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Muhsin Parari

2026-05-07T13:13:42Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai:

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Muhsin Parari
| image = 09tvm muhsin.jpg
| caption = Muhsin Parari
| birth_name = Muhsin Parari
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|9|23}}
| birth_place = [[Edavanna]], [[Kerala]], India
| other names = Mu.Ri
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director]]|[[screenwriter]]|[[lyricist]]|[[film producer]]}}
| organisation = The Writing Company<ref name="timesofindia.com">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/muhsin-parari-sekhar-menons-0300am-brings-an-unique-quirky-sound-to-malayalam-music/articleshow/91922765.cms "Muhsin Parari, Sekhar Menon's 03:00AM brings an{{sic |nolink=yes}} unique, quirky sound to Malayalam music"]</ref>
| yearsactive = 2012{{En dash}}present
| spouse = Ameera Ibrahim
| children = 2
| website =
| awards = [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala State Chalachithra Academy |url=http://www.keralafilm.com/images/2019/Kerala_Film_Award_2018_declaration.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122124105/http://www.keralafilm.com/images/2019/Kerala_Film_Award_2018_declaration.pdf|archive-date=2022-11-22 |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=www.keralafilm.com}}</ref>
}}

'''Muhsin Parari,''' known professionally as '''Mu.Ri''', is an Indian film director, writer, producer and lyricist who works in [[Malayalam film]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Unni-Mukundan-joins-college/articleshow/45034019.cms|title=Unni Mukundan joins college|work=The Times of India|last1=Karthikeyan |first1=Shruti}}</ref>

==Career==

He started his career by directing the music album ''Native Bapa'' (2012),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Album-questions-narratives-on-Islamic-terror/articleshow/17895723.cms|title=Album questions narratives on Islamic terror|work=The Times of India|date=5 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.asiavillenews.com/article/street-academics-protest-songs-about-caa-and-nrc-25377|title='ഇൻക്വിലാബും ജയ് ഭീമും വിളിച്ച് മുസൽമാനായി ജീവിക്കും ഞാൻ' പ്രതിഷേധ റാപ്പുമായി സ്ട്രീറ്റ് അക്കാദമിക്സ്|website=Asiaville}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediaonetv.in/entertainment/2018/05/25/5986-Funeral-Of-A-Native-Son-as-a-musical-tribute-to-Rohit-Vemula|title=വിദ്യാര്‍ഥി പ്രക്ഷോഭങ്ങളെ അടയാളപ്പെടുത്തി മുഹ്സിന്‍ പരാരിയുടെ ഫ്യൂണറല്‍ ഓഫ് എ നേറ്റീവ് സണ്‍|website=MediaOne News | Latest Malayalam News from MediaOne Tv|date=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/funeral-of-a-native-son-bijipal-muhsin-parari-mamukkoya-malayalam-news-1.1074105|title='ഫ്യൂണറല്‍ ഓഫ് എ നേറ്റീവ് സണ്‍' നേറ്റീവ് ബാപ്പയുടെ രണ്ടാം ഭാഗം പുറത്തിറങ്ങി|website=Mathrubhumi|date=20 May 2016}}</ref> in which actor [[Mamukkoya]] played the lead. He worked as assistant director in the feature films ''[[5 Sundarikal]]'' (2013) and ''[[The Last Supper (2014 film)|The Last Supper]]'' (2014). His first movie as a director was ''[[KL 10 Patthu]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kl-10-pathu-review-malayalam-movie-20012|title=KL 10 Pathu review. KL 10 Pathu Malayalam movie review, story, rating|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/k-l-10-pathu-review-malayalam-phtunBbjiiedb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723004416/http://www.sify.com/movies/k-l-10-pathu-review-malayalam-phtunBbjiiedb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 July 2015|title=K L 10 Pathu|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In 2016, he returned with ''Funeral of a Native Son'', a sequel to ''Native Bappa''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Aashiq-Abu-launches-Funeral-Of-A-Native-Son-video/articleshow/52432707.cms|title=Aashiq Abu launches 'Funeral Of A Native Son' video - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Muhsin co-wrote the movie ''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]'' with director [[Zakariya Mohammed]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sudani-from-nigeria-to-aravindante-athidhikal-small-films-lead-summer-box-office-collections-in-kerala-4479299.html|title=Sudani From Nigeria to Aravindante Athidhikal, small films lead summer box office collections in Kerala |date=23 May 2018|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl963347713/weekend/|title=Sudani from Nigeria|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> The movie received five [[Kerala State Film Awards]], including for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/02/27/kerala-state-film-awards-2019-winners.html|title=Kerala State Film Awards | Here's the complete winners list|website=OnManorama}}</ref> His next release was ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'', directed by [[Aashiq Abu]]. The movie was set against the backdrop of the [[2018 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala]]. Muhsin co-wrote the screenplay with the duo [[Suhas-Sharfu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aashiq-abu-announces-virus-featuring-revathy-asif-ali-parvathy-film-to-tentatively-release-in-2019-5109181.html|title=Aashiq Abu announces Virus, featuring Revathy, Asif Ali, Parvathy; film to tentatively release in 2019 |date=4 September 2018|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/virus-review-compassionate-gripping-medical-thriller-103183|title='Virus' review: A compassionate, gripping medical thriller|date=7 June 2019|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kolaigaran-pulls-in-rs-6-8-cr-from-opening-weekend-in-tamil-nadu-virus-earns-rs-6-cr-worldwide-6820291.html|title=Kolaigaran pulls in Rs 6.8 cr from opening weekend in Tamil Nadu; Virus earns Rs 6 cr worldwide |date=16 June 2019|website=Firstpost}}</ref> His 2020 release was ''[[Halal Love Story]]'', second feature by [[Zakariya Mohammed]] after ''Sudani from Nigeria''. Zakariya and Muhsin again joined to write the script and also credited as co-producers of the movie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/jan/16/halal-love-story-is-a-family-comedy-drama-zakariya-2090006.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117173123/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/jan/16/halal-love-story-is-a-family-comedy-drama-zakariya-2090006.html|archive-date=17 January 2020|title='Halal Love Story' is a family comedy-drama: Zakariya|date=16 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/need-accept-alternative-platforms-cinema-halal-love-story-director-zakariya-135050|title='Need to accept alternative platforms for cinema': 'Halal Love Story' director Zakariya|date=10 October 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-zakariya-mohammed-speaks-about-his-upcoming-malayalam-film-halal-love-story/article32835114.ece|title=Director Zakariya Mohammed speaks about his upcoming Malayalam film 'Halal Love Story'|first=Saraswathy|last=Nagarajan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 October 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

Muhsin is the writer and creative director of 2022 movie ''[[Thallumaala]]'' (dir:[[Khalid Rahman]]).<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/feb/07/sharaf-u-dheen-replaces-soubin-shahir-in-new-tovino-thomas-film-2100071.html|title=Sharaf U Dheen replaces Soubin Shahir in new Tovino Thomas film|website=The New Indian Express|date=7 February 2020 }}</ref> The movie was announced in 2019 as his second directorial venture, but later in February 2020, Muhsin Parari announced that he would only do the script part, and [[Khalid Rahman]] would be the director.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/thallumaala-dropped-khalid-rahman-helm-film-new-team/ | title=Thallumaala dropped; Khalid Rahman to helm the film with a new team | date=10 February 2020}}</ref> The movie was a big commercial success and turned out to be the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|ninth-highest grossing Malayalam film]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/thallumaala-total-box-office-colelction-tovino-thomas-khalid-rahman-ashiq-usman-productions-rhslql|title=വെറും ഹിറ്റ് അല്ല മെഗാ ഹിറ്റ്; 'തല്ലുമാല'യുടെ ഒരു മാസത്തെ കളക്ഷന്‍ കണക്ക് പുറത്തുവിട്ട് നിര്‍മ്മാതാക്കള്‍|website=Asianet News Malayalam}}</ref>

He is also a noted lyricist,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/shihas-ammedkoyas-social-media-post-about-film-maker-muhsin-parari-goes-viral/articleshow/76242378.cms?story=5 | title=ഹൃദയത്തോട് ചേരുന്ന മുഹ്സിനിലെ ബഷീറിയൻ എഴുത്ത്; വൈറലായി കുറിപ്പ്! }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/2020/12/12/muhsin-parari-and-sithara-with-teasong-video | title='മോന്തി തീരും നേരം മുന്നേ ചായ മോന്തി തീർക്കണം'; ചായപ്പാട്ടുമായി മുഹ്സിന്‍ പരാരിയും സിത്താരയും; വീഡിയോ | date=12 December 2020 }}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.com" /> and has penned songs in movies such as ''[[Thamaasha]]'', ''[[Halal Love Story]]'', ''[[Bheemante Vazhi]]'', ''[[Thallumaala]]'' and ''[[Sulaikha Manzil]]''.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/spread-love/PhBdSFlEZ0M|title=Spread Love (Full Song & Lyrics) - Shelton Pinheiro, Madonna Sebastian, Muhsin Parari, Sushin Shyam - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=4 June 2019|via=www.jiosaavn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/listsongs.php?l=15337|title=List of Malayalam Songs written by Muhsin Parari|website=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Movies ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Year!! width=150|Title !! Director !! Notes
|-
|2013
|''[[Dayom Panthrandum]]''
|Harshad
|Dialogues only
|-
| 2015 ||''[[KL 10 Patthu]]''|| Himself || Debut as director<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/chandini-sreedharan-new-heroine-mollywood-floor|title=Chandini Sreedharan, a new heroine in Mollywood floor|work=onlookersmedia|date=15 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]'' || [[Zakariya Mohammed]]|| rowspan="2" |Writer
|-
|2019
|''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]''
|[[Aashiq Abu]]
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Halal Love Story]] ''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/news/joju-george-zakariya-mohammed-s-halal-love-story-announced-056390.html|title=സുഡാനിക്ക് ശേഷം ഹലാല്‍ ലവ് സ്‌റ്റോറിയുമായി സക്കറിയ! നായകനായി ജോജു ജോര്‍ജ്ജ്|first=Midhun|last=Raj|date=13 October 2019|website=malayalam.filmibeat.com}}</ref> || Zakariya Mohammed|| Writer, producer
|-
|2022
|''[[Thallumaala]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/thallumaala-dropped-khalid-rahman-helm-film-new-team/|title=Thallumaala dropped; Khalid Rahman to helm the film with a new team|first=Vignesh|last=Madhu|date=10 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="auto4"/>
|[[Khalid Rahman]]
|Writer and creative director
|-
|2023
|''[[Ayalvaashi]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.reporterlive.com/film-news/muhsin-parari-and-ashiq-usman-new-movie-named-ayalvashi-96863 | title='അയൽവാശി'യുമായി സൗബിൻ; മുഹ്‌സിൻ പരാരിയും ആഷിഖ് ഉസ്മാനും നിർമ്മിക്കുന്ന പുതിയ ചിത്രം | date=4 November 2022}}</ref>
|Irshad Parari
|Producer
|-
|TBA
|''Thantha Vibe''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-26 |title=Tovino in 'Thantha Vibe', Muhsin Parari returns after a decade |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/tovino-thomas-announces-thantha-vibe-muhsin-parari-direction-1.10287644 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=nirmal |title=10 വര്‍ഷത്തിന് ശേഷം മുഹ്‍സിന്‍ പരാരി; ടൊവിനോയുടെ 'തന്ത വൈബ് ഹൈബ്രിഡ്' വരുന്നു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/thantha-vibe-hybrid-new-movie-announced-tovino-thomas-muhsin-parari-sqmw2g |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|Himself
|
|-
|TBA
|Untitled [[Naslen K. Gafoor]] movie<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhu C Narayanan is back? 'Kumbalangi Nights' director helming next film with Naslen |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/02/02/madhu-narayanan-new-film-on-the-cards-after-kumbalangi-nights.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-02 |title='Kumbalangi Nights’ director Madhu C Narayanan returns after 6 years, teams up with Naslen for a new film! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kumbalangi-nights-director-madhu-c-narayanan-returns-after-6-years-teams-up-with-naslen-for-a-new-film/articleshow/117856728.cms |access-date=2025-04-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|[[Madhu C Narayanan]]
|Writer
|}

===Other works===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Year!! width=150|Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|2009 ||''TerriKiddo'' || rowspan="3" | Director || Short film
|-
| 2013 ||''Native Bapa''|| Malayalam hip-hop album<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/2013/04/what-rhymes-with-self-respect/|title=What Rhymes with Self-Respect?|work=Tehelka – Investigations, Latest News, Politics, Analysis, Blogs, Culture, Photos, Videos, Podcasts|access-date=15 August 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113850/http://www.tehelka.com/2013/04/what-rhymes-with-self-respect/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralabox.com/videos/play-native-bappa-new-malayalam-album-by-mappila-lahala_41088-1|title=Native Bappa New Malayalam album by Mappila Lahala on Cinema Flash news Cinema News Trailer|work=KeralaBox}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''Funeral of a Native Son''<ref>{{Citation|last=Bodhi Silent Scape|title=Funeral Of A Native Son {{!}} Official Video {{!}} Bijibal {{!}} Muhsin Parari {{!}} Ft Mamukkoya, Resmi, Haris|date=2016-05-20|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11Usfe4SWAs|accessdate=2016-05-21}}</ref>
|Malayalam hip-hop album; sequel to ''Native Bappa''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/funeral-of-a-native-son-bijipal-muhsin-parari-mamukkoya-malayalam-news-1.1074105|title='ഫ്യൂണറല്‍ ഓഫ് എ നേറ്റീവ് സണ്‍' നേറ്റീവ് ബാപ്പയുടെ രണ്ടാം ഭാഗം പുറത്തിറങ്ങി|website=Mathrubhumi|date=20 May 2016 |access-date=2016-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://southlive.in/movies-music/funeral-native-son/27710#/0|title=വീഡിയോ: മാമുക്കോയയ്‌ക്കൊപ്പം നേറ്റീവ് ബാപ്പ ടീം വീണ്ടും, വിദ്വേഷരാഷ്ട്രീയത്തിനെതിരെ മുഹ്‌സിന്‍ പരാരിയുടെ ഫ്യൂണറല്‍ ഓഫ് എ നേറ്റീവ് സണ്‍|website=Southlive|access-date=2016-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.reporterlive.com/2016/05/20/262894.html|title=ശക്തമായ രാഷ്ട്രീയ സന്ദേശവുമായി മാപ്പിള ഹിപ്ഹോപ്; 'ഫ്യൂണറല്‍ ഓഫ് എ നേറ്റീവ് സണ്‍'- മാമുക്കോയ വീണ്ടും വീഡിയോ ആല്‍ബത്തില്‍ {{!}} Reporter Live|date=2016-05-20|website=Reporter – Malayalam News Channel|access-date=2016-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2016/05/20/52343.html|title=സത്യം പറയാന്‍ ചങ്കൂറ്റോണ്ടെങ്കി നിങ്ങളും ചേര്‍ന്നോളീ...; ഫാസിസത്തെയും ഭരണകൂട ഭീകരതയെയും വെല്ലുവിളിച്ച് നേറ്റീവ് ബാപ്പ|website=Kairalinewsonline.com|access-date=2016-05-21}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''KozhiPunk'' - Music video<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mam_qeqinTE|title=Kozhi Punk Official Teaser | Sreenath Bhasi | Sekhar Menon | K Satchidanandan|website=[[YouTube]]|date=19 September 2020 }}</ref>
|Producer
|
|-
|2022
|''03:00 AM'' - Music video<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rc3ICN_QnsU | title=03:00 AM | Salim Kumar | Lukman Avaran | Sekhar Menon | Muhsin Parari | website=[[YouTube]]| date=29 May 2022 }}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Producer and director
|
|-
|2024
|''Panthal Chant'' - Music video<ref name="timelinedaily.com">{{Cite web |title='Panthal Chant': An Explosion Of Malabar's Love For Football |url=https://timelinedaily.com/entertainment/panthal-chant-an-explosion-of-malabar-s-love-for-football |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=TimelineDaily |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|2025
|''Nadupage'' ''- Music video'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=ഡെസ്ക് |first=ന്യൂസ് |date=2025-08-23 |title='ചായപ്പാട്ടി'ല്‍ നിന്ന് തുടങ്ങി 'നടുപ്പേജി'ല്‍ അവസാനിച്ച യാത്ര; സിത്താരയുടെ പുതിയ ഗാനം പുറത്ത് |url=https://newsmalayalam.com/entertainment/music/sithara-krishnakumars-naduppej-song-out-now |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=News Malayalam 24x7 |language=ml}}</ref>
|Producer
|
|}

===Ad films===
* ''Tales of love'' - Madhyamam Kudumbam<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7ahEO6Pumk |title=Video |website=www.youtube.com |date=8 May 2019 |accessdate=2020-10-24}}</ref>
* ''Entri App''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLHseONqtA0|title=Video |website=www.youtube.com |date=16 September 2019 |accessdate=2020-10-24}}</ref>

== As lyricist ==
Muhsin has earlier penned lyrics for Music Albums ''Native Bappa'' and ''Funeral of a Native Son'', directed by himself. His film debut as a lyricist was through 2019 movie [[Thamaasha]], directed by his friend [[Ashraf Hamza]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/muhsin-parari-turns-a-lyricist/articleshow/68965094.cms|title=Muhsin Parari turns a lyricist - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Muhsin was asked to complete the lines of ''Paadi Njan'', an incomplete [[Mappila songs|Mappilappaattu]] written by [[Pulikkottil Hyder]] into a full-length song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediaonetv.in/entertainment/2019/05/02/thamasha-song-history-from-pulikkotil-haider-to-muhsin-parari|title='പാടി ഞാൻ മൂളക്കമാലേ ഒരു പാട്ട് തന്നാലേ'; പുലിക്കോട്ടിൽ ഹൈദറിന്റെ വരികള്‍ തമാശയിലെത്തിയ കഥ ഇങ്ങനെ|first=Web|last=Desk|website=MediaOne News | Latest Malayalam News from MediaOne Tv|date=2 May 2019}}</ref> He also wrote three other songs for Thamaasha. Later in the year he wrote Malayalam lines for ''Spread Love'', a promotional track for the movie ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' along with English lyrics provided by Shelton Pinheiro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/spread-love-from-virus-single/1466893842|title=Spread Love (From "Virus") - Single by Sushin Shyam, Shelton Pinheiro & Madona Sebastian|website=Apple Music|date=4 June 2019}}</ref> In 2020, he wrote ''Chayappaattu'', an installment in [[Sithara Krishnakumar]]'s ''[[Project Malabaricus]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/chaayappaattua-music-video-by-sithara-krishnakumar-and-muhsin-parari/article31702506.ece|title=Malayalam music video 'Chaayappaattu' by Sithara Krishnakumar muses about lockdown|first=Athira|last=M|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 May 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> and two songs for the movie ''[[Halal Love Story]]''.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://gaana.com/song/sundaranayavane|title=Listen to Sundaranayavane Song by Shahabaz Aman on Gaana.com|via=gaana.com}}</ref> He has won Best Lyricist award at [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]] for penning "Sundaranayavane" from ''Halal Love Story''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecue.in/film-events/2021/09/20/siima-2021-full-winners-list|title = സൈമ അവാര്‍ഡ്‌സ്: അയ്യപ്പനും കോശിയും ലൂസിഫറും പ്രധാന പുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങള്‍; ജേതാക്കളുടെ പട്ടിക| date=20 September 2021 }}</ref> In 2021, He joined again with Ashraf Hamza by penning all songs on Hamza's second film ''[[Bheemante Vazhi]]''.

He wrote all the songs in 2022 movie ''[[Thallumaala]]'', directed by [[Khalid Rahman]] and written by himself.

Muhsin often prefer a [[pen name]] "Mu. Ri" for songwriting credits. In 2024, he announced his debut music album ''"Muriginals" Vol. 1'', featuring songs written by him and performed by artists including [[Shahabaz Aman]], [[Sithara Krishnakumar]], [[Vishnu Vijay]], [[Govind Vasantha]], [[Sekhar Menon]], [[Arivu]], [[Dabzee]], M.H.R, Joker, Wraith V., Babyjean, 6091, Fathima Jahan, [[Indrans]] and [[Chemban Vinod Jose]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-02 |title=സിനിമയ്ക്ക് പുറമേ കുറച്ച് പാട്ട് കൂടിയായാലോ? മുറിജിനല്‍സുമായി മൂഹ്‌സിന്‍ പരാരിയും സംഘവും |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/muhsin-parari-and-team-comes-up-with-muriginals-an-independent-music-makers-in-malayalam-mm-663045.html |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=News18 മലയാളം |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2024-04-01 |title='മുറിജിനല്‍സുമായി മൂഹ്‌സിന്‍ പരാരിയും സംഘവും; സിത്താര പാടിയ ആദ്യ പാട്ട് ജിലേബി പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/music/muhsin-parari-and-team-with-muriginals-the-first-song-sung-by-sithara-krishnakumar-jilebi-is-out-249900 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml}}</ref> The first song ''"Jilebi"'', featuring Sithara Krishnakumar and music produced by 6091 was released on 1 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=vipinvk |title='മുറിജിനല്‍സു'മായി മൂഹ്‌സിന്‍ പരാരിയും സംഘവും; സിത്താര പാടിയ ആദ്യ ഗാനം 'ജിലേബി' പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/mohsin-parari-and-team-with-muriginals-the-first-song-sung-by-sitara-jilebi-is-out-vvk-sbb8br |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref> The second song ''"Panthal Chant"'' featuring M.H.R, Wraith V., Dabzee, Babyjean and Joker was released on 8 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കാണുന്നോരെ പന്ത് കളിപ്പിക്കുന്ന പന്തളിപ്പാട്ടുമായി ഡാബ്സി, ബേബി ജീൻ, ജോക്കർ; മൂ.രിയുടെ പന്തൾ chant |url=https://www.doolnews.com/muhsin-parari-s-new-album-song-with-dabzee-babt-jean-jocker-panthal-chant-136-64.html |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=DoolNews |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2024, Muhsin Parari announced that he will be stepping away from songwriting for the foreseeable future to focus on his directorial and screenwriting commitments.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-18 |title=Muhsin Parari announces break from songwriting due to THIS reason |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/muhsin-parari-announces-break-from-songwriting-due-to-this-reason/articleshow/116429129.cms |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Muhsin Parari announces break from songwriting |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2024/12/18/lyricist-muhsin-parari-announces-break-from-songwriting.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Muhsin Parari announces break from songwriting |language=en}}</ref>

===Discography===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Year!! width=150|Song !! Music director(s) !! Film/album
!Notes.
|-
|2013 ||"Native Bappa" ||Roy George, [[Street Academics]]|| ''Native Bappa''
|
|-
| 2016
|"Funeral of a Native Son"
|[[Bijibal]], Street Academics
| ''Funeral of a Native Son''
|
|-
|rowspan=5|2019 ||"Paadi njan"|| [[Shahabaz Aman]], [[Rex Vijayan]] || rowspan=4|''[[Thamaasha]]''
|
|-
|"Kaanumbol ninne"
|rowspan=3|Rex Vijayan
|
|-
|"Aham Brahmasmi"
|
|-
|"Masala Chaya"
|
|-
|"Spread love"<ref name="auto3"/>||[[Sushin Shyam]]||[[Virus (2019 film)|''Virus'']]
|
|-
|rowspan=3|2020
|"Chaayappaattu"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jrh_uP9RMtI |title=Video |website=www.youtube.com |date=27 May 2020 |accessdate=2020-10-24}}</ref>
|[[Sithara Krishnakumar]]
|''Project Malabaricus''
|
|-
|"Sundaranayavane"<ref name="auto"/>
|rowspan=2|Shahabaz Aman, Rex Vijayan
|rowspan=2|''[[Halal Love Story]]''
|
|-
|"Bismillah"
|
|-
|rowspan=3|2021
|"Oruthi"
|rowspan=14|[[Vishnu Vijay]]
|rowspan=3|''[[Bheemante Vazhi]]''
|
|-
|"Bheemante Vazhippattu"
|
|-
|"Pale Pole"
|
|-
|rowspan=12|2022
|"Kannil Pettole"
|rowspan=11|''[[Thallumaala]]''
|
|-
|"Ole Melody"
|
|-
|"Thallumaala Paattu"
|
|-
|"Ndaakkippattu"
|
|-
|"Tupathu"
|
|-
|"Thoottikkanoda Patha"
|
|-
|"50 Cent"
|
|-
|"Target Locked"
|
|-
|"Wrath of Jemshi"
|
|-
|"Kafkaesque"
|
|-
|"Wedding Bells"
|
|-
|"03:00 AM"
|[[Sekhar Menon]]
|''03:00 AM''
|Featuring [[Salim Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=16 June 2022 |title=Malayalam music video '03:00 AM' is a hilarious take on not getting enough sleep at night |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/music-video-0300-am-on-sleeplessness/article65522940.ece |access-date=24 October 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="11" |2023
|"Puthuthayorith"
|rowspan=2|[[Jakes Bejoy]]
|''[[Iratta]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=31 January 2023 |title='ഉം.. പുതുതായൊരിത്..'; ഷഹബാസ് അമന്റെ ശബ്ദത്തിൽ 'ഇരട്ട'യിലെ ഗാനം |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/music/actor-joju-george-movie-iratta-song-rpc6vo |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|"Chewing Gum"
|''[[Ayalvaashi]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2023 |title='Chewing Gum': Here's the quirky song from the Soubin Shahir starrer 'Ayalvaashi' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/chewing-gum-heres-the-quirky-song-from-the-soubin-shahir-starrer-ayalvaashi/articleshow/99193587.cms?from=mdr |access-date=24 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|"Jil Jil Jil"
|rowspan=2|Vishnu Vijay
|rowspan=2|''[[Sulaikha Manzil]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=11 March 2023 |title=Sulaikha Manzil makers release new song |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/11/sulaikha-manzil-makers-release-new-song-40913.html |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Haalaake Maarunne"
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title='Haalake Marunne' is the new rage on social media. Playback singers take up challenge |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2023/05/28/haalake-marunne-anarkali-marikar-sulaikha-manzil-movie-song.html |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
|"Premakkathu Pattu"
|[[Govind Vasantha]]
|''[[Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham {{!}} Song - Premakkathu Pattu {{!}} Malayalam Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/malayalam/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-song-premakkathu-pattu/videoshow/100279215.cms |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Kotha Raja"
|Jakes Bejoy
|''[[King of Kotha]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2023 |title=Kotha Raja song from King of Kotha out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/26/kotha-raja-song-from-king-of-kotha-out-46994.html |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Manjeera Shinjitham"
| rowspan="5" |Vishnu Vijay
| rowspan="4" |''[[Falimy]]''
|rowspan=4|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഫാലിമി |url=https://m3db.com/film/falimy |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=M3DB |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Mazhavillile"
|-
|"Karayaruthe"
|-
|"Karunarasam"
|-
|"Alaye"
|''[[Kasargold]]''
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Kasargold (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=2023-10-20 |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6TUsZu6nVeMIVH8fIP2VDg |access-date=2024-09-12 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=8|2024
|"Viduthal"
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|''[[Anweshippin Kandethum]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=അന്വേഷിപ്പിൻ കണ്ടെത്തും |url=https://m3db.com/film/anweshippin-kandethum |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=M3DB |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Pennayippetta"
|rowspan=2|[[Gopi Sundar]]
|rowspan=2|''[[Perumani]]''
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite web |title=പെരുമാനി |url=https://m3db.com/film/perumani |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=M3DB |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Ya Wali Allah"
|-
|"Marannadu Pulle"
|[[Vishnu Vijay]]
|''[[Pani (film)|Pani]]''
|
|-
|"Readya Maaran"
|[[Jakes Bejoy]]
|''Hello Mummy''
|
|-
|"Dhurooha Manthahasame" - Promo song
|Christo Xavier
|''[[Sookshmadarshini]]''
|
|-
|"Jilebi"
|[[Sithara Krishnakumar]]
|rowspan=5|''Muriginals vol.1''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-02 |title=Jilebi, Muhsin Parari's First Song From The Upcoming Album Muriginals Vol-1, Released |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jilebi-muhsin-pararis-first-song-from-the-upcoming-album-muriginals-vol-1-released-8837150.html |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Panthal Chant"
|M.H.R, Wraith V., [[Dabzee]], Babyjean, JOKER
|<ref name="timelinedaily.com"/>
|-
| rowspan="7" |2025
|"Nalla Rasam"
|[[Sithara Krishnakumar]]
|
|-
|"Areela"
|[[Sekhar Menon]]
|Featuring [[Indrans]]
|-
|"Nadupage"
|[[Sithara Krishnakumar]], [[Dabzee]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-22 |title=Sithara Krishnakumar's New Song 'Nadupage' to Release Tomorrow |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2025/08/22/sithara-krishnakumar-new-song-nadupage-release.html |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=Manorama Online |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Shavathkuth"
| rowspan="2" |[[Vishnu Vijay]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Pravinkoodu Shappu]]''
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|"Kedathe"
|-
|"Cyclone Central
| rowspan="2" |[[Jakes Bejoy]]
|''[[Identity (2025 film)|Identity]]''
|
|-
|"Thani Lokah Murakkaari
|''[[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-08-23 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan and Naslen’s Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra gets a release date, promo song out |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Aug/23/malayalamnews2025aug21kalyani-priyadarshan-and-naslens-lokah-chapter-1-chandra-gets-a-release-date-promo-song-out |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!movie
|-
| rowspan=2|2018
| [[Kerala State Film Award]]
| rowspan=2|Best Screenplay
| rowspan=2|''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]''
|-
| [[CPC Cine Awards]]
|-
| 2020
| rowspan=2|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan=2|Best Lyricist
| ''[[Halal Love Story]]''
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Bheemante Vazhi]]''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{facebook|pararimuhsin}}
* {{IMDb name|7473972}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parari, Muhsin}}
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

Shiv Singh

2026-05-02T05:58:11Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: started new biography from scratch

{{Short description|Indian-Punjabi artist}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Shiv Singh
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 5 July 1938
| birth_place = Bassi Gulam Hussain [[Hoshiarpur]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2015|6|25|1938|7|5}}
| death_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| field = [[Sculpture]]
| training = Government Art and Craft School, [[Shimla]] & Government College of Art and Craft, [[Chandigarh]]
}}

'''Shiv Singh''' (5 July 1938 – 25 June 2015) was an Indian-Punjabi artist, known mainly for his work as a [[sculpture|sculptor]].

==Early life==
Shiv Singh was born at Bassi Gulam Hussain village near [[Hoshiarpur]] in [[Punjab, India]]. His father was a landlord who owned around 35 acres of farmland in the village. Shiv Singh did his early schooling (till class IV) at the village school and then joined DAV Senior Secondary School in Hoshiarpur from where he did his matriculation.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sanjiv Kumar Bakshi|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/though-away-shiv-singh-was-in-touch-with-his-village/99164.html|title=Though away, Shiv Singh was in touch with his village |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=2015-06-26 |accessdate=2015-06-27}}</ref>

==Education and career==
In 1958 Shiv Singh took to studying art at the Government Art and Craft School at Shimla. It was later shifted to Chandigarh with a new name as [[Government College of Arts, Chandigarh|Government College of Art and Craf]]<nowiki/>t, from where he finished his five-year degree course in 1962. He started teaching at Sainik School in [[Kapurthala]] in 1963. In 1968 German government offered him a scholarship in advanced studies and research in art for three years exposing the young artist to international art scene. Upon his return he joined Government Home Science College in Chandigarh in 1971 continuing to work on commissioned and personal basis.
Known for working mainly with iron and sometimes wood, Shiv Singh’s creations are placed at [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], [[New Delhi]]; National Academy of Art ([[Lalit Kala Akademi]]) New Delhi; Chandigarh Museum; [[Panjab University]] Museum; [[Punjab Agricultural University]], [[Ludhiana]]; State Museum, [[Shimla]]; Hack Museum, [[Ludwigshafen]]; Glaub Art Museum, Koln (Germany) and Haryana State Tourism (Tourist Resort) besides at many public spaces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/nature-s-child-who-breathed-life-into-metal/99089.html|title=Nature's Child Who Breathed Life into Metal|accessdate=2015-06-27|date=2015-06-27|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|author=Nonika Singh}}</ref>
Shiv Singh was the chairman of the Chandigarh Lalit Kala Akademi from 1999 to 2005 and was also the president of the Punjab Lalit Kala Akademi. He held a total of 66 one-man shows in India, [[Germany]], [[Denmark]], [[Sweden]], [[Scotland]], [[Canada]], [[England]] and other parts of Europe, besides participating in numerous national and international group exhibitions and festivals of art.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/master-crafter-shiv-singh-dies-at-76/article1-1363246.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630111811/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/master-crafter-shiv-singh-dies-at-76/article1-1363246.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2015|title=Master Crafter Shiv Singh dies at 76|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=2015-06-27 |accessdate=2015-06-27}}</ref> More on www.gnmps.org

==Personal life==
Shiv Singh married Gisela, a German national in 1972.<ref>{{cite web|author=Manpriya Khurana|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100611/ttlife1.htm|title=Bonds Beyond Borders |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=2010-06-11 |accessdate=2015-06-27}}</ref> They had a son Yasvin Singh, who lives in [[Frankfurt]], Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sculptor-Shiv-Singh-no-more/articleshow/47838117.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|title=Sculptor Shiv Singh No More|author1=Kamini Mehta |author2=Manasi Singh | date=2015-06-27 |accessdate=2015-06-27}}</ref>

Shiv Singh died of heart attack in a private hospital at [[Panchkula]], [[Haryana]] on 25 June 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dharmpath.com/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7/|title=मूर्तिकार शिव सिंह का निधन|last=|first=|date=2015-06-26|website=|publisher=dharmpath|accessdate=2019-06-26}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of people from Punjab, India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shiv}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary sculptors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:Indian male sculptors]]
[[Category:Male artists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:People from Hoshiarpur district]]
[[Category:Government College of Art, Chandigarh, alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]

Ram Vishun Singh

2026-04-20T09:29:38Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: created basic bio first draft.

{{short description|Indian politician from Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ram Vishun Singh
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|7|03}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/197.pdf|title=Member Profile|website=Bihar Vidhan Sabha|accessdate=20 November 2015}}</ref>
| birth_place = Village Dhakakaram, P.O. Barnav, Dist Bhojpur [[Arrah]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Jagdishpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jagdishpur]]
| term_start = 2015
| term_end = 2025
| predecessor = [[Dinesh Kumar Singh]]
| successor = [[Shri Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha]]
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater = BSC (math)
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Ram Vishun Singh''' also known as '''Ram Vishun Yadav''' and popularly called as '''Lohiya Ji''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Jagdishpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jagdishpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/live-updates/bihar-assembly-election-2015-live-results-1819584/1820079|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results: As it happened|website=zeenews.india.com|accessdate=8 November 2015 }}</ref> as the 2015 Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] as a member of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref name="Meet, Ram Vishun Singh, the man who helped Lalu Prasad plant over 1,000 saplings in Ranchi jail">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=20 October 2015 |title=Meet, Ram Vishun Singh, the man who helped Lalu Prasad plant over 1,000 saplings in Ranchi jail |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/meet-ram-vishun-singh-the-man-who-helped-lalu-prasad-plant-over-1000-saplings-in-ranchi-jail/articleshow/49459667.cms?from=mdr |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207172951/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/meet-ram-vishun-singh-the-man-who-helped-lalu-prasad-plant-over-1000-saplings-in-ranchi-jail/articleshow/49459667.cms?from=mdr |archivedate=7 December 2025 |accessdate=7 December 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name="Bihar election 2020: RJD’s Ram Vishun Singh, JD (U)’s Shushumlata to vie for Jagdishpur seat">{{cite news |date=28 October 2020 |title=Bihar election 2020: RJD's Ram Vishun Singh, JD (U)'s Shushumlata to vie for Jagdishpur seat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-election-2020-rjd-s-ram-vishun-singh-jd-u-s-shushumlata-to-vie-for-jagdishpur-seat/story-opnVglwGu3GYnZXdMbOWHK.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207173136/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-election-2020-rjd-s-ram-vishun-singh-jd-u-s-shushumlata-to-vie-for-jagdishpur-seat/story-opnVglwGu3GYnZXdMbOWHK.html |archivedate=7 December 2025 |accessdate=7 December 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ram Vishnun}}
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:People from Arrah]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}

Kiran Devi Yadav

2026-04-19T23:18:33Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: creating a bio

{{short description|Indian politician based in Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kiran Devi Yadav
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] (MLA) of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2020
| term_end = 2025
| predecessor = [[Arun Kumar Yadav (RJD politician)|Arun Yadav]]
| successor = [[Radha Charan Sah]]
| constituency = [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|1|11}}
| birth_place = [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]], [[Bihar]], India
| resting_place =
| birth_name =
| spouse = [[Arun Kumar Yadav (Bhojpur politician)|Arun Yadav]]
| father =
| mother =
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| relations = [[Vijendra Kumar Yadav|Vijendra Yadav]] (brother-in-law)
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession = Politician
}}

'''Kiran Devi Yadav''' (born 11 January 1974) is an Indian politician and a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. She is representing the [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]] constituency in [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]] of [[Bihar]] and was elected in 2020 as a member of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.electionsinindia.com/bihar/sandesh-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections|title=Bihar Legislative Assembly|website=election in india|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116200450/https://www.electionsinindia.com/bihar/sandesh-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=9622 |title=Kiran Devi Yadav (RJD), Constituency: Sandesh |work=Myneta.info |date=1 October 2022}}</ref>

==Family==
Kiran Devi Yadav is married to [[Arun Kumar Yadav (Bhojpur politician)|Arun Kumar Yadav]] who is also a former MLA of [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]] constituency from 2015 to 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=1418 |title=Arun Kumar Yadav (RJD), Constituency: Sandesh |work=Myneta.info |date=1 October 2022}}</ref>

She defeated Arun Yadav's elder brother [[Vijendra Kumar Yadav]] in the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from Sandesh.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Kiran Devi}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Women members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Bhojpur district, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Vansda Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:36:43Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: started initial page with sources - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = વાંસદા વિધાનસભા
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Navsari district|Navsari]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Valsad Lok Sabha constituency|Valsad]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 177
| mla = [[Anant Patel]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:299690}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
}}
'''Vansda''' or '''Bansda''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Navsari district|Navsari]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It was created by the 2008 delimitation.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|last=|first=|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Vansda Taluka
# Chikhli Taluka (Part) Villages – Jogwad, Kangvai, Ranverikalla, Ranverikhurd, Kharoli, Kukeri, Surkhai, Rankuwa, Manekpor, Harangam, Donja, Sadadvel, Bamanvel, Khambhda, Khudvel, Fadvel, Saravani, Ambach, Kanbhai, Syada, Kaliyari, Bamanwada, Amadhara, Mograwadi, Gholar, Godthal, Velanpor, Kakadvel, Mandav Khadak, Agasi, Rumla, Nadagdhari, Dhama Dhuma, Ghodvani, Zari, Dholumber, Toranvera, Panikhadak, Kakadveri, Pati.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
*2012 - Chhanabhai Chaudhari, [[Indian National Congress]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Anant Patel]]<ref name=election2017/> || rowspan=2" |
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress | rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Vansda Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Anant Patel]] |party=Indian National Congress|votes=124477|percentage=52.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Piyushkumar Kantilal Patel|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=89444|percentage=37.78|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pankajbhai Chandulal Patel|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=16178|percentage=6.83|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3803
|percentage = 1.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 35,033
|percentage = 14.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:295850}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Vansda<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Anant Patel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 110756
|percentage = 52.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mahla Ganpatbhai
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 92363
|percentage = 43.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18393
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum: }} |ref= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Vansda}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=29 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chhanabhai Chaudhari
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,05,829
|percentage = 51.83
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nareshbhai Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 80,213
|percentage = 39.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 25,616
|percentage = 12.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,04,194
|percentage = 81.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|

|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|20.77|73.36|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Navsari district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Anil Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-04-18T21:41:49Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: creating bio

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Anil Kumar
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Minister of Science & Technology [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 5 March 2024
| governor = [[Anandiben Patel]]
| 1blankname = [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| predecessor = [[Yogendra Upadhyaya]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Purqazi (Assembly constituency)|Purqazi]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Pramod Utwal]]
| successor1 =
| constituency2 = [[Purqazi (Assembly constituency)|Purqazi]]
| term_start2 = March 2012
| term_end2 = March 2017
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[Pramod Utwal]]
| term_start3 = May 2007
| term_end3 = March 2012
| predecessor3 = Uma Kiran
| successor3 = [[Noor Saleem Rana]]
| constituency3 = [[Charthawal (Assembly constituency)|Charthawal]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1975|11|25}}
| birth_place = Taharpur, [[Saharanpur district, Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| birth_name =
| parents =
| party = [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| other_party = [[National Democratic Alliance]] (2024–present)
| spouse = Beermati
| partner = 
| relations =
| children = Two daughters
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession = [[Agriculturist]] & politician
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| blank2 =
}}
'''Anil Kumar''' is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]] and current Cabinet Minister in [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]. He is a Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. Kumar represented the [[Purqazi (Assembly constituency)|Purqazi]] constituency of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and is a member of the [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]].<ref name="Profile">{{cite news|title=Profile|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|accessdate=22 July 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/13.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly Constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly Constituency|publisher=Elections.in|accessdate=22 July 2015|url= http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/}}</ref><ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=22 July 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Anil Kumar was born in Village Taharpur, [[Saharanpur district, Uttar Pradesh]], on 25 November 1975. Kumar belongs to [[Chamar]] [[Dalit]] ([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] category). His education is [[Twelfth grade|intermediate]]. Before joining politics, he was an agriculturist.<ref name="Profile"/>

==Political career==
Anil Kumar has been a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for three terms. He currently represents [[Purqazi (Assembly constituency)]] and is a member of [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]].<ref name="Profile"/>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2007 || 2012 || Member, [[Fifteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Legislative Assembly]] ||
[[Charthawal (Assembly constituency)|Charthawal]]<ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=22 July 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || 2012 || Mar-2017 || Member, [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly]] ||
[[Purqazi (Assembly constituency)|Purqazi]]<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>
|-
| 03 || 2017 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||
[[Purqazi (Assembly constituency)|Purqazi]]<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
*[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
*[[Politics of India]]
*[[Purqazi (Assembly constituency)]]
*[[Fifteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Anil}}
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarnagar district]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Lok Dal politicians]]

{{UttarPradesh-BSP-politician-stub}}

Aparna Yadav

2026-04-18T04:45:04Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Political families of Uttar Pradesh#The Yadav Family]]
{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with possibilities}}
}}

Washermanpet Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:38:44Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: started some data more to come - done

{{coord|13.1131|N|80.2886|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Washermanpet
| type = SLA
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| map_image =
| established = 1951
| district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
| abolished= 1976
| mla = M. Vedachalam
| party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| electors= 1,09,476
}}
'''Washermanpet''' was an Assembly constituency in Tamil Nadu. The elections conducted in the constituency and winners are listed below. It existed from the 1951 delimitation to 1971 elections.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Jeevanandam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[M. Mayandi Nadar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| M. Mayandi Nadar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[M. Vedachalam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| M. Vedachalam
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.04}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.77}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|29.49}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|33.22}}
}}
===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Washermanpet<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vedachalam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,989 |percentage=54.04% |change=3.35% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ananthan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,231 |percentage=44.68% |change=4.60% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K V Manavala Naicker |party=Independent politician |votes=923 |percentage=1.28% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,758 |percentage=9.37% |change=-1.25% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,143 |percentage=67.46% |change= -9.22% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,476 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.35% }}
{{Election box end}}
===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Washermanpet<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vedachalam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,571 |percentage=50.70% |change=15.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Mayandi Nadar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,329 |percentage=40.08% |change=2.31% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Nayakar |party=Independent politician |votes=6,072 |percentage=8.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=218 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,242 |percentage=10.62% |change=8.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,190 |percentage=76.68% |change= 1.36% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,287 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 12.93% }}
{{Election box end}}
===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Washermanpet<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Mayandi Nadar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,732 |percentage=37.77% |change=8.28% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vedachalam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,095 |percentage=35.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Jeevanandham]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=10,049 |percentage=14.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Lingesan |party=Swatantra Party |votes=8,250 |percentage=12.11% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,637 |percentage=2.40% |change=1.17% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,126 |percentage=75.32% |change= 33.96% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,359 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 8.28% }}
{{Election box end}}
===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Washermanpet<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mayandi Nadar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,770 |percentage=29.49% |change=3.20% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Jeevarathanam |party=Independent politician |votes=11,279 |percentage=28.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Lingesan |party=Independent politician |votes=9,152 |percentage=22.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. K. Lyengar |party=Communist Party of India |votes=7,005 |percentage=17.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Daivasigamoney |party=Independent politician |votes=707 |percentage=1.77% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=491 |percentage=1.23% |change=-5.70% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,913 |percentage=41.37% |change= -7.16% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,480 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -3.73% }}
{{Election box end}}
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Washermanpet<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Jeevanandham]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=12,526 |percentage=33.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Radhakrishna Pillai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,914 |percentage=26.29% |change=26.29% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Albert Jesudason |party=Independent politician |votes=3,649 |percentage=9.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jevarathinam |party=Independent politician |votes=3,618 |percentage=9.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pandian |party=Independent politician |votes=2,409 |percentage=6.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Parthasarathy Naicker |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=1,791 |percentage=4.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Paramanandam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,311 |percentage=3.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Seetharaman Nayudu |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=734 |percentage=1.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arjuna Nayudu |party=Independent politician |votes=582 |percentage=1.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arjuna Naicker |party=Independent politician |votes=448 |percentage=1.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=298 |percentage=0.79% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,612 |percentage=6.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,710 |percentage=48.53% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,709 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Chennai]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1976]]
[[Category:1976 disestablishments in India]]

Solan Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:35:36Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: started first entry basic info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Solan
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 53
| map_image = 53-Solan constituency.svg
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Solan district|Solan]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency|Shimla]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Dhani Ram Shandil]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:86333}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Solan''' is one of the 68 assembly constituencies of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern Indian state. [[Solan]] is also part of [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceohimachal.nic.in/Bkground/rpt_PCWISEELECTORS.pdf|title=Assembly Constituency wise Electors as on 15-09-2010|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Himachal Pradesh website|access-date=25 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314170045/http://ceohimachal.nic.in/Bkground/rpt_PCWISEELECTORS.pdf|archive-date=14 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=6, 158–164}}</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/solan.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Solan Assembly constituency]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Hira Singh Pal ||
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|Ram Dass ||
| {{Full party name with color|Scheduled Castes Federation}}
|-
|[[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Hira Singh Pal ||
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|K. Ram ||
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Krishan Datt ||
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Gauri Shankar ||
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|Rama Nand ||
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Gian Chand Totu ||
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Mahender Nath Sofat]] ||
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|rowspan=2| Krishna Mohini ||rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|2000★
|rowspan=3| [[Rajeev Bindal]] ||rowspan=3|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=3| [[Dhani Ram Shandil]]<ref name=election2017/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Active Members HP Vidhan Sabha|url=http://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/ContactDirectory/MenuContactDirec|website=hpvidhansabha.nic.in|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}
★By Elections

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Solan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dhani Ram Shandil|Dr. Dhani Ram Shandil]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,089 |percentage=51.54% |change={{increase}}3.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kashyap |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,231 |percentage=44.93% |change={{decrease}}1.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anju |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,108 |percentage=1.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=634 |percentage=1.09% |change={{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=323 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,858 |percentage=6.61% |change= {{increase}}5.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,385 |percentage=67.63% |change= {{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,333 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.74 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Solan<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dhani Ram Shandil|Dr. Dhani Ram Shandil]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,200 |percentage=47.79% |change={{decrease}}2.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kashyap |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,529 |percentage=46.57% |change={{increase}}5.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Bhatti |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,632 |percentage=2.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=656 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shashi Kant Chauhan |party=Independent politician |votes=389 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=671 |percentage=1.22% |change= {{decrease}}7.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,819 |percentage=67.47% |change= {{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,255 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.12 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Solan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dhani Ram Shandil|Dr. Dhani Ram Shandil]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,250 |percentage=49.91% |change={{increase}}6.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kumari Sheela |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,778 |percentage=40.71% |change={{decrease}}11.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash Kant |party=Himachal Lokhit Party |votes=2,044 |percentage=4.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hira Nand Kashyap |party=Independent politician |votes=1,257 |percentage=2.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kumar (Thallu Bhai) |party=Trinamool Congress |votes=563 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,472 |percentage=9.20% |change= {{increase}}1.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,584 |percentage=67.38% |change= {{increase}}5.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,100 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Solan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Rajeev Bindal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,597 |percentage=51.97% |change={{increase}}17.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Kailash Prashar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,881 |percentage=43.78% |change={{increase}}19.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kumar Jindal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,387 |percentage=3.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dev Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=412 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,716 |percentage=8.18% |change= {{increase}}5.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,406 |percentage=61.90% |change= {{decrease}}6.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,356 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}17.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Solan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Rajeev Bindal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,332 |percentage=34.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Nath Sofat |party=Independent politician |votes=13,973 |percentage=31.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Major Krishna Mohini |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,665 |percentage=23.81% |change={{decrease}}6.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Sharma |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=2,742 |percentage=6.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haminder Singh Thakur |party=Loktantrik Morcha Himachal Pradesh |votes=1,576 |percentage=3.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. R. Thakur |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=254 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,359 |percentage=3.03% |change= {{decrease}}6.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,800 |percentage=68.78% |change= {{increase}}8.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,204 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.07 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Republican Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 elections in India#Himachal Pradesh|2000 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Solan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb2000/bye_HP_AC14.htm|title=Assembly Constituency - 14 Solan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020626131223/http://www.eci.gov.in:80/byeelection/ByeFeb2000/bye_HP_AC14.htm|archive-date=26 June 2002}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Rajeev Bindal |party=Republican Janata Party |votes=15,042 |percentage=40.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Major Krishna Mohini |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,505 |percentage=30.59% |change={{decrease}}2.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Netar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=11,059 |percentage=29.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,537 |percentage=9.41% |change= {{increase}}9.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,606 |percentage=60.92% |change= {{decrease}}4.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,057 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Republican Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Solan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Mohini |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,210 |percentage=33.56% |change={{decrease}}30.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Nath Sofat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,184 |percentage=33.49% |change={{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haminder Singh Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=9,739 |percentage=26.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Kumar |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=1,063 |percentage=2.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Chander Bhardwaj |party=Communist Party of India |votes=598 |percentage=1.64% |change={{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Nath Parihar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=512 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26 |percentage=0.07% |change= {{decrease}}32.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,378 |percentage=66.30% |change= {{decrease}}6.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,805 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}30.82 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Solan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Mohini |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,177 |percentage=64.39% |change={{increase}}28.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Nath Sofat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,583 |percentage=32.18% |change={{decrease}}14.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagdish Bhardwaj |party=Communist Party of India |votes=598 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kul Rakesh Pant |party=Janata Dal |votes=261 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,594 |percentage=32.21% |change= {{increase}}21.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,996 |percentage=72.06% |change= {{increase}}14.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,283 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}17.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Solan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Nath Sofat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,882 |percentage=47.09% |change={{increase}}22.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,147 |percentage=36.25% |change={{decrease}}37.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rama Nand |party=Independent politician |votes=2,581 |percentage=10.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Chander Bhardwaj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,076 |percentage=4.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Sagar |party=Independent politician |votes=239 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,735 |percentage=10.84% |change= {{decrease}}38.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,233 |percentage=57.44% |change= {{decrease}}3.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,193 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}26.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Solan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Chand Totu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,117 |percentage=73.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rama Nand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,995 |percentage=24.28% |change={{decrease}}5.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbans Lal Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=263 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,122 |percentage=49.21% |change= {{increase}}35.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,570 |percentage=61.16% |change= {{decrease}}4.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,867 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}43.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Solan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rama Nand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,253 |percentage=29.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Guru Dutt |party=Independent politician |votes=3,437 |percentage=16.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kul Rakesh |party=Janata Party |votes=3,418 |percentage=16.38% |change={{decrease}}32.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbans Lal Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,508 |percentage=7.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dayal Dutt |party=Independent politician |votes=1,490 |percentage=7.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Krishan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,483 |percentage=7.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gokal Chand Mehta |party=Independent politician |votes=1,077 |percentage=5.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gauri Shankar |party=Independent politician |votes=573 |percentage=2.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Kumar Garg |party=Independent politician |votes=504 |percentage=2.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Keshav Verma |party=Communist Party of India |votes=315 |percentage=1.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal Hans |party=Independent politician |votes=226 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,816 |percentage=13.49% |change= {{decrease}}16.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,872 |percentage=65.75% |change= {{increase}}10.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,073 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}18.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Solan<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gauri Shankar |party=Janata Party |votes=7,422 |percentage=48.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,809 |percentage=18.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dayal Dutt |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,530 |percentage=16.51% |change={{decrease}}22.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kul Rakesh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,951 |percentage=12.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Varinder Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=493 |percentage=3.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,613 |percentage=30.10% |change= {{increase}}20.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,327 |percentage=54.66% |change= {{increase}}14.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,315 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}0.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Solan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Datt |party=Independent politician |votes=5,089 |percentage=48.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daropti Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,105 |percentage=38.72% |change={{decrease}}7.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Itwari Lal |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=865 |percentage=8.16% |change={{decrease}}3.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishan Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=383 |percentage=3.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Telu Ram Baidwan |party=Independent politician |votes=160 |percentage=1.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=984 |percentage=9.28% |change= {{decrease}}15.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,602 |percentage=40.23% |change= {{decrease}}4.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,039 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Solan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,578 |percentage=46.53% |change={{increase}}46.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Datt |party=Independent politician |votes=2,186 |percentage=22.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. C. Premi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,965 |percentage=19.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=1,109 |percentage=11.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,392 |percentage=24.31% |change= {{increase}}20.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,838 |percentage=45.55% |change= {{decrease}}17.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,690 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}20.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}25.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Solan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191147/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hira Singh Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=3,707 |percentage=21.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chinta Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=3,132 |percentage=18.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Dass |party=All India Scheduled Caste Federation |votes=3,092 |percentage=17.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Keshav Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,837 |percentage=16.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,821 |percentage=16.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phagoo |party=Independent politician |votes=1,280 |percentage=7.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Lal |party=Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha |votes=435 |percentage=2.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=575 |percentage=3.32% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,304 |percentage=60.91% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,409 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Solan]]
* [[Solan district]]
* [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|30.91|77.1|display=title}}

[[Category:Solan district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

House Full (2009 Kannada film)

2026-04-06T00:48:44Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: creating details

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = House Full
| image = House Full (2009 Kannada film).jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = Hemanth Hegde
| producer = Anuj Saxena
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Diganth]]
*Hemanth Hegde
*[[Girija Oak]]
*[[Vishakha Singh]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = Kiran
| cinematography = Magi Natesh
| editing = [[Srikanth Gowda|H S Srikanth Thengina Thota]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|07|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''House Full''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by Hemanth Hegde, starring [[Diganth]], Hemanth Hegde, [[Girija Oak]], and [[Vishakha Singh]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/Jul/21/case-of-the-missing-chaplin-69626.html|title=Case of the missing Chaplin|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=21 July 2009|access-date=12 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/15450/friday-release.html|title=Friday release|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=21 July 2009}}</ref>

The movie is an adaptation of the Marathi play ''Pati Sagle Uchapati'', which itself was based on the English play ''Right Bed Wrong Husband''. The English play was adapted into Tamil as ''Thikku Theriyatha Veettil'' which was made into the Tamil movie ''[[Veettuku Veedu]]'' (1970). ''Veettuku Veedu'' was earlier remade in Kannada as ''[[Galate Samsara]]'' (1977). The Marathi play went on to be adapted in Hindi in the same year later as ''[[All The Best: Fun Begins]]'' (2009) which was remade in Malayalam as ''[[Best of Luck (2010 film)|Best of Luck]]'' (2010) which in turn was remade in Kannada as ''[[Ond Chance Kodi]]'' (2015).

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Diganth]] as Digu
* Hemanth Hegde as Parameshi
* [[Girija Oak]] as Neethu
* [[Vishakha Singh]] as Ishu
* [[Loknath]]
* [[Milind Gunaji]]
* [[Bullet Prakash]]
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]
* Sangamesh Upase
* Srinivas Gowda
}}

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = House Full
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Kiran
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:08
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2008
| year = 2009
| next_title =
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| V6KfTgqURvU| House Full - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:08
| title1 = Manadalli Mucchitta Preethi
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length1 = 4:43
| title2 = Go Go Munde Hogu
| extra2 = Vineeth Singh
| length2 = 3:54
| title3 = Olavu Midida
| extra3 =[[Rahul Vaidya]]
| length3 = 5:12
| title4 = Rammu Brandi
| extra4 =Krishna
| length4 = 4:55
| title5 = Neeli Nayanadi
| extra5 =[[Javed Ali]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length5 = 4:44
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

R G Vijayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and says "Diganth with his dimpled looks is much better than his comedy role in Masth Maja Maadi. Mumbai girls Vishaka Singh and Gowri are okay -- their confused expressions are effectively shown. It is veteran actor Uncle Lokanath who has really done a great job as Balawanta Rao. Kiran's music could have been better but the songs are well picturised. All in all, House Full is an enjoyable fare".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2009/jul/24review-south-kannada-house-full.htm|title=House Full is a laugh riot|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=24 July 2009}}</ref> A critic from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "Meanwhile, Diganth’s grandfather comes to Bangalore. He mistakes Neethu as Ishwarya. He even arranges a honeymoon for them at Goa. But Ishwarya appears on the scene and wants to be with Diganth. The climax is how Parameshi and his wife Neethu come together again. It provides some entertainment, if that is all you are looking for".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/Jul/25/it-fails-to-tickle-your-funny-bone-70920.html|title=It fails to tickle your funny bone|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=25 July 2009}}</ref> BS Srivani from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Girija impresses while Vishakha fails even to provide an eyeful. Bullet Prakash, Rekha, Milind Gunaji, Myna and Jhansi Subbaiah are wasted. Digant, however, is the actual heroine of the film, with his killing looks and penchant for falling into trouble just as easily as any newbie heroine is prone to do. His voice doesn’t help either".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/15688/house-full.html|title=House Full|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=24 July 2009}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "Though the film is silly most of the time, it still manages to make you laugh. Girija Oak is the best among all the actors. Diganth is still to attend acting school, he better do it before his next assignment. The film is worth a travel to the cinema hall".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/house-full-nice-joke/articleshow/22088729.cms|title=House Full: Nice joke|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=25 July 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-kannada-films-chocolate-boy/20090721.htm ''Rediff'' article]

[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]

September 2025 Kolkata cloudburst

2026-04-05T05:43:26Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: started first post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Heavy rain and flooding in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox event
| title = September 2025 Kolkata cloudburst
| image =
| caption =
| time = 12:00 am to 5:00 am as per kolkata alipur meterogical department
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| duration =
| date = start date 23 september 2025
| location = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| coordinates =
| type = [[Flash flood]]
| cause = [[very heavy rain]]
| reported deaths = 12<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-25 |title=At least 12 dead as record rain floods India's Kolkata |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/least-12-dead-record-rain-floods-indias-kolkata-2025-09-24/ |access-date=2025-09-26 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>
| reported injuries = 30+
| reported missing = 2
| reported property damage =
}}

On 23 September 2025, an intense [[cloudburst]] occurred in [[Kolkata]], India, causing widespread waterlogging and flash floods around the city. The incident caused 9 deaths in Kolkata and 2 deaths in nearby districts, 30 injuries and at least 2 people left missing. Because of the heavy rainfall, many areas of Kolkata including [[Bansdroni]], [[Bijoygarh]], [[Jadavpur]] and [[Garia]] were waterlogged for three days.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-rain-live-updates-heavy-rainfall-waterlogging-floods-traffic-schools-closed-low-pressure-bay-of-bengal-imd-alert-durga-puja/amp_liveblog/124060665.cms |title=Kolkata Rain Live Updates: 7 dead, multiple flights hit, Vande Bharat trains rescheduled, power supply cut; IMD issues warning |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 September 2025 |accessdate=2025-09-23}}</ref>

==Overview==
Following the commencement of preparations for Kolkata's most celebrated festival, [[Durga Puja]], a strong cloudburst occurred in the early morning hours of September 23, 2025, causing severe flash floods and damage across the city. At least 9 people were reported dead due to electrocution. Fatalities were reported across different parts of Kolkata, with one death each in [[Gariahat]], [[Garfa]], [[Ekbalpur]], [[Beniapukur]], Shakespeare Sarani, Netajinagar, [[Haridevpur]], [[Narendrapur]], and [[Behala]] .<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rains-kolkata-maharashtra-telangana-weather-september-23-2025/article70083302.ece |title=Rains lash Kolkata, Maharashtra, Telangana amid changing weather conditions |publisher=The Hindu |date=23 September 2025 |accessdate=2025-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/c5y5dr2qpqvo |title=Five die after Indian city receives worst single-spell rainfall in years |publisher=BBC News |date=23 September 2025 |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref>

==Meteorological observation==
[[Indian Meteorological Department]] recorded heavy rainfall throughout the city. The southern and eastern parts of the city experienced the most intense rainfall. The Kolkata Municipal Corporation reported that [[Garia]] Kamdahari recorded 332 mm of rain in just a few hours. Other areas recorded significant rainfall, including [[Jodhpur Park]] with 285 mm, [[Kalighat]] 280 mm, [[Topsia]] 275 mm, [[Ballygunge]] 264 mm, [[Alipore]] 251 mm and Thantania in north Kolkata 195 mm.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kolkata-rain-low-pressure-bay-of-bengal-imd-alert-waterlogging-areas-traffic-routes-to-avoid-durga-puja-11758593564981.html |title=Kolkata Rain: Low Pressure Over Bay of Bengal, IMD Alert; Waterlogging Areas & Traffic Routes to Avoid During Durga Puja |publisher=Livemint |date=23 September 2025 |accessdate=2025-09-23}}</ref> In addition to Kolkata, heavy rainfall affected several surrounding suburban areas and nearby cities. According to a bulletin released by the India Meteorological Department (IMD), [[Basirhat]] received 109 mm of rainfall and [[Barrackpore]] received 71 mm of rainfall.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/kolkata/mcdata/wx0830.pdf
|title=Weather Observation Report for Kolkata and Surrounding Areas
|access-date=2025-09-23
|publisher=India Meteorological Department
|format=PDF
}}</ref>

==Outcome==

Due to extreme rainfall, several famous Durga Puja committee's pandals of Kolkata including Singhi Park, Hatibagan Nabin Pally, Chaltabagan Sarvajonin, Nalin Sarkar Street got damaged. Waterlogging occurred in several pandals including Maddox Square, Tridhara Sammilani, [[Bullygunge Cultural Association]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/kolkata-rain-chaltabagan-sarbajanin-durga-puja-pandal-waterlogged-idol-submerged-in-water-1153614 |title=Kolkata Rain: জল থইথই চালতাবাগান সর্বজনীনের পুজো মণ্ডপে, গলে গিয়েছে প্রতিমাও |date=2025-09-24 |website=ABP Live |language=bn-IN |access-date=2025-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/situation-of-famous-durga-puja-pandals-amid-heavy-rain-in-kolkata-dgtl/cid/1635251
|title=মণ্ডপ ভাঙল হাতিবাগানে, জলে ডুবে বহু প্যান্ডেল, চার দিনের মধ্যে ক্ষয়ক্ষতি সামলাবেন কী ভাবে?
|author=আনন্দ উৎসব ডেস্ক
|publisher=আনন্দবাজার
|date=2025-09-23
|access-date=2025-09-23
}}</ref>
[[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur]], [[University of Calcutta]] and [[Jadavpur University]] suspended all academic activities on Tuesday. Train and metro services had been disrupted, and many [[Durga Puja]] pandals were damaged across the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/west-bengal-live-updates-heavy-rain-updates-kolkata-waterlogged-districts-thundershower-local-train-stopped-calcutta-high-court-mamata-banerjee-kolkata-municipality-1153528/amp |title=West Bengal Live Updates: Heavy Rain, Kolkata Waterlogged Districts; Local Train Stopped, Calcutta University Exams Cancelled |publisher=ABP Ananda |date=23 September 2025 |accessdate=2025-09-23}}</ref> Many roads were closed due to the waterlogging occurred in several busy roads like [[Eastern Metropolitan Bypass]], [[Chittaranjan Avenue|Central Avenue]], [[Rashbehari Avenue]] etc. 30 flights were cancelled because of bad weather, and [[Spicejet]] and [[Indigo Airlines]] had issued safety advisories for those passengers who were travelling to or from [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata Airport]]. West Bengal Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] announced the Durga Puja vacation before three days of its scheduled time due to the hazardous weather conditions prevailing in Kolkata. The rain was most intense in the southern and eastern parts of Kolkata; the neighbourhoods of [[Garia]] and [[Jodhpur Park]] received the highest rainfall.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-rain-live-updates-heavy-rainfall-waterlogging-floods-traffic-schools-closed-low-pressure-bay-of-bengal-imd-alert-durga-puja/amp_liveblog/124060665.cms
|title=Kolkata rain live updates: Heavy rainfall, waterlogging, floods, traffic, schools closed; IMD alert
|publisher=Times of India
|date=2025-09-23
|access-date=2025-09-23
}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Weather}}
* [[2025 Kishtwar district flash flood]]
* [[2025 Uttarakhand flash flood]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2025 disasters in India|West]]
[[Category:Disasters in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Floods in India]]
[[Category:September 2025 in India]]

Mughal–Persian wars

2026-03-30T06:20:12Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai:

{{Short description|Series of wars fought in the 17th and 18th centuries}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Mughal–Persian wars
| image = Nadir Shah at the sack of Delhi - Battle scene with Nader Shah on horseback, possibly by Muhammad Ali ibn Abd al-Bayg ibn Ali Quli Jabbadar, mid-18th century, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| caption = Representation of [[Nader Shah]] at the sack of [[Delhi]]
| partof = [[Decline of the Mughal Empire]]
| result =
| date = 1557–16 May 1739
| place = [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] and [[Afsharid Iran]], [[Mughal India]]
| combatant1 = [[Safavid Iran]] [[Afsharid Iran]]
| combatant2 = [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[Tahmasp I]] [[Abbas I of Persia]] [[Abbas II of Persia]] [[Mihrab Khan|Mehrāb Khān]] [[Otar Khan|Autar Khan]] [[Nader Shah]] [[Heraclius II of Georgia]]
| commander2 = [[Akbar]] [[Jahangir]] [[Kilich Khan]] [[Murad Bakhsh]] [[Dara Shikoh]] [[Aurangzeb]] [[Muhammad Shah]]
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
}}
{{Campaignbox Mughal–Persian wars}}{{Campaignbox Iranian-Indian Wars and Conflicts}}
The '''Mughal–Persian wars''' or '''Mughal–Iranian''' wars were a series of wars fought in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries [[Mughal–Safavid war (disambiguation)|between]] the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] and [[Afsharid Empire]]s of Persia, and the [[Mughal Empire]] of India, over what is now Afghanistan. The Mughals consolidated their control of what is today India and Pakistan in the 16th century, and gradually came into conflict with the powerful Safavids and Afsharids, led by [[Abbas the Great]] and [[Nader Shah]] respectively. Aside from [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire]], most of the conflict between the two powers were limited to battles for control over Kandahar.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA150 |title=''Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813''|isbn=9781932705546|accessdate=4 April 2014|last1=Mehta|first1=Jaswant Lal|date=January 2005}}</ref> From a Safavid point of view, the Mughal army counted as "far less formidable" than that of their arch rivals the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matthee |first1=Rudi |title=Safavid Iran and the "Turkish Question" or How to Avoid a War on Multiple Fronts |journal=Iranian Studies |date=2019 |volume=52 |issue=3–4 |page=516 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2019.1648228|s2cid=204483128 }}</ref>

==War of 1557–1558==
[[Tahmasp I|Shah Tahmasp]] of Persia tried to exploit the inexperience of the young Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]], then an adolescent. He sent an army to lay siege to [[Kandahar]], a vital southern Afghan city held by Shah Muhammad, a governor appointed by the Mughal regent Bairam Khan. With no way to offer military assistance, [[Akbar]] was compelled to surrender [[Kandahar]] to the Persians. The [[Persians]] held the city on and off for almost four decades before the Mughals recovered it.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==War of 1605–1606==
{{Main|Siege of Kandahar (1605–1606)}}

The siege of Kandahar lasted from November 1605 to January 1606 and was led by Safavids to take the Mughal frontier city of Kandahar. After two months of constant assaults, the relief army forced the Persians to retreat. Thus, resulted in a victory for the Mughal Empire of India.

