https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=AnnaOgg388928Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-17T01:13:21ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_zone&diff=547786Time zone2026-05-07T12:48:29Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: minor enhanced section for accuracy additionally and added references for consistency</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Area that observes a uniform standard time}}<br />
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}<br />
{{About|time zones in general|a list of time zones by country|List of time zones by country|more time zone lists|Lists of time zones|other uses}}<br />
{{Pp-move}}<br />
<!-- Note: Please do not use time zone maps that have fixed file names with fixed dates. They are never updated and are only used for historical reference. --><br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}<br />
[[File:World Time Zones Map.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.8|Time zones of the world]]<br />
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A '''time zone''' is an area which observes a uniform [[standard time]] for legal, commercial, and social purposes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries between [[Country|countries]] and their [[Administrative division|subdivisions]] instead of strictly following [[longitude]], because it is convenient for areas in frequent communication to keep the same time.<br />
<br />
Each time zone is defined by a standard offset from [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC). The offsets range from [[UTC−12:00]] to [[UTC+14:00]], and are usually a whole number of hours, but a few zones are offset by an additional 30 or 45 minutes, such as in [[Indian Standard Time|India]] and [[Nepal Time|Nepal]]. Some areas in a time zone may use a different offset for part of the year, typically one hour ahead during [[spring (season)|spring]] and [[summer]], a practice known as [[daylight saving time]] (DST).<br />
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{{TOC limit}}<br />
<br />
== List of UTC offsets ==<br />
{{Main|List of UTC time offsets}}<br />
<br />
<!-- Please do not use time zone maps that have fixed file names with fixed dates. They are never updated and are only used for historical reference. --><br />
<br />
[[File:World time zones.svg|800px|thumb|center|Time zones of the world]]<br />
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In the table below, the locations that use daylight saving time are listed in their UTC offset when DST is ''not'' in effect. When DST is in effect, approximately during spring and summer, their UTC offset is increased by one hour (except for [[Lord Howe Island]], where it is increased by 30 minutes). For example, during the DST period, [[California]] observes [[UTC−07:00]] and the [[United Kingdom]] observes [[UTC+01:00]].<br />
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{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; line-height:1.2"<br />
|-<br />
! UTC offset<br />
! colspan=2|Locations that do not use DST<br />
! colspan=2|Locations that use DST<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−12:00]]<br />
| style=background:#00FF85| ||style=width:40%|<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag|Baker Island}}<br>{{flag|Howland Island}}</div><br />
| style=background:#00BF63| ||style=width:60%|<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−11:00]]<br />
| style=background:#F0FF00| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|American Samoa}}<br>{{flag|Jarvis Island}}<br>{{flag|Kingman Reef}}<br>{{flag|Midway Atoll}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Niue}}<br>{{flag|Palmyra Atoll}}</div><br />
| style=background:#D3D800| ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−10:00]]<br />
| style=background:#FF409C| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Cook Islands}}<br>{{no col break|{{flag|French Polynesia}} (most)}}{{flag|Johnston Atoll}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|United States}}: [[Time in Hawaii|Hawaii]]</div><br />
| style=background:#DE006A| ||{{flag+link|Time in|United States}}: [[Andreanof Islands]], [[Islands of Four Mountains]], [[Near Islands]], [[Rat Islands]] ([[Aleutian Islands]], [[Alaska]])<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−09:30]]<br />
| style=background:#CD61FF| ||{{flag|French Polynesia}}: [[Marquesas Islands]]<br />
| style=background:#9900E0| ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−09:00]]<br />
| style=background:#6D6AFF| ||{{flag|French Polynesia}}: [[Gambier Islands]]<br />
| style=background:#0400CD| ||{{flag+link|Time in|United States}}: [[Time in Alaska|Alaska]] (most)<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−08:00]]<br />
| style=background:#00FF85| ||{{flag|Clipperton Island}}<br>{{flag|Pitcairn Islands}}<br />
| style=background:#00BF63| ||<div style="column-width:20em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Mexico}}: [[Baja California]]<br>{{flag+link|Time in|United States}}: [[Time in California|California]], [[Time in Idaho|Idaho]] (north), [[Time in Nevada|Nevada]] (most), [[Time in Oregon|Oregon]] (most), [[Washington (state)|Washington]]</div><br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−07:00]]<br />
| style=background:#F0FF00| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Canada}}: [[British Columbia]] (most), [[Yukon]]<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Mexico}}: [[Baja California Sur]], [[Nayarit]] (most), [[Sinaloa]], [[Sonora]]<br>{{flag+link|Time in|United States}}: [[Time in Arizona|Arizona]] (most)<br />
| style=background:#D3D800| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Canada}}: [[Alberta]], [[British Columbia]] (southeast), [[Northwest Territories]], [[Time in Nunavut|Nunavut]] (west), [[Time in Saskatchewan|Saskatchewan]] ([[Lloydminster]] area)<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Mexico}}: [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] (northwest border)<br>{{flag+link|Time in|United States}}: [[Time in Arizona|Arizona]] ([[Navajo Nation]]), [[Colorado]], [[Time in Idaho|Idaho]] (most), [[Time in Kansas|Kansas]] (west), [[Montana]], [[Time in Nebraska|Nebraska]] (west), [[New Mexico]], [[Time in Nevada|Nevada]] (northeast border), [[Time in North Dakota|North Dakota]] (southwest), [[Time in Oregon|Oregon]] (east), [[Time in South Dakota|South Dakota]] (west), [[Time in Texas|Texas]] (west), [[Utah]], [[Wyoming]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−06:00]]<br />
| style=background:#FF409C| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag|Belize}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Canada}}: [[Time in Saskatchewan|Saskatchewan]] (most)<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Costa Rica}}<br>{{no col break|{{flag+link|Time in|Ecuador}}: [[Galápagos Province|Galápagos]]}}{{flag|El Salvador}}<br>{{flag|Guatemala}}<br>{{flag|Honduras}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Mexico}} (most)<br>{{flag|Nicaragua}}</div><br />
| style=background:#DE006A| ||<div style="column-width:20em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Canada}}: [[Manitoba]], [[Time in Nunavut|Nunavut]] (central), [[Ontario]] (west)<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Chile}}: [[Easter Island]]<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Mexico}} (northeast border)<br>{{no col break|{{flag+link|Time in|United States}}: [[Time in Alabama|Alabama]], [[Arkansas]], [[Time in Florida|Florida]] (northwest), [[Illinois]], [[Time in Indiana|Indiana]] (northwest, southwest), [[Iowa]], [[Time in Kansas|Kansas]] (most), [[Time in Kentucky|Kentucky]] (west), [[Louisiana]], [[Time in Michigan|Michigan]] (northwest border), [[Minnesota]], [[Mississippi]], [[Missouri]], [[Time in Nebraska|Nebraska]] (most), [[Time in North Dakota|North Dakota]] (most), [[Oklahoma]], [[Time in South Dakota|South Dakota]] (most), [[Time in Tennessee|Tennessee]] (most), [[Time in Texas|Texas]] (most), [[Wisconsin]]}}</div><br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−05:00]]<br />
| style=background:#6D6AFF| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Brazil}}: [[Acre (state)|Acre]], [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]] (southwest)<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Canada}}: [[Atikokan]], [[Mishkeegogamang First Nation|Mishkeegogamang]], [[Southampton Island]]<br>{{flag|Cayman Islands}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Colombia}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Ecuador}} (most)<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Jamaica}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Mexico}}: [[Quintana Roo]]<br>{{flag|Navassa Island}}<br>{{flag|Panama}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Peru}}</div><br />
| style=background:#0400CD| ||<div style="column-width:20em;column-count:2">{{flag|Bahamas}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Canada}}: [[Time in Nunavut|Nunavut]] (east), [[Ontario]] (most), [[Quebec]] (most)<br>{{flag|Cuba}}<br>{{flag|Haiti}}<br>{{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}}<br>{{no col break|{{flag+link|Time in|United States}}: [[Time in Connecticut|Connecticut]], [[Delaware]], [[Time in Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], [[Time in Florida|Florida]] (most), [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Time in Indiana|Indiana]] (most), [[Time in Kentucky|Kentucky]] (east), [[Time in Maine|Maine]], [[Maryland]], [[Time in Massachusetts|Massachusetts]], [[Time in Michigan|Michigan]] (most), [[Time in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]], [[New Jersey]], [[Time in New York|New York]], [[North Carolina]], [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Time in Rhode Island|Rhode Island]], [[South Carolina]], [[Time in Tennessee|Tennessee]] (east), [[Time in Vermont|Vermont]], [[Virginia]], [[West Virginia]]}}</div><br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−04:00]]<br />
| style=background:#00FF85| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag|Anguilla}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Antigua and Barbuda}}<br>{{flag|Aruba}}<br>{{flag|Barbados}}<br>{{flag|Bolivia}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Brazil}}: [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]] (most), [[Mato Grosso]], [[Mato Grosso do Sul]], [[Rondônia]], [[Roraima]]<br>{{flag|British Virgin Islands}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Canada}}: [[Quebec|Québec]] (east)<br>{{flag|Caribbean Netherlands}}<br>{{flag|Curaçao}}<br>{{flag|Dominica}}<br>{{no col break|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}}}{{flag|Grenada}}<br>{{flag|Guadeloupe}}<br>{{flag|Guyana}}<br>{{flag|Martinique}}<br>{{flag|Montserrat}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Puerto Rico}}<br>{{flag|Saint Barthélemy}}<br>{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}<br>{{flag|Saint Lucia}}<br>{{flag|Saint Martin}}<br>{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}<br>{{flag|Sint Maarten}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|United States Virgin Islands}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Venezuela}}</div><br />
| style=background:#00BF63| ||{{flag|Bermuda}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Canada}}: [[Labrador]] (most), [[New Brunswick]], [[Nova Scotia]], [[Prince Edward Island]]<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Chile}} (most)<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Greenland}}: [[Pituffik Space Base]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−03:30]]<br />
| style=background:#A9FF13| ||<br />
| style=background:#419300| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Canada}}: [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], [[Labrador]] (southeast)<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−03:00]]<br />
| style=background:#F0FF00| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Argentina}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Brazil}} (most)<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Chile}}: [[Aysén Region|Aysén]], [[Magallanes Region|Magallanes]]<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Falkland Islands}}<br>{{flag|French Guiana}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Paraguay}}<br>{{flag|Suriname}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Uruguay}}</div><br />
| style=background:#D3D800| ||{{flag|Saint Pierre and Miquelon}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−02:00]]<br />
| style=background:#FF409C| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Brazil}}: [[Fernando de Noronha]]<br>{{flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}}<br />
| style=background:#DE006A| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Greenland}} (most)<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−01:00]]<br />
| style=background:#6D6AFF| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Cape Verde}}<br />
| style=background:#0400CD| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Portugal}}: [[Azores]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+00:00]]<br />
| style=background:#00FF85| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag|Burkina Faso}}<br>{{flag|Gambia}}<br>{{flag|Ghana}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Greenland}}: [[Northeast Greenland National Park|National Park]] (east coast)<br>{{flag|Guinea}}<br>{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}<br>{{flag|Iceland}}<br>{{flag|Ivory Coast}}<br>{{flag|Liberia}}<br>{{flag|Mali}}<br>{{flag|Mauritania}}<br>{{flag|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}}<br>{{flag|Senegal}}<br>{{flag|Sierra Leone}}<br>{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}<br>{{flag|Togo}}</div><br />
| style=background:#00BF63| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Faroe Islands}}<br>{{flag|Bailiwick of Guernsey|name=Guernsey}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Ireland}}<br>{{flag|Isle of Man}}<br>{{flag|Jersey}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Portugal}} (most)<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Spain}}: [[Canary Islands]]<br>{{flag+link|Time in|United Kingdom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+01:00]]<br />
| style=background:#F0FF00| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Algeria}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Angola}}<br>{{flag|Benin}}<br>{{flag|Cameroon}}<br>{{flag|Central African Republic}}<br>{{flag|Chad}}<br>{{flag|Congo}}<br>{{no col break|{{flag+link|Time in|DR Congo|name=Democratic Republic of the Congo}}: [[Province of Équateur|Équateur]], [[Kinshasa]], [[Kongo Central]], [[Kwango]], [[Kwilu Province|Kwilu]], [[Mai-Ndombe Province|Mai-Ndombe]], [[Mongala]], [[Nord-Ubangi]], [[Sud-Ubangi]], [[Tshuapa]]}}{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}<br>{{flag|Gabon}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Morocco}}{{efn|name=ma|Observes UTC+00:00 around [[Ramadan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-changes-clocks-2019.html |title=Morocco Re-Introduces Clock Changes for Ramadan 2019 |publisher=Timeanddate.com |date=April 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228210847/https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-changes-clocks-2019.html |archive-date=December 28, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/morocco/casablanca |title=Time Zone in Casablanca, Morocco |publisher=Timeanddate.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330010901/https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/morocco/casablanca |archive-date=March 30, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/western-sahara/el-aaiun |title=Time Zone in El Aaiún, Western Sahara |publisher=Timeanddate.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214122434/https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/western-sahara/el-aaiun |archive-date=February 14, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br>{{flag|Niger}}<br>{{flag|Nigeria}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Tunisia}}<br>''{{flag|Western Sahara}}''{{efn|name=ma}}</div><br />
| style=background:#D3D800| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:3">{{flag|Albania}}<br>{{flag|Andorra}}<br>{{flag|Austria}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Belgium}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<br>{{flag|Croatia}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Czech Republic}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Denmark}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|France}} ([[Metropolitan France|metropolitan]])<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Germany}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Gibraltar}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Hungary}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Italy}}<br>''{{flag|Kosovo}}''<br>{{flag|Liechtenstein}}<br>{{flag|Luxembourg}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Malta}}<br>{{flag|Monaco}}<br>{{flag|Montenegro}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Netherlands}} (European)<br>{{flag|North Macedonia}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Norway}}<br>{{flag|Poland}}<br>{{flag|San Marino}}<br>{{flag|Serbia}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Slovakia}}<br>{{flag|Slovenia}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Spain}} (most)<br>{{flag|Sweden}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Switzerland}}<br>{{flag|Vatican City}}</div><br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+02:00]]<br />
| style=background:#FF409C| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag|Botswana}}<br>{{flag|Burundi}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|DR Congo|name=Democratic Republic of the Congo}} (most)<br>{{flag|Eswatini}}<br>{{flag|Lesotho}}<br>{{flag|Libya}}<br>{{flag|Malawi}}<br>{{flag|Mozambique}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Namibia}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Russia}}: [[Kaliningrad Oblast|Kaliningrad]]<br>{{flag|Rwanda}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|South Africa}} (most)<br>{{flag|South Sudan}}<br>{{flag|Sudan}}<br>{{flag|Zambia}}<br>{{flag|Zimbabwe}}</div><br />
| style=background:#DE006A| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:3">{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}<br>{{flag|Bulgaria}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Cyprus}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Egypt}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Estonia}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Finland}}<br>{{flag|Greece}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Israel}}<br>{{flag|Latvia}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Lebanon}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Lithuania}}<br>{{flag|Moldova}}<br>''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Palestine}}<br>{{flag|Romania}}<br>''{{flag|Transnistria}}''<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Ukraine}} (most)</div><br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+03:00]]<br />
| style=background:#6D6AFF| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Bahrain}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Belarus}}<br>{{flag|Comoros}}<br>{{flag|Djibouti}}<br>{{flag|Eritrea}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Ethiopia}}<br>{{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}}: [[Scattered Islands]]<ref name=fr>{{cite web |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000034154759 |title=Décret nº 2017-292 du 6 mars 2017 relatif au temps légal français |trans-title=Decree no. 2017-292 of 6 March 2017 relative to French legal time |publisher=Légifrance |date=March 8, 2017 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202160854/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000034154759/ |archive-date=December 2, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><br>{{flag+link|Time in|Iraq}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Jordan}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Kenya}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Kuwait}}<br>{{flag|Madagascar}}<br>{{flag|Mayotte}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Qatar}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Russia}} (most of [[European Russia|European part]])<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Saudi Arabia}}<br>{{flag|Somalia}}<br>''{{flag|Somaliland}}''<br>{{flag+link|Time in|South Africa}}: [[Prince Edward Islands]]<br>''{{flag+link|Time in|South Ossetia}}''<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Syria}}<br>{{flag|Tanzania}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Turkey}}<br>{{flag|Uganda}}<br>{{flag|Ukraine}}: [[Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine|occupied territories]]<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Yemen}}</div><br />
