flagicon|TPE}} '''[[Hsu Ching-wen]]''' {{flagicon|TPE}} '''[[Lee Ya-hsuan]]'''|| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Natela Dzalamidze]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Veronika Kudermetova]]||6–0, 0–6, [10–6]
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Open|2015]] || {{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Tang Haochen]]''' {{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Yang Zhaoxuan]]'''|| {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Ching-wen]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Pei-chi]]||7–5, 6–1
|-
| [[2014 ONGC–GAIL Delhi Open|2014]] || {{flagicon|THA}} '''[[Nicha Lertpitaksinchai]]''' {{flagicon|THA}} '''[[Peangtarn Plipuech]]'''|| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Erika Sema]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yurika Sema]]||7–6(7–5), 6–3
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://www.atptour.com/en/tournaments/new-delhi/6961/overview Delhi {{pipe}} Overview {{pipe}} ATP Tour {{pipe}} Tennis]
{{ATP Challenger Tour}}
{{ITF Women's Circuit}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi Open}}
[[Category:ATP Challenger Tour]]
[[Category:ITF Women's World Tennis Tour]]
[[Category:Hard court tennis tournaments]]
[[Category:Tennis tournaments in India]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2014]]

Bharatiya Senior Secondary School

2026-02-22T05:56:40Z

AnonyMo: New A Post!

{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=August 2015}}
{{primary sources|date=August 2015}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Bhartiya Senior Secondary School
| native_name =
| image =
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| established = 1998
| closed =
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| category = Secondary School
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| address = Chamdhera Road,
| city = Mahendragarh
| state = Haryana
| province =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.2483469|N|76.1491049|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline}}
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'''Bhartiya Senior Secondary School''' is located in [[Mohindergarh]], near [[Mahendragarh]], [[Haryana]], India. It was established in 1998.

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Literacy in India]]
*Amity International School, Gurgaon
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.icbse.com/schools/bhartiya-sr-ser-sch-m-garh/06160306916 CBSE website]
{{Portal bar|India|School|Education}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Haryana]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1998]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Mahendragarh district]]

{{Haryana-school-stub}}

Jhansi Ki Rani (poem)

2026-02-19T21:57:35Z

AnonyMo: Started initial stub added tags

{{short description|Poem by Subhadra Kumari Chauhan}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox poem
| name = Rani of Jhansi
| author = [[Subhadra Kumari Chauhan]]
| country = [[India]]
| original_title = ''Jhansi ki Rani''
| original_title_lang = hi
| language = [[Hindi]]
| subject = [[Rani of Jhansi]]
}}
'''"Jhansi ki Rani"''' ([[Devanagari]]: झाँसी की रानी; {{Translation|The Queen of Jhansi}}) is a poem by [[Hindi]] poet [[Subhadra Kumari Chauhan]]. The poem narrates the tale of [[Rani Lakshmibai]] and her fight against the [[East India Company|British forces]] in the [[1857 Indian Rebellion]]. The heroic poetry depicting Lakshmibai became a source of inspiration during later [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]], was recited on stage, during morning processions and is now part of multiple Indian education curricula.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=15 June 2017 |title=Jhansi Ki Rani 'Khoob ladi Mardani' staged |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/jhansi-ki-rani-khoob-ladi-mardani--staged.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144100/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/jhansi-ki-rani-khoob-ladi-mardani--staged.html |archive-date=20 January 2019 |access-date=20 November 2024 |work=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2017 |title='खूब लड़ी मर्दानी वह तो झांसी वाली रानी थी' कविता अब स्कूलों के पाठ्यक्रम में नहीं |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/udaipur/news/RAJ-UDA-OMC-MAT-latest-udaipur-news-092504-212214-NOR.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120094025/https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/udaipur/news/RAJ-UDA-OMC-MAT-latest-udaipur-news-092504-212214-NOR.html |archive-date=20 January 2019 |access-date=20 November 2024 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2016 |title=अगले साल से सिलेबस में लागू होगा |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-OTH-MAT-latest-rani-news-092504-1140468-NOR.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120094029/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-OTH-MAT-latest-rani-news-092504-1140468-NOR.html |archive-date=20 January 2019 |access-date=20 November 2024 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |language=hi}}</ref>

''Jhansi ki Rani'' is a poem based on ''Veer Ras'' and was written during the period when [[Chhayavad]] was a prominent feature in [[Hindi literature]]<ref name="Upādhyāya1989">{{Cite book |last=Upādhyāya |first=Viśvamitra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cq4rAAAAIAAJ |title=भारतीय क्रांतिकारी आन्दोलन और हिन्दी साहित्य |publisher=Pragatiśīla Jana Prakāśana |year=1989 |language=hi |trans-title=Indian revolutionary movement and Hindi literature}}</ref> The poem is written with the then [[Bundeli]] folk songs as its base,<ref name="Singh2014">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harleen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joHRAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 |title=The Rani of Jhansi: Gender, History, and Fable in India |date=9 June 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-04280-3 |location=India |pages=146 |language=en}}</ref> and is seen as a strong expression of [[Indian nationalism]] within the Hindi literature.<ref name="Narain1966">{{Cite book |last=Narain |first=Sushma |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.403586/page/n1/mode/2up |title=भारतीय राष्ट्रवाद के विकास की हिन्दी-साहित्य में अभिव्यक्ति |publisher=Hindī Sāhitya Saṃsāra |year=1966 |location=India |pages=170 |language=hi |trans-title=Expression of development of Indian nationalism in Hindi literature}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aEoSbMfftXwC |title=Ājakala |date=2007 |publisher=Prakāśana Vibhāga, Paṭiyālā Hāusa |volume=59 |page=6}}</ref> It is interpreted as a tribute by the poet to [[Rani of Jhansi|Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pareek |first=Shabdita |date=15 February 2016 |title=This Poem Capturing Jhansi Ki Rani's Bravery Is A Timeless Tribute To The Warrior Queen |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Warrior-Queen-Rani-Lakshmi-Bai-Poem/#.59lld52dd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144036/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Warrior-Queen-Rani-Lakshmi-Bai-Poem/#.59lld52dd |archive-date=20 January 2019 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=[[ScoopWhoop]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Lyrics ==
[[File:LAKSMIBAI, RANI OF JHANSI (22140388883).jpg|thumb|275x275px|[[Rani of Jhansi|Rani Lakshmibai]], the ''Jhansi Ki Rani'' described in the poem]]
The first verse of ''Jhansi Ki Rani'' read as follows:<ref name="poem" />
{| class="wikitable" style="overflow-x:auto;"
![[Devanagari|Devanagari script]]
![[Romanisation of Bengali|Latin transliteration]]
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] transcription
|-
|{{lang|hi|<poem>
सिंहासन हिल उठे राजवंशों ने भृकुटी तानी थी,
बूढ़े भारत में भी आई फिर से नयी जवानी थी,
गुमी हुई आज़ादी की कीमत सबने पहचानी थी,
दूर फिरंगी को करने की सबने मन में ठानी थी।

चमक उठी सन सत्तावन में, वह तलवार पुरानी थी,
बुंदेले हरबोलों के मुँह हमने सुनी कहानी थी,
खूब लड़ी मर्दानी वह तो झाँसी वाली रानी थी॥
</poem>}}
|<poem>siṅhāsan hil uṭhe rājavaṅshoṅ ne bhṛkuṭī tānī thī,
būḍhe bhārat meṅ bhī āī phir se nayī javānī thī,
gumī huī ājādī kī kīmat sabane pahachānī thī,
dūr firaṅgī ko karane kī sabane man meṅ ṭhānī thī.

chamak uṭhī san sattāvan meṅ, vah talavār purānī thī,
buṅdele haraboloṅ ke muňh hamane sunī kahānī thī,
khūb laḍī mardānī vah to jhāňsī vālī rānī thī॥</poem>
|<poem>sɪnhaːsən hɪl ʊThɛ raːjəvənshon nɛ bhRikʊTiː taːniː thiː,
buːDhɛ bhaːrət mɛn bhiː aːiː fɪr sɛ nəyiː jəvaːniː thiː,
gʊmiː hʊiː aːjaːdiː kiː kiːmət səbənɛ pəhəchaːniː thiː,
duːr fɪrəngiː ko kərənɛ kiː səbənɛ mən mɛn Thaːniː thiː.

chəmək ʊThiː sən səttaːvən mɛn, vəh tələvaːr pʊraːniː thiː,
bʊndɛlɛ hərəbolon kɛ mʊnh həmənɛ sʊniː kəhaːniː thiː,
khuːb ləDiː mərdaːniː vəh to jhaːnsiː vaːliː raːniː thiː॥</poem>
|}

== Introduction ==

With an emotionally charged description of the life of the queen of [[Jhansi]] ([[British India]]) and her participation in the [[Sepoy Mutiny|1857 revolution]], ''Jhansi Ki Rani'' is often taught in schools in India.<ref name="Rathi 2017">{{cite news |last1=Rathi |first1=Nandini |date=13 April 2017 |title=On Jallianwala Bagh anniversary, this poem by Subhadra Kumari Chauhan is a must read |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/on-jallianwala-bagh-anniversary-this-poem-by-subhadra-kumari-chauhan-is-a-must-read-4611814/ |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Poems of Bundelkhand |url=http://www.bundelkhand.in/POEM/khoob-ladi-mardani-woh-to-jhansi-wali-rani-thi |access-date=27 June 2017 |website=www.bundelkhand.in |publisher=Bundelkhand.In |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420141504/https://bundelkhand.in/POEM/khoob-ladi-mardani-woh-to-jhansi-wali-rani-thi |url-status=dead }}</ref> A couplet repeated at the end of each stanza reads thus:{{Quote|बुंदेले हरबोलों के मुँह हमने सुनी कहानी थी, 
खूब लड़ी मर्दानी वह तो झाँसी वाली रानी थी॥<ref name="poem">{{Cite web |title=झांसी की रानी / सुभद्राकुमारी चौहान |url=http://kavitakosh.org/kk/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_/_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113110256/http://kavitakosh.org/kk/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_/_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8 |archive-date=13 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Kavita Kosh }}</ref>}}

Subhadra Kumari Chauhan wrote in the [[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]] dialect of Hindi, in a simple, clear style.<ref>{{cite news |last1=अग्रवाल |first1=दीपाली |title=हिंदी की वह कवयित्री जो असहयोग आंदोलन में भाग लेने वाली पहली महिला भी थीं |url=https://www.amarujala.com/kavya/hindi-poetess-subhadra-kumari-chauhan-life-poetry |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref>