With the unsuccessful siege, Kandahar remained in the hands of the Mughals.

==War of 1622–1623==
{{Main|Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)}}

The Mughal–Safavid war of 1622–1623 was fought over the important fortress city of [[Kandahar]], in [[Afghanistan]], between the Safavid empire of Persia and the Mughal empire of India. It resulted in a clear [[Safavids|Persian]] victory.

[[File:Muhammad Ali Beg.jpg|thumb|Muhammad Ali Beg was the [[Persia]]n ambassador sent to the Mughal court of [[Jahangir]] by [[Abbas I of Persia]], arriving in time for [[Muharram]] in March 1631. He remained there until October 1632, thus negotiating an end to the conflict between the Mughals and the [[Safavids]].]]

Having secured crushing victories against the Ottomans, Shah Abbas desired to capture the strategic fortress on Kandahar since he had lost it in 1595.<ref name="Burton159">Burton 1997, p. 159</ref> In 1605 the governor of [[Herat]], Hosayn Khan, besieged the city but the tenacious defense of the Mughal governor, Shah Beg Khan, and the arrival in the next year of a relieving Mughal army to Kandahar forced the Safavids to retreat.<ref name="Iranica">Iranica 2011</ref><ref name="Kohn337">Kohn 2007, p. 337</ref> With the conclusion of the [[Ottoman–Safavid war (1603–1618)]], Shah Abbas was secure enough for a war on his eastern frontier,{{r|Burton159}} so in 1621 he ordered an army to gather at [[Nishapur]].{{r|Burton159}} After celebrating the new year at Tabas Gilaki in southern [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], Abbas joined with his army and marched on Kandahar where he arrived on 20 May and immediately began the siege.{{r|Burton159}} Though [[Jahangir]] already had information of the Persian's movements, he was too slow to respond,{{r|Burton159}} and without reinforcements the small garrison of 3,000 men could not hold for long against the superior Persian army.<ref name="Chandra221">Chandra 2005, p. 221</ref>

The Emperor asked his son and heir apparent [[Shah Jahan|Khurram]] who was at [[Mandav|Mandu]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] to lead the campaign, but Khurram evaded the assignment fearing to lose his political power while he was away from court.<ref name="Chandra242">Chandra 2005, p. 242</ref> The relief force the Mughal's could assembled proved too small to raise the siege,{{r|Kohn337}} so after a 45-day siege the city fell on 22 June followed shortly after by [[Zamindawar]].<ref name="Burton160">Burton 1997, p. 160</ref> After fortifying the city and appointing [[Ganj Ali Khan]] as governor of the city,{{r|Iranica}} Abbas returned to [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]] via [[Ghōr Province|Ghur]], subduing on the way troubling emirs in [[Chaghcharan]] and [[Gharjistan]].<ref name="Burton161">Burton 1997, p. 161</ref> The rebellion of Khurram absorbed the Mughal's attention, so in the spring of 1623 a Mughal envoy arrived at the Shah's camp with a letter from the Emperor accepting the loss of Kandahar and putting an end to the conflict.<ref name="Burton162">Burton 1997, p. 162</ref>

==War of 1638==
{{Main|Mughal-Safavid War of 1638}}

[[File:The Surrender of Kandahar.jpg|thumb|The Safavids surrendering the keys of [[Kandahar]] to Mughal general Kilij Khan]]

The Mughal-Safavid war of 1638 took place over the city of [[Kandahar]] in present day Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&dq=Mogul-Persian+War+of+1638%3A+Exactly+one+century+before+the+PERSIAN+INVASION+OF+MOGUL+INDIA%2C+the+forces+of+Mogul+emperor+Shah+Jahan+%281592-1666%29+recaptured+the+city+of+Kandahar%2C+lost+in+the+MOGUL-PERSIAN+WAR+OF+1622-23.&pg=PT349|quote=Mogul-Persian War of 1638: Exactly one century before the PERSIAN INVASION OF MOGUL INDIA, the forces of Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (1592-1666) recaptured the city of Kandahar, lost in the MOGUL-PERSIAN WAR OF 1622-23.|title=Dictionary of wars|author= George C. Kohn
|date=2006 |publisher=Facts On File, Incorporated |page=337|isbn=978-1-4381-2916-7 }}</ref>
The war resulted in a victory for the Mughals, and Ali Mardan Khan surrendered the keys of Kandahar to the Mughals.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00smituoft/page/401/ |title=The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911 |last1=Smith|first1=Vincent Arthur|date=1919|publisher=Clarendon Press|page=401}}</ref>

==War of 1649–1653==
{{Main|Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)}}

The Mughal–Safavid war of 1649–1653 was fought between the Mughal and [[Safavid Empire|Safavid]] empires in the territory of modern [[Afghanistan]]. The war began after a Persian army, while the Mughals were at war with the [[Khanate of Bukhara|Janid Uzbeks]], captured the fortress city of [[Kandahar]] and other strategic cities that controlled the region. The Mughals attempted unsuccessfully to regain the city from the Persians, thus the war resulted in a Persian victory.

[[File:Abbas II of Persia and the Mughal ambassador.jpeg|thumb|Abbas II of Persia and the Mughal ambassador. 17th century Persian painting]]

==Nadir Shah's invasion of India==
{{main|Nader Shah's invasion of India}}

Attracted by its wealth and knowing that the victim was much weaker, Emperor [[Nadir Shah]], the [[Shah of Iran]] (1736–47) and founder of the [[Afsharid dynasty]], invaded Northern India with a fifty-five thousand strong army, eventually attacking [[Delhi]] in March 1739 where he completely [[sack of Delhi|sacked and looted the city]], after issuing orders for a general massacre to take place.<ref name=Ma200>[[#Ma|Marshman, P. 200]]</ref> His army had defeated the Mughal emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] at the battle at [[Battle of Karnal|Karnal]] in less than three hours and had taken over control of northern India.<ref name=br>{{cite web |title= Nadir Shah|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/401451/Nadir-Shah |publisher=[[Britannica.com]] }}</ref> The Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah had to beg Nader to grant him and his people mercy, after ceding the keys of the city and royal treasury to him. (Which included the legendary [[Peacock throne]], the symbol of Iranian imperial might, and the fabulous [[Darya-e noor]] and [[Koh-i-Noor]]).

The [[Battle of Karnal]] (13 February 1739), was a decisive victory for [[Nader Shah]], the emperor of the [[Afsharid dynasty]] during his [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|invasion of India]]. The Shah's forces defeated the numerically superior army of [[Muhammad Shah]], the Indian emperor of the Mughal dynasty, in little more than three hours thus paving the way for the Persian [[sack of Delhi]]. The battle took place at [[Karnal]], {{convert|110|km|mi}} north of [[Delhi]].

==References and notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Safavids}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mughal-Persian Wars}}
[[Category:Wars involving Safavid Iran]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Wars involving Afsharid Iran]]
[[Category:Wars involving Afghanistan]]
[[Category:16th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:17th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:18th-century conflicts]]

Gadar: Ek Prem Katha

2026-03-23T17:34:23Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|2001 Hindi film by Anil Sharma}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = {{Lang|hi-latn|Gadar: Ek Prem Katha}}
| image = Gadar - Ek Prem Katha (movie poster).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]
| producer = Nittin Keni Bhanwar Singh Bhaumik Gondaliya
| writer = Shaktimaan Talwar
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sunny Deol]]
* [[Ameesha Patel]]
* [[Amrish Puri]]
* [[Vivek Shauq]]
* [[Lillete Dubey]]
* [[Utkarsh Sharma]]
}}
| narrator = [[Om Puri]]
| music = [[Uttam Singh]]
| cinematography = Najeeb Khan
| editing = Keshav Naidu Arun V. Narvekar A. D. Dhanashekharan
| studio = [[Zee Studios|Zee Telefilms]]
| distributor = Zee Telefilms
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2001|6|15}}
| runtime = 184 minutes {{small|(Original version)}} 182 minutes {{small|(Remastered version)}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi<ref>{{cite web |title=Gadar Ek Prem Katha (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/gadar-ek-prem-katha-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zndiynju |website=[[BBFC]] |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614124837/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/gadar-ek-prem-katha-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zndiynju |url-status=live }}</ref>
| budget = {{INR|18.5 [[crore]]}}<ref name="Shubhra Gupta">{{cite news |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2001/08/20/stories/102044a2.htm |author=Shubhra Gupta |title=Blockbuster bucks trend |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |access-date=20 August 2001 |archive-date=25 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125144559/http://www.blonnet.com/2001/08/20/stories/102044a2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|133 crore}}<ref name="Shubhra Gupta"/><ref>{{cite web | title=Top Hits All Time - - Box Office India | url=https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php }}</ref>
}}

'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Gadar: Ek Prem Katha}}''' (transl. Rebellion: A Love Story) is a 2001 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Historical drama|period]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Action film|action drama film]] directed by [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]], based on a story by Shaktimaan Talwar. Set against the backdrop of the [[Partition of India|Partition of India in 1947]], the film stars [[Sunny Deol]] and [[Ameesha Patel]] in lead roles, [[Amrish Puri]], [[Vivek Shauq]], [[Lillete Dubey]] and [[Utkarsh Sharma]] in supporting roles.<ref name="Shubhra Gupta" /><ref name="BOI Gadar">{{Cite web |date=17 July 2016 |title=Gadar - Ek Prem Katha - Movie - Box Office India |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=657 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717214421/http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=657 |archive-date=17 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web |author=Anupama Chopra |date=31 December 2001 |title=Historic break - Society & The Arts News - Issue Date: Dec 31, 2001 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20011231-success-of-lagaan-and-gadar-shook-up-bollywood-stagnating-with-feel-good-formulas-774755-2001-12-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214205408/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20011231-success-of-lagaan-and-gadar-shook-up-bollywood-stagnating-with-feel-good-formulas-774755-2001-12-31 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |access-date=12 February 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2001 |title=Religious protests against period film Gadar put free speech on the boil |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/controversy/story/20010709-religious-protests-against-period-film-gadar-put-free-speech-on-the-boil-773738-2001-07-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208190407/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/controversy/story/20010709-religious-protests-against-period-film-gadar-put-free-speech-on-the-boil-773738-2001-07-09 |archive-date=8 February 2021 |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref> Loosely inspired by the real-life story of [[Boota Singh]], the narrative follows Tara Singh, a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] trucker, who falls in love with and marries Sakina, a [[Muslims|Muslim]] woman, only to face separation and political upheaval as she is taken back to [[Pakistan]] by her family.

The film was produced on a budget of approximately ₹190 million (US$4.03 million) and was released theatrically on 15 June 2001, alongside [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]’s ''[[Lagaan]]''.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Gadar - Ek Prem Katha - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=657 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401074718/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=657 |archive-date=1 April 2020 |access-date=8 April 2018 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] took place in various locations across North India, with cinematography by Najeeb Khan and production design by [[Nitin Desai]]. The music was composed by [[Uttam Singh]], with lyrics by [[Anand Bakshi]]. The soundtrack became one of the most successful albums of the year.

Upon release, ''Gadar: Ek Prem Katha'' received positive reviews. Critics praised its dramatic intensity, action sequences, and performances—particularly those of Deol, Patel, and Puri—though some noted its melodramatic tone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-19 |title=Industry And Critics Like 'Gadar' And Called It Greatest: Ek Prem Katha, Reveals The Team! |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/sunny-deol-says-industry-and-critics-hated-his-film-gadar-ek-prem-katha-551961.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026143255/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/sunny-deol-says-industry-and-critics-hated-his-film-gadar-ek-prem-katha-551961.html |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> The film emerged as a major commercial success, grossing over ₹1.33 billion (US$28.19 million) worldwide and emerging as the [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films|highest-grossing Hindi film of its time]], surpassing the record held by ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]'' (1994).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Biggest Blockbusters Ever In Hindi Cinema |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=350&catName=QmlnZ2VzdCBCbG9ja2J1c3RlcnMgRXZlcg== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021185350/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=350&catName=QmlnZ2VzdCBCbG9ja2J1c3RlcnMgRXZlcg%3D%3D |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=4 October 2012 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> It recorded over 50 million footfalls in India, making it the second most-watched Indian film since the 1980s after ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017).<ref name="baahubalifootfall">{{Cite web |title=Bahubali 2 Is The Biggest Hindi Blockbuster This Century - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2988 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717032811/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php%3Farticleid%3D2988 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> According to ''[[Box Office India]]'', its adjusted domestic gross as of 2017 stood at ₹4.86 billion (US$103 million).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Hits All Time - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005907/https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

At the [[47th Filmfare Awards]], the film received nine nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Sharma), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Deol), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Patel), and [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] (Singh), with Patel receiving the [[Filmfare Special Award|Filmfare Special Performance Award]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Top India Footfalls All Time |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/india-footfalls.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815202747/http://boxofficeindia.com/Collections/footfalls?fm=1 |archive-date=15 August 2015 |df=dmy}}</ref> Over time, the film has attained [[Cult film|cult]] status for its patriotic themes and larger-than-life storytelling.

A sequel, ''[[Gadar 2]]'', was released theatrically on 11 August 2023, with Deol, Patel, and Sharma reprising their roles. The sequel was also a commercial blockbuster.

== Plot ==
During the [[Partition of India|1947 Partition of India]], communal violence erupted as people migrated between the newly formed nations of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. Amidst the chaos, Tara Singh, a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] trucker, initially joins [[Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Sikhs|Sikh]] mobs together attacking [[Muslims|Muslim]] refugees. However, upon encountering Sakina Ali—whom he recognizes from her college and school days in [[Shimla]]—he protects her from a violent crowd. To shield her identity, he smears blood on her forehead, symbolically claiming her as his Sikh wife.

The narrative flashes back to pre-Partition [[Lahore]], where Tara delivers supplies to a college attended by Sakina. Although initially mocked by Sakina’s friends for his [[Working class|working-class]] background, Tara wins them over with his singing talent. Sakina is moved by his sincerity and advocates for him to perform at a college function. A bond develops between the two, and as a parting gesture on her [[graduation]], Tara gifts Sakina a miniature [[Taj Mahal]].

Following the Partition, Tara's family attempts to migrate to India, but is killed in a retaliatory attack by a Muslim mob. Devastated, Tara joins violent reprisals against Muslims.

Returning to the present timeline, he shelters Sakina, who believes her family has perished. As they grow closer, Sakina decides to leave for a [[refugee camp]] to avoid burdening Tara. However, realizing her feelings for him, she returns, and the two marry and have a son named Charanjeet (fondly called "Jeete").

Seven years later, Sakina learns her family is alive and residing in Lahore, where her father, Ashraf Ali, serves as [[mayor]]. Due to [[Travel visa|visa]] restrictions, she travels alone to reunite with them, promising to return. However, her family opposes the marriage and plans to wed her to a Muslim man. Sakina resists, expressing her wish to return to India and her son.

Determined to bring her back, Tara crosses the border illegally with Jeete and his friend Darmiyaan. They locate Sakina and disrupt her forced marriage. To avoid public backlash, Ashraf Ali agrees to their reunion on the condition that Tara converts to [[Islam]] and settles in Pakistan. During a public gathering, Tara accepts the terms but refuses to denounce India, leading to a violent confrontation.

The family escapes and takes refuge in a cottage near the border. When their location is betrayed, Ashraf Ali and his men pursue them. Tara, Sakina, Charanjeet, and Darmiyaan board a train to India, but are intercepted. In the clash, Sakina is accidentally shot by her father and falls into a coma. Upon recovering, she reunites with Tara and Charanjeet. Witnessing their love and devotion, Ashraf Ali has a change of heart and accepts Tara as his son-in-law. The family returns to India, reunited.

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* [[Sunny Deol]] as Tara Singh
* [[Ameesha Patel]] as Sakeena Ali Singh, Tara’s girlfriend, later wife
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Asharaff Ali, Sakeena's father
* [[Lillete Dubey]] as Shabana Ali, Sakeena's mother
* [[Vivek Shauq]] as Darmiyaan Singh, Tara's best friend
* [[Utkarsh Sharma]] as Charanjeet "Jeete" Singh, Tara and Sakeena's son
* [[Suresh Oberoi]] as Kulwant Singh, Tara's uncle (Taya)
* Madhu Malti as Gurjeet Singh, Tara's aunt (Tayee)
* [[Pramod Moutho]] as Gurdeep Singh, Tara's father
* Kanika Shivpuri as Parmeet Kaur, Tara's mother
* [[Prete Bhutani]] as Tara Singh's sister #1
* [[Mushtaq Khan]] as Gul Khan
* [[Dolly Bindra]] as Samira Khan
* Madhumalti Kapoor as Tara's aunt
* Arjun Dwivedi as Pakistani jailor
* Ahsaan Khan as Abdul Ali
* Tony Mirchandani as Sarfaraz Ali
* [[Samar Jai Singh]] as Salim Ali
* Gyan Prakash as Wali Mohammed
* [[Vikrant Chaturvedi]] as Karim
* [[Rakesh Bedi]] as Vaid Kimtilal
* [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Daroga Suleiman
* Ishrat Ali as Qazi of the Ali family
* [[Mithilesh Chaturvedi]] as Idris, Editor of Jung daily newspaper
* [[B.N. Sharma]] as Iqbal, Officer of Pakistan Consulate in Delhi
* [[Pratima Kazmi]] as Greedy Woman
* [[Amita Khopkar]] as Bano
* Santosh Gupta as Chanta
* Abhay Bhargava as Indian Army Officer
* [[Shweta Shinde]] as Sakina's friend, girls Boarding Hostel
* [[Om Puri]] as the narrator
* [[Malavika Shivpuri]] as Tara Singh's sister #2
* Gulshan Mazdiasni as the [[Opera]] singer at the Annual Function
}}

== Production ==
[[File:Sunny Deol and Anil Sharma filming Gadar Ek Prem Katha.jpg|thumb|[[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]] and [[Sunny Deol]] on the sets of ''Gadar''.|left]]

=== Casting ===
[[Kajol]] was initially offered the role of Sakina but declined the offer, stating that the film did not align with her preferences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2018 |title=WATCH: Kajol reveals the real reason behind rejecting Dil Se and Gadar on Aap Ki Adalat |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/watch-kajol-reveals-real-reason-behind-rejecting-dil-se-gadar-aap-ki-adalat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206162258/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/watch-kajol-reveals-real-reason-behind-rejecting-dil-se-gadar-aap-ki-adalat/ |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The role was eventually played by [[Ameesha Patel]], who was then a newcomer. Patel underwent a 12-hour audition, and was selected from over 500 other candidates. ''Gadar: Ek Prem Katha'' was scheduled to be her debut film, but ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai|Kaho Naa...Pyaar Hai]]'' (2000), which also featured her, was released first.

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] took place across various locations in India. Several sequences were shot in [[Shimla]], including at [[Bishop Cotton School (Shimla)|Bishop Cotton School]] and other sites around the city. Additional scenes were filmed at Sacred Heart Senior Secondary School in [[Dalhousie, India|Dalhousie]]. Although the film is set in 1947, it notably features a rendition of the song "[[Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)|Que Sera Sera]]," which was originally published in 1956.

The production also filmed extensively in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Parts of [[Lucknow]] and [[Rudauli]] were used to represent [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]], with key scenes shot at [[La Martinière College, Lucknow|La Martinière College]] and Irshad Manzil Palace. To capture the atmosphere of a partition-torn India, scenes were also filmed in [[Pathankot]], [[Sarnath|Sarna]], and [[Amritsar]], emphasizing the physical and emotional divide created during the Partition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Principal Controller of Defence Accounts (Central Command) |url=http://pcdacc.gov.in/home_lucknow.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161511/http://pcdacc.gov.in/home_lucknow.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=28 January 2011 |website=pcdacc.gov.in}}</ref>

== Music and soundtrack ==
{{Main|Gadar: Ek Prem Katha (soundtrack)}}
The music of ''Gadar: Ek Prem Katha'' was composed by [[Uttam Singh]], with lyrics of the songs were penned by [[Anand Bakshi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2023 |title=डेढ़ महीने लगे थे गदर के सुपरहिट गीत उड़ जा काले कांवा को बनने में...संगीतकार उत्तम सिंह ने खास यादें की साझा |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/bollywood/gadar-uttam-singh-reveals-special-memories-related-to-superhit-song-udja-kale-kawan-and-music-of-the-film-sunny-deol-slt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614110514/http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/bollywood/gadar-uttam-singh-reveals-special-memories-related-to-superhit-song-udja-kale-kawan-and-music-of-the-film-sunny-deol-slt |archive-date=14 June 2023 |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref> The film’s soundtrack features playback vocals primarily by [[Udit Narayan]] and [[Alka Yagnik]], who lent their voices to the characters portrayed by [[Sunny Deol]] and [[Ameesha Patel]], respectively.

According to ''[[Box Office India]]'', the soundtrack sold approximately 2.5 million copies, making it one of the best-selling Bollywood albums of 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce |archive-date=15 February 2008 |access-date=12 July 2017 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
Upon its release on 15 June 2001, ''Gadar: Ek Prem Katha'' emerged as a major commercial success and was declared an ''All-Time Blockbuster'' by ''[[Box Office India]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Hits All Time Blockbuster - - Box Office India |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528201924/http://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php |archive-date=28 May 2017 |access-date=24 May 2017 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> The film grossed ₹1.33 billion (US$16 million) during its initial theatrical run in 2001 and recorded footfalls exceeding 50 million in India. As of 2017, its adjusted gross based on ticket sales was estimated at ₹4.86 billion (US$57 million), making it one of the most-watched Indian films of all time.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-05 |title=Chhaava box office collection Day 50: Vicky Kaushal starrer crosses Rs 596 crore mark; set for Rs 600 crore lifetime earnings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/chhaava-box-office-collection-day-50-vicky-kaushal-starrer-crosses-rs-596-crore-mark-set-for-rs-600-crore-lifetime-earnings/articleshow/119997837.cms |access-date=2025-04-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top India Footfalls All Time |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/india-footfalls.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815202747/http://boxofficeindia.com/Collections/footfalls?fm=1 |archive-date=15 August 2015 |access-date=24 May 2017 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

The film sustained a long theatrical run, collecting ₹40.2 million (₹4.02 crore) in its eighth week alone.[6] In the United Kingdom, the film grossed approximately £280,000 during its overseas run.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |author-link1=Anupama Chopra |date=4 November 2005 |title=Location impacts power of stars |url=https://variety.com/2005/film/global/location-impacts-power-of-stars-1117932353/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718112422/https://variety.com/2005/film/global/location-impacts-power-of-stars-1117932353/ |archive-date=18 July 2022 |access-date=21 August 2017 |work=Variety}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
Upon its release on 15 June 2001, ''Gadar: Ek Prem Katha'' received generally positive reviews from critics. Ruchi Sharma of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' described the film as "coming close to being fantastic," while noting that certain portions felt "overheated."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ruchi |date=15 June 2001 |title=Review: Gadar - Ek Prema Katha |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jun/15gadar.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913233911/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jun/15gadar.htm |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''IndiaFM'' (now ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'') gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, commending its "brilliant dramatic and confrontation sequences, splendid performances, and touching moments," though he criticized the runtime and music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=12 June 2001 |title=Gadar – Ek Prem Katha Movie Review: Gadar – Ek Prem Katha Movie |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gadar-ek-prem-katha/critic-review/gadar-ek-prem-katha-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913233909/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gadar-ek-prem-katha/critic-review/gadar-ek-prem-katha-movie-review/ |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> ''[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]]'' later included the film in its list of "must-watch Bollywood films" depicting the [[Partition of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=5 must-watch Bollywood films on the Partition |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-5-must-watch-bollywood-films-on-the-partition-2010793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817210544/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-5-must-watch-bollywood-films-on-the-partition-2010793 |archive-date=17 August 2014 |access-date=14 August 2014}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Date of the ceremony
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipients
!Result
! scope="col" |{{Refh}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="7" |11 January 2002
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fair View Zee Cine Awards 2002 - 5th Zee Cine Awards & Winners |url=https://www.awardsandshows.com/features/zee-cine-awards-2002-466.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.awardsandshows.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male]]
|[[Sunny Deol]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor – Female]]
|[[Ameesha Patel]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
|[[Amrish Puri]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Outstanding Performance – Male
|[[Sunny Deol]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Anand Bakshi]] (for "Udja Kale Kawan")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|Shaktimaan Talwar
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="12" |13 January 2002
|[[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Gadar: Ek Prem Katha''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="12" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Star Screen Award Winners 2002 – Eighth (8th) Star Screen Awards |url=https://www.awardsandshows.com/features/star-screen-awards-2002-129.html |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.awardsandshows.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Anil Sharma
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Sunny Deol
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|Ameesha Patel
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Uttam Singh]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Anand Bakshi]] (for "Musafir Jaane Wale")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|Udit Narayan (for "Udja Kale Kawan")
|{{nom}}
|-
|Jodi No. 1
|Sunny Deol and Ameesha Patel
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| rowspan="2" |Shaktimaan Talwar
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Art Direction
|Sanjay Dhabade
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Action
|[[Tinu Verma]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="10" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="10" |[[47th Filmfare Awards|16 February 2002]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Gadar: Ek Prem Katha''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="10" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2002 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2002/101 |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Anil Sharma
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Sunny Deol
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="2" |Ameesha Patel
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Special Award|Special Performance Award]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
|Amrish Puri
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|Uttam Singh
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|Anand Bakshi (for "Udja Kale Kawan")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|Udit Narayan (for "Udja Kale Kawan")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Action|Best Action]]
|Tinu Verma
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Sansui Viewers' Choice Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |27 March 2002
|Best Actor
|Sunny Deol
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|Best Actress
| rowspan="2" |Ameesha Patel
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress (Critics)
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Bollywood Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |6 April 2002
|Best Actor
|Sunny Deol
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web |date=30 April 2007 |title=Bollywood Movie Awards Nominees Announced |url=https://bollyspice.com/bollywood-movie-awards-nominees-announced/ |access-date=12 July 2021 |website=Bollyspice.Com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of Bollywood Movie Awards: 1999 to 2007 |url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102124901/http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=BollywoodAwards.com}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress (Critics)
|Ameesha Patel
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Villain
|Amrish Puri
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
| rowspan="12" |[[3rd IIFA Awards|6 April 2002]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Gadar: Ek Prem Katha''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="12" |<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-T4hAAAAIBAJ&q=Kajol&pg=PA27 |title=New Straits Times |publisher=New Straits Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Anil Sharma
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Sunny Deol
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|Ameesha Patel
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance in a Comic Role]]
|[[Vivek Shauq]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
|Amrish Puri
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|Uttam Singh
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|Anand Bakshi (for "Udja Kale Kawan")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback]]
|Udit Narayan (for "Udja Kale Kawan")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| rowspan="2" |Shaktimaan Talwar
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Action|Best Action]]
|Tinu Verma
|{{won}}
|}

== Controversy ==
The film faced protests, including incidents of [[arson]] and violence, at the time of its release particularly in [[Mumbai]], [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Bhopal]] by some Muslim groups who were opposed to the depiction of an [[interfaith marriage]] between a Sikh man and Muslim woman as shown in the film. The film’s portrayal of partition violence was also alleged to be biased against Muslims. [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]] was also petitioned by one of the groups to implement a ban in the state, though it did not materialize.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2001-07-09 |title=Religious protests against period film Gadar put free speech on the boil |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/controversy/story/20010709-religious-protests-against-period-film-gadar-put-free-speech-on-the-boil-773738-2001-07-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815235120/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/controversy/story/20010709-religious-protests-against-period-film-gadar-put-free-speech-on-the-boil-773738-2001-07-08 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film had also run into controversy an year earlier while filming at the [[Bara Imambara]] (a place for religious congregation) in [[Lucknow]] which was protested to by [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]], and the film had to be reshot at the nearby [[Rumi Gate]].<ref name=":0" />

[[Arif Masood]], a local politician, was the leader of one of the protesting mobs in Bhopal which seriously injured a police constable. Reacting to the violence Deol said "What is sad about the protests is that they were started by cowards, but it is innocent people who are being hurt." Actress [[Shabana Azmi]] defended the film's right of exhibition stating, "The movie reinforces the canard that every Muslim is a Pakistani. It mixes issues of identity and nationalism, which should be handled sensitively. But it has been cleared by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board]] and has every right to be screened."<ref name=":0" /> Then [[Shiv Sena]] chief, [[Bal Thackeray]], writing in ''[[Saamana]]'' too found 'nothing objectionable' in the film.<ref name=":0" />

== Sequel ==
{{Main|Gadar 2}}
A sequel titled ''[[Gadar 2]]'' was officially announced on 15 October 2021 with the release of a motion poster featuring [[Sunny Deol]], [[Ameesha Patel]], and [[Utkarsh Sharma]] reprising their roles.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 October 2021 |title=Gadar 2: Sunny Deol confirms sequel on Dussehra, says 'the katha continues' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gadar-2-sunny-deol-confirms-sequel-dussehra-ameesha-patel-7572856/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015065220/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gadar-2-sunny-deol-confirms-sequel-dussehra-ameesha-patel-7572856/ |archive-date=15 October 2021 |access-date=15 October 2021 |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref> Directed by [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]] and produced by [[Zee Studios]], the film was released theatrically on 11 August 2023.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2023 |title='Gadar 2' Poster Release: Sequel of Sunny Deol's class cult set to release on August 11 this year |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/gadar-2-poster-released-sequel-of-sunny-deols-class-cult-set-to-release-on-august-11-this-yea/articleshow/97348204.cms |newspaper=Economic Times}}</ref>

== Re-release ==
To commemorate the legacy of the film ahead of its sequel, an uncut and digitally remastered version of ''Gadar: Ek Prem Katha''—featuring [[4K resolution]] and [[Dolby Atmos]] sound—was given a [[Limited theatrical release|limited theatrical re-release]] by [[Zee Studios]] on 9 June 2023.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=Gadar-Ek Prem Katha to re-release in cinema halls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gadar-ek-prem-katha-to-re-release-in-cinema-halls/articleshow/100305324.cms |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2023-08-01 |title=Gadar : Ek Prem Katha - Full Movie (ग़दर) Sunny Deol, Ameesha Patel, Amrish Puri |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MI0ubpr8ntY |access-date=2023-11-26 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films]]
* ''[[Shaheed-e-Mohabbat Boota Singh]]'', 1999 Indian Punjabi-language film

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Banaji|first=S.|title=Reading 'Bollywood': The Young Audience and Hindi Films|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=saXtCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147|date=23 May 2006|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-50120-1|pages=147–52|chapter=Politics and Spectatorship 1: Viewing Love, Religion and Violence}}
* {{cite book|last=Dwyer|first=Rachel|title=Bollywood's India: Hindi Cinema as a Guide to Contemporary India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqwBBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT50|date=15 June 2014|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-78023-304-8|page=50}}
* {{cite book|last=Bhattacharya|first=Nandini|title=Hindi Cinema: Repeating the Subject|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkwZl-yAJSAC&pg=PT169|date=7 May 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-18986-9|page=169}}
* {{cite book|last=Sinha|first=Babli|title=South Asian Transnationalisms: Cultural Exchange in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3vsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|date=25 February 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-71832-9|page=135}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cunningham|first1=Douglas A.|last2=Nelson|first2=John C.|title=A Companion to the War Film|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lO3bCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT310|date=28 March 2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-33761-5|page=310}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bharat|first1=Meenakshi|last2=Kumar|first2=Nirmal|title=Filming the Line of Control: The Indo–Pak Relationship Through the Cinematic Lens|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMrfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA161|date=27 April 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-51606-1|page=161}}
* {{cite book|last=Dwyer|first=Rachel|title=100 Bollywood Films|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tk5gBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT74|date=1 December 2005|publisher=Roli Books Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7436-990-1|page=74}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=Rini Bhattacharya|last2=Mookerjea-Leonard|first2=Debali|title=The Indian Partition in Literature and Films: History, Politics, and Aesthetics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cnffBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|date=17 December 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-66994-4|page=4}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Dadhe|first1=Kasturi|s2cid=164058417|title=Religious and Nationalist Trends in Modern Bollywood Cinema|journal=Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik|volume=57|issue=1|year=2009|issn=2196-4726|doi=10.1515/zaa.2009.57.1.9}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Manoj|title=Portrayal of Partition in Hindi Cinema|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|date=2010|volume=70|pages=1155–60|jstor=44147759}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Bose|first1=Nandana|title=The Hindu right and the politics of censorship: three case studies of policing Hindi Cinema, 1992-2002|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A194426813/GPS?sid=wikipedia|journal=Velvet Light Trap|date=Spring 2009|volume=63|issue=63|page=22|doi=10.1353/vlt.0.0029|s2cid=152796337|url-access= |via=General OneFile}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0284137}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gadar-ek-prem-katha/ Gadar: Ek Prem Katha] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]
{{Anil Sharma}}
{{Portalbar|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindustani-language films]]
[[Category:2000s action drama films]]
[[Category:2000s historical action films]]
[[Category:2000s war romance films]]
[[Category:2001 controversies]]
[[Category:Art works that caused riots]]
[[Category:Films scored by Uttam Singh]]
[[Category:Films set in the partition of India]]
[[Category:Films set in Lahore]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Films shot in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anil Sharma]]
[[Category:Films set in Shimla]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Films set in 1947]]
[[Category:Films set in 1954]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Films about religious violence in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Indian historical romance films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian war romance films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies in Asia]]
[[Category:Military of Pakistan in films]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in film]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]

Selvaa (director)

2026-03-21T01:41:07Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: started some entry more to come - done

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{distinguish|Selvaraghavan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| alma mater = [[Pachaiyappa's College]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director|Director]]}}
| years_active = 1992{{endash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Selvaa''' is an Indian director who works in the [[Tamil film]] industry.<ref name=Behind>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/director/selva.html|title=Director Selva - Behindwoods.com - Director Selva Interview - Directed Movies Ajith Kireedom Rajni Vijaykanth Vikram Dasavatharam Guru En Aalu Naan Avan illai Karna Pudaiyal Sishya Pooveli Roja Vanam James Paandu Student No.1 Aasaiyil Oor Kadidam Naan Avan Illai Thotta Subramaniapuram Images|website=Behindwoods.com|access-date=31 December 2017}}</ref> He often specializes in film remakes and directed a series of hits the 1990s. His first film ''[[Thalaivasal (film)|Thalaivasal]]'' launched the career of many. His noted film are ''[[Amaravathy (film)|Amaravathy]]'', ''[[Karnaa]]'', ''[[Pooveli]]'', ''[[Unnaruge Naan Irundhal]]'', and ''[[Naan Avanillai (2007 film)|Naan Avanillai]]''. He introduced [[Ajith Kumar]] through his second film ''Amaravathy''.

==Early life==
Selva was graduated from [[Pachaiyappa's College]]. Selva first joined as an assistant director in an advertising firm which was involved in making ad film, documentary and short films.

==Career==
He worked in his first television serial titled ''Thyagam''. At that time, he directed a documentary film on the Tamil poet [[Subramanya Bharathi]] which was screened in Delhi Doordarshan. This innovative concept was appreciated by everyone and the documentary served as an entry ticket for his next project wherein he was asked to direct eminent writer [[Akilan]]’s award winning novel ''Chithira Paavai'' which was to be telecast in Doordarshan. It was a thirteen episode serial which had Vaishnavi, Fathima Babu, [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and many leading TV personalities. Though ''Chithira Paavai'' earned him a good repute, He was yet to become popular. Selva then directed the serial ''Soorya'' for [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] with [[M. K. Stalin]] who played the title role. Subsequently, he received another offer to direct a TV serial called ''Neela Mala'' from Chozha creations. The success of the serial facilitated Chozha creation’s re-entry into film world and they gave him the first opportunity to direct ''[[Thalaivaasal]]'' in 1992. The film dealt with drug problems in college and it completed a 100-day run at the box-office. His next venture was [[Amaravathy (film)|Amaravathy]] with newcomers [[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Sanghavi]] starring. He then directed ''[[Karnaa]]'' with Arjun, marking their first collaboration, the film did well at the box office and it was best known for the chartbuster "Malare Mounama".

In 1997, he briefly worked on the pre-production of a film titled ''Thenaali Raja'' with [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] and [[Nivedita Jain]], but the film was later shelved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-5.htm|title=A-Z (V)|website=Indolink.com|access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424003725/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-5.htm|archive-date=24 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Despite the commercial failure of ''Sishya'', Karthik chose to collaborate with Selva again in ''[[Pooveli]]'' and the film became a large commercial success. The success of the film subsequently brought him several offers including the opportunity to make a third film with Karthik in ''[[Rojavanam]]'', a romantic love story set in the backdrop of an old people's home. He also shortly after planned other projects including ''Oruvar Manathilae Oruvaradi'' and ''Kai Korthu Vaa'' with Karthik, and ''Nanba'' with [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], which ultimately failed to materialise despite nearing completion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=6006380&cid=2408|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331145742/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=6006380&cid=2408|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 March 2014|title=Welcome to Sify.com|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=31 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/cinebit/c45.html|title=Nilacharal|website=Nilacharal.com|access-date=31 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.screenindia.com/old/jan14/south.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080324155419/http://www.screenindia.com/old/jan14/south.htm|archive-date = 24 March 2008|title = Entertainment News: Latest Bollywood & Hollywood News, Today's Entertainment News Headlines|access-date = 19 November 2020|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/31-07-00/karthik.htm |title=Dinakaran |website=www.dinakaran.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041103100647/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/31-07-00/karthik.htm |archive-date=3 November 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

He introduced actor [[Sathyaraj]]'s son [[Sibiraj]] in ''[[Student Number 1]]'' while he was also instrumental in collaborating them in his directorial ''[[Jore (film)|Jore]]'' while they collaborated with another project ''Ma. Mu'' which failed to proceed after the launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/11106.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041216140859/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/11106.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2004|title=Cinema News - Movie Reviews - Movie Trailers |website=Indiaglitz.com|access-date=31 December 2017}}</ref> Selva again collaborated with Arjun in ''[[Aanai]]'' and ''[[Manikanda]]''. ''Manikanda'' was initially begun in 2003. It languished in development hell due to financial problems faced by the producer, and was finally released in 2007 after a long delay. Selva decided to remake [[K. Balachander]]'s ''[[Naan Avanillai (1974 film)|Naan Avan Illai]]'' with Jeevan playing the lead role with the film becoming successful, director and actor collaborated with another project ''[[Thotta]]'' which was restarted after it was shelved during 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News27/23-8-05/tamil-movies-news-jeevan.html|title=Behindwoods : Jeevan's Thotta in a quandary|website=Behindwoods.com|access-date=31 December 2017}}</ref>

The success of ''Naan Avanillai'', prompted Selva to make a sequel featuring Jeevan in the same character with five new female characters. Shot predominantly throughout Europe, the film failed to replicate the success of the prequel and Selva subsequently opted against making a third film in the series. Another remake, that of ''[[Nootrukku Nooru]]'' (1971), which he had planned featuring [[Vinay Rai|Vinay]] and [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], was called after pre-production stages following the financial problems of producers [[Kavithalayaa Productions]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goergo.in/?p=4373|title=Goergo|website=Goergo.in|access-date=31 December 2017}}</ref>

Selva directed ''[[Naanga]]'' which introduced children of noted film personalities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-10-04/selva-naan-avan-illai-23-06-10.html|title=Selva : Tamil Movie News : Selva to introduce 13 newbies|website=Behindwoods.com|access-date=31 December 2017}}</ref> The film was released to mixed reviews and went unnoticed due to its low key release. He then directed ''Naadi Thudikkuthadi'' with newcomers and it marked Selva's first collaboration with music director [[Ilaiyaraaja]], but the film is yet to be released while his another directorial ''[[Muriyadi]]'' with [[Sathyaraj]] is also unreleased. Selva announced that he is directing ''Vendru Va'' featuring Jeevan acting after his sabbatical from films while also announced that he would collaborate with Aravind Swamy in a project titled ''Vanangamudi''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/actor-jeevan-to-stage-a-comeback-news-tamil-njim61fjdbbsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011225902/http://www.sify.com/movies/actor-jeevan-to-stage-a-comeback-news-tamil-njim61fjdbbsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2014|title=Actor Jeevan to stage a comeback!|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=31 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Arvind-Swami-to-play-a-cop-in-Selvaas-Vanangamudi/articleshow/35783915.cms|title=Arvind Swami to play a cop in Selvaa's Vanangamudi |newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=31 December 2017}}</ref>

==Filmography==
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:150px;"| Film
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:250px;" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Thalaivaasal]]'' ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Amaravathy (film)|Amaravathy]]'' ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Karnaa]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997 || ''[[Pudhayal]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Sishya (film)|Sishya]]'' ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Pooveli]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1999 || ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Rojavanam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Unnaruge Naan Irundhal]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Aasaiyil Oru Kaditham]]'' ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[James Pandu]]'' ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Student Number 1]]'' ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Jore (film)|Jore]]'' ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Aanai]]'' ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Nenjil]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Naan Avanillai (2007 film)|Naan Avanillai]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Manikanda]]'' ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Thotta]]'' ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Guru En Aalu]]'' ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Naan Avanillai 2]]'' ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Naanga]]'' ||
|-
|}
;Television
*''Neela Mala'' (DD Podhigai)
*''Chithirai Paavai'' (DD Podhigai)
*[[Run (2019 TV series)|''Run'']] (Sun TV)
*''[[Vanathai Pola (TV series)|Vanathai Pola]]'' (Sun TV)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://movies.sulekha.com/selva_film-director-biography Biography and Filmography]

{{Selva (director)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Selva}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Meera Muralidharan

2026-03-19T13:37:09Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai:

{{Short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Indian name|Meera|Muralidharan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meera Muralidharan
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Cherthala]], [[Alappuzha district]], [[Kerala]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1994}}
| other_names =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|[[Television presenter]]}}
| parents =
| years_active = 2011{{endash}}2019
| height =
| spouse = {{marriage|Manushankar|2021}}
| notable_works =
}}
'''Meera Muralidharan''' (born 1994) is an Indian television actress and [[television presenter|presenter]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/The-love-for-acting-dawned-on-me-gradually-Meera-Muralidharan/articleshow/40388306.cms |title=The love for acting dawned on me gradually: Meera Muralidharan |work=The Times of India|last1=Soman |first1=Deepa }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Gowri-is-on-a-roll/articleshow/38977070.cms |title=Gowri is on a roll |work=The Times of India|last1=Pillai |first1=Radhika C. }}</ref><ref>[https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/meera-muraleedharan-at-gowri-krishna-engagement/articleshow/89522624.cms?story=1 ഇത് ആ മീര തന്നെയാണോ, ഗൗരിയുടെ വിവാഹ നിശ്ചയത്തിന് എത്തിയ നടിയുടെ മാറ്റം കണ്ട് ഞെട്ടി ആരാധകര്‍, കണ്ടിട്ട് മനസ്സിലാവുന്നില്ലല്ലോ?]</ref><ref>[https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-gossips/serial-actress-meera-muralidharan-reveals-why-she-quit-acting-exclusive-interview/articleshow/73511084.cms?minitv=true സീരിയൽ ലോകം വിടാൻ ഒരേ ഒരു കാരണം; അരുന്ധതിക്ക് ശേഷം മീര പിൻവാങ്ങാൻ കാരണം! ]</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Meera was born in 1994 to P.N Muralidharan and Geetha in [[Cherthala]], [[Alappuzha district]]. She married Manushankar in 2021.<ref>[https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/serial-actress-meera-muralidharan-got-married-with-manushankar-video-goes-viral/articleshow/81675040.cms?minitv=true മനുവിന്റെ നല്ലപാതിയായി മീര; താരനിബിഢമായി മീര- മനുശങ്കർ വിവാഹം!!]</ref>

==Filmography==
{{BLP sources section|date=December 2022}}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Director !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2014 || ''Seconds'' || Sneha || Aneesh Upasana || {{small|Movie debut}} || <ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/meera-muraleedharan-acts-in-seconds/articleshow/38739116.cms Meera Muraleedharan acts in Seconds]</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Thinkal Muthal Velli Vare]]'' || Herself || Kannan Thamarakkulam || ||
|-
| || ''The Black Age'' |||| || Short film ||
|-
| || ''Kanneer Mazhayathu'' |||| || Short film ||
|-
| || ''Trissoolam'' |||| || Album ||
|-
|||''Piano''|||||||album
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Channel !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2011 || ''Snehatheeram'' || || [[DD Malayalam]] [[Surya TV]] ||
|-
| 2011 || ''Chila Nerangalil Chila Manushyar'' || Geethu || [[Amrita TV]] ||
|-
| 2011|| ''Sooryakanthi'' || || [[Jaihind TV]] ||
|-
| 2011-2012 || ''[[Autograph (TV series)| Autograph]]''|| Priya || rowspan=2|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||
|-
| 2011|| ''Saivinte Makkal'' || ||
|-
| || ''Kedharam'' || || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''Kanamarayathu'' || || [[Kairali TV]] ||
|-
| 2012-2014|| ''Amma'' || Anu || ||
|-
| 2012|| ''Sreekrishnan''|| ||[[Surya TV]] ||
|-
|2012-2013 || ''Kathayariyathe'' || || [[Surya TV]] ||
|-
| 2013-2014|| ''Indira'' ||Meera || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Pathinu Pathu'' || || [[Mazhavil Manorama]], [[Surya TV]] ||
|-
| 2013|| ''Sparsham'' || ||[[Media One]] ||
|-
| 2015|| ''Penmanassu'' || Amala || [[Surya TV]] ||
|-

| 2015-2016 || ''Manassariyathe'' || || [[Surya TV]] ||
|-
| || ''Sandhya Vandanam'' || || ||
|-

| 2014-15 || ''[[Aniyathi (TV series)|Aniyathi]]'' || Gayathri || rowspan=2|Mazhavil Manorama ||
|-
| 2015-16 || ''Ponnambili'' || Malavika ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Meghasandhesham'' || || [[Kairali TV]] ||
|-
| 2017 || ''Jagratha'' ||||[[Amrita TV]]||
|-

| 2018 -2019|| ''Arundhathi''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/arundhathi-a-new-serial-on-flowers-tv/articleshow/62255010.cms |title=Arundhathi, a new serial on Flowers TV - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Ur |first1=Arya }}</ref> || Arundhathi || Flowers ||
|}
; TV shows
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
|-
| 2013 ||''Munch Stars''|| Contestant || || Also anchor in curtain riser
|-
| || ''[[Badai Bungalow]]'' || TV Serial Actress|| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
| || ''Nammal Thammil'' || Panelist|| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2015-2019 || ''Taste Time'' || Host || Asianet ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name| }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muralidharan, Meera}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Gaekwad

2026-03-17T11:00:41Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: clean up

{{About|the Indian surname from Maharashtra|the former ruling dynasty of Baroda|Gaekwad dynasty|the 1992 video game, ''Gaikwad''|Tsunami Games}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
'''Gaikwad''' (also spelt '''Gaikwar''' and '''Gaikwad'''; {{langx|mr|Gāyǎkǎvāḍǎ}}) is a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] surname.<ref>{{cite book|title=Communalism and Indian Princely States: Travancore, Baroda, and Hyderabad in the 1930s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=heNtAAAAMAAJ|author=Dick Kooiman|publisher=Manohar|quote=Gaekwad is actually a surname and not a title or designation.|year=2002|isbn = 9788173044212}}</ref> The surname is found among the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]], [[Kunbi]], [[Koli people|Koli]], [[Mali]] & [[Mahar]] castes.<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra in maps|author1=Kamal Ramprit Dikshit|author2=Charulata Patil|publisher=Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture|year=1986|page=106|quote=Maratha surnames like More, Kadam and Gaikwad are found even among the scheduled caste people}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&q=Mahadeo&pg=PA1091|title=People of India: Maharashtra|last=Bhanu|first=B. V.|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788179911013|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&q=Dhor+Koli&pg=PA74|title=Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes|last=Prasad|first=R. R.|date=1996|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=9788171412983|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Untouchability and Its Origin|author=Tulasīdāsa Viṭhūjī Geḍāma|publisher=Yugantar Education Society|year=1999|page=158|quote=In Maharashtra we find surnames of Jadhav, Chavan, Pawar, Gaekwad, Thorat etc. among the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha caste]] as well as [[Mahar caste]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEWTSAe-KkQC&pg=PA152|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2006|page=152|isbn = 9788178241562|quote=Gaekwad was typical of the Mahar old guard who had joined Ambedkar in the early days. It was a group largely rural in background}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The Marathi historian [[Dattatray Balwant Parasnis|D.S. Parasnis]] and his co-author, the [[British Raj]] High Court judge, [[Charles Augustus Kincaid|C.A. Kincaid]] of colonial-era India, wrote in 1908 that the origin of the name ''Gaikwad'' is a combination of two Marathi words. In {{langx|mr|gai|italic=yes}} means ''cow'' and {{lang|mr|kavad}} means ''small door''. Therefore, ''gaekwad'' (or ''gaikwad'') denotes ''cow door''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=neo1gK3kR7gC&pg=PA52|title=Tale of the Tulsi Plant and Other Studies|last1=Kincaid|first1=C.A.|last2=Parasnis|first2=Dattatray Balwant |publisher=Asian Educational Services |date=1994 |orig-date=First published 1908 |page=52 |isbn=9788120603448}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Anshuman Gaikwad]], Indian cricketer and coach
* [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]], Indian cricketer
* [[Raju Gaikwad]], footballer
* [[Ravindra Gaikwad]], Indian politician
* [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]], Indian cricketer
* Shivaji Rao Gaikwad, known by his stage name [[Rajinikanth]], Indian actor
* [[Sunil Gaikwad]], Indian politician from Maharashtra

==See also==
* [[Caste system in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{surname}}
[[Category:Maratha clans]]
[[Category:Koli clans]]
[[Category:Marathi-language surnames]]

Akshita Mudgal

2026-03-15T19:24:08Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai:

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akshita Mudgal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2002|07|09|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2012–present
| education =
| alma_mater =
| known_for = ''[[Ishk Par Zor Nahi]]'' ''[[Bhakharwadi (TV series)|Bhakharwadi]]''
}}

'''Akshita Mudgal''' (born 9 July 2002) is an Indian actress well known for her role as Ishqi in [[Sony Entertainment Television]]'s show ''[[Ishk Par Zor Nahi]]''.

==Early life==
Akshita Mudgal was born on 9 July 2002 in Agra, Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patowari |first1=Farzana |title=Akshita Mudgal: My family has struggled more than me in my acting career - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/akshita-mudgal-my-family-has-struggled-more-than-me-in-my-acting-career/articleshow/87783321.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 November 2021 |access-date=18 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> She is a professional dancer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Akshita Mudgal: Always had this 'keeda' of dancing in me - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/akshita-mudgal-always-had-this-keeda-of-dancing-in-me/articleshow/83083963.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 May 2021 |access-date=30 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
At the age of 10, Akshita came to Mumbai from her hometown [[Agra]] and took part in [[Dance India Dance|DID Li'l Masters Season 2]]. After that, she started getting offers in acting and thus, she made her debut on television with [[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]] and appeared in more than 50 episodes. Then in 2014, she appeared in a Kannada Film [[Ugramm]]. Later, she went ahead to play a role in the 2015 [[Bindass]] TV show [[Zindagi Wins]]. She also starred as a child artist in the 2015 [[Emraan Hashmi]] starring film [[Mr. X (2015 film)|Mr. X]] and [[Akshay Kumar]] starring film [[Brothers (2015 film)|Brothers]].<ref>{{cite web |title=I feel blessed to have started early in life: Akshita Mudgal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/i-feel-blessed-to-have-started-early-in-life-akshita-mudgal-101639315982327-amp.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=12 December 2021 |language=en |date=12 December 2021}}</ref>

Then she played various supportive characters like one of the cousins in the 2017 [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] show [[Yeh Moh Moh Ke Dhaagey]], 2017 [[& TV]] show [[Half Marriage (TV series)|Half Marriage]] and 2018 [[& TV]] show [[Mitegi Laxman Rekha]]. In 2019, she first appeared as the parallel lead in [[Sony SAB|SAB TV]] show [[Bhakharwadi (TV series)|Bhakharwadi]] opposite Akshay Kelkar. The show wrapped up in 2020 due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

She then played the lead role of Ishqi Ahaan Malhotra in [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]'s popular show [[Ishk Par Zor Nahi]] opposite [[Param Singh (actor)|Param Singh]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |title=Akshita Mudgal to play the female lead on Sony TV's new show Ishk Par Zor Nahi |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/akshita-mudgal-to-play-the-female-lead-on-sony-tvs-new-show-ishk-par-zor-nahi-222907 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |access-date=10 March 2021 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Her chemistry with the actor was immensely praised & adored by admirers and critics equally. Their offscreen camaraderie is very much liked by their admirers who call the duo "Parakshita".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ishk Par Zor Nahi actors Akshita Mudgal and Param Singh's Rapid Fire with Etimes TV {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/ishk-par-zor-nahi-actors-akshita-mudgal-and-param-singhs-rapid-fire-with-etimes-tv/videoshow/84063811.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=Times of India |access-date=2 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Akshita Mugdal and Param Singh have fun teasing each other while they talk about their show & more {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/akshita-mugdal-and-param-singh-have-fun-teasing-each-other-while-they-talk-about-their-show-more/videoshow/84440469.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=Times of India |access-date=15 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Param and Akshita were awarded Best Actor (critics) and Best Actress (critics) respectively at Lions Gold Awards 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ishq Par Zor Nahi {{!}} Akshita awarded the Best Actress Golden Award |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtdjoMch9nY |website=YouTube |access-date=7 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The show got wrapped up on 20 August 2021 due to creative differences between the production house and the channel.