| style=background:#0400CD| ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+03:30]]<br />
| style=background:#35C8FF| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Iran}}<br />
| style=background:#0080B2| ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+04:00]]<br />
| style=background:#00FF85| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Armenia}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Azerbaijan}}<br>{{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}}: [[Crozet Islands]]<ref name=fr/><br>{{flag+link|Time in|Georgia}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Mauritius}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Oman}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Russia}}: [[Astrakhan Oblast|Astrakhan]], [[Samara Oblast|Samara]], [[Saratov Oblast|Saratov]], [[Udmurtia]], [[Ulyanovsk Oblast|Ulyanovsk]]<br>{{flag|Réunion}}<br>{{flag|Seychelles}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|United Arab Emirates}}</div><br />
| style=background:#00BF63| ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+04:30]]<br />
| style=background:#A9FF13| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Afghanistan}}<br />
| style=background:#419300| ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+05:00]]<br />
| style=background:#F0FF00| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}}: [[Kerguelen Islands]], [[Île Saint-Paul|Saint Paul Island]], [[Île Amsterdam|Amsterdam Island]]<br>{{flag|Heard Island and McDonald Islands}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Kazakhstan}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Maldives}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Pakistan}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Russia}}: [[Bashkortostan]], [[Chelyabinsk Oblast|Chelyabinsk]], [[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug|Khanty-Mansi]], [[Kurgan Oblast|Kurgan]], [[Orenburg Oblast|Orenburg]], [[Perm Krai|Perm]], [[Sverdlovsk Oblast|Sverdlovsk]], [[Tyumen Oblast|Tyumen]], [[Yamalia]]<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Tajikistan}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Turkmenistan}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Uzbekistan}}</div><br />
| style=background:#D3D800| ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+05:30]]<br />
| style=background:#FF9F25| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|India}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Sri Lanka}}</div><br />
| style=background:#F05F00| ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+05:45]]<br />
| style=background:#FF2F2F| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Nepal}}<br />
| style=background:#D0D0D0| ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+06:00]]<br />
| style=background:#FF409C| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Bangladesh}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Bhutan}}<br>{{flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Kyrgyzstan}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Russia}}: [[Omsk Oblast|Omsk]]</div><br />
| style=background:#DE006A| ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+06:30]]<br />
| style=background:#CD61FF| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{noflag}}[[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Myanmar}}</div><br />
| style=background:#9900E0| ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+07:00]]<br />
| style=background:#6D6AFF| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Cambodia}}<br>{{flag|Christmas Island}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Indonesia}}: [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], [[West Kalimantan]], [[Central Kalimantan]]<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Laos}}<br>{{no col break|{{flag+link|Time in|Mongolia}}: [[Bayan-Ölgii Province|Bayan-Ölgii]], [[Khovd Province|Khovd]], [[Uvs Province|Uvs]]}}{{flag+link|Time in|Russia}}: [[Altai Krai]], [[Altai Republic]], [[Kemerovo Oblast|Kemerovo]], [[Khakassia]], [[Krasnoyarsk Krai|Krasnoyarsk]], [[Novosibirsk Oblast|Novosibirsk]], [[Tomsk Oblast|Tomsk]], [[Tuva]]<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Thailand}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Vietnam}}</div><br />
| style=background:#0400CD| ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+08:00]]<br />
| style=background:#00FF85| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Australia}}: [[Western Australia]] (most)<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Brunei}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|China}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Hong Kong}}<br>{{no col break|{{flag+link|Time in|Indonesia}}: [[South Kalimantan]], [[East Kalimantan]], [[North Kalimantan]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Lesser Sunda Islands]]}}{{flag+link|Time in|Macau}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Malaysia}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Mongolia}} (most)<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Philippines}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Russia}}: [[Buryatia]], [[Irkutsk Oblast|Irkutsk]]<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Singapore}}<br>''{{flag+link|Time in|Taiwan}}''</div><br />
| style=background:#00BF63| ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+08:45]]<br />
| style=background:#A5FB00| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Australia}}: [[Eucla, Western Australia|Eucla]]<br />
| style=background:#8ED800| ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+09:00]]<br />
| style=background:#F0FF00| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Indonesia}}: [[Maluku Islands]], [[Western New Guinea]]<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Japan}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|North Korea}}<br>{{flag|Palau}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Russia}}: [[Amur Oblast|Amur]], [[Sakha Republic|Sakha]] (most), [[Zabaykalsky Krai|Zabaykalsky]]<br>{{flag+link|Time in|South Korea}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Timor-Leste}}</div><br />
| style=background:#D3D800| ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+09:30]]<br />
| style=background:#FF9F25| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Australia}}: [[Northern Territory]]<br />
| style=background:#F05F00| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Australia}}: [[South Australia]], [[Yancowinna County]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Standard Time Act 1987 No 149 |url=https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/whole/html/inforce/current/act-1987-149 |publisher=New South Wales Government |access-date=February 29, 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+10:00]]<br />
| style=background:#FF409C| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Australia}}: [[Queensland]]<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Guam}}<br>{{flag|Micronesia}}: [[Chuuk State|Chuuk]], [[Yap State|Yap]]<br>{{no col break|{{flag+link|Time in|Northern Mariana Islands}}}}{{no col break|{{flag|Papua New Guinea}} (most)}}{{flag+link|Time in|Russia}}: [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast|Jewish]], [[Khabarovsk Krai|Khabarovsk]], [[Primorsky Krai|Primorsky]], [[Sakha Republic|Sakha]] (central-east)</div><br />
| style=background:#DE006A| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Australia}}: [[Australian Capital Territory]], [[Jervis Bay Territory]], [[New South Wales]] (most), [[Tasmania]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+10:30]]<br />
| style=background:#CD61FF| ||<br />
| style=background:#9900E0| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Australia}}: [[Lord Howe Island]] (DST increase is 30 minutes)<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+11:00]]<br />
| style=background:#6D6AFF| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag|Micronesia}}: [[Kosrae]], [[Pohnpei State|Pohnpei]]<br>{{flag|New Caledonia}}<br>{{no col break|{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}: [[Autonomous Region of Bougainville|Bougainville]]}}{{flag+link|Time in|Russia}}: [[Magadan Oblast|Magadan]], [[Sakha Republic|Sakha]] (east), [[Sakhalin Oblast|Sakhalin]]<br>{{flag|Solomon Islands}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Vanuatu}}</div><br />
| style=background:#0400CD| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Norfolk Island}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+12:00]]<br />
| style=background:#00FF85| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Fiji}}<br>{{flag|Kiribati}}: [[Gilbert Islands]]<br>{{flag|Marshall Islands}}<br>{{flag|Nauru}}<br>{{no col break|{{flag+link|Time in|Russia}}: [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug|Chukotka]], [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]]}}{{flag+link|Time in|Tuvalu}}<br>{{flag|Wake Island}}<br>{{flag|Wallis and Futuna}}</div><br />
| style=background:#00BF63| ||{{flag+link|Time in|New Zealand}} (most)<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+12:45]]<br />
| style=background:#A5FB00| ||<br />
| style=background:#8ED800| ||{{flag+link|Time in|New Zealand}}: [[Chatham Islands]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+13:00]]<br />
| style=background:#F0FF00| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag|Kiribati}}: [[Phoenix Islands]]<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Samoa}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Tokelau}}<br>{{flag+link|Time in|Tonga}}</div><br />
| style=background:#D3D800| ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+14:00]]<br />
| style=background:#FF409C| ||{{flag|Kiribati}}: [[Line Islands]]<br />
| style=background:#DE006A| ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:World time clock (multiple faces) 2.5m high.made in Dresden 1690, Technical Instrument Museum, Dresden.jpg|thumb|World time clock, 2.5&nbsp;m high. Made in Dresden 1690. Technical Instrument Museum, Dresden]]<br />
The apparent position of the Sun in the sky, and thus [[solar time]], varies by location due to the [[spherical]] shape of the Earth. This variation corresponds to four [[minute]]s of time for every [[Degree (angle)|degree]] of longitude; for example, when it is solar noon in London, it is about 10 minutes before solar noon in [[Bristol]], which is about 2.5 degrees to the west.<ref>{{cite web |title=Latitude and Longitude of World Cities |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001769.html |publisher=Infoplease |access-date=April 18, 2012 |archive-date=May 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524213744/http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001769.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Local solar time has been associated with civil timekeeping since the development of [[Sundial|sundials]]; for example, {{circa}}1500 BC, an [[Ancient Egypt|ancient Egyptian]] sundial was used to measure laborers' work hours.<ref>{{Cite web |title=One of world's oldest sun dial dug up in Kings' Valley, Upper Egypt |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/03/130314085052.htm |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en |archive-date=September 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920191033/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/03/130314085052.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2nd century BC, [[Hipparchus]] developed a method to measure longitudinal distances by comparing local solar times when a [[lunar eclipse]] was simultaneously observed at two locations. The work of Hipparchus is lost, but is known from citations in Strabo's Geographica, c. 7 AD.<br />
<br />
The [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich]], founded in 1675, established [[Greenwich Mean Time]] (GMT), the mean solar time at that location, as an aid to mariners to determine longitude at sea, providing a standard reference time while each location in [[England]] kept a different time.<br />
<br />
=== Railway time ===<br />
{{Main|Railway time}}<br />
[[File:Time zone chicago.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Plaque commemorating the Railway General Time Convention of 1883 in North America]]<br />
[[File:Coventry Time Zone Clock.jpg|thumb|right|The control panel of the Time Zone Clock in front of [[Coventry Transport Museum]]]]<br />
<br />
In the 19th century, as transportation and telecommunications improved, it became increasingly inconvenient for each location to observe its own solar time. In November 1840, the British [[Great Western Railway]] started using GMT kept by portable [[marine chronometer|chronometers]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 1840|title=WESTMINSTER MEDICAL SOCIETY. Saturday, November 21, 1840.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)59842-0|journal=The Lancet|volume=35|issue=901|pages=383|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(00)59842-0|issn=0140-6736|access-date=January 27, 2021|archive-date=March 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330010908/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(00)59842-0/fulltext|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2023}} This practice was soon adopted by other British railway companies and became known as '''railway time'''.<br />
<br />
Around August 23, 1852, time signals were first transmitted by [[telegraph]] from the Royal Observatory. By 1855, 98% of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT, but it was not made the island's legal time until August 2, 1880. Some British clocks from this period have two minute hands, one for the local time and one for GMT.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/bristol-time.htm |title=Bristol Time |work=GreenwichMeanTime.com |access-date=December 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628151049/http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/bristol-time.htm |archive-date=June 28, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
On November 2, 1868, the British [[Colony of New Zealand]] officially adopted a standard time to be observed throughout the colony.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telegraph line laid across Cook Strait.|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/page/submarine-telegraph-line-laid-across-cook-strait|publisher=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage|access-date=January 5, 2020|archive-date=February 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218115412/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/page/submarine-telegraph-line-laid-across-cook-strait|url-status=live}}</ref> It was based on longitude {{nowrap|172°30′}} east of [[Greenwich]], or 11 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. This standard was known as [[Time in New Zealand|New Zealand Mean Time]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Time. How we got it. New Zealand's Method. A Lead to the World.|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19290408.2.88&srpos=2|work=Papers Past|publisher=Evening Post|access-date=October 2, 2013|page=10|archive-date=October 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008192904/http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19290408.2.88&srpos=2|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
[[File:Time zone map of the United States 1913 (colorized).png|thumb|center|upright=1.6|1913 time zone map of the United States, showing boundaries very different from today]]<br />
<br />
Timekeeping on [[North America|North American]] [[Rail transport|railroads]] in the 19th century was complex. Each railroad used its own standard time, usually based on the local time of its headquarters or most important terminus, and the railroad's train schedules were published using its own time. Some junctions served by several railroads had a clock for each railroad, each showing a different time.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/11/1118railroad-time-zones/ |title=Nov. 18, 1883: Railroad Time Goes Coast to Coast |last=Alfred |first=Randy |date=November 18, 2010 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |access-date=July 30, 2018 |archive-date=August 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819071241/https://www.wired.com/2010/11/1118railroad-time-zones/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Because of this, a number of accidents occurred when trains from different companies using the same tracks mistimed their passings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/11/americas-first-time-zone/ |title=America's first time zone |date=November 10, 2011 |access-date=October 27, 2024 |archive-date=August 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831005608/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/11/americas-first-time-zone/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Around 1863, [[Charles F. Dowd]] proposed a system of hourly standard time zones for North American railroads, although he published nothing on the matter at that time and did not consult railroad officials until 1869. In 1870, he proposed four ideal time zones having north–south borders, the first centered on [[Washington, D.C.]]. By 1872, the first was centered on the meridian [[75th meridian west|75° west of Greenwich]], with natural borders such as sections of the [[Appalachian Mountains]]. Dowd's system was never accepted by North American railroads. <br />
[[Cleveland Abbe]], chief meteorologist at the [[United States Weather Bureau]], divided the United States into four standard time zones for consistency among the weather stations. In 1879, he published a paper titled ''Report on Standard Time''.<ref name=wws>{{harvnb|Debus|1968|p=2}}</ref> In 1883, he convinced North American railroad companies to adopt his time-zone system. In 1884, Britain, which had already adopted its own standard time system for England, Scotland, and Wales, helped gather international consent for global time. In time, the American government, influenced in part by Abbe's 1879 paper, adopted the time-zone system.<ref>{{harvnb|Asimov|1964|p=344}}</ref><br />
It was a version proposed by William F. Allen, the editor of the ''Traveler's Official Railway Guide''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://bpp.wharton.upenn.edu/mawhite/Papers/TimeZones.pdf |title= Economics of Time Zones |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120514014456/http://bpp.wharton.upenn.edu/mawhite/Papers/TimeZones.pdf |archive-date= May 14, 2012 }} &nbsp;{{small|(1.89&nbsp;MB)}}</ref> The borders of its time zones ran through railroad stations, often in major cities. For example, the border between its Eastern and Central time zones ran through [[Detroit]], [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[Pittsburgh]], [[Atlanta]], and [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]]. It was inaugurated on Sunday, November 18, 1883, also called "The Day of Two Noons",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5748 |title=The ''Times'' Reports on "the Day of Two Noons" |work=History Matters |access-date=December 5, 2011 |archive-date=April 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404083446/http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5748 |url-status=live }}</ref> when each railroad station clock was reset as standard-time noon was reached within each time zone.<br />
<br />
The North American zones were named Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Within a year 85% of all cities with populations over 10,000 (about 200 cities) were using standard time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.il.us/departments/archives/from_the_ashes/doc24.html |title=Resolution concerning new standard time by Chicago |publisher=Illinois Secretary of State |website=Illinois State Archives |access-date=December 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005050317/http://www.sos.state.il.us/departments/archives/from_the_ashes/doc24.html |archive-date=October 5, 2011 }}</ref> A notable exception was Detroit (located about halfway between the meridians of Eastern and Central time), which kept local time until 1900, then tried Central Standard Time, [[local mean time]], and [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern Standard Time]] (EST) before a May 1915 ordinance settled on EST and was ratified by popular vote in August 1916. The confusion of times came to an end when standard time zones were formally adopted by the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] in the [[Standard Time Act]] of March 19, 1918.<br />