== Summary ==
Every stanza of the poem ends with Chauhan recalling that she heard the story of Rani Lakshmibai from the [[Bundela|Bundelas]] and their folktales. Chauhan describes that Lakshmibai was born in a family of braves, and was so herself from her childhood and had heroes like [[Shivaji]]. She got married at a young age and came to [[Jhansi State|Jhansi]], but later was saddened by death of her childless husband. The poet contrasts this with [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Dalhousie]], who was excited as it enabled him to siege Jhansi. Chauhan then proceeds to remember other great heroes who contributed in the struggle of freedom. She again contrasts and describes the condition of the contemporary royal families with that of Lakshmibai, and her friends ''Kana'' and ''Mandara'' who fought bravely and defeated [[James Walker (surveyor general)|Walker]]. She describes how they then later headed to [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]], but were betrayed by [[House of Scindia|Scindias]], which forced them to leave. Rani Lakshmibai then defeated [[James George Smith Neill|Smith]], however not long after, her horse died of injuries. However, she still managed to fight off [[Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn|Hugh Rose]], and went ahead. Chauhan then proceeds to explain her death, saying that Lakshmibai was attacked from all the sides, which forced her horse to jump across a drain, but couldn't as the horse was new and unexperienced.<ref name="poem" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|id=N6OpEkpXUYU|title=Jhansi Ki Rani}}

[[Category:Indian poems]]
[[Category:Hindi poetry]]

15 Park Avenue

2026-02-18T23:45:29Z

AnonyMo: minor edit

{{Short description|2005 Indian drama film}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 15, Park Avenue
| image = 15parkavenue.jpg
| director = [[Aparna Sen]]
| producer = [[Bipin Vohra]]
| writer = Aparna Sen
| starring = [[Shabana Azmi]] [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] [[Waheeda Rehman]] [[Dhritiman Chaterji|Dhritiman Chatterjee]] [[Rahul Bose]] [[Kanwaljeet Singh]]
| distributor =
| cinematography = [[Hemant Chaturvedi]]
| editing = Rabiranjan Maitra
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|10|27|London|ref1=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/this-weeks-screenings-ldk9rj9wnwx|title=This week's screenings|publisher=[[The Times]]|access-date=6 July 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808170445/https://www.thetimes.com/article/this-weeks-screenings-ldk9rj9wnwx|archive-date=8 August 2024}}</ref>|2006|1|6|India|ref2=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1614|title=15 Park Avenue|website=[[Boxofficeindia.com]]|access-date=21 August 2024|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207221203/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1614|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 124 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/15-park-avenue-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znjq5ote|title=15 Park Avenue|website=www.bbfc.co.uk|access-date=21 August 2024|archive-date=29 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829171028/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/15-park-avenue-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znjq5ote|url-status=live}}</ref>
| language = English
| budget =
}}

'''''15 Park Avenue''''' is a 2005 English-language Indian film directed by [[Aparna Sen]]. It stars [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Dhritiman Chaterji|Dhritiman Chatterjee]], [[Rahul Bose]] and [[Kanwaljeet Singh]]. It won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English]].<ref name="53rdaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/49_53Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|page=84|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725205618/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/49_53Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
30-something Mitali aka Meethi has [[schizophrenia]] and is taken care of by her older, divorced sister Anjali aka Anu, who is a professor, and their ageing mother. Although she was never married in real life, Meethi has created her own alternate reality in her mind in which she married her ex-fiancé Joydeep and has five children. While Anu has dedicated her life to taking care of Meethi and her mother, even putting her own relationship with a fellow professor on hold, in Meethi's imaginary world both the older women are holding her in the house and away from her husband and children against her will. She imagines her family to be living at the non-existent 15 Park Avenue in [[Kolkata]].

After Meethi has a severe seizure, her case is taken up by a new doctor Kunal Barua. While discussing her sister's case with the new doctor, Anu reveals that though Meethi had dormant schizophrenic traits since childhood, she led a very normal life until her early 20s, before a traumatic experience in the course of her job as a journalist made her withdraw from the outer world. Her fiancé, unable to deal with the emotional upheaval caused by the incidence, broke off the engagement. On the doctor's advice, Anu takes both women on a vacation to Bhutan, where they are spotted by Joydeep, now married with two children. In her present state, Meethi does not recognize Joydeep as the same man she is married to in her imagination, and befriends him. When Joydeep learns of Meethi's worsened condition and her imaginary world, he offers to help her locate the elusive family home - 15 Park Avenue.

Back in Kolkata, Joydeep drives her down to the part of the city where she believes her house and her family are. In a surrealistic climax, Meethi finally locates the house and finds her husband Jojo (as she fondly calls him) and her five children waiting for her return. She walks into the house, reunited with her 'real' family and is never seen again.

==Cast==
*[[Shabana Azmi]] as Anjali
*[[Konkona Sen Sharma]] as Meethi
*[[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as Meethi's father
*[[Waheeda Rehman]] as Meethi's and Anjali's mother
*[[Rahul Bose]] as Joydeep Roy
*[[Dhritiman Chaterji]] as Dr. Kunal Barua
*[[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]] as Anjali's colleague and boyfriend
*[[Shefali Shah]] as Lakshmi, Joydeep's wife
*Suranjana Dasgupta as Madwoman on the street
*Dipavali Mehta as Child Meethi
*Sunil Mukherjee as Witchdoctor

==Reception==
Sonia chopra of [[Rediff.com]] called it "hauntingly beautiful." She further wrote, "There's dry, black humour all over the film, if you care to look for it. There's comedy in the darkest of scenes, if you dare to laugh. As Joydeep himself broods, 'It would have been funny, if it wasn't so sad.' Watch the film, and forgive the small irregularities and pace. You'll step into another world. Just like our Mithi."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/06park.htm |title=15 Park Avenue is hauntingly beautiful |last=Chopra |first=Sonia |date=6 January 2006 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=21 August 2024 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019141758/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/06park.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Conversely, [[Namrata Joshi]] of [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] gave the film 2 out of 4, writing, "In effect, the film seems to have everything going for it. Not quite. Instead of exploring these intriguing associations to their logical emotional depth, Sen leaves them sketchy and open-ended."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |author-link=Namrata Joshi |date=23 January 2006 |title=15 Park Avenue |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/15-park-avenue/229900 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |location=New Delhi |publisher=Outlook Publishing (India) |access-date=21 August 2024 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811105907/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/15-park-avenue/229900 |archive-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[IndiaFM]] gave it 1 out of 5 praising the performances but criticised the writing, pace and climax of the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/15-park-avenue/critic-review/15-park-avenue-movie-review/ |title=15 Park Avenue Movie Review |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=6 January 2006 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=21 August 2024 |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821132136/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/15-park-avenue/critic-review/15-park-avenue-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0449159|title=15 Park Avenue}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film English}}
{{Aparna Sen}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:15 Park Avenue}}
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Fiction about schizophrenia]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Best English Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aparna Sen]]
[[Category:2005 English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about schizophrenia]]
[[Category:English-language drama films]]

Muhafiz Khan Mosque

2026-02-18T14:11:10Z

AnonyMo:

{{Short description|Mosque in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Muhafiz Khan's Mosque
| infobox_width =
| image = Muhafiz Khan Mosque Ahmedabhad 1855.jpg
| caption = Muhafiz Khan's Mosque, 1855
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| map_type = India Ahmedabad
| map_size = 250
| map_caption = Location in [[Ahmedabad]]
| location = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0177778|72.5891667|region:IN-GR|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| rite =
| region =
| state =
| province =
| territory =
| prefecture =
| sector =
| district =
| cercle =
| municipality =
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active{{clarify|date=January 2025|reason=Is it used for worship; or is it preserved as an historic site?}}
| leadership =
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = {{ubl|[[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]|[[Mughal architecture]]}}
| founded_by = Jamal-ud-din Muhafiz Khan
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 1465
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length = {{cvt|51|ft|m|order=flip}}
| width = {{cvt|36|ft|m|order=flip}}
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity =
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = Two
| minaret_height = {{cvt|50|ft|m|order=flip}}
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials =
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Muhafiz Khan Mosque | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-GJ-26 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
| heritage_designation =
}}

The '''Muhafiz Khan Mosque''' is a fifteenth-century [[mosque]] located in the city of [[Ahmedabad]] in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It is considered to be one of the more exceptional structures in the city.<ref name="Prakash 2004">{{cite book |last=Prakash |first=Om |title=Cultural History Of India |year=2004 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-8122415872 |page=196}}</ref> The mosque was constructed in 1465 by Jamail-ud-Din Muhafiz Khan during the [[Mughal Empire|reign]] of [[Mahmud Begada|Mahmud Shah I]] (1458–1511), and is considered to be an excellent example of [[Gujarat Sultanat architecture]].<ref name="TI 2006"/> It is named for the governor of the region at that time.

The mosque is a protected building, listed as a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_gujarat.asp|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Gujarat |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |date= |access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref>

== Architecture ==

[[File:Moohafiz Khan's Mosque, Ahmedabad (c. 1880).jpg|thumb|The mosque in {{circa|1880}}]]
The [[façade]] of the mosque has three arched entrances and a richly carved [[minaret]] at either end. The design has similarities with the [[Isanpur Mosque]] and introduced a new architectural style to Ahmedabad.<ref name="Places">{{cite web |title=Visiting Places |url=http://www.kv2ahmedabad.org/innerpage.php?pagename=visitingplaces |work=Kendriya Vidyalaya - Ahmedabad Cantt |publisher=Government Of India}}</ref><ref name="The British Library Board">{{cite web |title=North-east corner of Muhafiz Khan's Mosque, showing sculptural detail at base of minaret, and side arch, Ahmadabad 1720 |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/n/019pho001000s16u01720000.html |publisher=[[British Library|The British Library Board]] }}</ref> It measures {{Convert|51|by|36|ft|m|order=flip}}. The minarets stand {{Convert|50|ft|m|order=flip}} high.<ref name="Caine 1890">{{cite book |last=Caine |first=W. S. |title=Picturesque India |url=https://archive.org/details/picturesqueindi00caingoog |year=1890 |publisher=Routledge |page=[https://archive.org/details/picturesqueindi00caingoog/page/n103 52]}}</ref> Alexander Forbes had replicas of the mosque made from wood and returned to England {{circa|1880|1885}}, and they are now part of the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] permanent collection in London.<ref name="Yagnik">{{cite book |last=Yagnik |first=Achyut |title=Ahmedabad: From Royal city to Megacity |year=2011 |publisher=Penguin |asin=B008RY1MJY |author2=Sheth, Suchitra }}</ref><ref name=gg>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3354|quote=dastur khan mosque.|year=1879|publisher=Government Central Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3354/page/n285 279]}}</ref>