She then played the lead for [[Zee TV]] show Iss Mod Se Jaate hain opposite [[Hitesh Bharadwaj]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Since January 2026, she played Radhika in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Lakshmi Niwas (2026 TV series)|Lakshmi Niwas]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=6 January 2026|title=Akshita Mudgal shares insights into her ‘Lakshmi Niwas’ character
|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/akshita-mudgal-shares-insights-into-her-lakshmi-niwas-character/|access-date=9 January 2026|work=[[Lokmat]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Dance India Dance|DID Li'l Masters Season 2]]''
| Contestant
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017
| ''[[Yeh Moh Moh Ke Dhaagey]]''
| Rasika's daughter
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.comtv/india/Yeh-Moh-Moh-Ke-Dhaage-is-an-unlikely-couples-beautiful-story/articleshow/57734253.cms|title=' Yeh Moh Moh Ke Dhaage' is an unlikely couple's beautiful story - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-06}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Half Marriage (TV series)|Half Marriage]]''
| Reva Sharma
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Mitegi Laxman Rekha]]''
| Keerti
|
|
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Bhakharwadi (TV series)|Bhakharwadi]]''
| Gayatri Thakkar Gokhale
|
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Ishk Par Zor Nahi]]''
| Ishqi Malhotra
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/akshita-mudgal-to-play-the-female-lead-on-sony-tvs-new-show-ishk-par-zor-nahi-222907|title=Akshita Mudgal to play the female lead on Sony TV's new show Ishk Par Zor Nahi|website=The Tribune|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=27 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527213523/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/akshita-mudgal-to-play-the-female-lead-on-sony-tvs-new-show-ishk-par-zor-nahi-222907|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2022
| Iss Mod Se Jaate Hain<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-12 |title=Iss mod Se Jaate Hain to wrap up on April 20, lead pair Akshita Mudgal and Hitesh Bharadwaj react |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/iss-mod-se-jaate-hain-to-wrap-up-on-april-20-lead-pair-akshita-mudgal-and-hiten-bharadwaj-express-disappointment/articleshow/90795708.cms |access-date=2023-10-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| Paragi Pathak [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/iss-mod-se-jaate-hain-ep-1-review-heartwarming-story-aspiring-ias-officer-her-struggles-959625|title=Iss Mod Se Jaate Hain Ep 1 Review: A heartwarming story of an aspiring IAS officer & her struggles.|website=Pink Villa|access-date=7 October 2023|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227234110/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/iss-mod-se-jaate-hain-ep-1-review-heartwarming-story-aspiring-ias-officer-her-struggles-959625|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Tulsidham Ke Laddu Gopal]]''<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-08-21 |title=Akshita Mugdal, Dayashankar Pandey and Het Makhwana express their excitement on being a part of 'Tulsi Dham Ke Laddoo Gopal' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/akshita-mudga-dayashankar-pandey-and-het-makhwana-express-their-excitement-on-being-a-part-of-tulsi-dham-ke-laddoo-gopal/articleshow/102912900.cms |access-date=2023-10-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=बाल लीलाओं पर एक और शो 'तुलसी धाम के लड्डू गोपाल', भक्ति और विश्वास का एक अटूट संगम |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/television/tuli-dham-ke-laddoo-gopal-akshita-mudgal-het-makwana-starrer-show-know-the-detail-story-here-2023-08-23 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
| Tulsi
|
|
|-
| 2026–present
| ''[[Lakshmi Niwas (2026 TV series)|Lakshmi Niwas]]''
| Radhika Jaiswal
|
|
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Ugramm]]''
| {{N/A}}
| [[Kannada]]
|Film debut
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Mr. X (2015 film)|Mr. X]]''
| {{N/A}}
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Brothers (2015 film)|Brothers]]''
| {{N/A}}
| Hindi
|
|
|-
|2020
|''Exit''
|
|Hindi
|Short film
|
|-
|2021
|''MMOF – 70 MM''
|Mahima
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Telugu debut
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|10653749}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mudgal, Akshita}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Entertainers from Agra]]
[[Category:Actors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Lomas Rishi Cave

2026-03-10T20:58:52Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: adjust citations per sources and added references

{{Short description|Cave in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Lomas Rishi Cave
| image = Lomas Rishi entrance.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption = Entrance to the Lomas Rishi cave, Barabar hills.
| map_type = India #India Bihar
| map_size=270
| relief = yes
| religious_affiliation = [[Ajivikas]] or [[Buddhism]],<ref name=HP104/> later [[Hinduism]] (5th c.AD)
| coordinates = {{coord|25|00|23.2|N|85|03|52.3|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Jehanabad district]]
| location = Sultanpur
| architecture_style = Rock-cut cave
| website =
}}
The '''Lomas Rishi Cave''', also called the '''Grotto of Lomas Rishi''', is one of the man-made [[Barabar Caves]] in the Barabar and Nagarjuni hills of [[Jehanabad district]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Bihar]]. This rock-cut cave was carved out as a sanctuary. It was built during the [[Ashoka]]n period of the [[Maurya Empire]] in the 3rd century BC, as part of the sacred architecture of the [[Ajivikas]], an ancient religious and philosophical group of India that competed with [[Jainism]] and became extinct over time. Ājīvikas were atheists<ref>Johannes Quack (2014), ''The Oxford Handbook of Atheism'' (Editors: Stephen Bullivant, Michael Ruse), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199644650}}, page 654</ref> and rejected ritualism of the Puranic [[karma Kāṇḍa]] as well as Buddhist ideas. They were ascetic communities and meditated in the Barabar caves.<ref>Analayo (2004), ''Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization'', {{ISBN|978-1899579549}}, pp. 207-208</ref>{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=240-261, 270-273}} Still, the Lomas Rishi cave lacks an explicit [[epigraphy|epigraphical]] dedication to the Ajivikas, contrary to most other Barabar Caves, and may rather have been built by [[Ashoka]] for the [[Buddhist]]s.<ref name=HP104>{{cite book |last1=Le |first1=Huu Phuoc |title=Buddhist Architecture |date=2010 |publisher=Grafikol |isbn=9780984404308 |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA104 |language=en}}</ref>

The hut-style facade at the entrance to the cave is the earliest survival of the [[ogee]] shaped "[[chaitya]] arch" or [[chandrashala]] that was to be an important feature of [[Indian rock-cut architecture]] and sculptural decoration for centuries. The form was clearly a reproduction in stone of buildings in wood and other vegetable materials.<ref>Harle (1994), 24-25; Michell (1989), 217-218</ref>

According to Pia Brancaccio, the Lomas Rishi cave, along with nearby [[Sudama cave]], is considered by many scholars to be "the prototype for the Buddhist caves of the western Deccan, particularly the chaitya hall type structure built between 2nd century BC and 2nd century AD.<ref name="Brancaccio2010p26"/>

First is a large hall, entered at the side and rectangular in shape measuring 9.86x5.18m, which functioned as an assembly hall. Further inside is a second hall, smaller in size, which is a semi-hemispherical room, 5m in diameter, with a roof in the form of a dome, and which is accessed from the rectangular room by a narrow rectangular passage.<ref>{{cite book|author1=George Michell|author2=Philip H. Davies|title=Guide to Monuments of India 1: 2buddhist, Jain, Hindu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2BVDAQAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-670-80696-6|pages=217–218}}</ref> The interior surfaces of the chambers are very finely finished.<ref name="Harlep24">{{cite book|author=James C. Harle|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl|url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/24 24]}}</ref>

==Location==
[[File:Barabar hill with Sudama and Lomas Rishi caves.jpg|left|thumb|Lomas Rishi and (at left) Sudama caves]]
Lomas Rishi Cave is carved into the hard, monolithic granite rock face of the Barabar hills, flanked to its left by the smaller Sudama cave.<ref name=Sudama>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/s/019pho0000125s1u00055000.html|title=Sudama [and] Lomas Rishi Caves at the Barabar [Hills], Gaya|publisher=Online Gallery:British Library}}</ref> The site is close to the Falgu River, and the Barabar Caves Information Centre is close by.<ref name=Bara>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bihartourism.gov.in/districts/jehanabad/Barabar%20Caves.html |title=Barabar Caves |publisher=Official website of Bihar Tourism |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719165825/http://www.bihartourism.gov.in/districts/jehanabad/Barabar%20Caves.html |archive-date=2015-07-19 }}</ref> The cave is {{Convert|30|km}} north of [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] in Bihar, an eastern state in India, and about {{convert|1500|km}} from the [[Ajanta Caves]]. It is distant from other major archaeological sites related to art and architecture; for example, it is about {{convert|1000|km}} from [[Mathura]] and about {{convert|2200|km}} from [[Gandhara]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sigfried J. de Laet|author2=Joachim Herrmann|title=History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC |year=1996|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-102812-0|pages=98–99}}</ref>

==History==
During the reign of Mauryan emperor Ashoka, Lomas Rishi Cave was excavated and gifted to the Ajivikas sage [[Lomasha]]. It is dated to the 3rd century BC.<ref>Michell (1989), 217-218</ref> Additional caves followed in the same granite hills, all in the 3rd century BC, based on the inscriptions found in the caves. The other six caves are (i) Karna Chaupar, (ii) [[Sudama]] Cave, (iii) Vishmitra Cave, (iv) [[Gopi]] Cave, (v) Vapiyaka Cave, and (vi) Vadathika Cave. The last three are on the Nagarjuni Hill east of the Barabar Hill.<ref name=cunningham43>{{cite book|author=Sir Alexander Cunningham|title=Four Reports Made During the Years, 1862-63-64-65|url=https://archive.org/details/fourreportsmade01cunngoog |year=1871|publisher=Government Central Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fourreportsmade01cunngoog/page/n141 43]–52}}</ref>
[[File:Lomas Rishi relief.jpg|thumb|left|The ornate doorway.]]
Burgess, in his cave temple survey of 19th-century, considered the Ajivika Lomas Rishi cave to an anchor milestone for cave chronology. According to Pia Brancaccio, the Lomas Rishi cave, along with nearby Sudama cave, is considered by many scholars to be "the prototype for the Buddhist caves of the western Deccan, particularly the chaitya hall type structure built between 2nd century BC and 2nd-century AD.<ref name="Brancaccio2010p26">{{cite book|author=Pia Brancaccio|title=The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C|year=2010|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-18525-8|pages=26–27}}</ref> According to Vidya Dehejia, the Kondvite chaitya hall is a direct descendant of the Lomas Rishi cave, and other Buddhist cave-based vihara monasteries followed.<ref name="Brancaccio2010p26"/> The Lomas Rishi doorway, states James Harle, the "earliest example of the caitya arch", later to develop into the [[gavaksha|gavaska]] ([[ogee arch]] in European [[Gothic architecture]]), a feature that later became "the most ubiquitous of all Indian architectural motifs".<ref name="Harle1994p24">{{cite book|author=James C. Harle|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl|url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/24 24]–25}}</ref>

According to Arthur Basham, the elephant and other motifs carved at the entrance caitya arch and the walls of the Lomas Rishi cave are those of Ajivika, and this taken with the inscription of Ashoka giving nearby caves to them, suggests they were the original inhabitants. They abandoned the caves at some point, then Buddhists used it because there are the Bodhimula and Klesa-kantara inscriptions in this cave's door jamb. Thereafter a Hindu king named Anantavarman, of Maukhari dynasty, dedicated a [[Krishna]] murti to the cave, states Basham, in the 5th or 6th century. This is evidenced by the Sanskrit inscription found on the arch.<ref name="Basham1951p153"/><ref name="Balcerowicz2015p335">{{cite book|author=Piotr Balcerowicz|title=Early Asceticism in India: Ajivikism and Jainism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PKPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT335|year=2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-53852-3|pages=335–336}};For more on Maukhari dating, see: [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maukhari-dynasty Maukhari dynasty], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref>

[[E. M. Forster]] based the important scene in the "[[Marabar Caves]]" in his novel ''[[A Passage to India]]'' (1924) on these caves, which he had visited.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sarker|first=Sunil Kumar|title=A Companion to E.M. Forster|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YsRurf1zL8cC&pg=pg708|access-date=2015-01-08|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0750-2|page=708}}</ref>

==Features==
[[File:Barabar Caves inside Lomas Rishi.jpg|thumb|300px|Unfinished interior (floor and ceiling) of Lomas Rishi cave. The rocky bumps left in the state on the ground, presented by Gupta as a proof of a hasty interruption of the digging, appear in the farther left corner.<ref name="Gupta"/>]]
This cave has an arched facade that probably imitates contemporary wooden architecture. On the periphery of the door, along the curve of the architrave, a line of elephants advances in the direction of stupas emblems.{{Sfn|Harle|1994}}{{Sfn|Michell|1989}} This is the characteristic form of the "[[Chaitya]] arch" or chandrashala, to be an important feature of architecture and sculpture in the rock for many centuries. It is clearly a stone reproduction of wooden buildings and other plant materials.{{Sfn|Harle|1994}}{{Sfn|Michell|1989}} According to Gupta, Lomas Rishi's immediate successors are the [[Kondivite]] and [[Guntupalle, Eluru district|Guntupalli]] caves.<ref name="Gupta"/> The facade of the rock-cut cave is in the form of a thatched hut supported by timber struts and has a doorway that is intricately carved to replicate timber architecture. Its eaves are curved and the finial is in the shape of a pot. The ornamentation on the "curved architrave" consists of carvings of elephants on their way to a [[stupa]]-like structure.<ref name=Hills>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/e/019pho000001003u0044b000.html|title=Entrance to the Lomas Rishi Cave, Barabar Hills 100344b|publisher=Online Gallery: The British Library}}</ref>

;Inscriptions
Lomas Rishi has no Ashoka inscription, perhaps because it has never been completed due to structural rock slide problems.<ref name="HP">Buddhist Architecture par Huu Phuoc Le [https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA102 p.102]</ref> It is generally considered, however, that it was also created around 250 BC, like the other caves, because of the similarity of the internal structure and the degree of finish of the rock, the walls being perfectly polished, with the exception of the vault whose digging was interrupted. On the other hand, it has a much later inscription of Anantavarman above the entrance, from the 5th century of our era.

;Terminal event
According to Gupta, the theory that Lomas Rishi would not have received Ashoka's inscription because it was in a state of incompleteness, is undermined by the fact that the cave of Vivaskarma, another cave of Barabar, although it is not finished, was nevertheless consecrated by Ashoka.<ref name="Gupta">{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Swarajya Prakash |title=The Roots of Indian Art |date=1980 |publisher=B. R. Publishing Corporation |location=Delhi |isbn=9788176467667 |pages=211–215 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lDqAAAAMAAJ |access-date=10 April 2023}}</ref> The consecration of a cave could therefore be done in the course of work. This could imply that Lomas Rishi, with its bas-reliefs, actually post-dates Ashoka's reign.

Gupta actually believes that Lomas Rishi post-dates both Ashoka and his grandson Dasaratha, and would have been built at the end of the Maurya Empire, under the reign of its last Emperor [[Brihadratha]], and abruptly halted in 185 BC with the assassination of Brihadratha and the coup d'état of [[Pushyamitra Sunga]], founder of the [[Sunga dynasty]]. Pushyamitra Sunga is also known to have persecuted Buddhists and Ajivikas, which would explain the immediate cessation of work.<ref name="Gupta"/> According to Gupta, the abrupt interruption of the works is suggested by the lack of finishing, even approximate, of the ground, with for example the abandonment in the state of some [[:Commons:File:Lomas Rishi unfinished bumps.jpg|bumps of rocks on the floor]] which would have required only a few minutes of chipping to be removed in order to obtain a fairly regular floor.<ref name="Gupta"/>

<gallery>
File:Sudama and Lomas Rishi entrances.jpg|Entrances of Sudama Cave, and further, Lomas Rishi Cave, Barabar Hill.
Lomas Rishi cave in Barabar.jpg|Plan of the cave.
File:Lomas Rishi cave.jpg|Volume representation of Lomas Rishi Cave. The digging of the vault has never been finished.
File:Lomas_Rishi_entrance.jpg|Entrance to the cave.
File:IA Development of the Chaitya arch.jpg|Development of the [[Chaitya]] Arch from Lomas Rishi Cave on, from a book by [[Percy Brown (art historian)|Percy Brown]].
File:Lomas Rishi wooden architecture.jpg|Wooden architecture reproduced in stone.
</gallery>

==Inscription of Anantavarman (5-6th century CE)==
Several Hindu inscriptions of the [[Maukharis of Gaya|Maukhari]] king Anantavarman of the 5-6th century CE also appear in the [[Barabar Caves]]: an inscription of Anantavarman above the cave entrance of Lomas Rishi,<ref name="Basham1951p153">{{cite book|author=Arthur Llewellyn Basham|title=History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas, a Vanished Indian Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiGQzc5lRGYC |year=1951|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1204-8|pages=153–159}}</ref> and the [[Gopika Cave Inscription]] and the [[Vadathika Cave Inscription]] in the caves of the Nagarjuni group, in the same caves where the dedicatory inscriptions of the grandson of Ashoka, [[Dasaratha Maurya|Dasaratha]], are also located.

The term ''Aajivikehi'' is often found erased in nearly all Mauryan cave inscriptions of [[Barabar|Barabar and Nagarjuni Caves]]. It seems that during the reign of the [[Maukhari]] ruler Anantavarma, when idols of Krishna and Shiva were installed in these caves, this term was erased, leading to a decline in the influence of the Aajivikas.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=158–159}}

{| class = "wikitable center"
|+ Inscription of Anantavarman ([[Lomas Rishi]] cave)
|-
! scope = "col" align = center|Translation in English!!Original in [[Sanskrit]] (original text of Lomas Rishi Cave) 
|-
| align = left |
Om! He, Anantavarman, who was the excellent son, captivating the heart of mankind, of the illustrious Sardaula, and who, possessed of very great virtues, adorned by his own (high) birth in the family of Maukhari kings, - him, of unsullied fame, with joy caused to be made, as if it were his own fame represented in bodily form in the world, this beautiful image, placed in (this) cave of the mountain Pravaragiri, of the (god) [[Krishna]].

(Line 3.) - The illustrious Sardula, of firmly established fame, the best among chieftains, became the ruler of the earth, he who was a very death to hostile kings; who was a tree the fruits of which were the (fulfilled) wishes of his favourites; who was the torch of the family of the warrior caste, which is glorious through waging many battles; (and) who, charming the thoughts of lovely women, resembled (the god) Smara.

(L. 5.) - On whatsoever enemy the illustrious king Sardula casts in anger his scowling eye, the expanded and tremulous and clear and beloved pupil of which is red at the comers between the uplifted brows,— on him there falls the death-dealing arrow, discharged from the bowstring drawn up to (his) ear, of his son, the giver of endless pleasure, who has the name of Anantavarman.

Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Fleet [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.180677/2015.180677.Corpus-Inscriptionum-Indicarum--Vol-3#page/n429/mode/2up p.223]
| align = center width = "30%" |
[[File: Lomas Rishi entrance inscription.jpg | 400px]] 
[[File: Lomas Rishi inscription of Anantavarman.jpg | 400px]]
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{Commons category|Lomas Rishi Cave}}
* {{cite book |last=Basham |first=A.L. |title=History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas | year=1951 |edition=2nd |publisher=Moltilal Banarsidass (Reprint: 2002) |location=Delhi, India | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BiGQzc5lRGYC |isbn= 81-208-1204-2 }} originally published by Luzac & Company Ltd., London, 1951.
* {{cite book |last=Balcerowicz |first=Piotr |title=Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism | year=2015 |edition=1st |publisher=Routledge | pages=368 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nfOPCgAAQBAJ |isbn= 9781317538530 }}
*{{cite book|last=Warder | first=Anthony K. | title=A Course in Indian Philosophy | chapter=Lokayata, Ajivaka, and Ajnana Philosophy | year=1998 | edition=2nd | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers| place=Delhi | pages=32–44 | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zw1UD1Mj9DwC&q=ajnana&pg=PA32| isbn=9788120812444}}
* {{cite book |last=Harle |first=J.C. |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |edition=2nd |date=1994 |publisher=Yale University Press |series=Pelican History of Art |isbn=0300062176}}
* {{cite book |last=Michell |first=George |title=The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu |date=1989 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0140081445}}
* {{cite book|last= Jarzombek |first=Mark M. |title=Architecture of First Societies: A Global Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuevAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT813|date=27 May 2014|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-42105-5 }}

{{Indian Buddhist Caves |state=expanded}}

[[Category:Caves of Bihar]]
[[Category:Mauryan art]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]
[[Category:Jehanabad district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Bihar]]
[[Category:3rd century BC in India]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC establishments in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bihar]]
[[Category:Hindu cave temples]]
[[Category:Buddhist sites in Bihar]]

Zapurza Museum of Art & Culture

2026-03-08T18:58:26Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: started a page and citations - done

{{Short description|Museum in Pune district, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Zapurza Museum of Art & Culture
| logo = Signboard at the entrance of Zapurza.jpg
| map_type =
| established = {{Start date|2022|05|19|df=y}}
| location = [[Pune district]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.41712|N|73.73722|E|display=title,inline}}
| type = [[Art museum]]
| website = {{URL|https://zapurza.org/}}
}}
'''Zapurza Museum of Art & Culture''' is a museum located in Kudje village, located 25 kilometers from the city of [[Pune]] in [[Maharashtra]], India. it opened to the public in May 2022. The museum was inaugurated by [[Flute|flautist]] [[pandit]] [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]]. The museum depicts an extensive collection of family heirloom of Maharashtra coupled with a collection of Indian painters and historic artifacts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAPURZA {{!}} about zapurza story |url=https://www.zapurza.org/about-zapurza-story.php |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=www.zapurza.org |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426183511/https://www.zapurza.org/about-zapurza-story.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Mr. Ajit Gadgil showcasing the Zapurza museum colletion.jpg|left|thumb|Ajit Gadgil, Founder, Zapurza Museum explaining the art.]]
The museum showcases the private collection of Ajit Gadgil, assembled over a span of 25 years. A sixth-generation jeweller from [[Pune]], Gadgil often encountered customers who came to pawn family [[heirloom]]s. Appreciating the exceptional craftsmanship and historical value of these pieces, he could not bring himself to melt them down and instead began preserving the most remarkable items.

In addition to jewellery, people frequently brought [[paithani]] sarees woven with real gold [[zari]]. Typically, the process of extracting the gold involved burning the saree, but Gadgil chose not to destroy these valuable textiles and added them to his growing collection.

Over time, his interest expanded beyond jewellery to include sculptures, paintings, artefacts, textiles, lamps, prints, and silverware. Today, the collection comprises around 1,500 artifacts. Since the museum has limited display space, only about 30–35% of the collection can be exhibited at any given time, with items rotated periodically so that all pieces are eventually showcased.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune's Zapurza Museum: Celebrating a collector's unique journey of art & culture |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/punes-zapurza-museum-celebrating-a-collectors-unique-journey-of-art-culture/2533145/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=Zapurza, Pune's new art point, to be inaugurated on Thursday |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/zapurza-pune-s-new-art-point-to-be-inaugurated-on-thursday-101652814828121.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The concept behind the museum was to display the tradition and [[culture of Maharashtra]], the museum is designed by Shirish Beri, from Kolhapur along with the Dilip Joshi. The museum is situated overlooking the [[Khadakwasla Dam|Khadakwasla Lake]] with [[Sinhagad|Sinhagad Fort]] in the backdrop. It covers an area of 7.5- 8 acres. The campus includes ten galleries, 195 seater auditorium, amphitheater by the lake, multiple studios for various activities and a café.

During an interview Raju Sutar the [[museum curator]] said that the idea behind the museum was to make it welcoming and open to all, in contrast to an intimidating grand facade generally portrayed by the museums. The colour pallette of the museum is composed of earthy tones, by using traditional materials such as [[Stonemasonry]], pitched roof with [[terracotta]] tiles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAPURZA {{!}} about zapurza story |url=https://www.zapurza.org/about-zapurza-story.php |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=www.zapurza.org |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426183511/https://www.zapurza.org/about-zapurza-story.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zapurza Museum of Art & Culture |url=https://www.whatshot.in/pune/zapurza-museum-of-art-culture-v-174260 |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Whats Hot |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Collection ==
[[File:Silver jar with high relief - Zapurza, Pune.jpg|thumb|234x234px|Silver Jar with Relief - A unique 19th-century silver jar from Pune, Maharashtra in the collection of Zapurza Museum of Art & Culture, Pune.]]
The museum consists of eight galleries -
* Gallery One exhibits work of modern and contemporary artists including [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[F. N. Souza|FN Souza]], [[S. H. Raza|S.H. Raza]], [[Jamini Roy]], [[Tyeb Mehta]], [[M. V. Dhurandhar]], and [[Raja Ravi Varma]].
* Gallery Two is called "light of world", dedicated to fire, it depicts the history and objects of fire starting from lighting fire in a forest to modern day electric lamps.
* Gallery Three, talks about the history of printing and how it had change the mode of communication and transfer of knowledge.
* Gallery Four is dedicated to neo tantric artist [[Prabhakar Barwe|Prabhakar Barve]], his works range from abstract to surreal.
* Gallery Five, displays the Indian tradition of [[weaving]] its own fabric ranging from silk to cotton, which was also exported to the [[Roman Empire]], the gallery consists of a large collection of Paithani sarees.
* Gallery Six has a display of jewellery from Maharashtra, featuring a distinctive design that combines chatai (mesh work), beads, and embossed detailing.
* Gallery Seven represents the Maharashtra school of thought, which was largely devoted to the Bhakti Movement. Much of the art that originated in Maharashtra had a strong religious focus, with paintings and sculptures created to adorn temples and pilgrimage sites. Music, particularly kirtan, was also regarded as a form of worship.
* Gallery Eight is an exhibit by Jayant B Joshi.[[File:झपूर्झा कला आणि संस्कृती संग्रहालय वस्रदालनातील पितांबर विषयक प्रदर्शन.jpg|thumb|180x180px|Textile Gallery - Saree Exhibition]] Gallery seven displays the works of artists from [[Sir J. J. School of Art]] which includes The Bombay School, such as [[Sawlaram Haldankar|S. L. Haldankar]], known for his watercolours and [[Abalal Rahiman]], pioneer of Kolhapur School of European Naturalism. A painting by [[M. V. Dhurandhar]] displays a woman with a saree ''pallu'' over her head, holding three spherical fruits and staring out of the frame. The work was credited to Baburao Painter, although during conservation the signature of MV Dhurandhar was revealed.
* Gallery of imprint displays black stone used in the workshop of Raja Ravi Varma to create oleographs. [[Oleograph]] is a traditional means of mass printing, and Ravi Varma used them to print images of gods and goddess depicting popular scenes from mythology.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://zapurza.org/}}

[[Category:Museums in Pune]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries established in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in India]]

Rampaat

2026-03-04T09:41:21Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: enhanced formatting for clarity additionally and improved wording

{{more citations needed|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rampaat
| image = Rampaat poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ravi Jadhav]]
| producer = Meghana Jadhav
| writer = Ravi Jadhav
| starring = [[Abhinay Berde]] [[Kashmira Pardeshi]]
| music = [[Chinar - Mahesh]]
| cinematography = Vasudeo Rane
| editing = [[Abhijit Deshpande]]
| studio = [[Zee Studios]] Athaansh Communications
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2019|5|17|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Rampaat''''' is a 2019 [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language film directed by [[Ravi Jadhav]]. The film stars [[Abhinay Berde]] and [[Kashmira Pardeshi]] in the lead roles and Abhijeet Chavan in supporting role.

== Cast ==
* [[Abhinay Berde]] as Mithun<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/rampaat-character-poster-of-abhinay-berde-as-mithoon-unveiled/articleshow/69108403.cms|title='Rampaat': Character poster of Abhinay Berde as 'Mithoon' unveiled!|newspaper=The Times of India|date=30 April 2019|accessdate=12 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/my-character-in-the-film-rampaat-is-very-filmy-abhinay-berde/articleshow/69310177.cms|title=My character in the film Rampaat is very filmy: Abhinay Berde - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Kashmira Pardeshi]] as Munni<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/rampaat-character-poster-of-kashmira-pardeshi-as-munni-unveiled/articleshow/69141740.cms|title='Rampaat': Character poster of Kashmira Pardeshi as 'Munni' unveiled! - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Abhijeet Chavan]] as Munni's father<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/rampaat-ravi-jadhav-unveils-a-new-character-poster-of-abhijeet-chavan/articleshow/69230269.cms|title='Rampaat': Ravi Jadhav unveils a new character poster of Abhijeet Chavan - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Kushal Badrike]] as Photographer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/rampaat-ravi-jadhav-unveils-a-new-character-poster-of-kushak-badrike/articleshow/69200830.cms|title='Rampaat': Ravi Jadhav unveils a new character poster of Kushak Badrike - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Priya Arun]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.co.in/abhinay-berde-shares-screen-his-parents-rampaat|title=Abhinay Berde shares screen with his parents in Rampaat|date=15 May 2019|website=Box Office India|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924235855/https://boxofficeindia.co.in/abhinay-berde-shares-screen-his-parents-rampaat|url-status=dead}}</ref> as Mithun's mother
* [[Ankush Chaudhari|Ankush Choudhary]] as himself (cameo appearance in the song "Aaichaan Ra")
* [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] as herself (cameo appearance in the song "Aaichaan Ra")

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by music duo Chinar - Mahesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/music-review-rampaat/articleshow/69386679.cms|title=Music review: Rampaat - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*"Rampaat Rap" - A-Jeet, J-Subodh, Jazzy Nanu, Axsboy and Killer Roxx
*"Ye Na Ye Na" - [[Bela Shende]] and [[Rohit Raut]]
*"Aaichaan Ra" - Harshavardhan Wavre, [[Bela Shende]]
*"Devaji Cha Daan" - Saurabh Salunkhe

== Reception ==
''The Times of India'' gave the film two-and-a-half out of five stars wrote that "It misses the mark in holding your attention completely, but for the filmy lot among you, this one could be entertaining."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/rampaat/movie-review/69373573.cms|title=Rampaat Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Rampaat by Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|10122504}}

[[Category:2019 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]

Laptop (2008 film)

2026-03-03T21:32:28Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: minor edit

{{short description|2008 film by Rupesh Paul}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Laptop
| image = Laptop (film).jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Rupesh Paul]]
| producer = E.A. Joseprakash
| screenplay = [[Indu Menon]]
| story = [[Subhash Chandran]]
| starring = [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Shweta Menon]] [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]]
| music = [[Sreevalsan J. Menon|Sreevatsan J Menon]]
| cinematography = V Vinod
| editing = Vijayakumar
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|07|25}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Laptop''''', also known as '''''My Mother's Laptop''''', is a 2008 Malayalam film by [[Rupesh Paul]] starring [[Suresh Gopi]] and [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]]. The film is based on a short story titled 'Parudheesa Nashtam' by [[Subhash Chandran]].

== Plot ==
Ravi is a famous theatre artist. He returns home after thirty long years and finds that his mother is in a coma state following some terminal illness. His guilt feelings and deep regrets of having deserted her forces him to leave his profession and stay at the hospital with his mom. His girlfriend Payal comes from Calcutta to console him and persuade him to return to his profession. But he is adamant.

== Cast ==
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as Ravi
* [[Shweta Menon]] as Ravi's mother
* [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]] as Payal
* [[Urmila Unni]]
* [[Surjith Gopinath]]
* Madhuben
* Harikrishnan Nair S

== Soundtrack ==

{{Track listing

| extra_column = Artist(s)

| all_music = [[Sreevalsan J Menon]]

| title1 = Etho Jalashankhil [D]
| extra1 = Amal Antony, Soniya

| title2 = Etho Jalashankhil [F]
| extra2 = Soniya

| title3 = Ilam Neelaneela Mizhikal
| extra3 = Amal Antony

| title4 = Vaathil Chaaraanaayi
| extra4 = [[Sreevalsan J. Menon]]

| title5 = Jalashayyayil
| extra5 = Soniya

| title6 = Jalashayyayil [F]
| extra6 = [[Kalyani Menon]]

| title7 = May Maasame
| extra7 = Amal Antony

}}

== Reception ==
[[Rediff.com]] gave the film a score of 1/5, praising the promising opening of the film, but felt that the movie lost its momentum pretty soon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/28ssl.htm|title=Review: My Mother's Laptop|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080728235157/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=14724597&ctid=5&cid=2428 sify.com]
* http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/5018/malayalam/my-mothers-laptop/index.htm{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080527232130/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/preview/10021.html ]
* https://web.archive.org/web/20090907071323/http://www.cinefundas.com/2008/07/30/laptop-malayalam-movie-review

{{Rupesh Paul}}

[[Category:2008 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Films based on short fiction]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sreevalsan J. Menon]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rupesh Paul]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about theatre]]
[[Category:Films about dramatists and playwrights]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Hebbal, Bengaluru

2026-03-03T12:08:24Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: creating data

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Bengaluru urban, Karnataka, India 560024}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{lead too long|date=April 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2010}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hebbal
| other_name = Hebbal
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Hebbal Lake.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Hebbal Lake seen from flyover
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bangalore
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.04|N|77.59|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Hebbal Lake, Bangalore|Hebbal Lake]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,54,899
| population_as_of = Census 2017
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN Code
| postal_code = 560006,560024,560032,560045
| registration_plate = '''KA-04'''
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hebbal''' is a neighbourhood in [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India, which was once indicative of the north endpoint of the city. Though originally famous for [[Hebbal Lake, Bangalore|Hebbal Lake]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Hebbal Lake, Bangalore|url=http://www.karnataka.com/bangalore/Hebbala-lake/|work=karnataka.com|publisher=Karnataka.com|access-date=14 April 2014}}</ref> it is now better known for the serpentine maze of [[Overpass|flyovers]] that network the [[Outer Ring Road, Bangalore|Outer Ring Road]] and [[Kempegowda International Airport|Airport Road]] on [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]]. The flyover spans a length of {{convert|5.23|km|mi|1}} over all the loops combined. The flyover was built by [[Gammon India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The longest urban flyover at Hebbal for the Bangalore Development Authority – 5.3 km|url=http://www.gammonindia.com/projects/landmark-project-for-gammon-india.htm|work=GAMMON INDIA LIMITED}}</ref> The lake area in Hebbal is well known for its picnic spots, a well-maintained park, boating facilities and the [[Birdwatchers' Field Club of Bangalore|birdwatching]] opportunities.

Hebbal used to be the end of the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|municipal corporation]] limits. One can still see the milestone between the [[Bangalore Baptist Hospital|Baptist hospital]] and checkpost. Bengaluru has now grown quite a bit towards north,<ref>{{cite web|title=baptist hospital Hebbala bangalore|url=http://www.distancesfrom.com/baptist-hospital-Hebbala-bangalore-latitude-longitude-baptist-hospital-Hebbala-bangalore-latitude-bapt/LatLongHistory/1293177.aspx|work=distancesfrom.com|access-date=21 April 2014}}</ref> beyond these marks. [[L&T Technology Services|L&T]] factory, which was established in the 1970s, is also close to Hebbal. [[Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra|GKVK University]] and [[Manyata Embassy Business Park|Manyata Tech Park]] with a number of office buildings and commercial enterprises makes Hebbal an attractive investment spot.

== History ==
Historians have suggested that the vicinity of [[Hebbal Lake, Bangalore|Hebbal Lake]] to the area has made Hebbal possibly one of the oldest inhabited areas in Bengaluru. An [[Hebbal-Kittayya inscription|inscription stone]] dating back to 750 [[Anno Domini|AD]] was found near [[Mariamman|Maaramma]] temple in Hebbala which describes what may be the first-named Bengalurean, Kittayya. The stone describes an attack by [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] raiders against whom he defended Perbolal, a name that morphed into Hebbal over the years. Historian B N Sundar Rao in his seminal work 'Bengaluru Itihasa', has also theorized that [[Kempe Gowda I|Kempegowda]] borrowed the name Bengaluru from a hamlet to the northwest of [[Hebbal Lake, Bangalore|Hebbal Lake]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/a-Hebbala-hamlet-that-gave-bengaluru-its-name-756048.html|title=A Hebbala hamlet that gave Bengaluru its name|date=2019-08-22|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref>

==Transport==

===Roads===
All arterial roads and road networks leading to the [[Kemapegowda International Airport]] intersect at Hebbal. Further, BIAL has its office on the National Highway (NH 44) exit of the Hebbal flyover in Gayathri Lake Front. Due to short-sightedness of the governing authorities, the Hebbal Flyover has become a bottle-neck for traffic flow from the city centre towards North and the same when traveling from North to city centre. Traffic is crawling be it any time of the day. This is because almost 6 lanes coming from each side, jostle to fit in the two lane Hebbal bridge bringing the traffic to a stand still.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2022 |first=Sridhar |last=Vivan |title=Signs to free Hebbala flyover |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/signs-to-free-Hebbala-flyover/articleshow/92528554.cms |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

===Buses===
The area is well connected by [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC]] and [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] buses. From Hebbala, you can get the city bus for all places in Bengaluru. Hebbal is also a common point if you are traveling to/from the airport and to dodaballapura. Hebbal also has a [[Train station|railway station]] And a Under construction Suburban Railway Station .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/Hebbala-heb/4632|title=Trains to Hebbala Station – 6 Arrivals SWR/South Western Zone – Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref>

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Areas of Bangalore'''
|Northwest = [[Outer Ring Road, Bangalore|Outer Ring Road]]/[[Yelahanka]]
|North = [[Jakkur Airfield|Jakkur]]/Outer Ring Road
|Northeast = Outer Ring Road/Hennur/jakkur
|West = Mathikere
|Center = Hebbala
|East = Hennur
|Southwest = [[Yeshwanthpur]]
|South = [[R. T. Nagar]]/[[Shivajinagar, Bangalore|Shivajinagar]]
|Southeast = [[Banaswadi]]
}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Bangalore}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in North Bengaluru]]

{{BangaloreUrban-geo-stub}}

Kadhal Paathai

2026-03-03T03:26:07Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: adjusted references per standard format

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by Vyaasan}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kadhal Paathai
| image =
| caption =
| director = Vyaasan
| producer = K. Venkatesh
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Vinod Kumar
*Vidhya
}}
| music = [[S. S. Kumaran]]
| cinematography = Ravi Srinivas
| editing = Siva
| studio = Sri Balaji Frames
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|2|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kadhal Paathai''''' ({{translation|Love path}}) is a 2012 Indian Tamil-language [[romantic film|romantic]] [[drama film|drama]] film directed by Vyaasan and starring debutante Vinod Kumar and Vidhya.

== Plot ==
In Kodaikanal, a shoemaker (played by Vinod Kumar) lives in the same area as a girl (played by Vidya) from a rich family who is staying at her grandmother's house and studying at a college. The shoemaker falls in love with to girl much to her father's despise. Her father sends goons to attack the shoemaker. Both the shoemaker and the girl flee to Agra.

== Cast ==
*Vinod Kumar
*Vidhya
*[[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as a drunkard<ref name="B">{{Cite web |date=March 3, 2012 |title=காதல் பாதை |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2012/03/03192709/kathal-pathai.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921120057/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2012/03/03192709/kathal-pathai.vpf |archive-date=21 September 2020 |access-date=8 August 2020 |website=[[Malai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]]
*[[Sanjana Singh]]
*[[Sathyapriya]]
*[[Theepetti Ganesan]]
*[[Suman Shetty]]
* Tarzan
*[[Neelima Rani]]

== Production ==
The film is about a journey across twelve states from Kodaikonal to Agra. Debutante Vinod Kumar and Vidhya play the lead roles in the film.<ref name="A">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=February 11, 2012 |title=Audio Beat: Kadhal Paathai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-kadhal-paathai/article2882643.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311041852/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-kadhal-paathai/article2882643.ece |archive-date=11 March 2024 |access-date=7 August 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film is a romantic film and the backdrop of Agra was chosen because the Taj Mahal is a symbol of love.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 13, 2012 |title=10 மாநிலங்களில் வளர்ந்த காதல் பாதை! | Kadhal Padhai movie review |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/6469/cinema/Kollywood/Kadhal-Padhai-movie-review.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415021401/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/6469/cinema/Kollywood/Kadhal-Padhai-movie-review.htm |archive-date=15 April 2012 |access-date=7 August 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs are composed by [[S. S. Kumaran]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadhal Paadhai Songs: Kadhal Paadhai MP3 Tamil Songs by Mahathi Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/kadhal-paadhai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311041905/https://gaana.com/album/kadhal-paadhai |archive-date=11 March 2024 |access-date=8 August 2020 |via=gaana.com}}</ref><ref name="A" /> [[FEFSI]] Siva, Srinivas, and Kalaipuli Sekar attended the audio launch.<ref name="A" />
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = Murugan Manthiram
| all_music =
| title_width =
| writing_width =
| music_width =
| lyrics_width =
| extra_width =
| title1 = Om Manasula
| extra1 = Koushik
| length1 = 2:45
| title2 = Ennavo Nenjiley
| extra2 = [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]]
| length2 = 3:45
| title3 = Neethan Neethan
| extra3 = Koushik
| length3 = 4:28
| title4 = Om Manasula
| extra4 = Koushik, Sathya Nambirajan
| length4 = 2:46
| total_length = 11:44
}}

== Release ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "''Kaadhal Paadhai'' is a romance-cum-road movie, but the best parts are neither the romance nor the road trip".<ref>{{Cite web |title=KAADHAL PAADHAMI MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaadhal-paadhai/movie-review/12036676.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312004538/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaadhal-paadhai/movie-review/12036676.cms |archive-date=12 March 2023 |access-date=12 March 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' praised the cinematography and the music.<ref name="B" /> A critic from ''Kungumam'' praised the performance of Mansoor Ali Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=காதல் பாதை - Kungumam Tamil Weekly Magazine |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=1348&id1=45&issue=20120305 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311041849/http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=1348&id1=45&issue=20120305 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=www.kungumam.co.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
*{{IMDb title|12775452}}

[[Category:2012 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. S. Kumaran]]

Calcutta Cricket and Football Club

2026-02-27T14:16:30Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: improve layout for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Multi-sports club based in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = '''Calcutta Cricket and Football Club''' {{box|'''ক্যালকাটা ক্রিকেট অ্যান্ড ফুটবল ক্লাব'''}}
| image = Calcutta Cricket and Football Club.svg
| image_size = 160px
| fullname = Calcutta Cricket and Football Club<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.besoccer.com/team/calcutta-cricket-and-football-club|title=Team Profile — Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126163419/https://www.besoccer.com/team/calcutta-cricket-and-football-club|archive-date=26 November 2023|website=besoccer.com|publisher=BeSoccer TV|access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref>
| nickname = Clippers
| short name = CCFC, CC&FC
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|23 February 1792}} {{small|(as ''Calcutta Cricket Club Clippers'')}}{{#tag:ref|The date refers to the original Calcutta Cricket Club established in 1792, which later merged with Calcutta F.C. (1872–1965) and Ballygunge Cricket Club in 1965, to form the current club.|group=note|name=merge}}<hr />{{Start date and age|df=yes|1965}} {{small|(as ''Calcutta Cricket & Football Club'')}}
| ground = CC&FC Ballygunge Ground<hr />[[Calcutta FC Ground]]
| capacity = 22,000 15,000
| chairman = Subrata Das
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Jamshid Nassiri]]
| league = [[Calcutta Football League|CFL Premier Division]]
| season = [[2023 Calcutta Premier Division|2023]]
| current =
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| pattern_b1 = _black_lowleft_highright
| pattern_ra1 = _whiteborder
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 = _whitetop
| leftarm1 = FF0000
| body1 = FF0000
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| shorts1 = 000000
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| website = {{official URL}}
}}

'''Calcutta Cricket and Football Club''' (popularly known by its abbreviations '''CC&FC''' and '''CCFC''') is an Indian professional [[multi-sports club]] based in [[Kolkata]], West Bengal. Founded in 1792 as a [[cricket]] institution, the [[association football|football]] and [[rugby union|rugby]] sections were added when it merged with '''Calcutta Football Club''' ([[Oldest football clubs|oldest football club]] in Asia, founded in 1872) in 1965.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prohor.in/india-s-first-cricket-club-is-situatied-in-kolkata|title=২৩০ বছর পেরিয়ে, কেমন আছে 'ক্যালকাটা ক্রিকেট ক্লাব'?|trans-title=India's first Cricket club is situated in Kolkata|website=prohor.in|publisher=Prohor|first=Aritra|last=Some|date=12 October 2020|access-date=10 March 2021|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031155229/https://www.prohor.in/india-s-first-cricket-club-is-situatied-in-kolkata|archive-date=31 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianlink.com.au/travel/the-city-of-wonders/ |year=2010 |first1=Sandip |last1=Hor |website=indianlink.com.au |title=Indian Link — The City of Wonders |access-date=28 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404061736/http://www.indianlink.com.au/travel/the-city-of-wonders/ |archive-date=4 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This is the oldest cricket club outside Great Britain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Atreyo |date=13 May 2019 |title=When Swami Vivekananda claimed seven wickets and other Eden Gardens tales |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/May/04/when-swami-vivekananda-claimed-seven-wickets-and-other-eden-gardens-tales-1972482.html |access-date=17 July 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619004448/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/May/04/when-swami-vivekananda-claimed-seven-wickets-and-other-eden-gardens-tales-1972482.html |archive-date=19 June 2025 }}</ref>

The rugby section of the club made CC&FC the oldest rugby institution founded outside the United Kingdom and Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rugbyasia247.com/georgiadi-club-rugby-sevens-2019/|title=Georgiadi Club Rugby Sevens 2019 — Who are the CC&FC?|website=rugbyasia247.com|publisher=Rugby Asia 24/7|access-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615010113/https://www.rugbyasia247.com/georgiadi-club-rugby-sevens-2019/|archive-date=15 June 2021|date=30 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Rugby's great split: class, culture and the origins of rugby league football|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dr6FLNcLsgIC|author=Tony Collins|pages=|chapter=Schism 1893–1895|edition=2nd|publisher=Routlage|year=2006|isbn=0-415-39616-6|archive-date=3 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503170700/https://books.google.com/books/about/Rugby_s_Great_Split.html?id=dr6FLNcLsgIC}}</ref> Club's football section competes in the premier division of [[Calcutta Football League]], fifth tier of the [[Indian football league system]].

==History and overview==
===Early years (1792–1960s)===
====Calcutta Cricket Club====
[[File:View of Eden Gardens Calcutta by Samuel Bourne 1865.jpg|thumb|The Eden Gardens in Calcutta, home of cricket in India.]]
{{Quote box
| quote = "The Gentlemen of the Calcutta Cricket Club are getting themselves into Wind, and preparing to take the Field for a very active Campaign..."
| source = — ''[[Hicky's Bengal Gazette]]'' (December 16, 1780).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/sports/was-world-club-cricket-started-in-kolkata-and-what-does-history-say-691040/|title=ক্রিকেটজ্বরে ফুটছে বাংলা, বিশ্ব ক্লাব ক্রিকেটের সূচনা কি কলকাতায়, কী বলছে ইতিহাস?|trans-title=Bengal is boiling with cricket fever, is the start of world club cricket in Kolkata, what does history say?|date=5 November 2023|access-date=7 November 2023|work=The Indian Express|language=bn|location=Kolkata|first1=Chinmay|last1=Bhattacharya|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107162651/https://bengali.indianexpress.com/sports/was-world-club-cricket-started-in-kolkata-and-what-does-history-say-691040/}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 20%
| fontsize = 80%
| quoted = 1
}}
The history of CC&FC dates back to 1792, when the club was established by the name of "Calcutta Cricket Club Clippers".<ref>{{cite web|title=The British hangover of Kolkata's elite clubs|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/the-british-hangover-of-kolkatas-elite-clubs|date=18 February 2021|access-date=4 November 2023|website=getbengal.com|publisher=Get Bengal Newslocation=Kolkata|first1=Mallika|last1=Bhaumik|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218125215/https://www.getbengal.com/details/the-british-hangover-of-kolkatas-elite-clubs|archive-date=18 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBf5MgEACAAJ|title=Seventeen Ninety Two: A History of the Calcutta Cricket & Football Club|first=Sujoy|last=Gupta|location=Kolkata|publisher=Calcutta Cricket & Football Club|date=1 January 2002|pages=180|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815181808/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Seventeen_Ninety_Two.html?id=JBf5MgEACAAJ&redir_esc=y|archive-date=15 August 2023}}</ref> It was primarily a [[cricket]] institution in the [[Company rule in India|East India Company rule in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://icetoday.net/2018/07/kick-score-scream-the-history-of-football-in-dhaka/|title=Kick, Score, Scream! The History of Football in Dhaka|first=Dhrubo|last=Alam|location=Dhaka|date=16 July 2018|publisher=Ice Today|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-date=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101015051/http://icetoday.net/2018/07/kick-score-scream-the-history-of-football-in-dhaka/}}</ref><ref name="HISTORY">{{Cite web|title=BCCI: Cricket in India — History|url=https://www.bcci.tv/about#:~:text=The%20establishment%20of%20the%20Calcutta,after%20the%20MCC%20(1787).|website=bcci.tv|publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]|access-date=19 October 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815080651/https://www.bcci.tv/about}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Somnath|last=Sengupta|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/legends-of-indian-football-the-pioneers/|title=Legends Of Indian Football: The Pioneers|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|date=24 April 2012|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026053626/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/legends-of-indian-football-the-pioneers/|archive-date=26 October 2017}}</ref> The club was also founded as one of the earliest known gentlemen's clubs (for Europeans only)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14|title=Board of Control for Cricket in India — History of cricket in India|website=icc-cricket.com|publisher=International Cricket Council|access-date=17 February 2023|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004130227/https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14}}</ref> in [[Calcutta]], then capital of [[British India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.123india.com/alokghosh/Heritage/Our%20Sportsmen.htm|title=OUR SPORTSMEN|website=123india.com|access-date=27 September 2007|archive-date=27 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210527/http://home.123india.com/alokghosh/Heritage/Our%20Sportsmen.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Football in Bengali culture and society: a study in the social history of football in Bengal 1911–1980 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/174532 |website=[[Shodhganga]]|publisher=University of Calcutta |page=35 |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Kausik |year=2008 |hdl=10603/174532 |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007174156/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/174532 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Majumdar |first1=Boria |author-link=Boria Majumdar |title=Eleven Gods and a Billion Indians: The On and Off the Field Story of Cricket in India and Beyond |date=2018 |publisher=Simon & Schuster India |location=Noida |isbn=9789386797186}}</ref> Recent evidence in the form of an article published in the ''[[Hicky's Bengal Gazette]]'', suggests the club (described as "Gentlemen of Calcutta Cricket Club") existed in 1780<ref name="WOT">{{cite web|url=http://wotweb.com/wot-article/ccfc-%E2%88%92-225-still-counting/|title=CCFC − 225 AND STILL COUNTING|first=Reshmi|last=Bose|website=wotweb.com|publisher=Window On Travel|location=Kolkata|access-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610165806/http://wotweb.com/wot-article/ccfc-%E2%88%92-225-still-counting/|archive-date=10 June 2023}}</ref> – that would make it the oldest cricket club in the world.{{#tag:ref|As per the ''Bengal Gazette'', 16 December 1780; Hobbes, John Barley Corn Bahadur, 436–7. The Bengal Gazette entry indicates the world's first cricket club was started in Bengal, the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] of London, being founded in 1787.|group=note|}}<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360600802562 | doi=10.1080/09523360600802562 | title=Cricket in colonial Bengal (1880–1947): A lost history of nationalism | journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport | year=2006 | volume=23 | issue=6 | pages=960–990 | s2cid=216152701 | author=Majumdar, B. | access-date=10 June 2023 | archive-date=1 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301103901/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360600802562 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1792 during their tour in India, Eton cricket team (Old Etonians) appeared in an exhibition match against Calcutta Cricket Club.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://schoolscricketonline.co.uk/eton/|title=Comprehensive & free coverage of schools cricket — Cricket at Eton — History|access-date=1 November 2023|website=schoolscricketonline.co.uk|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819045553/https://schoolscricketonline.co.uk/eton/|publisher=Eton College}}</ref> By 1825, CC&FC established themselves as one of the formidable sides in [[Bengal Presidency]], alongside [[British Army]]-operated cricket teams in the country.<ref name="Ajanta">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/worlds-oldest-sports-club-to-go-to-ballot-box-for-the-first-time-in-221-years/articleshow/21470639.cms|title=World's oldest sports club to go to ballot box for the first time in 221 years|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 July 2013|access-date=26 March 2022|first=Ajanta|last=Chakraborty|agency=TNN|location=Kolkata|archive-date=2 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802035820/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-30/kolkata/40894555_1_221-years-member-managing-committee}}</ref>

====Calcutta Football Club====
[[File:Mohun Bagan Athletic Club, founded 15 August 1889, is an Indian sports club best known for its association football team, one of the oldest football clubs in Asia. 05.jpg|thumb|Main entrance to the tent of CC&FC's football section (in left), beside the tent of [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan Athletic Club]] in Kolkata Maidan area.]]
[[File:Chuni Goswami Gate of Mohun Bagan Athletic Club in right, and Gate of the Calcutta Football Club (CFC) of CC&FC, in Kolkata Maidan, West Bengal, India, photo taken on December 31, 2023.jpg|thumb|Main entrance of the Calcutta Football Club in left, beside '[[Chuni Goswami]] Gate' of Mohun Bagan in Kolkata Maidan, in December 2023.]]
Incorporated in 1872, Calcutta Football Club predominately introduced rugby in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mahaneebas.wordpress.com/2013/07/07/230/|title=আমাদের ফুটবলের বেলা অবেলা কালবেলা|trans-title=Days and moments of our football|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|date=7 July 2013|first=Mahabubul|last=Hassan Niru|access-date=3 November 2022|language=bn|website=mahaneebas.wordpress.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406201501/http://mahaneebas.wordpress.com/2013/07/07/230/|archive-date=6 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/behind-the-lines/2020/may/16/future-hope-rugby-club-kolkata-street-children|title=The rugby club in Kolkata that has given hope to 3,500 street children|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=16 May 2020|access-date=5 October 2023|first1=Jonathan|last1=Drennan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806015854/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/behind-the-lines/2020/may/16/future-hope-rugby-club-kolkata-street-children|archive-date=6 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Majumdar |first1=Boria |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Kausik |date=1 February 2006 |title=Goalless: The Story of a Unique Footballing Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i55oAAAACAAJ |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin India]] |isbn=9780670058747 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408140616/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Goalless_the_Story_of_a_Unique_Footballi.html?id=i55oAAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref>Bath, Richard (ed.) ''The Complete Book of Rugby''. Seven Oaks Ltd. 1997. {{ISBN|1-86200-013-1}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20231006181915/https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Complete_Book_of_Rugby.html?id=hIuhtgAACAAJ archived 6 October 2023]).</ref> Outside the United Kingdom, it is the oldest patron club that went on to form the [[Rugby Football Union]] (RFU).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theestablished.com/community/identity/why-the-armenian-community-doesnt-get-enough-credit-for-advancing-rugby-in-india|title=Why the Armenian community doesn't get enough credit for advancing rugby in India|first1=Barry|last1=Rodgers|website=theestablished.com|publisher=The Established|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131200917/https://www.theestablished.com/community/identity/why-the-armenian-community-doesnt-get-enough-credit-for-advancing-rugby-in-india|date=31 January 2023|access-date=8 August 2024|archive-date=31 January 2023}}</ref> As per the ''[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]'', the club's membership was restricted to people belonging to the upper strata of British middle class.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digital.la84.org/digital/api/collection/p17103coll10/id/8849/download|work=digital.la84.org|title=Football and the Big Fight in Kolkata|format=PDF|first1=Amitabha|last1=Das Sharma|access-date=31 October 2023|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103082722/https://digital.la84.org/digital/api/collection/p17103coll10/id/8849/download}}</ref> They later contributed in introducing and developing [[association football]]; [[Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari]] (founding father of football in India) taught the game to his classmates of the prestigious [[Hare School]] compound in 1877, after observing British soldiers playing the game in the Calcutta FC ground.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History in Timeline of Indian Football — Calcutta FC the first club to be established in 1872|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/history|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308124507/http://www.the-aiff.com/history|archive-date=8 March 2020|location=New Delhi|access-date=15 February 2021|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]}}</ref><ref name="Majumdar">{{cite web|url=https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Football/The-Golden-Years-of-Indian-Football/659|title=The Golden Years of Indian Football|website=chaseyoursport.com|publisher=Chase Your Sport|location=Kolkata|first=Rounak|last=Majumdar|date=22 April 2019|access-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107230046/https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Football/The-Golden-Years-of-Indian-Football/659|archive-date=7 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Pillai">{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|title=How football kicked off in India. As with the English language, when the British transported the sport to India, they didn't expect the 'natives' to beat them at it|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint Delhi]]|date=8 June 2018|access-date=27 January 2022|first=Manu S|last=Pillai|location=Delhi, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714153151/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|archive-date=14 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/featured/nagendra-prasad-the-father-indian-football-removed-prejudice-indian-sports/|title=Nagendra Prasad — The father of Indian football who removed prejudice from the sport|website=thebridge.in|publisher=The Bridge|date=25 January 2020|access-date=24 October 2022|first=Sarah|last=Waris|location=Kolkata|archive-date=24 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024082132/https://thebridge.in/amp/featured/nagendra-prasad-the-father-indian-football-removed-prejudice-indian-sports/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first1=Utathya|last1=Nag|title='Golondaaj' Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari: the father of Indian football|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/nagendra-prasad-sarbadhikari-father-of-indian-football|date=1 November 2021|access-date=6 September 2021|publisher=International Olympic Committee|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806144939/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/nagendra-prasad-sarbadhikari-father-of-indian-football}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=নগেন্দ্র প্রসাদ সর্বাধিকারীর জীবনের জানা-অজানা কাহিনী লেন্সবন্দি|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/film-review/golondaaj-movie-review-superstar-dev-gives-brilliant-performance-as-father-of-indian-football-nagendra-prasad-sarbadhikari/moviereview/86925875.cms|access-date=21 October 2021|website=eisamay.com|date=11 October 2021 |publisher=এই সময়|language=bn|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011133317/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/film-review/golondaaj-movie-review-superstar-dev-gives-brilliant-performance-as-father-of-indian-football-nagendra-prasad-sarbadhikari/moviereview/86925875.cms|trans-title=Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari's known-and-unknown life stories captured by lens}}</ref> CC&FC soon emerged as one of the prestigious private members' clubs in Asia; By January 1873, nearly 137 members had enrolled, while European women were granted membership in the first half of the 19th century.<ref name="history" /> The club became one of the founding members of the [[Indian Football Association]] (IFA) in 1893, then headed by British administrators. The primary sport Rugby, later suffered because of the departure of British regiments.<ref name="history" /> Bicycle Polo division (now known as Cycle Polo) was formed in 1901–02, and being played since then in CC&FC.<ref name="history" />

===Merger and later years (1960s–present)===
[[File:Calcutta cfc logo.png|thumb|Shield of CC&FC]]
{{Cquote|''CC&FC were the founding members of the CAB (Cricket Association of Bengal), IFA (Indian Football Association) and BHA (Hockey Bengal formerly known as Bengal Hockey Association). CC&FC has many tournaments where outsiders also take part. We have coaching schemes for youngsters in cricket, football, swimming and rugby.''|source=Deepankar Nandi, president of CC&FC, on club's diversified existence and contributions in Indian sports (at the [[Sportstar]] East Sports Conclave 2023, hosted by ''[[The Hindu]]''; February 6, 2023).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/sportstar-conclave/sportstar-east-sports-conclave-2023-jaidip-mukerjea-traditional-clubs-sports-promotion-ccfc-south-tolly-calcutta-rowing-club/article66474169.ece|title=Sportstar East Sports Conclave 2023: "Infrastructure, funds lacking, rowing struggles to prosper in Kolkata" — Calcutta Rowing Club secretary|website=The Hindu|publisher=Sportstar – The Hindu|location=Kolkata|archive-date=3 August 2023|date=6 February 2023|access-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803171405/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/sportstar-conclave/sportstar-east-sports-conclave-2023-jaidip-mukerjea-traditional-clubs-sports-promotion-ccfc-south-tolly-calcutta-rowing-club/article66474169.ece}}</ref>|Cquote}}
After acquiring both "Ballygunge Cricket Club" (1864–1950) and "Calcutta Football Club" (1872–77; 1884–1965) in 1965, the institution completed all the absorptions to introduce themselves under the name of "Calcutta Cricket and Football Club" (CC&FC).<ref name="Ajanta" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cityseeker.com/kolkata/403067-calcutta-cricket-football-club-cc-fc|website=cityseeker.com|publisher=City Seeker|title=Calcutta Cricket & Football Club (CC&FC) — "True Sporting Spirit"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627002002/https://cityseeker.com/kolkata/403067-calcutta-cricket-football-club-cc-fc|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=6 November 2023}}</ref> Sports still being practised at the club include: cricket, football, [[field hockey]], rugby, [[cycle polo]], swimming, tennis, and bridge.<ref name="CCFC history" /> The football team competed in both the Premier Division A and B of [[Calcutta Football League]]. The club's cricket and football teams usually participated in their respective divisions as "Calcutta Cricket Club" for cricket and "Calcutta Football Club" for football.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/clubs/|title=IFAWB Clubs: Men's Division (Calcutta Football League)|website=ifawb.org|publisher=[[Indian Football Association]]|access-date=25 October 2022|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009123425/https://ifawb.org/clubs/}}</ref><ref name="First Division">{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/1stdivpoint.php|title=First Division|work=Cricket Association of Bengal|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118235149/https://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/1stdivpoint.php}}</ref> Their hockey and rugby teams participate under the combined name of "Calcutta Cricket and Football Club".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hockeybengal.org/schedule-1|title=Schedule|work=Hockey Bengal|access-date=18 November 2022|archive-date=24 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024100541/https://www.hockeybengal.org/schedule-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarugby.com/Home/Clubs|title=Clubs|work=Rugby India|access-date=18 November 2022|archive-date=18 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118123857/https://indiarugby.com/Home/Clubs}}</ref>

CC&FC has been hosting various tournaments, including Merchants' Cup (a corporate open tournament) since 1970s for both football and cricket.<ref name="ESPN">{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/29360715/sport-interrupted-228-years-kolkata-storied-ccfc-laid-low-lockdown?platform=amp|title=Sport, interrupted: After 228 years, Kolkata's storied CC&FC laid low by lockdown|date=3 July 2020|access-date=26 November 2022|publisher=ESPN|first=Susan|last=Ninan|archive-date=11 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611061030/https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/29360715/sport-interrupted-228-years-kolkata-storied-ccfc-laid-low-lockdown?platform=amp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Rwitoban|last=Deb|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/airtel-win-big/cid/1061749|title=TT Merchants' Cup — Airtel win big|website=The Telegraph (India)|publisher=The Telegraph India|date=26 May 2006|access-date=7 January 2020|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611100444/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/airtel-win-big/cid/1061749|archive-date=11 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Rwitoban|last=Deb|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-football-feast-at-cc-amp-fc-kicks-off-to-a-great-start/cid/1420287|title=The football feast at the CC&FC kicks off to a great start|website=The Telegraph (India)|publisher=The Telegraph India|date=15 May 2016|access-date=7 January 2020|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611100148/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-football-feast-at-cc-amp-fc-kicks-off-to-a-great-start/cid/1420287|archive-date=11 June 2023}}</ref> Merchants' Cup in hockey hosted by the club until its discontinuation in 2005, while cricket tournaments at the club are being sponsored by the [[Indian Premier League]] outfit [[Kolkata Knight Riders]].<ref name="ESPN" /> Other tournaments such as J. Thomas Cup in rugby, and Georgiadi 7s tournament are also hosted at the club ground.<ref name="President's corner" /> In November 2017, the club organized their 225th anniversary celebration, marking the 225 years of cricket in India, with presence of noted international cricketers like [[Sunil Gavaskar]], [[Saurav Ganguly]], [[MS Dhoni]], [[Yuvraj Singh]], [[VVS Laxman]], and [[Virat Kohli]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/indian/galaxy-of-stars-to-take-part-in-charity-evening-of-ccfc/article19728362.ece|title=Galaxy of stars to take part in charity evening of CC&FC|date=21 September 2017|access-date=26 September 2023|website=The Hindu|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|location=Kolkata|agency=Press Trust of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207100009/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/indian/galaxy-of-stars-to-take-part-in-charity-evening-of-ccfc/article19728362.ece|archive-date=7 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/cricket-amp-anecdotes/cid/1355708|title=Cricket & anecdotes|date=19 November 2017|access-date=27 September 2023|website=The Telegraph (India)|publisher=The Telegraph India|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927142016/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/cricket-amp-anecdotes/cid/1355708|archive-date=27 September 2023}}</ref> In June 2023, Indian Football Association made an official announcement of merger of the both Premier Division A and B of [[Calcutta Football League]] (CFL), ahead of 125th edition, and allowed CC&FC to compete in Group I.<ref name="IFA 2023">{{cite web|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/19091-calcutta-football-league-cfl-goes-bigger-than-ever-for-its-historic-125th-season|title=Calcutta Football League (CFL) goes bigger than ever for its historic 125th season|website=thefangarage.com|publisher=The Fan Garage|location=Kolkata|date=5 June 2023|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606060715/https://thefangarage.com/articles/19091-calcutta-football-league-cfl-goes-bigger-than-ever-for-its-historic-125th-season|archive-date=6 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=TNN|date=31 May 2023|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cfl-premier-div-a-b-to-be-merged/articleshow/100636021.cms?from=mdr|location=Kolkata|title=CFL Premier Div 'A' & 'B' to be merged|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 June 2023|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531031053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cfl-premier-div-a-b-to-be-merged/articleshow/100636021.cms?from=mdr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sanghamitra|last=Chakraborty|date=5 June 2023|url=https://tv9bangla.com/sports/football/have-a-look-on-2023-calcutta-football-league-premier-division-group-stage-830841.html|title=Calcutta Football League: মোহনবাগান-মহমেডানের গ্রুপে অভিষেকের ক্লাব, ইস্টবেঙ্গলের গ্রুপে ভবানীপুর|trans-title=Calcutta Football League: Debutant club in Mohun Bagan-Mohammedan group, Bhavanipur in East Bengal group|language=bn|work=TV9 Bangla|access-date=5 June 2023|archive-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605154245/https://tv9bangla.com/sports/football/have-a-look-on-2023-calcutta-football-league-premier-division-group-stage-830841.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Koushik|last=Biswas|date=5 June 2023|url=https://eisamay.com/sports/football/news/mohun-bagan-is-in-comparatively-tough-group-in-calcutta-football-league/articleshow/100770942.cms|title=Calcutta Football League : বাজল কলকাতা ফুটবল লিগের ঘণ্টা, কঠিন গ্রুপে মোহনবাগান|trans-title=Calcutta Football League: Bell of Calcutta Football League rings, Mohun Bagan in tough group|language=bn|work=Ei Samay|access-date=5 June 2023|archive-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605154719/https://eisamay.com/sports/football/news/mohun-bagan-is-in-comparatively-tough-group-in-calcutta-football-league/articleshow/100770942.cms}}</ref>

==Departments==
===Cricket===
{{Further|History of cricket in India to 1918}}
[[File:Ground of Calcutta Cricket Club, 15th Jan'y 1861 - Percy Carpenter.png|thumb|''Ground of the Calcutta Cricket Club, 15 Jan'y. 1861 H.M. 68th L.I. from Rangoon, versus the Calcutta Cricket Club'', a [[lithograph]] after a [[watercolour painting|watercolour]] by [[Percy Carpenter]], depicting a visit by the [[68th (Durham) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry)]].]]