<br />
=== Worldwide time zones ===<br />
{{Redirect|World time|the global time standard|Universal Time}}<br />
[[Italy|Italian]] mathematician [[Quirico Filopanti]] introduced the idea of a worldwide system of time zones in his book ''Miranda!'', published in 1858. He proposed 24 hourly time zones, which he called "longitudinal days", the first centred on the meridian of Rome. He also proposed a universal time to be used in astronomy and telegraphy. However, his book attracted no attention until long after his death.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scienzagiovane.unibo.it/english/scientists/filopanti-1.html |title=Quirico Filopanti |website=scienzagiovane |publisher=Bologna University, Italy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117011106/http://www.scienzagiovane.unibo.it/english/scientists/filopanti-1.html |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Suggestions from... ...Gianluigi Parmeggiani, Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna - The origin of time zones |url=http://www.iav.it/planetario/didastro/didastro/english.htm |website=Didastro |publisher=Istituti Aldini Valeriani e Sirani |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824155341/http://www.iav.it/planetario/didastro/didastro/english.htm |archive-date=August 24, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Scotland|Scottish]]-born [[Canada|Canadian]] Sir [[Sandford Fleming]] proposed a worldwide system of time zones in 1876 - see {{section link|Sandford Fleming|Inventor of worldwide standard time}}. The proposal divided the world into twenty-four time zones labeled A-Y (skipping J), each one covering 15 degrees of longitude. All clocks within each zone would be set to the same time as the others, but differed by one hour from those in the neighboring zones.<ref>{{Cite journal| issue = 1| pages = 345–366| last = Fleming| first = Sandford| title = Time-reckoning for the twentieth century| journal = Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution| date = 1886| url = https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/annualreportofbo18861smit| access-date = March 24, 2022| archive-date = October 5, 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221005110429/https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/annualreportofbo18861smit| url-status = live}} Reprinted in 1889: {{Internet Archive|timereckoningfor00flem|''Time-reckoning for the twentieth century''}}.</ref> He advocated his system at several international conferences, including the [[International Meridian Conference]], where it received some consideration. The system has not been directly adopted, but some maps divide the world into 24 time zones and assign letters to them, similarly to Fleming's system.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stromberg |first1=Joseph |title=Sandford Fleming Sets the World's Clock |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/sandford-fleming-sets-the-worlds-clock-389930/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine |date=November 18, 2011 |language=en |access-date=March 24, 2022 |archive-date=March 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324012426/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/sandford-fleming-sets-the-worlds-clock-389930/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:World Time Zone Chart 1942.jpg|thumb|400px|World map of time zones in 1928]]<br />
<br />
By about 1900, almost all inhabited places on Earth had adopted a standard time zone, but only some of them used an hourly offset from GMT. Many applied the time at a local astronomical observatory to an entire country, without any reference to GMT. It took many decades before all time zones were based on some standard offset from GMT or [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC). By 1929, the majority of countries had adopted hourly time zones, though some countries such as Iran, India, Myanmar, and parts of Australia had time zones with a 30-minute offset. Nepal was the last country to adopt a standard offset, shifting slightly to UTC+05:45 in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Time Zone & Clock Changes in Kathmandu, Nepal|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/nepal/kathmandu|access-date=December 1, 2020|website=timeanddate.com|language=en|archive-date=January 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122042454/https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/nepal/kathmandu|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
All nations currently use standard time zones for secular purposes, but not all of them apply the concept as originally conceived. Several countries and subdivisions use half-hour or quarter-hour deviations from standard time. Some countries, such as China and India, use a single time zone even though the extent of their territory far exceeds the ideal 15° of longitude for one hour; other countries, such as Spain and Argentina, use standard hour-based offsets, but not necessarily those that would be determined by their geographical location. The consequences, in some areas, can affect the lives of local citizens, and in extreme cases contribute to larger political issues, such as in the western reaches of China.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/11/china-only-has-one-time-zone-and-thats-a-problem/281136/|title=China Only Has One Time Zone—and That's a Problem|last=Schiavenza|first=Matt|date=November 5, 2013|work=The Atlantic|access-date=August 22, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=August 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145736/https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/11/china-only-has-one-time-zone-and-thats-a-problem/281136/|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Time in Russia|Russia, which has 11 time zones]], two time zones were removed in 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/russia-reduces-time-zones.html|title=Russia Reduces Number of Time Zones|date=March 23, 2010|work=TimeAndDate.com|access-date=May 31, 2020|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809084135/https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/russia-reduces-time-zones.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About Time: Huge country, nine time zones|date=March 22, 2011|access-date=February 12, 2019|format=Video|website=[[BBC]]|language=en|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-12809230/about-time-huge-country-nine-time-zones|archive-date=February 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213012708/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-12809230/about-time-huge-country-nine-time-zones|url-status=live}}</ref> (one year before the daylight saving time would be observed all year round on March 27 of the following year) and reinstated in 2014 (when the country transferred from daylight saving time or summer time back to standard time or winter time permanently).<ref>{{cite news |title=Russian clocks to retreat again in winter, 11 time zones return |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-russia-time/russian-clocks-to-retreat-again-in-winter-11-time-zones-return-idUSKBN0F64YB20140701 |website=Reuters |date=July 2014 |access-date=October 25, 2020 |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028205217/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-russia-time/russian-clocks-to-retreat-again-in-winter-11-time-zones-return-idUSKBN0F64YB20140701 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notation ==<br />
<br />
=== ISO 8601 ===<br />
{{Main|ISO 8601}}<br />
<br />
ISO 8601 is a standard established by the [[International Organization for Standardization]] defining methods of representing dates and times in textual form, including specifications for representing time zones.<br />
<br />
If a time is in UTC, a "Z" is added directly after the time without a separating space. "Z" is the zone designator for the zero UTC offset. "09:30&nbsp;UTC" is therefore represented as "09:30Z" or "0930Z". Likewise, "14:45:15&nbsp;UTC" is written as "14:45:15Z" or "144515Z".<ref name="ZuluTime">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/z|title=Z – Zulu Time Zone (Time Zone Abbreviation)|website=TimeAndDate.com|language=en|access-date=August 22, 2018|archive-date=August 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145905/https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/z|url-status=live}}</ref> UTC time is also known as "Zulu" time, since "Zulu" is a [[ICAO spelling alphabet|phonetic alphabet]] code word for the letter "Z".<ref name="ZuluTime"/><br />
<br />
[[UTC offset|Offsets from UTC]] are written in the format ±hh:mm, ±hhmm, or ±hh (either hours ahead or behind UTC). For example, if the time being described is one hour ahead of UTC (such as the time in Germany during the winter), the zone designator would be "[[UTC+01:00|+01:00]]", "+0100", or simply "+01". This numeric representation of time zones is appended to local times in the same way that alphabetic time zone abbreviations (or "Z", as above) are appended. The offset from UTC changes with daylight saving time, e.g. a time offset in Chicago, which is in the [[Central Time Zone (North America)|North American Central Time Zone]], is "[[UTC−06:00|−06:00]]" for the winter (Central Standard Time) and "[[UTC−05:00|−05:00]]" for the summer (Central Daylight Time).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboututc.shtml|title=What is UTC or GMT Time?|website=National Hurricane Center |access-date=August 22, 2018|archive-date=August 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822150019/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboututc.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Abbreviations ===<br />
{{Main|List of time zone abbreviations}}<br />
<br />
Time zones are often represented by alphabetic abbreviations such as "EST", "WST", and "CST", though these are not part of the international time and date standard [[ISO 8601#Time zone designators|ISO 8601]]. Such designations can be ambiguous; for example, "CST" can mean (North American) [[Central Standard Time]] (UTC−06:00), [[Cuba Standard Time]] (UTC−05:00), or [[China Standard Time]] (UTC+08:00), and is also a widely used variant of ACST ([[Australian Central Standard Time]], UTC+09:30).<ref>"[https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/ Time Zone Abbreviations – Worldwide List]", Timeanddate.com. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821101900/https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/ |date=August 21, 2018 }}.</ref><br />
<br />
== Conversions ==<br />
Conversion between time zones obeys the relationship<br />
<br />
{{block indent|1="time in zone A" − "UTC offset for zone A" = "time in zone B" − "UTC offset for zone B",}}<br />
<br />
in which each side of the equation is equivalent to UTC.<br />
<br />
The conversion equation can be rearranged to<br />
<br />
{{block indent|1="time in zone B" = "time in zone A" − "UTC offset for zone A" + "UTC offset for zone B".}}<br />
<br />
For example, the [[New York Stock Exchange]] opens at 09:30 ([[Eastern time zone|EST]], UTC offset= −05:00). In [[California]] ([[Pacific time zone|PST]], UTC offset= −08:00) and [[India]] ([[Indian standard time|IST]], UTC offset= +05:30), the New York Stock Exchange opens at<br />
<br />
{{block indent|1=time in California = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (−08:00) = 06:30;}}<br />
{{block indent|1=time in India = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (+05:30) = 20:00.}}<br />
<br />
These calculations become more complicated near the time switch to or from daylight saving time, as the UTC offset for the area becomes a function of UTC time.<br />
<br />
The time differences may also result in different dates. For example, when it is 22:00 on Monday in Egypt (UTC+02:00), it is 01:00 on Tuesday in Pakistan (UTC+05:00).<br />
<br />
The table "Time of day by zone" gives an overview on the time relations between different zones.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed nowrap" style="font-size:90%; line-height:1.2; text-align:center"<br />
! colspan=25 style=line-height:1.5 | Time of day by zone<br />
|-<br />
| [[List of UTC time offsets|UTC offset]] || colspan=24 | {{blue|Monday}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−12:00]] || {{blue|00:00}} || {{blue|01:00}} || {{blue|02:00}} || {{blue|03:00}} || {{blue|04:00}} || {{blue|05:00}} || {{blue|06:00}} || {{blue|07:00}} || {{blue|08:00}} || {{blue|09:00}} || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−11:00]] || {{blue|01:00}} || {{blue|02:00}} || {{blue|03:00}} || {{blue|04:00}} || {{blue|05:00}} || {{blue|06:00}} || {{blue|07:00}} || {{blue|08:00}} || {{blue|09:00}} || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−10:00]] || {{blue|02:00}} || {{blue|03:00}} || {{blue|04:00}} || {{blue|05:00}} || {{blue|06:00}} || {{blue|07:00}} || {{blue|08:00}} || {{blue|09:00}} || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−09:30]] || {{blue|02:30}} || {{blue|03:30}} || {{blue|04:30}} || {{blue|05:30}} || {{blue|06:30}} || {{blue|07:30}} || {{blue|08:30}} || {{blue|09:30}} || {{blue|10:30}} || {{blue|11:30}} || {{blue|12:30}} || {{blue|13:30}} || {{blue|14:30}} || {{blue|15:30}} || {{blue|16:30}} || {{blue|17:30}} || {{blue|18:30}} || {{blue|19:30}} || {{blue|20:30}} || {{blue|21:30}} || {{blue|22:30}} || {{blue|23:30}} || {{red|00:30}} || {{red|01:30}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−09:00]] || {{blue|03:00}} || {{blue|04:00}} || {{blue|05:00}} || {{blue|06:00}} || {{blue|07:00}} || {{blue|08:00}} || {{blue|09:00}} || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−08:00]] || {{blue|04:00}} || {{blue|05:00}} || {{blue|06:00}} || {{blue|07:00}} || {{blue|08:00}} || {{blue|09:00}} || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−07:00]] || {{blue|05:00}} || {{blue|06:00}} || {{blue|07:00}} || {{blue|08:00}} || {{blue|09:00}} || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−06:00]] || {{blue|06:00}} || {{blue|07:00}} || {{blue|08:00}} || {{blue|09:00}} || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−05:00]] || {{blue|07:00}} || {{blue|08:00}} || {{blue|09:00}} || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−04:00]] || {{blue|08:00}} || {{blue|09:00}} || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−03:30]] || {{blue|08:30}} || {{blue|09:30}} || {{blue|10:30}} || {{blue|11:30}} || {{blue|12:30}} || {{blue|13:30}} || {{blue|14:30}} || {{blue|15:30}} || {{blue|16:30}} || {{blue|17:30}} || {{blue|18:30}} || {{blue|19:30}} || {{blue|20:30}} || {{blue|21:30}} || {{blue|22:30}} || {{blue|23:30}} || {{red|00:30}} || {{red|01:30}} || {{red|02:30}} || {{red|03:30}} || {{red|04:30}} || {{red|05:30}} || {{red|06:30}} || {{red|07:30}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−03:00]] || {{blue|09:00}} || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−02:30]] || {{blue|09:30}} || {{blue|10:30}} || {{blue|11:30}} || {{blue|12:30}} || {{blue|13:30}} || {{blue|14:30}} || {{blue|15:30}} || {{blue|16:30}} || {{blue|17:30}} || {{blue|18:30}} || {{blue|19:30}} || {{blue|20:30}} || {{blue|21:30}} || {{blue|22:30}} || {{blue|23:30}} || {{red|00:30}} || {{red|01:30}} || {{red|02:30}} || {{red|03:30}} || {{red|04:30}} || {{red|05:30}} || {{red|06:30}} || {{red|07:30}} || {{red|08:30}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−02:00]] || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC−01:00]] || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+00:00]] || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+01:00]] || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+02:00]] || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+03:00]] || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+03:30]] || {{blue|15:30}} || {{blue|16:30}} || {{blue|17:30}} || {{blue|18:30}} || {{blue|19:30}} || {{blue|20:30}} || {{blue|21:30}} || {{blue|22:30}} || {{blue|23:30}} || {{red|00:30}} || {{red|01:30}} || {{red|02:30}} || {{red|03:30}} || {{red|04:30}} || {{red|05:30}} || {{red|06:30}} || {{red|07:30}} || {{red|08:30}} || {{red|09:30}} || {{red|10:30}} || {{red|11:30}} || {{red|12:30}} || {{red|13:30}} || {{red|14:30}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+04:00]] || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+04:30]] || {{blue|16:30}} || {{blue|17:30}} || {{blue|18:30}} || {{blue|19:30}} || {{blue|20:30}} || {{blue|21:30}} || {{blue|22:30}} || {{blue|23:30}} || {{red|00:30}} || {{red|01:30}} || {{red|02:30}} || {{red|03:30}} || {{red|04:30}} || {{red|05:30}} || {{red|06:30}} || {{red|07:30}} || {{red|08:30}} || {{red|09:30}} || {{red|10:30}} || {{red|11:30}} || {{red|12:30}} || {{red|13:30}} || {{red|14:30}} || {{red|15:30}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+05:00]] || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}} || {{red|16:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+05:30]] || {{blue|17:30}} || {{blue|18:30}} || {{blue|19:30}} || {{blue|20:30}} || {{blue|21:30}} || {{blue|22:30}} || {{blue|23:30}} || {{red|00:30}} || {{red|01:30}} || {{red|02:30}} || {{red|03:30}} || {{red|04:30}} || {{red|05:30}} || {{red|06:30}} || {{red|07:30}} || {{red|08:30}} || {{red|09:30}} || {{red|10:30}} || {{red|11:30}} || {{red|12:30}} || {{red|13:30}} || {{red|14:30}} || {{red|15:30}} || {{red|16:30}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+05:45]] || {{blue|17:45}} || {{blue|18:45}} || {{blue|19:45}} || {{blue|20:45}} || {{blue|21:45}} || {{blue|22:45}} || {{blue|23:45}} || {{red|00:45}} || {{red|01:45}} || {{red|02:45}} || {{red|03:45}} || {{red|04:45}} || {{red|05:45}} || {{red|06:45}} || {{red|07:45}} || {{red|08:45}} || {{red|09:45}} || {{red|10:45}} || {{red|11:45}} || {{red|12:45}} || {{red|13:45}} || {{red|14:45}} || {{red|15:45}} || {{red|16:45}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+06:00]] || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}} || {{red|16:00}} || {{red|17:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+06:30]] || {{blue|18:30}} || {{blue|19:30}} || {{blue|20:30}} || {{blue|21:30}} || {{blue|22:30}} || {{blue|23:30}} || {{red|00:30}} || {{red|01:30}} || {{red|02:30}} || {{red|03:30}} || {{red|04:30}} || {{red|05:30}} || {{red|06:30}} || {{red|07:30}} || {{red|08:30}} || {{red|09:30}} || {{red|10:30}} || {{red|11:30}} || {{red|12:30}} || {{red|13:30}} || {{red|14:30}} || {{red|15:30}} || {{red|16:30}} || {{red|17:30}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+07:00]] || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}} || {{red|16:00}} || {{red|17:00}} || {{red|18:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+08:00]] || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}} || {{red|16:00}} || {{red|17:00}} || {{red|18:00}} || {{red|19:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+08:45]] || {{blue|20:45}} || {{blue|21:45}} || {{blue|22:45}} || {{blue|23:45}} || {{red|00:45}} || {{red|01:45}} || {{red|02:45}} || {{red|03:45}} || {{red|04:45}} || {{red|05:45}} || {{red|06:45}} || {{red|07:45}} || {{red|08:45}} || {{red|09:45}} || {{red|10:45}} || {{red|11:45}} || {{red|12:45}} || {{red|13:45}} || {{red|14:45}} || {{red|15:45}} || {{red|16:45}} || {{red|17:45}} || {{red|18:45}} || {{red|19:45}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+09:00]] || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}} || {{red|16:00}} || {{red|17:00}} || {{red|18:00}} || {{red|19:00}} || {{red|20:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+09:30]] || {{blue|21:30}} || {{blue|22:30}} || {{blue|23:30}} || {{red|00:30}} || {{red|01:30}} || {{red|02:30}} || {{red|03:30}} || {{red|04:30}} || {{red|05:30}} || {{red|06:30}} || {{red|07:30}} || {{red|08:30}} || {{red|09:30}} || {{red|10:30}} || {{red|11:30}} || {{red|12:30}} || {{red|13:30}} || {{red|14:30}} || {{red|15:30}} || {{red|16:30}} || {{red|17:30}} || {{red|18:30}} || {{red|19:30}} || {{red|20:30}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+10:00]] || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}} || {{red|16:00}} || {{red|17:00}} || {{red|18:00}} || {{red|19:00}} || {{red|20:00}} || {{red|21:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+10:30]] || {{blue|22:30}} || {{blue|23:30}} || {{red|00:30}} || {{red|01:30}} || {{red|02:30}} || {{red|03:30}} || {{red|04:30}} || {{red|05:30}} || {{red|06:30}} || {{red|07:30}} || {{red|08:30}} || {{red|09:30}} || {{red|10:30}} || {{red|11:30}} || {{red|12:30}} || {{red|13:30}} || {{red|14:30}} || {{red|15:30}} || {{red|16:30}} || {{red|17:30}} || {{red|18:30}} || {{red|19:30}} || {{red|20:30}} || {{red|21:30}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+11:00]] || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}} || {{red|16:00}} || {{red|17:00}} || {{red|18:00}} || {{red|19:00}} || {{red|20:00}} || {{red|21:00}} || {{red|22:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+12:00]] || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}} || {{red|16:00}} || {{red|17:00}} || {{red|18:00}} || {{red|19:00}} || {{red|20:00}} || {{red|21:00}} || {{red|22:00}} || {{red|23:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+12:45]] || {{red|00:45}} || {{red|01:45}} || {{red|02:45}} || {{red|03:45}} || {{red|04:45}} || {{red|05:45}} || {{red|06:45}} || {{red|07:45}} || {{red|08:45}} || {{red|09:45}} || {{red|10:45}} || {{red|11:45}} || {{red|12:45}} || {{red|13:45}} || {{red|14:45}} || {{red|15:45}} || {{red|16:45}} || {{red|17:45}} || {{red|18:45}} || {{red|19:45}} || {{red|20:45}} || {{red|21:45}} || {{red|22:45}} || {{red|23:45}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+13:00]] || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}} || {{red|16:00}} || {{red|17:00}} || {{red|18:00}} || {{red|19:00}} || {{red|20:00}} || {{red|21:00}} || {{red|22:00}} || {{red|23:00}} || {{green|00:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+13:45]] || {{red|01:45}} || {{red|02:45}} || {{red|03:45}} || {{red|04:45}} || {{red|05:45}} || {{red|06:45}} || {{red|07:45}} || {{red|08:45}} || {{red|09:45}} || {{red|10:45}} || {{red|11:45}} || {{red|12:45}} || {{red|13:45}} || {{red|14:45}} || {{red|15:45}} || {{red|16:45}} || {{red|17:45}} || {{red|18:45}} || {{red|19:45}} || {{red|20:45}} || {{red|21:45}} || {{red|22:45}} || {{red|23:45}} || {{green|00:45}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[UTC+14:00]] || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}} || {{red|16:00}} || {{red|17:00}} || {{red|18:00}} || {{red|19:00}} || {{red|20:00}} || {{red|21:00}} || {{red|22:00}} || {{red|23:00}} || {{green|00:00}} || {{green|01:00}}<br />