During the [[2002 Gujarat violence|communal violence in 2002]], the mosque was extensively damaged. Afzal Khan said that rioters damaged intricate carvings on the southern elevations of the building and that the damage to be irreparable.<ref name="Engineer 2003">{{cite book |title=The Gujarat Carnage |year=2003 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-8125024965 |page=389}}</ref> This damage has caused upset among India's [[Islam in India|Muslim]] population.{{cn|date=January 2025}} The restoration of shrines and mosques was debated extensively in [[Parliament of India|parliament]].<ref name="TNN 2002">{{cite news |title=Demolished shrines issue to come up in Parliament |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-07-12/ahmedabad/27323009_1_ncm-member-muhafiz-khan-masjid-gujarat-chand-committee |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703020007/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-07-12/ahmedabad/27323009_1_ncm-member-muhafiz-khan-masjid-gujarat-chand-committee |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 July 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 July 2002}}</ref> The [[Indian History Congress]](IHC) requested that the Archaeological Survey of India restore and rebuild all religious structures. Ramakrishna Chatterjee, stated to the IHC that the mosques of Muhafiz Khan, the tomb of [[Wali Mohammed Wali]], and the Mosque of Malik Asin were damaged or destroyed.<ref name="Correspondent 2002">{{cite news |title=ASI urged to rebuild monuments |url=http://hindu.com/2002/03/22/stories/2002032200380800.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703015803/http://hindu.com/2002/03/22/stories/2002032200380800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 July 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 March 2002}}</ref> By 2006 restoration work was completed and the mosque reopened to the public.<ref name="TI 2006">{{cite news |title=ASI to restore monuments damaged in Gujarat riots |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-03-06/india/27827420_1_gujarat-riots-monuments-asi |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703015956/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-03-06/india/27827420_1_gujarat-riots-monuments-asi|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 March 2006}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Near view Muhafiz Khan's Mosque Ahmedabad 1866.jpg|Near view, 1866
Northern Minaret Muhafiz Khan Mosque Ahmedabad 1866.jpg|North minaret, 1866
Niche South Minaret Muhafiz Khan Mosque Ahmedabad 1866.jpg|Niche of the southern minaret, 1866
Muhafiz Khan's Mosque Minaret 1866 Ahmedabad.jpg|Summit of a minaret, 1866
Base South Minaret Muhafiz Khan Mosque 1866 Ahmedabad.jpg|Niche in centre of the base of southern minaret, 1866
Muhafiz Khan Mosque Ahmedabad 1866 distance.jpg|Mosque from distance, 1866
Minaret Base Muhafiz Khan Mosque Ahmedabad 1866.jpg|Niche of the lower part of the southern minaret, 1866
Base South Minaret Muhafiz Khan mosque Ahmedabad 1866.jpg|Base of south minaret, 1866
Muhafiz Khan Mosque.jpg|Street scene with the mosque, 2012
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Ahmedabad district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |author=Burgess, James |title=The Muhammadan Architecture of Ahmadabad. Part I - A.D. 1412 to 1520 |pages=78–81 |series=Archaeological Survey of Western India |volume=7 |location=London |publisher=William Griggs & Sons |year=1900 |isbn= }}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:15th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Gujarat Sultanate mosques]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1460s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Mughal mosques]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1465]]

Deepak Sareen

2026-02-16T07:38:30Z

AnonyMo: added stub

{{Short description|Indian director}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
'''Deepak Sareen''' is a Bollywood film director and assistant director. His first film as director was ''[[Ranbhoomi]]'' and last film as director was ''[[Albela (2001 film)|Albela]]''.

==Filmography==
===As assistant director===
*''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975)
*''[[Kabhie Kabhie (1976 film)|Kabhi Kabhi]]'' (1976)
*''[[Doosra Aadmi]]'' (1977)
*''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Silsila]]'' (1981)
*''[[Mashaal]]'' (1984)
*''[[Faasle]]'' (1985)

===As director===
*''[[Ranbhoomi]]'' (1991)
*''[[Aaina (1993 film)|Aaina]]'' (1993)
*''[[Gaddaar (1995 film)|Gaddaar]]'' (1995)
*''[[Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai]]'' (1998)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19980601-film-review-jab-pyar-kisi-se-hota-hai-starring-salman-khan-twinkle-khanna-826499-1998-06-01 |title=Film review: Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai, starring Salman Khan, Twinkle Khanna |work=[[India Today]] |date=1 June 1998 |access-date=14 November 2024 }}</ref>
*''[[Albela (2001 film)|Albela]]'' (2001)<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/27/stories/09270226.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530091515/http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/27/stories/09270226.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 May 2011 |title=Film Review: Albela |author=Ziya Us Salam |work=[[The Hindu]] | date=27 April 2001 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref>

÷==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0765039}}

{{Deepak Sareen}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sareen, Deepak}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Sajin Cherukayil

2026-02-10T03:16:20Z

AnonyMo: Made The Info Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian actor and scriptwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sajin Cherukayil
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Actor
* screenwriter
}}
| years_active = 2017{{Endash}}present
| image = Sajin Cherukayil.jpg
}}
'''Sajin Cherukayil''' is an Indian actor and scriptwriter who primarily works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]]. He has been associated with popular films such as ''[[Super Sharanya]]'', ''[[Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. r |date=2021-10-29 |title='Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam' movie review: Senna Hegde's comedy-drama is an absolute delight |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thinkalazhcha-nishchayam-movie-review-senna-hegdes-comedy-drama-is-an-absolute-delight/article37227262.ece |access-date=2022-04-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[Allu Ramendran]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-01 |title='Allu Ramendran' review: Kunchacko Boban is charming as vengeful policeman |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/allu-ramendran-review-kunchacko-boban-charming-vengeful-policeman-96065 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> and [[Thanneer Mathan Dinangal|''Thanneermathan Dinangal'']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director Gireesh AD reveals the secret behind success of Thanneermathan Dinangal |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2019/07/30/gireesh-ad-reveals-secret-behind-success-of-thanneermathan-dinangal.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Title
! colspan="2" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
!Actor
!Writer
|-
| 2017 || ''Porattam'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-01 |title=Porattam Malayalam Movie|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/21403/malayalam/porattam/ |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=NowRunning |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Lilli (2018 film)|Lilli]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-01 |title=Lilli (2018) Malayalam Movie Review - Veeyen |url=https://veeyen.com/film-reviews/lilli-2018-malayalam-movie-review-veeyen/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Veeyen Unplugged |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2019 || ''[[Thanneer Mathan Dinangal]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Allu Ramendran]]'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || Co-written by Vineeth Vasudevan, [[Girish A.D]]
|-
| '' [[Kamala (film)|Kamala]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-29
|title=Kamala movie review: A riddle from Ranjith Sankar that is still to be solved by Aju Varghese
|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2019/11/29/aju-varghese-kamala-malayalam-movie-review-rating-updates.html |access-date=2022-12-19|website=onmanorama.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''[[Super Sharanya]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[1744 White Alto]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2023 || ''[[Poovan]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[B 32 Muthal 44 Vare]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=B 32 Muthal 44 Vare trailer promises a riveting tale of six women |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/05/b-32-muthal-44-vare-trailer-promises-a-riveting-tale-of-six-women-41984.html |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Neeraja]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=New song from Shruti Ramachandran's Neeraja out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/10/new-song-from-shruti-ramachandrans-neeraja-out-43271.html |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nalla Nilavulla Rathri]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Arjun |date=2023-06-30 |title=Nalla Nilavulla Raathri review: This thriller is high on technical quality, but lacks a good script |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/nalla-nilavulla-raathri-review-this-thriller-is-high-on-technical-quality-but-lacks-a-good-script/ |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=The South First |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Padmini (2023 film)|Padmini]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Jaladhara Pumpset Since 1962]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||<ref>{{Cite news |title='Jaladhara Pump Set Since 1962' director Ashish Chinnappa: Movie buffs will get to see Urvashi and Indrans in a throughout comedy entertainer - EXCLUSIVE - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jaladhara-pump-set-since-1962-director-ashish-chinnappa-movie-buffs-will-get-to-see-urvashi-and-indrans-in-a-throughout-comedy-entertainer-exclusive/articleshow/92931553.cms |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=The Times of India |date=17 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kannur Squad]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Sreekumar <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannur Squad teaser to be out with King of Kotha? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jul/19/kannur-squad-teaser-to-be-out-with-king-of-kotha-45781.html |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2024 || ''Kattis Gang'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-08 |title=Unni Lalu-starrer Kattis Gang Trailer Promises Suspenseful Thriller |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/unni-lalu-starrer-kattis-gang-trailer-promises-suspenseful-thriller-8882699.html |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Swakaryam Sambhava Bahulam'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-05-31 |title=Swakaryam Sambhava Bahulam Movie Review: A dismal experience trivialising women's woes |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2024/May/31/swakaryam-sambhava-bahulam-movie-review-a-dismal-experience-trivialising-womens-woes |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[I Am Kathalan]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Directed by [[Girish A.D]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-10 |title=ഗിരീഷ് എ.ഡി.യുടെ 'ഐ ആം കാതലന്‍' ചിത്രീകരണം ആരംഭിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/neslin-anishma-movie-iam-kadhalan-filming-has-started-1.8034888 |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=ml-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Swargam]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-17 |title=Aju Varghese starrer 'Swargam' first look poster out |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/aju-varghese-movie-swargam-first-look-poster-1.9820185 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Extra Decent]]''||{{Yes}}||{{No}}||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-08 |title=It's a wrap for Suraj Venjaramoodu's ED - Extra Decent |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/08/its-a-wrap-for-suraj-venjaramoodus-ed-extra-decent |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2025 || ''Paranu Paranu Paranu Chellan'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-01-07 |title=Unni Lalu and Sidharth Bharathan's Paranu Paranu Paranu Chellan gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/07/unni-lalu-and-sidharth-bharathans-paranu-paranu-paranu-chellan-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raveendra Nee Evide?]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-06-23 |title=Anoop Menon-Dhyan Sreenivasan film Ideem Minnalum rechristened Raveendra Nee Evide? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jun/23/anoop-menon-dhyan-sreenivasan-film-ideem-minnalum-rechristened-raveendra-nee-evide |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sahasam (2025 film)|Sahasam]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-03-09 |title=Aju Varghese and Tessa Joseph join Sahasam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/09/aju-varghese-and-tessa-joseph-join-sahasam |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Short films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Film
!Year
!Notes
!Language
!Director
|-
|Yashpal
|2017
|Actor
|Malayalam
|[[Girish A.D]]
|-
|Mookuthi
|2018
|Actor
|Malayalam
|[[Girish A.D]]
|-
|Peru Gayathri
|2019
|Actor
|Malayalam
|Varun Dhara
|-
|Bineeshettan Roommate<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sajin Cherukayil plays a pesky roommate in new short film 'Bineeshettan Roommate' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/nov/11/sajin-cherukayil-plays-a-pesky-roommatein-new-short-film-bineeshettan-roommate-2222057.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|2020
|Actor
|Malayalam
|Kiran Josey
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm9212366}}
* {{Facebook|sajincherukayil}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]
{{improve categories|date=April 2022}}

Nithya Ram

2026-01-10T04:32:56Z

AnonyMo: new new post - done

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nithya Ram
| image = Nithya Ram in 'Nandini'.jpg
| caption = Nithya in a scene from ''[[Nandini (TV series)|Nandhini]]''
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = {{Ubl | 2010–2019 | 2023–present}}
| known_for = ''[[Nandini (TV series)|Nandhini]]'' ''[[Anna (Tamil TV series)|Anna]]''
| spouse = 
| parents = 
| relatives = [[Rachita Ram]] (sister)
}}
'''Nithya Ram''' is an Indian actress who works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] soap operas with few [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] films. She is the elder sister of [[Kannada]] film actress [[Rachita Ram]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rachita Ram and Nithya Ram are sisters|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know-/Rachita-Ram-and-Nithya-Ram-are-sisters/articleshow/33495015.cms|website=The Times of India|date=9 April 2014 |accessdate=15 August 2015}}</ref> Known for her act in the Tamil TV series ''[[Nandini (TV series)|Nandini]]''.