CC&FC's oldest sporting department is [[first-class cricket]], which was incepted as the "Calcutta Cricket Club Clippers" by British [[expatriates]] who had come over with the [[British East India Company]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banglacricket.com/History/timeline.php|title=Timeline of Bangladesh Cricket|website=Bangladesh Cricket|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611152849/http://www.banglacricket.com/History/timeline.php|archive-date=11 June 2010|access-date=25 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dass|first=Jarmani|title=Maharaja; lives and loves and intrigues of Indian princes: Volume 56 of Orient paperbacks|year=1969|publisher=Allied Publishers|page=342|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhVuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505092910/https://books.google.com/books?id=zhVuAAAAMAAJ&q=|archive-date=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Carey |first1=W. H. |title=1882 – The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company |date=1882 |publisher=Argus Press |location=Simla |url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/texts/empire/good/1882good.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225934/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/texts/empire/good/1882good.html }}</ref><ref>* {{cite book |last=Altham |first=H. S. |author-link=Harry Altham |title=A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914) |year=1962 |publisher=George Allen & Unwin }}
* {{cite book |last=Birley |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Birley |title=A Social History of English Cricket |year=1999 |publisher=Aurum }}
* {{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Rowland |author-link=Rowland Bowen |title=Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development |year=1970 |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode }}
* {{cite book |last=Major |first=John |author-link=John Major |title=More Than A Game |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins }}</ref> Have been in existence since 1792,<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=https://ccfc1792.com/history.php|title=History of the club|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528205453/http://www.ccfc1792.com/history.php|archive-date=28 May 2017|access-date=27 January 2015|website=ccfc1792.com|publisher=Calcutta Cricket and Football Club}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152361.html|title=Cricket — Some dates|date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710060251/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152361.html|archive-date=10 July 2017 }} in [[Cricket in India|Indian cricket]] history, [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden 1967]] on ESPN Crickinfo.</ref> it is the second oldest cricket club in the world after [[Marylebone Cricket Club]].<ref name="HISTORY" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buzztribe.news/the-oldest-cricket-clubs-in-the-world/|title=The oldest Cricket Clubs in the world. The pride of sport and the spirit are still alive|date=5 August 2022|access-date=19 October 2022|website=buzztribe.news|publisher=Buzztribe News|first=Nirtika|last=Pandita|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019123309/https://www.buzztribe.news/the-oldest-cricket-clubs-in-the-world/|archive-date=19 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Altham |first=H. S. |author-link=Harry Altham |title=A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914) |year=1962 |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |location=London |asin=B0014QE7HQ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Birley |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Birley |title=A Social History of English Cricket |year=1999 |publisher=Aurum Press Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-18-54107-10-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Rowland |author-link=Rowland Bowen |title=Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development |year=1970 |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode |location=London |isbn=978-04-13278-60-9}}</ref> On 23 February 1792, ''[[Madras Courier]]'' reported the schedule of a match between Calcutta Cricket Club and a team from [[Barrackpore]], and the news was later highlighted by Irwin Rosenwater on ''[[The Times|The London Times]]''.<ref name="Anandabazar">{{cite web|url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/e_kolkata/2013/november/anache_kanache.html|title=আনাচে–কানাচে: ময়দান ও ক্লাব. ক্যালকাটা ক্রিকেট অ্যান্ড ফুটবল ক্লাব (সিসিএফসি)|first1=Joydeep|last1=Banerjee|first2=Rajat|last2=Karmakar|website=archives.anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|language=bn|trans-title=Maidan & Club: Calcutta Cricket and Football Club (CCFC)|location=Kolkata|date=21 November 2013|access-date=19 October 2022|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206190523/http://archives.anandabazar.com/e_kolkata/2013/november/anache_kanache.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|title=Chronology of Important Sports Events — West Bengal|website=wbsportsandyouth.gov.in|publisher=Government of West Bengal (Department of youth services and sports)|year=2017|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013092944/https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|archive-date=13 October 2022|location=Kolkata}}</ref> The club later played in annual fixtures against numerous British regimental teams stationed in both [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] and [[Barrackpur Cantonment]].<ref name="TheWire" /> According to ''[[The Bengal Hurkaru and Chronicle]]'', they also played against other visiting teams, consisting [[Eton College|Old Etonians]], [[List of Old Harrovians|Old Harrovians]] and alumni of both the [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]].<ref name="TheWire">{{cite web|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/history/a-cricket-match-in-bengals-chinsurah-and-its-fascinating-connection-to-the-1857-revolt|title=A Cricket Match in Bengal's Chinsurah and its Fascinating Connection to the 1857 Revolt|first1=Sarbajit|last1=Mitra|work=The Wire|location=Kolkata|date=22 October 2023|access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022083154/https://m.thewire.in/article/history/a-cricket-match-in-bengals-chinsurah-and-its-fascinating-connection-to-the-1857-revolt}}</ref>

During its earliest years of existence, the Calcutta Cricket Club played its home games near river Hooghly but it was not until 1841, when the institution got land to establish its home match venue.<ref name="Anandabazar" /> On 19 April 1864, CC&FC was granted permission to build a pavilion at eastern end of the Eden Gardens.<ref name="Anandabazar" /> There, a large pavilion of 125 feet by 25 feet was built out of [[Teak|Burma teak]], modelled after [[Lord's|pavilions of the Lord's Cricket Ground]].<ref name="Anandabazar" /> In 1889–90, the club came into limelight when Marylebone Cricket Club came to play in Calcutta by responding to the club's invitation, which was the first visit of a foreign team to play cricket in India.<ref name="Anandabazar" /> In [[G. F. Vernon's cricket team in Ceylon and India in 1889–90|1889–90 cricket season]], another English team named "G. F. Vernon's XI", managed by [[George Vernon (cricketer)|George Vernon]] and captained by [[Martin Hawke, 7th Baron Hawke|Martin Hawke]], toured to Ceylon and India; played against Calcutta Cricket Club at the [[Eden Gardens]] on 23 December,<ref name="CAVCI">{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/8/GF_Vernons_XI_in_Ceylon_and_India_1889-90.html |title=Tour Itinerary: G. F. Vernon's XI, 1889–90 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=14 October 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031151858/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/8/GF_Vernons_XI_in_Ceylon_and_India_1889-90.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1890/42/index.html|title=Cricket in India: From the ''Pioneer Mail''|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907114402/https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1890/42/index.html|archive-date=7 September 2022 }} ''archive.acscricket.com'', issue 232. 27 March 1890. p. 36.</ref> under the "[[Laws of Cricket]]" (prevailed in England at the time, including the compulsory [[follow-on]] and the recently introduced [[over (cricket)|5-ball over]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1889/52/index.html|title=Pavilion Gossip|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904020840/https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1889/52/index.html|archive-date=4 September 2022|work=archive.acscricket.com (issue 202) 21 March 1889|page=42}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/33/33180/Miscellaneous_Matches.html |title=Miscellaneous Matches played by Thomas Tapling |website=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904143725/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/33/33180/Miscellaneous_Matches.html }}</ref><ref name="CAVCI" /> In [[Lord Hawke's cricket team in Ceylon and India in 1892–93|1892–93 cricket season]], an English team led by [[Martin Hawke, 7th Baron Hawke|Martin Hawke]], came to India and played against Calcutta Cricket Club.<ref name="Lord Hawke's Team">{{cite journal |title=Lord Hawke's Team in India |journal=Cricket |date=23 April 1893 |page=55 |url=https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1893/62/index.html |access-date=26 January 2021 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621180208/https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1893/62/index.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Coldham |first1=James P. |title=F. S. Jackson: A Cricketing Biography |date=1989 |publisher=Crowood Press |location=Ramsbury, Wiltshire |isbn=1-85223-147-5 |pages=66–77}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai, December 22–24, 1892, Lord Hawke's XI tour of Ceylon and India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/lord-hawke-s-xi-tour-of-ceylon-and-india-1892-93-286646/parsees-vs-lord-hawke-s-xi-453713/full-scorecard |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 July 2023 |archive-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723014347/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/lord-hawke-s-xi-tour-of-ceylon-and-india-1892-93-286646/parsees-vs-lord-hawke-s-xi-453713/full-scorecard }}</ref>

In 1926–27 season during winter, CC&FC played the key role in bringing Marylebone Cricket Club, which was their second tour to India,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/cricket|title=Sports of West Bengal — Cricket|website=wbsportsandyouth.gov.in|publisher=Government of West Bengal – Department of youth services and sports|year=2017|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709130840/https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/cricket|archive-date=9 July 2022|location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155738.html | title = Arthur Gilligan (Obituary) | website = Wisden Cricketers' Almanack | year = 1977 | publisher=[[John Wisden & Co]] | location = London | access-date = 17 May 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140312174338/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155738.html | archive-date = 12 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url = https://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/viewArticle.arc?articleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1976-09-07-14-026&pageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1976-09-07-14| title = Obituary: Mr Arthur Gilligan| newspaper = [[The Times]]| location = London| page = 14| date = 7 September 1976| access-date = 6 June 2012| url-access = subscription| archive-date = 6 October 2023| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231006144540/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url = https://cricketarchive.com/cgi-bin/player_oracle_reveals_results2.cgi?playernumber=420&testing=0&opponentmatch=exact&playername=&resulttype=All&matchtype=All&teammatch=exact&startwicket=&homeawaytype=All&opponent=&endwicket=&wicketkeeper=&searchtype=InningsList&howout=All&endscore=&playermatch=contains&branding=cricketarchive&captain=&endseason=&startscore=&team=&startseason=| title = Player Oracle AER Gilligan| publisher=CricketArchive| access-date = 17 May 2012| archive-date = 5 March 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305232431/http://cricketarchive.com/cgi-bin/player_oracle_reveals_results2.cgi?playernumber=420&testing=0&opponentmatch=exact&playername=&resulttype=All&matchtype=All&teammatch=exact&startwicket=&homeawaytype=All&opponent=&endwicket=&wicketkeeper=&searchtype=InningsList&howout=All&endscore=&playermatch=contains&branding=cricketarchive&captain=&endseason=&startscore=&team=&startseason=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154719.html | title = Arthur Gilligan (Bowler of the Year) | website = Wisden Cricketers' Almanack | year = 1924 | publisher=[[John Wisden & Co]] | location = London | access-date = 17 May 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110102060004/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154719.html | archive-date = 2 January 2011 }}</ref> and MCC was then led by former England captain [[Arthur Gilligan|Arthur Edward Gilligan]].<ref>{{cite book |last = Bose |first = Mihir |title = The magic of Indian cricket : cricket and society in India |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year = 2006 |location= London |isbn = 978-0-415-35691-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Oborne|first= Peter|title= Basil D'Oliveira. Cricket and Conspiracy: The Untold Story|location= London|publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]]|year= 2004|isbn= 978-0-316-72572-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Marshall |first = Michael |title = Gentlemen and Players: Conversations with Cricketers |publisher=[[Grafton Books]] |year = 1987 |location = London |isbn = 978-0-246-11874-5 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/gentlemenplayers0000unse }}</ref> On 15 August 1950, then club president T. C. Longfield handed over the ownership of Eden Gardens to then Chief Minister of West Bengal, Bidhan Chandra Roy.<ref name="Anandabazar" /> In December 1962, the club made history, when its members announced and conducted a 5-match series between Calcutta Cricket Club and Merchants' XI, introducing "[[Limited overs cricket|limited over cricket format]]" (all were 20 overs).<ref name="Anandabazar" /> It was later merged with the Calcutta Football Club (incorporated in 1872,<ref>{{Cite web|title=History in Timeline of Indian Football|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/history|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308124507/http://www.the-aiff.com/history|archive-date=8 March 2020|access-date=15 February 2021|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]}}</ref> where both footballs — [[rugby union|rugby]] and [[association football|association]] were practised)<ref name="Shah">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/a-121-year-old-burnt-down-football-club-and-the-legacy-the-flames-couldnt-touch/cid/1692972|title=A burnt-down football club and a 121-year-old legacy the flames couldn't touch|first=Manasi|last=Shah|website=The Telegraph (India)|publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph India]]|location=Kolkata|date=19 June 2022|access-date=15 October 2022|archive-date=26 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026135252/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/a-121-year-old-burnt-down-football-club-and-the-legacy-the-flames-couldnt-touch/cid/1692972}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Arjun |last=Wadwha |url=http://www.thesportscampus.com/200805197/introduction-to-football/history-indian-football |title=History of Football in India |website=thesportscampus.com |publisher=TheSportsCampus |date=19 May 2008 |access-date=15 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825015957/http://www.thesportscampus.com/200805197/introduction-to-football/history-indian-football |archive-date=25 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew Flint |date=11 November 2015 |title=A Tale of One City: Kolkata |url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2015/11/11/a-tale-of-one-city-kolkata/ |access-date=16 March 2021 |website=These Football Times |language=en-GB |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183002/https://thesefootballtimes.co/2015/11/11/a-tale-of-one-city-kolkata/ }}</ref> and the Ballygunge Cricket Club over the years to become the "Calcutta Cricket and Football Club" in 1965.<ref name="history" /> CC&FC is currently under the jurisdiction of [[Cricket Association of Bengal]] (CAB),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/first_division.php|title=The Cricket Association of Bengal: First Division Clubs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023021313/https://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/first_division.php|archive-date=23 October 2020|website=cricketassociationofbengal.com|publisher=Cricket Association of Bengal|access-date=2 July 2021|location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/history.php|title=Early History of Bengal Cricket leading to the formation of the Cricket Association of Bengal in 1928|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102855/http://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/history.php|archive-date=23 December 2017|website=cricketassociationofbengal.com|publisher=The Cricket Association Of Bengal (CAB)|access-date=2 July 2021}}</ref> and competes in the CAB First Division League, J.C. Mukherjee T-20 Trophy, N.C. Chatterjee T-20 Trophy, and other regional tournaments.<ref name="First Division" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/cricket/calcutta-cricket-and-football-club-in-a-spot/cid/1911491|title=Calcutta Cricket and Football Club in a spot|date=21 March 2023|access-date=19 February 2022|website=The Telegraph (India)|publisher=The Telegraph India|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321104831/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/cricket/calcutta-cricket-and-football-club-in-a-spot/cid/1911491|archive-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> Later in the 1970s, wooden pavilion of Calcutta was demolished, while the construction of the new club house (current headquarters of the CAB) began, which was named after [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]].<ref name="Anandabazar" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=অযান্ত্রিক|date=18 June 2014|title=Calcutta Armenians, Calcutta, c. 1660|url=https://puronokolkata.com/2015/07/07/calcutta-armenians-calcutta-c1660/|access-date=21 April 2021|website=puronokolkata.com|publisher=Purono Kolkata|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128061318/https://puronokolkata.com/2015/07/07/calcutta-armenians-calcutta-c1660/|archive-date=28 January 2023}}</ref> Club's cricket section is currently headquartered in 19/1, Garcha 1st Lane, Ballygunge, Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/cricket.html|title=CALCUTTA — CRICKET CLUBS — Cricket Association of Bengal (CAB)|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427103907/https://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/cricket.html|website=calcuttayellowpages.com|publisher=Calcutta Yellow Pages Calcutta|access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref> In 2021–22 season, CC&FC ended their CAB Second Division League achieving runners-up position which resulted the promotion to First Division League.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/newspage/news1698.php|title=Calcutta Cricket Club in CAB second division final|access-date=6 November 2023|website=cricketassociationofbengal.com|location=Kolkata|publisher=Cricket Association of Bengal|archive-date=18 May 2022|date=14 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518124451/https://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/newspage/news1698.php}}</ref><ref name="second division">{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/newspage/news1760.php|title=Shibpur Institute become CAB second division one day champion|access-date=26 November 2024|website=cricketassociationofbengal.com|location=Kolkata|publisher=Cricket Association of Bengal|archive-date=28 November 2023|date=20 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128163555/https://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/newspage/news1760.php}}</ref>

===Rugby union===
{{Further|Rugby union in India}}
[[File:Calcuttarugby.jpg|thumb|Scene of a rugby match at the CFC ground in Calcutta, {{circa|1875}} (from ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'').]]
[[File:Rugby Trophy.jpg|thumb|Trophy of the All India Rugby Cup, at the CC&FC.]]
In the [[British Raj]], [[Rugby union]] was introduced and emerged as second most popular winter sport after [[association football]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DWbgPQAACAAJ|title=The Union Game: A Rugby History|first1=Sean|last1=Smith|date=1999|isbn=978-0-563-55118-8|archive-date=30 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030103131/https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Union_Game.html?id=DWbgPQAACAAJ|pages=287|publisher=[[BBC Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTqOAQAAQBAJ|title=Australia's Asian Sporting Context, 1920s – 30s: Sport in the Global Society – Contemporary Perspectives|first1=Sean|last1=Brawley|first2=Nick|last2=Guoth|date=2013|isbn=978-1-317-96632-6|archive-date=30 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030103707/https://books.google.com/books/about/Australia_s_Asian_Sporting_Context_1920s.html?id=fTqOAQAAQBAJ|pages=168|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> For the first time in the country, a scratch match or two played in Calcutta and Madras during the visit of MS Galatea in 1871.<ref>* {{cite book|first=Robert|last=Crego|title=Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCl1c2yy5ooC|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31610-4}}
* {{cite book|first1=Rodney D.|last1=Fort|first2=John|last2=Fizel|title=International Sports Economics Comparisons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mQHaZaDTzAC&pg=PA295|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-98032-0}}
* {{cite book|first1=John|last1=Nauright|first2=Charles|last2=Parrish|title=Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkLYDgTnMxEC&pg=PA384|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-300-2}}</ref> At the ground of CC&FC, first recorded match was played, on Christmas Day.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bath|first=Richard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hIuhtgAACAAJ|title=The Complete Book of Rugby|publisher=Seven Oaks Limited|year=1997|isbn=1-86200-013-1|page=68|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005101312/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/The_Complete_Book_of_Rugby.html?id=hIuhtgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.keithprowse.co.uk/news-and-blog/2019/03/11/the-story-of-the-calcutta-cup/ |title=The Story of the Calcutta Cup |date=11 March 2019 |website=keithprowse.co.uk |publisher=[[Keith Prowse]] |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125185508/https://www.keithprowse.co.uk/news-and-blog/2019/03/11/the-story-of-the-calcutta-cup/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportzcraazy.com/all-you-need-to-know-about-indian-rugby-team/|title=All You Need To Know About Indian Rugby Team|access-date=10 March 2024|work=sportzcraazy.com|date=December 2018 |archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310171913/https://www.sportzcraazy.com/all-you-need-to-know-about-indian-rugby-team/}}</ref> The incident paved the way for growth of the [[Sport in the United Kingdom|British sport]] in India, and foundation of "Calcutta Rugby Football Club" in January the following year by expats, former students of [[Rugby School]] and soldiers of the [[Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)|Royal East Kent Regiment]] – which was stationed in the 1870s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Milne |first1=Alex |last2=Crump |first2=James |date=8 February 2020 |title=Why is England vs Scotland called the Calcutta Cup? Six Nations 2020 clash explained |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/england-vs-scotland-called-calcutta-21442904?_ga=2.203828563.2120174567.1669398916-215708948.1668575448 |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125185518/https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/england-vs-scotland-called-calcutta-21442904?_ga=2.203828563.2120174567.1669398916-215708948.1668575448 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottishrugby.org/fanzone/the-history-of-the-calcutta-cup |title=The History of the Calcutta Cup |website=scottishrugby.org |publisher=[[Scottish Rugby Union]] (SRU) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203115038/http://www.scottishrugby.org/fanzone/the-history-of-the-calcutta-cup |archive-date=3 February 2021 }}</ref><ref name="His" /> In 1874, Calcutta Football Club joined the [[Rugby Football Union]] (RFU).<ref name="His">{{cite web |url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-Calcutta-Cup/ |title=The Calcutta Cup |last=Johnson |first=Ben |website=historic-uk.com |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125185508/https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-Calcutta-Cup/ }}</ref><ref name="Eng">{{cite web |url=https://www.englandrugby.com/news/article/six-nations-history-of-the-calcutta-cup |title=History of the Calcutta Cup |date=3 February 2020 |publisher=Rugby Football Union |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125185514/https://www.englandrugby.com/news/article/six-nations-history-of-the-calcutta-cup }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Staff Reporter|title=Rahul's rugby dreams|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160925/jsp/sports/story_110148.jsp#.V-pFNCh96hc|access-date=27 September 2016|agency=ABP|work=The Telegraph|date=25 September 2016|archive-date=30 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930015943/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160925/jsp/sports/story_110148.jsp#.V-pFNCh96hc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zimbio.com/Calcutta+India/articles/46/Rugby+India+thriving+international+help |title=Rugby in India thriving with international help |website=zimbio.com |access-date=28 January 2009 |archive-date=21 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221135059/http://www.zimbio.com/Calcutta+India/articles/46/Rugby+India+thriving+international+help }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Collins|first=Tony|year=2009|url=https://www.routledge.com/A-Social-History-of-English-Rugby-Union/Collins/p/book/9780415476607|title=A Social History of English Rugby Union|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-47660-7|archive-date=27 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127093244/https://www.routledge.com/A-Social-History-of-English-Rugby-Union/Collins/p/book/9780415476607}}</ref> After departure of British troops, and recreational facilities became disbanded, club's rugby section was discontinued in 1878.<ref name="History UK">{{cite web|url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-Calcutta-Cup/|title=The birth of Calcutta Cup|website=history-uk.com|publisher=The History United Kingdom|location=London|access-date=26 August 2022|date=1 May 2016|first=Ben|last=Johnson|archive-date=24 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224201801/https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-Calcutta-Cup/}}</ref> Members decided to keep the memory of the club alive by having the remaining [[Coins of British India|270 silver rupee coins]] in their [[bank vault]] melted down and made into a trophy (the Calcutta Cup) by W.E. Jellicoe Silversmith & Watchmaker from the Esplanade Row, which was then presented to the Rugby Football Union (described as "the best means of doing some lasting good for the cause of Rugby Football").<ref>{{cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/lede/test-metal|first1=Atul|last1=Dev|title=Test of Metal: The Indian origins of a famous rugby trophy|work=The Caravan|date=1 July 2014|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716130643/https://caravanmagazine.in/lede/test-metal|archive-date=16 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2024/2/27/what-is-the-calcutta-cup-and-why-is-it-played-in-the-uk|title=What is rugby's 'Calcutta Cup' and why is it played in the UK?|archive-date=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227164946/https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2024/2/27/what-is-the-calcutta-cup-and-why-is-it-played-in-the-uk|date=27 February 2024|access-date=20 September 2024|publisher=Al Jazeera|first1=Alasdair|last1=Soussi}}</ref> The sport came back at the CC&FC in 1884. In 1890, an inter-club tournament was incepted by the CC&FC, named Calcutta Rugby Union Challenge Cup (known simply as [[Calcutta Cup#Other Calcutta Cups|Calcutta Cup]]),<ref name="CCFC history">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccfc1792.com/heritage.asp|title=Calcutta Cricket and Football Club history|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928174641/http://www.ccfc1792.com/heritage.asp|archive-date=28 September 2007|website=ccfc1792.com|access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> and its second division trophy was clinched by the club. Later in 2007, they emerged as runners-up in that tournament.<ref name="SCRUM">{{Cite web |url=http://www.scrum.com/39_46645.php |title=FUTURE HOPE HARLEQUINS RETAIN CALCUTTA CUP |first=Nick |last=Hyde |date=6 August 2007 |archive-date=23 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023175710/http://www.scrum.com/39_46645.php |website=scrum.com |access-date=21 January 2015 }}</ref>

{{Cquote|''I regret to say the Calcutta Football Club has ceased to exist, it being now found quite impossible to get sufficient men together to play even a scratch game…This being the case I proposed at a Meeting of the few remaining Members of the Club held on Tuesday last the 18th inst. as the best means of doing some lasting good for the cause of Rugby Football & as a slight memento of the Calcutta Club, that the Funds remaining to the credit of the Club should be devoted to the purchase of a Challenge Cup & presented to the Rugby Union.''|source=G. A. James Rothney (captain, honorary secretary and treasurer of the Calcutta FC), highlighting this in his letter to the Honorary Secretary and Treasurer of the [[Rugby Football Union]], H. I. Graham Esq (dated 20 December 1877), on club's disfunction in 1877.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldrugbymuseum.com/from-the-vaults/twickenham-stadium/in-1877-the-rfu-were-sent-a-letter|title=FROM THE VAULTS — IN 1877 THE RFU WERE SENT A LETTER...|date=6 March 2017|access-date=27 November 2020|website=worldrugbymuseum.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204151822/https://worldrugbymuseum.com/from-the-vaults/twickenham-stadium/in-1877-the-rfu-were-sent-a-letter|archive-date=4 February 2023}}</ref>|Cquote}}
[[File:Champions Army Red.jpg|thumb|250px|83rd All India and South Asia Rugby Tournament hosted at the CC&FC ground in 2016]]
As one of the most successful Indian rugby teams, CC&FC is a regular participant of the prestigious [[All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament]].<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707122904/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-08/others/30129640_1_rugby-tourney-bombay-gymkhana-top-teams|title=Ten teams for All India rugby tourney|date=8 September 2011|access-date=6 August 2024|agency=Press Trust of India|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-08/others/30129640_1_rugby-tourney-bombay-gymkhana-top-teams|archive-date=7 July 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="IndiaBlooms">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/sports-details/SN/10857/kolkata-s-cc-fc-to-host-top-rugby-championships-from-sept-21.html|title=Kolkata's CC&FC to host top Rugby Championships from Sept 21|website=indiablooms.com|publisher=India Blooms News Service|date=19 September 2019|access-date=26 November 2020|first=Manik|last=Banerjee|location=Kolkata|archive-date=5 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505060845/https://www.indiablooms.com/sports-details/SN/10857/kolkata-s-cc-fc-to-host-top-rugby-championships-from-sept-21.html}}</ref> The championship has been hosted by the club on multiple occasions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rugbyasia247.com/all-india-south-asia-rugby-tournament-teams/|title=All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament: Teams|website=rugbyasia247.com|publisher=Rugby Asia 24/7|access-date=5 May 2023|date=19 September 2019|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121043749/https://www.rugbyasia247.com/all-india-south-asia-rugby-tournament-teams/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-big-guns-boomed-at-ccfc-on-thursday-knocking-out-their-challengers-to-set-up-a-repeat-of-last-years-final-at-the-all-india-south-asia-rugby-championship-army-red-who-have-won-the-title-six-consecutive-times-crushed-jungle-crows-40-8-while-13-time-champion-bombay-gymkhana-humiliated-sergeants-institute-another-local-outfit-40-3-in-one-sided-semifinals-the-final-of-the-88-year-old-tournament-on-saturday-afternoon-presents-a-mouth-watering-clash-between-the-new-force-in-indian-rugby-and-the-dispossessed-kings-/articleshow/16387170.cms|title=The big guns boomed at CC&FC on Thursday, knocking out their challengers to set up a repeat of last year's final at the All India & South Asia Rugby Championship.|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 September 2012|first=Arup|last=Chatterjee|access-date=25 November 2015|location=Kolkata|agency=TNN|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505053311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-big-guns-boomed-at-ccfc-on-thursday-knocking-out-their-challengers-to-set-up-a-repeat-of-last-years-final-at-the-all-india-south-asia-rugby-championship-army-red-who-have-won-the-title-six-consecutive-times-crushed-jungle-crows-40-8-while-13-time-champion-bombay-gymkhana-humiliated-sergeants-institute-another-local-outfit-40-3-in-one-sided-semifinals-the-final-of-the-88-year-old-tournament-on-saturday-afternoon-presents-a-mouth-watering-clash-between-the-new-force-in-indian-rugby-and-the-dispossessed-kings-/articleshow/16387170.cms|archive-date=5 May 2023}}</ref> Women's rugby team of CC&FC also participate in that tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scrumqueens.com/news/india-gets-its-first-taste-fifteens|title=India gets its first taste of fifteens|website=scrumqueens.com|publisher=Scrum Queen|date=2 September 2016|access-date=5 October 2023|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809085656/https://www.scrumqueens.com/news/india-gets-its-first-taste-fifteens}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha Women's Team Wins 1st All India Rugby 15s Tournament|url=http://incredibleorissa.com/odisha-women-team-wins-all-india-rugby-15s-tournament/|website=Incredible Orissa|date=24 September 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016|archive-date=13 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013093005/http://incredibleorissa.com/odisha-women-team-wins-all-india-rugby-15s-tournament/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Deb|first1=Rwitoban|title=Rugby — Men, women and a sport called rugby|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161022/jsp/t2/story_114790.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027060140/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161022/jsp/t2/story_114790.jsp#.WBGZk9QrJnI|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2016|access-date=27 October 2016|agency=ABP|issue=The Telegraph T2|date=16 October 2016}}</ref> The club also hosts Georgiadi Club Rugby Sevens tournament, in which CC&FC's men's and women's teams (known officially as CCFC Reds) compete.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rugbyasia247.com/georgiadi-club-rugby-sevens-2019/|title=Georgiadi Club Rugby Sevens 2019|website=rugbyasia247.com|publisher=Rugby Asia 24/7|access-date=5 May 2023|date=30 July 2019|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204030333/https://www.rugbyasia247.com/georgiadi-club-rugby-sevens-2019/}}</ref><ref name="RD">{{cite web|url=https://rangandatta.wordpress.com/2014/07/30/the-calcutta-version-of-calcutta-cup/|title=The Calcutta version of Calcutta Cup|first=Rangan|last=Dutta|date=29 July 2014 |access-date=5 May 2023|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016202025/https://rangandatta.wordpress.com/2014/07/30/the-calcutta-version-of-calcutta-cup/}}</ref> The club later became affiliated to the [[Rugby India|Indian Rugby Football Union]] (IRFU), which was incorporated in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarugby.com/Home/Clubs|title=India Rugby Football Union — Member Clubs|website=indiarugby.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803043156/https://indiarugby.com/Home/Clubs|archive-date=3 August 2021|access-date=8 August 2024}}</ref> In June 2013, CC&FC's affiliate club [[Hong Kong FC]]'s rugby team "HKFC Vandals" toured to Kolkata and played against CCFC Reds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hkfc.com/media/w5gag0ef/06_13_mag_web.pdf|website=hkfc.com|publisher=Hong Kong Football Club|title=Oh Calcutta!!! — vandals 2013 tour|date=2 June 2013|access-date=26 September 2016|archive-date=10 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610141837/https://www.hkfc.com/media/w5gag0ef/06_13_mag_web.pdf|pages=14–16}}</ref> At the 87th edition of All India & South Asia Rugby Championship in Mumbai, CC&FC won the plate final, defeating Magicians Foundation 28–5.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/news/news/bombay-gym-rally-to-down-army-in-final-of-all-india-south-asia-rugby-championship-186811|title=Bombay Gym rally to down Army in final of All India & South Asia Rugby Championship|date=17 October 2022|access-date=5 November 2023|website=punjabnewsexpress.com|publisher=Punjab News Express|location=Mumbai|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023062455/https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/news/news/bombay-gym-rally-to-down-army-in-final-of-all-india-south-asia-rugby-championship-186811}}</ref> The club also hosted 'Asia Rugby Division 3 – South Region Championship', with backing from Bengal Olympic Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/other-games/sports-rugby-india/2867783.html|title=Team India dominates Bangladesh 82–0 to qualify for Asia Rugby Division 3 Playoffs|date=16 September 2021|access-date=25 November 2022|website=uniindia.com|publisher=United News of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105164336/http://www.uniindia.com/news/other-games/sports-rugby-india/2867783.html|archive-date=5 November 2023}}</ref>

===Association football===
[[File:CCFC Out Gate.jpg|thumb|270px|CCFC main building in Ballygunge]]
Run by the British officials since its inception in 1872,<ref>{{cite web|year=2000|first=Hans|last=Schöggl|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiafound.html|title=India — List of Foundation Dates|publisher=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194819/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiafound.html|archive-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> "Calcutta Football Club" became the first of the three European football clubs, others being Calcutta Rangers and [[Dalhousie AC]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=When Swami Vivekananda claimed seven wickets and other Eden Gardens tales|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/may/04/when-swami-vivekananda-claimed-seven-wickets-and-other-eden-gardens-tales-1972482.html|access-date=17 November 2021|work=The New Indian Express|agency=Express News Service|date=4 May 2019|location=Kolkata|first1=Atreyo|last1=Mukhopadhyay|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416020605/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/may/04/when-swami-vivekananda-claimed-seven-wickets-and-other-eden-gardens-tales-1972482.html|archive-date=16 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.jhsr.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/01-07-JHSRVOL-2NO-2A.-SHIL.pdf |title=Football Culture in Princely State of Cooch Behar |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416171622/http://www.jhsr.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/01-07-JHSRVOL-2NO-2A.-SHIL.pdf |first=Amrita |last=Kumar Shil |journal=JHSR Journal of Historical Study and Search |date=15 May 2022 |issn=2583-0198 |volume=2 }}</ref> They soon emerged as one of the leading football teams in the Bengal Presidency.<ref>{{cite web|title=FOOTBALL IN BENGAL|url=http://ifawb.com/archives.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306042849/http://www.ifawb.com/archives.php|archive-date=6 March 2016|access-date=14 January 2021|website=ifawb.com|publisher=The [[Indian Football Association]] (West Bengal)}}</ref> It was then consisting of European players, and enjoyed fierce rivalry predominantly with indigenous outfit [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]].<ref name="Pillai" /> Calcutta Football Club stayed away from Trades Cup, the country's first open football tournament because members felt that their "enjoyment of the sport would be impaired if they join the competitive fray", it was instrumental in instituting the [[Indian Football Association]] (IFA) in Calcutta very much on London lines.<ref name="history" /> The team for the first time was defeated by Mohun Bagan in 1923 in the return leg of CFL, but managed to clinch both the league and [[IFA Shield]] titles in that season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan Ratna — Late Balaidas Chatterjee to receive the award posthumously|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/mohun-bagan-ratna-late-balaidas-chatterjee-to-receive-the-award-posthumousl|website=mohunbaganac.com|publisher=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club|date=26 July 2013|access-date=28 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035503/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/mohun-bagan-ratna-late-balaidas-chatterjee-to-receive-the-award-posthumousl|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mohunbagangorbo.com/mohun-bagan-ac/legends-corner/indian-players/umapati-kumar/|title=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club: Umapati Kumar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428162211/http://mohunbagangorbo.com/mohun-bagan-ac/legends-corner/indian-players/umapati-kumar/|archive-date=28 April 2016|access-date=26 January 2015|website=mohunbagangorbo.com|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

[[File:Jamshid Nassiri - South 24 Parganas 2016-02-14 1193.JPG|thumb|170px|Jamshid Nassiri, managed CC&FC in the 2022–23 CFL Premier Division.]]
Calcutta FC was the most successful team in prestigious [[Calcutta Football League]] in pre-independence era,<ref>{{Cite web|title=India — List of Calcutta/Kolkata League Champions|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacalchamp.html|publisher=[[RSSSF]]|first1=Atsushi|last1=Fujioka|first2=Arunava|last2=Chaudhuri|year=1996|access-date=26 February 2021|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802035706/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/indiacalchamp.html}}</ref> oldest league in Asia, in pre-independence era (in which, native teams were barred from participating for the first fifteen seasons), clinching eight titles.<ref name="list">{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/cfl.html|title=List of champions of the Calcutta Football League 1898–2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034341/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/cfl.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=10 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/cfl-winners/|title=The Calcutta Football League (CFL) — Winners of each season|year=2021|access-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128054127/https://ifawb.org/cfl-winners/|archive-date=28 January 2021|website=ifawb.org|publisher=Indian Football Association|location=Kolkata|url-status=dead}}</ref> The team is also nine-time winners of [[IFA Shield]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the IFA-Shield|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/ifashield.html|access-date=10 March 2021|website=indianfootball.de|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130083403/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/ifashield.html|year=1999|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2004, the club emerged victorious in historic [[Trades Cup]], defeating [[Eastern Railway FC|Eastern Railway]] 2–1 in final.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2004traderscup.html|title="Khadims" Traders Cup 2004|website=indianfootball.de|year=2004|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718222559/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2004traderscup.html|archive-date=18 July 2017}}</ref> In 2022, they roped in noted Indian-Iranian footballer [[Jamshid Nassiri]] as head coach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://insidesports.in/archives/4162|title=উত্তম, রিকির হ্যাটট্রিক, সিএফসির ৮ গোল, জিতল কালীঘাট, পাঠচক্র|date=14 August 2022|access-date=26 November 2022|location=Kolkata|website=insidesports.in|publisher=ইনসাইড স্পোর্টস|language=bn|trans-title=Hat-trick done by Uttam and Ricky, CCFC scored 8 goals, wins for both Kalighat and Pathachakra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128072846/https://insidesports.in/archives/4162|archive-date=28 January 2023}}</ref>

===Field hockey===
Club's field hockey team is known as ''CCFC Gremlins'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hockeybengal.org/post/fixtures-of-1st-division-group-b-2022|title=Calcutta Hockey League Competition — Fixtures of 1st Division Group B 2022|website=hockeybengal.org|publisher=The Hockey Bengal|date=23 March 2022|access-date=31 January 2023|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118125355/https://www.hockeybengal.org/post/fixtures-of-1st-division-group-b-2022|archive-date=18 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://9476a252-c6e6-45a1-9e56-d69f3bf4f39e.usrfiles.com/ugd/9476a2_788612ea4f5b4a18b7dbc55f5d86439e.pdf|title=Calcutta Hockey League Competition — Fixtures of 1st Division Group A 2022|website=hockeybengal.org|publisher=The Hockey Bengal|date=13 February 2022|access-date=31 January 2023|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024100550/https://9476a252-c6e6-45a1-9e56-d69f3bf4f39e.usrfiles.com/ugd/9476a2_788612ea4f5b4a18b7dbc55f5d86439e.pdf|archive-date=24 October 2022}}</ref> and is affiliated with the Bengal Hockey Association (often shortened to 'Hockey Bengal').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/essays/one-west-bengal-was-the-excellency-center-of-hockey-and-petrochemical-in-all-india/cid/1403525|title=আমরা হকিতেও ছিলাম, পেট্রোরসায়ন শিল্পেও ছিলাম — সবই এখন অতীত|trans-title=We were in hockey, we were in the petrochemical industry — all in the past|website=anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|first=Mohit|last=Roy|date=31 January 2023|access-date=1 February 2023|location=Kolkata|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201045709/https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/editorial/essays/one-west-bengal-was-the-excellency-center-of-hockey-and-petrochemical-in-all-india/cid/1403525|archive-date=1 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/hockey|title=WB Sports & Youth Dept — Hockey in West Bengal|access-date=26 January 2024|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415220739/https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/hockey|website=wbsportsandyouth.gov.in|publisher=West Bengal Department of Youth Services And Sports|location=Kolkata}}</ref> The team was once primarily consisting of European and Anglo-Indian players.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/how-the-anglo-indian-community-created-two-no-1-hockey-teams/articleshow/53690148.cms |title=How the Anglo-Indian community created two No 1 hockey teams |website=The Times of India |publisher=[[The Times of India]] (Sunday Times)|agency=Times News Network |last=Alikhan |first=Anvar |date=14 August 2016 |access-date=8 November 2022 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108234015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/how-the-anglo-indian-community-created-two-no-1-hockey-teams/articleshow/53690148.cms }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=A most remarkable community: Anglo-Indian contributions to sport in India|publisher=[[Routledge]]|last=Mills|first=Megan S.|journal=Contemporary South Asia |doi=10.1080/09584930120083828|volume=10|year=2001|issue=2 |pages=223–236 |s2cid=145742265 |doi-access=free}} (Published online: "Routledge Contemporary South Asia"; 1 July 2010).</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041204/asp/calcutta/story_4080762.asp
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20121208172753/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041204/asp/calcutta/story_4080762.asp
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 8 December 2012
| title = All hail hockey on history high
| access-date =13 April 2007
| last = O'Brien
| first = Barry
| work =Eye on Calcutta
| publisher =[[The Telegraph (India)]]
| location=Calcutta, India
| date=4 December 2004
}}</ref> CC&FC is regular participant of both the [[Calcutta Hockey League]], and [[Beighton Cup]] (one of world's oldest hockey tournaments).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hockeybengal.org/beighton-cup|title=Beighton Cup|website=hockeybengal.com|publisher=Hockey Bengal|access-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105145704/https://www.hockeybengal.org/beighton-cup|archive-date=5 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://hockeypassion.in/hockey-perspectives/prestigious-beighton-cup-revived-after-three-years-will-be-held-from-december-11-18/ |title=Prestigious Beighton Cup Revived After Three Years, 124th Edition Will Be Held From December 11–18 |date=24 September 2022 |publisher=Hockey Passion |access-date=5 November 2022 |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105145707/https://hockeypassion.in/hockey-perspectives/prestigious-beighton-cup-revived-after-three-years-will-be-held-from-december-11-18/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/patjansen/beighton.htm |title=Beighton Cup |publisher=Bharatiya Hockey |access-date=5 November 2022 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612122617/http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/patjansen/beighton.htm }}</ref> They won 1924 edition of Beighton Cup, with a runner-up finish in 1919.<ref name="Hockey Bengal" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Teams with Most Wins in Prestigious Beighton Cup|url=https://hockeypassion.in/hockey-perspectives/teams-with-most-wins-in-prestigious-beighton-cup/|date=2 November 2022|access-date=3 November 2022|website=hockeypassion.in|publisher=Hockey Passion|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102200248/https://hockeypassion.in/hockey-perspectives/teams-with-most-wins-in-prestigious-beighton-cup/|archive-date=2 November 2022}}</ref> In 2022–23, CC&FC hosted inaugural edition of CCFC Hockey Premier League.<ref name="CCFC 2023" />

===Tennis===
Tennis as a racket sport in India, introduced by the Britishers and is an important sport, still being practiced within CCFC since 1920s.<ref name="CCFC—Tennis">{{cite web|url=http://ccfc1792.com/tennis.php|title=HISTORY OF BALLYGUNGE CRICKET CLUB / CCFC — TENNIS SECTION|archive-date=4 April 2016|date=30 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404045719/http://ccfc1792.com/tennis.php|website=ccfc1792.com|publisher=Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T1lLAAAAYAAJ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407175819/https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Encyclopedia_of_Tennis.html?id=T1lLAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |title=The encyclopedia of tennis | author=Robertson, Max | author-link=India | year=1974 | publisher=[[Allen and Unwin]] | location=London | pages=392 | isbn=0-04-796042-6}}</ref> The club is an affiliated member of the Bengal Tennis Association (BTA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengaltennis.online/affiliated-members/|title=Bengal Tennis Association — AFFILIATED MEMBERS|access-date=12 April 2024|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412102801/https://bengaltennis.online/affiliated-members/|website=bengaltennis.online|publisher=Bengal Tennis Association|archive-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> One of the earliest tennis grass courts were installed within club grounds in Ballygunge under the supervision of R. W. Plummer.<ref name="CCFC—Tennis" /> The club clinched Ballygunge Cricket Club Open Lawn Tennis Championship title in 1929.<ref name="CCFC—Tennis" /> Editions of prestigious Bengal Lawn Tennis Championships (incorporated in 1887), alongside Indian Satellite Tennis Championships and Hometrust Senior Nationals, were organized by the CC&FC.<ref name="CCFC—Tennis" /> In 2022–23 season, inaugural edition of Calcutta Tennis Premier League (CTPL) was hosted in the club.<ref name="CCFC 2023" />

===Cycle polo===
[[File:Cycle Polo 18 3.jpg|thumb|Cycle polo being played at the CC&FC ground in 2018]]
[[Cycle polo]], a specific version of polo being played using bicycles, has been one of the major sports being practiced at the CC&FC for decades.<ref name="polo 1">{{cite web|last1=Dey|first1=Sreyoshi|title=The wheels of a royal sport were a turnin' at CC&fc|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120612/jsp/entertainment/story_15597503.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617151227/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120612/jsp/entertainment/story_15597503.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 June 2012|access-date=16 March 2018|agency=ABP|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata|date=12 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="polo 2">{{cite news|last1=Sarkar|first1=Brinda|title=A power-packed cycle polo tourney at CC&FC|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170601/jsp/t2/story_154432.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406163956/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170601/jsp/t2/story_154432.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 April 2018|access-date=6 April 2018|agency=ABP|issue=The Telegraph|date=1 June 2017|location=Kolkata}}</ref> The club is also affiliated with both Cycle Polo Federation of India (CPFI) and Cycle Polo Association of Bengal, the national and regional governing bodies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cycle Polo Federation of India — official website|url=http://www.cyclepolo.com/achivements%20of%20cycle%20polo1.html|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-date=6 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406163817/http://www.cyclepolo.com/achivements%20of%20cycle%20polo1.html|work=cyclepolo.com}}</ref><ref name="polo 2" /> The first Merchant's Cup tournament for cycle polo was organized and hosted by the club in 1973.<ref name="polo 1" /> They also hosted numerous cycle polo tournaments, including – All India Cycle Polo Invitation Cup, Legend's Tournament, Marsh Mug, Swaroop Bhanjdeo Memorial Tournament, Apji Vaiji Singh Memorial Trophy, and CC&FC Cup.<ref name="polo 1" /><ref name="CCFC 2023" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/cycle-polo-and-how-it-took-the-sport-beyond-royal-families/cid/2015726|title=Cycle polo and how it took the sport beyond royal families|work=The Telegraph India|location=Kolkata|date=25 April 2024|access-date=23 January 2024|first1=Rangan|last1=Dutta|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605003717/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/cycle-polo-and-how-it-took-the-sport-beyond-royal-families/cid/2015726}}</ref> The club is also a regular participant in editions of Laxmibilas Cup in Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/ccfc-win-big/cid/1227131|title=CCFC Win Big in Polo|location=Kolkata|date=31 May 2000|website=The Telegraph (India)|publisher=The Telegraph India|access-date=26 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928100533/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/ccfc-win-big/cid/1227131|archive-date=28 September 2023}}</ref>

===Other sports===
Other individual and team sports being played at the CC&FC are: golf, bridge, volleyball, table tennis, swimming, badminton, squash, and darts.<ref name="CCFC—Others">{{cite web|url=http://ccfc1792.com/others.php|title=CCFC 1792 — Others — Bridge|archive-date=4 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404053227/http://ccfc1792.com/others.php|website=ccfc1792.com|publisher=Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/ccfc-celebrates-225years-of-its-existence-with-glory-and-pride-162972|title=CCFC celebrates 225 years of its existence with glory and pride|first1=Shayani|last1=Mukherjee|date=26 September 2016|access-date=26 January 2023|website=millenniumpost.in|publisher=The Millennium Post India|location=Kolkata|archive-date=9 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009132249/https://www.millenniumpost.in/ccfc-celebrates-225years-of-its-existence-with-glory-and-pride-162972}}</ref> Their volleyball team takes part in Elliot Shield State Volleyball Championship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/sai-win-big-elliot-shield-state-volleyball-golf-meet/cid/1045616|title=SAI win big Elliot Shield State volleyball Golf meet|location=Kolkata|date=16 April 2004|website=The Telegraph (India)|publisher=The Telegraph India|access-date=26 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928102329/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/sai-win-big-elliot-shield-state-volleyball-golf-meet/cid/1045616|archive-date=28 September 2023}}</ref> The club also won 4th edition of Monsoon League [[Contract bridge|Bridge]] Tournament hosted by Tollygunge Club.<ref name="CCFC—Others" /> CC&FC also hosts Inter-club Darts Championship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/in-the-city-28-07-2003/cid/1038665|title=IN THE CITY 28-07-2003 — Darts Meet|date=28 July 2003|access-date=26 January 2023|website=The Telegraph (India)|publisher=The Telegraph India|location=Kolkata|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927060314/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/in-the-city-28-07-2003/cid/1038665}}</ref>

==Crest, colours and rivalries==
The crest of CC&FC has numerous versions, while the present version is containing a shield, with having four stripes, in club colours black, red, and white, with initials of "CCFC" and foundation year 1792.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/310748443046802890|title=Calcutta Cricket and Football Club Logo|website=Pinterest.com|publisher=Heráldica Desportiva|access-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114104605/https://www.pinterest.com/pin/310748443046802890/|archive-date=14 November 2023}}</ref> Red and white as club colours, were introduced in 1877, during the tenure of G. A. J. Rothney as CC&FC's honorary secretary and treasurer, who played the crucial role in funding within the club.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarugby.com/Home/NationalTeam|title=India Rugby Football Union — National Team and CFC|website=indiarugby.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803044754/https://indiarugby.com/Home/NationalTeam|archive-date=3 August 2021|access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref>

When tournaments began and organized by the [[Indian Football Association]] in the late 19th century, CC&FC shared rivalries with two all-European teams [[Dalhousie AC]] and Calcutta Rangers, along with fully indigenous side [[Mohun Bagan AC]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Anita |title=MOHUN BAGAN VILLA – GONE, BUT NOT FORGOTTEN |url=https://breathingroots.co.in/2020/10/10/mohun-bagan-villa-gone-but-not-forgotten/ |website=Breathing Roots |date=10 July 2021 |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003050014/https://breathingroots.co.in/2020/10/10/mohun-bagan-villa-gone-but-not-forgotten/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sengupta |first1=Somnath |title=History Of Mohun Bagan (Part 1): The Success That Changed Indian Football |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/history-of-mohun-bagan-chapter-1-the-origin-and-the-success-that-changed-indian-football/ |website=The Hard Tackle |date=2 May 2010 |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025110131/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/history-of-mohun-bagan-chapter-1-the-origin-and-the-success-that-changed-indian-football/ }}</ref><ref name="Shah" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://puronokolkata.com/2015/03/08/dalhousie-institute-hare-street-calcutta-1865/|title=Dalhousie Institute, Hare Street, Calcutta, 1865|location=Kolkata|date=8 March 2015|author=Ajantrik|access-date=3 November 2022|website=puronokolkata.com|publisher=Purono Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124175949/https://puronokolkata.com/2015/03/08/dalhousie-institute-hare-street-calcutta-1865/|archive-date=24 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.goaldentimes.org/eastern-railway-ran-full-steam-1958/ |title=WHEN EASTERN RAILWAY RAN ON FULL STEAM (1958) |work=Goalden Times |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Debojyoti |date=29 August 2017 |access-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111162448/http://www.goaldentimes.org/eastern-railway-ran-full-steam-1958/ |archive-date=11 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bongodorshon.com/home/story_detail/story-of-legendary-football-coach-dukkhiram|first=Chandak|last=Guha|website=bongodorshon.com|publisher=Bongodorshon Information Desk|language=bn|trans-title=The Englishmen too feared Bengal's legendary first football coach|title=ইংরেজরাও ভয় পেত বাংলার প্রথম কিংবদন্তি ফুটবল কোচকে|location=Kolkata|date=5 September 2019|access-date=24 October 2022|archive-date=8 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908122903/https://www.bongodorshon.com/home/story_detail/story-of-legendary-football-coach-dukkhiram}}</ref> In later years, other rivals of the club were [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]], [[Aryan FC|Aryans]], and British regimental outfits.<ref name="Majumdar" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1889-1909/ |title=History of Mohun Bagan – Presented by MohunBaganClub.com {{*}} The Beginning: 1889–1909 |website=mohunbaganclub.com |access-date=12 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505103851/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1889-1909/ |archive-date=5 May 2015 |location=Kolkata }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://inscript.me/how-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-became-rival-history-of-west-bengal-club-football-by-ayan-bhattacharya-robibarer-royak|title=বাংলা ভাগের ক্ষত কিভাবে বিষিয়ে দিল মোহনবাগান আর ইস্টবেঙ্গলকে?|trans-title=How did the wound of the partition of Bengal poisoned both Mohun Bagan and East Bengal?|first1=Ayan|last1=Bhattacharya|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107163804/https://inscript.me/how-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-became-rival-history-of-west-bengal-club-football-by-ayan-bhattacharya-robibarer-royak|website=inscript.me|publisher=ইনস্ক্রিপ্ট বাংলা নিউজ|location=Kolkata|language=bn|date=10 September 2023|access-date=7 November 2023}}</ref> From 1870s and 80s onwards, club's rugby team predominantly competed against two contemporary sides [[Bombay Gymkhana]] and Madras Cricket Club,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/cricket-is-big-but-lankans-love-their-rugby-2683379|title=Cricket is big, but Lankans love their rugby|date=13 September 2023|access-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021040421/https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/cricket-is-big-but-lankans-love-their-rugby-2683379|archive-date=21 October 2023|first1=Roshan|last1=Thyagarajan|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.therugbyjournal.com/rugby-blog/india|title=India — Rugby|first1=Paul|last1=Walsh|website=The Rugby Journal|date=16 September 2021|access-date=31 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110013408/https://www.therugbyjournal.com/rugby-blog/india|archive-date=10 November 2023|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/once-upon-a-time-bombay-gymkhana-was-first-club-to-bring-multiple-sports-together-2988064/|title=Once Upon A Time: Bombay Gymkhana was first club to bring multiple sports together|date=21 August 2016|first=Arita|last=Sarkar|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=3 September 2018|archive-date=4 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904104050/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/once-upon-a-time-bombay-gymkhana-was-first-club-to-bring-multiple-sports-together-2988064/}}</ref> while currently sharing rivalries with Jungle Crows and Army Red.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.therugbyjournal.com/rugby-blog/india|title=Rugby — India: Calcutta Cricket & Football Club|date=16 September 2021|access-date=5 November 2023|work=The Rugby Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001094703/https://www.therugbyjournal.com/rugby-blog/india|archive-date=1 October 2021|first1=Paul|last1=Walsh}}</ref><ref name="JC">{{Cite news|url=http://www.junglecrows.com:80/rugby_headlines.html|title=Crows Headlines — Calcutta Cup Winners 2008: CCFC 20–45 Jungle Crows|date=April 2008|work=junglecrows.com|access-date=30 September 2022|archive-date=19 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219010048/http://www.junglecrows.com:80/rugby_headlines.html}}</ref>

==Home ground==
Due to the absence of permanent venue in earlier days, the club used grounds in [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]], parallel with grounds on the bank of river Hooghly, between [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] and Government House.<ref name="history" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digitens.org/en/print/pdf/node/414|work=digitens.org|title=''The Digital Encyclopedia of British Sociability in the Long Eighteenth Century'' — Sporting clubs — Cricket (PDF)|last1=TADIÉ|first1=Alexis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102183855/https://www.digitens.org/en/print/pdf/node/414|archive-date=2 November 2023|date=11 February 2023|access-date=3 November 2023|issn=2803-2845|format=PDF}}</ref> In 1825, 'Sketch of the Maidan' was done by the club, and in 1841, they were allowed to enclose the ground. The club used eastern end of the [[Eden Gardens]] (then known as 'Auckland Circus Gardens') from 1860s until shifting their base to Ballygunge in 1950s.<ref name="Ajanta" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/travel/content/story/494282.html|title=The uncommon green. In the heart of Kolkata, the Maidan is a great level playing field|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=27 December 2010|first=Shamik|last=Bag|location=Kolkata|archive-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422073055/http://www.espncricinfo.com/travel/content/story/494282.html|access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/on-renaming-eden-gardens/cid/1444191|title=On renaming Eden Gardens|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata|date=9 January 2016|first1=Raju|last1=Mukherji|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010221910/https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/on-renaming-eden-gardens/cid/1444191|archive-date=10 October 2023|access-date=3 November 2023}}</ref> CC&FC later established its earlier known headquarter at the Eden Gardens, and built a pavilion there in 1871.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/cricket/2001/feb/03eden1.htm|title=Tests at the Eden Gardens, Calcutta|date=10 September 2004|access-date=4 November 2023|publisher=Rediff.com|first1=Mohandas|last1=Menon|archive-date=17 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017163852/http://specials.rediff.com/cricket/2001/feb/03eden1.htm}}</ref>

[[File:A cricket match in Calcutta.jpg|thumb|Cricket being played by Europeans, an undated photograph of Calcutta Cricket Club ground.]]
Club's football section uses Calcutta FC Ground (commonly known as Mohun Bagan Ground) in [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Kolkata Maidan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://meghbangla.com/2020/07/mohunbagan/|title=মোহনবাগান এবং ভারতীয় ফুটবলের শুরুর কথা|trans-title=Mohun Bagan and the beginning of Indian football|website=meghbangla.com|publisher=Megh Bangla Internet Magazine|date=29 July 2020|access-date=24 October 2022|first=Goutamranjan|last=Basu|language=bn|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405175744/https://meghbangla.com/2020/07/mohunbagan/|archive-date=5 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mad-about-football/articleshow/102933485.cms|title=Mad about football|access-date=22 February 2024|date=22 August 2023|agency=TNN|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Kolkata|first1=Nilesh|last1=Bhattacharya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823180930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mad-about-football/articleshow/102933485.cms|archive-date=23 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/newly-installed-floodlights-inaugurated-at-the-mohun-bagan-ground-5019|url-status=dead|title=Newly installed floodlights inaugurated at the Mohun Bagan ground|website=mohunbaganac.com|first1=Narayan|last1=Dasgupta|access-date=12 May 2016|archive-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310142242/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/newly-installed-floodlights-inaugurated-at-the-mohun-bagan-ground-5019}}</ref> It was also used as venue of the [[1954 Asian Quadrangular Football Tournament|1954]] edition of [[Asian Quadrangular Football Tournament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/brindies-quad.html#54|title=Asian Quadrangular Tournament (Colombo Cup) 1952–1955: 1954 (Calcutta, India)|first=Neil|last=Morrison|publisher=[[RSSSF]]|year=1999|access-date=17 August 2022|archive-date=20 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820110914/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/brindies-quad.html#54}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://footballnewsindia.in/2015/08/04/calcutta-football-league-officers-choice-blue-title-sponsor/|title=CALCUTTA FOOTBALL LEAGUE – OFFICER'S CHOICE BLUE TO BE THE TITLE SPONSOR|website=Football News India|date=4 August 2015|access-date=7 October 2022|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010165728/http://footballnewsindia.in/2015/08/04/calcutta-football-league-officers-choice-blue-title-sponsor/}}</ref> The ground hosted exhibition matches of India and numerous visiting European teams, including a match between [[India national football team|India]] and [[Allsvenskan]] club [[AIK Fotboll|AIK]] in December 1954.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aikstats.se/matches.php?id=3453|title=Friday 10 December 1954, Indisk kombination — AIK 0–1 (0–0) Calcutta FC Ground, Calcutta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221133559/https://www.aikstats.se/matches.php?id=3453|archive-date=21 February 2024|language=sv|access-date=21 February 2024|website=aikstats.se|publisher=AIK Fotboll Klub}}</ref> The present CC&FC ground for cricket is situated in Ballygunge, which serves as one of the venues for prestigious [[Ranji Trophy]] matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/ranji-trophy-mizoram-lead-nagaland-75-runs-day-2|title=Ranji Trophy: Mizoram lead Nagaland by 75 runs on day 2|location=Dimapur|date=28 January 2020|website=morungexpress.com|publisher=Morung Express|access-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129182638/http://morungexpress.com/ranji-trophy-mizoram-lead-nagaland-75-runs-day-2|archive-date=29 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/ranji-trophy-mizoram-trailing-nagaland-by-235-runs/|title=Ranji Trophy: Mizoram Trailing Nagaland By 235 Runs|location=Dimapur|date=27 January 2020|website=easternmirrornagaland.com|publisher=Eastern Mirror News Nagaland|access-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928110727/https://easternmirrornagaland.com/ranji-trophy-mizoram-trailing-nagaland-by-235-runs/|archive-date=28 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/2/18/KOLKATA-Feb-17-Manipur-trailed-by-24-runs-to-Arunachal-Pradesh-at-the-end-of-Day-1-at-the-ongoing.amp.html|title=Ranji Trophy 2021–22: Manipur trail by 24 runs on Day 1|location=Kolkata|date=17 February 2020|website=thesangaiexpress.com|publisher=The Sangai Express|access-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928111134/https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/2/18/KOLKATA-Feb-17-Manipur-trailed-by-24-runs-to-Arunachal-Pradesh-at-the-end-of-Day-1-at-the-ongoing.amp.html|archive-date=28 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ranji-trophy-in-quest-of-all-rounders-8320395/|title=Ranji Trophy: In quest of all-rounders|first=Pratyush|last=Raj|location=Kolkata|date=13 December 2022|work=The Indian Express|access-date=26 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418053830/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ranji-trophy-in-quest-of-all-rounders-8320395/|archive-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>

==Notable players and members==
[[File:CCFC In Gate.jpg|thumb|Front view of the CC&FC building in Ballygunge]]

===Noted players===
'''Rugby'''
* {{flagicon|GBR}} {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Benjamin Burns]] – represented [[England national rugby union team|England]] in the [[1870–71 Home Nations rugby union matches|first international match]] against [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]] in 1871.<ref name="Noted players">{{Cite web |title=THE CALCUTTA CUP: the legacy of a club that died |url=http://srustaging.realise.com/sites/default/files/editor/docs/the-calcutta-cup.pdf |website=srustaging.realise.com |publisher=Edinburgh Academical Football Club |date=20 February 2011 |access-date=25 March 2015 |location=London |archive-date=22 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922070100/http://srustaging.realise.com/sites/default/files/editor/docs/the-calcutta-cup.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espnscrum.com/england/rugby/match/18901.html |title=Scotland v England at Edinburgh, March 27, 1871 |publisher=ESPNscrum |access-date=20 February 2011 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021185553/http://www.espnscrum.com/england/rugby/match/18901.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/sportscotland/asportingnation/article/0007/index.shtml |title=The first international rugby match |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=22 February 2011 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629132006/http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/sportscotland/asportingnation/article/0007/index.shtml }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|GBR}} {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Stephen Finney]] – represented [[England national rugby union team|England]] from 1872 to 1873.<ref name="Noted players" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espnscrum.com/australia-tour-2010/rugby/player/280.html |title=Stephen Finney Profile |website=espnscrum.com |publisher=ESPN Scrum |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-date=22 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022063407/http://www.espnscrum.com/australia-tour-2010/rugby/player/280.html }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|GBR}} {{flagicon|ENG}} G. A. James Rothney – served as captain of CC&FC rugby team, and both honorary secretary and treasurer of the club.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.world.rugby/news/574207/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-calcutta-cup|title=Rugby history — Everything you need to know about the Calcutta Cup|date=6 July 2020|access-date=27 November 2022|website=world.rugby|publisher=[[World Rugby]]|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630135446/https://www.world.rugby/news/574207/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-calcutta-cup|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.englandrugby.com/news/article/six-nations-history-of-the-calcutta-cup|title=HISTORY OF THE CALCUTTA CUP — Ahead of England's Guinness Six Nations fixture against Scotland, look back at the origins of the Calcutta Cup|date=3 February 2020|access-date=27 November 2022|publisher=Rugby Football Union|location=London|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230628180623/https://www.englandrugby.com/news/article/six-nations-history-of-the-calcutta-cup|archive-date=28 June 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IRL}} G. St. Lager Fagan – represented [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]] internationally, in late-nineteenth century.<ref name="Noted players" />
* {{flagicon|SCO}} D. McKinnon – represented [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]] internationally.<ref name="Noted players" />
* {{flagicon|SCO}} G. C. Mclagan – represented [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]] internationally.<ref name="Noted players" />