|-<br />
| UTC offset || colspan=22 | {{red|Tuesday}} || colspan=2 | {{green|Wednesday}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nautical time zones ==<br />
{{Main|Nautical time}}<br />
<br />
Since the 1920s, a [[nautical time|nautical standard time]] system has been in operation for ships on the [[international waters|high seas]]. As an ideal form of the terrestrial time zone system, nautical time zones consist of [[gore (segment)|gores]] of 15° offset from GMT by a whole number of hours. A nautical date line follows the 180th meridian, bisecting one 15° gore into two 7.5° gores that differ from GMT by ±12 hours.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bowditch |first=Nathaniel |title=American Practical Navigator |location=Washington |publisher=Government Printing Office |orig-date=1925 |date=1975}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=John C. |author2=Thomas F. Utegaard |author3=Gerard Riordan |title=Dutton's Navigation and Piloting |location=Annapolis |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]] |date=1958}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Howse |first=Derek |title=Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1980 |isbn=0-19-215948-8}}</ref><br />
<br />
However, in practice each ship may choose what time to observe at each location. Ships may decide to adjust their clocks at a convenient time, usually at night, not exactly when they cross a certain longitude.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cruisecritic.com/articles/what-is-cruise-ship-time |title=What Is Cruise Ship Time? Cruise Critic |date=January 7, 2020 |access-date=November 21, 2024 |archive-date=November 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121215157/https://www.cruisecritic.com/articles/what-is-cruise-ship-time |url-status=live }}</ref> Some ships simply remain on the time of the departing port during the whole trip.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://caribbeanadventuresroatan.com/frequently-asked-questions/ |title=Frequently Asked Questions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214083749/https://caribbeanadventuresroatan.com/frequently-asked-questions/ |archive-date=February 14, 2021 |url-status=live |website=Caribbean Adventures Roatan}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Skewing of time zones==<br />
<!-- This section is linked from [[daylight saving time]] --><br />
[[File:Tzdiff-Europe-summer.png|thumb|Difference between sun time and clock time during daylight saving time:<br />
{| border="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#c8bfe7;" |<br />
| 1h ± 30 min behind<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#bec0bc;" |<br />
| 0h ± 30m<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#c18e8e;" |<br />
| 1h ± 30&nbsp;m ahead<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#c15e61;" |<br />
| 2h ± 30&nbsp;m ahead<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#c10000;" |<br />
| 3h ± 30&nbsp;m ahead<br />
|}<br />
]]<br />
<br />
Ideal time zones, such as nautical time zones, are based on the mean solar time of a particular meridian in the middle of that zone with boundaries located 7.5 degrees east and west of the meridian. In practice, however, many time zone boundaries are drawn much farther to the west, and some countries are located entirely outside their ideal time zones.<br />
<br />
For example, even though the Prime Meridian (0°) passes through Spain and France they use the mean solar time of 15 degrees east ([[Central European Time]]) rather than 0 degrees (Greenwich Mean Time). France previously used GMT, but was switched to CET (Central European Time) during the [[German occupation of France during World War II|German occupation]] of the country during World War II and did not switch back after the war.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Poulle|first=Yvonne|title=La France à l'heure allemande|journal=Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes|year=1999|volume=157|issue=2|pages=493–502 |doi-access=free |doi=10.3406/bec.1999.450989}}</ref> Similarly, prior to World War II, the Netherlands observed "Amsterdam Time", which was twenty minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. They were obliged to follow German time during the war, and kept it thereafter. In the mid-1970s the Netherlands, as other European states, began observing daylight saving (summer) time.<br />
<br />
One reason to draw time zone boundaries far to the west of their ideal meridians is to allow the more efficient use of afternoon sunlight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pep.com.cn/200503/ca692073.htm|title=法定时与北京时间|publisher=人民教育出版社|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114120456/http://www.pep.com.cn/200503/ca692073.htm|archive-date=November 14, 2006|language=zh}}</ref> Some of these locations also use daylight saving time, further increasing the difference to local solar time. As a result, in summer, solar noon in the Spanish city of [[Vigo]] occurs at 14:41 clock time. This westernmost area of continental Spain never experiences sunset before 18:00 clock time, even in winter, despite lying 42 degrees north of the equator.<ref>[https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/spain/vigo Vigo, Galicia, Spain – Sunrise, Sunset, and Daylength] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110174823/http://www.timeanddate.com/sun/spain/vigo |date=November 10, 2015 }}, Timeanddate.com.</ref> Near the summer [[solstice]], Vigo has sunset times after 22:00, similar to those of [[Stockholm]], which is in the same time zone and 17 degrees farther north. Stockholm has much earlier sunrises, though.<ref>[https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/sweden/stockholm Stockholm, Sweden – Sunrise, Sunset, and Daylength] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209210704/https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/sweden/stockholm |date=February 9, 2021 }}, Timeanddate.com.</ref><br />
<br />
In the United States, the reasons were more historical and business-related. In Midwestern states, like [[Indiana]] and [[Michigan]], those living in [[Indianapolis]] and [[Detroit]] wanted to be on the same time zone as New York City to simplify communications and transactions.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Susannah |last1=Dillion |first2=Hugh |last2=Kremer |title=Indiana does not belong in Eastern Time zone |url=https://www.reporter-times.com/story/opinion/2013/04/02/indiana-does-not-belong-in-eastern-time-zone/47166055/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Reporter-Times |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
A more extreme example is [[Nome, Alaska]], which is at 165°24′W longitude{{snd}}just west of center of the idealized [[Samoa Time Zone]] ([[165th meridian west|165°W]]). Nevertheless, Nome observes [[Alaska Time Zone|Alaska Time]] ([[135th meridian west|135°W]]) with DST so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and over three in summer.<ref>{{cite web|last=O'Hara|first=Doug|title=Alaska: daylight stealing time|work=Far North Science|url=http://www.farnorthscience.com/2007/03/11/news-from-alaska/alaska-daylight-stealing-time/|date=March 11, 2007|access-date=May 11, 2007|archive-date=September 27, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927094000/http://www.farnorthscience.com/2007/03/11/news-from-alaska/alaska-daylight-stealing-time/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
[[Kotzebue, Alaska]], also near the same meridian but north of the Arctic Circle, has ''two'' sunsets on the same day in early August, one shortly after midnight at the start of the day, and the other shortly before midnight at the end of the day.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/08/07/Alaskan-village-to-get-two-sunsets-Friday/5874523771200/ |title=Alaskan village to get two sunsets Friday |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020163410/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/08/07/Alaskan-village-to-get-two-sunsets-Friday/5874523771200/ |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |url-status=live |website=United Press International |date=August 7, 1986}}</ref> Consequently, in early May, in Kotzebue one day does not have sunset.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/usa/kotzebue?month=5&year=2025|title=Sunrise and sunset times in Kotzebue, May 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[List of extreme points of China|China extends as far west as 73°E]], but all parts of it use [[UTC+08:00]] ([[120th meridian east|120°E]]), so solar "noon" can occur as late as 15:00 in western portions of China such as [[Xinjiang]].<ref>[https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/china/kashgar Kashgar, Xinjiang, China – Sunrise, Sunset, and Daylength] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108141912/https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/china/kashgar |date=November 8, 2020 }}, Timeanddate.com</ref> The [[Afghanistan-China border]] marks the greatest terrestrial time zone difference on Earth, with a 3.5 hour difference between Afghanistan's UTC+4:30 and China's [[Time in China|UTC+08:00]].<br />
<br />
{{Wide image|File:Solar time vs standard time.png|800px|align-cap=center|A visualization of the mismatch between clock time and solar time in different locations. In blue areas, clock time lags behind solar time; in red areas, the reverse is true. The two are synchronized in the white areas.}}<br />
<br />
== Daylight saving time ==<br />
{{Main|Daylight saving time}}<br />
[[File:DaylightSaving-World-Subdivisions.png|thumb|upright=1.35| {{legend|#1b80e6|DST observed}} {{legend|#ef690a|DST formerly observed}}<br />
{{legend|#c00000|DST never observed}}]]<br />
<br />
Many countries, and sometimes just certain regions of countries, adopt daylight saving time (DST), also known as summer time, during part of the year. This typically involves advancing clocks by an hour near the start of [[spring (season)|spring]] and adjusting back in [[autumn]] ("spring forward", "fall back"). Modern DST was first proposed in 1907 and was in widespread use in 1916 as a [[World War I|wartime]] measure aimed at [[Energy conservation|conserving coal]]. Despite [[Daylight saving time#Dispute over benefits and drawbacks|controversy]], many countries have used it off and on since then; [[Daylight saving time by country|details vary by location]] and change occasionally. Countries around the equator usually do not observe daylight saving time, since the seasonal difference in sunlight there is minimal.<br />
<br />
== Computer systems ==<br />
Many computer [[operating systems]] include the necessary support for working with many or all possible local times. Internally, operating systems typically use [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] as their basic [[system time|time-keeping standard]] and convert local times, including [[daylight savings time]], to and from UTC.<br />
<br />
Web servers presenting web pages primarily for an audience in a single time zone or a limited range of time zones typically show times as a local time, perhaps with UTC time in brackets. More internationally oriented websites may show times in UTC only or using an arbitrary time zone. For example, the international English-language version of CNN includes GMT and Hong Kong Time,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com |title=International CNN |publisher=CNN |access-date=December 5, 2011 |archive-date=March 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310195324/https://edition.cnn.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> whereas the US version shows [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern Time]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com |title=United States CNN |publisher=Cnn.com |access-date=December 5, 2011 |archive-date=September 11, 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010911200318/http://www.cnn.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{needs update|date=January 2026}}US Eastern Time and [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific Time]] are also used fairly commonly on many US-based English-language websites with global readership. The format is typically based in the [[World Wide Web Consortium|W3C]] Note "datetime".<br />
<br />
[[Email]] systems and other messaging systems ([[Internet Relay Chat|IRC chat]], etc.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BuildingCommunity/BookingUbuntuMeetingChannel|title=Guidelines for Ubuntu IRC Meetings|date=August 6, 2008<!-- 15:53:34-->|publisher=[[Canonical Ltd.]]|access-date=July 13, 2009|archive-date=February 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225064621/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BuildingCommunity/BookingUbuntuMeetingChannel|url-status=live}}</ref> time-stamp messages using UTC, or else include the sender's time zone as part of the message, allowing the receiving program to display the message's date and time of sending in the recipient's local time.<br />
<br />
[[Database]] records that include a time stamp typically use UTC, especially when the database is part of a system that spans multiple time zones. The use of local time for time-stamping records is not recommended for time zones that implement daylight saving time because once a year there is a one-hour period when local times are ambiguous.<br />
<br />
[[Calendaring software|Calendar systems]] nowadays usually tie their time stamps to UTC, and show them differently on computers that are in different time zones. That works when having telephone or internet meetings. It works less well when travelling, because the calendar events are assumed to take place in the time zone the computer or smartphone was on when creating the event. The event can be shown at the wrong time. For example, if a Los Angeles resident visits New York and before the journey makes a calendar entry for the return flight at 9 am (which the computer assumes is Los Angeles time), the calendar entry will be at noon if taking the computer's new New York time zone. Calendaring software must also deal with [[daylight saving time]] (DST), usually done so calendar entries made before the shift are shown the same after it. If, for political reasons, the begin and end dates of daylight saving time are changed, calendar entries should stay the same in local time, even though they may shift in UTC time. <br />
<br />
=== Operating systems ===<br />
==== Unix ====<br />
{{Main|Unix time}}<br />
<br />
[[Unix-like]] systems, including [[Linux]] and [[macOS]], keep system time in [[Unix time]] format, representing the number of seconds that have elapsed since 00:00:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC) on Thursday, January 1, 1970, excluding [[leap second]]s.<ref name="single-unix-spec-4.16">{{cite web|url=http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_16|title=The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, section 4.16 Seconds Since the Epoch|publisher=[[The Open Group]]|access-date=January 22, 2017|archive-date=December 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222113543/http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_16|url-status=live}}</ref> Unix time is usually converted to local time when displayed to the user, and times specified by the user in local time are converted to Unix time. The conversion takes into account the time zone and daylight saving time rules; by default the time zone and daylight saving time rules are set up when the system is configured, though individual processes can specify time zones and daylight saving time rules using the ''TZ'' [[environment variable]].<ref name="tzset(3)">{{man|sh|tzset|SUS}}</ref> This allows users in multiple time zones, or in the same time zone but with different daylight saving time rules, to use the same computer, with their respective local times displayed correctly to each user. Information about time zones and daylight saving time rules most commonly comes from the [[IANA time zone database]]. Many systems, including anything using the [[GNU C Library]], a C library based on the [[BSD]] C library, or the [[System V Release 4]] C library, can make use of the IANA time zone database.<br />
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==== Microsoft Windows ====<br />
<br />
{{Update|section|date=July 2025}}<br />
[[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]-based computer systems prior to [[Windows 95]] and [[Windows NT]] used local time, but Windows 95 and later, and Windows NT, base system time on UTC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms724961.aspx|title=System Time|website=[[MSDN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227230411/http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms724961.aspx|archive-date=2007-02-27|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sysinfo/system-time|title=System Time|website=[[Microsoft Learn]]|date=January 7, 2021|access-date=April 23, 2024|archive-date=February 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224224835/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sysinfo/system-time|url-status=live}}</ref> They allow a program to fetch the system time as UTC, represented as a year, month, day, hour, minute, second, and millisecond;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms724390.aspx|title=GetSystemTime|website=MSDN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228030857/http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms724390.aspx|archive-date=2007-02-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/sysinfoapi/nf-sysinfoapi-getsystemtime|title=GetSystemTime function (Windows)|website=Microsoft Learn|date=February 22, 2024|access-date=April 23, 2024|archive-date=April 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423071349/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/sysinfoapi/nf-sysinfoapi-getsystemtime|url-status=live}}</ref> Windows 95 and later, and Windows NT 3.5 and later, also allow the system time to be fetched as a count of 100 ns units since 1601-01-01 00:00:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms724397.aspx|title=GetSystemTimeAsFileTime|website=MSDN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224215258/http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms724397.aspx|archive-date=2007-02-24|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/sysinfoapi/nf-sysinfoapi-getsystemtimeasfiletime|title=GetSystemTimeAsFileTime function (Windows)|website=Microsoft Learn|date=February 22, 2024 |access-date=April 23, 2024}}</ref> The [[Windows Registry|system registry]] contains time zone information that includes the offset from UTC and rules that indicate the start and end dates for daylight saving in each zone. Interaction with the user normally uses local time, and application software is able to calculate the time in various zones. [[Remote Desktop Services|Terminal Servers]] allow remote computers to redirect their time zone settings to the Terminal Server so that users see the correct time for their time zone in their desktop/application sessions. Terminal Services uses the server base time on the Terminal Server and the client time zone information to calculate the time in the session.<br />