== Early life and career ==
Nithya Ram comes from a family of artists with her father K. S. Ramu and sister [[Rachita Ram]] being [[Indian classical dance|classical dancers]] themselves, and the latter has since appeared in films. Nithya is a trained classical dancer from Welight Academy as well. She holds a graduate degree in [[biotechnology]] and worked for some time, but her "dream of becoming a heroine never died."<ref name="tnie1">{{cite news|author=A. Sharadhaa|title=Nithya enters tinsel town|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Nithya-enters-tinsel-town/2013/08/27/article1753420.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829081113/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Nithya-enters-tinsel-town/2013/08/27/article1753420.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 August 2013|accessdate=15 August 2015|work=The New Indian Express|date=27 August 2013}}</ref>

Nithya started her career as an actress with a Kannada television show opera ''Benkiyalli Aralida Hoovu'', which aired on [[Zee Kannada]], that co-starred her sister as well. She went on to appear in other Kannada shows such as ''Karpoorada Gombe'', ''Rajkumari'' and ''Eradu Kanasu''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Prasad S.|first1=Shym|title=Ranchita Ram's fairytale journey in Sandalwood|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ranchita-Rams-fairytale-journey-in-Sandalwood/articleshow/32705738.cms|website=The Times of India|date=26 March 2014 |accessdate=15 August 2015}}</ref> Following this, she worked in one [[Telugu language|Telugu]] soap opera, i. e., ''Muddhu Bidda''. After that, she had been signed for a film opposite [[Diganth]], which however failed to take off.<ref name="tnie1"/> In 2014, she was signed to play a lead role in ''[[Muddu Manase]]'' opposite Aru Gowda. Around the time, she signed to her second soap opera in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], ''Amma Naa Kodala''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nithya Ram returns to the small screen|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Nithya-Ram-returns-to-the-small-screen/articleshow/45394078.cms|accessdate=15 August 2015|work=The Times of India|date=6 December 2015}}</ref> Later, She also played the lead role in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] superhit television serial ''[[Nandini (TV series)|Nandini]]''.

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Nithya Ram television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Series
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''Benkiyalli Aralida Hoovu'' || Malli || [[Kannada]] || Debut serial
|-
| 2012–2013 || ''[[Aval (TV series)|Aval]]''||Shalini ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||Tamil debut
|-
|rowspan=2|2013 || ''Karpoorada Gombe'' || Shravani || rowspan="2" |[[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''Rajkumari'' || Rajakumari ||
|-
|2012–2014 || ''Muddu Bidda''|| Geetha/Sangeetha ||rowspan=2|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Dual role & First Telugu serial
|-
| 2014–2017 || ''Amma Naa Kodala'' || Madhumita chaitu ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Eradu Kanasu'' || ||rowspan=2|[[Kannada]]||
|-
| 2016 || ''Girija Kalyana''|| [[Parvathi]] || Debut in Mythological TV series
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017–2018 || ''[[Nandini (TV series)|Nandini]]''|| Nandini and Ganga- Dual Role (Season 1) || rowspan="1" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]-Kannada ||Won Best Actress and Best Jodi Sun Kudumbam Awards 2018
|-
|''Killadi Kids''
| rowspan="2" |Judge
|Kannada
| rowspan="1" | [[Udaya TV]]
|-
| ''Asathal Chutties''
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
|[[Savaale Samali (TV series)|''Saavale Samali'']]
| Contestant
| rowspan="1" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
| ''Savalige Sye'' ||Anchor
|Kannada
| [[Udaya TV]]
|-
| ''Nandhini Kudumbam''
| Herself
| Tamil
| special show on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] for Nandini series celebration
|-
| ''Masala Cafe'' || Judge
| rowspan="2" |Tamil|| Sun Life program
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2019 ||''[[Lakshmi Stores]]''||DC Nithya ||Extended Cameo
|-
|''[[Nandini (TV series)|Nandini 2]]''
|Nandini , Ganga and Janani - Triple role (Season 2)
|rowspan="1" |Kannada
|[[Udaya TV]]
|-
|2023{{endash}}2026|| ''[[Anna (Tamil TV series)|Anna]]'' || Bharani Shanmugam|| Tamil || [[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2024{{endash}}present|| ''Shanthi Nivasa''||Shanthi and Archana - Dual Roles || Kannada ||[[Udaya TV]] <ref>{{cite news|title=Nithya Ram To Make TV Comeback With New Serial Titled Shanthi Nivasa|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/nithya-ram-to-make-tv-comeback-with-new-serial-titled-shanthi-nivasa-8971847.html|website=News18|date=19 July 2024 |accessdate=11 November 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Nithya Ram film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Muddu Manase]]'' || Poorvi || [[Kannada]] || Debut Kannada film
|-
| 2022 || ''Kaypakka''|| Seetha ||[[Malayalam]]||
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian film actresses]]
* [[List of Tamil film actresses]]
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|7550132}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Nithya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

Andhra Pradesh Medtech Zone

2026-01-08T17:32:14Z

AnonyMo: formatting fix

{{Short description|Technology park in Nadupuru, Visakhapatnam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Andhra Pradesh Medtech Zone (AMTZ)
| image =
| foundation = 19 August 2016
| location_city = [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| locations =
| key_people = Dr Jitendra Sharma (Managing Director Founder CEO)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/people-behind-healthcare-innovation-interview-dr-ceo-zone-silberzahn-2jnxe|title=The people behind healthcare innovation: Interview with Dr. Jitendra Sharma, Managing Director and CEO of Andhra Pradesh MedTech Zone (AMTZ)|work=www.linkedin.com|author=LinkedIN}}</ref>
| area_served =
| industry = Medical
| products =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees = 300
| parent =
| owner = Ap government
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.amtz.in}}
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
| nickname =
}}
{{coord|17.627469|83.161453|display=title}}
[[File:Amtz Campus 2022.jpg|thumb|AMTZ Campus]]
[[File:AMTZ Administrative office.jpg|thumb|AMTZ Administrative office]]

'''Andhra Pradesh MedTech Zone''' '''(AMTZ)''' is the medical technology park with Common Manufacturing Facilities & Common Scientific Facilities located in [[Nadupuru]] village area of [[Visakhapatnam]], adjacent to the [[Visakhapatnam Steel Plant]]. The AMTZ is spread over an area of 270 acres and it has over 10 manufacturing units.

It currently houses the Bio Valley Incubation Council, funded by the [[Department of Biotechnology]], and the [[Kalam Institute of Health Technology]]. In April 2020, the AMTZ has started making rapid testing kits for [[COVID-19]] and planned to start the manufacture of ventilators.<ref name="Hindu 9 April 2020">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/medtech-zone-out-to-play-a-key-role-in-fight-against-covid-19/article31302975.ece|title=Medtech Zone out to play a key role in fight against COVID-19|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 April 2020|last=Patnaik|first=Santosh}}</ref><ref name="BT 8 April 2020">{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/pharma/made-in-andhra-pradesh-covid-19-testing-kits-launched/story/400492.html|title=Andhra Pradesh starts manufacturing coronavirus test kits, ventilators|newspaper=Business Today|date=8 April 2020}}</ref>

It Established as the country’s first such facility, it played a significant role during the COVID-19 pandemic by supplying equipment including oxygen concentrators, ventilators, and RT-PCR kits. The initiative is led by its founder CEO, Jitendar Sharma.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopal |first=B. Madhu |date=2024-12-31 |title=A.P. MedTech Zone poised to become a global manufacturing centre of medical equipment |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ap-medtech-zone-poised-to-become-a-global-manufacturing-centre-of-medical-equipment/article69043522.ece |access-date=2025-08-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==History ==
Andhra Pradesh MedTech Zone was first conceptualized in November 2015 as India's first medical device park . Decision to establish was taken after a meeting with representatives of Indian medical device industry, state and union govt officials. In 2015 medical device industry is worth 60,000 crores of crore of this 23,000-crore worth of medical device were imported. To reduce import bill. increase exports and to foster industrial growth by employment generation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHealthworld.com |title=India's first dedicated Medical Device Park to come up in Andhra Pradesh - ET HealthWorld |url=http://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/medical-devices/indias-first-dedicated-medical-device-park-to-come-up-in-andhra-pradesh/49724999 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=ETHealthworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Hosting World Class Labs ==
The key USPs of the campus are its Common Scientific Industrial Laboratories such as the center for [[Electromagnetism|Electromagnetic]] compatibility and safety testing, Center for [[Biomaterial|Biomaterial Testing]], Center for [[3D printing|3-D printing]], Centers for Lasers, [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI coils]], [[Ionizing radiation sterilization|Gamma Irradiation]], Moulding, and many other industrial service centers.

When the pandemic outbreak happened, there were no standard specifications for the essential products for the fight against the pandemic, and India was majorly dependent on imports for [[ventilator]]s, [[Personal protective equipment|PPE Kits]], [[N95 respirator|N-95 Masks]] and so on. Today when the nation has emerged as the second-largest PPE manufacturer in the world and has grown self-sufficient in ventilators and N-95 masks, the role played by AMTZ is unique and crucial.

=== BIOME: Centre for biomaterial testing ===

* The state-of-the-art laboratory for Biomaterials at AMTZ, is operated by service provider M/s TUV Rheinland has the following testing capabilities

# Sterility Evaluation
# Histopathology Evaluation
# Physiochemical Evaluation
# Accelerated Aging
# Package Validation

* This facility is primarily intended for medical device industry for physio-chemical evaluation as well as biological evaluation of sample.
* Industries like Chemical, Polymer and Pharmaceuticals etc. can also avail this facility to evaluate the characteristics of materials using spectroscopic and imaging modalities like SEM, TEM etc.
* Number of days for completion of construction is 178 days.<ref>{{Cite news|title=CII AMTZ Startup Day held at Kalam Convention Center|work=expresshealthcare|url=https://www.expresshealthcare.in/news/cii-amtz-startup-day-held-at-kalam-convention-center/410433/}}</ref>

=== ELECTRA: Centre for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) & safety testing ===

* This facility is operated by M/s TUV Rheinland for EMC and Safety testing and certification of medical devices

[[File:Cobalta.jpg|thumb|COBALTA - Center for Gamma Irradiation]]

=== COBALTA: Center for Gamma Irradiation ===

* The centre for [[Ionizing radiation sterilization|Gamma Irradiation]] at AMTZ is first of its kind in Andhra Pradesh and the surrounding states and would cater to 15% (INR 4500 Crore) of the Indian Medical Device market.