'''Cricket'''
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Reginald Lagden]] – English cricketer, captained CC&FC in the 1930s.<ref>Naha, Souvik (2023). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20231031155248/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Cricket_Media_and_Public_Culture_in_Mode.html?id=47GBzgEACAAJ&redir_esc=y Cricket, Public Culture and the Making of Postcolonial Calcutta]'' (illustrated edition). Cambridge University Press. {{isbn|978-1-108-49458-8}}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231031154625/https://ebin.pub/cricket-public-culture-and-the-making-of-postcolonial-calcutta-newnbsped-1108494587-9781108494588.html 34. CRICKET, PUBLIC CULTURE AND THE MAKING OF POSTCOLONIAL CALCUTTA]. Retrieved 31 October 2023 (archived 31 October 2023).</ref>
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[John Guise (cricketer)|John Lindsay Guise]] – English first-class cricketer, also played for [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]], [[Oxford University Cricket Club|Oxford University]] and [[Europeans cricket team|Europeans]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dhole |first1=Pradip |title=John Lindsay Guise: The man who opened batting at Eden Gardens against MCC in 1926–27 |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/john-lindsay-guise-the-man-who-opened-batting-at-eden-gardens-against-mcc-in-1926-27-744160 |website=cricketcountry.com |date=10 September 2018 |access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401094223/https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/john-lindsay-guise-the-man-who-opened-batting-at-eden-gardens-against-mcc-in-1926-27-744160 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/13531.html |title=John Guise at ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315002744/http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/13531.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/228716.html |title=''Wisden Cricketers' Almanack'' 1992 edition – John Guise's obituary |date=6 December 2005 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315002509/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/228716.html }}</ref>

'''Football'''
* {{flagicon|GBR}} H. G. Pooler – regular member of the football team of CC&FC in early 1900s, a noted [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] referee, who officiated the historic final of the [[IFA Shield|1911 IFA Shield]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Basu |first1=Jaydeep |title=A victory for India? Why Mohun Bagan's historic 1911 IFA Shield win was purely about football |url=https://scroll.in/field/968849/why-mohun-bagans-historic-1911-ifa-shield-win-should-be-judged-purely-from-a-football-perspective#:~:text=Manchester%20Guardian%20reported%20there%20were,%2C%20however%2C%20viewed%20it%20differently. |location=Kolkata |website=Scroll.in |date=29 July 2020 |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505210600/https://scroll.in/field/968849/why-mohun-bagans-historic-1911-ifa-shield-win-should-be-judged-purely-from-a-football-perspective#:~:text=Manchester%20Guardian%20reported%20there%20were,%2C%20however%2C%20viewed%20it%20differently. }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiyan Nassiri]] – [[List of Indian football first tier top scorers#Records|youngest footballer to score hat-trick]] in the [[Indian Super League]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://xtratimebangla.in/know-about-kiyan-nassiris-old-times-from-ccfc-and-keventer-cup/|title=ডার্বির হিরো কিয়ানের পায়েখড়ি হওয়া সিসিএফসির প্রতিটা ঘাস আজ যেন গর্বিত|trans-title=Today, every grass of CC&FC where the hero of the derby Kiyan first played, is proud|date=30 January 2022|access-date=31 October 2023|website=xtratimebangla.in|publisher=এক্সট্রা টাইম ওয়েব ডেস্ক|language=bn|location=Kolkata|archive-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031102705/https://xtratimebangla.in/know-about-kiyan-nassiris-old-times-from-ccfc-and-keventer-cup/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eisamay.com/sports/football/news/atk-mohun-bagan-footballer-kiyan-nassiri-mother-dreams-the-hattrick-of-his-son-even-today-in-kolkata-derby-match-against-sc-east-bengal/articleshow/89249105.cms|title=ছেলের হ্যাটট্রিক এখনও স্বপ্ন মনে হচ্ছে কিয়ানের মায়ের|trans-title=His son's hat-trick is still a dream of Kiyan's mother|language=bn|date=31 January 2022|first=Partha|last=Dutta|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131162518/https://eisamay.com/sports/football/news/atk-mohun-bagan-footballer-kiyan-nassiri-mother-dreams-the-hattrick-of-his-son-even-today-in-kolkata-derby-match-against-sc-east-bengal/articleshow/89249105.cms|archive-date=31 January 2022|website=eisamay.com|publisher=Ei Samay|access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2020|title=Hero I-League: I want to enjoy my game, says former Iranian striker Jamshid's son Kiyan Nassiri|website=mykhel.com|publisher=My Khel|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/hero-i-league-i-want-to-enjoy-my-game-says-former-iranian-striker-jamshid-son-kiyan-nassiri-139121.html|access-date=11 February 2021|language=en|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116081936/https://www.mykhel.com/football/hero-i-league-i-want-to-enjoy-my-game-says-former-iranian-striker-jamshid-son-kiyan-nassiri-139121.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/football/isl-derby-hat-tric-star-kiyan-nassiri-son-of-east-bengal-striker-jamshid-nassiri-image-gone-viral-spb-r6icin|title=Kiyan Nassiri:ছোট্ট কিয়ানকে কীভাবে গড়ে তুলেছেন জামশিদ, দেখুন ভাইরাল ছবি|trans-title=Kiyan Nassiri: How Jamshid Raised Little Kiyan, See Viral Pics|website=bangla.asianetnews.com|date=30 January 2022|access-date=31 January 2022|language=bn|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131102655/https://bangla.asianetnews.com/football/isl-derby-hat-tric-star-kiyan-nassiri-son-of-east-bengal-striker-jamshid-nassiri-image-gone-viral-spb-r6icin}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-live-atkmb-vs-sceb-atk-mohun-bagan-vs-sc-east-bengal-live-isl-score/article38344728.ece|title=ISL 2021–22 Highlights ATK Mohun Bagan vs SC East Bengal: Hat-trick hero Kiyan guides ATKMB to 3–1 win against SC East Bengal|website=The Hindu|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=29 January 2022|access-date=29 January 2022|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129160847/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-live-atkmb-vs-sceb-atk-mohun-bagan-vs-sc-east-bengal-live-isl-score/article38344728.ece}}</ref> and Mohun Bagan Best Forward Awardee in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/former-india-player-shyam-thapa-to-be-conferred-with-mohun-bagan-ratna/articleshow/92730814.cms#_ga=2.65641000.709007170.1657375300-amp-jjRv2CPdera5-SKQSehKr2P9DtYCe77OfpHVHhGYKxDcqQTzU_if2oPdXHw49Y1p|title=Former India player Shyam Thapa to be conferred with Mohun Bagan Ratna|date=7 July 2022|access-date=9 July 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=[[Kolkata]], West Bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709140914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/former-india-player-shyam-thapa-to-be-conferred-with-mohun-bagan-ratna/articleshow/92730814.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=9 July 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Amitabha|last=Das Sharma|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/shyam-thapa-awarded-mohun-bagan-ratna-indian-football/article65699929.ece/|title=Shyam Thapa conferred the Mohun Bagan Ratna|website=The Hindu|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=29 July 2022|access-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013154828/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/shyam-thapa-awarded-mohun-bagan-ratna-indian-football/article65699929.ece|archive-date=13 October 2022}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|BAN}} Rafikul Islam – played for CC&FC and represented [[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh]] at senior international level.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flashscore.com/player/islam-rafiqul/6RCfxx9S/|title=Player profile – Career statistics: Rafikul Islam (Bangladesh)|website=flashscore.com|archive-date=13 January 2024|access-date=26 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113152015/https://www.flashscore.com/player/islam-rafiqul/6RCfxx9S/}}</ref>

'''Darts'''
* {{flagicon|IND}} Jackie Khanna – national darts champion (women's).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ccfc1792.com/pdf/PRESIDENT'S-ADDRESS-27-07-2022.pdf|title=Calcutta Cricket & Football Club – 19/1, Gurusaday Road, Kolkata. President's Address – 19th AGM 2022|work=ccfc1792.com|access-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005020642/https://www.ccfc1792.com/pdf/PRESIDENT'S-ADDRESS-27-07-2022.pdf|archive-date=5 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="President's corner" />

===Noted members===
{{Quote box
| width = 30%
| align = right
| quote = "I have the most cherished memories of the Club from way back in 1978 when I became a young member... I would really want to map this Club on a Worldwide basis as some great Cricket establishments are not aware of CC&FC's grand and redoubtable legacy, by sheer weight of its long-established heritage and tradition the CC&FC's existence for more than two and a quarter centuries speaks for itself..."
| source = — '''[[Arun Lal]]''' (former Indian international cricketer), on his CC&FC and his career.<ref name="WOT" />
}}
A large number of notable athletes are associated with the club, including:
[[File:Arun Lal.jpg|thumb|170px|Lal at the CC&FC in September 2017, wearing the jersey of club's "celebrating 225 years".]]
* '''Football''': [[Chuni Goswami]],<ref>{{cite web|location=Kolkata|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/in-the-city-05-03-2014/cid/206986|title=IN THE CITY 05-03-2014 — Felicitation|website=The Telegraph (India)|publisher=The Telegraph India|date=5 March 2014|access-date=16 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005102235/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/in-the-city-05-03-2014/cid/206986|archive-date=5 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chuni Goswami: A legend in every sense of the word |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/chuni-goswami-legend-every-sense-indian-football.html |work=The Week |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126011337/https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/chuni-goswami-legend-every-sense-indian-football.html |archive-date=26 November 2018 }}</ref> [[Subhas Bhowmick]], S. Bhattacharjee, Pradip Choudhury, P. Ganguly, Santo Mitra, [[Shyam Thapa]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/legends-of-indian-football-shyam-thapa/#:~:text=Born%20in%201948%20in%20Gulmi,club%20brought%20two%20young%20players.|title=Legends Of Indian Football : Shyam Thapa|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|date=30 January 2012|access-date=2 July 2022|first=Somnath|last=Sengupta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014163822/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/legends-of-indian-football-shyam-thapa/|archive-date=14 October 2020}}</ref> [[Kiyan Nassiri]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kiyan ready to shoulder Nassiri burden|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/kiyan-ready-to-shoulder-nassiri-burden/articleshow/75261099.cms|date=21 April 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Marcus|last=Mergulhao|location=Panaji, Goa|language=en|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814100509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/kiyan-ready-to-shoulder-nassiri-burden/articleshow/75261099.cms}}</ref>
* '''Hockey''': Keshav Chandra Datt, Gurbux Singh,<ref name="WOT" /> [[Vece Paes|Dr. Vece Paes]],<ref name="WOT" /> Anand Mandapaka.
* '''Cricket''': Punya B. Datta,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/12051.html|title=Punya Datta|access-date=26 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408073101/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/12051.html|archive-date=8 April 2016|work=ESPN Crickinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28107.html |title=Dilip Doshi profile |access-date=13 July 2017 |archive-date=24 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724071635/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28107.html }}</ref> Ashok Gandotra,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28772.html |title=Ashok Gandotra profile |access-date=13 July 2017 |archive-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814181907/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28772.html }}</ref> [[Devang Gandhi]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28770.html |title=Devang Gandhi profile |access-date=13 July 2017 |archive-date=30 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730191819/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28770.html }}</ref> [[Sourav Ganguly]], [[Dilip Doshi]],<ref name="WOT" /> [[Saba Karim]], [[Arun Lal]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/26295.html |title=Arun Lal profile |access-date=13 July 2017 |archive-date=20 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720093016/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/26295.html }}</ref> [[Pranab Roy]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/33187.html |title=Pranab Roy profile |access-date=13 July 2017 |archive-date=23 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623213053/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/33187.html }}</ref> Biswajit Bhowmick, [[Jhulan Goswami]].<ref name="President's corner">{{cite web|url=https://www.ccfc1792.com/president_corner|title=PRESIDENT'S CORNER — Mr. Deepankar Nandi|website=ccfc1792.com|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206103916/https://www.ccfc1792.com/president_corner|access-date=3 March 2023|date=10 October 2022|location=Kolkata}}</ref>
* '''Tennis''': [[Chiradip Mukerjea]], Enrico Piperno,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.enricotenniscentre.com/about.php |title=Enrico Piperno profile |access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514200446/http://www.enricotenniscentre.com/about.php }}</ref> [[Leander Paes]].

==Presidential history==
===Notable presidents===
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Reginald Lagden|Reginald Bousfield Lagden]] ({{post-nominals|sep=,|OBE|MC}}) – British cricketer, hockey player, and sports administrator, also served as president of the [[Cricket Association of Bengal]], and was awarded the [[Military Cross]].<ref name="Presidents">{{cite web|url=https://www.ccfc1792.com/past-president|title=Calcutta Cricket and Football Club — Past Presidents|website=ccfc1792.com|access-date=26 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326155807/https://www.ccfc1792.com/past-president|archive-date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mukherji|first=Raju|date=2015|title=Eden Gardens Legend & Romance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqPDBgAAQBAJ|location= |publisher=Brandnext|page=106|isbn=|archive-date=11 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611065408/https://books.google.com/books?id=dqPDBgAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Ali|last=Zaman|url=http://www.koi-hai.com/default.aspx?id=490678|title=Down memory lane: the Lagden Gate|work=Koi-Hai.com|access-date=11 September 2015|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051850/http://www.koi-hai.com/default.aspx?id=490678}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Alec Hosie|Alexander Lindsay "Alec" Hosie]] – English first class cricketer, who represented teams including [[Marylebone Cricket Club]], [[Oxford University]], [[Hampshire County Cricket Club]] and Bengal.<ref name="Presidents" />
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Tom Longfield|Thomas Cuthbert Longfield]] – English first-class cricketer, captained [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] to their first [[Ranji Trophy]] win in [[1938–39 Ranji Trophy|1938–39]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Dutta|first=RP|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/half-century-hurrah-at-home-ted-dexter-and-wife-return-to-roots-for-50-year-marriage-celebrations/cid/1255642|title=Half-century hurrah at home – Ted Dexter and wife return to roots for 50-year marriage celebrations|work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|date=30 December 2008|access-date=25 October 2018|location=Kolkata|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827184604/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/half-century-hurrah-at-home-ted-dexter-and-wife-return-to-roots-for-50-year-marriage-celebrations/cid/1255642}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mukherji|first=R|date=2015|title=Eden Gardens Legend & Romance|pages=106–107|publisher=Kolkata Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqPDBgAAQBAJ&dq=thomas%20longfield%20calcutta%20cricket&pg=PA27|access-date=25 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609042808/https://books.google.com/books?id=dqPDBgAAQBAJ&dq=thomas%20longfield%20calcutta%20cricket&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q=thomas%20longfield%20calcutta%20cricket&f=false|archive-date=9 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Chakrabaty|first=S|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kolkata-s-favourite-soninlaw-returns/1040049/|title=Kolkata's favourite son-in-law returns|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=4 December 2012|access-date=25 October 2018|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827022348/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kolkata-s-favourite-soninlaw-returns/1040049/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mitra|first=A|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/a-death-in-london-the-distinct-flavour-of-calcutta-s-fading-colonial-phase/cid/386198?ref=search-page|title=A death in London – The distinct flavour of Calcutta's fading colonial phase|work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|date=20 June 2011|access-date=25 October 2018|archive-date=25 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025190239/https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/a-death-in-london-the-distinct-flavour-of-calcutta-s-fading-colonial-phase/cid/386198?ref=search-page}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|GBR}} H. J. Moorhouse – played the key role in bringing worldwide attention for CC&FC, sent letter to ''[[The Times]]'' highlighting club's existence within a news on ''Madras Courier'' dated 23 February 1792, which marked the club as oldest sporting club outside the UK (turning down the claims of [[Oporto Cricket and Lawn Tennis Club]] of Portugal in 1955).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clubsinindia.in/calcutta-cricket-football-club/|title=Calcutta Cricket & Football club|website=clubsinindia.in|publisher=Clubs of India|location=Kolkata|date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127063718/https://www.clubsinindia.in/calcutta-cricket-football-club/|archive-date=27 January 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|British India}} [[Pearson Surita]] – [[Anglo-Indian]] corporate executive and cricket commentator of the [[All India Radio]] (AIR)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chaturvedi|first=Ravi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epi-DwAAQBAJ|title=Cricket Commentary & Commentators|date=16 November 2019|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64429-727-8|language=en|archive-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609042931/https://books.google.com/books?id=epi-DwAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Utpal|date=10 October 1995|title=Pearson's zest for life defied cliches|work=The Times of India|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/595342477|id={{ProQuest|595342477}}|url-access=subscription|access-date=26 October 2021|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027165237/https://www.proquest.com/docview/595342477}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ghose|first=Bhaskar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZdHQjeNLHgC|title=The Service of the State: The IAS Reconsidered|date=1 January 2011|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-575-6|language=en|archive-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609043024/https://books.google.com/books?id=JZdHQjeNLHgC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India's most legendary of figures|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketer/content/story/141740.html|access-date=26 October 2021|date=August 1994|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|archive-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609043106/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketer/content/story/141740.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 October 2011|title=The magicians called radio commentators|first1=E. R.|last1=Ramachandran|location=Kolkata|url=https://www.news18.com/blogs/india/e-r-ramachandran/the-magicians-called-radio-commentators-14040-746158.html|access-date=26 October 2021|website=News18.com|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026075911/https://www.news18.com/blogs/india/e-r-ramachandran/the-magicians-called-radio-commentators-14040-746158.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhagat|first=Rasheeda|title=Nostalgia for cricket in an era gone by|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/nostalgia-for-cricket-in-an-era-gone-by/article28447598.ece|access-date=26 October 2021|website=Business Line|date=15 July 2019 |language=en|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026075911/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/nostalgia-for-cricket-in-an-era-gone-by/article28447598.ece}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Keshav Dutt]] – Indian hockey player, won gold medals at the [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948]] and [[1952 Summer Olympics|1952 Olympics]], presided both the CC&FC and Saturday Club.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/sports/keshav-datt-giant-on-the-field-with-simple-ideology/cid/1821670|title=Datt, giant on the field with simple ideology|first1=Gurbux|last1=Singh|date=8 July 2021|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103160327/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/keshav-datt-giant-on-the-field-with-simple-ideology/cid/1821670|archive-date=3 November 2023|access-date=26 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahni |first=Jaspreet |date=24 May 2021 |title=India's Olympic Firsts: Maiden medal as an 'independent' nation, a hockey gold in 1948. Tokyo Olympics News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/indias-olympic-firsts-maiden-medal-as-an-independent-nation-a-hockey-gold-in-1948/articleshow/82902287.cms |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711212919/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/indias-olympic-firsts-maiden-medal-as-an-independent-nation-a-hockey-gold-in-1948/articleshow/82902287.cms }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sarangi|first=Y. B.|date=7 July 2021|title=Olympic gold-winning hockey legend Keshav Datt dies|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/hockey-legend-keshav-datt-dead/article35185012.ece|access-date=9 July 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185448/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/hockey-legend-keshav-datt-dead/article35185012.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Keshav Dutt: A legend, a crowd-puller and a winner. Kolkata News – Times of India|language=en|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/keshav-dutt-a-legend-a-crowd-puller-and-a-winner/articleshow/84216383.cms|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=3 November 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103154742/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/keshav-dutt-a-legend-a-crowd-puller-and-a-winner/articleshow/84216383.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 July 2021|title=Keshav Datt: A life and career shaped by Partition|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/hockey/keshav-datt-a-life-and-career-shaped-by-partition-101625672240214.html|access-date=9 July 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709064833/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/hockey/keshav-datt-a-life-and-career-shaped-by-partition-101625672240214.html}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} Dr. [[Vece Paes]] – Indian [[Field hockey|hockey]] midfielder, who won bronze medal at the [[1972 Munich Olympics]].<ref name="Presidents" /><ref name="Ajanta" />
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arun Lal]] – [[India national cricket team|Indian international]] cricketer and sports commentator.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-vs-sri-lanka-2017/how-bcci-could-hit-225-years-of-indian-cricket-history-for-a-six/story-bpxcFky9mI1qNsDpoYzEUK_amp.html|title=How BCCI could hit 225 years of Indian cricket history for a six|date=16 November 2017|access-date=1 November 2023|work=Hindustan Times|location=Kolkata|first1=Dhiman|last1=Sarkar|archive-date=6 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206113627/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-vs-sri-lanka-2017/how-bcci-could-hit-225-years-of-indian-cricket-history-for-a-six/story-bpxcFky9mI1qNsDpoYzEUK.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Saionee|last=Chakraborty|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/arun-the-prez/cid/1425070|title=Arun the prez. Arun Lal! Meet the new president of CC&FC|website=The Telegraph (India)|publisher=The Telegraph India|date=24 February 2017|access-date=7 January 2020|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611074003/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/arun-the-prez/cid/1425070|archive-date=11 June 2023}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} Utpal Ganguly – Indian sports administrator, member of the CAB, who served as secretary of the [[Indian Football Association]].<ref name="Presidents" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/oc-took-me-to-meeting-says-dutta/cid/1063449|title=OC took me to meeting, says Dutta|date=22 July 2006|access-date=7 March 2023|website=The Telegraph (India)|publisher=The Telegraph India|location=Kolkata|archive-date=11 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611081540/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/oc-took-me-to-meeting-says-dutta/cid/1063449}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/in-the-city-27-05-2009/cid/630542|title=SPORTS MEET IN THE CITY 27-05-2009|access-date=7 March 2023|website=The Telegraph (India)|publisher=The Telegraph India|location=Kolkata|archive-date=11 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611082012/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/in-the-city-27-05-2009/cid/630542}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} S. M. "Dada" Osman – former captain of the CC&FC rugby team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/nim77mA2gkWstbPEtymcIP/Kolkata-United.html|title=Rugby has a long history in the City of Joy, and every monsoon it brings Kolkata's diverse communities closer|date=5 August 2012|access-date=9 August 2024|website=Live Mint|first1=Nikhilesh|last1=Bhattacharya|archive-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527094626/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/nim77mA2gkWstbPEtymcIP/Kolkata-United.html}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} Dinyar Mucadum – Indian businessman, member of the CAB, who served as CEO of [[The Bengal Club]].<ref name="Presidents" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/glimpses-of-black-white-ginger-ale-non-alcoholic-carbonated-beverage-presents-the-telegraph-bengal-club-31st-nite/cid/1907933|title=Glimpses of Black & White Ginger Ale Non-Alcoholic Carbonated Beverage presents The Telegraph Bengal Club 31st Nite|first1=Sramana|last1=Ray|website=The Telegraph (India)|publisher=The Telegraph India|location=Kolkata|date=5 January 2023|access-date=29 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101153937/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/glimpses-of-black-white-ginger-ale-non-alcoholic-carbonated-beverage-presents-the-telegraph-bengal-club-31st-nite/cid/1907933|archive-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} Dr. Pranab Dasgupta – Indian doctor, member of the [[Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists]], who served as president of The Bengal Club and [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]].<ref name="Presidents" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mani-group.com/blog/a-date-with-dr-pranab-dasgupta/|title=A DATE WITH DR PRANAB DASGUPTA|location=Kolkata|website=mani-group.com|publisher=MANI – change for good|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130111504/https://mani-group.com/blog/a-date-with-dr-pranab-dasgupta/|archive-date=30 January 2023}}</ref>

==Honours==
===Football===
* '''[[Calcutta Football League]]'''/'''CFL Premier Division'''<ref name="auto" /><ref name="Olympics">{{cite news|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |title=Calcutta Football League: East Bengal kings of Asia's oldest league competition — full winners list |publisher=International Olympic Committee |last1=Nag |first1=Utathya |date=19 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505071647/https://olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |archive-date=5 May 2023 }}</ref>
** Champions (8): 1899, 1907, 1916, 1918, 1920, 1922, 1923, 1925
* '''[[IFA Shield]]'''{{#tag:ref|[[List of oldest football competitions|Fourth oldest football tournament]], organized by the [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] ([[West Bengal|W.B]].), and played between the local clubs of [[West Bengal]] and other invited ones.|group=note|name=Honours}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sengupta |first1=Somnath |title=The Glorious History of IFA Shield |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/the-glorious-history-of-ifa-shield/ |website=thehardtackle.com |publisher=The Hard Tackle |date=8 March 2011 |access-date=1 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181925/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/the-glorious-history-of-ifa-shield/ }}</ref><ref name="Shield">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html|title=India – List of IFA Shield Finals|access-date=23 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929112913/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html|archive-date=29 September 2022|publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]|first1=Arunava|last1=Chaudhuri}}</ref>
** Champions (9): 1896, 1900, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1915, 1922, 1923, 1924
** Runners-up (8): 1905, 1907, 1910, 1914, 1916, 1919, 1921, 1936
* '''[[Trades Cup]]'''
** Champions (1): 2004<ref>{{cite web|first=Hans|last=Schöggl|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-tradescup.html|title=India — List of Trades Cup Winners|publisher=[[RSSSF]]|year=2014|access-date=24 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927050302/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-tradescup.html|archive-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>
* '''Minto Fort Cup'''
** Runners-up (1): 1906<ref>{{cite web |title=Creation of History – 1910 to 1919 |url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/632-2/ |website=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505210601/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/632-2/ }}</ref>
* '''CFL First Division League'''
** Champions (1): 2022–23<ref name="CCFC 2023" />
** Runners-up (2): 2020–21,<ref name="President's corner" /> 2021–22<ref>{{cite web|title=IFA CFL 1st DIVISION :: CHAMPIONSHIP ROUND 2022|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_lower_division_2022/cfl_divn1_result.html|website=kolkatafootball.com|date=4 November 2022|access-date=13 November 2022|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194141/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_lower_division_2022/cfl_divn1_result.html}}</ref>
* '''Phuket Soccer 7s Championship'''
** Plate final (1): 2023<ref name="CCFC 2023" />

===Field hockey===
* '''[[Beighton Cup]]'''
** Champions (1): 1924<ref name="Hockey Bengal">{{cite web|title=BEIGHTON CUP WINNERS AND RUNNERS-UP (1895—2019)|url=https://www.hockeybengal.org/winners-and-runner-up-details|location=Kolkata|website=hockeybengal.org|publisher=Hockey Bengal|access-date=5 July 2022|archive-date=23 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423035958/https://www.hockeybengal.org/winners-and-runner-up-details}}</ref>
** Runners-up (1): 1919<ref name="Hockey Bengal" />
* '''[[Calcutta Hockey League]]'''
** Champions (3): 2005, 2013, 2014<ref>* {{cite web|url=https://www.hockeybengal.org/calcutta-hockey-league-history |title=BIRTH AND EVOLUTION OF CALCUTTA HOCKEY LEAGUE COMPETITION (1905) |year=2022 |access-date=24 October 2022|website=hockeybengal.org|publisher=Hockey Bengal |location=Kolkata |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018155544/https://www.hockeybengal.org/calcutta-hockey-league-history |archive-date=18 October 2022 }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.hockeybengal.org/about |title=About Us — Hockey Bengal |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=hockeybengal.org |publisher=Hockey Bengal |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024100545/https://www.hockeybengal.org/about }}</ref>
** Third place (1): 2020–21<ref name="CCFC 2020-21">{{cite web|url=https://www.ccfc1792.com/pdf/CCFC-Annual-Report-2021.pdf|title=Calcutta Cricket & Football Club – 19/1, Gurusaday Road, Kolkata. 18th Annual Reports 2020–21|work=ccfc1792.com|access-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005023334/https://www.ccfc1792.com/pdf/CCFC-Annual-Report-2021.pdf|archive-date=5 October 2022}}</ref>

===Rugby===
[[File:Other Calcutta Cup Trophy.jpg|thumb|180px|The "Other Calcutta Cup" trophy at CC&FC building, won by the club in 2005.]]
* '''[[All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament|All India & South Asia Rugby Championship]]'''<ref name="President's corner" />
** Runners-up (1): 1932{{#tag:ref|In the final of All India Rugby Football Tournament on 22 October 1932, held in [[Chennai|Madras]], CCFC lost to [[Ceylonese Rugby & Football Club]].|group=note|name=Rugby}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepressb19321022-1.2.117.1.aspx|title=Thrilling All-India final — Ceylon too good for Calcutta|newspaper=The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser|date=27 October 1932|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402120929/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepressb19321022-1.2.117.1.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/daily-mirror-sri-lanka/20200619/281827171018220|title=WHEN RUGBY FOOTBALL IN CEYLON REACHED ITS PEAK; ALL-CEYLON 15 — WESTERN AUSTRALIA 3|via=PressReader|publisher=The Daily Mirror Sri Lanka|first=Neil|last=Wijeratna|date=19 June 2020|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520101801/https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/daily-mirror-sri-lanka/20200619/281827171018220}}</ref>
** Plate winners (1): 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1010730|title=Bombay Gym rally to down Army in final of All India & South Asia Rugby Championship|date=17 October 2022|access-date=26 January 2023|website=daijiworld.com|location=Kolkata|archive-date=1 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801141130/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1010730}}</ref>
* '''[[Calcutta Cup#Other Calcutta Cups|Calcutta Rugby Union Challenge Cup]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/photos-in-kolkata-india-s-rugby-hub-and-the-roots-of-the-calcutta-cup/photo-qwAp8lvxaryrg4SAK1Y83H.html|title=Photos: In Kolkata, India's rugby hub and the roots of the Calcutta Cup|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=3 August 2019|access-date=5 November 2020|first=Amit|last=Datta|agency=Agence France-Presse|location=Kolkata|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821210919/https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/photos-in-kolkata-india-s-rugby-hub-and-the-roots-of-the-calcutta-cup/photo-qwAp8lvxaryrg4SAK1Y83H.html}}</ref>
** Champions (3): 2005, 2014,<ref name="RD" /> 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ccfc1792.com/rugby.php|title=Congratulations to our home team for their victory in the Calcutta Cup 2015|date=16 May 2015|archive-date=4 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404052757/http://ccfc1792.com/rugby.php|website=ccfc1792.com|publisher=Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|location=Kolkata}}</ref>
** Runners-up (4): 2007,<ref name="SCRUM" /> 2008,<ref name="JC" /> 2023,<ref name="CCFC 2023" /> 2024<ref name="CCFC 2023-24" />
* '''The Centenary Cup'''
** Runners-up (1): 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rugby-tales/cid/1404648|title=RUGBY TALES — Jungle Crows win Centenary Cup|website=The Telegraph India|date=23 September 2015|access-date=31 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731180130/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rugby-tales/cid/1404648|archive-date=31 July 2024|location=Kolkata}}</ref>
* '''BRU Women's Inter-district 7s Rugby Championship'''
** Plate trophy (1): 2024<ref name="CCFC 2023-24" />
** Bronze medal (1): 2021–22<ref name="annual reports" />

===Cricket===
* '''CAB Second Division League'''
** Runners-up (1): 2021–22<ref name="annual reports" /><ref name="second division" />
* '''CC&FC Merchant's Cup'''
** Runners-up (1): 2021–22<ref name="annual reports" />
* '''Bangkok International Sixes Tournament'''
** Runners-up (1): 2023<ref name="CCFC 2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.ccfc1792.com/pdf/CCFC-Annual-Report-2023.pdf|title=Calcutta Cricket & Football Club – 19/1, Gurusaday Road, Kolkata. 20th Annual Reports 2022–23|work=ccfc1792.com|access-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015061908/https://www.ccfc1792.com/pdf/CCFC-Annual-Report-2023.pdf|archive-date=15 October 2023}}</ref>
* '''Calcutta Inter-club T10 League'''
** Champions (1): 2023–24<ref name="CCFC 2023-24">{{cite web|url=https://ccfc1792.com/pdf/CCFC-Annual-Report-2024.pdf|title=Calcutta Cricket & Football Club – 19/1, Gurusaday Road, Kolkata. 21th Annual Reports 2023–24|work=ccfc1792.com|access-date=6 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002100623/https://ccfc1792.com/pdf/CCFC-Annual-Report-2024.pdf|archive-date=2 October 2024}}</ref>

===Tennis===
* '''Ballygunge Open Lawn Tennis Championship'''
** Champions (1): 1929<ref name="CCFC—Tennis" />
* '''ITC Inter-club Championship'''
** Champions (1): 2021–22<ref name="annual reports" />
* '''Bengal Tennis Association League'''
** Runners-up (1): 2021–22<ref name="annual reports">{{cite web|url=https://www.ccfc1792.com/pdf/CCFC-Annual-Report-2022.pdf|title=Calcutta Cricket & Football Club – 19/1, Gurusaday Road, Kolkata. 19th Annual Reports 2021–22|work=ccfc1792.com|access-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604170605/https://www.ccfc1792.com/pdf/CCFC-Annual-Report-2022.pdf|archive-date=4 June 2023}}</ref>
* '''Calcutta Gymkhana Tennis Championship'''
** Silver medal (1): 2022–23<ref name="CCFC 2023" />
* '''Saturday Club Sports Carnival – Tennis'''
** Runners-up (2): 2023,<ref name="CCFC 2023" /> 2024<ref name="CCFC 2023-24" />

===Bridge===
* '''Monsoon League Inter-Club Bridge Tournament'''
** Champions (2): 2021,<ref name="President's corner" /> 2022<ref name="CCFC 2023" />

===Darts===
* '''Inter-Club Darts Tournament'''
** Champions (1): 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/snapshots-from-ccfcs-sports-and-social-calendar/cid/1842654|title=Snapshots from CC&FC's sports and social calendar|date=10 December 2021|access-date=30 October 2023|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202195620/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/snapshots-from-ccfcs-sports-and-social-calendar/cid/1842654|archive-date=2 December 2022}}</ref>
* '''RCGC Darts Championship'''
** Champions (1): 2022<ref name="annual reports" />
** Runners-up (1): 2021<ref name="CCFC 2020-21" />
* '''The Royal Darts Carnival'''
** Champions (3): 2022, 2023, 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/calcutta-cricket-and-football-club-ccfc-completes-hat-trick-at-royal-darts-carnival-at-royal-calcutta-golf-club-photogallery/cid/2006873|website=The Telegraph (India)|publisher=The Telegraph India|title=CCFC completes a hat-trick of wins at the Royal Darts Carnival 2024|first1=Debrup|last1=Chaudhuri|date=14 March 2024|access-date=26 March 2024|archive-date=13 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413165330/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/calcutta-cricket-and-football-club-ccfc-completes-hat-trick-at-royal-darts-carnival-at-royal-calcutta-golf-club-photogallery/cid/2006873|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

===Golf===
* '''Chaki Memorial Golf Tournament'''
** Runners-up (2): 2023,<ref name="CCFC 2023" /> 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/tollygunge-club-beats-ccfc-in-a-friendly-chaki-memorial-golf-tournament/cid/2027681|title=Tollygunge Club beats CCFC in a friendly tournament|date=16 June 2024|access-date=23 July 2024|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723082104/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/tollygunge-club-beats-ccfc-in-a-friendly-chaki-memorial-golf-tournament/cid/2027681|archive-date=23 July 2024}}</ref>

==Records and statistics==
===Overall records===
* Most successful team in the [[Calcutta Football League]] in pre-independence era, with eight titles between 1899 and 1925 (first non-army team to win the title too).<ref name="Olympics" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/east-bengal-mohun-bagan-teams-cfl-title/nlyq9l22kiix1ul8zmplkrjf3#cs61550dffb19308f1|title=East Bengal, Mohun Bagan and teams who have won the Calcutta Football League title most number of times|website=Goal (website)|date=6 April 2021|access-date=4 November 2023|first1=Samrat|last1=Chakraborty|archive-date=23 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923104316/https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/east-bengal-mohun-bagan-teams-cfl-title/nlyq9l22kiix1ul8zmplkrjf3#cs61550dffb19308f1}}</ref>
* Most successful team in the [[IFA Shield]] in pre-independence era, with nine titles between 1896 and 1924 (first non-army team to win the title too).<ref name="Shield" />
* Oldest tennis tournament in India, hosted at the CC&FC: [[Bengal Championships|Bengal Lawn Tennis Championships]] in 1887 (inaugural edition)<ref name="history" /><ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://aitatennis.com/history/ |website=aitatennis |publisher=All India Tennis Association |access-date=11 January 2023 |location=New Delhi, India |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128000642/https://aitatennis.com/history/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Majumdar |first1=Boria |last2=Mangan |first2=J. A. |title=Sport in South Asian Society: Past and Present |date=13 September 2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-317-99894-5 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sWfdAAAAQBAJ&dq=history+of+the+Bengal+Championships+tennis&pg=PA117 |language=en |access-date=29 January 2023 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103142845/https://books.google.com/books?id=sWfdAAAAQBAJ&dq=history+of+the+Bengal+Championships+tennis&pg=PA117#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20the%20Bengal%20Championships%20tennis&f=false }}</ref>

===Tennis captains of CC&FC===
Source:<ref name="CCFC—Tennis" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Name!!Nationality!!Years
|-
|Debu Ghose||{{IND}}||1974–1980
|-
|Prakash Dayal||{{IND}}||1980–1984
|-
|Bikram Das||{{IND}}||1984–1989
|-
|Sumanta Bannerjee||{{IND}}||1989–1990
|-
|Prodosh Kumar Sen||{{IND}}||1990–1991
|-
|Rajat Dutta||{{IND}}||1991–1994
|-
|Azam Monem||{{IND}}||1994–1997
|-
|S. R. Dutt||{{IND}}||1997–1998
|-
|Jaggi Minotra||{{IND}}||1998–1999
|-
|Bikram Das||{{IND}}||1999–2000
|-
|Ranjan Mukherjee||{{IND}}||2000
|-
|Pradeep Guhathakurta||{{IND}}||2000–2003
|-
|Nandan Kumar Chaudhuri||{{IND}}||2003–2004
|-
|Babul Mitter||{{IND}}||2004–2005
|-
|Rajat Dutta||{{IND}}||2005–2006
|-
|Naresh Ojha||{{IND}}||2006–2008
|-
|Chittapriyo Bose||{{IND}}||2008–2009
|-
|Vivek Bhasin||{{IND}}||2009–2011
|-
|Sunny Uthup||{{IND}}||2011–2012
|-
|Shantanu Tewary||{{IND}}||2012–2014
|-
||Daniel Ghaznavi||{{IND}}||2014–2015
|-
|Rajeev Ghosh||{{IND}}||2015–2016
|}

===Notable matches of CC&FC cricket team===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
|-
|'''Dates'''
|'''Against'''
|'''Venue'''
|'''Result'''
|'''Source'''
|-
|-
| 23–25 December 1889
| {{flagicon|BRI}} [[G. F. Vernon's cricket team in Ceylon and India in 1889–90|G. F. Vernon's XI]]
| [[Eden Gardens]], Calcutta
| Vernon's XI won by 9 wickets
| {{#tag:ref|At the time, "first-class" was a term in common usage but it was not yet an official standard. It was formally defined in the May 1894 meeting at [[Lord's]] of [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) and the [[county cricket|county clubs]] which were then competing in the [[County Championship]]. The ruling was effective from the beginning of the [[1895 English cricket season|1895 season]]|group=note|name=First-Class}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134867.html |title=Calcutta Cricket Club v G. F. Vernon's XI |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904031119/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134867.html }}</ref>
|-
| 5–6 January 1892
| {{flagicon|BRI}} [[Lord Hawke's cricket team in Ceylon and India in 1892–93|Lord Hawke's XI]]
| CCC Ground, Calcutta
| Lord Hawke's XI won by an innings and 83 runs
|<ref name="Lord Hawke's Team" />
|}

==Affiliations and services==
CC&FC has reciprocal arrangements with over 25 private members clubs around the world, enabling members to use facilities, including notable clubs such as [[Kowloon Cricket Club]] and [[Hong Kong FC]] of Hong Kong, [[Penang Sports Club]] of Malaysia, [[Royal Bangkok Sports Club]] of Thailand, [[Singapore Cricket Club]] of Singapore, Wanderers Club of South Africa, [[St James's Club]] of England, [[Singhalese Sports Club]] of Sri Lanka, and Dhaka Club of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ccfc1792.com/|title=CCFC — RECIPROCAL CLUB: Indian — Overseas|access-date=8 June 2023|website=ccfc1792.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604200929/https://www.ccfc1792.com/|archive-date=4 June 2023}}</ref> In June 2022, the club organized an elite camp for Indian women's footballers, for selection to international football clubs, in which noted teams including [[ŽNK Dinamo Zagreb]], [[Marbella FC|Marbella]], [[Melbourne Victory FC (A-League Women)|Melbourne Victory]] and [[Western Sydney Wanderers FC (A-League Women)|Western Sydney Wanderers]] collaborated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/camp-organised-for-selection-of-women-footballers-to-intl-clubs-481134|title=Camp organised for selection of women footballers to int'l clubs|work=The Millennium Post|date=6 June 2022|access-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185020/http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/camp-organised-for-selection-of-women-footballers-to-intl-clubs-481134|location=Kolkata|archive-date=6 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/after-kol-camp-2-girls-picked-up-for-croatian-football-club-trials/articleshow/92864655.cms|title=After Kolkata camp, 2 girls picked up for Croatian football club trials|date=15 July 2022|access-date=5 November 2023|location=Kolkata|first1=Dipawali|last1=Mitra|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721211316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/after-kol-camp-2-girls-picked-up-for-croatian-football-club-trials/articleshow/92864655.cms|archive-date=21 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/indian-footballers-jyoti-and-soumya-selected-for-trials-at-znk-dinamo-zagreb/article65635351.ece|title=Indian footballers Jyoti and Soumya selected for trials at ZNK Dinamo Zagreb|newspaper=The Hindu| department = Sportstar |date=13 July 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713150534/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/indian-footballers-jyoti-and-soumya-selected-for-trials-at-znk-dinamo-zagreb/article65635351.ece|archive-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> CC&FC has a reciprocal tie-up with a prestigious indigenous association, the [[Tollygunge Club]], and both the teams share a tradition of facing each other once a year in golf and cricket meets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/horse-sense/cid/1256633|website=The Telegraph (India)|publisher=The Telegraph India|title=Horse sense — An Eye On Calcutta|first1=Kiran Uttam|last1=Ghosh|date=16 December 2003|access-date=28 August 2022|archive-date=13 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413163720/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/horse-sense/cid/1256633|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

The club is headquartered in 19/1 [[Gurusaday Dutt Road]], Beckbagan, Ballygunge.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/calcutta-fc/62349/|title=India — Calcutta Cricket and Football Club — Results, fixtures, squad, statistics, photos, videos.|publisher=Soccerway|access-date=9 July 2023|archive-date=9 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709140043/https://us.soccerway.com/teams/india/calcutta-fc/62349/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/deepankar-nandi-on-leading-ccfc-from-the-front/cid/1837791|website=The Telegraph (India)|publisher=The Telegraph India|title=Deepankar Nandi on leading CC&FC from the front|first=Saionee|last=Chakraborty|date=8 November 2021|access-date=28 August 2022|archive-date=10 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610143637/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/deepankar-nandi-on-leading-ccfc-from-the-front/cid/1837791|location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whatsuplife.in/kolkata/blog/old-famous-british-colonial-clubs-kolkata|first1=Sanjana|last1=Arora|title=Top Colonial Clubs in Kolkata — The nostalgic continuity of the British era|date=10 November 2016|access-date=4 November 2023|website=whatsuplife.in|location=Kolkata|archive-date=4 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104075610/https://www.whatsuplife.in/kolkata/blog/old-famous-british-colonial-clubs-kolkata}}</ref> As a prestigious [[gentlemen's club]] in the city, alongside sporting activities, CC&FC offers numerous recreational facilities to its members, including gymnasium, multi-cuisine dishes.<ref name="WOW">{{cite web|url=http://wotweb.com/wot-article/12-clubs-to-be-a-part-of-in-kolkata/|title=12 CLUBS TO BE A PART OF IN KOLKATA|first=Rita|last=Bhimani|date=11 August 2017|access-date=26 January 2023|website=wotweb.com|publisher=Window On Travel|location=Kolkata|archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032329/http://wotweb.com/wot-article/12-clubs-to-be-a-part-of-in-kolkata/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/life/food/calcutta-cricket-club-offers-enticing-modern-take-on-bengali-dishes|title=Calcutta Cricket Club offers enticing modern take on Bengali dishes|first=John|last=Gilchrist|date=11 August 2017|access-date=26 January 2023|work=[[Calgary Herald]]|location=Calgary|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811235421/https://calgaryherald.com/life/food/calcutta-cricket-club-offers-enticing-modern-take-on-bengali-dishes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tofler.in/calcutta-cricket-and-football-club/company/U92412WB2003GAP096325|title=OVERVIEW — CALCUTTA CRICKET & FOOTBALL CLUB: Recreational, Cultural and Sporting {{as written|Acti|vites [sic]}}|website=tofler.in|access-date=30 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029180752/https://www.tofler.in/calcutta-cricket-and-football-club/company/U92412WB2003GAP096325|archive-date=29 October 2023}}</ref> In collaboration with leading daily newspaper ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'' (official sponsor of club's Merchant's Cup tournament),<ref>{{cite web|title=Display of teamwork and competitive spirit in Merchants Cup Corporate Football Tournament|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/display-of-teamwork-and-competitive-spirit-in-merchants-cup-corporate-football-tournament/cid/1945196|first1=Rajdeep|last1=Kumar Roy|work=The Telegraph|date=15 June 2023|access-date=5 November 2023|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105124700/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/display-of-teamwork-and-competitive-spirit-in-merchants-cup-corporate-football-tournament/cid/1945196|archive-date=5 November 2023}}</ref> CC&FC hosts numerous [[bonfire]] parties, European-themed mega carnivals, musical fests and cultural events every single year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/bonfire-great-music-and-on-point-decor-made-the-telegraph-ccfc-x-mas-eve-one-rocking-affair/cid/1845106|title=Full on party mode with The Telegraph CC&FC Xmas Eve|first1=Urvashi|last1=Bhattacharya|work=The Telegraph|date=28 December 2021|access-date=5 November 2023|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810165150/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/bonfire-great-music-and-on-point-decor-made-the-telegraph-ccfc-x-mas-eve-one-rocking-affair/cid/1845106|archive-date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Glimpses from the Pre-Independence Musical Evening At CC&FC|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/glimpses-from-the-pre-independence-musical-evening-at-ccfc/cid/1965316|work=The Telegraph|date=11 September 2023|access-date=5 November 2023|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105124910/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/glimpses-from-the-pre-independence-musical-evening-at-ccfc/cid/1965316|archive-date=5 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CC&FC's festive calendar turns out to be a great mind blowing event at Oktoberfest|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/ccfcs-festive-calendar-turns-out-to-be-a-great-mind-blowing-event-at-oktoberfest/cid/1976794|work=The Telegraph|first1=Ashmita|last1=Ghosh|date=1 November 2023|access-date=5 November 2023|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105125203/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/ccfcs-festive-calendar-turns-out-to-be-a-great-mind-blowing-event-at-oktoberfest/cid/1976794|archive-date=5 November 2023}}</ref> The club complex is consisting of centenary hall, public library, swimming pool, glassed balcony-bar, and several sporting grounds.<ref name="WOW" /> There is also a mini museum of club memorabilia within CC&FC, having jerseys and signed photographs of [[Stanley Matthews]], [[George Best]], [[Franz Beckenbauer]], [[Gavin Hastings]], along with artifacts of colonial antiquities.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Stephen |last1=Brenkley |title=Meet Charlie — from the Bengal branch of the Van der Guchts |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/meet-charlie-from-the-bengal-branch-of-the-van-der-guchts-9194168.html |website=The Independent |publisher=The Independent UK |date=20 January 2002 |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707091257/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/meet-charlie-from-the-bengal-branch-of-the-van-der-guchts-9194168.html }}</ref><ref name="WOW" /> The club also entered into partnership with [[Tata Group]]-run Indian Cancer Society, in supporting underprivileged children fighting to beat cancer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.in/tata-steel-samsung-partner-ccfc-for-charity-0310272017/|title=Tata Steel, Samsung partner CC&FC for charity|first1=Ashish|last1=Khanna|date=27 October 2017|access-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031163530/https://www.insidesport.in/tata-steel-samsung-partner-ccfc-for-charity-0310272017/|archive-date=31 October 2023|location=Kolkata|website=insidesport.com|publisher=Inside Sport India}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Association football|Cricket|Tennis|Hockey|Sports|History}}
* {{Annotated link|Sport in India}}
* {{Annotated link|History of cricket in India to 1918}}
* {{Annotated link|List of current first-class cricket teams}}
* {{Annotated link|Football in Kolkata}}
* {{Annotated link|History of Indian football}}
* {{Annotated link|List of football clubs in India}}
* {{Annotated link|List of football clubs in West Bengal}}
* {{Annotated link|Wisden Cricketers' Almanack}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
===General sources===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
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* {{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Stephanie|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-1-349-12538-8%2F1.pdf|title=Merchants of the Raj: British Managing Agency Houses in Calcutta Yesterday and Today|publisher=Springer|year=1992|isbn=978-1-349-12538-8|pages=385–96|language=en}}
* {{cite book |last = Kapadia | first = Novy | url=http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |title=Soccer in South Asia | chapter = Triumphs and Disasters: The Story of Indian Football, 1889—2000 | access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813081005/http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2012 | date = September 2001 | editor1-first = Paul | editor1-last = Dimeo | editor2-first = James | editor2-last = Mills | pages = 17–40 | isbn = 978-0714681702 | publisher = Routledge |via = Pierre Tristram }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Kidambi|first=Prashant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50KjDwAAQBAJ&dq=Madras-born&pg=PA159|title=Cricket Country|date=25 July 2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-884313-9|language=en|access-date=30 November 2021|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130003349/https://books.google.ca/books?id=50KjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159&lpg=PA159&dq=%22kilvidi+seshachari%22+tamil+brahmin&source=bl&ots=d-dln8kw4B&sig=ACfU3U3V2cMHdtAs6eHjDYSI_3BcAkCjMQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLgLeK6770AhW5GDQIHUTGBUkQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=Madras-born&f=false}}
* Levine, Emma ''A Game of Polo with a Headless Goat'' ({{ISBN|0233050418}})
* {{Cite journal|last=Majumdar|first=Boria|year=2005|title=Maharajas and Cricket: Self, State, Province and Nation|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10.1080/09523360500122798|journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport|language=en|volume=22|issue=4|pages=639–648|doi=10.1080/10.1080/09523360500122798| s2cid=144277528 |issn=0952-3367|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book |last1=Majumdar | first1 = Boria |last2=Bandyopadhyay | first2 = Kausik | date=2006 |title=Goalless: The Story of a Unique Footballing Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i55oAAAACAAJ |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin India]] |isbn=9780670058747 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Majumdar|first1=Boria|last2=Bandyopadhyay|first2=Kausik|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|title=A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629140637/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|archive-date=29 June 2021|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2006|isbn=9780415348355}}
* Mason, ''Football on the Maidan'', p. 144; Dimeo, ''Football and Politics in Bengal'', p. 62.
* {{cite journal|last=Mills|first=Megan S.|title=A most remarkable community: Anglo-Indian contributions to sport in India|publisher=[[Routledge]]|journal=Contemporary South Asia |doi=10.1080/09584930120083828|volume=10|year=2001|issue=2 |pages=223–236 |s2cid=145742265 |doi-access=free}} (Published online: Contemporary South Asia; 1 July 2010)
* {{cite book |last1=Mitra | first1=Soumen |date=1 January 2006 |title=In Search of an Identity: The History of Football in Colonial Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZbgPgAACAAJ |publisher=Dasgupta & Co. Private Ltd. |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-8182110229 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021163751/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/In_Search_of_an_Identity.html?id=fZbgPgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=21 October 2022 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Panckridge|first=H. R.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38290|title=A Short History of The Bengal Club|publisher=The Bengal Club|year=1927|location=Calcutta|pages=10–44, 57–60|via=The Internet Archive}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Bharati|url=https://www.thebengalclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/The-Bengal-Club-in-History.pdf|title=The Bengal Club in History|publisher=The Bengal Club|year=2006|editor-last=Sarkar|editor-first=Malabika|location=Calcutta|pages=11|chapter=The Bengal Club in History: Birth and Survival}}
* {{cite journal |title=Regionalism and club domination: Growth of rival centres of footballing excellence |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106410?journalCode=fsas20 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |date=6 August 2006 |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301202832/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106410?journalCode=fsas20 |journal=Soccer & Society |volume=6 |issue=2–3 |pages=227–256 |doi=10.1080/14660970500106410 |s2cid=216862171 |url-access=subscription }}
* Richards, Huw ''A Game for Hooligans: The History of Rugby Union'' ([[Mainstream Publishing]], Edinburgh, 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-84596-255-5}})
* Roselli, John. ''Self Image of Effeteness: Physical Education and Nationalism in Nineteenth Century Bengal''. [[Past & Present (journal)]]. 86 (February 1980). p. 121–48.
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=9788187891963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}
* {{cite book|last=Sen|first=Dwaipayan|year=2013|chapter=Wiping the Stain Off the Field of Plassey: Mohun Bagan in 1911|editor-last1=Bandyopadhyay|editor-first1=Kausik|editor-last2=Mallick|editor-first2=Sabyasachi|title=Fringe Nations in World Soccer|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-99810-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Sen|first=Ronojoy|year=2015|chapter=The Empire Strikes Back: The 1911 IFA Shield and Football in Calcutta|title=Nation at Play: A History of Sport in India|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-16490-0}}
* Sen, Ronojoy (2015). ''Nation at Play : A History of Sport in India''. New York City: [[Columbia University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-231-16490-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Nikhil Paramjit |last2=Gupta |first2=Shantanu |title=India's Football Dream |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-V6HDwAAQBAJ&q=national+association+manmatha+ganguly |publisher=SAGE Publications India |date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004041830/https://books.google.com/books?id=-V6HDwAAQBAJ&dq=national+association+manmatha+ganguly&source=gbs_navlinks_s |isbn=9789353283063 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Shreekumar |first=S. S. |title=The Best Way Forward for India's Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdH7DwAAQBAJ |date=15 August 2020 |publisher=HSRA Publications |isbn=9788194721697 |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204051238/https://www.google.com/books/edition/THE_BEST_WAY_FORWARD/KdH7DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |pages=244 }}
* Sinha, Mrinalini. ''Colonial Masculinity, The Manly Englishman and the Effeminate Bengali in the Late Nineteenth Century'' ([[Manchester]]: [[Manchester University Press]], 1995).
* {{Cite book|last=Sinha|first=Mrinalini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVbL4dUpl7AC|title=Britishness, Clubbability and the Colonial Sphere — Bodies in Contact: Rethinking Colonial Encounters in World History|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8223-8645-2|editor-last=Burton|editor-first=Antoinette|pages=183, 189|language=en|editor-last2=Ballantyne|editor-first2=Tony}}
* Smith, Sean ''The Union Game: A Rugby History''
* [[Nigel Starmer-Smith|Starmer-Smith, Nigel]] (ed) ''Rugby – A Way of Life, An Illustrated History of Rugby'' (Lennard Books, 1986 {{ISBN|0-7126-2662-X}})
* {{cite book |last=Wynne-Thomas |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Wynne-Thomas |title=From the Weald to the World |year=1997 |publisher=Stationery Office Books}}

===Further reading===
* {{Cite web |title=The Introduction of Football in Colonial Calcutta- Part 1 |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2015/the-introduction-of-football-in-colonial-calcutta/ |date=25 March 2015 |first=Ankan |last=Banerjee |access-date=25 March 2015 |website=footballcounter.com |publisher=Football Counter |location=Kolkata |archive-date=23 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123195412/http://www.footballcounter.com/2015/the-introduction-of-football-in-colonial-calcutta/ }}
* {{cite web|title=Football — the passion play in Kolkata|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/football--the-passion-play-in-kolkata/211371-55.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111155154/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/football--the-passion-play-in-kolkata/211371-55.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012|website=ibnlive.in|publisher=IBN Live|date=13 December 2011|access-date=11 August 2014}}
* {{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/footballs-passage/|title=The passage of football in India|website=ifawb.org|publisher=[[Indian Football Association]]|location=Kolkata|access-date=11 May 2023|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129163914/https://ifawb.org/footballs-passage/}}
* {{cite web|title=How rugby is still thriving in Kolkata, birthplace of the historic Calcutta Cup|url=https://scroll.in/field/936947/how-rugby-is-still-thriving-in-kolkata-birthplace-of-the-historic-calcutta-cup|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505070253/https://scroll.in/field/936947/how-rugby-is-still-thriving-in-kolkata-birthplace-of-the-historic-calcutta-cup|archive-date=5 May 2023|website=scroll.in|publisher=SCROLL|date=11 September 2019|agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=26 December 2022}}
* {{cite web|first=G. C.|last=Das|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/kolkatafootball_indian_legend_footballers_profile.html|title=Indian Legendary Football Players' Profiles|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914072626/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/kolkatafootball_indian_legend_footballers_profile.html|date=14 September 2008|archive-date=14 September 2008|access-date=25 January 2011|website=www.kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football}}
* {{cite web |title=From Apartheid to world dominance |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1157_cricket_history/page4.shtml |publisher=BBC |access-date=11 December 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129044654/https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1157_cricket_history/page4.shtml }}
* {{cite web |title=History of Mohun Bagan :: Diamond Jubilee :: 1940—1949|url=https://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1940-1949/ |website=mohunbaganclub.com |publisher=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club |year=2014 |location=Kolkata |access-date=17 November 2022 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107060844/https://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1940-1949/ }}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/calcutta-fc-win/cid/1230824|title=CALCUTTA FC WIN|work=The Telegraph|date=13 July 2001|access-date=26 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608141520/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/calcutta-fc-win/cid/1230824|location=Kolkata|archive-date=8 June 2023}}
* {{cite web|first=Saionee|last=Chakraborty|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/where-arun-lal-grew-up/cid/1423642|title=WHERE ARUN LAL GREW UP|website=The Telegraph (India)|publisher=The Telegraph India|date=27 July 2016|access-date=27 January 2022|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611074309/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/where-arun-lal-grew-up/cid/1423642|archive-date=11 June 2023}}
* {{cite news|title=Twelve teams to compete in All India and South Asia Rugby Championships|url=http://www.sify.com/news/twelve-teams-to-compete-in-all-india-and-south-asia-rugby-championship-news-others-qjqtEdefjjeff.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013002124/http://www.sify.com/news/twelve-teams-to-compete-in-all-india-and-south-asia-rugby-championship-news-others-qjqtEdefjjeff.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2016|access-date=13 October 2016|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|issue=Sify News|date=16 September 2016}}
* {{cite web|title=Odisha Women's Team Wins 1st All India Rugby 15s Tournament|url=http://incredibleorissa.com/odisha-women-team-wins-all-india-rugby-15s-tournament/|website=Incredible Orissa|date=24 September 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016|archive-date=13 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013093005/http://incredibleorissa.com/odisha-women-team-wins-all-india-rugby-15s-tournament/}}
* {{cite web|title=Rahul's rugby dreams|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160925/jsp/sports/story_110148.jsp#.V_Ne0yF97IU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927210841/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160925/jsp/sports/story_110148.jsp#.V_Ne0yF97IU|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2016|access-date=4 October 2016|website=The Telegraph (India)|publisher=The Telegraph India (ABP)|location=Kolkata|date=25 September 2016}}
* {{cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Chandrahas |date=11 June 2014 |title=Blame India's World Cup Drought on the Shoes |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2014-06-11/blame-india-s-world-cup-drought-on-the-shoes |website=bloomberg.com |publisher=Bloomberg View |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406182813/https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2014-06-11/blame-india-s-world-cup-drought-on-the-shoes |archive-date=6 April 2017 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://home.123india.com/alokghosh/Heritage/Our%20Sportsmen.htm|title=OUR SPORTSMEN|website=123india.com|access-date=27 September 2007|archive-date=27 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210527/http://home.123india.com/alokghosh/Heritage/Our%20Sportsmen.htm}}
* {{cite web|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/19376-highlights-mohammedan-sporting-off-to-seven-star-start-in-cfl-2023|title=HIGHLIGHTS: Mohammedan Sporting off to seven star start in CFL 2023|location=Kolkata|website=thefangarage.com|publisher=The Fan Garage|date=12 July 2023|access-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719050948/https://thefangarage.com/articles/19376-highlights-mohammedan-sporting-off-to-seven-star-start-in-cfl-2023|archive-date=19 July 2023}}
* {{cite web|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/cfl-2023-takes-the-field-today-with-two-majors-in-front-of-mohun-bagan-tollygange-mohammedans-opponents-are-cfc-31689146871602.html|title=সি এফ এল ২০২৩-এ আজ মাঠে নামছে দুই প্রধান! মোহনবাগানের সামনে টালিগঞ্জ, মহমেডানের প্রতিপক্ষ সি সি এফ সি|trans-title=The two Kolkata-giants gearing up to play today at the CFL 2023! Mohun Bagan will host Tollygunge, Mohammedan to face CCFC|website=Hindustan Times|publisher=The Hindustan Times Bangla|language=bn|location=Kolkata|date=12 July 2023|access-date=26 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728082646/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/cfl-2023-takes-the-field-today-with-two-majors-in-front-of-mohun-bagan-tollygange-mohammedans-opponents-are-cfc-31689146871602.html|archive-date=28 July 2023}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.prohor.in/robbaranda-prasenjit-datta-paye-paye-maidane-12|title=ময়দানের তৃতীয় নয়ন|trans-title=The Third Eye of Kolkata Maidan|website=prohor.in|publisher=Prohor News|first1=Prasenjit|last1=Dutta|language=bn|location=Kolkata|date=22 May 2022|access-date=21 October 2022|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205002504/https://www.prohor.in/robbaranda-prasenjit-datta-paye-paye-maidane-12}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/a-121-year-old-burnt-down-football-club-and-the-legacy-the-flames-couldnt-touch/cid/1692972|title=A burnt-down football club and a 121-year-old legacy the flames couldn't touch|first=Manasi|last=Shah|website=The Telegraph (India)|publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph India]]|location=Kolkata|date=19 June 2022|access-date=15 October 2022|archive-date=26 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026135252/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/a-121-year-old-burnt-down-football-club-and-the-legacy-the-flames-couldnt-touch/cid/1692972}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/cfl-2019-resembles-1958-league-matches-1.1044901|title=আটান্নর মতো কড়া লড়াই দেখা যাচ্ছে এই লিগেও|trans-title=A tough fight like 1958 is also being witnessed in this season's league|language=bn|website=abandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|location=Kolkata|date=13 September 2019|first1=Hariprasad|last1=Chattopadhyay|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926054109/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/cfl-2019-resembles-1958-league-matches-1.1044901}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/travel/content/story/494282.html|title=The uncommon green {{!}} In the heart of Kolkata, the Maidan is a great level playing field|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=27 December 2010|first=Shamik|last=Bag|location=Kolkata|archive-date=10 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110013224/http://www.espncricinfo.com/travel/content/story/494282.html|access-date=8 January 2011}}
* {{cite web|url=https://wbpolice.gov.in/wbp/Common/Sports.aspx|title=Sports in West Bengal|website=wbpolice.gov.in|publisher=West Bengal Police|access-date=26 November 2023|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928072325/https://wbpolice.gov.in/wbp/Common/Sports.aspx|location=Kolkata}}
* {{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/how-kolkata-boy-joined-rugby-club-dallas-9100976/|title=Such a long journey: From Kolkata basti to rugby club in Dallas|first1=Dipannita|last1=Nath|work=The Indian Express|location=Kolkata|date=9 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109042512/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/how-kolkata-boy-joined-rugby-club-dallas-9100976/|access-date=8 August 2024|archive-date=9 January 2024}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website}}
* {{Facebook|440973169286289}}
* {{Facebook|theccfcrugbyteam}} (official rugby team)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240225081124/https://www.the-aiff.com/club/9134 Team profile] at [[All India Football Federation|the-AIFF.com]] (archived 25 February 2024)
* {{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/clubs/|title=IFAWB Clubs: Men's Division (CFL 1st Division)|publisher=[[Indian Football Association]]|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009123425/https://ifawb.org/clubs/|archive-date=9 October 2022}}

{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Football in West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal Sports}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cricket in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian club cricket teams]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams established in the 1790s]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Multi-sport clubs in India]]
[[Category:Field hockey clubs in India]]
[[Category:Rugby union teams in India]]
[[Category:Defunct cricket grounds in India]]
[[Category:1792 establishments in India]]

Zalamsinhji

2026-02-26T19:45:23Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: started initial entry and citations

{{short description|Maharana of Danta (1847–1859)}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharana]]
| succession = [[Maharana]] of [[Danta State|Danta]]
| reign = {{circa|1847}} – {{circa|1859}}
| predecessor = [[Naharsinhji]]
| successor = [[Sardarsinhji]]
| death_date = {{circa|1859}}
| father = [[Naharsinhji]]
| dynasty = [[Parmar (clan)|Parmar]]
}}
'''Zalamsinhji''' (or '''Jhalamsinhji''') was the [[Maharana]] of [[Danta State|Danta]] from 1847 until 1859.