<br />
=== Programming languages ===<br />
==== Java ====<br />
While most application software will use the underlying operating system for time zone and daylight saving time rule information, [[Java (programming language)|the Java Platform]], from version 1.3.1, has maintained its own database of time zone and daylight saving time rule information, based on the [[IANA time zone database]]. This database is updated whenever time zone or daylight saving time rules change. [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] provides an updater tool for this purpose.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/tzupdater-readme.html |title=Timezone Updater Tool |publisher=Oracle Java Technologies |access-date=November 21, 2024 |archive-date=November 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114181554/https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/tzupdater-readme.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
As an alternative to the information bundled with the Java Platform, programmers may choose to use the Joda-Time library.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://joda-time.sourceforge.net/ |title=Joda-Time |publisher=Joda-time.sourceforge.net |access-date=December 5, 2011 |archive-date=December 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203213457/http://joda-time.sourceforge.net/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This library includes its own data based on the IANA time zone database.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.twinsun.com/tz/tz-link.htm |title=tz database |publisher=Twinsun.com |date=December 26, 2007 |access-date=December 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623013511/http://www.twinsun.com/tz/tz-link.htm |archive-date=June 23, 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
As of Java 8 there is a new date and time API that can help with converting times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/datetime/|title=Trail: Date Time (The Java™ Tutorials)|website=docs.oracle.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== JavaScript ====<br />
Traditionally, there was very little in the way of time zone support for [[JavaScript]]. Essentially the programmer had to extract the UTC offset by instantiating a time object, getting a GMT time from it, and differencing the two. This does not provide a solution for more complex daylight saving variations, such as divergent DST directions between northern and southern hemispheres.<br />
<br />
ECMA-402, the standard on Internationalization API for JavaScript, provides ways of formatting Time Zones.<ref>{{Cite web<br />
| title = ECMAScript 2015 Internationalization API Specification<br />
| publisher = ECMA International<br />
| date = June 2015<br />
| access-date = September 4, 2019<br />
| url = https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-402/2.0/#sec-time-zone-names<br />
| archive-date = October 26, 2019<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191026140400/https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-402/2.0/#sec-time-zone-names<br />
| url-status = live<br />
}}</ref> However, due to size constraint, some implementations or distributions do not include it.<ref>{{Cite web<br />
| title = Internationalization Support<br />
| work = Node.js v12.10.0 Documentation<br />
| access-date = September 4, 2019<br />
| url = https://nodejs.org/api/intl.html#intl_disable_all_internationalization_features_none<br />
| archive-date = August 28, 2019<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190828234745/https://nodejs.org/api/intl.html#intl_disable_all_internationalization_features_none<br />
| url-status = live<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Perl ====<br />
The DateTime object in [[Perl]] supports all entries in the [[IANA time zone database]] and includes the ability to get, set and convert between time zones.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://metacpan.org/pod/DateTime |title=DateTime |work=MetaCPAN |access-date=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=March 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329001557/https://metacpan.org/pod/DateTime |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== PHP ====<br />
The DateTime objects and related functions have been compiled into the [[PHP]] core since 5.2. This includes the ability to get and set the default script time zone, and DateTime is aware of its own time zone internally. PHP.net provides extensive documentation on this.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.php.net/manual/en/book.datetime.php |title=DateTime |publisher=Php.net |access-date=December 5, 2011 |archive-date=November 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122174518/http://www.php.net/manual/en/book.datetime.php |url-status=live }}</ref> As noted there, the most current time zone database can be implemented via the [[PEAR#PECL|PECL]] timezonedb.<br />
<br />
==== Python ====<br />
The standard module datetime included with [[Python (programming language)|Python]] stores and operates on the time zone information class tzinfo. The third party pytz module provides access to the full IANA time zone database.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pytz.sourceforge.net/ |title=pytz module |publisher=Pytz.sourceforge.net |access-date=December 5, 2011 |archive-date=November 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130085600/http://pytz.sourceforge.net/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Negated time zone offset in seconds is stored time.timezone and time.altzone attributes. From Python 3.9, the zoneinfo module introduces timezone management without need for third party module.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://docs.python.org/3/library/zoneinfo.html |title=zoneinfo module |publisher=www.python.org |access-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-date=February 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207193618/https://docs.python.org/3/library/zoneinfo.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Smalltalk ====<br />
Each [[Smalltalk]] dialect comes with its own built-in classes for dates, times and timestamps, only a few of which implement the DateAndTime and Duration classes as specified by the ANSI Smalltalk Standard. [[VisualWorks]] provides a TimeZone class that supports up to two annually recurring offset transitions, which are assumed to apply to all years (same behavior as Windows time zones). [[Squeak]] provides a Timezone class that does not support any offset transitions. [[Dolphin Smalltalk]] does not support time zones at all.<br />
<br />
For full support of the tz database (zoneinfo) in a Smalltalk application (including support for any number of annually recurring offset transitions, and support for different intra-year offset transition rules in different years) the third-party, open-source, ANSI-Smalltalk-compliant Chronos Date/Time Library is available for use with any of the following Smalltalk dialects: VisualWorks, Squeak, Gemstone, or Dolphin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chronos-st.org/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405043602/http://www.chronos-st.org/|url-status=dead|title=chronos-st – Keeping up with time|date=October 21, 2024|archivedate=April 5, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Time in outer space ==<br />
Orbiting spacecraft may experience many sunrises and sunsets, or none, in a 24-hour period. Therefore, it is not possible to calibrate the time with respect to the Sun and still respect a 24-hour sleep/wake cycle. A common practice for [[space exploration]] is to use the Earth-based time of the launch site or mission control, synchronizing the sleeping cycles of the crew and controllers. The [[International Space Station]] normally uses [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mitchell |first=Gareth |title=What time zone do they use on the International Space Station? |url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/space/what-time-zone-do-they-use-on-the-international-space-station/ |access-date=29 April 2026 |magazine=[[BBC Science Focus]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Timekeeping on Mars]] can be more complex, since the planet has a solar day of approximately 24 hours and 40 minutes, known as a [[Sol (day on Mars)|sol]]. Earth controllers for some Mars missions have synchronized their sleep/wake cycles with the Martian day, when specifically solar-powered rover activity occurs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.space.com/17815-mars-rover-jet-lag.html |title=New Tricks Could Help Mars Rover Team Live on Mars Time |author=Megan Gannon |website=Space.com |date=September 28, 2012 |access-date=November 21, 2024 |archive-date=November 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121215156/https://www.space.com/17815-mars-rover-jet-lag.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Geography|World}}<br />
* {{Annotated link|Abolition of time zones}}<br />
* {{Annotated link|International Date Line}}<br />
* [[Jet lag]]<br />
* [[Lists of time zones]]<br />
* [[Metric time]]<br />
* [[:Category:Time by country|Time by country]]<br />
* [[Time in Europe]]<br />
* {{Annotated link|World clock}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Asimov | first = Isaac | encyclopedia = Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology: The Living Stories of More than 1000 Great Scientists from the Age of Greece to the Space Age | year = 1964 | publisher = Doubleday & Company, Inc. | location = Garden City, NY | pages = 343–344 | title = Abbe, Cleveland | lccn = 64016199 }}<br />
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Debus | editor-first = Allen G. | encyclopedia = World Who's Who in Science: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Scientists from Antiquity to the Present | edition = 1st | title=Abbe, Cleveland | publisher = A. N. Marquis Company | location = Chicago, IL | date = 1968 | isbn = 0-8379-1001-3 | lccn = 68056149 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/worldwhoswhoinsc0000unse }}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
*{{cite news<br />
| last = Biswas<br />
| first = Soutik<br />
| title = How India's single time zone is hurting its people<br />
| publisher = [[BBC News]]<br />
| date = February 12, 2019<br />
| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47168359<br />
| access-date = February 12, 2019<br />
| archive-date = February 12, 2019<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190212160748/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47168359<br />
| url-status = live<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite web<br />
| author = Maulik Jagnani, economist at [[Cornell University]]<br />
| title = Poor Sleep: Sunset Time and Human Capital Production<br />
| format = Job Market Paper<br />
| date = January 15, 2019<br />
| url = https://www.isid.ac.in/~epu/acegd2018/papers/MaulikJagnani.pdf<br />
| access-date = April 28, 2025<br />
| archive-date = May 12, 2025<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250512094229/https://www.isid.ac.in/~epu/acegd2018/papers/MaulikJagnani.pdf<br />
| url-status = live<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite web<br />
| title = Time Bandits: The countries rebelling against GMT<br />
| publisher = [[BBC News]]<br />
| format = Video<br />
| date = August 14, 2015<br />
| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-pacific-33938952/time-bandits-the-countries-rebelling-against-gmt<br />
| access-date = February 12, 2019}}<br />
*{{cite news<br />
| title = How time zones confused the world<br />
| work = [[BBC News]]<br />
| date = August 7, 2015<br />
| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815153<br />
| access-date = February 12, 2019}}<br />
*{{cite news<br />
| last = Lane<br />
| first = Megan<br />
| title = How does a country change its time zone?<br />
| publisher = [[BBC News]]<br />
| date = May 10, 2011<br />
| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-13334229<br />
| access-date = February 12, 2019<br />
| archive-date = February 13, 2019<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190213014325/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-13334229<br />
| url-status = live<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite web<br />
| title = A brief history of time zones<br />
| publisher = [[BBC News]]<br />
| format = Video<br />
| date = March 24, 2011<br />
| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/av/science-environment-12787502/a-brief-history-of-time-zones<br />
| access-date = February 12, 2019<br />
| archive-date = February 13, 2019<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123623/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/science-environment-12787502/a-brief-history-of-time-zones<br />
| url-status = live<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite IETF |rfc=8536|title=The Time Zone Information Format (TZif)}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Wikivoyage|Time zones}}<br />
* {{Commons category-inline|Time zones}}<br />
{{UTC time offsets}}<br />
{{Time Topics}}<br />
{{Earth}}<br />
{{Time measurement and standards}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Time zones| ]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avadi_Assembly_constituency&diff=488398Avadi Assembly constituency2026-05-06T15:52:02Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: new article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Avadi<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 6<br />
| map_image = Constitution-Avadi.svg<br />
| mla = S. M. Nasar<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
| alliance = {{legend2|#dd1100|'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br />
| latest_election_year = 2021<br />
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| district = [[Thiruvallur district|Thiruvallur]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Thiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruvallur]]<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| electors = 436,177 <br />
| reservation = None<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Avadi''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], newly formed after the 2008 constituency delimitation.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008 |url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-15 }}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 6. It consists of a portion of [[Avadi taluk]] and includes [[Avadi]]. It is included in [[Thiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 25 January 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160804211957/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20%26%20Order%20.pdf |archive-date= 2016-08-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
| [[S. Abdul Rahim]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
| [[K. Pandiarajan]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=6}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| [[S. M. Nasar]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />
| [[R. Ramesh Kumar]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2026 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Avadi<ref>{{cite web |title=Constituency-wise results – Avadi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S226.htm |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate=[[R. Ramesh Kumar]]<br />
|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam<br />
|votes=180,384<br />
|percentage=52.13<br />
|change=''New''}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate=[[S. M. Nasar]]<br />
|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br />
|votes=104,073<br />
|percentage=30.08<br />
|change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate=M. Rajasimha Mahindra<br />
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes=39,605<br />
|percentage=11.45<br />
|change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate=Punitha<br />
|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi<br />
|votes=16,335<br />
|percentage=4.72<br />
|change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate=NOTA<br />
|party=None of the above<br />
|votes=1,533<br />
|percentage=0.44<br />
|change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate=Others<br />
|party=Independent politician<br />
|votes=4,072<br />
|percentage=1.18<br />
|change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory<br />
|votes=76,311<br />
|percentage=22.06<br />
|change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes=346,002<br />
|percentage=79.33<br />
|change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 436177 |change = }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam<br />
|loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br />
|swing= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2021===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Avadi<ref>{{cite web|title=avadi Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a006|access-date= 23 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. M. Nasar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=150,287 |percentage=50.35 |change=+10.95 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Pandiarajan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=95,012 |percentage=31.83 |change=-8.08 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Vijayalakshmi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=30,087 |percentage=10.08 |change=+8.49 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Udhayakumar |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=17,092 |percentage=5.73 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,381 |percentage=0.80 |change=-1.05 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. M. Sankar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,911 |percentage=0.64 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=55,275 |percentage=18.52 |change= 18.01 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=298,456 |percentage=67.18 |change= -0.73 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= +10.44 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2016===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Avadi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Pandiarajan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=108,064 |percentage=39.92 |change=-15.26 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. M. Nasar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=106,669 |percentage=39.40 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Anthridoss |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,848 |percentage=8.44 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Anandakrishnan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=12,428 |percentage=4.59 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Loganathan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,232 |percentage=2.67 |change=+0.77 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=4,994 |percentage=1.84 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nallathambi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=4,301 |percentage=1.59 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Charles |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,477 |percentage=0.55 |change=-0.29 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,395 |percentage=0.52 |change= -21.15 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=270,732 |percentage=67.92 |change= -3.89 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -15.26 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2011===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Avadi<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Abdul Rahim]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=110,102 |percentage=55.18 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Dhamotharan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=66,864 |percentage=33.51 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Jayaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=10,460 |percentage=5.24 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Loganathan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,795 |percentage=1.90 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Sathyamurthi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,658 |percentage=0.83 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Bakthavachalu |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,336 |percentage=0.67 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Jayaramu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,114 |percentage=0.56 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=43,238 |percentage=21.67 |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=199,538 |percentage=71.81 |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}8. https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S226.htm<nowiki/>{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|13.12|N|80.1|E|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Tiruvallur district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konijerla,_Eluru_district&diff=510450Konijerla, Eluru district2026-05-03T09:57:15Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: adding!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Konijerla<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = te<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Village]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = <!--India Andhra Pradesh--><br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 980<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Konijerla''' is a village in Lingapallem [[Tehsil|Mandal]] of [[Eluru district]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The village is on the banks of [[Tammileru]]. The nearest train station is located Eluru.<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