[[File:Diode - AMTZ.jpg|thumb|DIODE: Super Conducting Magnet]]

=== DIODE: Super Conducting Magnet ===
The [[superconducting magnet]] is the largest and most expensive component of an MRI system. [[Magnetic resonance imaging|Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)]], a powerful medical diagnostic tool, is the largest commercial application of [[superconductivity]]. The magnet configuration is determined by competing requirements including optimized functional performance, patient comfort, ease of sitting in a hospital environment, minimum acquisition and lifecycle cost including service.

DIODE would be the first facility in India to manufacture an MRI superconducting magnet.
[[File:Think 3D – 3D Printing Facility.jpg|thumb|Centre for medtech innovation and rapid prototyping facility]]

=== ADDIT: Centre for medtech innovation and rapid prototyping facility ===

* Centre for MedTech Innovation and Rapid prototyping facility is operated by M/s T3D labs Private Ltd (Think 3D) and is primarily intended for medical device development and customized implants.
* Number of days for project completion is 184 days.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Indian 3D Printing Industry – Highlights of the Year 2021|work=manufactur3dmag|url=https://manufactur3dmag.com/indian-3d-printing-industry-highlights-of-the-year-2021/}}</ref>

== Kalam Institute of Health Technology (KIHT) ==
[[Kalam Institute of Health Technology]] (KIHT) is a Government of India project supported by the [[Department of Biotechnology]], strategically located at [[Visakhapatnam]] within AMTZ. The mandate it serves is aimed at promoting and supporting innovations in medical technologies through research and development, industry promotion, policy-making and knowledge repository. It comprises 5 cells: 1) Cell for Health Technology Assessment (CHTA) 2) Cell for Technology Transfer (CTT) 3) Cell for Product Realization (CPR) 4) Cell for Market Intelligence and Trade (CMIT) and 5) Cell for Supply Chain Management (CSCM).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Yamuna Expressway authority's team visits Medtech Zone in Vizag|work=hindustantimes|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/yamuna-expressway-authority-s-team-visits-medtech-zone-in-vizag-101614360299377.html}}</ref>

In the year 2022, KIHT became the world only [[World Health Organization collaborating centre|WHO Collaborating centre]] [https://kiht.in/whocc/ for Health Innovation.]

=== Cell for Health Technology Assessment ===
CRD works towards channelizing the national research funding for critical components by identifying medical devices specific for Indian needs based on the disease burden and high import dependency. The Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), a Public- Sector Enterprise of DBT, is also collaborating with KIHT to identify the core areas for focused funding for research initiatives in medical technology.

=== Cell for Technology Transfer ===
The CTT team supports MedTech transfers(e-Auction) and facilitates rapid industrial promotion.

=== Cell for Product Realisation(CPR) ===
The CPR team provides critical component knowledge to relevant institutions for focused research & development and also facilitates core scientific facilities in developing core medical device technologies.

=== Cell for Market Intelligence and Trade ===
The CMIT team acts as knowledge repository for export and import data on medical devices and an advisory board on all matters relating to medical device sector. This cell also tracks foreign direct investments via different routes in the Indian medical device ecosystem and gives strategical recommendations to various incubated start-ups at AMTZ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KALAM INSTITUTE OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY (Department of Biotechnology, Government of India Project)|url=https://kiht.in/|url-status=live|website=KALAM INSTITUTE OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722211431/http://kiht.in:80/|archive-date=22 July 2017 }}</ref>
[[File:WTC-AMTZ.jpg|thumb|WTC-AMTZ]]

== World Trade Centre-AMTZ ==
[https://www.wtca.org/world-trade-center-amtz?locale=en WTC-AMTZ] fosters trade and collaboration facilities to its partners and businesses around.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Trade Centers Association |url=https://www.wtca.org/locations/world-trade-center-visakhapatnam/news/wtc-visakhapatnam-opens-its-interim-office |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=www.wtca.org}}</ref>[[File:I HUB.jpg|thumb|iHUB: House of Medivalley & Biovalley incubation Center]]

== MediValley ==
Medi Valley is the incubation arm of Andhra Pradesh MedTech Zone (AMTZ).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Andhra Pradesh MedTech Zone (AMTZ) to Develop Artificial Organs through 3D Bioprinting|page=https://manufactur3dmag.com/andhra-pradesh-medtech-zone-to-develop-artificial-organs-through-3d-bioprinting/|work=manufactur3dmag|url=https://manufactur3dmag.com/andhra-pradesh-medtech-zone-to-develop-artificial-organs-through-3d-bioprinting/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=MedicalTech Innovation Forum to address integral challenges faced by the Indian medical devices industry|work=expresshealthcare|url=https://www.expresshealthcare.in/news/medicaltech-innovation-forum-to-address-integral-challenges-faced-by-the-indian-medical-devices-industry/431507/}}</ref>
[[File:Medivalley.jpg|thumb|Entrance Lounge of iHUB]]

== BioValley ==
The Bio-Incubator Nurturing Entrepreneurship for Scaling Technologies (BioNEST) Incubator "Bio Valley Incubation Council (BVIC)", is funded by Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and Andhra Pradesh MedTech Zone (AMTZ).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Biovalley set to put printing devices for biotech use|work=thehindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/biovalley-set-to-use-printing-devices-for-biotech-use/article30722088.ece}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
On 14 February 2017, AMTZ was awarded as "Innovative Medtech Zone" by the World Health & Wellness Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldhealthcongress.com/world_health&wellness_award_winner.html|title=World Health & Wellness Congress|website=worldhealthcongress.com}}</ref>

On 27 February 2017, AMTZ was included in the list of 25 fastest growing medical technology companies in India in 2017 by ''The CEO'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.readwhere.com/read/1096009/The-CEO-Magazine/The-CEO-Magazine-February-Issue#dual/26/1|title=Indiamanthan|newspaper=The CEO Magazine|date=6 February 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kalam Institute of Health Technology]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://ehealth.eletsonline.com/2017/05/amtz-to-host-first-help-desk-on-new-medical-devices-rules/ AMTZ to host first help desk on new medical devices rules]

{{Visakhapatnam}}

[[Category:Infrastructure in India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Economy of Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Nandha Periyasamy

2026-01-01T16:59:01Z

AnonyMo: update references for consistency and cleaned formatting after review

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nanda Periyasamy
| image =
| caption = [[Film director]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1975}}
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| death_date =
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter, actor
| yearsactive = 2005 - present
}}

'''Nanda Periyasamy''' (born 1975) is an Indian film director, screenwriter and actor who has worked in [[Tamil cinema]].

==Career==
{{Update|date=May 2021|reason=mentions upcoming filming/release in 2020}}
In 2002, Nanda Periyasamy was given the opportunity to direct a police thriller film titled Mahaa with [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] and [[Kiran Rathod]] in the lead roles. However, the project was shelved due to an accident suffered by Ajith. His first film, [[Oru Kalluriyin Kathai]] (2005) received average reviews and a lukewarm response at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2014 |title=Movie Review : Oru Kalooriyin Kathai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/oru-kalooriyin-kathai-review-tamil-13932256.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428200940/http://www.sify.com/movies/oru-kalooriyin-kathai-review-tamil-13932256.html |archive-date=28 April 2014 |access-date=3 July 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Periyasamy then briefly worked on the pre-production of a film titled Ardhanari, which was later shelved.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil actor to highlight transgender problems in 'Ardhanari' - Thaindian News |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/tamil-actor-to-highlight-transgender-problems-in-ardhanari_10089150.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010159/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/tamil-actor-to-highlight-transgender-problems-in-ardhanari_10089150.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>

In his second film, [[Maathi Yosi]], he tackled sensitive issues like untouchability and casteism, and featured a predominantly new cast. The film received mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2014 |title=Shoddy script spoils 'Maathi Yosi' (Tamil Movie Review) |website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shoddy-script-spoils-maathi-yosi-tamil-movie-review-news-national-kdorEdagbba.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428195408/http://www.sify.com/movies/shoddy-script-spoils-maathi-yosi-tamil-movie-review-news-national-kdorEdagbba.html |archive-date=28 April 2014 |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref> During a period of time, he also took on acting roles, notably appearing in [[Mayandi Kudumbathar]] (2009) alongside nine other directors. He returned to directing in 2013 with [[Azhagan Azhagi]], before making the romantic comedy Vanna Jigina in 2015.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=subramanian |first=anupama |date=2015-08-23 |title=Movie Review 'Vanna Jigina': Good attempt with a novel idea |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150822/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-vanna-jigina-good-attempt-novel-idea |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

Nanda Periyasamy was seen playing villain roles in the movies ''[[Sandakozhi 2]]'' and ''[[Market Raja MBBS]]''. Meanwhile, he emerged as the story writer of the Hindi film ''Rashmi Rocket'' (2021),[5] starring Taapsee Pannu and directed by Akarsh Khurana.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 September 2021 |title=Taapsee Pannu's Rashmi Rocket to release on Zee5 on October 15 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/taapsee-pannu-s-rashmi-rocket-to-release-on-zee5-on-october-15-1854770-2021-09-20 |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=India Today}}</ref> He directed ''[[Anandham Vilayadum Veedu]]'', which released in 2021.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Anandham Vilayadum Veedu: Director Nandha Periyasamy Grateful To Work With Director Cheran {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/south/tamil/anandham-vilayadum-veedu-director-nandha-periyasamy-grateful-to-work-with-director-cheran/60cc325bc22b2417f3f931fb |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year!! Title !! class = "unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Oru Kalluriyin Kathai]]'' ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Maathi Yosi]]'' ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Azhagan Azhagi]]'' || Also lyricist
|-
|2015 || ''[[Vanna Jigina]]'' ||<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2021 || ''[[Anandham Vilayadum Veedu]]''||<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2024 || ''[[Thiru.Manickam]]'' ||<ref name=":1" />
|}

===As actor===
*''[[Mayandi Kudumbathar]]'' (2009) as Chinna Virumaandi
*''[[Yogi (2009 Tamil film)|Yogi]]'' (2009)
*''[[Milaga]]'' (2010)
*''[[Goripalayam]]'' (2010) as Karutha Pandi
*''[[Raa Raa (2011 film)|Raa Raa]]'' (2011)
*''[[Sandakozhi 2]]'' (2018)
*''[[Market Raja MBBS]]'' (2019)