== Early life and family ==
Zalamsinhji was born to [[Naharsinhji]], the [[Maharana]] of [[Danta State|Danta]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=DANTA |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/d/danta.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803184937/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/d/danta.html |archive-date=2017-08-03 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> He married and had a son, named [[Sardarsinhji]], and a daughter, Guman Kumari, who married [[Kesari Singh]], the [[Maharao]] of [[Sirohi State|Sirohi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lala |first=Sitaram |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.112413 |title=History Of Sirohi Raj From The Earliest Times To The Present Day |date=1920 |pages=360}}</ref>

== Reign ==
Upon the death of his father in 1847, he succeeded him on the throne of [[Danta State|Danta]] as the [[Maharana]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Manu Nandshankar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48807 |title=Hind Rajasthan |date=1896 |pages=93}}</ref> He went to [[Ahmedabad]] in 1854 to meet [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Master |first=Framroz Sorabji |url=http://archive.org/details/mahikanthadirect00mast |title=The Mahi Kantha directory |date=1922 |publisher=Rajkot : [s.n.] |others=University of California Libraries |pages=160}}</ref> In 1857, when the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|mutiny]] broke out in [[India]], he supported the [[East India Company|British]] cause and assisted them.<ref name=":1" /> When the [[British government of India|Government of India]] began to introduce [[vaccination]], he assisted them in their cause and accepted an agreement related to salt with them.<ref name=":1" />

== Death ==
He died in 1859 and was succeeded by [[Sardarsinhji]] to his title, rank, and dignity.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]

Vignan's Institute of Information Technology

2026-02-19T14:03:50Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: started the details initial version - done

{{Short description|Engineering college in Andrha Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{third-party|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Vignan's Institute Of Information Technology
|motto = "Excellence through Dedication"
|established = 2002
|type = [[Engineering College]]
|principal = Dr.Sudhakar Jyothula
|rector = Dr.V.Madhusudhan Rao
|chairman = Dr.L Rathaiah
|city = [[Duvvada]], [[Visakhapatnam, India|Visakhapatnam]]
|state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|country = India
|website = {{url|vignaniit.edu.in}}
}}

'''Vignan's Institute Of Information Technology''' is one of the engineering institutions run by the Vignan group of Guntur. It was established in 2002 to offer undergraduate (B. Tech) (college code:L3) courses in engineering and technology. It is situated in [[Duvvada]], a suburban region of [[Visakhapatnam]], [[India]].

== Rankings ==
{{Infobox India university ranking|NIRF_E_2024=201-300|type=University}}The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF)]] ranked the university between 201-300 in the engineering rankings in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

==Library facility==
This college has a good library named vignan dhara it has all volumes related to all study departments
<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.collegesearch.in/university/article/developments-and-automations-of-vignan-universitys-library-7756-84| title=Developments and Automations of Vignan University's Library| publisher=CollegeSearch.in| access-date=27 March 2019| archive-date=27 March 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327123133/https://www.collegesearch.in/university/article/developments-and-automations-of-vignan-universitys-library-7756-84| url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Location ==
Vignan Vizag, Duvvada, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh,.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to be University) · Guntur -Tenali Rd, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh 522213, India |url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Vignan's+Foundation+for+Science,+Technology+&+Research+(Deemed+to+be+University)/@16.2333746,80.548333,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3a4a0953a362f945:0x11aa0de9063844ab!8m2!3d16.2333746!4d80.5509079!16s/m/05q97tw?entry=ttu |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to be University) · Guntur -Tenali Rd, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh 522213, India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

*[https://engineering.careers360.com/colleges/vignans-institute-of-information-technology-vishakhapatnam Vignan's Institute Of Information Technology]
*[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/mar/26/viit-declared-autonomous-to--offer-new-job-oriented-courses-1586098.html VIIT declared autonomous, to offer new job-oriented courses]
*https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-09-20/Vignans-Institute-of-Information-Technology-holds-awareness-programme-on-employability/413032 Vignan's Institute of Information Technology holds awareness programme on employability
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/yuvtarang-2k17-to-be-held-at-duvvada-on-january-7-8/articleshow/56361602.cms "Yuvtarang 2k17 to be held at Duvvada on January 7, 8"]

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2002]]

Tarsem Singh

2026-02-18T23:15:15Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: slightly fixed citations for clarity and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian film director (born 1961)}}
{{for|the Indian field hockey player|Tarsem Singh (field hockey)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tarsem Singh
| image =WonderCon 2011 - Immortals director Tarsem Singh signs for fans (5593341835).jpg
| caption = Singh at WonderCon 2011
| birth_name = Tarsem Singh Dhandwar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|05|26}}
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| othername = Tarsem
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|producer|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 1990–present
| website = {{URL|http://www.tarsem.org}}
}}

'''Tarsem Singh Dhandwar''' (born 26 May 1961), known professionally as '''Tarsem''', is an Indian director who has worked on films, music videos, and commercials. He directed ''[[The Cell (film)|The Cell]]'' (2000), ''[[The Fall (2006 film)|The Fall]]'' (2006), ''[[Immortals (2011 film)|Immortals]]'' (2011), ''[[Mirror Mirror (film)|Mirror Mirror]]'' (2012), ''[[Self/less]]'' (2015), and ''[[Dear Jassi]]'' (2023).

== Early life ==
Tarsem was born in [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] to a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Sikh]] family. His father was an aircraft engineer.<ref name="Patrick Goldstein">{{Cite news|url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jun-26-et-goldstein26-story.html | title =A 'Fall' no one wants to take| first =Patrick | last = Goldstein | work =Los Angeles Times| date= 26 June 2007}}</ref> He attended [[Bishop Cotton School (Shimla)|Bishop Cotton School]] in [[Shimla]], [[Hans Raj College]] in [[Delhi]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 2003 |title=No retakes for Tarsem Singh... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/lucknow-times/no-retakes-for-tarsem-singh-/articleshow/286995.cms |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and is a graduate of the [[Art Center College of Design]] in [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]], California.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080603/PEOPLE/868926055 | work= The Chicago Sun-Times | title = Tarsem and the legend of "The Fall"|last=Ebert|first=Roger|date=3 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604234958/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080603/PEOPLE/868926055|archive-date=4 June 2008|author-link=Roger Ebert}}</ref> Singh's classmates included future film directors [[Michael Bay]] and [[Zack Snyder]]. Singh also acted in the student films of Bay and Snyder, including playing a [[Nazi]] in one of the latter's works.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giroux |first=Jack |date=2012-04-06 |title=Interview: Tarsem Singh on 'Mirror Mirror' and What Michael Bay Was Like in College |url=https://filmschoolrejects.com/interview-tarsem-singh-on-mirror-mirror-and-what-michael-bay-was-like-in-college-460f655328b/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031352/https://filmschoolrejects.com/interview-tarsem-singh-on-mirror-mirror-and-what-michael-bay-was-like-in-college-460f655328b/ |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Film School Rejects |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Tarsem began his career by directing music videos, including those of "[[Hold On (En Vogue song)|Hold On]]" by [[En Vogue]], "[[Sweet Lullaby]]" by [[Deep Forest]] and [[R.E.M.]]'s "[[Losing My Religion]]", the latter of which won [[Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video|Best Music Video, Short Form]] at the [[1992 Grammy|1992 Grammy Awards]]. He has directed commercials for brands such as [[Nike Inc.|Nike]] and [[Coca-Cola]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhabra |first=Aseem |date=26 May 2008 |title=Hindi movies often do not capture the beauty of India |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/26singh.htm |work=Rediff}}</ref> Tarsem's feature film directorial debut was ''[[The Cell (film)|The Cell]]'' (2000), starring [[Jennifer Lopez]].

In 2003, Tarsem directed one of the most elaborate [[Pepsi]] commercials to date. It combined a [[gladiator]] theme with [[Queen (band)|Queen]]'s "[[We Will Rock You]]". The commercial starred [[Enrique Iglesias]] in the version of the commercial aired in Europe and North America and [[Amr Diab]] in the version aired in the [[Arab world]].

Tarsem's second film, ''[[The Fall (2006 film)|The Fall]]'', debuted at the [[2006 Toronto International Film Festival]] and was released in theatres in the United States in 2008. His third film was 2011's ''[[Immortals (2011 film)|Immortals]]'' which he directed for Relativity Media and Universal Pictures.<ref name= "Patrick Goldstein"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wise |first=Damon |date=2008-10-03 |title=Final fantasy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/oct/04/fall.tarsem.singh |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He directed an adaptation of the [[Brothers Grimm]] story of "[[Snow White]]", called ''[[Mirror Mirror (film)|Mirror Mirror]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/blogs/heat-vision/its-official-tarsem-directing-relativitys-34180 |title=It's Official: Tarsem Directing Relativity's Snow White Movie | first = Borys | last = Kit | work = The Hollywood Reporter| date = 1 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mania.com/singh-confirmed-for-snow-white_article_126177.html| title = Singh Confirmed for Snow White| first = Jarrod| last = Sarafin| work = Mania| url-status = dead| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101105114157/http://www.mania.com/singh-confirmed-for-snow-white_article_126177.html| archivedate = 5 November 2010}}</ref>

In 2020, Tarsem made his return to music videos with [[Lady Gaga]]'s single "[[911 (Lady Gaga song)|911]]", his first in 26 years.

In 2021, his [[Super Bowl LV|Super Bowl]] ad for [[Toyota]] featuring the adoption of US [[Paralympian]] [[Jessica Long]] won significant critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/toyota-super-bowl-commercial-jessica-long-ad-b1798980.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/toyota-super-bowl-commercial-jessica-long-ad-b1798980.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=The real story behind the Super Bowl's most moving advert|date=8 February 2021|website=The Independent}}</ref> He also directed the [[Microsoft Windows 11]] commercial ''Journey'' which featured the song "Brings You Closer to What You Love" by [[Odessa (musician)|Odessa]], an appearance by [[Master Chief (Halo)|Master Chief]] from Halo (Xbox) and dancers emerging through a painting by Clifford Bailey.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 September 2021 |title=Microsoft's Windows 11 Brings You Closer to What You Love |url=https://www.interpublic.com/case-study/microsofts-windows-11-brings-you-closer-to-what-you-love/ |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918083430/https://www.interpublic.com/case-study/microsofts-windows-11-brings-you-closer-to-what-you-love/ |archive-date=18 September 2021 |accessdate=17 August 2023 |publisher=interpublic.com}}</ref>

His 2023 film ''[[Dear Jassi]]'' premiered at the [[2023 Toronto International Film Festival]],<ref name="bramesco">{{Cite news |last=Bramesco |first=Charles |date=2023-09-11 |title=Dear Jassi review – Hollywood maximalist makes first Indian movie |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/sep/10/dear-jassi-review-hollywood-maximalist-makes-first-indian-movie |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> where it was the winner of the [[Platform Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pond |first=Steve |date=2023-09-17 |title='American Fiction' Wins Toronto Film Festival's Audience Award |url=https://www.thewrap.com/american-fiction-wins-toronto-film-festivals-audience-award/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Producer
!Writer
|-
| 2000
| ''[[The Cell (film)|The Cell]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 2006
| ''[[The Fall (2006 film)|The Fall]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Immortals (2011 film)|Immortals]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Mirror Mirror (film)|Mirror Mirror]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Self/less]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Dear Jassi]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Executive Producer
!Notes
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Emerald City (TV series)|Emerald City]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| 10 episodes
|}

===Music video===
* [[En Vogue]] – "[[Hold On (En Vogue song)|Hold On]]" (1990)
* [[Suzanne Vega]] – "Tired of Sleeping" (1990)
* [[R.E.M.]] – "[[Losing My Religion]]" (1991)
* [[The Dream Academy]] – "Love" (1991)
* [[Dream Warriors (band)|Dream Warriors]] – "My Definition of a Boombastic Jazz Style" (1991)
* [[Deep Forest]] – "[[Sweet Lullaby]]" (1994)
* [[Lady Gaga]] – "[[911 (Lady Gaga song)|911]]" (2020)

===Commercials===
{{div col}}
* [[Levi's]] – "Swimmer" (1992)
* [[Smirnoff]] – "Message in a Bottle" (1992)
* [[McEwan's Export]] – "Countdown" (1992)
* [[Vauxhall Corsa]] – "Side Impact Bar" (1993)
* [[Opel Corsa]] – "Supermodels" (1993)
* [[Opel Corsa]] – "Naomi" (1993)
* [[Audi]] – "Men have a Soul" (1993)
* [[Vauxhall Corsa]] – "Supermodels" (1993)
* [[Kellogg's]] [[Corn Pops]] – "Catch" (1993)
* [[Milk Tray]] – "Chess" (1994)
* [[Volkswagen]] – "Blob" (1994)
* [[Mulino Bianco]] – "Roma" (1994)
* [[Mulino Bianco]] – "Firenze" (1994)
* [[Mulino Bianco]] – "Venezia" (1994)
* [[Audi]] – "Dress" (1994)
* [[Coca-Cola]] – "Batsman" (1995)
* [[Coca-Cola]] – "Bowler - Pakistan" (1995)
* [[Coca-Cola]] – "Bowler" (1995)
* [[Coca-Cola]] – "Fielder - Pakistan" (1995)
* [[Coca-Cola]] – "Fielder" (1995)
* [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] – "Good versus Evil" (1995)
* [[Audi A6 Avant]] – "Goodbye" (1995)
* [[Isuzu]] – "Paris Dakar" (1995)
* [[Levi's]] – "Washroom" (1996)
* [[Infiniti]] – "Masquerade" (1996)
* [[Infiniti]] – "Wedding" (1996)
* [[Infiniti]] – "Restaurant" (1996)
* [[Infiniti]] – "Jazz Club" (1996)
* [[Infiniti]] – "Bridge" (1996)
* [[Infiniti]] – "Park" (1996)
* [[Infiniti]] – "Movie Theatre" (1996)
* [[Sprint PCS]] – "Romans" (1996)
* [[Sprint PCS]] – "Egyptians" (1996)
* [[Sprint PCS]] – "Incas" (1996)
* [[Superga (brand)|Superga]] – "The Challenge" (1996)
* [[MTV]] – "Food for Thought" (1996)
* [[Coca-Cola]] – "Cricket" (1996)
* [[D2 Privat]] – "Telephone" (1997)
* [[Mastercard]] – "Anniversary in India" (1997)
* [[Mercedes-Benz]] – "Trick" (1997)
* [[Audi A6]] – "Visions" (1997)
* [[Schweppes]] – "Diamond Mine" (1997)
* [[Reebok]] – "Storm" (1997)
* [[Nike (company)|Nike]] – "Foreign Legion" (1997)
* [[John Hancock]] – "Saravejo" (1997)
* [[Levi's]] – "They Go On" (6-part ad series) (1997)
* [[Miller Lite]] – "Pro Wrestlers" (1997)
* [[Volvo V70]] – "The Ice Hotel" (1998)
* [[Beck's]] – "Romance" (1998)
* [[Beck's]] – "Laid Back" (1998)
* [[Beck's]] – "Comedy" (1998)
* [[Philips]] – "Rain" (1998)
* [[Philips]] – "Idiot" (1998)
* [[Philips]] – "The Pool Boy" (1998)
* [[Philips]] – "Kiss" (1998)
* [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] – "Orchestra Leader" (1998)
* [[GMC Envoy]] – "Tunnel" (1998)
* [[GMC Envoy]] – "Steel Mill" (1998)
* [[Volkswagen]] – "Pursuit of Excellence" (1998)
* [[Campari]] – "Scratch" (1998)
* [[Nike (company)|Nike]] – "Beach Boys" (1998)
* [[Conseco]] – "Boxer" (1998)
* [[Conseco]] – "Italian Woman" (1998)
* [[Honda]] – "Honda Accord V6 - Happy Cat" (1998)
* [[Volvo]] – "Lift off" (1999)
* [[France Telecom]] – "Little Boy" (1999)
* [[Absolut Vodka]] – "Beat Crazy" (1999)
* [[Coca-Cola]] – "Outsiders" (1999)
* [[Coca-Cola]] – "Running to the Store" (1999)
* [[Audi A8]] – "Fate" (1999)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Foosball" (2000)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Shirt" (2000)
* [[Levi's]] – "Dockers - E-Train" (2000)
* [[Got Milk]] – "Superheroes" (2000)
* Miller – "On the Run" (2000)
* Miller – "Haircut" (2000)
* Miller – "Love Thy Neighbour" (2000)
* [[Go.com]] – "Crawl Space" (2000)
* [[Go.com]] – "Be Do Be Do" (2000)
* [[Go.com]] – "Barn" (2000)
* [[Go.com]] – "Ceiling Tile" (2000)
* [[Nike (company)|Nike]] – "Gladiator" (2000)
* [[Nike (company)|Nike]] – "The Mission" (2000)
* [[HSBC]] – "Running" (2000)
* [[HSBC]] – "Train" (2000)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Beckham" (2001)
* [[Mountain Dew]] – "Duo" (2001)
* [[Beck's]] – "Engineer's Night Out" (2001)
* [[Bacardi]] – "Kiss" (2001)
* [[Bacardi]] – "Laugh" (2001)
* [[Bacardi]] – "Lipstick" (2001)
* [[Bacardi]] – "Groove" (2001)
* [[Bacardi]] – "Move" (2001)
* [[Bacardi]] – "Closing Time" (2001)
* [[Orange S.A.|Orange]] – "Leo" (2001)
* [[Orange S.A.|Orange]] – "Football" (2001)
* [[Telewest]] – "Cemetery" (2001)
* [[Ericsson]] – "Flowers" (2001)
* [[Ericsson]] – "Reception" (2001)
* [[Martini (vermouth)|Martini]] – "Mission" (2001)
* [[Beck's Brewery|Becks]] – "Technicians Night Out" (2001)
* [[Beck's Brewery|Becks]] – "Frisbee" (2001)
* [[Beck's Brewery|Becks]] – "Barmaid" (2001)
* [[Beck's Brewery|Becks]] – "Accordion" (2001)
* [[BMW Compact]] – "Home" (2001)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Kung Fu" (2002)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Sumo" (2002)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Sumo Rematch" (2002)
* [[Campari]] – "The Duel" (2002)
* [[Wanadoo]] – "Positive Generation" (2002)
* [[T-Mobile International AG|T-Mobile]] – "Anthem" (2002)
* [[T-Mobile International AG|T-Mobile]] – "Czech" (2002)
* [[T-Mobile International AG|T-Mobile]] – "Italian" (2002)
* [[T-Mobile International AG|T-Mobile]] – "Bored" (2002)
* [[Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company|Nationwide]] – "Every Minute – Football" (2002)
* [[Gatorade]] – "UV Labrats" (2002)
* [[Guinness]] – "Tom Crean" (2002)
* [[Orange S.A.|Orange]] – "Pictures" (2002)
* [[Orange S.A.|Orange]] – "Private Utopia" (2002)
* [[7 UP]] – "Masseuses" (2002)
* [[Land Rover Freelander]] – "Gourd" (2002)
* [[Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company|Nationwide]] – "England Team" (2002)
* [[Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company|Nationwide]] – "Every Minute" (2002)
* [[McDonald's]] – "Being Six" (2002)
* [[Intel]] – "Moving Day" (2003)
* [[Intel]] – "Airport" (2003)
* [[Intel]] – "Diver" (2003)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Elephant Tower" (2003)
* [[Pepsi]] – "OK Corral" (2003)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Longer Nights" (2003)
* [[Renault]] – "Performance" (2003)
* [[Citroën]] – "Les Magiciens" (2003)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Gladiators" (2003)
* [[Vodafone]] – "Beckham Blue Skies" (2003)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Footbattle" (2003)
* [[Vodafone]] – "Ferrari Fan" (2003)
* [[Halifax (bank)|Halifax]] – "Just a Little" (2003)
* [[Vodafone]] – "Lounge" (2003)
* [[Nissan Maxima]] – "Orange" (2003)
* [[Nissan Maxima]] – "Jogger" (2003)
* [[Nissan Maxima]] – "Cab" (2003)
* [[Intel]] – "Moving Day" (2003)
* [[Toyota Prius]] – "Move Forward / Standstill" (2003)
* [[Citroën]] – "Les Mains / The Painting" (2004)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Surf" (2004)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Wanted" (2004)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Samurai" (2004)
* [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] – "The Warriors" (2004)
* [[Verizon]] – "Togetherness" (2005)
* [[Verizon]] – "Glory" (2005)
* [[Verizon]] – "In" (2005)
* [[Verizon]] – "Adrenaline" (2005)
* [[Orange S.A.|Orange]] – "Louise" (2005)
* [[Campari]] – "The Wedding" (2005)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Party" (2005)
* [[Puma (brand)|Puma]] – "Body X" (2006)
* [[Cisco Systems]] – "Anthem" (2006)
* [[Acura]] – "Rush" (2006)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Shuffle" (2006)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Pepsi Fest - Germany" (2006)
* [[Disney]] – "Anthem" (2006)
* [[Softbank]] – "India" (2006)
* [[Softbank]] – "Palace" (2006)
* [[T-Com]] – "Limitless" (2007)
* [[TUI Group|TUI]] – "Tagebuch" (2007)
* [[The Hartford]] – "200 Years in a Moment" (2007)
* [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] – "The Race" (2007)
* [[Magnum (ice cream)|Magnum]] – "Prayers" (2007)
* [[Électricité de France|EDF]] – "Doors" (2007)
* [[Nike (company)|Nike]] – "Beautiful Focus" (2008)
* [[Nike (company)|Nike]] – "Who Are You?" (2008)
* [[Volvo]] – "Discuss" (2008)
* [[Nestea]] – "Stamp" (2008)
* [[Nestea]] – "Temple" (2008)
* [[Cisco Systems]] – "Town Square" (2008)
* [[Cisco Systems]] – "The Shortest Commute" (2008)
* [[Gatorade]] – "Part I: Enchanter" (2009)
* [[Gatorade]] – "Part II: Hecklers" (2009)
* [[Gatorade]] – "Part III: Beware the Jabbawockeez" (2009)
* [[Gatorade]] – "Part IV: EGO" (2009)
* [[Gatorade]] – "Part V: Game 7" (2009)
* [[Yellowtale]] – "Tragedy" (2009)
* [[Palm Pre]] – "Anima" (2009)
* [[Fiat]] – "Fiat 500 - Docuspot" (2009)
* [[Islam Project]] – "Islam is Colours" (2009)
* [[Islam Project]] – "Islam is Refined" (2009)
* [[Islam Project]] – "Islam is Tolerant" (2009)
* [[Lay's]] – "Lay's Sensations - Lamb and Chili" (2009)
* [[Lay's]] – "Lay's Sensations - Mozzarella and Pesto" (2009)
* [[Bajaj Electricals]] – "BOTS" (2009)
* [[Kia]] – "Kia Forte - Pioneers" (2009)
* [[Kia]] – "Kia Soul - Hamsters" (2009)
* [[Dodge]] – "Snow" (2010)
* [[Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas|The Cosmopolitan]] – "Just the Right Amount of Wrong" (2010)
* [[Lancôme]] – "La Vie est Belle" (2012)
* [[McDonald's]] – "Court" (2013)
* [[Pepsi]] – "L.O.V.E." (2013)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Toast" (2013)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Come On" (2013)
* [[Sony]] – "Sony Xperia Z - The Gift of Sound and Vision" (2013)
* [[Morgan Stanley]] – "Anthem" (2013)
* [[Morgan Stanley]] – "Better Tomorrow" (2013)
* [[Morgan Stanley]] – "Pursuit of a Better Life" (2013)
* [[Mountain Dew]] – "Satellite" (2013)
* [[Miller Lite]] – "Cornermen" (2013)
* [[Carte Noir]] – "Fire & Ice" (2014)
* [[Samsung]] – "Samsung Galaxy S5 - Curiosity" (2014)
* [[Samsung]] – "Samsung Galaxy S5 - Time" (2014)
* [[Samsung]] – "Samsung Galaxy S5 - Moment" (2014)
* [[POM Wonderful]] – "Archers" (2014)
* [[POM Wonderful]] – "Cyclops" (2014)
* [[POM Wonderful]] – "Samurai" (2014)
* [[POM Wonderful]] – "Dragon" (2014)
* [[BMW]] – "Curiosity" (2014)
* [[BMW]] – "Unbridled Joy" (2015)
* [[Dubai Tourism]] – "Footprints" (2015)
* [[Cadillac]] – "ATS Coupe - Irresistible" (2015)
* [[Mountain Dew]] – "Tree Top" (2017)
* [[Samsung]] – "Infinitely Amazing" (2017)
* [[Taco Bell]] – "Masterpieces - Potato Burrito" (2017)
* [[Taco Bell]] – "Masterpieces - Queso Beef Nachos" (2017)
* [[Swisscom]] – "Best Net" (2018)
* [[Experian]] – "Old Way" (2018)
* [[Experian]] – "Days in the Life" (2018)
* [[Experian]] – "Drive Thru" (2018)
* [[Experian]] – "Scoreboard" (2018)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Aboudia" (2019)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Nayeli" (2019)
* [[Pepsi]] – "Hisham" (2019)
* [[Pepsi]] – "The Toys" (2019)
* [[Pepsi]] – "No Regrets" (2019)
* [[Dove (toiletries)|Dove]] – "Dove" (2019)
* [[Dove (toiletries)|Dove]] – "Cleopatra" (2019)
* [[Delta Air Lines]] – "Get Back to the World Safely" (2021)
* [[Toyota]] – "Upstream" (2021)
* [[Microsoft]] – "All Starts Now" (2021)
* [[Microsoft]] – "Windows 11 - Journey" (2021)
* [[Mountain View Egypt]] – "Bubble Buster" (2022)
* [[CrowdStrike]] – "Who Invited Gary?" (2023)
* [[CrowdStrike]] – "Troy" (2023)
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|802248}}
* {{Official website|http://www.tarsem.org}}
* [http://www.mvdbase.com/tech.php?first=&last=Tarsem Tarsem Singh at the Music Video DataBase]

{{Tarsem Singh}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Tarsem Singh
|list =
{{BAFTA Los Angeles Britannia Awards}}
{{DirectorsGuildofAmericaAwardCommercials}}
{{MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Tarsem}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:American film directors of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Directors Guild of America Award winners]]
[[Category:Film directors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Film producers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian advertising directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian music video directors]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Hansraj College alumni]]
[[Category:ArtCenter College of Design alumni]]
[[Category:Bishop Cotton School Shimla alumni]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Television commercial directors]]

Simhapuri Express

2026-02-09T04:37:34Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: cleanup

{{short description|Passenger train in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Simhapuri Express
| image =File:Simhapuri SF express.jpg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| status =
| locale = [[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Telangana]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2005|10|27}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Secunderabad}} (SC)
| stops = 15
| end = {{stnlnk|Gudur}} (GDR)
| distance = {{convert|643|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 10 hours 45 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC first, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Economy, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| access =
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = E-catering
| observation = Rake sharing with 12703 / 12704 [[Falaknuma Express]]
| entertainment=
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{railgauge|1676mm}}
| trainnumber = 12709 / 12710
| el =
| speed = {{convert|59|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = [[File:Simhapuri Express (Secunderabad - Gudur) Route map.jpg|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12709 / 12710 '''Simhapuri Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train operated by [[South Central Railways]] of [[Indian Railways]] between [[Secunderabad]] and [[Gudur]] in [[Nellore district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

==Route and halts==

The train runs from Secunderabad Junction via {{stnlnk|Kazipet Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Warangal}}, {{stnlnk|Khammam}}, {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Tenali Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bapatla}}, {{stnlnk|Chirala}}, {{stnlnk|Ongole}}, {{stnlnk|Singarayakonda}}, {{stnlnk|Kavali}}, {{stnlnk|Bitragunta}}, {{stnlnk|Nellore}}, {{stnlnk|Vedayapalem}} Gudur Junction.

==Timetable==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2"| '''12710 Secunderabad Jn.-Gudur Jn. '''
| colspan="3"| '''Simhapuri Express timetable '''
| colspan="2"| '''12709 Gudur Jn.-Secunderabad Jn. '''
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
!! style="background:gold;"| Station name
!! style="background:gold;"| Station code
!! style="background:gold;"| Distance (km)
!! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
|-
| --:-- || 22:05 ||Secunderabad Jn || SC || 0 || 05:45||--:--
|-
| 23:53 || 23:55 ||Kazipet Jn|| KZJ || 131.7|| 02:33 ||02:35
|-
| 00:18 || 00:20 ||Warangal ||WL ||141.9 ||02:13 ||02:15
|-
| 01:09 || 01:10 ||Mahbubabad || MABD || 202 || 01:19 ||01:20
|-
| 01:49 || 01:50 ||Khammam|| KMT|| 249.4 ||00:39 ||00:40
|-
| 03:30 || 03:40 ||Vijayawada Jn|| BZA ||348.5 || 22:50 ||23:00
|-
| 04:09|| 04:10 ||Tenali Jn || TEL || 380 || 22:08||22:10
|-
| 04:44 || 04:45 ||Bapatla||BPP|| 422.5 || 21:28 ||21:30
|-
| 05:24 || 05:25 ||Chirala|| CLX || 437.6 || 21:13 ||21:15
|-
| 06:08 || 06:10 ||Ongole|| OGL || 487 || 20:28 ||20:30
|-
| 06:29 || 06:30 ||Singarayakonda || SKM || 515.1 || 20:03 ||20:05
|-
| 06:58|| 07:00 ||Kavali|| KVZ || 553 ||19:38 ||19:40
|-
| 07:18 || 07:20 ||Bitragunta || BTTR ||569.4 || 19:23 ||19:25
|-
| 07:48 || 07:50 ||Nellore|| NLR || 603.7 || 18:58 ||19:00
|-
| 07:58 || 08:00 ||Vedayapalem || VDE || 611|| 18:48 ||18:50
|-
| 08:55 ||--:-- ||Gudur Jn|| GDR || 642.1|| --:-- ||18:40
|}
<ref>https://www.indianrail.gov.in/enquiry/SCHEDULE/TrainSchedule.html?locale=en</ref>

==Rake sharing==
The train shares its rake with 12704/12704 [[Falaknuma Express]].

==Coach composition==

The train consists of 22 LHB coaches:

* 1 AC First
* 2 AC Two Tier
* 6 AC Three Tiers Economy
* 6 Sleeper classes
* 1 Pantry car (remains Locked)
* 4 General (unreserved)
* 1 Generator
* 1 Seating (Disabled/Ladies) cum Luggage Rakes.

As is customary with most other train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways, depending on demand.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:grey;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:white;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 22
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||EOG||GEN||GEN||H1||A1||A2||M1||M2||M3||M4||M5||M6|||PC||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||S6||GEN||GEN||SLR
|}

==Traction==
Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lallaguda Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from end to end.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simhapuri Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Secunderabad]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2005]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]

1888 Arabian Sea cyclone

2026-02-06T22:24:09Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: creating new stub

{{Short description|North Indian Ocean cyclone in 1888}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox weather event
| image = 1888 Arabian Sea cyclone track.png
| caption = Track of the cyclone
| formed = 4 November 1888
| dissipated = 10 November 1888
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds =
| pressure =
| gusts =
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds =
| pressure =
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 1888
| damages = 
| fatalities =
| missing = 740+
| injuries =
| affected = [[Kathiawar]] (now in [[Gujarat]]), India
| ibtracs =
}}
{{Infobox weather event/Footer}}
The '''1888 Arabian Sea cyclone''' was a [[tropical cyclone]] that affected [[Kathiawar]] coast (now [[Gujarat]]) of [[India]] from 4 to 10 November 1888. The cyclonic storm had formed in the Arabian Sea and later moved northeastwards before making landfall on the Kathiawar coast. More than 740 people went missing when a ship [[SS Vaitarna|SS ''Vaitarna'']] disappeared in the storm during a crossing from [[Mandvi]] to [[Bombay]].<ref name="epaper.timesofindia.com 20102">{{cite web |date=November 20, 2010 |title=Vignettes of maritime history Ancient sea route maps, sketches of coastlines, architecture, textiles and rare pictures of legendary vessels are lined up for public viewing at an exhibition called 'Gujarat and the sea' at NID. The exhibition, which will be open on Saturday and Sunday, was inaugurated on Friday. One of the major attractions is a photo of the legendary vessel built in 1885 called Vaitarna or popularly known as Vijli because of its electric lights which was a rare sight those days. It capsized on November 8, 1888, drowning 1,300 people. |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIA/2010/11/20&ID=Pc00410 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929112528/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIA/2010/11/20&ID=Pc00410 |archive-date=September 29, 2015 |accessdate=10 August 2025 |website=epaper.timesofindia.com}}</ref><ref name="Vashi 20102">{{cite web |last=Vashi |first=Ashish |date=6 May 2010 |title=Gujarat saw a Titanic in 1888 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarat-saw-a-Titanic-in-1888/articleshow/5895425.cms |accessdate=3 June 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="mDB20112">{{cite web |date=2011-04-14 |title=ગુજરાતની ટાઈટેનિક એટલે 'હાજી કાસમની વીજળી (Vijli was the Titanic of Gujarat) |url=http://m.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/Bhaskar-Gyan/2421/NAT-vijli-was-the-titanic-of-gujarat-2015600.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929102621/http://m.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/Bhaskar-Gyan/2421/NAT-vijli-was-the-titanic-of-gujarat-2015600.html |archive-date=2015-09-29 |accessdate=10 August 2025 |website=m.divyabhaskar.co.in |language=gu}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
The storm reached [[Madras]] (now Chennai) on the evening about 10:30 PM of the 31 October 1888. On that day in the Arabian Sea the weather was unsettled. Over the north and centre moderate to strong north east winds were blowing and over the south strong south west winds. Between these two regions there was apparently an area of variable winds and squally weather.<ref name="Eliot" />

The storm, when it crossed the Madras coast, was moving at a rate of about 10 miles per hour. By 8 AM on the 1 November, the centre lay in Latitude 13° 30' N and Longitude 79° E its rate of motion since crossing the coast having been not more than 8 miles per hour. Observations at 4 PM on the same day 1st show that the centre had not changed its position. The observations over the Arabian Sea show the continuance of a large area of squally perhaps stormy weather over the centre of the Arabian Sea. The winds there were the same as on the 31 November and it is evident that this squally area was in no way connected with the storm lying over the centre of the Peninsula as the weather on the Bombay coast was fine with light winds.<ref name="Eliot">{{Cite book |last=Eliot |first=Sir John |author-link=John Eliot (meteorologist) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3MAAAAAMAAJ&q=1888 |title=Cyclone Memoirs |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Governmennt Printing |year=1891 |volume=IV |location=Culcutta |pages=377–383 |language=en}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

On the morning of the 2 November 1888, the observations indicated a somewhat irregular cyclonic circulation and area of depression off the [[Malabar coast]] but this depression was not the direct continuation of the storm which was shown between [[Kadapa]] and [[Bangalore]] on the evening and which had probably broken up. The observations of 2 November over the Arabian Sea showed the same general conditions as the 1 November but in the centre of the sea the weather was even stormy than on the previous day. There was thus a marked towards the establishment of a cyclonic storm but the disturbance to this date was of that diffused character which marks the stages of a cyclone. The observations of the 3 November apparently that a small area of depression lay off the west coast and was northward almost parallel to the coast and at the same time was also shown a shallow area of depression in about Latitude 14° N Longitude 52° E. It is probable that a trough of relatively low pressure representing the large area of squally weather previously noticed extended between these two depressions. The western was probably a cyclonic storm developed under the favourable conditions noticed above the eastern depression probably represented effect due to the westward transmission of the general originating out of the storm which passed Madras on the evening the 31 October and its absorption into the area of previously existing in the Arabian Sea. The observations of the 4 November showed that a large shallow depression extending from Longitude 62° E to the [[Bombay]] coast and from Latitude 12° N to Latitude 18° N. The centre of this depression was in about Latitude 16° N Longitude 68° E. The disturbance was still diffused and irregular. On the 5 November, the centre of depression over the Arabian Sea was nearly in the same position as on the 4 November, viz. Latitude 16° N Long 68° E. The depression was however intensifying and developing into severe cyclonic storm but because it was concentrating the weather outside the storm area was improving. On the disturbance beyond covering a smaller area than on the day was unchanged in character or intensity. The centre still lay Latitude 16° N and Longitude 68° 30' E. On the 7 November, the observations apparently that the depression had moved a little distance westward but later in the day the centre commenced to travel northward by midnight had reached Latitude 17° 45' N. Stormy weather and a circulation was experienced by the few ships in the neighbourhood the disturbance. The chart of the 8 November showed that a slight northerly movement had occurred but it was not possible to fix exact position of the storm centre at noon on this day as the vessel which was near the centre did not record her position storm was one of very considerable intensity but was of small extent so that at distances of 100 to 150 miles from the centre the winds only force 4 ([[Beaufort scale]]). Later in the day (4 PM) the increased quickly on the Kathiawar coast and during the night with the force of a gale. On the 9th at about 8 AM, the centre the storm crossed the Kathiawar coast and by noon when the storm was quickly filling up it lay over Central Kathiawar.<ref name="Eliot"/>

== Effects ==
[[SS Vaitarna|SS ''Vaitarna'']], popularly known as {{transliteration|gu|Vijli}} or {{transliteration|gu|Haji Kasam ni Vijli}}, disappeared and presumably sunk on 8 November 1888 off the coast of Kathiawar of [[Gujarat]] during this cyclonic storm during a crossing from [[Mandvi]] to [[Bombay]]. More than 740 people on board went missing in the disaster.<ref name="epaper.timesofindia.com 2010">{{cite web | title=Vignettes of maritime history Ancient sea route maps, sketches of coastlines, architecture, textiles and rare pictures of legendary vessels are lined up for public viewing at an exhibition called 'Gujarat and the sea' at NID. The exhibition, which will be open on Saturday and Sunday, was inaugurated on Friday. One of the major attractions is a photo of the legendary vessel built in 1885 called Vaitarna or popularly known as Vijli because of its electric lights which was a rare sight those days. It capsized on November 8, 1888, drowning 1,300 people. | website=epaper.timesofindia.com | date=November 20, 2010 | url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIA/2010/11/20&ID=Pc00410 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929112528/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIA/2010/11/20&ID=Pc00410 | url-status=dead | archive-date=September 29, 2015 | access-date=June 5, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Vashi 2010">{{cite web | last=Vashi | first=Ashish | title=Gujarat saw a Titanic in 1888 | website=The Times of India | date=6 May 2010 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarat-saw-a-Titanic-in-1888/articleshow/5895425.cms | access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="mDB2011">{{cite web | title=ગુજરાતની ટાઈટેનિક એટલે 'હાજી કાસમની વીજળી (Vijli was the Titanic of Gujarat) | website=m.divyabhaskar.co.in | date=2011-04-14 | url=http://m.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/Bhaskar-Gyan/2421/NAT-vijli-was-the-titanic-of-gujarat-2015600.html | language=gu | access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref><ref name="Sandesh Guj2012">{{cite web | title=સવાસો વર્ષ પહેલાં ડૂબેલી ગુજરાતી 'ટાઈટેનિક'હાજી કાસમની વીજળી! | first=Lalit|last=Khambhayata|website=Sandesh Gujarati Newspaper | date=2012-04-03 | url=http://sandesh.com/printarticle.aspx?newsid=48093&lang=Read%20in%20English | language=gu | access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref><ref name="gs">{{cite web | title=હાજી કાસમની વીજળીના બે નામ હતા | website=[[Gujarat Samachar]] | url=http://m.gujaratsamachar.com/index.php/articles/display_article/haji-qassam-electricity-two-name | language=gu | access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref><ref name=jrs>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hujWAAAAIAAJ|year=1892|publisher=Edward Stanford|page=228}}</ref><ref name="Pathak 2012">{{cite web | last=Pathak | first=Maulik | title=Old man and the sea | website=livemint.com/ | date=2012-08-13 | url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/3mABRLqNEbR6W4rviG8a3M/Old-man-and-the-sea.html | access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Gujarat tropical cyclones]]
* [[1975 Porbandar cyclone]]
* [[1998 Gujarat cyclone]]
* [[Cyclone Tauktae]]

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Eliot |first=Sir John |author-link=John Eliot (meteorologist) |url= |title=Cyclone Memoirs |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Governmennt Printing |year=1891 |volume=III |location=Culcutta |pages=|language=en}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portalbar|Tropical cyclones|India}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1888 Arabian Sea cyclone}}

[[Category:1888 disasters]]
[[Category:1888 in India]]
[[Category:1880s disasters in Asia]]
[[Category:19th-century disasters in India]]
[[Category:19th century in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Meteorological events in 1888]]

Riddles in Hinduism

2026-01-29T06:18:37Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: started basic details & citations

{{Short description|Book by B. R. Ambedkar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Riddles in Hinduism: An Exposition to Enlighten the Masses
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| author = [[Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| series = Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches (BAWS)
| subject = [[Criticism of Hinduism]]
| genre = non-fiction
| publisher = Education Department, [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| pub_date = 1987
| isbn = 978-93-5109-064-9
| isbn_note = Series ISBN
| oclc = 1003286723
}}
'''''Riddles in Hinduism''''' is an [[English language]] book by the Indian social reformer and political leader [[B. R. Ambedkar]], aimed at [[Age of Enlightenment|enlightening]] the [[Hindus]], and challenging the ''[[sanatana dharma|sanatan]]'' (static) view of Hindu civilization circulated by "[[Europe]]an scholars and [[Brahmin|Brahmanic]] theology". Ambedkar quotes various [[Hindu texts]] to [[criticism of Hinduism|criticize]] the "Brahmanic theology" of [[Hinduism]]. He discusses a variety of topics, including the contents, the authority, and the origin of the Hindu texts such as the [[Vedas]]; the absurdities, the contradictions, and the changing nature of the Hindu beliefs; and the discriminatory [[varna in Hinduism|varna]] and the [[Indian caste system|caste]] system, among other topics. The title of the book refers to questions ("riddles") that Ambedkar asks at the end of each chapter, encouraging the reader to think for themselves.

Ambedkar wrote the book during 1954–1955, but delayed its publication because he could not find a photograph that he wanted to include in the book. Ultimately, he could not publish the book because of lack of funds. After his death in 1956, the manuscript of the book remained at his residence in [[Delhi]], and ultimately came in the possession of the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. The Government published the book in 1987 as part of the ''Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches'' (''BAWS'') series.

The contents of the book, especially an appendix titled ''The riddle of [[Rama]] and [[Krishna]]'', led to a political controversy, with some Hindu organizations calling them derogatory to Hindu gods. In Ambedkar's home state [[Maharashtra]], the Hindu-centric party [[Shiv Sena]] organized protests demanding the removal of the appendix, and the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] Mahamandal held a [[book burning|burning]] of the book. The Government withdrew the book temporarily, leading to [[counter-protest]]s by [[Ambedkarite]] groups. Ultimately, the Government resumed the publication, with a disclaimer that it did not endorse the contents of the appendix.

== Publication history ==

In September 1951, Ambedkar resigned from the [[First Nehru ministry|Nehru cabinet]] because of impasse over the [[Hindu Code Bill]], leaving him without any official secretarial staff. He spent the last years of his life at [[26 Alipur Road]], a [[bungalow]] rented from the former ruler of the [[Sirohi State]]. There, [[Nanak Chand Rattu]], a central government employee, worked for him after office hours, and typed several of his works, including the ''Riddles in Hinduism''.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|p=8}}

According to Rattu, Ambedkar wrote ''Riddles in Hinduism'' between the first week of January 1954 and the end of November 1955. Ambedkar asked Rattu to make four "press copies" of the manuscript, concerned that Hindu-owned presses would destroy the copies.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=11-12}} Rattu states that the book was complete but its publication was delayed because Ambedkar was waiting for two photographs to be included in the book. The first photograph was that of India's first [[President of India|President]] [[Rajendra Prasad]] drinking water with which he had washed the feet of Brahmins at [[Varanasi]] in 1952. The second was that of India's first [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawahar Lal Nehru]] attending a [[yajna]] performed by Brahmins of Varanasi on 15 August 1947, to celebrate a Brahmin becoming the first Prime Minister. Ambedkar was able to find the photo of Prasad, but not the photo of Nehru.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|p=12}}

During the last days of his life, Ambedkar wanted to publish seven books, including the ''Riddles in Hinduism'', but did not have money to do so. He sought financial help from some industrialists and the government, and prioritized the publication of the ''Buddha and His Dhamma'', which was published shortly after his death.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=12-14}}

After Ambedkar's death in 1956, his wife [[Savita Ambedkar|Savita]] continued to live at 26 Alipur Road. Several papers containing Ambedkar's writings remained in a storeroom, and Rattu would dust and fumigate them occasionally. In 1966, a man named Madan Lal Jain purchased the bungalow, and rented two rooms to Savita Ambedkar. However, on 17 January 1967, he served her an [[eviction notice]], and on 20 January, while she was away, entered her rooms accompanied by [[bailiff]]s and musclemen. These men dumped all of Ambedkar's papers in a yard, and several of these papers were destroyed in rain that night. Subsequently, Ambedkar's surviving papers came into the possession of the custodians of the [[Delhi High Court]], and were later transferred to the Administrator General of the [[Government of Maharashtra]].{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=8-9}}

Ambedkar's writings remained unpublished for several years. J.B. Bansod, a Dalit advocate, filed a lawsuit against the Government of Maharashtra, requesting access to Ambedkar's papers in order to publish them.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|p=10}} In 1976, the Government established the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Source Material Publication Committee to publish the papers.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|p=11}} The ''Riddles in Hinduism'' was published in 1987, as part of the Volume 4 of ''Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches'' (''BAWS'') series. The published text was based on manuscripts of the book's chapters found bundled in a file, with Ambedkar's handwritten alterations. The final manuscript, if any, has not survived. Ambedkar mentions the title ''Riddles in Hinduism'' in his introduction to the book. Ambedkar's original plan for the book included 24 "riddles", which changed often in blueprints. The manuscript file includes a table of contents, which does not match with the actual contents of the file. For example, the file has a chapter titled ''Riddles of Rama and Krishna'', which is not mentioned in the table of contents.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|p=7}}

In 1988, [[Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan]] translated the book into [[Hindi language]] as ''Hindu Dharma Ki Riddle''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan |author-link=Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan |title=हिन्दू धर्म की रिडल (Hindu Dharma Ki Riddle) |year=2005 |orig-year=1988 |publisher=Gautam |isbn=9788187733836 |section=Do Shabd (Foreword) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-VsnIZsWfAC }}</ref> In 1995, the [[Government of India]]'s [[Dr. Ambedkar Foundation]] published a Hindi translation by Sitaram Khodawal, as part of Volume 8 of the Hindi translation of the BAWS series.<ref>{{cite book |author=B.R. Ambedkar |translator=Sitaram Khodawal |editor1=Kailash Chandra Seth |editor2=Mohan Dass Naimishray |editor2-link=Mohan Dass Naimishray |title=हिन्दू धर्म की पहेलियां |series=डॉ. अम्बेडकर सम्पूर्ण वाङ्मय |volume=8 |year=1995 |isbn=978-93-5109-157-8 |publisher=Dr. Ambedkar Foundation, Government of India |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/CPV/VolumeH8.pdf |access-date=2022-11-29 }}</ref> In 2016, author-publisher [[S. Anand]] and historian Shobhna Iyer published an annotated critical edition, based on the ''BAWS'' text.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|p=7}}

== Contents ==

As suggested by the book's subtitle - ''An Exposition to Enlighten the Masses'' - Ambedkar intends to [[Age of Enlightenment|enlighten]] the Hindus.{{sfn|Ankit Kawade|2021|p=180}} The Hinduism discussed by Ambedkar is "a complex congeries of creeds and doctrines" that has "no definite creed".<ref name="RS_2021">{{cite journal |author=Roshni Babu |title=Tending Immanence, Transcending Sectarianism: Plane of Mixed Castes and Religions |journal=Caste: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion |volume=2 |issue=2 |year=2021 |doi=10.26812/caste.v2i2.230 |pages=359–374 |doi-access=free }}</ref> According to Ambedkar, the Brahmin writers' works on Hinduism lack [[rational thinking]], while ''Riddles in Hinduism'' appeals to the rational side of the Hindu mind.{{sfn|Ankit Kawade|2021|pp=180-182}} Ambedkar recognizes that the Hindus are capable of rational thinking, and ends each chapter with questions ("riddles") that provoke the reader to think for themselves.{{sfn|Ankit Kawade|2021|p=182}}

The surviving manuscript contains over 170,000 words. It features several incomplete notes from Ambedkar and chapters with missing text. It comprises 24 "riddles" and 8 appendices, categorized as religious, social, or political.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|p=15}}

=== Introduction ===
{{Quote box |width=25em |align=right |salign=right
|quote = If the Hindu intellect has ceased to grow and if the Hindu civilization and culture has become a stagnant and stinking pool, this dogma [of the infallibility of the Vedas] must be destroyed root and branch if India is to progress. The Vedas are a worthless set of books. There is no reason either to call them sacred or infallible.
|source = B.R. Ambedkar in ''Riddles in Hinduism''{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|p=8}}
}}
In the introduction, Ambedkar describes the book as "an exposition of the beliefs propounded by what might be called [[Brahmin|Brahmanic]] theology".{{sfn|Ankit Kawade|2021|p=180}} He states that he aims to encourage [[rational thinking]] among Hindus, and to show how the Brahmins have deceived and misguided the Hindus.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|p=5}}{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=51-54}} He also states that the objective of the book is to challenge the ''[[sanātana Dharma|sanatan]]'' (static) view of Hindu civilization propagated by European scholars and Brahmanic theology.<ref name="RS_2021"/> He asserts that the Hindu civilization is not unchanging (''[[Sanātana Dharma|sanatan]]''): as an example, he states that the Brahmins stopped worshipping the [[Rigvedic deities|Vedic gods]] when such worship became unprofitable for them, unlike the [[Jews]] who held on to their beliefs despite persecution.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|p=5}}{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=51-54}} By challenging the characterization of the Hindu civilization as ''sanatan'', Ambedkar intends to show that the Hindu society has seen radical changes in the past, and is capable of seeing more radical changes in the present and the future.{{sfn|Ankit Kawade|2021|p=177}}

Ambedkar describes the [[Vedas]] - generally considered among the most sacred of the [[Hindu texts]] - as "worthless". He describes the [[Purusha Sukta]] as an [[interpolation (manuscripts)|interpolation]] in the Vedas, and states that the only reason the Brahmins portray the Vedas as infallible is because this hymn grants them superiority over others.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=8-9}}

Ambedkar states that he is well aware of the risk of writing such a controversial book, but asserts that this is necessary to liberate the Hindu mind.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|p=9}}

=== Part I: Religious ===

====Riddle No. 1: The difficulty of knowing why one is a Hindu====

Ambedkar discusses the vagueness of the term "Hindu": one cannot be called a Hindu for following a certain set of beliefs, because Hindu beliefs and practices vary widely (for example [[animal sacrifice in Hinduism|animal sacrifice]] and [[Ahimsa|non-violence]]). He states that the [[Christians]] and the [[Muslims]] have more in common than the Hindus have in common with each other. Hindus include [[Hindu views on monotheism|monotheists]], [[polytheism|polytheists]] and [[pantheism|pantheists]]; even monotheist Hindus do not worship the same god. Several Hindus worship Muslim figures such as [[Pir (Sufism)|Pirs]] and Christian figures such as [[Basilica of Our Lady of the Mount, Bandra|Mant Mauli]]. Ambedkar further states that the observance of the [[Indian caste system|caste system]] does not make one a Hindu, because many [[Caste system among South Asian Christians|Indian Christians]] and [[Caste system among South Asian Muslims|Indian Muslims]] also observe the caste system.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=58-65}}

====Riddle No. 2: The origin of the Vedas: The Brahmanic explanation or an exercise in the art of circumlocution====

Ambedkar questions the origins of the Vedas, and discusses the ''[[Manusmriti]]'' commentator Kulluka Bhatta's description of the Vedas as "eternally pre-existing" (''sanatana''). According to Kulluka Bhatta, when the universe is dissolved in a ''[[pralaya]]'', the Vedas are preserved in the memory of [[Brahma]], and reproduced at the beginning of the each new era (''[[kalpa (time)|kalpa]]''). Ambedkar states that the Vedas could not have come into being [[ex-nihilo]], and questions why the Brahmins do not openly state who created them.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=16-17}}

====Riddle No. 3: The testimony of other Shastras on the origin of the Vedas====

Ambedkar states that the various Hindu texts offer 11 different mythical explanations for the origin of the Vedas, tracing their origin to different sources including [[Purusha]], [[Prajapati]], [[Indra]] and others. In his support, he quotes passages from several texts, including the ''[[Rig Veda]]'' ''[[samhita]]'', the ''[[Atharva Veda]]'' ''samhita'', the [[Brahmana]]s, the [[Upanishads]], the ''[[Manu Smriti]]'', and the various [[Puranas]]. Ambedkar asks why the Brahmin authors of these texts provide multiple "incoherent and chaotic" explanations about the origin of the Vedas.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=19-24}}

====Riddle No. 4: Why suddenly the Brahmans declare the Vedas to be infallible and not to be questioned?====

Ambedkar states that the Brahmins describe the Vedas as ''[[apaurusheya]]'' (not man-made) and [[infallible]] texts, whose authority cannot be questioned. He then quotes various [[Dharma Sutras]] to illustrate that the Vedas were not always considered the sole infallible authorities. In the surviving text, Ambedkar intends to present a quote from the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'', but the quote and the subsequent discussion is missing.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=25-27}}

====Riddle No. 5: Why did the Brahmans go further and declare that the Vedas are neither made by man nor by god?====

Ambedkar states that the Vedas cannot be ''apaurusheya'' (not man-made), since the ''[[Anukramanis]]'' provide a list of sages who composed the various Vedic hymns. He also quotes some hymns from the Rig Veda, in which various sages describe themselves as composers of the hymns. He quotes ancient philosophers who considered the Vedas as authoritative because they were a product of competent and intelligent humans, thus confirming their non-divine origin. Ambedkar then discusses [[Jaimini]]'s "absurd" explanations for the claim that the "Vedas are eternal and not made by man, not even by God." He questions why did the Brahmins like Jaimini make such "desperate" attempts to establish "a desperate conclusion".{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=28-36}}

====Riddle No. 6: The contents of the Vedas: Have they any moral or spiritual value?====

Ambedkar questions the ethical and spiritual value of the Vedas, quoting various scholars, including [[Charvaka]] and [[Barhaspatya sutras|Brahaspati]], according to whom the Vedas are simply the means of livelihood for priests who are devoid of knowledge and manliness. He presents various quotes from the ''Rig Veda'' about [[incest]], [[Soma (drink)|soma]] intoxication and violence. Ambedkar states that he has not quoted many obscene verses from the Vedas, but urges the interested readers to check them: ''Rig Veda'' 10.85.37 (conversation between [[Surya]] and [[Pushan]]), ''Rig Veda'' 10.86.6 (conversation between [[Indra]] and [[Indrani]]), and the ''[[Ashvamedha]]'' section of the ''[[Yajur Veda]]''. He then presents an extract of the table of contents of the ''Atharva Veda'', stating that three-fourths of the text is about [[black magic]] and [[witchcraft|sorcery]]. He states that even the Rig Veda contains black magic and sorcery, presenting quotes in his support. He concludes that the Vedas contain nothing "spiritually or morally elevating", and questions why the Brahmins present them as sacred and infallible texts.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=37-52}}{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=66-84}}

====Riddle No. 7: The turn of the tide, or how did the Brahmans declare the Vedas to be lower than the lowest of their Shastras?====

Ambedkar questions why certain Hindu texts such as the Veda samhitas were classified as ''[[shruti]]'' ([[revelation]]), while the others were not. First, he discusses the [[Smriti]] texts, stating that originally they were not recognized as part of the [[Dharma Shastra]] literature, but later, the Brahmins gave them a status equal or even superior to that of the Vedas. In his support, Ambedkar quotes historian [[A.S. Altekar]], presenting examples where the Vedas and the Smritis are in conflict (for example, the Vedic texts prohibit [[suicide]], but the Smritis support the custom of [[Sati (practice)|Sati]]).{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=53-61}}

Ambedkar discusses the various "artificial, ingenious and desperate" arguments provided by Brahmin scholars to support the high status of the Smritis (for example, [[Kumarila Bhatta]]'s theory that the Smritis may have been based on a lost Shruti text). Ambedkar then presents quotes from the various [[Puranas]] declaring their equality with or superiority over the Vedas. Finally, Ambedkar discusses the [[Tantras (Hinduism)|Tantra texts]], whom certain sects consider equal or superior to the Vedas. Ambedkar questions why did the Brahmins grant higher status to other texts over the Vedas.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=53-61}}

====Riddle No. 8: How the Upanishads declared war on the Vedas?====

Ambedkar questions the belief that the Vedas and the Upanishads are complementary texts from a single system of thought. He quotes various sources to show that the Upanishads were originally not considered a part of the Vedic literature. He then quotes various Upanishads to show that they were often in opposition to the Vedas, and even considered the Vedas as inferior. Ambedkar states that at one time the Vedic Brahmins held the Upanishads in low esteem, quoting the [[Baudhayana sutras|Dharma Sutras of Baudhayana]] in his support.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=62-66}}

====Riddle No. 9: How the Upanishads came to be made subordinate to the Vedas?====

The original title of this chapter was "''Jaimini versus Badarayana''" after two ancient scholars. Ambedkar describes [[Jaimini]] as an upholder of the Vedas, and [[Badarayana]] as an upholder of the Upanishads. Ambedkar quotes [[Adi Shankara|Shankaracharya]]'s commentary on their works to explain their opposing views. Jaimini declared that a man's [[Ātman (Hinduism)|self]] can go to heaven only if he performs Vedic [[yajna|ritual sacrifices]]. Badarayana states that the performance of sacrifices (''[[Karma Kāṇḍa|karma-kanda]]'') is necessary only for those who believe in the Vedas; it is not necessary for those who have the knowledge of the self (''[[jnana|jnana-kanda]]'') from the Upanishads. While Jaimini denounces Badarayana's beliefs as false and delusional, Badarayana concedes that Jaimini's beliefs have scriptural authority while insisting that his beliefs also have scriptural authority. Ambedkar criticizes Badarayana for his weak response, and asks why did he not question the infallibility of the Vedas.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=67-70}}

====Riddle No. 10: Why did the Brahmans make the Hindu gods fight against one another?====

Ambedkar states that the concept of [[Trimurti]] suggests that the Hindu gods [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Shiva]] work collaboratively. However, the various legends manufactured by the followers of these gods show them engaging in feuds. For example, in a ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' story, Shiva cuts off Brahma's fifth head in support of Vishnu's claim that he was the first born among the gods. In a ''[[Ramayana]]'' story, Brahma creates enmity between Vishnu and Shiva, and in the end, the gods and the sages declare Vishnu to be superior. Ambedkar states that the concept of [[avatar]]s was first associated with Brahma, and was appropriated by Vishnu's followers. Brahma's cult declined in India because of defamatory attacks from the followers of the other gods. For example, the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] text ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' accuses Brahma of committing adultery with his own daughter, resulting in admonishment from sages. The Puranas are full of propaganda and counter-propaganda by Vaishnavites and [[Shaivism|Shaivites]] aiming to prove the supremacy of their favorite god. According to Ambedkar while the existence of polytheism in the Hindu society is understandable, the existence of combats and feuds among the various gods requires explanation.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=70-79}}

====Riddle No. 11: Why did the Brahmans make the Hindu gods suffer to rise and fall?====

{{Quote box |width=25em |align=right |salign=right
|quote = Poor creatures, they became nothing more than mere toys in the hands of the Brahmins. Why did the Brahmins treat the Gods with so scant a respect?
|source = B.R. Ambedkar on the Hindu gods, in ''Riddles in Hinduism''{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|p=98}}
}}

Ambedkar briefly discusses two common criticisms of Hinduism, [[idolatry]] and polytheism, comparing these to the similar practices in other faiths. For example, he mentions that unlike [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (who are also idolatrous), the Hindus endow an idol with the functions of a human being using the ''[[Prana Pratishtha|prana-pratishtha]]'' ceremony. According to him, instead of idolatry and polytheism, Hindus should be criticized for not being loyal to their gods: they regularly abandon their old gods and start worshipping the new ones.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=80-98}}

Ambedkar states that an earlier hymn of the ''Rig Veda'' accords equal status to all the gods, but later hymns variously name [[Indra]], [[Soma (deity)|Soma]], or [[Varuna]] as the greatest god. The ''Shatapatha Brahmana'' similarly states that originally all the gods were alike, but later [[Agni]], Indra and [[Surya]] became superior. A list of various sects prevalent in India, given in the Buddhist text ''[[Niddesa|Chula Niddesa]]'', suggests that many ancient gods were abandoned and replaced by other gods in the later period. According to Ambedkar, the literature of the Brahmins does not explain why new gods such as Shiva and Vishnu replaced the older gods such as Agni and Indra.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=80-98}}

Quoting a ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' legend about Shiva's destruction of [[Daksha]]'s [[yajna]], Ambedkar states that Shiva was originally an anti-Vedic god. He then quotes ''[[Chhandogya Upanishad]]'' and its commentary to assert that Ghora Angiras taught anti-Vedic doctrine to Krishna. Ambedkar points out that [[Rama]] is not mentioned in the Vedas, and wonders what was the necessity to start his cult at a later stage. He then states that even the relatively newer gods - Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva - were later ranked lower than a goddess, as attested by ''[[Devi Bhagavatam]]''.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=80-98}}

Ambedkar then discusses Rama and Krishna, stating that the stories of them being [[incarnations of Vishnu]] were probably invented to confer godhood on men. He then quotes various passages from the ''Mahabharata'' (including the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'') to assert that the text variously declares Krishna to be superior or inferior to Shiva. He then quotes the ''Ramayana'', stating that there was an attempt to degrade Rama below the Brahmin hero [[Parashurama]].{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=80-98}}

====Riddle No. 12: Why did the Brahmans dethrone the gods and enthrone the goddesses?====

This chapter was originally titled ''Vedic and non-Vedic Goddesses''. Ambedkar states that the Hindus have worshipped goddesses since the beginning, listing several goddesses from the Rigveda. He then lists various goddesses from the Puranas, and quotes several Hindu texts to point out that these are variously considered to be either distinct goddesses, or different names or forms of the same divinity.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=90-107}}