<br />
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Konijerla had a population of 980. The total population constitutes 489 males and 491 females with a sex ratio of 1004 females per 1000 males. 86 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with sex ratio of 1457. The average literacy rate stands at 73.15%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/587976-konijerla-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Konijerl Population Census|accessdate=18 May 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|16|54|N|80|58|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]<br />
<br />
{{Eluru-geo-stub}}</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bengal_Files&diff=540417The Bengal Files2026-04-29T17:20:36Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: put up details!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2025 Indian propaganda film by Vivek Agnihotri}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = The Bengal Files<br />
| image = The Bengal Files poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Vivek Agnihotri]]<br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Abhishek Agarwal<br />
* [[Pallavi Joshi]]<br />
* Vivek Agnihotri}}<br />
| writer = Vivek Agnihotri<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]]<br />
* Pallavi Joshi<br />
* [[Darshan Kumar]]<br />
* [[Simrat Kaur]]<br />
* [[Anupam Kher]]<br />
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]]<br />
* Namashi Chakraborty<br />
* [[Puneet Issar]]<br />
* [[Sourav Das (actor)|Sourav Das]]<br />
* Eklavya Sood}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Attar Singh Saini]]<br />
| editing = Shankh Rajadhyaksha<br />
| music = [[Rohit Sharma (composer)|Rohit Sharma]]<br />
| production_companies = Abhishek Agarwal Arts<br />I Am Buddha Productions<br />
| distributor = [[Zee Studios]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2025|09|5|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 204 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTExMDYyMDI1MDAxNTI=|title=CBFC &#124; Search Film|website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 August 2025 |title=EXCLUSIVE: The Bengal Files is 1 minute longer than Animal; CBFC censors ‘contemptuous’ words against transgenders; makers voluntarily remove Gopal Mukhopadhyay's mention in several scenes |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-bengal-files-1-minute-longer-animal-cbfc-censors-contemptuous-words-transgenders-makers-voluntarily-remove-gopal-mukhopadhyays-mention-several-scenes/ |publisher=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = ₹50+ crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vivek Agnihotri had to borrow money for flight tickets during The Bengal Files promotions |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vivek-agnihotri-had-to-borrow-money-for-flight-tickets-during-bengal-files-promotions-we-are-struggling-financially-10233893/ |website=The Indian Express |date=7 September 2025 |access-date=7 September 2025}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{INR}}16.19 crore<ref name="bo"/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''The Bengal Files'''''{{Efn|Subtitled '''''The Bengal Files: Right To Life''''' with the tagline '''''Boldest Film Ever'''''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=10 June 2025 |title=Vivek Ranjan Agnihotri renames new film 'The Delhi Files' to 'The Bengal Files' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vivek-ranjan-agnihotri-renames-new-film-the-delhi-files-to-the-bengal-files/article69678021.ece |access-date=10 June 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=10 June 2025 |title=Vivek Agnihotri renames The Delhi Files to The Bengal Files on public demand |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vivek-agnihotri-renames-the-delhi-files-to-the-bengal-files-on-public-demand-2738399-2025-06-10 |access-date=10 June 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>}} is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi-language]] [[political drama]] [[propaganda film]] written and directed by [[Vivek Agnihotri]].<ref name="v931" /> It presents a storyline focused on the [[Direct Action Day]] and the [[Noakhali riots]], depicting the violence and its aftermath as a [[genocide]].{{efn|Multiple references.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bengal Files creates buzz: Stream 5 other real-life incidents-based movies on OTT |date=17 August 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-bengal-files-creates-buzz-stream-5-other-real-life-incidents-based-movies-on-ott-ottplay-101755407443100.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Vivek Agnihotri's The Bengal Files trailer launch stopped twice after hotel wires cut |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/vivek-agnihotris-the-bengal-files-trailer-launch-stopped-twice-after-hotel-wires-cut/articleshow/123331786.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The Bengal Files controversy: Mithun Chakraborty slams political opposition, urges youth to learn the truth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-bengal-files-controversy-mithun-chakraborty-slams-political-opposition-urges-youth-to-learn-the-truth/articleshow/123410544.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bengal Files trailer launched in Kolkata, Vivek Agnihotri promises a haunting untold story of genocide |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-bengal-files-trailer-launched-in-kolkata-vivek-agnihotri-promises-a-haunting-untold-story-of-genocide/articleshow/123332581.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 August 2025 |access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="dehlifiles">{{Cite web |title=The Delhi Files: Vivek Agnihotri to release the Bengal chapter on August 15, 2025 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/the-delhi-files-vivek-agnihotri-to-release-the-bengal-chapter-on-august-15-2025-2610455-2024-10-03 |work=India Today |date=3 October 2024 |access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref>}} The film stars [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Pallavi Joshi]], [[Darshan Kumar]], [[Anupam Kher]] and [[Simrat Kaur]].<br />
<br />
''The Bengal Files'' is the third and final installment in Agnihotri's ''The Files Trilogy'' based on modern Indian history, following ''[[The Tashkent Files]]'' (2019) and ''[[The Kashmir Files]]'' (2022). With a runtime of 204 minutes, it is one of the [[List of longest films in India|longest Indian films]] and was released on 5 September 2025.<ref name="dehlifiles" /> The film received criticism over its [[Hindutva pseudohistory|distortion of history]],<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anant |date=5 September 2025 |title=‘The Bengal Files’ review: A twisted, motivated interpretation of history |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1086246/the-bengal-files-review-a-twisted-motivated-interpretation-of-history |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> and was [[Box-office bomb|commercially unsuccessful]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Sandipan |title=Requiem for hate economy? What the box office bombing of Bengal Files tells us |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/requiem-for-hate-economy-box-office-bombing-of-the-bengal-files-tells-us-vivek-agnihotri-udaipur-files-2786741-2025-09-13 |website=India Today |access-date=15 September 2025 |language=en |date=13 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The story begins in present-day [[India]] with a senior [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] officer, Shiv Pandit being assigned to trace a missing journalist, Gita Mukherjee who had been working on sensitive historical research. Geeta had been investigating old records from [[History of Bengal|Bengal]] around 1946 before disappearing under suspicious circumstances. At first, Pandit treats it as a routine missing-person case, but he quickly finds that multiple official files related to the journalist’s work have been sealed, altered, or completely erased. People who were last in contact with Gita either refuse to speak or provide contradictory accounts, and it becomes clear that powerful interests are actively obstructing the investigation.<br />
<br />
As Pandit follows the journalist’s trail, he discovers that the missing research focused on events in Bengal during 1946, especially the [[1946 Kolkata riot|communal violence]] that erupted around [[Direct Action Day]] in [[Calcutta]] and later spread to other regions. The narrative shifts repeatedly into flashbacks showing how rising [[Religious violence in India|political tensions between communities]], fueled by [[Colonial India|colonial]] withdrawal and competing political demands, escalated into [[Riot|large-scale riots]], [[killings]], and [[Forced displacement|mass displacement]]. These events are shown through multiple perspectives, including survivors, victims, and those caught in political machinery, revealing confusion, fear, and breakdown of authority during that period. Pandit learns that many of the testimonies recorded at that time were either suppressed or never officially documented, creating gaps in historical records.<br />
<br />
Back in the present, the investigation intensifies as Pandit uncovers that Gita had identified a hidden pattern linking certain families, political figures, and institutions to both the [[Direct Action Day|1946 events]] and [[Politics of West Bengal|present-day influence networks]]. Each breakthrough leads to increased pressure on Pandit, including surveillance, intimidation, and attempts to shut down the case. A key turning point occurs when he finds an old survivor, Bharti Banerjee who directly connects the missing Gita’s final research notes to a specific chain of events during the riots in [[Noakhali riots|Noakhali]] and [[Direct Action Day|Calcutta]], suggesting that some incidents were systematically documented and then deliberately erased.<br />
<br />
As Pandit reconstructs the timeline, it reveals how decisions made during the 1946 unrest, including targeted [[Violence|violence]], forced migrations, and political negotiations, created long-term consequences that were later buried in official narratives. Gita's investigation is shown to have uncovered inconsistencies in these historical records, particularly regarding responsibility and the scale of violence in certain regions. In the final act, Pandit manages to recover Gita's complete findings, which expose the full extent of the suppressed information and the deliberate distortion of historical documentation. The climax centers on the confrontation between the recovered truth and the forces attempting to keep it hidden, culminating in the exposure of how past violence and present-day power structures are connected through systematic erasure of evidence, and ending with the resolution of the missing case through the revelation of what truly happened to the Gita.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Mad man Chatur<br />
* [[Pallavi Joshi]] as Maa Bharati / aged Bharti Banerjee<br />
** [[Simrat Kaur]] as young Bharati Banerjee<br />
* [[Darshan Kumar]] as Shiva Aloke Pandit, Special Investigating Officer, [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]]<br />
*[[Anupam Kher]] as [[Mahatma Gandhi]]<br />
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]] as Sardar Husseini, [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Murshidabad]]<br />
* Eklavya Sood as Amarjeet Arora "Amar"<br />
* [[Namashi Chakraborty]] as [[Gholam Sarwar Husseini]]<br />
* [[Rajesh Khera]] as [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<br />
* [[Puneet Issar]] as Rajnath Singh, Director, [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]]<br />
* [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]] as [[Judge|Justice]] Banerjee<br />
* [[Dibyendu Bhattacharya]] as Rajendra Lal Roychowdhary<br />
* [[Sourav Das (actor)|Sourav Das]] as Gopal Patha<br />
* [[Mohan Kapur]] as [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Suhrawardy]]<br />
* Digvijay Purohit as [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<br />
* Jivraj Pipaliya as [[Sardar Patel]]<br />
* Vinayak Miskin as [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]<br />
* Richard Keep as [[Lord Mountbatten]]<br />
* Emily R. Ackland as [[Edwina Mountbatten]]<br />
* Raj Kanani as [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]<br />
* Anubha Arora as Gauri<br />
* Dibanisha Banerjee as Gita Mandal<br />
* [[Rumi Jaffery]] as Agha Jameel Kashmiri<br />
* [[Madalsa Sharma]] as Sardar Husseini's wife<br />
* Ruma Mandal as Bharati's mother<br />
* Diksha Raina as Shiva's mother<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
[[Vivek Agnihotri|Agnihotri]] announced the project in April 2022 following the success of ''[[The Kashmir Files]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Sikh Group not keen on Vivek Agnihotri's 'The Delhi Files'; speculates movie will feature 1984 anti-Sikh riots |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/maharashtra-sikh-group-not-keen-on-vivek-agnihotris-the-delhi-files-387903 |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=[[The Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> He initially titled the film ''The Delhi Files: The Bengal Chapter'' to emphasise his belief that "the destiny of India is written in [[Delhi]] and not in [[Bengal]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Delhi Files: Mithun Chakraborty vows for secularism in riveting first look |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/the-delhi-files-mithun-chakraborty-vows-for-secularism-in-riveting-first-look-2670316-2025-01-26 |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=India Today |date=26 January 2025 |language=en }}</ref> In June 2025, Agnihotri officially renamed the film to ''The Bengal Files: Right to Life'', reflecting the central focus on Bengal history rather than Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vivek Agnihotri reveals new name of his film The Delhi Files: The Bengal Files |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vivek-agnihotri-reveals-new-name-of-his-film-the-delhi-files-the-bengal-files-101749542647695-amp.html |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Agnihotri explained that the title shift was prompted by public sentiment: a social media poll received overwhelming support for renaming the film to better reflect its subject. He said, "The first and foremost reason is that the film is about Bengal... then I did a poll where 99 people asked me to change the title. That's when I thought, why get stuck in the communication... Now, it makes more sense."<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Prompted Vivek Agnihotri To Change The Title Of His Film 'The Delhi Files'? Know The Reason |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/what-prompted-vivek-agnihotri-to-change-the-title-of-his-film-the-delhi-files-know-the-reason/582917/ |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref> He also noted that the second part of the project will similarly undergo a title change after the first chapter's release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Did Vivek Agnihotri Rename The Delhi Files To The Bengal Files? Director Shares Insights |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/the-bengal-files-title-change-teaser-launch-article-151889038 |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=ZoomTV |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Principal photography began in November 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 November 2024 |title=Vivek Agnihotri Begins Shooting For His Next Titled The Delhi Files |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/vivek-agnihotri-begins-shooting-for-his-next-titled-the-delhi-files-9116384.html |publisher=News18}}</ref> Agnihotri confirmed that filming was wrapped by the end of January 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 January 2025 |title=Vivek Ranjan Agnihotri wraps up shooting for 'The Delhi Files: The Bengal Chapter' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/vivek-ranjan-agnihotri-wraps-up-shooting-for-the-delhi-files-the-bengal-chapter-3376481 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Pallavi Joshi]] had initially refused to play her role, feeling it was too big a responsibility, and even suggested Agnihotri, her husband, to cast another actress of the character's age. She eventually decided to play the character after much persuasion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/pallavi-joshi-reveals-she-initially-rejected-the-bengal-files-told-vivek-agnihotri-kisi-aur-actress-ko-cast-karlo-exclusive-article-152649299|title=Pallavi Joshi Reveals She Initially Rejected The Bengal Files, Told Vivek Agnihotri 'Kisi Aur Actress Ko Cast Karlo' &#124; EXCLUSIVE|website=[[Times Now]]|access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The soundtrack of ''The Bengal Files'' consists of a single released song and a background score. <br />
<br />
The devotional folk-based song ''Kichudin Mone Mone'' was released as the first single. It is sung and composed by [[Parvathy Baul]], with lyrics credited as traditional.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Bengal Files Song: Kichudin Mone Mone |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/the-bengal-files-song-kichudin-mone-mone/videoshow/123557455.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kichudin Mone Mone |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9i41Bwsq-cI |website=YouTube |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref> <br />
<br />
According to the film's credits, Samarth Srinivasan is listed under the music department.<ref>{{cite web |title=Full cast & crew – The Bengal Files (2025) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15416342/fullcredits/ |website=IMDb |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline =<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Dhono Dhannye Pushpe Bhora Vintage<br />
| length1 = 4:00<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Dwijendralal Ray]]<br />
| music1 = Dwijendralal Ray<br />
| extra1 = Sagnik Sen<br />
| title2 = Kichudin Mone Mone<br />
| length2 = 3:12<br />
| lyrics2 = Traditional<br />
| music2 = [[Parvathy Baul]]<br />
| extra2 = Parvathy Baul<br />
| title3 = Kaala<br />
| length3 = 3:08<br />
| lyrics3 = Traditional<br />
| music3 = Traditional<br />
| extra3 = Parvathy Baul<br />