===As writer===
*''[[Rashmi Rocket]]'' (2021; Hindi)

== Awards ==

* [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] for Best Story - South for [[Rashmi Rocket]] (2022)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nominations for the 67th Wolf777news Filmfare Awards 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-67th-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55253.html |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2031471}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Periyasamy, Nandha}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Artists from Madurai]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Cachar Cancer Hospital and Research Centre

2025-12-29T06:07:17Z

AnonyMo: added a info

{{Short description|Cancer hospital in Cachar district of Assam, India}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Cachar Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (CCHRC)
| logo = Cachar Color logo.png
| org_group = Cachar Cancer Hospital Society
| founded = 1996
| location = [[Silchar]], [[Cachar District]], [[Assam]], [[Northeast India]]
| region = Barak Valley
| country = India
| type = Non-profit cancer-care organisation
| speciality =
| beds = 141
| website = [https://cacharcancerhospital.org/ cacharcancerhospital.org]
}}

'''Cachar Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (CCHRC)''' is a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit]] [[oncology]] hospital and research institute located in Meherpur, near [[Silchar]], in the [[Cachar district]] of [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadavar |first=Swagata |date=2024-05-02 |title=In a remote corner of India, a cancer centre is showing what can be achieved with technology and compassion |website=Cancerworld Magazine |url=https://cancerworld.net/in-a-remote-corner-of-india-cancer-centre/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravi Kannan R. |url=https://rmaward.asia/rmawardees/r-ravi-kannan/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation Philippines |language=en-US}}</ref> The institution was established in 1996 by the Cachar Cancer Hospital Society, a public [[Charitable organization|charitable society]] formed in 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |last=RAMANI |first=HEMA IYER |date=2020-02-05 |title=Dr. Ravi Kannan: Facilitating equitable and accessible healthcare |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/dr-ravi-kannan-facilitating-equitable-and-accessible-healthcare/article30741140.ece |access-date=2025-09-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It provides cancer [[diagnosis]], treatment, prevention, and [[palliative care]], with a focus on patients from rural and economically disadvantaged backgrounds in [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-10 |title=Where you are born shouldn't dictate whether you live, or die of cancer: Dr Ravi Kannan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/where-you-are-born-shouldnt-dictate-whether-you-live-or-die-of-cancer-dr-ravi-kannan/articleshow/103539560.cms |access-date=2025-09-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Background ==
In the early 1990s, rising cancer cases in southern Assam highlighted the absence of a regional oncology facility.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=Caleb |last2=Das |first2=Gaurav |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Poulome |date=December 2022 |title=Development of Cancer Care in Northeast India |journal=Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology |volume=13 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=61–66 |doi=10.1007/s13193-022-01557-z |issn=0975-7651 |pmc=9859971 |pmid=36691507}}</ref> At that time, patients were often required to travel to [[Guwahati]] or other distant cities for treatment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-21 |title=CHRC Invites Tenders for the Vertical Extension of Existing Opd Building |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/tender/chrc-invites-tenders-for-the-vertical-extension-of-existing-opd-building-574116 |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref> To address this gap, the Cachar Cancer Hospital Society was established in 1992.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UuSq-1zG-4 |title=You Don't Need to be Powerful to Bring a Change {{!}} Dr. Ravi Kannan {{!}} TEDxAssam University |date=2025-08-05 |access-date=2025-09-16 |via=YouTube}}</ref> In 1996, the [[Government of Assam]] allocated land in Meherpur for the construction of a cancer hospital, and the foundation stone was laid by [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]] [[Hiteswar Saikia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Cachar Cancer Hospital Society |url=https://causes.benevity.org/causes/356-AAAAT1505G?lang=en |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=causes.benevity.org}}</ref>

The hospital initially began as a 20-bed facility offering limited diagnostic and treatment services. In 2007, [[Ravi Kannan R|Dr. Ravi Kannan]], a [[Surgical oncology|surgical oncologist]] from [[Chennai]], was appointed director.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seenivasagam |first1=Rajkumar Kottayasamy |last2=Dhar |first2=Puneet |date=January 2022 |title=The Cancer Care Messiah of Northeast India |journal=Journal of Medical Evidence |language=en-US |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=111–114 |doi=10.4103/JME.JME_35_22 |doi-access=free |issn=2667-0720 }}</ref> The hospital had 450 employees and 146 [[Patient|inpatient]] beds by 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadavar |first=Swagata |date=2024-05-02 |title=In a remote corner of India, a cancer centre is showing what can be achieved with technology and compassion |website=Cancerworld Magazine |url=https://cancerworld.net/in-a-remote-corner-of-india-cancer-centre/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nischal |first=P.M. |date=2024-08-03 |title=Surgical Oncologist R. Ravi Kannan wins Ramon Magsaysay Award 2023 |url=https://nmji.in/news-from-here-and-there-46/ |journal=The National Medical Journal of India |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=57–60 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravi Kannan R. |url=https://rmaward.asia/rmawardees/r-ravi-kannan/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation Philippines |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
CCHRC provides surgical oncology, [[Oncology|medical oncology]], [[Childhood cancer|paediatric oncology]], and [[Radiation therapy|radiation oncology]] services. It is equipped with [[Medical imaging|diagnostic imaging]], [[pathology]] and [[microbiology]] [[Laboratory|laboratories]], and a [[molecular oncology]] unit.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-31 |title=Oncologist R. Ravi Kannan of the Cachar Cancer Hospital and Research Centre wins 2023 Ramon Magsaysay award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/oncologist-r-ravi-kannan-of-the-cachar-cancer-hospital-and-research-centre-wins-2023-ramon-magsaysay-award/article67256539.ece |access-date=2025-09-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The hospital also has a [[blood bank]], [[Dentistry|dental surgery]] unit for [[oral cancer]], and a [[pharmacy]] that provides free or [[Subsidy|subsidised]] medicines, partly through the National Cancer Grid.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiablooms |date=2017-05-22 |title=Over 100 cancer centers come together for the 7th National Cancer Grid meet |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/health/over-100-cancer-centers-come-together-for-the-7th-national-cancer-grid-meet/details |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=India Blooms |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jaiswal |first=Umanand |date=1 September 2023 |title=Oncologist Ravi Kannan R to be honoured with Ramon Magsaysay Award for pro-poor cancer care |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/oncologist-ravi-kannan-r-to-be-honoured-with-2023-ramon-magsaysay-award-for-pro-poor-cancer-care/cid/1962960 |work=The Telegraph Online}}</ref>

In 2024, the [[Chief Minister of Assam]], [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]], inaugurated a [[PET–CT|positron emission tomography–computed tomography]] ([[PET–CT|PET-CT]]) scanner at the hospital, the first such facility in the [[Barak Valley|Barak Valley region]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-22 |title=Himanta Biswa Sarma initiates comprehensive development projects in Cachar district |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/himanta-biswa-sarma-initiates-comprehensive-development-projects-in-cachar-district-1077152-2024-08-22 |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=Caleb |last2=Das |first2=Gaurav |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Poulome |date=December 2022 |title=Development of Cancer Care in Northeast India |journal=Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology |volume=13 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=61–66 |doi=10.1007/s13193-022-01557-z |issn=0975-7651 |pmc=9859971 |pmid=36691507}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2017-01-11 |title=Health Minister grants 10 Cr to Cachar Cancer Hospital and Research Centre |work=Arunachal24 |url=https://arunachal24.in/health-minister-grants-10-cr-to-cachar-cancer-hospital-and-research-centre/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Research and training ==
The hospital participates in [[Cancer research|multi-centre cancer research]] projects and conducts training programmes for [[Health professional|healthcare workers]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=Caleb |last2=Das |first2=Gaurav |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Poulome |date=2022-12-01 |title=Development of Cancer Care in Northeast India |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13193-022-01557-z |journal=Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=61–66 |doi=10.1007/s13193-022-01557-z |issn=0976-6952 |pmc=9859971 |pmid=36691507}}</ref> It also develops cost-effective treatment approaches intended to address resource constraints in [[rural health]]care settings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Talagadadeevi |first1=Bharath V. S. S. K. |last2=Kannan |first2=Ravi |last3=Veeraiah |first3=Surendran |last4=Seshachalam |first4=Arun |last5=Anand |first5=Tanu |last6=Vijayakanth |first6=S. |last7=Malik |first7=Kapil |date=2025 |title=Optimising Initial Pain Management and its Influence on Compliance and Treatment Abandonment in Newly Diagnosed Head-and-Neck Cancer Patients: A Real-world Experience |journal=Indian Journal of Palliative Care |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=15–20 |doi=10.25259/IJPC_153_2024 |issn=0973-1075 |pmc=11866678 |pmid=40027976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-04 |title=Litika Vermani brings laurels to Cachar Cancer Hospital and Research Centre |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/litika-vermani-brings-laurels-to-cachar-cancer-hospital-and-research-centre-541435 |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Bhavana |last2=Mahaseth |first2=Laxman Kumar |last3=Anand |first3=Tanu |last4=Seshachalam |first4=Arun |last5=Veeraiah |first5=Surendran |last6=Tapkire |first6=Ritesh |last7=Kannan |first7=Ravi |date=July 2025 |title=Charting Postoperative Trajectories in Patients With Cancer: Perspectives From a Resource-Constrained Setting in Northeast India |url=https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/GO-24-00528 |journal=JCO Global Oncology |volume=11 |issue=11 |article-number=e2400528 |doi=10.1200/GO-24-00528 |pmid=40737579 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Catchment area ==
The hospital primarily serves the [[Barak Valley]] region and adjoining states, covering a population of approximately 10 million people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cachar Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Silchar Assam India|url=https://www.medicaltourinfo.com/IndiaHospitals/Assam/Cachar_Cancer_Hospital_Research_Centre_16584.htm |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=www.medicaltourinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=Caleb |last2=Das |first2=Gaurav |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Poulome |date=December 2022 |title=Development of Cancer Care in Northeast India |journal=Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology |volume=13 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=61–66 |doi=10.1007/s13193-022-01557-z |issn=0975-7651 |pmc=9859971 |pmid=36691507}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1996 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1996]]
[[Category:Regional Cancer Centres in India]]

The Salvation Army in India

2025-12-18T18:18:52Z

AnonyMo: cleanup lead further and improved wording per sources

{{short description|none}}

'''[[The Salvation Army]]''' is a major Christian denomination in '''[[India]]'''. Its work includes work with addicted persons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.salvationarmy.org/ind/www_ind.nsf/vw-dynamic-arrays/80256E520050A2E280256C4B006370A3?openDocument |title=People with addictions |publisher=.salvationarmy.org |date= |accessdate=2012-05-29}}</ref> It has more than 300,000 members.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www1.salvationarmy.org/ind/www_ind.nsf/vw-dynamic-arrays/80256E520050A2E280256C180058735D?openDocument |title=Statistics |publisher=.salvationarmy.org |date= |accessdate=2012-05-29}}</ref> It has 9 hospitals and more than 100 schools.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
Its national secretariat is in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.salvationarmy.org/ind/www_ind.nsf/vw-dynamic-arrays/80256E520050A2E280256CB00068A503?openDocument |title=National Secretariat |publisher=.salvationarmy.org |date= |accessdate=2012-05-29}}</ref>