According to Ambedkar, the Vedic goddesses were worshipped out of courtesy, simply because they were wives of the gods. Although the Vedic literature describes several conflicts against the [[asuras]], the goddesses do not participate in these conflicts. Ambedkar then cites various Puranic stories to assert that the Puranic goddesses were worshipped in their own right, for performing heroic deeds such as killing asuras. Ambedkar asks why the Puranic goddesses were assigned more powerful roles compared to the Vedic goddesses. He also asks why certain Puranic goddesses such as [[Sarasvati]] and [[Lakshmi]] do not participate in the conflicts against the asuras.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=90-107}}

Ambedkar then quotes the ''[[Markandeya Purana]]'' to state that the Brahmins made their gods look imbecile cowards, whose wives had to rescue them against the asuras. Ambedkar asks if the Brahmins started the worship of the goddesses to put "a new commodity on the market".{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=90-107}}

====Riddle No. 13: The riddle of the ahimsa====

In the table of contents of Ambedkar's manuscript, the Riddle No. 13 was originally titled "How the Brahmans who were once cow-killers became the worshippers of the cow?"{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|p=50}}

Ambedkar states that various vices were common among the [[Vedic Aryans]], such as [[gambling]]; "loose" sex relations (including [[incest]], [[wife sharing]], [[prostitution]], and [[bestiality]]); and [[alcohol intoxication|drinking]]. He quotes sacred texts and cites examples to support this assertion. He then states that the biggest change that has taken place in the Hindu society is the [[diet in Hinduism|diet]]: several Hindus now practice [[vegetarianism]], or follow other dietary restrictions such as not eating the [[cow in Hinduism|cow]] flesh. According to Ambedkar, no Hindu kills animals for food, and the non-vegetarian Hindus rely on Muslim [[butcher]]s: even the [[Dalit|untouchable]] Hindus who eat beef do not kill a cow, and only eat the flesh of a dead cow. He cites various texts to assert that the ancient Vedic Aryans - even Brahmins - ate meat of all kinds of animals including cow.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=85-97}}

The rest of the text is missing from the manuscript.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=85-97}}

====Riddle No. 14: From ahimsa back to himsa====

The previous chapter, incomplete in the surviving manuscript, presumably described how the Hindu society moved from ''himsa'' (violence) to ''[[ahimsa]]'' (non-violence). In Riddle No. 14, Ambedkar describes the alleged reversal of this process. He refers to the [[Tantras (Hinduism)|Tantric]] concept of [[panchamakara|pancha-makara]], in which meat and alcohol are part of the worship. He discusses the prevalence of Tantric worship in India, and states that the Brahmins promoted it despite its non-conformance to the Vedas and the ''Manusmriti''. For example, Kulluka Bhatta, a commentator on ''Manusmriti'', states that the [[Shruti]] ([[revelation]]) is of two types: Vedic and Tantric. Ambedkar then quotes the ''Matrika Bheda Tantra'', in which Shiva tells Parvati that the Brahmins need to drink wine to achieve salvation. Ambedkar asks why did the Brahmins start drinking alcohol and eating flesh.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=98-1-3}}

====Riddle No. 15: How did the Brahmans wed an ahimsak god to a bloodthirsty goddess?====

Ambedkar states that after approving the consumption of alcohol and meat, the Brahmins wrote the [[Puranas]] advocating [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|animal sacrifices]]. He quotes the ''[[Rudhiradhyaya|Rudhir Adhhyaya]]'' ("The Bloody Chapter") of the ''[[Kalika Purana|Kali Purana]]'', which recommends animal and [[purushamedha|human sacrifice]] to please the goddess [[Kali]]. As an example of the prevalence of animal sacrifice among the Hindus, Ambedkar mentions the [[Kalighat Kali Temple|Kali Temple in Calcutta]], stating that hundreds of goats are sacrificed there daily. He further states that the Hindus practised human sacrifice in the past, quoting historian [[Rajendralal Mitra]]. Ambedkar then quotes the ''Asvalayana-grihya-sutra'' to state that the Hindus used to sacrifice bull to appease Shiva. He states that the Shaivites later became non-violent, but started characterizing Shiva's wife Kali as violent. He asks why the Brahmins did such a thing.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=118-127}}

====Appendix I: The riddle of the Vedas====

This appendix consolidates the matter of the riddles 2–6. Ambedkar discusses the authorship and the changing authority of the Vedas.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=128-150}}

====Appendix II: The riddle of the Vedanta====

This appendix consolidates the matter of the riddles 8–9. Ambedkar states that the Hindus today regard [[Vedanta]] (the philosophy of the Upanishads) as India's most important contribution to the world's philosophical thought. However, originally, the Vedanta was considered "repugnant and hostile to the Vedas", and the Upanishads were not considered a part of the Vedic literature. He provides several quotes, including from the Upanishads, in his support. Ambedkar then quotes [[Charvaka]] and [[Barhaspatya sutras|Brahaspati]], and asks why the Vedic Brahmans compromised with the Vedantists but not with these scholars. Finally, he discusses the opposing views of Jaimini and Badarayana over the authority of the Upanishads.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=151-160}}

====Appendix III: The riddle of the Trimurti====

This appendix consolidates material from Riddle No. 10-11. Ambedkar provides a list of various sects prevalent in India in the past, from the Buddhist text ''Chula Niddesa''. He discusses the decline of older gods and the rise of new cults, and also discusses the possibility of Shiva originally being a non-Aryan god.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=161-175}} Ambedkar then states that in the ''[[Taittiriya]] Samhita'' of the ''Yajur Veda'', [[Rudra]] (later identified with Shiva) is described as the king of thieves and robbers, and asks why the Brahmins accepted him as their supreme god. He then states that Rudra was a violent god, but the Brahmins made his adaptation Shiva a non-violent god. Next, Ambedkar quotes Indologist [[Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar|R.N. Dandekar]]'s essay ''Vishnu in the Veda'' to assert that [[phallus worship]] was originally associated with Vishnu, and was later appropriated for Shiva in the Puranas.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=161-175}}

Ambedkar then discusses a legend about the birth of the god [[Dattatreya]]. In this story, the wives of the [[Trimurti]] gods - [[Sarasvati]], [[Lakshmi]], and [[Parvati]] - each claim to be the most chaste woman. Sage [[Narada]] recounts their acts of [[adultery]], and describes [[Anusuya]] as the most chaste woman instead. Feeling humiliated, the three women convince their husbands to try seducing Anusuya, in order to prove Narada wrong. The husbands fail to do so, and instead their bodies fuse together resulting in the formation of Dattatreya. Ambedkar states that this "immoral" story illustrates that the three Trimurti gods had equal status at a time.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=161-175}}

Ambedkar then cites various mythological stories to assert that the Brahmin devotees of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva engaged in a "systematic campaign of vilification and degradation" against each other, resulting in the decline of the Brahma's cult. He asks if the Brahmins engaged in such sectarian conflicts for political reasons.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=161-175}}

====Appendix IV: Smarth Dharma and Tantrik Dharma====

{{Quote box |width=25em |align=right |salign=right
|quote = The Hindu religion is nothing but worshipping so many Gods and Goddesses, worshipping so many trees, visiting so many places of pilgrimage and making offerings to the Brahmins. Was the religion formulating for enabling the Brahmins to earn their living?
|source = B.R. Ambedkar in ''Riddles in Hinduism''{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|p=182}}
}}

This appendix is divided into three parts, but several of its pages are missing. The surviving manuscript has pages from Part II - Smarth Dharma and Part III - Tantrik Dharma. Part I was presumably about [[Shrauta]] Dharma (the religion of the Shrauta texts).{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=176-182}}

In Part II, Ambedkar discusses the dogmas of the Smarth Dharma ([[Smarta tradition]]), whose sacred literature consists of the [[Smriti]]s or the law books. He mentions the first two dogmas: the belief in the Trimurti, and the recognition of the [[Samskara (rite of passage)|Sanskaras]] (rites). The next few pages are missing from the surviving manuscript. Next, Ambedkar discusses the god [[Yama]], whom the Puranas assign the role of punishing the wicked after the death. He asserts that the Shrauta Dharma does not assign such powers to Yama. According to Ambedkar, in the Pauranik Dharma (the religion of the Puranas), a [[sin]] refers to the non-performance of ritual performances rather than performance of morally wrong deeds, and the Puranas offer [[expiation]] for such sins.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=176-182}}

In Part III, Ambedkar describes the Tantrik Dharma ([[Shaktism]] or the religion of the [[Tantras (Hinduism)|Tantras]]) as an extension of the Pauranik Dharma, but centered around goddesses. He states that originally different goddesses, including consorts of the male gods, were worshipped; later, these were all consolidated and described as the different manifestations of [[Shakti]], the female energy of Shiva. Ambedkar discusses the concepts of [[Mahavidya]]s, [[Matrikas]], [[Nayika]]s, [[Yogini]]s, [[Dakini]]s, and Sakinis. He then describes Kali as the most terrible manifestation of the Shakti. The next two pages are missing, after which Ambedkar states that the Tantrik worship considers "the fullest satisfaction of the carnal desires of man" as the best form of worship, and is very different from Shrauta or Pauranik worship. He then discusses the immorality of the [[Panchamakara|pancha-makara]] rituals, which involve drinking and sexual intercourse.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=176-182}}

Ambedkar mentions that religion started with questions on topics such as the nature of the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|self]], the [[Hindu creationism|creation]] of the universe, the definition of [[purushartha|good life]] that pleases the god etc. However, these questions have now been "taken over by theology, metaphysics, philosophy and ethics". In particular, Hinduism has been reduced to a means for the Brahmins earn a living.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=176-182}}

====Appendix V: The infallibility of the Vedas====

Ambedkar presents passages from the ''Shatapatha Brahmana'' and the ''Manusmriti'', which glorify the Vedas as authoritative texts to be read every day. The rest of the chapter is missing in the surviving manuscript.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=183-186}}

=== Part II: Social ===

====The riddle of women: Why did the Brahmins degrade the Indian women?====

The BAWS editors excluded this chapter from the ''Riddles in Hinduism'', because it was already included in BAWS Series 3 as Chapter 17: ''The Woman and the Counter-Revolution''.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|p=187}} In this chapter, Ambedkar quotes ''Manusmriti'' to state that [[Swayambhuva Manu|Manu]] had a low opinion of women, and wanted to deprive them of the freedom they had under the Buddhist rule. Ambedkar mentions several examples of Manu's [[misogyny]], such as according [[slavery in ancient India|slave]]-like treatment to a wife in the matter of [[women's property rights|property]], allowing a husband to [[wife beating|beat his wife]], and prohibiting women from reading the Vedas.{{sfn|Hari Narke|1987|pp=429-431}}

Ambedkar states that before Manu, Indian women were considered equal to men in status, were highly respected, and had access to the highest learning and education. In his support, he cites the writings of various scholars including [[Pāṇini|Panini]] and [[Patanjali]], and provides examples of ancient women such as [[Gargi Vachaknavi|Gargi]] and [[Maitreyi]], among others. He quotes the ''[[Arthashastra]]'' and other texts to assert that before Manu, Indian women married after reaching puberty; monogamy was generally considered ideal; women could seek divorce; the widows could remarry; and women were economically independent. Ambedkar questions why Manu made laws restricting such rights of women.{{sfn|Hari Narke|1987|pp=432-437}}

====Riddle No. 16: The four varnas: Are the Brahmans sure of their origin?====

Ambedkar describes the [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] system as a core feature of Hinduism, considered to be a divine order. He then discusses various explanations for the origin of the varnas, quoting passages from the ''Rig Veda'' (''[[Purusha Sukta]]''), the ''Vajasaneyi Samhita'' and the ''Taittiriya Samhita'' of the ''Yajur Veda'', the ''Atharva Veda'', the ''Shatapatha Brahmana'', the ''[[Taittiriya Brahmana]]'', the ''Manusmriti'', the ''Ramayana'', the ''Mahabharata'', the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', the ''[[Harivamsa]]'', the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', and the ''[[Vayu Purana]]''.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=105-128}}

He notes that these texts offer different explanations for the origin of the varnas; in fact, some of these texts offer multiple, contradictory explanations. Ambedkar asks why the Brahmins could not give a uniform and consistent explanation about the origin of the varnas. Moreover, the different texts disagree about the equality of the varnas. Ambedkar states that the Brahmins concocted the theory of the varnas and inserted it into the Rigveda, contrary to established traditions, resulting in this "chaos". He questions the motive of the Brahmins who did this.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=105-128}}

====Riddle No. 17: The four ashramas: The why and how about them====

Ambedkar discusses the [[ashrama (stage)|ashrama]] system which divides the life of an individual into four stages: [[Brahmacharya]] (student), [[Grihastha]] (householder), [[Vanaprastha]] (forest-dweller), and [[Sannyasa]] (renunciate). He describes three features of the ashrama system mentioned in the ''Manusmriti'': (1) it is not open to the [[Shudra]]s and the women (2) the Brahmacharya and Grihastha stages are compulsory (3) one must follow the four stages in sequence. Ambedkar questions the need for this system, pointing out that the Vedas do not mention it.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=129-138}}

Ambedkar then quotes the ''[[Vashistha Dharmasutra|Vashistha Dharma Sutra]]'' and the ''[[Gautama Dharmasutra|Gautama Dharma Sutra]]'', which unlike the ''Manusmriti'', state that a person can enter any of the ashramas without needing to go through the previous stages. He states that a Brahmachari who did not wish to marry immediately had the option of becoming an ''Aranas'' (or ''Aranamanas'') in order to continue his studies. Manu removed this option, and dictated that a Brahmachari must pass through the subsequent stages to enter the Sannyasa stage. According to Manu, a man who seeks the final liberation without having children "sinks downwards". Ambedkar questions why Manu "made escape from marriage impossible".{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=129-138}}

Ambedkar also questions the need for the Vanaprastha stage, stating that it overlaps with the Grihastha and the Sannyasa stages.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=129-138}}

====Riddle No. 18: Manu's madness or the Brahmanic explanation of the origin of the mixed castes====

{{Quote box |width=25em |align=right |salign=right
|quote = The caste of [[Chandala]] is said by Manu to be the progeny of illegitimate intercourse between a Shudra male and a Brahman female. Can this be true? It means that Brahmin women must have been very lax in their morality and must have had special sexual attraction for the Shudra. This is unbelievable. So vast is the Chandala population that even if every Brahmin female was a mistress of a Shudra it could not account of the vast number of Chandalas in the country.
|source = B.R. Ambedkar in ''Riddles in Hinduism''{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|p=154}}
}}

Ambedkar discusses the various categories of castes mentioned in the ''Manusmriti'', and then focuses the discussion on the mixed (''sankara'') castes. ''Manusmriti'' gives a list of various combinations of mixed-caste parentage, and classifies them as ''[[anuloma]]'' (acceptable) or ''[[pratiloma]]'' (condemned). For example, the child of a [[Vaishya]] father and a [[Kshatriya]] mother is called "Magadha" and is classified as ''pratiloma''. Later authors have made several additions to the list.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=139-154}}

Ambedkar notes that Manu does not list all the possible combinations of mixed-caste parentage, and wonders if he was afraid of mentioning certain combinations for some reason. He also states that some of the mixed-caste names in the list appear to be fictitious. Plus, Manu and other authors disagree over several mixed-caste combinations. For example, the child of a Vaishya father and a Kshatriya mother is called "Ayogava" in ''Aushanas Smriti'' and "Pukkasa" in ''Brihad-Vishnu Smriti''.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=139-154}}

Ambedkar describes Manu's explanation of the origin of the mixed castes as historically inaccurate, giving several examples. For example, the Magadhas were the residents of the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] region, not people of mixed Vaishya-Kshatriya origin. Ambedkar accuses Manu and later authors of perverting history and defaming respectable tribes as bastards. He questions the reason behind this "madness", stating that the Brahmins' attempts to impose the [[varna (Hinduism)|varna]] system rules against mixed-caste marriages must have failed, and Manu had to invent explanations for the existence of a large number of castes that did not fit in any of the four varnas. Ambedkar states that if Manu is right in ascribing the origin of the populous Chandala caste to illegitimate sexual intercourse between Shudra males and Brahman females, such forbidden relationships must have been very common. Ambedkar wonders if Manu realized that he was assigning "an ignoble origin to a vast number of the people of this country leading to their social and moral degradation."{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=139-154}}

====Riddle No. 19: The change from paternity to maternity: What did the Brahmans wish to gain by it?====

Ambedkar discusses the [[Marriage in Hinduism#Types of marriages|eight types of marriage]] and the 13 types of sons recognized in the Hindu law. He describes many of these relationships as "euphemisms for seduction and rape"; for example, the [[Paishacha marriage]] is a euphemism for [[rape]], and described as lawful for a Vaishya and a Shudra. He also states that the existence of these categories shows that the Brahmin attempts to restrict the society to only certain types of permissible marriages had failed.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=155-165}}

Ambedkar states that Manu made a few changes to the prevalent social norms while establishing rules about various types of marriages and sons. For example, Manu excludes certain types of sons (such as those born out of Shudra women) from inheritance. Ambedkar also states that before Manu, only the varna of the father determined the child's varna. Moreover, the male head of the family - not the biological father - owned the illegitimate children of his wife. Ambedkar wonders why Manu changed the traditional law.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=155-165}}

====Riddle No. 20: Kali Varjya or the Brahmanic art of suspending the operation of sin without calling it sin====

Ambedkar discusses the dogma of Kali-varjya ("Kali Varja"), which is codified in the ''Aditya Purana''. According to this dogma, certain practices are forbidden in the [[Kali Yuga]] (the current age), but permissible in the other [[yuga]]s. Ambedkar lists several examples of such customs, including widow remarriage and sacrificial killing of cows (''gomedha''). The Kali-varjya dogma forbids these practices but does not condemn them or provide any reason for forbidding them. Ambedkar states that these practices are not immoral, sinful or otherwise harmful to the society, as evident from the fact that they are allowed in the other yugas. He asks why did the Brahmins came up with "this technique of forbidding a practice without condemning it."{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=232-235}}

====Appendix I: The riddle of the Varnashrama Dharma====

{{Quote box |width=25em |align=right |salign=right
|quote = These explanations [justifying the existence of the varna system] are like effusions of the imbeciles. They show how hard the Brahmins were put to for the defence of the varna system. The question is why were the Brahmins not able to give a consistent and uniform unimpeachable, convincing and rational explanation of the varna system of which they have been such strong protagonists?
|source = B.R. Ambedkar on the [[varna (Hinduism)|varna]] system, in ''Riddles in Hinduism''{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|p=250}}
}}

This appendix consolidates the matter or Riddles 16–17. Ambedkar discusses the varna system and the ashrama systems, collectively called the Varnashram Dharma. Ambedkar asks why Manu prohibits a Brahmachari from entering the Sannyasa ashrama without going through the life of a householder. He states that compulsory marriage without any consideration to wealth or health of a person would lead to personal and national ruin, unless the state guaranteed [[subsistence]] to everybody.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=236-261}}

Ambedkar quotes various texts on the origin of the varna system, and discusses the explanations offered for the existence of the varna system, including the one attributed to [[Krishna]] in the ''Bhagavad Gita''. He dismisses these explanations as absurd, and concludes that the Brahmins have been unable to offer any reasonable explanation on the topic.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=236-261}}

Ambedkar then discusses the ashrama system, and criticizes it as a stupid attempt at a [[planned economy]], saying that it cut off old men from their families.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=236-261}}

====Appendix II: Compulsory matrimony====

This appendix overlaps with and supplements the Riddle No. 17 and Appendix I. Ambedkar criticizes Manu for making marriage compulsory for a Brahmachari, and questions the need for the Vanaprastha ashrama.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=261-271}}

=== Part III: Political ===

====Riddle No. 21: The theory of Manvantara====

Ambedkar describes the concept of [[Manvantara]] as an undemocratic government run by a corporation comprising an officer called [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]], an officer called [[Indra]], and the seven sages ([[Saptarishi]]s). He then quotes ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' passages describing the past, the current, and the future Manvantaras. He notes that according to the ''Vishnu Purana'', Brahma created [[Svayambhuva Manu]] (the first Manu) and his wife [[Shatarupa]] from himself: Ambedkar asks if this means that Brahma was a [[hermaphrodite]], and if the first Manu married his sister. Ambedkar then quotes ''Manusmriti'' passages that describe the [[Hindu creationism|creation]] of the world, and the creation of the sacred law by Svayambhuva Manu. He asks if Svayambhuva was the only Manu who created the eternal law, or if each Manvantara had its own laws.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=275-280}}

====Riddle No. 22: Brahma is not Dharma: What good is Brahma?====

Ambedkar mentions the various forms of Government, and discusses different definitions of democracy. He intends to quote [[John Dewey]]'s ''[[Democracy and Education]]'', but the surviving manuscript is missing the actual quotes. Ambedkar states that a democratic government can succeed only in a democratic society: if a society is divided into groups such as castes, and the citizens promote interests of their own group over the interests of the society, the democratic government will fail. According to Ambedkar, a democratic society is not possible without [[fraternity (philosophy)|fraternity]] (as the [[French Revolution|French revolutionists]] call it) or "maitri" (as [[the Buddha]] calls it).{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=166-179}}

[[File:Sample of BR Ambedkar's handwriting from the Riddles in Hinduism manuscript.png|thumb|right|Sample of BR Ambedkar's handwriting from the Riddles in Hinduism manuscript: "What is more ridiculous is the teaching of the [[Adi Shankara|Great Shankaracharya]]. For it was this Shankaracharya who taught that there is [[Brahman|Brahma]] and this Brahma is real and that it pervades all and at the same time upheld all the inequities of the Brahmanic society. Only a lunatic could be happy with being the propounder of two such contradictions."{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=348-349}}{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|p=179}}]]

Ambedkar states that religion of a society is the main source of its fraternity. Hinduism, instead of teaching fraternity, promotes the division of society into classes ([[varna (Hinduism)|varnas]]). Ambedkar then discusses the Hindu philosophical concept of "[[mahavakyas|Brahmaism]]", according to which everything and everyone is "of the essence of Brahma". According to him, this concept suggests that all persons are equal, since all are parts of [[Brahman|Brahma]]. He states that Brahmaism had greater potential than the idea of fraternity to produce a social democracy, but Brahmins did not allow that to happen because they did not support equality between the various social classes and the genders.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=166-179}}

====Riddle No. 23: Kali Yuga: Why have the Brahmans made it unending?====

Ambedkar describes the concept of [[Kali Yuga]], stating that its characterization as the immoral age has a psychological effect on the people's mind. He discusses various theories about the original meaning of the term ''yuga'', and the different dates proposed for the start of the Kali Yuga. Quoting [[Vrddha Garga|Garga]]'s ''Siddhanta'', the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', and the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', Ambedkar argues that the Kali Yuga lasted for 1000 years and ended in the 2nd century CE. He states that Brahmins later claimed that Kali Yuga has not ended, and invented various explanations to support their claim; for example, they say that it is supposed to last for 1000 ''divine'' years, with 1 divine day being equal to 1 human year.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=180-216}}

Ambedkar states that the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]] was "full of barbaric and obscene observances" such as [[purushamedha|human sacrifice]], worship of the genitals (''[[Lingam#Vedic literature|skambha]]''), and the [[Ashvamedha]] rite of inserting the penis of a dead horse into a queen's vagina. He portrays the [[Vedic Aryans|ancient Aryan]] society as immoral, giving examples of gambling (such as the [[Pandavas]] putting their wife [[Draupadi]] at stake); [[alcoholism]] (including [[Soma (drink)|Soma]] intoxication); and promiscuity (including incest, sale of women, polygamy and polyandry, and [[niyoga]]). Ambedkar quotes several texts in his support, stating that even Brahmins, [[Rishis]], and [[deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] engaged in these vices (according to Ambedkar, the Devas were a human group similar to the Aryans and the [[Dasyus]], not supernatural beings).{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=180-216}}

Ambedkar states that all these instances of immorality had taken place before the start of the Kali Yuga, which looks better from a moral perspective. Ambedkar asks if the Brahmins extended Kali Yuga to blackmail [[Shudra]] kings by destroying their subjects' faith in their rule in a purportedly immoral age.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=180-216}}{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=288-306}}

====Riddle No. 24: The riddle of the Kali Yuga====

Quoting various texts, Ambedkar discusses various [[Hindu units of time]]. Ambedkar states that the names of the four [[yuga]]s derive from gambling-related terms, and their meaning changed over time. Ambedkar asks why did the Brahmins invented the theory of Kali Yuga, and described it as the age of degradation. He states that according to Brahmins, only the Brahmin and the Shudra varnas exist in the Kali Yuga. He also discusses Kali-varjya, earlier described in the Riddle No. 20. Ambedkar asks why the Brahmins invented these concepts.{{sfn|Vasant Moon|1987|pp=307-322}}

====Appendix I: The riddle of Rama and Krishna====

=====Part I: Rama=====

Ambedkar summarizes the story of [[Valmiki]]'s ''[[Ramayana]]'', stating that [[Rama]]'s birth was marked by "general debauchery". According to the ''Ramayana'', Rama's father Dasharatha performed a ''[[Putrakameshti|Putreshti yajna]]'' ritual, in which the sage [[Shringa]] ("Shrung") gave ''[[pinda (riceball)|pindas]]'' to Dasharatha's wives. The god [[Vishnu]] was born as Rama to one of the wives as a result. Ambedkar describes this birth as unnatural, and states that the story is possibly a euphemism for Shringa being the biological father of Rama (see [[niyoga]]). He states that according to the ''Ramayana'', its various characters (such as the [[vanara]]s) were born when, at [[Brahma]]'s command, the gods engaged in "wholesale acts of fornication" with [[apsara]]s (whom Ambedkar describes as prostitutes), unmarried women, and wives of other beings.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=217-232}}

Ambedkar states that according to Valmiki's ''Ramayana'', Rama's wife [[Sita]] was found by a farmer in a field as a baby, and presented to king Janaka, who adopted her. Ambedkar finds this story unconvincing, and instead refers to ''Buddha Ramayana'' (''[[Dasaratha Jataka]]''), according to which Sita was a sister of Rama. He states that the ''Buddha Ramayana'' story seems more "natural and not inconsistent with the Aryan rules of marriage": if true, the incestuous marriage of Rama and Sita should not be regarded as an ideal.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=217-232}}

Ambedkar disputes the ''Ramayana'''s characterization of Rama as a virtuous and illustrious man, stating that he is not worthy of deification. He calls Rama's modern characterization as a monogamous man incorrect, stating that Valmiki refers to many wives of Rama in the ''[[Ayodhya Kanda]]'' 8.12.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=217-232}}

Ambedkar discusses Rama's character as an individual, describing his mistreatment of [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] and Sita. He describes Rama's killing of Vali as a cowardly act and an unprovoked, premeditated murder. Ambedkar notes that after killing his wife's captor Ravana, Rama did not immediately visit her, instead spending time on other tasks such as the coronation of [[Vibhishana]]. When he finally met Sita for the first time in several months, he told her that he had killed Ravana to recover his honour and not for her sake. Rama then doubted Sita's [[chastity]], stating that Ravana would not have failed to have sex with her. A dejected Sita declared that she would have committed suicide before meeting him if she was aware of such thoughts of Rama. After Sita proved her chastity by a [[agnipravesham|fire test]], Rama took her back to his capital [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]. When Sita became pregnant, Rama abandoned her because of public rumors that she was carrying Ravana's child, although he was personally convinced of Sita's chastity. According to Ambedkar, Hindus cite this incident to portray Rama as a democratic king, arguing that he cared about the public opinion; however, it only proves that he was a cowardly and weak monarch who cared more about his name and fame rather than doing the right thing as a king and a husband. Rama then tricked Sita into visiting the hermitage of Valmiki, and had [[Lakshmana]] abandon her there. Sita gave birth to his two sons there, but he never visited them. After 12 years, he invited many sages to a yajna, but did not invite Valmiki. Nevertheless, Valmiki arrived there, and introduced him to his two sons. Later, Sita also visited him, but preferred to die by burying herself into the earth rather than returning to Rama. Ambedkar describes Rama's treatment of Sita as cruel.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=217-232}}

Next, Ambedkar discusses Rama as a king. Ambedkar states that Valmiki's detailed descriptions of Rama's daily life do not suggest that he was involved in administration or attended to public affairs. Instead, Rama spent time on religious rites, enjoying company of court jesters and women, drinking and eating (including flesh). In his support, Ambedkar cites ''[[Uttara Kanda]]'' 42.27, 43.1, and 42.8. Ambedkar states that Ramayana mentions only one instance of Rama listening to a public grievance: the episode of [[Shambuka]]. According to this story, a Brahmin blamed the premature death of his son on a sin committed in Rama's kingdom. After consultations, Rama concluded that this sin was the performance of sacred ''[[tapasya]]'' by Shambuka, a Shudra. According to the sacred law (''dharma''), only the upper class [[dvija|twice-born]] people could perform such ''tapasya'', and Shudras were restricted to serving them. Rama then condemned and killed Shambuka, and the Brahmin's dead son came back to life. The gods and the sage [[Agastya]] praised Rama for this deed. Ambedkar calls this "the worst crime that history has ever recorded".{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=217-232}}

=====Part II: Krishna=====

Ambedkar then discusses [[Krishna]], describing him as the hero of the ''[[Mahabharata]]''. According to him, the ''Mahabharata'' originally contained only the story of the [[Pandavas]], and Krishna's story was inserted into the text at a later stage. Ambedkar disputes the characterization of Krishna as a god, and discusses various legends about him from texts such as the ''Mahabharata'', the ''[[Harivamsa]]'', and some [[Puranas]]. He describes the ''vastra-harana'' episode as obscene: according to this legend, Krishna seized the clothes of [[Gopi]]s while they were bathing in the [[Yamuna River]], and forced them to come out naked and beg to him for returning the clothes. He describes Krishna's [[Rasalila]] as "illicit intimacy" with young women, dismissing its interpretation as pious love to god. Ambedkar calls Krishna's relationship with Radha as his most indecent act, stating that Krishna was married to [[Rukmini]] while Radha (according to some texts) was married to another man.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=232-246}}

Ambedkar describes Krishna's acts as a warrior and a politician immoral, presenting summaries of various legends about him. For example, Ambedkar states that Krishna instigated [[Arjuna]] to carry off [[Subhadra]] without waiting for a husband-choosing ceremony ([[svayamvara]]), and instigated [[Bhima]] to unfairly strike [[Duryodhana]] below the navel in a combat. Ambedkar then describes Krishna's life as the ruler of [[Dvaraka]], referring to episodes of drunken singing and dancing with women, which modern Brahmins would find objectionable. Ambedkar states that after Krishna's own sons were killed during a [[Mausala Parva|drunken fight]], he joined the fight and killed a large number of his own people.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|pp=232-246}}

== Reception ==

Soon after the publication of the book as part of the ''BAWS'' Volume 4 in 1987, its content - especially the appendix ''The riddle of Rama and Krishna'' - led to a political controversy.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|p=14}} [[Madhav Yeshwant Gadkari|Madhav Gadkari]], the editor of the [[Marathi language]] newspaper ''[[Loksatta]]'', wrote in his column ''Chaufer'' that the appendix maligned Rama and Krishna.<ref>{{cite book |author=Urmila Pawar |author-link=Urmila Pawar |title=The Weave of My Life: A Dalit Woman's Memoirs |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780231149006 |page=273 |doi=10.7312/pawa14900-014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34i-AwAAQBAJ }}</ref> Through his columns, Gadkari campaigned for the controversial appendix to be deleted from the book.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jyoti Punwani |title=Journalism loses one of its tallest giants |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |date=2022-06-17 |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/things-to-do/journalism-loses-one-of-its-tallest-giants/articleshow/76411738.cms |access-date=2022-11-24 }}</ref>

[[Shiv Sena]], a Hindu-centric political party, rioted in [[Mumbai]] asking for the appendix to be removed from the book. As a result, the [[Government of Maharashtra]] withdrew the book. This led to [[counter-protest]]s across Maharashtra by thousands of [[Dalit]]s.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|p=14}} The [[Dalit Buddhist movement|Dalit Buddhist]] followers of Ambedkar and Buddhist monks wrote protest letters and newspaper articles, and participated in a march that was popularly called the "Bhim March".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gopal Guru |author-link=Gopal Guru |title=Appropriating Ambedkar |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=26 |issue=27–28 |year=1991 |page=1698 |jstor=4398126 }}</ref> The controversy united various [[Dalit]] groups, who sought to protect Ambedkar's legacy.<ref name="SVRaju"/>

The disturbances in Mumbai resulted in to damage to private and public properties, and the defacement of the Martyrs' Memorial at the [[Hutatma Chowk]]. The Government deployed policemen to prevent defacement of Ambedkar's statues across the city.<ref name="SVRaju"/> As a compromise, the Government resumed the publication with a disclaimer that it did not concur with the views expressed in the chapter.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|p=14}}

The publication of the book became a major issue in the 1987 [[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle]] by-poll, which was a turning point in the [[Hindutva]] politics. Shiv Sena, which was not formally recognized by the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] at the time, fielded [[Ramesh Prabhoo]] as an independent candidate. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) - which later came to be identified with Hindutva - supported a [[Janata Dal]] candidate who championed secularism. The Shiv Sena chief [[Bal Thackeray]] made several controversial speeches, seeking votes in name of religion. In one such speech, he complained, "Though this country belongs to Hindus, Ram and Krishna are insulted." Prabhoo won the election, and Thackeray described the result as the victory of Rama and Krishna and as a licence for the formation of a [[Hindu Rashtra]]. The defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Prabhakar Kashinath Kunte|Prabhakar Kunte]] argued that Thackeray's communal speeches amounted to corrupt practices under the [[Representation of the People Act, 1951]]. He took the matter to the [[Bombay High Court]], which declared the election void. The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] upheld this decision, and the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] banned Thackeray from voting for 6 years. Nevertheless, Shiv Sena continued its Hindutva politics, winning the [[Aurangabad]] civic body elections. Shiv Sena's success encouraged BJP to focus on the Hindutva politics as well.<ref>{{cite book |author=Radheshyam Jadhav |title=Trail of the Tiger - Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray: A Journey |year=2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury |chapter=Modi Vs Thackeray |isbn=9789389867367 |chapter-url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/sunday-hans/modi-vs-thackeray-who-is-indias-hindu-hriday-samrat-751628 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVMREAAAQBAJ |access-date=2022-11-24 }}</ref>

The Maratha Mahamandal, an organisation of the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha caste]], held a burning of the book at the organization's meeting in [[Amravati]] on 20 January 1988.{{sfn|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016|p=14}} Shashikant Pawar, the President of Maratha Mahasangha, condemned the Government's publication of the book.<ref>{{cite journal |author=S. M. Dahiwale |title=Consolidation of Maratha Dominance in Maharashtra |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=30 |issue=6 |year=1995 |page=340 |jstor=4402382 }}</ref>

[[S. V. Raju]], in his ''[[Freedom First]]'' editorial (April 1988), criticized Shiv Sena for trying to suppress the [[freedom of expression]]. He stated that Ambedkar had cited "unimpeachable" sources to criticize Rama and Krishna, and Ambedkar's criticism was "mild" compared to what some others have said about Rama and Krishna. At the same time, Raju argued that the government should not have published the book, as the duty of the government is to govern not to publish books.<ref name="SVRaju">{{cite journal |author=S.V. Raju |title=Ambedkar, Hinduism and the 'Riddles' controversy |journal=Freedom First |date=April 1988 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/V76MoqnxhJtbL1HiKimA1O/Ambedkar-Hinduism-and-the-Riddles-controversy.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |url-access= }}</ref>

Raju pointed out that Rama's mistreatment of Vali, Shambuka and Sita has been criticized by many others, including [[C. Rajagopalachari]] who called it "disgraceful".<ref name="SVRaju"/> Similarly, Gunvanthi Balarama, in an article in ''Bombay'' (December 1988), stated that various other leaders of Maharashtra had been "no less critical" of Hindu epics than Ambedkar; these leaders included Bal Thackeray's father [[Prabodhankar Thackeray]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Linda Hess |title=Rejecting Sita: Indian Responses to the Ideal Man's Cruel Treatment of His Ideal Wife |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=67 |issue=1 |year=1999 |page=3 |publisher=Oxford University Press |jstor=1466031 }}</ref>

Based on an analysis of Ambedkar's drafts, American academic Scott R. Stroud (2022) states that the book shows "Ambedkar's potential as an innovative thinker in the global history of [[rhetoric]]."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Scott R. Stroud |title=Excessively Harsh Critique and Democratic Rhetoric: The Enigma of Bhimrao Ambedkar's Riddles in Hinduism |journal=Journal for the History of Rhetoric |year=2022 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=2–30 |doi=10.5325/jhistrhetoric.25.1.0002 |s2cid=248595384 }}</ref>

In 2023, Hamara Prasad, the founder of the [[Hindutva]] organization Rashtriya Dalita Sena stated that he would have shot Ambedkar for hurting Hindu sentiments by writing the ''Riddles in Hinduism''.<ref>{{cite news |author=Balakrishna Ganeshan |title=Hindutva leader says would have shot Ambedkar, BSP Telangana chief demands action |date=2023-02-10 |publisher=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hindutva-leader-says-would-have-shot-ambedkar-bsp-telangana-chief-demands-action-173101 |access-date=2023-02-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Would've shot Ambedkar like Godse': action sought on Hindutva leader |date=2023-02-10 |publisher=[[Madhyamam]] |url=https://english.madhyamam.com/wouldve-shot-ambedkar-like-godse-action-sought-on-hindutva-leader |access-date=2023-02-22 }}</ref> This led to a controversy, and the [[Telangana Police]] arrested him, charging him under the [[hate speech laws in India|hate speech]] laws.<ref>{{cite book |author=Abdul Basheer |title='Would have killed Ambedkar if he were alive': Telengana man arrested after video sparks row |date=2023-02-10 |publisher=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/telangana-man-remarks-on-ambedkar-arrested-after-video-sparks-row-2333252-2023-02-10 |access-date=2023-02-22 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Ankit Kawade |title=Clearing of the Ground - Ambedkar's Method of Reading |journal=Caste: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion |year=2021 |doi=10.26812/caste.v2i1.246 |volume=2 |issue=1 |url=https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/view/246 |pages=174–188 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |editor1=S. Anand |editor2=Shobhna Iyer |author=B.R. Ambedkar |title=Riddles in Hinduism: The Annotated Critical Edition |year=2016 |publisher=Navayana |isbn=9788189059774 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgDVjwEACAAJ |ref={{harvid|Shobhna Iyer et al.|2016}} }}
* {{cite book |editor1=Vasant Moon |editor2=Hari Narke |editor2-link=Hari Narke |author=B.R. Ambedkar |title=Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar - Writings and Speeches |volume=3 |year=1987 |publisher=Dr. Ambedkar Foundation |isbn=978-93-5109-064-9 |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/attach/amb/Volume_03.pdf |ref={{harvid|Hari Narke|1987}} }}
* {{cite book |editor=Vasant Moon |author=B.R. Ambedkar |title=Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar - Writings and Speeches |volume=4 |year=1987 |publisher=Dr. Ambedkar Foundation |isbn=978-93-5109-064-9 |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/attach/amb/Volume_04.pdf |ref={{harvid|Vasant Moon|1987}} }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* ''[https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/attach/amb/Volume_04.pdf Riddles in Hinduism]'' (1987), published by the Government of Maharashtra
* ''[https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/CPV/VolumeH8.pdf हिन्दू धर्म की पहेलियां]'' (1995), Hindi translation published by Government of India's Dr. Ambedkar Foundation, as part of ''डॉ. अम्बेडकर सम्पूर्ण वाङ्मय'' Series Volume 8 (ISBN 978-93-5109-157-8)
* Unravelling the Riddles in Hinduism : Decoding Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's Riddles in Hinduism

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Books by B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:1987 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Book burnings]]
[[Category:Books critical of Hinduism]]

Sayajirao Gaekwad Library

2026-01-20T04:40:42Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: started initial biography added tags

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox library
| library_name = Sayaji Rao Gaekwad Library (Central Library)
| name_en =
| library_logo =
| image = Sayaji Rao Gaekwad Library, BHU.JPG
| caption = Central Library in [[Banaras Hindu University|BHU]]
| country = India
| type =
| scope =
| established = 1917
| ref_legal_mandate =
| location = [[Banaras Hindu University]] (BHU), [[Varanasi]]
| coordinates =
| branch_of =
| num_branches =
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}}

The '''Sayaji Rao Gaekwad Library''', also known as the '''Central Library''', is the main library of [[Banaras Hindu University]] (BHU) in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[India]]. Established in 1917, it is listed in the Survey of Manuscripts in India. The present building of the library was built in 1941 on pattern of [[British Museum]], at the suggestion of Pandit [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]], the founder of university, after his return from the [[Round Table Conference]], London in 1931, with a donation from the [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]], [[Maharaja]] of [[Baroda State]] from 1875 to 1939, known for establishing libraries throughout his state.<ref name=ch>{{cite web |title=Banaras Hindu University, Central Library (Varanasi, India) |url=https://coral.uchicago.edu:8443/display/lasa/Banaras+Hindu+University,+Central+Library+%28Varanasi,+India%29 |date=3 March 2009 |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] |access-date=5 March 2011 |archive-date=9 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309115243/https://coral.uchicago.edu:8443/display/lasa/Banaras+Hindu+University%2C+Central+Library+%28Varanasi%2C+India%29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is also a designated 'Manuscript Conservation Centre' (MCC) under the [[National Mission for Manuscripts]] established in 2003.<ref>[http://www.namami.org/convervation.htm Manuscript Conservation Centres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506234603/http://www.namami.org/convervation.htm |date=6 May 2012 }} ''[[National Mission for Manuscripts]]''.</ref>

==History==
The Banaras Hindu University Library system was established from a collection donated by Prof. P.K. Telang in the memory of his father Justice [[Kashinath Trimbak Telang]] in 1917. The collection was housed in the Telang Hall of the [[Central Hindu College]], Kamachha. In 1921, the library was moved to the Central Hall of the Arts College (now Faculty of Arts) and then in 1941 to its present building. The library was established with the donation from [[Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] of Baroda, on the pattern of the library [[British Museum]] in [[London]] on the suggestion of Pandit [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]], the founder of university.

The library had a collection of around 60,000 volumes in 1931, through donations from various sources. The trend of donation of personal and family collection to the library continued as late as the 1940s with the result that it has unique pieces of rarities of books and journals dating back to 18th century; this includes donations of personal and family collections from Lala Sri Ram of Delhi, [[Jamnalal Bajaj]] of Wardha, Roormal Goenka, Batuk Nath Sharma, [[Tagore family]] collection, [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] Family collection.<ref name=ch/><ref name=vr>{{cite web |title=Education: THE CENTRAL LIBRARY |url=http://varanasi.nic.in/education/bhu/bhu3.html |publisher=[[Varanasi]] Official website |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107163448/http://varanasi.nic.in/education/bhu/bhu3.html |archivedate=7 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The [[Banaras Hindu University Library System]] consists of Central Library at apex and 3 Institute Libraries, 8 Faculty Libraries, 25 Departmental Libraries, with a total collection of over 13 [[lakh]] volumes to serve the students, faculty members, researchers, technical staff of fourteen faculties consisting of 126 subject departments of the university.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031210203522/http://www.bhu.ac.in/bhulibrary/history.htm History/Genesis: Central Library BHU]</ref>

Around 2009, optical fibre networking was done at the library, and in May 2009, 32,913 books were made available in e-form, along with 2,107 journals accessed through internet.<ref>{{cite news |title=Free internet service at BHU library|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Free-internet-service-at-BHU-library/articleshow/4763180.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308235829/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-10/varanasi/28154270_1_free-internet-service-library-users-central-library |url-status=live |archive-date=8 March 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 July 2009 }}</ref> The work of digitization of manuscripts at the Central Library has been completed by May 2010, and they were also made available online thereafter.<ref>{{cite news |title=BHU south campus library to go digital|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-17/varanasi/28302322_1_barkachha-rajiv-gandhi-south-campus-central-library |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308235847/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-17/varanasi/28302322_1_barkachha-rajiv-gandhi-south-campus-central-library |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 March 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 May 2010 }}</ref> Later in the year in October, a two-day national seminar was held at the library on 'Right to Information (RTI) and Libraries'.<ref>{{cite news |title=New building inaugurated at BHU|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/New-building-inaugurated-at-BHU/articleshow/5102642.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308235854/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-08/varanasi/28083438_1_centre-of-food-science-dp-singh-central-library |url-status=live |archive-date=8 March 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date= 8 October 2009}}</ref>

In October 2010, the library in association with the [[National Manuscripts Mission]], New Delhi, held a national workshop on manuscript conservation at the library.<ref>{{cite news |title=National workshop at Central Library|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/National-workshop-at-Central-Library/articleshow/6776157.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308235836/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-19/varanasi/28269193_1_workshop-review-meeting-banaras-hindu-university |url-status=live |archive-date=8 March 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 October 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Workshop on manuscripts concludes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Workshop-on-manuscripts-concludes/articleshow/6805533.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308235840/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-24/varanasi/28255670_1_rare-manuscripts-central-library-rare-documents |url-status=live |archive-date=8 March 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 October 2010}}</ref>

==Collections==
The manuscript collection contains many ancient texts.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kapoor |first1=Punkhuri |title=A treasure trove of rare manuscripts - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/A-treasure-trove-of-rare-manuscripts/articleshow/48911775.cms |website=The Times of India |date=11 September 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.bhu.ac.in/lib/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031210204025/http://www.bhu.ac.in/bhulibrary/journal.htm Electronic Databases & Online Journals at the Library]
* [http://wikimapia.org/14854335/Siyaji-Rao-Gaekwad-Central-Library Sayaji Rao Gaekwad Library Central Library] at ''[[wikimapia]]''

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Banaras Hindu University|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:1917 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Archives in India]]
[[Category:Academic libraries in India]]
[[Category:Libraries in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Libraries established in 1917]]

Hadauti language

2026-01-18T09:09:04Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: creating new pg

{{Short description|Rajasthani language spoken in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Hadauti
| altname = Hadoti
| nativename = हाड़ौती, हाड़ोती
| states = [[India]] ([[Hadoti]] region of [[Rajasthan]])
| speakers = 2,944,356
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref>
| speakers2 = Census results conflate some speakers with Hindi.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx Abstract of speakers’ strength of languages and mother tongues –2001]</ref>
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Western Indo-Aryan languages|Western]]
| fam5 = [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]]
| script = [[Devanagari]]
| nation =
| iso3 = hoj
| glotto = hado1235
| glottorefname = Hadothi
| image = Hadauti language.svg
| imagecaption = The word "Hadauti" in Devanagari script
| region = Hadauti
| map = File:HadautiSpeakers.png
| mapcaption = A map of the distribution of native Hadauti speakers in India
}}

'''Hadauti''' or Harauti (Hadoti) is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] of [[Rajasthani languages]] group spoken by approximately four million people in the [[Hadoti]] region of southeastern [[Rajasthan]], India. Its speakers are concentrated in the districts of [[Kota district|Kota]], [[Baran district|Baran]], [[Bundi district|Bundi]] and [[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]] in Rajasthan, as well as in neighbouring areas of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

It has a nominative marker /nɛ/, which is absent in other Rajasthani languages.<ref name=cat>{{cite journal|url=https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Dialectologia/article/viewFile/276570/364521|title=The Status of Haroti: An Enquiry into Rajastani Language|year=2012|access-date=23 July 2018|website=Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert|last=Dwivedi|first=Amitabh Vikram}}</ref>

Its [[word order]] is the typical [[subject–object–verb]].<ref name=cat/> Its characteristic feature, unlike Hindi, is the presence or absence of agentive marker in the [[perfect (grammar)|perfect]] depending on the nature of the accusative marker.<ref name=cat/>

== Some sample translations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Standard Rajasthani
!Harauti
!Meaning
|-
|अठै (atthai)
|अठी (atthee)
|Here
|-
|वठै/उठै (vatthai/utthai)
|वठी/उठी (vatthee/utthee)
|There
|-
|कोनी (koni)
|कोइने/कोने(koine)
|No
|-
|आवैलो/आवैली (availo/availi)
|आवगो/आवगी (avogo/avogi)
|Will come
|}

== Writing system ==
In India, Hadauti is written in the [[Devanagari script]], an [[abugida]] which is written from left to right. Earlier, the [[Mahajani script]], or Modiya, was used to write Rajasthani. The script is also called as Maru Gurjari in a few records.<ref name="Ethnologue-Gurgula2">{{cite web |title=Goaria |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/15/show_language.asp?code=gig |access-date=9 August 2009 |publisher=[[Ethnologue]]}}</ref><ref name="Ethnologue-Dhatki2">{{cite web |title=Dhatki |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/15/show_language.asp?code=mki |access-date=9 August 2009 |publisher=[[Ethnologue]]}}</ref>

== Background of Hadauti ==
The Hadauti language is a regional variety of the Rajasthani language spoken by a community in and near the Kota region in Rajasthan, India, and some parts of neighboring Madhya Pradesh. It belongs to the Central-Eastern Rajasthani subgroup of the Indo-Aryan family, as classified by Grierson and Doshi & Purohit. It was included in the Indian Census until 1961, and was classified as one of the mother tongues grouped under Hindi along with Rajasthani language. According to Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India, Hadauti is spoken in the districts of [[Kota district|Kota]], [[Baran district|Baran]], [[Bundi district|Bundi]] and [[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]] in Rajasthan, as well as in neighbouring areas of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potter |first=Gulab Chand |last2=Kar |first2=Somdev |title=REVIVAL OF ENDANGERED LANGUAGES: A CASE STUDY OF HADOTI |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317401737_Revival_of_Endangered_Languages_A_Case_Study_of_Hadoti |journal=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics |page=3}}</ref>

== See also ==

*[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]
*[[Malvi language|Malvi]]
*[[Mewari]]
*[[Marwari language|Marwari]]

== References ==

<references/>

== Further reading ==
{{incubator|hoj}}
*{{cite journal|url=https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Dialectologia/article/viewFile/276570/364521|title=The Status of Haroti: An Enquiry into Rajastani Language|last=Dwivedi|first=Amitabh Vikram|year=2012}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Harauti Language}}
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census]]
[[Category:Rajasthani languages]]

R. Krishnan (Vasudevanallur politician)

2026-01-08T22:41:08Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: created initial data initial version.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''R. Krishnan''' was a Tamil politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] candidate from [[Vasudevanallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Vasudevanallur constituency]] in [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1977]] and [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1980 elections]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf 1977 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf 1980 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>

He contested twice from [[Tenkasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenkasi]] Lok Sabha constituency in [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1984|1984]] and [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1989|1989]] elections and lost both to [[M. Arunachalam (Tenkasi MP)|M. Arunachalam]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf Volume I, 1984 Indian general election, 8th Lok Sabha]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf Volume I, 1989 Indian general election, 9th Lok Sabha]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnan, R.}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Classic Legends

2025-12-22T12:10:40Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: created basic article more to come

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{cleanup|reason=format|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Classic legends with Javed Akhtar.jpg
| caption = Title card of Season 5
| genre = Non-fiction
| producer = [[Essel Vision Productions]]
| company =
| presenter = [[Javed Akhtar]]
| num_seasons = 5
| num_episodes = 65
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| camera =
| runtime = 40 mins (approx.; seasons 1, 3 & 4) 50 mins (approx.; seasons 2 & 5]
| network =
| first_aired = {{start date|2011|12|11|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2019|3|2|df=y}}
}}

'''''Classic Legends''''' is an Indian television [[Hindi]] entertainment show based on the notable and talented people of the [[Hindi film industry]]. The first four seasons of the show were aired on Zee Classic. The fifth season airs on [[Zee Anmol Cinema]], Zee Bollywood and Zee Cinema HD. The show is presented by popular [[Bollywood]] lyricist, [[Javed Akhtar]]. In the show, Javed Akhtar explores the lives of great artists from the golden era of Bollywood who graced the silverscreen with their powerful performances. The first season of show premièred on 11 December 2011 followed by four other seasons.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.newkerala.com/news/fullnews-44570.html|title= 'I can share unpublished things about Bollywood legends': Javed Akhtar|website= newKerala.com|date= 15 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tv-now-javed-akhtar-to-host-a-tv-show/20111209.htm|title= Now, Javed Akhtar to host TV show|website= rediff.com|date= 9 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.news18.com/news/movies/hindi-cinema-owes-its-glory-to-its-classic-legends-says-javed-akhtar-1524089.html|title= Hindi Cinema Owes Its Glory To Its Classic Legends, Says Javed Akhtar|website= news18.com|date= 21 September 2017}}</ref>

Each episode takes on one artist while the series covers people who were popular actors, actresses, music composers, directors, singers and lyricists.

== Season 1 ==

The series is presented by Javed Akhtar. Every season has a total of 13 episodes, each exploring the life of a famous personality from the [[Hindi]] film Industry. The first season was aired from 11 December 2011 to 4 March 2012. The season featured stories of a variety of people from the film industry ranging from [[Raj Kapoor]] to [[Guru Dutt]], [[Nargis]] to [[Kishore Kumar]] and lyricists like [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] to name a few.{{fact|date=December 2023}}

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Episode
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Date
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Portrait
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Personality
|-
! scope="col" | Overall !! scope="col" | Season
|-
| 1
| 1
| 11 December 2011
|
| [[Raj Kapoor]]
|-
| 2
| 2
| 18 December 2011
| [[File:Rahul Dev Burman.jpg|75px]]
| [[R.D. Burman]]
|-
| 3
| 3
| 25 December 2011
| [[File:Majrooh Sultanpuri & Ubaid Azam Azmi(cropped on Majrooh Sultanpuri).jpg|75px]]
| [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
|-
| 4
| 4
| 1 January 2012
| [[File:Kishore Kumar 2016 postcard of India (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| 5
| 5
| 8 January 2012
|
| [[Nargis]]
|-
| 6
| 6
| 15 January 2012
| [[File:Bimal Roy 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[Bimal Roy]]
|-
| 7
| 7
| 22 January 2012
| [[File:Vijay Anand in the film Agra Road.jpg|75px]]
| [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]
|-
| 8
| 8
| 29 January 2012
|
| [[Ashok Kumar]]
|-
| 9
| 9
| 5 February 2012
| [[File:Sahir Ludhianvi Stamp.jpg|75px]]
| [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
|-
| 10
| 10
| 12 February 2012
| [[File:Mehboob Khan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[Mehboob Khan]]
|-
| 11
| 11
| 19 February 2012
|
| [[Madhubala]]
|-
| 12
| 12
| 26 February 2012
|
| [[Guru Dutt]]
|-
| 13
| 13
| 4 March 2012
|
| [[Shammi Kapoor]]
|}

== Season 2 ==

After an overwhelming response to the first season, the second season was aired barely eight months after the first season ended. The season was aired from 18 Nov 2012 – 10 Feb 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://bestmediainfo.com/2012/11/zee-classic-returns-with-classic-legends-season-2/|title= Zee Classic returns with 'Classic Legends Season 2'|website= bestmediainfo.com|date= 9 November 2012}}</ref> In this season, [[Dilip Kumar]]'s biography was extended to the next episode.So, instead of 13, biography of 12 personalities was shared. The season featured the anecdotes from the life of actors like [[Dilip Kumar]] and [[Dev Anand]], singer [[Mohammad Rafi]] and lyricist [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]].
[[Meena Kumari]] was the only actress whose story featured in this season.

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Episode
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Date
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Portrait
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Personality
|-
! scope="col" | Overall !! scope="col" | Season
|-
| 14
| 1
| 18 November 2012
| [[File:Sachin Dev Burman 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[S.D. Burman]]
|-
| 15
| 2
| 25 November 2012
| [[File:Meena Kumari 2011 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[Meena Kumari]]
|-
| 16
| 3
| 2 December 2012
| [[File:Dev Anand 2013 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[Dev Anand]]
|-
| 17
| 4
| 9 December 2012
| ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | [[File:Dilip Kumar 2006.jpg|75px]]
| ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | [[Dilip Kumar]]
|-
| 18
| 5
| 16 December 2012
|-
| 19
| 6
| 23 December 2012
| [[File:Mohammed Rafi 2016 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[Mohammad Rafi]]
|-
| 20
| 7
| 30 December 2012
| [[File:Anand Bakshi.tif|75px]]
| [[Anand Bakshi]]
|-
| 21
| 8
| 6 January 2013
| [[File:Hrishikesh Mukherjee 2013 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
|-
| 22
| 9
| 13 January 2013
| [[File:Chetan Anand 2013 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[Chetan Anand (director)|Chetan Anand]]
|-
| 23
| 10
| 20 January 2013
| [[File:Shailendra 2013 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|-
| 24
| 11
| 27 January 2013
| [[File:Sunil Dutt cropped face.jpg|75px]]
| [[Sunil Dutt]]
|-
| 25
| 12
| 3 February 2013
|
| [[Nasir Hussain]]
|-
| 26
| 13
| 10 February 2013
| [[File:Pran Actor.JPG|75px]]
| [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
|}

== Season 3 ==
The season three was aired from 2 November 2014 to 25 January 2015. Unlike other seasons, no lyricist was discussed, however, for the first time the life incidents of two singers were shared, instead of one.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://bestmediainfo.com/2014/10/zee-classic-is-back-with-classic-legends-season-3/|title= Zee Classic is back with 'Classic Legends Season 3'|website= bestmediainfo.com|date= 31 October 2014}}</ref> This season featured stories of stars like [[Nutan]] and [[Sanjeev Kumar]], directors like [[Yash Chopra]] and singer [[Lata Mangeshkar]].{{fact|date=December 2023}}

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Episode
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Date
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Portrait
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Personality
|-
! scope="col" | Overall !! scope="col" | Season
|-
| 27
| 1
| 2 November 2014
| [[File:Yash Chopra 2013 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[Yash Chopra]]
|-
| 28
| 2
| 9 November 2014
| [[File:Sanjeev Kumar 2013 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[Sanjeev Kumar]]
|-
| 29
| 3
| 16 November 2014
| [[File:Shankar Jaikishan 2013 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[Shankar Jaikishan]]
|-
| 30
| 4
| 23 November 2014
| [[File:Actor Mehmood Ali 2013 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[Mehmood Ali]]
|-
| 31
| 5
| 30 November 2014
| [[File:Mukesh 2016 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
| 32
| 6
| 7 December 2014
| [[File:Dharmendra 2011.jpg|75px]]
| [[Dharmendra]]
|-
| 33
| 7
| 14 December 2014
| [[File:Lata Mangeshkar.jpg|75px]]
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 34
| 8
| 21 December 2014
| [[File:Manoj Kumar at Esha Deol's wedding at ISCKON temple 10.jpg|75px]]
| [[Manoj Kumar]]
|-
| 35
| 9
| 28 December 2014
|
| [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]]
|-
| 36
| 10
| 4 January 2015
| [[File:Nutan 2011 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[Nutan]]
|-
| 37
| 11
| 11 January 2015
|
| [[Manmohan Desai]]
|-
| 38
| 12
| 18 January 2015
| [[File:OP Nayyar 2013 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[O.P. Nayyar]]
|-
| 39
| 13
| 25 January 2015
| [[File:Waheeda Rehman (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Waheeda Rehman]]
|}

== Season 4 ==
After a gap of more than two years, the fourth season<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.news18.com/news/movies/why-asha-parekh-was-a-notorious-child-1531777.html|title= Why Asha Parekh Was A Notorious Child|website= news18.com|date= 29 September 2017}}</ref> was aired from 24 Sep 2017 – 17 Dec 2017. The season featured stories of artists like [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Vyjayanthimala]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/zee-classic-to-highlight-vyjayanthimalas-journey-on-classic-legends-season-4/|title= Zee Classic to highlight Vyjayanthimala's journey on Classic Legends Season 4|website= televisionpost.com|date= 1 November 2017}}</ref> singer [[Asha Bhosle]] and composers [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]. The final episode of this season was touted as a tribute to veteran actor [[Shashi Kapoor]], who died thirteen days before the episode aired.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/a-tribute-to-shashi-kapoor/513766.html|title= A tribute to Shashi Kapoor|newspaper= Tribune|date= 16 December 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Episode
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Date
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Portrait
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Personality
|-
! scope="col" | Overall !! scope="col" | Season
|-
| 40
| 1
| 24 September 2017
| [[File:Balraj Sahni 2013 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[Balraj Sahni]]
|-
| 41
| 2
| 1 October 2017
| [[File:Asha Parekh at Saudamini Mattu's wedding reception (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Asha Parekh]]
|-
| 42
| 3
| 8 October 2017
| [[File:Rajendra Kumar 2013 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[Rajendra Kumar]]
|-
| 43
| 4
| 15 October 2017
| [[File:Ashaji.jpg|75px]]
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 44
| 5
| 22 October 2017
| [[File:Laxmikant Pyarelal.jpg|75px]]
| [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
|-
| 45
| 6
| 29 October 2017
|
| [[Kalyanji Anandji]]
|-
| 46
| 7
| 5 November 2017
| [[File:Vyjayanthimala.jpg|75px]]
| [[Vyjayanthimala]]
|-
| 47
| 8
| 12 November 2017
| [[File:Hemant Kumar 2016 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[Hemant Kumar]]
|-
| 48
| 9
| 19 November 2017
|
| [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]]
|-
| 49
| 10
| 26 November 2017
|
| [[Sadhana Shivdasani]]
|-
| 50
| 11
| 3 December 2017
| [[File:Shakeel Badayuni 2013 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[Shakeel Badayuni]]
|-
| 51
| 12
| 10 December 2017
|
| [[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
| 52
| 13
| 17 December 2017
| [[File:ShashiKapoor01.jpg|75px]]
| [[Shashi Kapoor]]
|}

== Season 5 ==
With the show doing fabulously well and on popular demand, the show was back with Season 5 commencing from 8 December 2018. It airs on 3 channels – [[Zee Anmol Cinema]], Zee Bollywood and Zee Cinema HD. For the first time, biography of not one but two people featured in a single episode. Final episode of this season was aired on 2 March 2019.