| title4 = Dhono Dhannye Pushpe Bhora Chorus<br />
| length4 = 4:00<br />
| lyrics4 = Dwijendralal Ray<br />
| music4 = Dwijendralal Ray<br />
| extra4 = Keka Ghoshal, Indrani Bhattacharjee, Swagata Nag, Aabhik Ghosh, [[Budhaditya Mukherjee]], Sanjay Acharjee<br />
| title5 = Dhono Dhannye Pushpe Bhora<br />
| length5 = 4:00<br />
| lyrics5 = Dwijendralal Ray<br />
| music5 = Dwijendralal Ray<br />
| extra5 = Sagnik Sen<br />
| title6 = Kichudin Mone Mone Adlib<br />
| length6 = 2:58<br />
| lyrics6 = Traditional<br />
| music6 = Traditional<br />
| extra6 = Parvathy Baul<br />
| title7 = The Bengal Files Theme<br />
| length7 = 2:29<br />
| lyrics7 = [[Instrumental]]<br />
| music7 = [[Rohit Sharma (composer)|Rohit Sharma]]<br />
| extra7 = Instrumental<br />
| title8 = The Glorious Past<br />
| length8 = 2:15<br />
| lyrics8 = –<br />
| music8 = Rohit Sharma<br />
| extra8 = –<br />
| title9 = The Glorious Past Reprise<br />
| length9 = 1:14<br />
| lyrics9 = –<br />
| music9 = Rohit Sharma<br />
| extra9 = –<br />
| title10 = The Glorious Past Slow<br />
| length10 = 1:19<br />
| lyrics10 = –<br />
| music10 = Rohit Sharma<br />
| extra10 = –<br />
| title11 = The Royalty Theme<br />
| length11 = 1:18<br />
| lyrics11 = –<br />
| music11 = Rohit Sharma<br />
| extra11 = –<br />
| title12 = The Demon Theme<br />
| length12 = 0:58<br />
| lyrics12 = –<br />
| music12 = Rohit Sharma<br />
| extra12 = –<br />
| title13 = The Demon Theme Reprise<br />
| length13 = 0:52<br />
| lyrics13 = –<br />
| music13 = Rohit Sharma<br />
| extra13 = –<br />
| title14 = Nostalgia Theme<br />
| length14 = 1:40<br />
| lyrics14 = –<br />
| music14 = Rohit Sharma<br />
| extra14 = –<br />
| title15 = Nostalgia Theme Reprise<br />
| length15 = 1:41<br />
| lyrics15 = –<br />
| music15 = Rohit Sharma<br />
| extra15 = –<br />
| title16 = Midnight Massacre 14th August<br />
| length16 = 4:09<br />
| lyrics16 = –<br />
| music16 = Rohit Sharma<br />
| extra16 = –<br />
| title17 = The Investigation<br />
| length17 = 1:17<br />
| lyrics17 = –<br />
| music17 = Rohit Sharma<br />
| extra17 = –<br />
| title18 = Opening Theme<br />
| length18 = 1:13<br />
| lyrics18 = –<br />
| music18 = Rohit Sharma<br />
| extra18 = –<br />
| title19 = Pre-Climax<br />
| length19 = 3:38<br />
| lyrics19 = –<br />
| music19 = Rohit Sharma<br />
| extra19 = –<br />
| title20 = Shiva's Past<br />
| length20 = 1:11<br />
| lyrics20 = –<br />
| music20 = Rohit Sharma<br />
| extra20 = –<br />
| title21 = Violin-Viola Theme<br />
| length21 = 1:05<br />
| lyrics21 = –<br />
| music21 = Rohit Sharma<br />
| extra21 = –<br />
| title22 = The Great Bengal<br />
| length22 = 2:26<br />
| lyrics22 = –<br />
| music22 = Rohit Sharma<br />
| extra22 = –<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
=== Theatrical ===<br />
''The Bengal Files'' was theatrically released on 5 September 2025. The film received an A (adults only) certificate from the CBFC, with a runtime of 204 minutes, with reasons citing extreme violence and gory content.<ref name="dehlifiles" /><ref name=":0" /> Agnihotri warned that he will pursue legal action if West Bengal prevents the release of his film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vivek-agnihotri-warns-legal-action-bengal-files-release-blocked-west-bengal/|title=Vivek Agnihotri warns of legal action if The Bengal Files release is blocked in West Bengal|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref> Actor [[Victor Banerjee]] urged the President of India to guarantee that the screening occurs peacefully, free from intimidation or interference, and that the rights of both artists and audiences are fully safeguarded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bengali-superstar-victor-banerjee-appeals-president-india-smooth-release-bengal-files-west-bengal/|title=Bengali superstar Victor Banerjee appeals to the President of India for a smooth release of The Bengal Files in West Bengal|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref> Prior to the film's release, Agnihotri publicly appealed to West Bengal Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]], urging her not to impose a ban on the film. He emphasized that it was a work of art and historical storytelling, rather than a means of division.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/vivek-agnihotri-appeals-to-mamata-banerjee-to-allow-the-bengal-files-screening-in-west-bengal-watch-ws-l-9542826.html|title=Vivek Agnihotri Appeals To Mamata Banerjee To Allow The Bengal Files Screening In West Bengal|website=[[CNN-News18]]|access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref><br />
=== Home media ===<br />
The film began streaming on [[ZEE5]] from 21 November 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 November 2025 |title=Vivek Agnihotri’s The Bengal Files to release on OTT on this date: check cast, plot and other streaming details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vivek-agnihotri-s-the-bengal-files-to-release-on-ott-on-this-date-check-cast-plot-and-other-streaming-details-zee5-101762770888824.html |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Accusations of non-release in West Bengal===<br />
A day before the film's release, [[Pallavi Joshi]] alleged that the film had been unofficially banned in West Bengal, claiming theatre owners were being intimidated due to political pressure. She wrote a letter to [[Droupadi Murmu]], the President of India, urging protection of the film's supposed constitutional right to be viewed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/etimes/bollywood/pallavi-joshi-pens-open-letter-to-prez-on-unofficial-ban-of-the-bengal-files/videoshow/123701613.cms|title=Pallavi Joshi pens open letter to Prez on ‘unofficial ban’ of The Bengal Files|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref> This issue escalated further when [[Amit Malviya]], the chief of [[BJP IT Cell]], accused the Mamata Banerjee-led [[Trinamool Congress]] government of unofficially banning the film, while the accused party denied any involvement in the film's non-release, asserting that the decision rested solely with theatre owners and multiplex operators.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bengal-files-sparks-political-firestorm-vivek-agnihotris-film-released-nationwide-blocked-west-bengal/|title=The Bengal Files sparks political firestorm: Vivek Agnihotri's film released nationwide but blocked in West Bengal|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref> Theatre owners in [[Kolkata]] clarified that no slots were available for the film as they were already screening films such as ''[[The Conjuring: Last Rites]]'', ''[[Dhumketu (2025 film)|Dhumketu]]'', ''[[Bohurupi]]'', and ''[[Baaghi 4]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-kolkata-film-exhibitors-reveal-why-the-bengal-files-is-not-being-screened-in-west-bengal-no-slot-left-for-vivek-agnihotri-film-3179091|title=Kolkata film exhibitors reveal why The Bengal Files is not being screened in West Bengal: 'There is no slot left for...'|website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Amid the controversy, it was announced that the film will eventually have its first invitation-only screening in Kolkata on September 13, 2025, at Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Bhasha Bhavan, which is part of the National Library.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vivek-agnihotris-the-bengal-files-to-premiere-in-kolkata-after-nationwide-buzz-2786208-2025-09-12|title=The Bengal Files to finally release in Kolkata after makers' unofficial ban claims|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref> The screening was organised by the socio-cultural platform ''Khola Hawa'', restricting entry to the venue. A massive contingent of the [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF) was deployed inside the National Library, and the audience included [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leaders, former Meghalaya Governor [[Tathagata Roy]], and noted Bengali singer [[Paroma Banerji|Paroma]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/kolkata/story/the-bengal-files-gets-first-screening-kolkata-week-after-nationwide-release-west-bengal-2786890-2025-09-13?utm_source=Taboola_Recirculation&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=IT|title=The Bengal Files gets first screening in Kolkata week after nationwide release|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref> [[Swapan Dasgupta]], a member of the BJP national executive and former MP, stated that Union Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] took a personal interest in arranging security and hoped that after the screening, theater owners would feel encouraged to show the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/first-screening-of-the-bengal-files-held-at-national-library-auditorium-in-kolkata-amidst-central-force-cover/article70046342.ece|title=First screening of The Bengal Files held at National Library auditorium in Kolkata amidst central force cover|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 23 September 2025, the [[Calcutta High Court]] eventually questioned the West Bengal government whether it had imposed any restrictions on the film's release in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/india/is-there-any-restriction-hc-asks-mamata-government-over-the-bengal-files-screening-ws-l-9591709.html|title=‘Is There Any Restriction?’ HC Asks Mamata Government Over ‘The Bengal Files’ Screening|website=[[CNN-News18]]|access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref> The state government told the Court that there was no such official or unofficial ban on the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/no-ban-on-bengal-files-state-tells-hc/articleshow/124166641.cms|title=No ban on ‘Bengal Files’: State tells HC|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
===Box office===<br />
As of 25 September 2025, ''The Bengal Files'' has grossed {{INRConvert|13.99|c}} in India, with a further {{INRConvert|2.2|c}} overseas, for a worldwide total of {{INRConvert|16.19|c}}.<ref name="bo">{{cite web |title=The Bengal Files Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-bengal-files/box-office/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=12 September 2025 |access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Critical response===<br />
''The Bengal Files'' received predominantly negative reviews from critics. On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], four of six critic reviews are negative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bengal Files Reviews |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_bengal_files/reviews |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Mukund Setlur, writing for [[Deccan Herald]], called the film a "double-edged disaster" and a "dilemma emerging from incoherent writing and poor editing".<ref name="v931">{{cite web | last=Setlur | first=Mukund | title='The Bengal Files' movie review: A double-edged failure | website=Deccan Herald | date=2025-09-06 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/the-bengal-files-movie-review-a-double-edged-failure-3714422 | access-date=2025-09-06}}</ref> Kartik Bhardwaj of [[Cinema Express]] gave the film 1 star out of 5, claiming that it reeked of [[Propaganda film|propaganda]] and made for an excruciating experience akin to a bland history lesson, where even the performances could not leave a mark and felt perfunctory.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Kartik |title=The Bengal Files Movie Review: Vivek Agnihotri's divisive diatribe is a numbing bore |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/review/2025/Sep/05/the-bengal-files-movie-review-vivek-agnihotris-divisive-diatribe-is-a-numbing-bore |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> Anuj Kumar from [[The Hindu]] reviewed the film negatively as well, accusing it of using cinema as a tool to divide, and also added that "the makers create their own history around the recorded events".<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-bengal-files-movie-review-vivek-agnihotri-communal-violence-propaganda-the-kashmir-files-anupam-kher/article70016570.ece|title=‘The Bengal Files’ movie review: Vivek Agnihotri injects a booster dose of communal poison|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref> Radhika Sharma of [[NDTV]] found the film unending, disturbingly graphic, gory, and gruesome, while also finding the imagery "in your face" and the performances screechy and over the top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Radhika |title=The Bengal Files Review: This Vivek Agnihotri Film Is Disturbingly Graphic, Gory And Gruesome |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-bengal-files-review-this-vivek-agnihotri-film-is-disturbingly-graphic-gory-and-gruesome-9222226 |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Abhishek Srivastava from [[The Times of India]] gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5, noting that it reveled in shock value, and with scenes of grotesque violence succeeding in evoking anger, despair and reflection, the film also managed to connect at an emotional level, "offering glimpses into suffering that transcended politics".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/the-bengal-files/movie-review/123720375.cms|title=The Bengal Files Movie Review: A provocative portrait of Bengal's turmoil|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref> Anurag Singh Bohra from [[India Today]] gave the film 3 stars out of 5, praising the performances and visuals, while also feeling the execution was marred by slow pacing, nonlinear storytelling, and a stretched runtime.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/showbuzz/reviews/story/the-bengal-files-movie-review-vivek-agnihotri-ruthless-hard-hitting-political-film-but-stretched-thin-2782426-2025-09-05|title=The Bengal Files review: Ruthless, hard-hitting but stretched thin|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref> Rishabh Suri from [[Hindustan Times]] gave the film 3 stars out of 5, feeling that while the film did get over-indulgent at times in its treatment of history, it was salvaged by "fine performances".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=The Bengal Files review: Performances save Vivek Agnihotri's powerful film from drowning in a sea of excess |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-bengal-files-review-performances-save-vivek-agnihotris-powerful-film-from-drowning-in-a-sea-of-excess-101757135255766.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Rachit Gupta from [[Filmfare]] gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5, labelling it "a violent and over-dramatised look at partition horrors".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bengal Files Review - Stellar Performances in a Bleak Drama {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/the-bengal-files-review-stellar-performances-in-a-bleak-drama-77409.html |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Lachmi Deb Roy from [[Firstpost]] gave the film 2 stars out of 5, praising the performances except that of Darshan Kumar, and finding the story gripping while also feeling the characters were not comprehensively written and that the execution could have been better.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vivek-ranjan-agnihotris-the-bengal-files-movie-review-pallavi-joshi-saswata-chatterjee-shine-in-an-overtly-lengthy-film-13930906.html|title=Vivek Agnihotri's ‘The Bengal Files’ Movie Review: Pallavi Joshi, Saswata Chatterjee shine in an overtly lengthy film|website=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref> Titas Chowdhury from [[CNN-News18]] also gave the film 2 stars out of 5, finding the lengthy runtime to be its biggest weakness, the violence nauseating, and the film as a whole underwhelming even as a piece of art.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Bengal Files Review: Vivek Agnihotri's Angry, Violent, Histrionic Film Mistakes Duration For Depth |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/the-bengal-files-review-vivek-agnihotri-angry-violent-histrionic-film-mistakes-duration-for-depth-9550075.html |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=[[CNN-News18]]}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] from [[The Indian Express]] gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5, finding the performances overwrought, the violence sickening, and the overall execution loose and confused.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |date=5 September 2025 |title=The Bengal Files movie review: Vivek Agnihotri's film comes unstuck in its loose, confused stretched-out execution |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/the-bengal-files-movie-review-vivek-agnihotri-film-comes-unstuck-in-its-loose-confused-stretched-out-execution-10232211/ |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> Shomini Sen from [[WION]] felt that while the story was compelling, the execution was problematic, and the film was too graphic and divisive to be taken seriously.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/the-bengal-files-review-vivek-agnihotri-s-film-is-divisive-and-inconsistent-with-credible-performances-1757061990278|title=The Bengal Files Movie Review: Vivek Agnihotri's film is divisive and inconsistent with credible performances|website=[[WION]]|access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref> Shilajit Mitra of [[The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter India]] praised the set extensions and the framing in a couple of countryside scenes, but felt the film made no room for depicting the plight of the Muslims killed in the partition riots and the only solution it offered was answering [[Communal violence|communalism]] with communalism.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |title='The Bengal Files' Movie Review: A Shallow And Slanted Polemic |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/the-bengal-files-movie-review-a-sallow-and-slanted-polemic-from-vivek-ranjan-agnihotri |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]}}</ref> Anant Gupta of [[Scroll.in]] says, "Other than gore, the film has nothing perceptive to say about [[communal violence]]. It leaps from one scene to another without offering a diagnosis or even a coherent critique of the passions that drive people to commit horrific acts of violence on one another". Gupta further highlights the use of narratives, slogans, and symbols aligned with [[Hindutva]], a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] ideology.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anant |date=5 September 2025 |title=‘The Bengal Files’ review: A twisted, motivated interpretation of history |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1086246/the-bengal-files-review-a-twisted-motivated-interpretation-of-history |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversies ==<br />