The Salvation Army in India is divided into territories:-
*South Eastern Territory is for parts of [[Tamil Nadu]] and the whole of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.salvationarmy.org/ind/www_ind.nsf/vw-dynamic-arrays/80256E520050A2E280256CB000687A50?openDocument |title=South Eastern Territory, THQ Tamil Nadu |publisher=.salvationarmy.org |date= |accessdate=2012-05-29}}</ref>
*Central Territory is for [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]] and part of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.salvationarmy.org/ind/www_ind.nsf/vw-dynamic-arrays/80256E520050A2E280256CB0006848D9?openDocument |title=Central Territory, THQ Chennai (Madras) |publisher=.salvationarmy.org |date= |accessdate=2012-05-29}}</ref>
*Eastern Territory is for [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Sikkim]], [[Tripura]], (part of) [[West Bengal]] and the [[Kingdom of Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.salvationarmy.org/ind/www_ind.nsf/vw-dynamic-arrays/80256E520050A2E280256CB000685ED5?openDocument |title=Eastern Territory, THQ Mizoram |publisher=.salvationarmy.org |date= |accessdate=2012-05-29}}</ref>
*Northern Territory includes the states of [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], (part of) [[West Bengal]], the [[Delhi]], [[Chandigarh]], the [[Andaman Islands]] and the [[Nicobar Islands]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.salvationarmy.org/ind/www_ind.nsf/vw-dynamic-arrays/80256E520050A2E280256CB000686C67?openDocument |title=Northern Territory, THQ New Delhi |publisher=.salvationarmy.org |date= |accessdate=2012-05-29}}</ref>
*South Western Territory equals [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.salvationarmy.org/ind/www_ind.nsf/vw-dynamic-arrays/80256E520050A2E280256CB000688B8B?openDocument |title=South Western Territory, THQ Trivandrum |publisher=.salvationarmy.org |date= |accessdate=2012-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Salvation Army - ISWT Official Website|url=https://iswt.in/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=iswt.in}}</ref>
*Western Territory covers [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.salvationarmy.org/ind/www_ind.nsf/vw-dynamic-arrays/80256E520050A2E280256CB0006898C6?openDocument |title=Western Territory, THQ Mumbai (Bombay) |publisher=.salvationarmy.org |date= |accessdate=2012-05-29}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www1.salvationarmy.org/ind/www_ind.nsf/vw-dynamic-index/80256E520050A2E280256C09004DF41D?openDocument Home Page of The Salvation Army in India]

{{Churches in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salvation Army In India}}
[[Category:Salvationism in India]]

{{Salvation-Army-stub}}

Aayiram Kaliamman Temple

2025-12-12T16:48:22Z

AnonyMo: New New Biography!

{{Short description|Temple in Puducherry, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
'''Aayiram Kaliamman Temple''' is an ancient temple in [[Tirumalairayanpattinam]] (T.R.Pattinam). The temple is much famous for the main deity, [[Kali Amman|Goddess Kaliamman]]'s statue is made up of wood.

==History==
[[File:Aayiram Kaali Amman Aalayam Thirumalairayanpattinam.jpg|thumb|Aayiram Kaali Amman Aalayam Temple]]
According to legend, a devotee belonging to [[Senguntha Mudaliar]] caste dreamt that he collects a box with an idol of Goddess Kaliamman on the seacoast. The next day he really found a silver box with an idol on the seacoast, along with a palm leaf inscription.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trawell.in/pondicherry/karaikal/aayiram-kaliamman-temple|title=AAYIRAM KALIAMMAN TEMPLE - TRAVEL INFO|publisher=}}</ref> The palm leaf inscription indicated that this deity has to be worshipped with 1000 items daily.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

But the community decided to conduct pooja for once in 5 years, as performing pooja with 1000 ritualistic object daily is impossible. During the Tamil month of Vaikasi (May–June), the festival is conducted for every 5 years.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

==Festival==
[[File:Arulmigu Abhirami Amman Aalayam, T.R.Pattinam.jpg|thumb|Arulmigu Abhirami Amman Aalayam]]

Every five years, a special pooja is performed with 1000 items.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Karaikal-temple-festival-from-May-29/article14765616.ece|title=Karaikal temple festival from May 29|date=19 May 2007|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> This special pooja at Aayiramkaliamman Temple attracts devotees from all over Tamil Nadu and Puducherry.

==Goddess idol==
The goddess is entirely made of wood. Every part of her body is kept individually in a wooden box.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://karaikal.gov.in/GovtOffices/TOURISM/temp9.htm|title=Karaikal Aayiram Kaliamman Temple|website=karaikal.gov.in|access-date=2017-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104230744/http://karaikal.gov.in/GovtOffices/TOURISM/temp9.htm|archive-date=2018-01-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|10.9237272|79.8299009|format=dms|display=title}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Karaikal district]]

Bus Bai Bas

2025-12-12T01:51:59Z

AnonyMo: added pg - done

{{Short description|Marathi talk show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bus Bai Bas Ladies Special.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| genre = [[Talk show]]
| language = Marathi
| country = India
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 27
| writer =
| director = Pratik Kolhe
| starring = [[Subodh Bhave]]
| company =
| executive_producer = Sandeep Arjun Kamble
| producer =
| runtime = 45 minutes
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|07|29}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2022|10|22}}
}}

''''' Bus Bai Bas''''' ({{translation|Sit Lady in Bus}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television [[talk show]] hosted by actor and filmmaker [[Subodh Bhave]] which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Subodh Bhave to entertain with his new show 'Bas Bai Bas', watch promo - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/subodh-bhave-to-entertain-with-his-new-show-bas-bai-bas-watch-promo/articleshow/92671418.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Concept ==
The show invited women celebrity guests every week to talk about their personalities, bond, controversies, relations, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title="I always wanted to do a talk show like Bas Bai Bas," says Subodh Bhave|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/i-always-wanted-to-do-a-talk-show-like-bas-bai-bas-says-subodh-bhave/articleshow/93157789.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Celebrity Guests ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Episode No.
!Guest
!Aired date
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|1
|[[Supriya Sule]]
| style="text-align: center;"|29 July 2022
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Politician Supriya Sule to grace Bas Bai Bas' premiere episode - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/politician-supriya-sule-to-grace-bas-bai-bas-premiere-episode/articleshow/93182270.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|2
|[[Amruta Khanvilkar]]
| style="text-align: center;"|30 July 2022
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title='हॉटेलच्या रूममध्ये एकटी असली की सगळे....'; बस बाई बसमध्ये अमृतानं केला खुलासा |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/amruta-khanvilkar-chandra-in-bus-bai-bus-zee-marathi-mhgm-739524.html |website=[[News18 Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|3
|[[Amruta Fadnavis]]
| style="text-align: center;"|5 August 2022
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Opening Up On Troll To Sharing Fun Facts About Husband And Deputy CM Of Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis; A Look At The Revelations Made By Singer Amruta Fadnavis On Bas Bai Bas - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/opening-up-on-troll-to-sharing-fun-facts-about-husband-and-deputy-cm-of-maharashtra-devendra-fadnavis-a-look-at-the-revelations-made-by-singer-amruta-fadnavis-on-bas-bai-bas/etphotostory/93404792.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|4
|[[Medha Manjrekar]]
| style="text-align: center;"|6 August 2022
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title='नवऱ्याचा फोन चेक करता का?'; मेधा मांजरेकरांनी दिलं मजेशीर उत्तर |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bus-bai-bus-medha-manjrekar-say-about-mahesh-manjrekar-phone-1087459 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|5
| rowspan="2"|[[Pankaja Munde]]
| style="text-align: center;"|12 August 2022
| rowspan="2"|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=कॉलेजमध्ये असताना कोणी प्रपोज केलं का? पंकजा मुंडेंनी केला खुलासा |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/bus-bai-bus-zee-marathi-show-bjp-leader-pankaja-munde-talk-about-her-college-days-and-proposal-watch-video/643967 |website=[[Zee 24 Taas]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|6
| style="text-align: center;"|13 August 2022
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|7
| [[Shruti Marathe]] and [[Anita Date-Kelkar]]
| style="text-align: center;"|14 August 2022
| Promotion of ''[[Nava Gadi Nava Rajya]]''
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|8
|[[Kranti Redkar]]
| style="text-align: center;"|19 August 2022
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title='लंडनची राणी आमची आजी आहे'; काय आहे हे प्रकरण? क्रांती करणार खुलासा |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/kranti-redkar-in-bus-bai-bus-says-london-queen-is-our-grandmother-mhgm-748494.html |website=[[News18 Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|9
|[[Pooja Sawant]]
| style="text-align: center;"|20 August 2022
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title='या' बॉलिवूड अभिनेत्यावर पूजा सावंत फिदा; व्यक्त केली लग्नाची इच्छा |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/pooja-sawant-big-crush-on-sidharth-mlhotra-she-revealed-in-bus-bai-bus-latest-epsiode-mhad-749153.html |website=[[News18 Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|10
|[[Hruta Durgule]]
| style="text-align: center;"|26 August 2022
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title="TV Actors Are More Popular Still, Film Actors Look Down Upon Them," Says Hruta Durgule - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/tv-actors-are-more-popular-still-film-actors-look-down-upon-them-says-hruta-durgule/etphotostory/93815859.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|11
|[[Kishori Pednekar]]
| style="text-align: center;"|27 August 2022
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=आता खूप झालीत वळणं..., ‘बस बाई बस’च्या मंचावर किशोरी पेडणेकरांची तुफान फटकेबाजी |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/kishori-pednekar-in-zee-marathi-show-bus-bai-bus-a590/ |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|12
|[[Surekha Punekar]]
| style="text-align: center;"|2 September 2022
|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|13
|[[Amruta Subhash]]
| style="text-align: center;"|3 September 2022
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Sharing Her Working Experience With Ranveer Singh, Vijay Raaz In Gully Boy To Receiving A Letter From Aamir Khan, A Look At The Revelations Made By Amruta Subhash On Bas Bai Bas - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/from-sharing-her-working-experience-with-ranveer-singh-vijay-raaz-in-gully-boy-to-receiving-a-letter-from-aamir-khan-a-look-at-the-revelations-made-by-amruta-subhash-on-bas-bai-bas/etphotostory/94129746.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|14
|[[Sai Tamhankar]]
| style="text-align: center;"|9 September 2022
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=I Was Dropped From A Film Overnight As Makers Thought I Am Cross-Eyed, I Cried A Lot: Sai Tamhankar Opens Up In Bas Bai Bas - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/i-was-dropped-from-a-film-overnight-as-makers-thought-i-am-cross-eyed-i-cried-a-lot-sai-tamhankar-opens-up-in-bas-bai-bas/etphotostory/94266239.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|15
|[[Usha Nadkarni]]
| style="text-align: center;"|10 September 2022
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=“मला चांगले रोल मिळाले नाहीत…” मराठी सिनेसृष्टीतील ‘आऊं’नी व्यक्त केली खंत |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-actress-usha-nadkarni-zee-marathi-bus-bai-bus-programme-talk-about-role-nrp-97-3128534/ |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|16
|[[Shreya Bugde]]
| style="text-align: center;"|16 September 2022
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=OMG, इतके चपलांचे जोड? श्रेया बुगडेचा हा खुलासा ऐका तर |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/bus-bai-bus-prom-marathi-actress-shreya-bugde-revealed-about-her-footwear-collection-a590/ |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|17
|[[Sonalee Kulkarni]]
| style="text-align: center;"|17 September 2022
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=आमच्यात मैत्री वगैरे काही नाही...अमृताबद्दल जरा स्पष्टच बोलली सोनाली कुलकर्णी |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/bus-bai-bas-recent-episode-sonalee-kulkarni-talks-about-friendship-with-amruta-khanvilkar/articleshow/94279924.cms |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|18
|[[Rinku Rajguru]]
| style="text-align: center;"|23 September 2022
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=गेल्या जन्मी ही रूक्मिणीचा अवतार होती..., रिंकू राजगुरूने सांगितला ‘सैराट’ चाहत्याचा ‘सैराट’ किस्सा |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/rinku-rajguru-in-zee-marathi-show-bus-bai-bus-with-host-subodh-bhave-a590/ |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|19
|[[Vishakha Subhedar]]
| style="text-align: center;"|24 September 2022
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ट्रेनमध्ये लिपस्टिक, नेलपेंट विकायची मराठी सिनेसृष्टीतील ही प्रसिद्ध अभिनेत्री |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/marathi-comedy-actress-vishakha-subhedar-share-her-mumbai-local-memories-in-bus-bai-bus/articleshow/94453172.cms |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|20
|[[Priya Bapat]]
| style="text-align: center;"|30 September 2022
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=नाटकाच्या प्रयोगादरम्यान लघुशंका आली अन्...; 'बस बाई बस'च्या मंचावर प्रिया बापटने शेअर केला भन्नाट किस्सा |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/actress-priya-bapat-will-be-participating-in-the-upcoming-episode-of-bus-bai-bus-video-get-viral-1105954 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|21
|[[Shreegauri Sawant]]
| style="text-align: center;"|1 October 2022
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=वडिलांचा फोटो पाहताच ढसाढसा रडल्या गौरी सावंत, म्हणाल्या “तुमच्यासारखा बाप…” |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/transgender-gauri-sawant-cry-after-watch-father-photo-in-bus-bai-bus-nrp-97-3176298/ |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|22
|[[Sonali Kulkarni]]
| style="text-align: center;"|7 October 2022
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=“तेव्हा राधिका आपटेने मला अर्ध्या झोपेतून…”, सोनाली कुलकर्णीने सांगितला ‘तो’ किस्सा |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/actress-sonali-kulkarni-shared-radhika-apte-incidence-in-bus-bai-bus-show-kak-96-3178932/ |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|23
|[[Shubhangi Gokhale]]
| style="text-align: center;"|8 October 2022
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bus Bai Bus: Shubhangi Gokhale Reminisces Her Love Story With Mohan Gokhale |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bus-bai-bus-shubhangi-gokhale-reminisces-her-love-story-with-mohan-gokhale-6143605.html |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|24
| rowspan="2"|[[Prarthana Behere]]
| style="text-align: center;"|14 October 2022
| rowspan="2"|Promotion of ''[[Majhi Tujhi Reshimgath]]''
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=तुम्ही दिसता छान पण तेवढंच घाण हसता! त्याने प्रार्थना बेहेरेच्या तोंडावर म्हटलं असं काही... |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/prarthana-behere-at-bus-bai-bus-zee-marathi-show-when-assistant-said-her-laugh-is-danger/articleshow/94882934.cms |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|25
| style="text-align: center;"|16 October 2022
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|26
| rowspan="2"|[[Sayali Sanjeev]]
| style="text-align: center;"|21 October 2022
| rowspan="2"|Promotion of ''[[Har Har Mahadev]]''
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref >{{Cite web |title=सकाळी उठल्या उठल्या सायली संजीवला लागते ही गोष्ट, अभिनेत्रीने स्वतःच केला खुलासा |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/actress-sayli-sanjeev-wants-tv-when-he-wakes-up-in-the-morning-mhsz-776514.html |website=[[News18 Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|27
| style="text-align: center;"|22 October 2022
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt21911492}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/bus-bai-bus/0-6-4z5182680 ''Bus Bai Bas Ladies Special''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television talk shows]]