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Episode
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Date
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Portrait
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Personality
|-
! scope="col" | Overall !! scope="col" | Season
|-
| rowspan=2 | 53
| rowspan=2 | 1
| rowspan=2 | 8 December 2018
| [[File:Rishi Kapoor.jpg|75px]]
| [[Rishi Kapoor]]
|-
| scope=row | [[File:Sridevi.jpg|75px]]
| [[Sridevi]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | 54
| rowspan=2 | 2
| rowspan=2 | 15 December 2018
| [[File:Mumtaz (actress).jpg|75px]]
| [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]]
|-
|
| [[S.H. Bihari]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | 55
| rowspan=2 | 3
| rowspan=2 | 22 December 2018
|
| [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]]
|-
| scope=row | [[File:Khayyam.jpg|75px]]
| [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | 56
| rowspan=2 | 4
| rowspan=2 | 29 December 2018
| [[File:Om Prakash Actor.jpg|75px]]
| [[Om Prakash]]
|-
| scope=row | [[File:Manna Dey 2016 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[Manna Dey]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | 57
| rowspan=2 | 5
| rowspan=2 | 5 January 2019
|
| [[Nirupa Roy]]
|-
| scope=row |
| [[Wajahat Mirza]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | 58
| rowspan=2 | 6
| rowspan=2 | 12 January 2019
| [[File:Amrish Puri.jpg|75px]]
| [[Amrish Puri]]
|-
| scope=row | [[File:Anu Malik 2009 - still 88210 crop.jpg|75px]]
| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | 59
| rowspan=2 | 7
| rowspan=2 | 19 January 2019
|
| [[Leela Mishra]]
|-
| scope=row | [[File:Basu Chatterjee image.jpg|75px]]
| [[Basu Chatterjee]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | 60
| rowspan=2 | 8
| rowspan=2 | 26 January 2019
|
| [[C. Ramchandra]]
|-
|
| [[Raja Mehdi Ali Khan]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | 61
| rowspan=2 | 9
| rowspan=2 | 2 February 2019
|
| [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
| scope=row | [[File:Talat Mahmood 2016 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| [[Talat Mahmood]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | 62
| rowspan=2 | 10
| rowspan=2 | 9 February 2019
|
| [[Mukhram Sharma]]
|-
| scope=row |
| [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | 63
| rowspan=2 | 11
| rowspan=2 | 16 February 2019
| scope=row |
| [[Amiya Chakravarty (director)|Amiya Chakravarty]]
|-
| scope=row | [[File:Dharmendra, Hema Malini at Esha Deol's wedding reception 03 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Hema Malini]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | 64
| rowspan=2 | 12
| rowspan=2 | 23 February 2019
| scope=row | [[File:Mala-Sinha (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Mala Sinha]]
|-
| scope=row | [[File:RavindraJain.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ravindra Jain]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | 65
| rowspan=2 | 13
| rowspan=2 | 2 March 2019
| scope=row | [[File:Jaya Bachchan still16 (square crop).jpg|75px]]
| [[Jaya Bachchan]]
|-
| scope=row | [[File:Film Producer Director Prakash Mehra.jpg|75px]]
| [[Prakash Mehra]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[Bollywood]]
* [[Cinema of India]]
* [[Jaane Pehchaane with Javed Akhtar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.zeeclassic.com/shows/classic-legends-season-1/video Zee Classic official website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NuzS8hRO6MM Classic Legends Season 5 with Javed Akhtar]

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Musunuru

2025-11-28T05:38:34Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: minor expanded intro based on references further and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Musunuru
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.827|80.934|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Eluru|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=17 February 2016|page=16,268|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 22.06
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Elevation for Pedakurapadu |url=http://veloroutes.org/elevation/?location=musunuru&units=m|publisher=Veloroutes |accessdate=6 August 2014}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 78
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627392|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=6 August 2014}}</ref>
| population_total = 6095
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Musunuru''' is a village in [[Eluru district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Musunuru mandal]] of [[Nuzvid revenue division]].<ref name="census" />

==See also==
*[[Musunuri Nayakas]], a ruling dynasty of 14th-century India (Telangana and Andhra Pradesh)
*[[Kiran Musunuru]], Indian-American physician
*[[Musunuri Lalith Babu]], Indian chess player

== References ==
<references/>

{{Mandal headquarters in Krishna district}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishna district]]
Commanders of Kakatiya Army by NG Ranga.

{{Krishna-geo-stub}}

Harish Chandra Burnwal

2025-11-09T21:40:08Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: creating article

{{short description|Indian writer and journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Dr. Harish Chandra Burnwal
| image = Harish Chandra Burnwal.jpg
| image_upright = yes
| birth_place = [[Neamatpur]], [[Asansol]], [[West Bengal]]
| occupation = Writer, Journalist
| language = Hindi, English
| nationality = [[People of India|Indian]]
| education = Bachelor of Political Science, Masters in Television Journalism
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| awards = [[Bharatendu Harishchandra Awards]]
| website = {{URL|harishburnwal.com}}
}}

'''Dr. Harish Chandra Burnwal''' or '''Dr. Harish Chandra Barnwal''' is an Indian writer, journalist,<ref name="RajkamalPrakashan">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rajkamalprakashan.com/index.php/radha/jmproducts/filter/index/?author=631|title=Harish Chandra Barnwal|date=15 November 2018|work=[[Rajkamal Prakashan]]}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vaniprakashan.in/auth-details.php?wid=388|title=Author Profile :Vani Prakashan|website=www.vaniprakashan.in|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427163851/http://www.vaniprakashan.in/auth-details.php?wid=388|url-status=dead}}</ref> lyricist and [[Bhajan]] singer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.samachar4media.com/media-forum-news/journalist-harish-chandra-burnwal-launches-his-album-55409.html|title=पत्रकार से भजन गायक बने हरीश चंद्र बर्णवाल ने पूछा- तो क्या मेरा कोई कन्हैया नहीं}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pravakta.com/news/a-hymn-launched-to-give-relief-in-the-time-of-corona-epidemic-journalist-turned-bhajan-singer/|title = कोरोना महामारी के समय सुकून देने वाला एक भजन लॉन्च, पत्रकार बने भजन गायक|date = 27 April 2021}}</ref> He received a [[Bharatendu Harishchandra Awards|Bharatendu Harishchandra Award]] for his work ''Television ki Bhasha'' in 2011.<ref name="Award"/> Harish has also been credited for the record of producing the world’s first [[vBook]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.newsroompost.com/education/worlds-first-vbook-lord-of-records-prime-minister-narendra-modi/531218.html|title = दुनिया की पहली vBook 'लॉर्ड ऑफ रिकॉर्ड्स, जिसमें है मोदी सरकार के पहले कार्यकाल में बने 243 रिकॉर्ड|date = 22 June 2020}}</ref>{{clarify|date=February 2022}} which was launched by [[IGNCA]] working under Cultural Ministry, Government of India.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1306520211793739776|user=ignca_delhi|title=#Watch_Live #fbliveश्री हरीश चन्द्र बर्नवाल की vBook ‘#लॉर्ड_ऑफ_रिकॉर्ड्स’ का लोकार्पण… |date=17 September 2020}}</ref> The book garnered rave reviews and was launched by BJP’s national president Shri [[J. P. Nadda]] on 17 September 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/jp-nadda-released-lord-records-131557031.html|title = Yahoo Search - Web Search}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/jp-nadda-releases-lord-of-the-records-book-to-mark-pm-modis-birthday20200917205838/|title = JP Nadda releases 'Lord of the Records' book to mark PM Modi's birthday}}</ref> the birthday of P.M. Shri [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/JP-Nadda-releases-Lord-of-the-Records-book-to-mark-PM-Modi-s-birthday/17-09-2020-321714/|title = JP Nadda releases 'Lord of the Records' book to mark PM Modi's birthday}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Burnwal was born in [[Neamatpur]] near [[Asansol]] in [[West Bengal]].<ref name="About"/> He has a Bachelor of Political Science from Delhi University(Topper) and a Masters in Television Journalism from [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].<ref name="RajkamalPrakashan"/> He has a Master of Journalism degree in Journalism from Guru Jamveshwar University and PG Diploma in Human Rights.<ref name="About"/>

==Published works==
Burnwal has published many books, but ''Television ki Bhasha'' is his most famous book.<ref name="RajkamalPrakashan"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhadas4media.com/hcb-ki-modi-par-third-book/|title=इस टीवी पत्रकार ने पांच साल में मोदी के पक्ष में तीसरी किताब ठोंक दी | No. 1 Indian Media News Portal|website=www.bhadas4media.com|date=4 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/sahitya-aajtak-2019-lords-of-records-narendra-modi-harish-chandra-barnwal-1-1134035.html|title=साहित्य आजतक 2019: 'लॉर्ड ऑफ रिकॉर्ड्स' में प्रधानमंत्री मोदी के 243 रिकॉर्ड दर्ज- बर्णवाल|website=aajtak.intoday.in|language=hi|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref>

===Books Collection===
* ''Sangh Ki Ansuni Kahaniyan'' (2025) – [https://books.google.com/books/about/Sangh_Ki_Ansuni_Kahaniyan.html?id=rK2TEQAAQBAJ Google Books] • [https://www.prabhatbooks.com/sangh-ki-ansuni-kahaniyan.htm Prabhat Prakashan]
* ''Lord of Records'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite news
|title=Sahitya Aaj Tak 2019: ‘Lord of Records’ – Narendra Modi book by Harish Chandra Burnwal
|work=Aaj Tak
|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/story/sahitya-aajtak-2019-lords-of-records-narendra-modi-harish-chandra-barnwal-970444-2019-11-02
}}</ref>
*''Television ki Bhasha''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gauging the Language|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/gauging-the-language/article2552291.ece}}</ref>
*''Sach kahata hun''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sach kehta hu book by H.C. Burnwal|work=Dainik Bhaskar|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/DEL-harish-chandra-burnawal-book-sach-kahta-hu-3341994.html}}</ref>
*''Modi Mantra''
*''Modi Sutra''<ref>{{Cite news|title=New book on PM Modi|language=hi|work=NDTV|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/literature/new-book-on-pm-modi-sutra-1639358}}</ref>
*''Modi Neeti''<ref>{{Cite news|title=After Modi Mantra and Sutra Dr. Burnwal lances Modi Neeti|work=Aaj Tak|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/after-modi-mantra-and-modi-sutra-now-dr-harish-chandra-baranwal-new-book-modi-niti-1-1066235.html}}</ref>

===Poetry Collection===
* ''Laharon ki Goonj''

===vBook===
* ''Lord Of Records'' - World's first vBook<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 June 2020|title=vBook on International Yoga Day|work=Aaj Tak|url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/story/v-book-on-pm-modi-will-be-launched-on-international-yoga-day-21-june-1085752-2020-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.newsroompost.com/education/worlds-first-vbook-lord-of-records-prime-minister-narendra-modi/531218.html|title = दुनिया की पहली vBook 'लॉर्ड ऑफ रिकॉर्ड्स, जिसमें है मोदी सरकार के पहले कार्यकाल में बने 243 रिकॉर्ड|date = 22 June 2020}}</ref>

===Bhajan===
* ''To Kya Mera Koi Kanhaiya Nahi'' - Krishna Bhajan <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.newsroompost.com/astro/launch-of-bhajan-which-was-relaxed-during-the-corona-period/600583.html|title=कोरोना काल में सुकून देने वाला भजन लॉन्च, पत्रकार से भजन गायक बने हरीश ने पूछा- तो क्या मेरा कोई कन्हैया नहीं?|date=27 April 2021}}</ref>

==Awards==
Burnwal archive many awards from his own hard work.<ref name="About">[https://harishburnwal.com/about] https://harishburnwal.com/about</ref><ref name="Award">{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=109493|title=Prize Money of Bharatendu Harishchandra Awards to be enhanced|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref>

*[[Bharatendu Harishchandra Awards]]
* Lord Baden Powell National Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marwahproductions.wordpress.com/2021/03/05/sandeep-marwah-nominated-cultural-ambassador-of-india-on-world-scout-day/|title = Sandeep Marwah Nominated Cultural Ambassador of India on World Scout Day|date = 5 March 2021}}</ref>
* Akhil Bharatiya Amritlal Nagar Award
* Kadambini Award
* Kathadesh Award
* Narad Award

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.harishburnwal.com/}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Burnwal, Harish Chandra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:People from Asansol]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]

Madhya Pradesh State Commission For Women

2025-10-18T08:24:56Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: new new data

{{Short description|Statutory body for women's rights, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
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| jurisdiction = [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
| headquarters = Madhya Pradesh State commission for Women,35, Rajiv Gandhi Bhavan, Khand-2, Ist floor, Shyamla Hills, Bhopal - 462002.<ref name="mpw ref1">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Women Commission |url=http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Madhya_Pradesh |website=Madhya Pradesh Women Commission |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="mpw ref2">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Women Commission |url=https://mpswc.nic.in/ |website=Madhya Pradesh Women Commission |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003044557/https://mpswc.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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{{Official website|http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Madhya_Pradesh}}
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'''Madhya Pradesh State Commission for Women''' is a [[statutory]] body constituted in 1998 to deal with the issues relating to [[Violence against women|crime against women]] in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The commission for welfare of women in the state was set up by the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh Government]] as a [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial]] body.

== History and objectives ==

Madhya Pradesh State Commission for Women was formed to investigate specific problems relating to women and apart from studying women related issues from the state.<ref name="scw ref1">{{cite news |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Swarna |title=Why National and State Women’s Commissions are important and should be held accountable |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-national-and-state-women-s-commissions-are-important-and-should-be-held-accountable-2217939 |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=dnaindia.com |date=30 May 2016}}</ref> The Commission is equipped with powers to safeguard rights of women and ensure their protection and equality against any form of harassment and issues faced in the family and community.

The commission was created with the following objectives:

* Ensuring protection and welfare of women.

* Handle gender-based issues through timely intervention in case of any violation of relevant laws or opportunity denial or depriving the women of any rights.

* Recommending to state government on women-based issues.

* The commission occasionally takes steps to create awareness in public regarding the women-based legislation in the state.<ref name="mpw ref5">{{cite news |title=In a first, women’s commission to come out with ads |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/in-a-first-women-s-commission-to-come-out-with-ads/story-0TcZ3911Luispe1wMmRI4N.html |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=hindustantimes.com |date=6 August 2013}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Madhya Pradesh State Commission for Women was formed with a chairperson and other members. The [[Social Welfare Department|social welfare department]] of the state makes modalities for appointing the Chairman of the State Commission for Women. Their salary and other emoluments are fixed by state government and revised from time to time.

Shobha Oza is the Chairperson of the Madhya Pradesh State Commission for Women.<ref name="mpw ref4">{{cite news |title=Over 12,000 cases pending before MP commission for women, says chairperson Shobha Oza |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/over-12000-cases-pending-before-mp-commission-for-women-says-chairperson-shobha-oza |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=freepressjournal |date=18 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="mpw ref6">{{cite news |title=Congress leader Shobha Oza named chairperson of MP Women's Commission |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/congress-leader-shobha-oza-named-chairperson-of-mp-womens-commission20200316224548/ |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=aninews.in |date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113121144/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/congress-leader-shobha-oza-named-chairperson-of-mp-womens-commission20200316224548/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She along with other members will hold office for a period of 3 years.

== Activities ==

Madhya Pradesh State Commission for Women was formed to perform below activities:

* Commission should ensure that it adheres to the provision and protection guaranteed for women under [[Constitution of India]] and women related legislations.<ref name="mpw ref3">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Women Commission |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/MP/MP430.HTM |website=Madhya Pradesh Women Commission |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113115854/http://www.bareactslive.com/MP/MP430.HTM |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* In case any agency in the state fails to implement protective measures against women, getting the same to the notice of Government.

* Making recommendations for the amendments in any law if it fails on provision of justice to the women of the state.

* Taking up with concerned authorities any issue of violation of women's rights and recommending follow-up action to them.

* Women who have complaints of violation of their rights and non-implementation of their protective measures guaranteed under the Constitution of India can directly approach Women Commission for redressal.

* Counselling and assisting women who are victims of atrocities and discrimination in the state.

* Financing litigation expenses for any issues involving mass group of women and occasionally make reports to the state government relating to them.

* Inspecting any premises, jail or other remand home where women prisoners are lodged or any other case and bringing them to the notice of respective authorities, in case of need.

* Enquire, study and investigate any specific women-based issues.

* Initiate educational research or undertaking any promotional method and recommend ways for ensuring women representation in all areas and identifying reasons depriving them of their rights.

* To enquire suo-moto or any complaints of any issue which deprives women of their rights or women protection laws not being implemented or noncompliance of any policies relating to them or failure of following instructions relating to women welfare and relief associated with them.

== Related Articles ==

[[National Commission for Women]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://mpswc.nic.in/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003044557/https://mpswc.nic.in/ |date=2024-10-03 }}
* {{Official website|http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Madhya_Pradesh}}



[[Category:State agencies of India]]
[[Category:Commissions in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]

Mava (tobacco)

2025-09-25T13:57:20Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: new new post - done

{{Short description|Form of smokeless chewing tobacco}}
'''Mava''', also known as '''Maava''' or '''Mawa''', ({{langx|hi|मावा}}) is a form of [[smokeless tobacco]] that combines tobacco with ingredients like [[betel nut]] and lime, forming a concoction.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Uppar |first1=Ravindra |title=Gutka users switch over to mawa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/gutka-users-switch-over-to-mawa/articleshow/20566463.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=June 13, 2013}}</ref> Studies indicate that it is one of the most dangerous forms of chewing tobacco.<ref name=dna>{{cite news |last1=Shetty |first1=Disha |title=Study: Mawa most dangerous among chewing tobacco items |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-study-mawa-most-dangerous-among-chewing-tobacco-items-2483740 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=June 26, 2017}}</ref>

It comprises approximately 95% [[areca nut]] by weight and is chewed for 10–20 minutes when placed in the mouth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Smokeless Tobacco and Some Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326503/ |website=Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] |date=December 2023}}</ref> Mava finds usage in [[South Asia]], notably in the Indian Subcontinent, and is popular in the Indian states of [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], as well as in [[Bangladesh]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Committee formed against gutka, mawa business |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2414034/committee-formed-against-gutka-mawa-business |publisher=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=April 28, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Ayaz |title=Consuming Tobacco Products: A Cultural Practice Turning Into a Risky Affair |url=https://www.balochistanvoices.com/2018/03/consuming-tobacco-products-cultural-value-turning-risky-affair/ |publisher=Balochistan Voices |date=March 18, 2018}}</ref>

== Usage ==
Mawa comprises areca nut shavings (5-6 g), tobacco (about 0.3 g), and watery [[slaked lime]]. Users vigorously rub the mixture for homogeneity, remove any coarse tobacco pieces, and chew it until soft. They then transfer it to the mandibular groove, sucking for ten to twenty minutes. A variant utilized in [[Gujarat]], referred to as meetha mawa, incorporates thin shavings of areca nut, grated coconut, dried fruits, and sweeteners.<ref>{{cite book |author1=V. M. Sivaramakrishnan |title=Tobacco and Areca Nut |date=2001 |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |isbn=9788125020134 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3IooL36XmgC&dq=mawa+tobacco&pg=PA15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Smokeless Tobacco Or Health An International Perspective |date=1995 |publisher=DIANE Publishing Company |isbn=9780788120671 |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpiZ9vrvPRIC&dq=mawa+tobacco&pg=PA61}}</ref>

=== Meetha Mawa ===
Meetha Mawa, meaning sweet mawa, is a sweet variant of mawa, made from thin shavings of areca nut, grated coconut, dried fruits, and various sweetening agents. Commonly used in Gujarat, similar preparations with distinct names are popular in various regions.<ref name=report>{{cite book |editor1-last=Reddy |editor1-first=K. Srinath |editor2-last=Gupta C. |editor2-first=Prakash |title=Report on Tobacco control in India |date=November 2004 |publisher=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] |url=https://ntcp.mohfw.gov.in/assets/document/surveys-reports-publications/Report-on-Tobacco-Control-in-India.pdf}}</ref>

== Research ==
According to Dr. E Vidhubala, an assistant professor of psycho-oncology heading the Tobacco Cessation Centre at the [[Cancer Institute (WIA)|Cancer Institute]] in [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]], Mawa contains 3,000 toxins, including 200 cancer-causing substances like powdered tobacco leaves, [[ammonia]], [[ethanol]], [[acetone]], [[phenols]], [[stearic acid]], [[naphthalene]], [[vinyl chloride]], [[arsenic]], [[formalin]], [[nicotine]], [[hydrogen cyanide]], [[Nitrobenzene]], [[acetic acid]], [[toluene]], [[methane]], [[cadmium]], [[DDT]]/[[dieldrin]], and [[hexamine]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Chew on this: More kids taking to mawa |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2009/sep/14/chew-on-this-more-kids-taking-to-mawa-86135.html |publisher=[[New Indian Express]] |date=September 14, 2009}}</ref>

A laboratory study conducted at the [[University of Minnesota]], USA, in collaboration with the Healis-Sekhsaria Institute of Public Health, [[Navi Mumbai]], found high levels of cancer-causing chemicals in Mawa.<ref name=dna/>

According to a report published by the Indian government, the practice of chewing mawa has gained high popularity among young men aged 15–35 years.<ref name=report/>
== Ban ==
In 2013, the [[Government of Karnataka]] implemented a ban on the tobacco product [[Gutka]], subsequently leading to an increased demand for Mawa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Post Gutkha ban, Mava on demand |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/state/post-gutkha-ban-mava-on-demand/articleshow/21181870.cms |publisher=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=June 13, 2013}}</ref> The [[Government of Maharashtra]] has banned the sale of manufactured chewing tobacco, including Mawa in July 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra: State bans sale of manufactured chewing tobacco |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-state-bans-sale-of-manufactured-chewing-tobacco/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=July 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra bans betel leaf, 'maava' and flavoured tobacco mix |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maharashtra-bans-betel-leaf-maava-and-flavoured-tobacco-mix/articleshow/21247021.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=July 22, 2013}}</ref> Mawa is prohibited in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Ingredients of pan masala and gutka-mawa are dissimilar' |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2441653/ingredients-of-pan-masala-and-gutka-mawa-are-dissimilar |publisher=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=October 18, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Selling gutka, mawa: Police 'take bribe' for shopkeeper's release in Karachi |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2181762/selling-gutka-mawa-police-take-bribe-shopkeepers-release-karachi |publisher=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=March 22, 2020}}</ref>

The [[Greater Chennai Police]] confiscated over 30 kg of banned tobacco, including 22 kg of gutkha and 9 kg of Mawa in February 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 30 kg of banned tobacco products seized in Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/over-30-kg-of-banned-tobacco-products-seized-in-chennai/article66529034.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=February 19, 2023}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[List of tobacco products]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tobacco products]]
[[Category:Tobacco in India]]
[[Category:Tobacco industry]]

Ransi Gaon

2025-08-15T00:51:11Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: created the entry initial version

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ransi Gaon
| native_name = Ransiganv, Ransigav, Ransigav, Ransi
| native_name_lang = Marwadi
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_type = Gram Panchayat
| subdivision_name = Ransi Gaon
| subdivision_type1 = Tehsil
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Rajasthan|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type4 = Country
| subdivision_type5 = [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Assembly constituency]]
| subdivision_type6 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bilara]]
| subdivision_name2 = Jodhpur Rural
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name4 = {{flag|india}}
| subdivision_name5 = [[Bilara Assembly constituency]]
| subdivision_name6 = [[Pali Lok Sabha constituency|Pali parliamentary constituency]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Official language
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hindi]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Marwari language|Marwadi]]
| blank_name_sec1 = Vernacular language
| registration_plate = RJ-19 / RJ-54
| postal_code_type = Pin Code
| postal_code = 342601
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| leader_title = Sarpanch (Village head)
| leader_name = Sampat Ji
| area_code = 02930
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| blank_name_sec2 = Assembly MLA
| blank_info_sec2 = Arjun Lal Garg
| blank1_name_sec2 = Parliament MP
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[P. P. Choudhary]]
| postal2_code_type = Post office
| postal2_code = Ransi gaon
| length_km = 5
| width_km = 6
| area_total_ha = 5428.7
| population_total = 8418
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rural = 8418
| image_skyline = Ransiganv Chamunda devi mandir.jpg
| image_map1 = {{mapframe|frame=yes|type=point|{{Coord||}}|text=|zoom=SWITCH:4,9,13|switch=zoomed out, zoomed mid, zoomed in}}
| coordinates = {{coord|26|21|40.0|N|73|45|01.5|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Rajasthan#India#World
| elevation_m = 302
| iso_code = RJ-IN
| demographics_type1 = Transport Connectivity
| demographics1_title1 = [[List of railway stations in India|Nearby Railway Station]]
| demographics1_info1 = Pipar Railway Station
| demographics1_title2 = [[List of airports in Rajasthan|Nearest Airport]]
| demographics1_info2 = [[Jodhpur Airport]]
| demographics_type2 = Crops
| demographics2_title1 = [[Kharif crop|Kharif]]
| demographics2_info1 = Bajra, maije, jawar, groundnut
| demographics2_title2 = [[Rabi crop|Rabi]]
| demographics2_info2 = Barley, wheat, gram, pulses, mustard
| image_caption = Chamunda Mata Temple, Ransi Gaon
}}
'''Ransi Gaon''' is a [[village]] located in the [[Bilara tehsil]] of [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur District]], in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jodhpur, Rajasthan |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/ac_maps//AM131.pdf}}</ref> [[Stud farm]]s are present there.

It is known for the [[Marwari horse]], and the village conducts a fair for it each year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-04 |title=देशभर से आए मारवाड़ी नस्ल के घोड़े: 550 घोड़ों के साथ मारवाड़ी हॉर्स शो में प्रतियोगिताएं, रणसी गांव में देश का दूसरा आयोजन |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jodhpur/news/competitions-in-marwari-horse-show-with-550-horses-countrys-second-event-in-ransi-village-130759755.html |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>

The village is rich in [[limestone]]. The village has a population of 8,488.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilara Constituency Map |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/PCMAP/pc15.pdf}}</ref> Ransi Gaon has its own [[gram panchayat]].

The village is flanked by an old, supposedly haunted stepwell, known as 'Bhuto Ki Bawri'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जब भूत ने मांगी थी माफी, राजस्थान की इस भूतों की बावड़ी की है अजब-गजब कहानी |url=https://www.patrika.com/jodhpur-news/bhoot-bawdi-ransi-gaon-rajasthan-bhoot-ki-bawdi-ransi-village-7836701/}}</ref>

== History ==
According to [[legend]], [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]], after winning a [[Wrestling|wrestling match]] with a ghost near Natiyali Nadi near the village, tied him in chains and built a [[palace]] for himself along with a well. Due to a broken promise between the ghost and the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]], a part of the well and the two-story palace remained incomplete. This well was built with 16 poles by carving [[Work of art|artwork]] on [[:File:Udaipur, Lal ghat (9710319787).jpg|Lal Ghat]] stone.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Jodhpur district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Rajasthan Lokayukta

2025-08-07T03:11:45Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai:

{{Short description|Parliamentary Ombudsman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Rajasthan Lokayukta
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| federal = No
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| headquarters = Rajasthan Lokayukta, Lokayukta Secretariat Rajasthan, Government Secretariat Complex, Jaipur-302005.
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| chief1name = Hon’ble Shri Justice Shri Pratap Krishna Lohra.<ref name="rl ref1">{{cite web |title=लोकायुक्त सचिवालय स्वागत करता है |url=http://lokayukta.rajasthan.gov.in/ |website=lokayukta.rajasthan.gov.in |access-date=24 December 2021}}</ref>
| chief1position = Chairperson
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'''Rajasthan Lokayukta''' is the [[Parliamentary Ombudsman]] for the state of [[Rajasthan]] ([[India]]). It is a high level statutory functionary, created to address grievances of the public against ministers, legislators, administration and public servants in issues related to misuse of power, mal-administration and corruption. It was first formed under the Rajasthan Lokayukta and Deputy Lokayukta Act, and approved by the [[president of India]]. [[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]] adopted by [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] had come into force from 16 January 2014, requiring each Indian state to appoint its [[Lokayukta]] within a year.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref3">{{cite news |last1=Seetharaman |first1=G. |title=Delay in appointment of Lokpal & Lokayukta: Who will bell the graft? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-there-is-no-lokpal-at-centre-and-lokayukta-in-many-states/articleshow/66570168.cms |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha passes landmark Lokpal Bill |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-landmark-lokpal-bill/article20701403.ece1 |access-date=5 September 2021 |publisher=businessline |date=12 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref> According to the 2013 law, a bench of Lokayukta should consist of judicial and non-judicial members.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref5">{{cite news |title=Only four states have appointed judicial, non-judicial members of Lokayukta, says report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/only-four-states-have-appointed-judicial-non-judicial-members-of-lokayukta-says-report/articleshow/79627314.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 December 2020}}</ref> An Upa-Lokayukta is a deputy to Lokayukta<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1">{{cite news |title=No provision of advertising vacancies of Lokayukta: MP Govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/no-provision-of-advertising-vacancies-of-lokayukta-mp-govt/articleshow/50742053.cms |access-date=12 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=27 January 2016}}</ref> and assists in her or his work and acts as the in-charge Lokayukta if the position fells vacant before time.

A [[Lokayukta]] of the state is appointed to office by the state [[Governor]] after consulting the committee consisting of State [[Chief Minister]], [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of Legislative Assembly, [[Leader of Opposition]],<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1" /> Chairman of Legislative Council and Leader of Opposition of Legislative Council and cannot be removed from office except for reasons specified in the Act and will serve the period of five years.

== History and administration ==

Rajasthan Lokayukta Act was passed in 1973<ref name="rl ref4" /> making it one of the first state's (3rd state) to pass the law before the Central Government passed the Bill,<ref name="rl ref6">{{cite book |last1=Pohekar |first1=Preeti Dilip |title=A study of ombudsman system in India with special reference to lokayukta in Maharashtra |date=2010 |publisher=Gyan Pub. House |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-212-1055-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1fIduSccNkC&dq=rajasthan+lokayukta&pg=PA127 |access-date=24 December 2021}}</ref> and got President's approval in January 2015. The Act was passed for the formation of anti-corruption panel to look into allegation of corruption and other abuse of power by Chief Minister, ex-Chief Ministers, other ministers under him and public functionaries and influential officials as per the Act. The act replaces the Odisha Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 1995. As per the [[Indian Penal code]] all the proceedings before Lokayukta are considered as judicial proceedings.

Rajasthan Lokayukta Act prohibits disclosure of the identity of the complainant and the functionary against whom the complaint is filed during proceedings before it. The Act lays down for the electronically filed complaint to be filed in hard copy within 15 days of the date of complaint filed by the complainant. As per the Act protection is given for the integrity of the investigation process and to the complainant but not be liable in case the person discloses himself. According to the Act the complaint will be made void in case it is not related to public functionary or the content has ambiguity or fraud or is not related to the purpose mentioned therein. However the Lokayukta can continue with enquiry or investigation if he finds purpose in the complaint and the same is mentioned in the Act. Additionally if after commencement of investigation he finds the grounds are insufficient, he can discontinue the investigation. The office of Lokayukta has the facility of filing complaints online.<ref name="Odis LokRef7">{{cite news |title=Only Odisha, TN, Bihar, Manipur have appointed judicial and non-judicial members of Lokayukta, finds report |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/only-odisha-tamil-nadu-bihar-manipur-have-appointed-judicial-and-non-judicial-members-of-lokayukta-finds-report-9093431.html |access-date=19 September 2021 |publisher=Firstpost |date=9 December 2020}}</ref>

== Oath or affirmation ==

{{Blockquote|"I, <name>, having been appointed Lokayukta (or Upa-Lokayukta) do swear in the name of God (or solemnly affirm) that I will bear faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will."|First Schedule, Odisha Lokayukta and Deputy Lokayukta Act-2013}}

== Powers ==

Rajasthan Lokayukta has complete and exclusive authority for enquiring into allegations or complaints against the State Chief Minister, State Deputy Chief Minister, Ministers of the state Government, Leader of Opposition and Government officials.<ref name="rl ref6" /><ref name="lok ref1">{{cite news |title=The ABC of Lokayukta |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-the-abc-of-lokayukta-2597122 |access-date=24 December 2021 |publisher=DNA India |date=24 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== Appointment and tenure ==

Justice Pratap Krishna Lohra, former Rajasthan High Court judge was appointed as Lokayukta for the office of Rajasthan Lokayukta.<ref name="rl ref3">{{cite news |title=Pratap Krishna Lohra takes oath as Rajasthan Lokayukta |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/pratap-krishna-lohra-takes-oath-as-rajasthan-lokayukta/2043650 |access-date=24 December 2021 |publisher=outlookindia.com |date=9 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Rajasthan Lokayukta tenure is five years.<ref name="rl ref2">{{cite news |title=Tenure of Rajasthan Lokayukta cut |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tenure-of-rajasthan-lokayukta-cut/article28323852.ece |access-date=24 December 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=8 July 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="rl ref4">{{cite news |title=Rajasthan: Ashok Gehlot govt reduces Lokayukta tenure to 5 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-ashok-gehlot-govt-reduces-lokayukta-tenure-to-5-years-5616593/ |access-date=24 December 2021 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=8 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable cases ==

* Rajasthan Lokayukta resolved 28,524 cases out of 28,581 between years 2013 and 2019.<ref name="rl ref4" />
* Rajasthan Lokayukta got 885, 860, 814, and 755 complaints against the revenue, urban development and housing, police department and rural development departments respectively in year 2017-18.<ref name="rl ref5">{{cite news |title=Rajasthan Lokayukta got 885 complaints against revenue dept in 2017-18 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/rajasthan-lokayukta-got-885-compliants-against-revenue-dept-in-2017-18/story-qdTcnM5yXMT1DsODEM1uYO.html |access-date=24 December 2021 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=20 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

*[[Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013|Lokpal and Lokayukta Act 2013]]
*[[West Bengal Lokayukta]]
*[[Tamilnadu Lokayukta]]
*[[Jharkhand Lokayukta]]
*[[Chhattisgarh Lokayog]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://lokayukta.rajasthan.gov.in/ official website]


[[Category:Lokayuktas]]

Rana Pratap Sagar Dam

2025-08-03T00:48:13Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Rana Pratap Sagar Dam
| image = View of Ranapratap Dam from Upstream side.jpg
| image_caption = Upstream view of Rana Pratap Sagar Dam
| name_official = Rana Pratap Sagar DamDam Type –Gravity with ogee shaped spill way having 50' x 44' x 11 Nos. crest gates.
| dam_crosses = [[Chambal River]], a tributary of [[Yamuna River]]
| res_name = Multipurpose
| location = [[Rawatbhata]], [[Chittorgarh District]], [[Rajasthan]]
| operator = [[Water Resources Department, Rajasthan]], Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited (RVUNL)
| dam_length = {{Convert|1143|m|ft}}
| dam_height = {{Convert|53.8|m|ft}}
| dam_width_base =
| construction_began = 1953
| opening = 1970
| cost = Rs. 4065 million
| res_capacity_total = 2,898,000,000 cubic metres (102.36 tmc ft)
| res_capacity_active = 1,566,520,000 cubic metres
| res_catchment = {{Convert|956|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (intercepted)
| res_surface = {{Convert|198.29|km2|abbr=on}}
| location_map = India Rajasthan#India
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|24|55|04|N|75|34|53|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| extra = <ref name=Large>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|title=National Register of Large Dams|work=Rajasthan Sr No.76|access-date=11 May 2011|publisher=Central Water Commission|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
The '''Rana Pratap Sagar Dam''' is a gravity masonry dam of {{Convert|53.8|m}} height built on the [[Chambal River]] at [[Rawatbhata]] in [[Rajasthan]] in [[India]]. It is part of integrated scheme of a cascade development of the river involving four projects starting with the [[Gandhi Sagar Dam]] in the upstream reach ({{Convert|48|km}} upstream) in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and the [[Jawahar Sagar Dam]] on the downstream ({{Convert|28|km}} downstream) with a terminal structure of the Kota Barrage ({{Convert|28|km}} further downstream) in Rajasthan for irrigation.<ref name=Large/><ref name=Chambal>{{cite web|url=http://www.rvunl.com/Rana%20Pratap%20Sagar%20hydel%20Power%20Station.html|title= Chambal River Valley Development Project|access-date=14 May 2011|publisher=Chambal River Valley Development Project:Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited}}</ref>

The direct benefit from the dam is hydropower generation of '''172 MW''' (with four units of 43 MW capacity each) at the dam toe powerhouse adjoining the spillway, with releases received from the Gandhi Sagar Dam and the additional storage created at the dam by the intercepted catchment area. The estimated generation potential of 473.0 GWh of generation has been exceeded in most years since its commissioning. The power station was officially declared open on 9 February 1970 by [[Indira Gandhi]], the then [[Prime Minister of India]]. The dam and power plant are named after the warrior [[Rana Pratap|Maharaja Rana Pratap]] of Rajasthan.<ref name=Chambal/><ref name="HY"/>

==Geography==
[[File:Ranapratap Reservoir.jpg|left|thumb|Reservoir expanse of Rana Pratap Sagar Dam]]
The dam is located on the Chambal River near Rawatbhata in Rajasthan. The dam drains a total catchment area of {{Convert|24864|km2|abbr=on}}, of which only {{Convert|956|km2|abbr=on}} are in Rajasthan. The free catchment intercepted at this dam site, below Gandhi Sagar Dam, is {{Convert|2280|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Chambal/>
[[File:Vindhya.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Vindhya Range]] of hills where the [[Chambal River]] originates]]
The Chambal River (known in ancient times as the [[Charmavati River]]), a perennial river, which is first tapped at the Gandhi Sagar dam as part of its cascade development, raises in the [[Vindhya Range]] of hills at an elevation of {{Convert|853|m}}, south of [[Mhow]] ({{Convert|15|km}} west-southwest of Mhow). It flows north-northeast through [[Madhya Pradesh]], runs for a time through [[Rajasthan]], then forms the boundary between Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh before turning southeast to join the [[Yamuna River]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state. Its total length from source up to the confluence with the Yamuna River near [[Etawah]] at elevation ({{Convert|122|m}} is {{Convert|900|km}}.<ref name="Chambal River">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104847/Chambal-River#ref=ref172222 |title=Chambal River (in Chambal River (river, India)) |access-date=10 May 2011|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref name="JainAgarwal2007">{{cite book|author1=Sharad K. Jain|author2=Pushpendra K. Agarwal|author3=Vijay P. Singh|title=Hydrology and water resources of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&pg=RA1-PA345|access-date=13 May 2011|date=5 March 2007|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-5179-1|pages=350–351}}</ref> It flows in a north–south direction for about ({{Convert|360|km}} in Madhya Pradesh and then enters Rajasthan at Chaurasigarh about {{Convert|96|km}} south east from Kota and eventually joins the [[Yamuna River]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] near Etawah.<ref name=Chambal/> The river reach of {{Convert|96|km}} from {{Convert|344|km}} to {{Convert|440|km}} from its source is a deep gorge section and further downstream there are plains. The Gandhi Sagar Dam is located in the middle reach of the gorge section of the river and affords good storage facility. For the next ({{Convert|48|km}}, the river flows through the Kundal Plateau, and the Rana Pratap Sagar Dam is constructed at the lower end of this reach, about ({{Convert|1.6|km}} upstream of Chulia Falls. Here again, the topography permits fairly good storage upstream of the dam.<ref name="JainAgarwal2007"/>

The river is drained by a rainfed catchment with major part of the catchment receiving an average rainfall of {{Convert|860|mm}}, with temperature variation from a maximum of {{Convert|40|C}} to a minimum of {{Convert|2|C}}, and with the relative humidity lying between 30 and 90% during the year.<ref name="JainAgarwal2007"/>

The nearest railway station is at Kota, which is at a road distance of {{Convert|59|km}}, from the dam.

==History==
An integrated development planning was launched in 1953, envisaging development of the irrigation and hydropower potential (386 MW from the three power stations) as part of the [[Chambal River|Chambal River Valley Development]]. This planning was done during the [[Five-Year plans of India|First Five-Year Plan, 1951–1956]] launched by the [[Government of India]], after [[History of Republic of India|India attained independence in August 1947]]; the Chambal River with annual flow of {{convert|3400000|acre.ft|km3}} had till then remained untapped from any major developmental works.<ref name=reduce>{{Cite web|url=http://agropedialabs.iitk.ac.in/gangapedia/sites/default/files/THE%20BIG%20IRRIGATION%20PROJECTS_The%20strong%20case%20for%20reducing%20the%20FRL%20of%20the%20Chambal%20Dam.pdf|title=The strong case for reducing the FRL of the Chambal Dam|access-date=11 May 2011|publisher=agropedialabs.iitk.ac.in}}</ref>)
The planning involved utilization of the hydropower potential of the river to harness the drop of {{Convert|625|m}} available in the Chambal River from its source in [[Mhow]] in Madhya Pradesh up to the Kota city, which marks the exit of the river from its gorge section into the plains in Rajasthan.<ref name=Valley>{{Cite web|url=http://kotadivision.nic.in/commandareadevlopment.htm|title=Command Area Development Chambal, Kota|access-date=10 May 2011|publisher=Kota Division National Informatics Centre|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323190452/http://kotadivision.nic.in/commandareadevlopment.htm|archive-date=23 March 2012}}</ref><ref name=Dams>{{Cite web|url=http://waterresources.rajasthan.gov.in/4chambal.htm|title=Chambal Valley Project|access-date=10 May 2011|publisher=Government of Rajasthan|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085442/http://waterresources.rajasthan.gov.in/4chambal.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

While the first stage involved construction of the Gandhi Sagar Dam for creation of storage of 7,322,000,000 cubic metres and power generation and utilization of the stored waters for irrigation from the Kota Barrage in Rajasthan was initiated in 1953–54, the second stage development involved utilization of the water released from the Gandhi Sagar Dam through a second dam structure ({{Convert|48|km}}, downstream at [[Rawatbhata]] in [[Chittorgarh District]] of Rajasthan envisaging additional storage from the intermediate catchment below Gandhi Sagar Dam. Additional storage at this dam also envisaged increase of irrigation benefits from the Kota barrage from Stage I potential of {{Convert|445000|ha}} to {{Convert|567000|ha}}. The main benefit at this dam envisaged power generation at a dam toe powerhouse with installation of power plants of 172 MW capacity with four turbo generators of 43 MW capacity each. The project was completed in 1970. The power generated at this dam is shared equally with Madhya Pradesh, as the Gandhi Sagar dam provides the stored waters for utilization at this dam.<ref name=Valley/><ref name=Dams/>

==Description==
[[File:View from recreational area of Ranapratpsagar Dam.jpg|thumb|left|View of Rana Pratap Sagar Dam from the recreational area]]
[[File:Ranapratap Sagar Dam Road on Top of dam.jpg|right|thumb|Rana Pratap Sagar Dam Road on the top of the dam]]
The Rana Pratap Sagar Dam is a straight masonry gravity structure of {{Convert|53.8|m|abbr=on}} height with a length of {{Convert|1143|m|abbr=on}}. The reservoir stretch is -km and its surface area at the Full Reservoir Level is {{Convert|198.29|km2|abbr=on}}. The dam has created a storage capacity (Gross Storage) of 2,898,000,000 cubic metres out of which the utilizable storage (Live Storage) is 1,566,520,000 cubic metres. The dam is designed to pass a designed flood discharge of 18,408.00 m3/s through a spillway structure which is provided with 17 crest gates of 18.3 mx8.53m size above the spillway crest for the purpose.<ref name=Large/><ref name="DandekarSharma1979">{{cite book|author1=M. M. Dandekar|author2=K. N. Sharma|title=Water power engineering|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eiYIAQAAIAAJ|page=200|access-date=13 May 2011|year=1979|publisher=Vikas|isbn=978-0-7069-0700-1}}</ref> In addition, sluice gates have also been provided in the body of the dam at lower levels to remove silt deposited in the dam.<ref name=Chambal/>

The power house is located on the left side of the spillway and consists of 4 units of 43 MW each, with firm power generation of 90 MW at 60% load factor. The stored water from the reservoir including the water discharged from the powerhouse of the upper reservoir (The Gandhi Sagar Reservoir) is utilized for power generation over an operating head range of {{Convert|189|ft|abbr=on}} (maximum) to {{Convert|152|ft|abbr=on}} (minimum). The water conductor system consists of penstock pipes (of {{Convert|20|ft|abbr=on}} diameter) from the dam to feed the four power plants (turbo-generators) and a tailrace tunnel of {{Convert|1450|m|abbr=on}} length and diameter {{Convert|12|m|abbr=on}}, to lead the water back to the Chambal River. Rajasthan State has a 50% share in the power generation of this station.<ref name=Large/><ref name=Chambal/><ref name="CommissionBroadcasting1971">{{cite book|author1=India. Planning Commission|author2=India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|page=61|title=Yojana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yJQaAQAAMAAJ|date=January 1971|publisher=Publications Division.}}</ref>

The project was built at a cost of Rs 4065 million including the Power plant which involved a cost of Rs 1474 million.<ref name="HY"/> Funds were provided under the [[Colombo Plan]] to import the equipment from Canada. At a formal inauguration held on 9 February 1970, the project was dedicated to the nation.<ref name="HY">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rvunl.com/RPS.html|title= Rana Pratap Sagar Hydel Power Station|access-date=14 May 2011|publisher=Chambal River Valley Development Project|quote=" Out of the Rs 40.65 Croes spent in the construction of Rana Pratap Sagar Dam and Power House in the second stage Rs 14.74 croes were spent on the construction of Power Station. All the equipment of this power housewere imported from Canada under the Colombo Plan. There are 4 units in the Power Station each of 43MW Capacity.}}</ref> The power plant was transferred to the Rajasthan State Electricity Board now renamed as Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited. According to energy generation statistics reported for the period 1968–2008, the average generation was 480.6 GWh against originally planned generation of 473 GWh. Along with the Rajasthan Atomic Power Station which is located near the Rawatbhata dam and the Rana Pratap Sagar Power plant contribute to the stability of the Northern Regional Power Grid of the country.<ref name=Chambal/>

;Reservoir
The reservoir water stretch from the dam extends up to the Gandhi Sagar Dam. The Rana Pratap Sagar Reservoir, the wetland created by the dam, is identified as one of the important aquatic areas with suitable vegetation for bird life proliferation, which needs enumeration for its bird species.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdfair.org/wetland.htm.|title=Wetlands Biodiversity in Rajasthan|access-date=13 May 2011|publisher= birdfair.org}}</ref> The reservoir area supports considerable population of resident and migratory birds.<ref name=Kota>{{Cite web|url= http://Kotadivision.Nic.In/Tourisam.Htm.|title=Tourism in Kota Division|access-date=13 May 2011|publisher= Kotadivision National Informatics Centre}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Water|Renewable energy}}
* [[Maharana Pratap Sagar]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{stack|}}
{{Hydrography of Rajasthan}}
{{Power Plants of Rajasthan}}
{{Chambal River dams}}

[[Category:Chambal River]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kota, Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Dams in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Memorials to Maharana Pratap]]
[[Category:Dams on the Yamuna River]]
[[Category:Masonry dams]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1970]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Jayantibhai Rathva

2025-03-01T07:44:20Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: creating new details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Jayantibhai Rathva''' (born 1975)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rathwa Jayantibhai Savjibhai(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- JETPUR (ST)(CHHOTA UDEPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5979 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from [[Jetpur, Chhota Udaipur Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Chhota Udaipur district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=marathi |title=Gujarat jetpur Election Results, Gujarat Elections 2022 Vote Counting LIVE |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/electionselections/gujarat-assembly-election-2022/gujarat-jetpur-constituency-138.html |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Jetpur Election Result 2022 LIVE: Jayanthibhai of BJP in lead, check election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/gujarat-election-result-2022-jetpur-legislative-assembly-election-winner-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15355761.htm |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rathva is from [[Jetpur, Chhota Udaipur Assembly constituency|Jetpur]], Chhota Udaipur district, Gujarat. He is the son of Savajibhai Nayakdabhai Rathva. He completed his graduation in arts at S. N. College, Chota Udaipur, which is affiliated with [[Gujarat University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Rathva won from Jetpur Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 86,041 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Radhikaben Rathva of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], by a margin of 37,779 votes, and the Congress candidate and leader of the opposition in the outgoing assembly, Sukhram Rathva, who finished third.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gujarat: BJP beats AAP in Pavi Jetpur assembly seat, Congress relegated to 3rd spot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/gujarat/news/gujarat-bjp-beats-aap-in-pavi-jetpur-assembly-seat-congress-relegated-to-3rd-spot/articleshow/96089902.cms |access-date=2025-01-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=General election to Vidhan Sabha trends and results December 2022 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06138.htm?ac=138 |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]], also on the BJP ticket. In 2012, he defeated [[Sukhram Rathva]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 4,273 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jetpur Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Rathwa Jayantibhai Savjibhai Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/jetpur-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-2-6562567.html |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> But he lost the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] to Sukhram Rathva by a margin of 3,072 votes, before regaining the seat for BJP in 2022.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Gujarat election 2022: Jetpur Assembly Seat result |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/jetpur-138 |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathva, Jayantibhai}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Chhota Udaipur district]]

Vedapuriswarar Temple, Thiruvedhikudi

2025-02-15T06:07:16Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: started a location initial version

{{Short description|Shiva temple in Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Vedapuriswarar Temple
| image = Vedapureeswarar temple, Thiruvedikudi (8).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|10|51|23|N|79|8|14|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thanjavur District|Thanjavur]]
| locale = [[Thiruvedhikudi]]
| deity = Vedapuriswarar Vazhaimadunathar ([[Shiva]])
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Vedapuriswarar Temple, Thiruvedhikudi''' or '''Vazhaimadunathar Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] located in [[Thiruvedhikudi]] near [[Tiruvaiyaru]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil poet saints known as the [[nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''. The temple is counted as the earliest of all Chola temples.

There are many inscriptions associated with the temple indicating contributions from [[Cholas]], [[Thanjavur Nayaks]] and [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]]. The oldest parts of the present masonry structure were built during the [[Chola dynasty]] in the 9th century CE, while later expansions, including the towering [[gopuram]] gatehouses, are attributed to later periods, up to the Thanjavur Nayaks during the 16th century.

The temple complex is one of the largest in the state and it houses four gateway towers known as ''[[gopurams]]''. The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Vedapuriswarar and Mangayarkarasi being the most prominent. The temple complex houses many halls and three precincts; the most notable is the second precinct built during the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar period]] that has many sculptures. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from [[5:30]] a.m. to 10 p.m., and twelve yearly festivals on its calendar. The temple is maintained and administered by [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Vedapureeswarar temple, Thiruvedikudi (12).jpg|250px|thumb|left|Image of the sanctum, the oldest shrine of the temple]]
God was emanating from banana tank and hence called Vazhaimadu nathar. [[Lingam]] here is called Vedapuriswarar.<ref>''Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism ''.P.70.Kodayanallur Vanamamalai Soundara Rajan.</ref> The Pranava manthra "OM" came here and worshiped Lord Shiva, where ever the Pranavam goes the Vedha will follow, hence Pranava manthra "OM" consider to be the peak in Vedhas, because all Vedhas worshiped the lord here, this place is called as Vedhikudi. This is the place where Lord Shiva collected Vethiar (priest) for Nandhi's Marriage. As per another legend, a Chola king was praying for his daughter's marriage for a long time. By the grace of Mangayarkarasi, the presiding deity of the temple, the king's daughter got married. He renamed her daughter Mangayarakarasi.<ref name=dinamalar/> As per another legend, ''Vedhi'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] means [[Brahma]]. Since Brahma worshiped Shiva in the place, it came to be known as Thiruvedhikudi.<ref name=Saiva4/>

==Architecture==
The temple is revered by the hymns of 7th-century-CE [[Tamil people|Tamil]] saint poets, [[Appar]] and [[Sambandar]]. The temple lies on Kudamurutti river on the Thiruvayyaru - Thanjavur road. The temple faces east and is entered via a three-tiered pyramidal ''raja[[gopuram]]'' (gateway tower). The presiding deity in the form of [[lingam]] is housed in the sanctum in square shape. The attached hall, the ''ardhamandapa'' measures the same width as the sanctum, while its length is twice the sanctum. The ''ardhamandapa'' projects towards the east. The ''Mukhamandapa'' has a square structure. The shrine of Mangayarkarasi faces south. The Mahamandapa houses the image of Vedha Vinagayar who is sported in a posture hearing the four Vedas from Shiva. Since Shiva is believed to have appeared from plantain tree, he is also called Vazhaimadunathar.<ref name=Saiva4>{{cite book|title=Saiva Encyclopaedia volume 4 - Thirumurai Thalangal|editor-last=Dr. R.|editor-first=Selvaganapathy|publisher=Saint Sekkizhaar Human Resource Development Charitable Trust|location=Chennai, India|year=2013|pages=425}}</ref> The temple is maintained and administered by [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=HRCE>{{cite web|title=Thirukoil - Temple list of Tamil Nadu|url=https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|pages=185|access-date=11 August 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009010850/https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Religious importance==
[[Campantar|Tirugnana Sambandar]], a 7th-century Tamil ''Saivite'' poet, venerated Vedhapureeswarar in two ''padigams'' in ''[[Tevaram]]'', compiled as the ''[[Tirumurai|Third Tirumurai]]''. [[Appar]], a contemporary of Sambandar, also venerated Vedhapureeswarar in two ''padigams'' in ''Tevaram'', compiled in the fourth Tirumurai.<ref name=Thevaram>{{cite web|title=Vedhikudi|publisher=Dharumapuram Adheenam|url=http://thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/koil_view.php?koil_idField=271|date=25 April 2020}}</ref> As the temple is revered in ''Tevaram'', it is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', one of the 275 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon. The temple is counted as the 52nd in the list of temples in the northern banks of Cauvery.<ref name="appar">{{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0188.pdf|title=Tevaram Of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 5 part - 2 Poems(510-516)|access-date=2011-12-13 |last=Swamigal |first=Tirunavukkarasu |publisher=projectmadurai.org|pages=33–34}}</ref>

This one of the Saptha sthana Sthalam, this is Third in order. [[Brahma]] is said to have worshiped Lord Shiva at this Sthalam (place). Sun's rays fall on the Sivalingam at sunrise on 13th, 14th and 15th day of Tamil month Panguni every year. It is believed that Sun god Sooriyan performs pooja during these 3 days to Lord Shiva at this sthalam. This place is a "Thirumana Thiruthalam". It is said to be that Thirugnanasampanthar had obtained the vision of Lord's marriage. Saint [[Campantar]], while worshiping the Lord of the temple, sang his ''pathigam'' (10 versus) hymn, viz "Neeruvari ada". This is one of the few hymns, where the Sambandar ends it on the note (''Aras aalwar Aaney namadhey''), meaning he swears upon the King of Kings. In the seventh verse, of this song, Saint Sambandar, mentions, the Lord's Mercy on all those aspiring for most auspicious wedding.

"கன்னியரோ டாடவர்கள் மாமணம் விரும்பிய அருமங்கலமிக மின்னியலும் நுண்ணிடை நன் மங்கையரி யற்றுபதி வேதிகுடியே"

Literal translation of the two lines would be:
"The whole-hearted wishes of girls and boys, be most auspiciously fulfilled. With Lightning speed, may one be blessed with a slim waist, good virtued bride."

The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the banks of [[River Kaveri]].<ref name=Ka>{{cite book|title=River cauvery the most battl(r)ed|last=Ka. Vi.|first=Kannan|page=31|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|isbn=9781684666041|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CGFDwAAQBAJ&q=thiruvavaduthurai}}</ref>

[[File:Vedapureeswarar temple, Thiruvedikudi (3).jpg|center|650px|thumb|Panorama of the temple]]

==Saptha Stanam==
{{main|Saptha Stana Temples}}
[[File:Vedapureeswarar temple, Thiruvedikudi (14).jpg|250px|thumb|left|The decorated palanquin used during the festival]]

{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:275"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;text-align:center;" colspan="2"|[[File:Hinduism symbol.png|25px|Om symbol|left]] '''Sapthastanam''' [[File:Hinduism symbol.png|25px|Om symbol|right]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" | The seven important temples in and around [[Thiruvaiyaru]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;background:#A8BDEC"|'''Temple'''||style="text-align:center;background:#A8BDEC"|'''Location'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Aiyarappar temple]]||[[Thiruvaiyaru]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Apathsahayar Temple, Thirupazhanam|Apathsahayar Temple]] ||Thirupazhanam
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Odhanavaneswarar Temple, Tiruchotruturai|Odhanavaneswarar Temple]]||[[Tiruchotruturai]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Vedapuriswarar Temple ||[[Thiruvedhikudi]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Kandeeswarar Temple]] ||[[Kandiyur|Thirukkandiyur]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Pushpavananathar Temple, Tiruppoonturutti|Puvananathar Temple]] ||Thirupanturuthi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Neyyadiappar Temple, Tillaistanam|Neyyadiappar Temple]] ||[[Tillaistanam]]
|-
|}
The ''sapthasthanam'' festival is conducted at [[Tiruvaiyaru]] during April every year. As per Hindu legend, it is the wedding festival of [[Nandi (bull)|Nandikeswara]], the sacred bull of Shiva on the Punarpoosa star during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Panguni''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Madras District Gazetteers: Tiruchirappalli (pt. 1-2)|page=1601|publisher=Government Press|volume=10|issue=2|year=1999|editor-last=B. S. |editor-first=Baliga}}</ref> The festival deity of Aiyarappar temple of Thiruvaiyaru is carried in a decorated glass palanquin along with the images of Nandikeswara and Suyasayambikai to the temples in Thirupazhanam, Thiruchottruthurai, Thiruvedhikudi, Thirukandiyur and Thirupoonthurthi. Each of the festival deities of the respective temples mounted in glass palanquins accompany Aiyarppar on the way to the final destiny, Thillaistanam. There is a grand display of fireworks in Cauvery riverbed outside Thillaistanam temple. The seven palanquins are carried to Aiyarappar temple in Thiruvaiyyaru. Hundreds of people witness the convergence of seven glass palanquins carrying principal deities of respective temples from seven places at Tiruvaiyaru. The devotees perform ''Poochorithal'' (flower festival) in which a doll offers flowers to the principal deities in the palanquins. After the ''Poochorithal'', the palanquins leave for their respective temples.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/sapthasthanam-festival-begins/article26904458.ece|title='Sapthasthanam' festival begins|date=21 April 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref><ref>[[#Venkataraman|Venkatraman]] 2019, p. 205</ref>

==Worship practices==
{{multiple images
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|align=right
| total_width = 400
|image1=Vedapureeswarar temple, Thiruvedikudi (4).jpg
|height1=2322
|width1=4122
|image2=Vedapureeswarar temple, Thiruvedikudi (5).jpg
|height2=2322
|width2=4122
|footer=Shrines of the temple
}}
The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaiva]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed five times a day; Ushathkalam at 6:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 12:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00 p.m., and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Vedapureeswarar and Mangayarkarasi. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] (sacred texts) read by priests and prostration by worshipers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. Mahashivaratri during February - March is the major festivals celebrated in the temple. The major festival in the region and the temple is the Sapthastanam festival.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Vedapureeswarar temple|publisher=Dinamalar|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=373|year=2019|access-date=25 April 2020}}</ref>

==Idol Theft==
The idol of [[Nataraja]] belonging to the temple is believed to be stolen and smuggled abroad sometime after 1959, when it was last seen during a record-keeping exercise by the [[French Institute of Pondicherry]].<ref name="TH">{{cite news |title=Natarajar idol stolen from Thanjavur district temple 62 years ago traced to Asia Society Museum at New York |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/natarajar-idol-stolen-from-thanjavur-district-temple-62-years-ago-traced-to-asia-society-museum-at-new-york/article65852716.ece |access-date=4 August 2023 |work=The Hindu |agency= |date=5 September 2022}}</ref> The ''Idol Wing'' of the Tamil Nadu [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Criminal Investigation Department]] (IW-CID) has traced it to the [[Asia_Society#Museum|Asia Society Museum, New York]] in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Shiva Nataraja)|url=https://museum.asiasociety.org/collection/highlights/1979-020-shiva-as-lord-of-the-dance-shiva-nataraja|year=c. 970|access-date=4 August 2023|publisher=Asia Society}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|3}}

==References==
* {{cite book|title=Temples of Forgotten Glory: A Wide Angle Exposition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItClDwAAQBAJ&q=aiyarappar+temple&pg=PT172|page=182|first=Sekar|last=Venkatraman|isbn=9781645876250|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|ref=Venkatraman}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Vedapureeswarar temple, Thiruvedikudi}}
{{Hindu temples in Thanjavur District}}
{{Famous Shiva temples}}
{{Saptha Stana Temples}}
[[Category:Shiva temples in Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]

Rangoli Metro Art Center

2024-07-11T07:57:03Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{tone|date=February 2014}}

[[File:Rangoli - Namma Metro Art Center.jpg|thumb|Rangoli - Namma Metro Art Center]]
'''Rangoli Metro Art Center''' was developed by the [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL), after the construction work of the [[MG Road metro station, Bangalore]] was completed. It was inaugurated on 6 May 2013.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/rangoli-is-the-new-place-to-hang-out-in-bangalore/article4690077.ece | title=Rangoli is the new place to hang out in Bangalore | newspaper=Hindu | date=7 May 2013 | accessdate=12 October 2013}}</ref>

BMRCL redesigned the walkway with bougainvilleas. The walkway was available for the public before the construction of the metrorail station. The center includes an art [[Contemporary art gallery|galleries]], an [[auditorium]], a play area for kids, and a [[walkway]].

==Facilities==
* Nagara Pete (Market)
* Art Galleries: Vismaya, Chaya and Belaku
* Children's interactive play area: Chilipili
* Upper Walk-way: Hoovina Haadi
* Open area for outdoor performances: Bayalu
* Friendship Point
* Info Wall: Bangalore over the years
* Green Initiation
* Outdoor spaces for artistic activities, such as workshops and demonstrations

== Events ==
In May 2017, a tribute to artist [[Yusuf Arakkal]] was showcased.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/works-of-arakkal-other-artists-in-metro-trains-and-bbmp-parks-soon/articleshow/58770742.cms | title=Works of Arakkal, other artists in Metro trains and BBMP parks soon | Bengaluru News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

On 1 May 2022, the Embassy of France organised ''Bonjour India's City for All?'' aimed at making public spaces in Indian cities more accessible to women and transgender people by engaging the masses in public art projects.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/karnataka/bonjour-indias-city-for-allshows-the-way-to-make-your-city-inclusive-740780 | title=Bonjour India's 'City for All?'shows the way to make your city inclusive | date=3 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How do you make your city inclusive for all? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/how-do-you-make-your-city-inclusive-for-all/articleshow/91207377.cms |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==External links==
* [http://rangoli.bmrc.co.in Rangoli website at BMRC]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bangalore topics|left}}

[[Category:Namma Metro]]

Shankarpur, Mainpuri

2024-02-25T18:17:37Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: started first details needs work

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{other uses|Shankarpur}}
{{Infobox settlement
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| coordinates = {{coord|27.06411|N|79.1199|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
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| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.093
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1057
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 205268
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shankarpur''' ({{IAST|Śaṅkarpur}}) is a village in [[Karhal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,057, in 198 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Shankarpur had a population of 1,057, in 198 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|149}} This population was 52.7% male (557) and 47.3% female (500). The 0-6 age group numbered 208 (103 male and 105 female), or 19.7% of the total population. 90 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 8.5% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|118-9}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Shankarpur as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 550 people (289 male and 261 female), in 105 households and 77 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 517 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lviii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Shankarpur had 1 primary school; it did not have any kind of healthcare facility. Drinking water was provided by well and hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village had no post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|149-54}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Tamanpur

2023-06-17T01:52:02Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: revised

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tamanpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Bachhrawan block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Tamanpur (#805) in Bachhrawan CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.558639|N|81.132472|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |archive-date=April 12, 2014 |lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412035207/https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |title=GeoNames Search |website=geonames.nga.mil |access-date=2023-04-16}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.751
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2876
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tamanpur''' is a village in [[Bachhrawan]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=74–90 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, its population is 2,876, in 531 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It is located 16 km from Bachhrawan, the block headquarters, and the main staple foods are wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=28–9 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> It has 3 primary schools and no healthcare facilities.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Tamanpur as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 1,168 people (571 male and 597 female), in 258 households and 230 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=xii-xiii of section "Maharajganj Tahsil"|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 1,141 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Tamanpur as having a population of 1,063 people, in 558 households, and having an area of 480.57 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}

Satadru

2023-05-28T08:58:34Z

Annal Ambedkar Makkal Peravai: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Sutlej]]

[[Category:Ancient Indian rivers]]