First Nijalingappa ministry

2025-12-10T04:46:28Z

AnonyMo: enhanced citations for accuracy for accuracy

{{Short description|Government of Mysore, India (1956–57)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}

{{Infobox government cabinet|cabinet_type=Council of Ministers|total_number=|previous=[[Manjappa ministry]]|outgoing_formation=|incoming_formation=|advice_and_consent2=|advice_and_consent1=|budget=|legislature_term=6 years ([[Mysore Legislative Council|Council]]) 5 years ([[Mysore Legislative Assembly|Assembly]])|last_election=[[1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1957]]|election=[[1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1952]]|opposition_leader=|opposition_party=|opposition_cabinet=|legislature_status=[[Majority government|Majority]]|political_parties='''[[Indian National Congress]]'''|former_members_number=|cabinet_number=4th|members_number=|state_head=[[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]] 1 November 1956 – 4 May 1963 ''(As [[List of governors of Karnataka|Governor]] of [[Mysore State|Mysore]])''|government_head_history=|deputy_government_head=|government_head=[[S. Nijalingappa]]|date_dissolved=1 April 1957{{cn|date=October 2025}}|date_formed=1 November 1956{{cn|date=October 2025}}|caption=S. Nijalingappa|image_size=|image=File:Snijalingappa.jpg|incumbent=[[Basavaraj Bommai ministry]]|flag_border=true|flag=|jurisdiction=[[Mysore State|Mysore]] State|successor=[[Second Nijalingappa ministry]]}}

'''First S. Nijalingappa Ministry''' was the Council of Ministers in Mysore, a state in [[South India]] headed by [[S. Nijalingappa]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=येदियुरप्पा मंत्रिमंडल में 17 विधायक शामिल, एक पूर्व सीएम और दो पूर्व डिप्टी सीएम बने मंत्री|url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/karnataka-cm-bs-yediyurappa-proposes-names-of-17-mlas-to-governor-for-induction-as-cabinet-ministers|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref> of the [[Indian National Congress]].

The ministry had multiple ministers including the [[Chief Minister of Mysore|Chief Minister]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka BJP cabinet expansion Updates: Governor Vajubhai Vala administers oath to 17 MLAs as ministers|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/karnataka-bjp-cabinet-expansion-live-updates-bs-yediyurappa-to-add-17-new-ministers-oath-taking-today-rebel-congress-mlas-governor-vajubhai-vala-7190121.html|website=Firstpost|date=20 August 2019 }}</ref> All ministers belonged to the [[Indian National Congress]].

[[S. Nijalingappa]] became Chief minister of Mysore after [[Kadidal Manjappa]] resigned as [[Chief Minister of Mysore]] on 31 October 1956 following [[Unification of Karnataka]].<ref name="stat2">{{cite news|date=11 October 2007|title=S.R. Bommai passes away|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/11/stories/2007101155711200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011220918/http://hindu.com/2007/10/11/stories/2007101155711200.htm|archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref>

== Chief Minister and cabinet ministers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Portfolio
!Name
!Portrait
!Constituency
! colspan="2" |Term of Office
! colspan="2" scope="col" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Chief Minister of Mysore|Chief Minister]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 26, 2013|first=Sam|last=Rajappa|title=Census work in Belgaum threatened by language controversy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19810315-census-work-in-belgaum-threatened-by-language-controversy-772735-2013-11-26|access-date=2021-11-06|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
'''*Other departments not allocated to any Minister.'''
|'''[[S. Nijalingappa]]''' <ref name="stat10">{{cite web|title=Language issue in Karnataka explodes into a violent agitation|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820515-language-issue-in-karnataka-explodes-into-a-violent-agitation-771772-2013-10-16|publisher=indiatoday}}</ref>
|[[File:Siddavanahalli_Nijalingappa_2003_stamp_of_India.jpg|132x132px]]
|''None''<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 21, 2013|first=Anita|last=Pratap|title=Problems for Karnataka CM Ramakrishna Hegde after five years in power|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880131-problems-for-karnataka-cm-ramakrishna-hegde-after-five-years-in-power-769003-2013-11-21|access-date=2021-11-06|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|1 November 1956
|1 April 1957
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|2
|
|[[Kadidal Manjappa]]
|
|[[Tirthahalli (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Tirthahalli]]
|1 November 1956
|1 April 1957
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|- style="text-align:center"
|2
|Finance
|'''[[T. Mariappa]]'''
|[[File:T Mariappa.jpg|132x132px]]
|[[Nagamangala (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Nagamangala]]
|1 November 1956
|1 April 1957
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- style="text-align:center"
|}

== Minister of State ==

{{Empty section|date=December 2021}}

== See also ==
* [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Mysore Legislative Council]]
* [[Politics of Mysore]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Karnataka Cabinets}}

[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Karnataka ministries|Nijalingappa]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Karnataka|Nijalingappa I]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1957|N]]

Vasa, Palghar

2025-12-08T13:58:17Z

AnonyMo: Made A Article From Scratch

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vasa
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.1223442|N|72.8338234|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Talasari]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 65
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 6024
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551564
| footnotes =
}}
'''Vasa''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Talasari]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |access-date=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Vasa has 1084 households. The effective literacy rate (the literacy rate excluding children aged six and under) is 57.05%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2015-08-17 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 6024 || 2944 || 3080
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 1058 || 527 || 531
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 5999 || 2936 || 3063
|-
| Literates || 2833 || 1728 || 1105
|-
| Workers (all) || 2387 || 1434 || 953
|-
| Main workers (total) || 1564 || 1026 || 538
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 419 || 341 || 78
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 438 || 158 || 280
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 20 || 18 || 2
|-
| Main workers: Other || 687 || 509 || 178
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 823 || 408 || 415
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 155 || 47 || 108
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 465 || 237 || 228
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 6 || 6 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 197 || 118 || 79
|-
| Non-workers || 3637 || 1510 || 2127
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Talasari taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Talasari taluka]]