In April 2022, the Maharashtra Sikh Association issued objections, claiming the film would commercialise the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|1984 Sikh massacres]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Sikh Group not keen on Vivek Agnihotri's 'The Delhi Files'; speculates movie will feature 1984 anti-Sikh riots |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/maharashtra-sikh-group-not-keen-on-vivek-agnihotris-the-delhi-files-387903 |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Actor [[Saswata Chatterjee]] distanced himself from the controversy, revealing that he was unaware of the change in the film's title from ''Delhi Files'' to ''The Bengal Files'', while also reiterating that he was merely an actor who played a character and not a historian tasked with verifying historical claims.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 August 2025 |title='The Bengal Files': Saswata Chatterjee says he is 'not a historian,' as he distances himself from the Vivek Agnuhotri directed film after trailer screening halts in Kolkata |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-bengal-files-saswata-chatterjee-says-he-is-not-a-historian-as-he-distances-himself-from-the-vivek-agnuhotri-directed-film-after-trailer-screening-halts-in-kolkata/articleshow/123357354.cms |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> In response to this, [[Pallavi Joshi]], the producer of the film, addressed the claims, and suggested that Chatterjee might be facing political pressure. She also denied that he was informed solely about his character, clarifying that the film was originally titled ''The Delhi Files: Bengal Chapter'' and that it supposedly always intended to focus on Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pallavi Joshi feels Saswata Chatterjee is speaking against The Bengal Files due to political pressure: Show some courage |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/pallavi-joshi-feels-saswata-chatterjee-is-speaking-against-the-bengal-files-due-to-political-pressure-vivek-agnihotri-101755936847057.html |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the trailer launch at a Kolkata hotel on 16 August 2025, which was initially planned at a movie theatre, the screening was abruptly halted by [[Kolkata Police]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/the-bengal-files-trailer-halt-ignites-row-over-permit-political-blame-game-erupts-prnt/cid/2118314|title= The Bengal Files trailer halt ignites row over permit, political blame game erupts}}</ref> Agnihotri criticised the move, and falsely claimed the screening were halted for political reasons.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vivek-agnihotri-slams-cancellation-of-the-bengal-files-trailer-launch-in-west-bengal-101755309914314.html|title= Vivek Agnihotri says The Bengal Files trailer launch in WB was cancelled due to political pressure: I can't be silenced|date= 16 August 2025}}</ref> A senior Kolkata Police official later clarified that the organisers had failed to obtain an amusement license, which is required for hosting such screenings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/the-bengal-files-controversy-explained-vivek-agnihotri-kolkata-1946-riots-2772718-2025-08-18|title=The Bengal Files row explained: Why Vivek Agnihotri's film is facing backlash|website=[[India Today]]|date=18 August 2025 |access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 20 June, 2025 former Bengal minister [[Purnendu Basu]], during a press conference, said, "The BJP and RSS are trying to incite riots in Bengal through provocative politics. This film, The Bengal Files, directed by Agnihotri, is a deliberate distortion of Bengal's history, just like his earlier propaganda film The Kashmir Files, which was promoted by none other than Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] for political gain." Filmmaker [[Haranath Chakraborty]] added that just casting a few Bengali actors is not enough for a film to have represented Bengal state or its culture.<ref name="j209">{{cite web | title=Civil society group slams BJP over ‘The Bengal Files’ calls film divisive propaganda | website=The Week | date=2025-06-20 | url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/06/20/ces12-wb-film-civil-society-group.html | access-date=2025-09-07}}</ref><br />
<br />
Another controversy centered around Gopal 'Patha' Mukherjee. His grandson, Santanu Mukherjee, filed a complaint at Bowbazar Police Station, accusing Agnihotri of showing his grandfather in poor light and neither taking the family's permission nor approaching them before making the film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Don’t reduce grandfather to a Muslim-hating kasai, says Gopal Pattha’s kin; sends notice to Agnihotri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/dont-reduce-grandfather-to-a-muslim-hating-kasai-says-gopal-patthas-kin-sends-notice-to-agnihotri/articleshow/123351366.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=28 September 2025 |date=18 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bengal-files-gopal-mukherjee-grandson-files-complaint-vivek-agnihotri-10196253/|title=Bengal Files: 'Dragging down his image' — Gopal Mukherjee's grandson files complaint against director Vivek Agnihotri|website=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref> Agnihotri, on the other hand, claimed that Gopal Patha in his film was an inspired, heroically portrayed character and not central to the plot. [[Sourav Das (actor)|Sourav Das]], the actor playing Gopal Patha, eventually distanced himself from the film, claiming he only knew about his character while being unaware of the script.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-real-gopal-patha-vs-what-his-family-says-about-his-bengal-files-character-by-vivek-agnihotri-9113674|title=The Real Gopal Patha vs What His Family Says About His Bengal Files Character By Vivek Agnihotri|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref> Agnihotri said that the depiction of Gopal Patha is based on Patha's own words.<ref name="l599">{{cite web | title=If Kashmir Files was made with pain, The Bengal Files reflects anger over the unacknowledged genocide: Vivek Agnihotri | website=India Herald | url=https://india-herald.com/if-kashmir-files-was-made-with-pain-the-bengal-files-reflects-anger-over-t-p9291-1.htm | access-date=2025-09-07}}</ref> In September, Agnihotri faced criticism for posting a screening featuring children, despite the film being under a lead that was commended.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Urmi Chakraborty |title=Children watching Vivek Agnihotri's A-rated ‘The Bengal Files’? Photo under scanner for ‘AI use’ sparks debate |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/are-children-watching-a-rated-vivek-agnihotri-film-on-calcutta-killings-photo-under-scanner-for-ai-use/cid/2122860 |website=telegraphindia |access-date=15 September 2025 |language=en-in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Paul |first1=James |title=Dhruv Rathi Slams Vivek Agnihotri For Showing Kids His A-Rated The Bengal Files In Theatre: ‘This Should Be A Crime’ |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/99758/dhruv-rathi-slams-vivek-agnihotri-for-showing-kids-his-a-rated-the-bengal-files-in-theatre-this-shou |website=Mashable India |access-date=15 September 2025 |language=en-in |date=13 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pande |first1=Shreyas |title='Political video'? The slugfest over Vivek Agnihotri's The Bengal Files |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/web-only/2025/Aug/22/political-video-the-slugfest-over-vivek-agnihotris-the-bengal-files |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=5 October 2025 |language=en-in |date=22 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title | id=tt15416342 | title=The Bengal Files }}<br />
*{{Bollywood Hungama movie|the-bengal-files}}<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Films}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengal Files, The}}<br />
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 films]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of prime ministers of India]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Vivek Agnihotri]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 1946]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in the partition of India]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:2020s political thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2020s political drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian historical thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian propaganda films]]<br />
[[Category:Political controversies in film]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dholpur_state&diff=496883Dholpur state2026-04-28T17:19:17Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: Pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former kingdom in the Indian subcontinent}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox former subdivision<br />
| native_name = <br />
| conventional_long_name = Dholpur State<br />
| common_name = Dholpur<br />
| nation = <br />
| subdivision = <br />
| government_type = [[Monarchy|Sovereign monarchy]] (1805–1818)<br/>[[Princely state]] (1818–1947)<br/>[[Constitutional monarchy]] (1947–1949)<br />
| era = <br />
| year_start = 1805<br />
| date_start = <br />
| event_start = <br />
| year_end = 1949<br />
| date_end = <br />
| event_end = [[Independence of India]]<br />
| event1 = <br />
| date_event1 = <br />
| title_leader = Maharaj Rana<br />
| leader1 = [[Kirat Singh]] (first)<br />
| leader2 = [[Udai Bhan Singh]] (last)<br />
| year_leader1 = 1805–1835<br />
| year_leader2 = 1911–1949<br />
| capital = [[Dholpur]]<br />
| p1 = Gohad State<br />
| p2 = Maratha Empire<br />
| s1 = Matsya Union<br />
| flag_p2 = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg<br />
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg<br />
| image_flag = Dholpur flag.svg<br />
| image_coat = Dholpur Coat of Arms.jpg<br />
| image_map = Alwar-karauli map.jpg<br />
| image_map_caption = Dholpur State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]<br />
| stat_area1 = 3,038<br />
| stat_year1 = 1901<br />
| stat_pop1 = 318,347<br />
| today = [[India]]<br>{{·}} [[Rajasthan]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Dholpur State''' or '''Dhaulpur State''', ruled by Bamrolia [[Jats|Jat]] Dynasty was an independent kingdom from 1805 to 1818 and a [[princely state]] under British suzerainty from 1818 to 1949 in eastern Rajasthan. It was founded by [[Rana (title)|Rana]] [[Kirat Singh]], the ruler of [[Gohad]], in 1805 AD. Dholpur State was a [[salute state]] entitled to a 15 [[Gun salute|gun-salute]] official<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Native Chiefs and Their States in 1877: A Manual of Reference : George Robert Aberigh -Mackay : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive |url=https://archive.org/details/nativechiefsand00macgoog |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=GHOSH |first=LOKNATH |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.15174 |title=THE MODERN HISTORY OF INDIAN CHIEFS, RAJAS, ZAMINDARS, and c. |date=1879 |publisher=J. N. GHOSH, CALCUTTA |pages=71-73}}</ref> and 17 [[Gun salute|gun-salute]] Personal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rathore |first=L. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EluAAAAMAAJ |title=Maharaja Sadul Singh of Bikaner: A Biography of the Co-architect of India's Unity |publisher=Books Treasure |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-900422-0-8 |location=Jodhpur |page=170}}</ref>The state was merged into the Union of India in April 1949 and [[Udai Bhan Singh]] was the last ruling [[Maharaja|Maharaj]]-Rana of Dholpur.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rudolph |first1=Susanne Hoeber |last2=Rudolph |first2=Lloyd I. |last3=Singh |first3=Mohan |date=1975 |title=A Bureaucratic Lineage in Princely India: Elite Formation and Conflict in a Patrimonial System |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2052551 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=717 |doi=10.2307/2052551 |jstor=2052551 |issn=0021-9118 |quote=Bharatpur and Dholpur was the Jat states.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Random House India">{{cite book |author=John Zubrzycki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Azy2w8nDPP4C&q=dholpur+state+ruler&pg=PT19 |title=The Mysterious Mr Jacob |publisher=Random House India |year=2012 |isbn=9788184003369 |page=3}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Maharaj Rana of Dholpur Sir Bhagwant Singh - 1870.jpg|275px|thumb|Maharaj Rana Bhagwant Singh in 1870.]]<br />
[[File:MILITARY SCHOOL DHOLPUR.jpg|275px|thumb|Kesarbagh palace, the mansion of the former ruler of the erstwhile Dholpur State in [[Dholpur]], now [[Dholpur Military School]]]]<br />
<br />
Dholpur State, located in present-day [[Dholpur district]] of Rajasthan, was established due to British political intervention in Rajputana. <br />
<br />
To create a buffer between the [[Bharatpur State|Kingdom of Bharatpur]] and the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]], who often allied against them, the British supported the [[Jats]] led by [[Rana (title)|Rana]] [[Kirat Singh]]. Jats helped the British to reclaim the [[Gohad]] region from the [[House of Scindia|Scindias]]. As part of an agreement, Rana Kirat Singh was given control of Dholpur, while the British took over Gohad. Thus, Dholpur State was formed, and Rana Kirat Singh declared its ruler in 1805.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of Dholpur in 1803 |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?10442 |website=amritmahotsav.nic.in [[Government of India]] |last1=Mahotsav |first1=Amrit }} “ ''The emergence of Dholpur State, in the present-day Dholpur district of Rajasthan, was a result of the British political intervention in Rajputana during the early nineteenth century. It was the harsh conquest and annexation policy of the East India Company’s which led to the creation of the state of Dholpur. Initially, it was under the rule of the Scindias of Gwalior. They lost possession of the region following their defeat in the battle of Laswadi in September 1803 against the forces of the Company led by General Lake. In creating the state of Dholpur, the British built a buffer between the kingdom of Bharatpur and the Marathas, both of whom often formed an alliance against them. At the same time, the British also helped the Jats led by Rana Kirat Singh, to win the Gohad region from the Scindias. As part of an arrangement made by the Company, Rana Kirat Singh was given Dholpur and the former took over Gohad. Thus, the Dholpur state was formed and Rana Kirat Singh was declared its ruler in 1805.''”</ref><br />
<br />
The last ruler of Dholpur signed the [[Instrument of Accession|instrument of accession]] to the Indian Union on 7 April 1949 and the state was merged in short-lived [[Matsya Union]].<ref name="TGI">{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/d/dholpur.html |title=Dholpur Princely State (15 gun salute) |access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-date=14 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114005722/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/d/dholpur.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Vasundhara Raje]], a former chief minister of Rajasthan, is also a member of the former ruling family of Dholpur.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}<br />
<br />
== Dholpur House ==<br />
The [[Dholpur House]] was<br />
constructed in 1920 by [[Maharaja|Maharaj]]-[[Rana (title)|Rana]] [[Udai Bhan Singh|Udai bhan Singh]], the [[Jats|Jat]] Ruler of erstwhile princely state of [[Dholpur state|Dholpur]]. It was built for his transit<br />
residence whenever he was at Delhi. Dholpur House is located on [[Shahjahan Road]], near [[India Gate]]. It was built in the [[Art Deco]] style.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Ekta |date=6 July 2023 |title=Delhi's every 'just another old building' could be an Art Deco gem |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/inspired-by-european-movement-art-deco-houses-remain-unknown-in-delhi-8543654/ |access-date=16 April 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
Today, the building serves as the headquarters of the [[Union Public Service Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Union Public Service Commission|url=http://upsc.gov.in/|website=upsc.gov.in}}</ref> The UPSC conducts interviews at Dholpur House to recruit candidates for the [[All India Services]] and [[Central Civil Services|Group A services]] for the [[Government of India]].<br />
[[File:Dholpur House.jpg|thumb|[[Dholpur House]]]]<br />
<br />
== Rulers ==<br />
{{expand section|date=July 2025}}<br />
* Shri [[Kirat Singh]] ji (1803 – 1805)<br />
* Shri [[Pohap Singh]] ji (1836 – 1836)<br />
* Shri [[Bhagwant Singh]] ji (1836 – 1873)<br />
* Shri [[Nihal Singh]] ji (1873 – 1901)<br />
* Shri [[Ram Singh of Dholpur|Ram Singh]] ji (1901 – 1911)<br />
* Shri [[Udai Bhan Singh]] ji (1911 – 1954)<br />
* Shri [[Hemant Singh]] ji (1954 – 1971)<br />
* Shri [[Dushyant Singh]] ji (Present Maharajasaheb) <br />
* Shri Vinayak Pratap Singh ji (Yuvrajsabh)<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Gohad State]]—For early history of Dholpur rulers.<br />
*[[Bharatpur State]]<br />
*[[List of Jat dynasties]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Commons category-inline}}<br />
* [http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/d/dholpur.html Genealogy of the rulers of Dholpur]<br />
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html Princely States of India A-J]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord|26.7|N|77.9|E|source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Princely states of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Dholpur district|*]]<br />
[[Category:States under the Rajputana Agency]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories established in the 700s]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories established in 1806]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1949]]<br />
[[Category:1st-century establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:1806 establishments in British India]]<br />
[[Category:1949 disestablishments in India]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_Montessori_School&diff=494645City Montessori School2026-04-25T06:05:20Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| name = City Montessori School<br />
| native_name = <!-- {{lang|language code|name in native language}}--><br />
| image = [[File:City Montessori School Logo.png|none]]<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| motto = Jai Jagat<!-- or | mottoes = --><br />
| motto_translation = Victory to the World<br />
| location = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.7896|80.8942|type:edu_region:IN-UP|display=it|format=dms}}<!-- {{Coord|LAT|LON|display=inline,title}} --><br />
| other_name = <!-- or | other_names = --><br />
| former_name = <!-- or | former_names = --><br />
| type = [[Private school|Private]]<br />
| religious_affiliation = <br />
| established = {{start date and age|1959}}<!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=yes}} --><br />
| founders = {{ubl|[[Jagdish Gandhi]]|Bharti Gandhi}}<!-- or | founders = --><br />
| closed = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=yes}} --><br />
| school_board = <br />
| district = <br />
| authority = <!-- or | educational_authority = or | local_authority = --><br />
| oversight = <!-- use | oversight_label = to override the default label --><br />
| principal = <!-- use | principal_label = to override the default label --><br />
| head = <!-- use | head_label = to override the default label --><br />
| staff = <br />
| faculty = <br />
| grades = [[Nursery school|Pre-primary]]; [[K-12|I—XII]]<!-- use | grades_label = to override the default label --><br />
| gender = [[Co-education]]<!-- use | gender_label = to override the default label --><br />
| age_range = <!-- or | lower_age = and | upper_age = --><br />
| enrolment = 61,345<!-- or | enrolment = or | students = or | pupils = or | roll = --><br />
| enrolment_as_of = August 2023<ref name=GWR/><br />
| language = [[English language|English]]<br />
| campus_size = <br />
| campus_type = Multi urban<br />
| colors = <!-- or | colours = --><br />
| accreditation = <!-- or | accreditations = --><br />
| publication = <br />
| newspaper = <br />
| yearbook = <br />
| affiliations = {{ubl|[[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE)|[[Cambridge Assessment International Education]] (CAIE)<ref name=CAIE>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/why-choose-us/find-a-cambridge-school/ |title=Find a Cambridge school |work=cambridgeinternational.org |date= |access-date= }}</ref>}}<!-- or | affiliations = --><br />
| website = {{url|cmseducation.org}}<!-- {{URL|school.url}} or {{URL|1=school.url}} if the url contains an equals sign --><br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
The '''City Montessori School''' (CMS) is a [[Private school|private]] [[co-education]]al, [[English language|English]]-medium [[K-12|pre-primary to secondary]] multi-campus school located in [[Lucknow]], in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. With an enrolment of 61,345 students {{as of|2023|08|10|lc=on|df=y}}, the school was recognised by [[Guinness World Records]] as the world's largest school.<ref name=GWR>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-10 |title=Largest school by pupils |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-school-by-pupils |access-date=2024-03-16 |publisher=[[Guinness World Records]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2014, the CMS Society was accredited by the [[United Nations Department of Global Communications|United Nations Department of Public Information]] (UNDPI) as an affiliated [[Non-governmental organization|non-governmental organisation]] (NGO), reflecting its engagement in global educational initiatives.<ref>{{cite press release |title=United Nations Department of Public Information Increases Global Network of Associated Non-Governmental Organizations, Approving 15 More Groups |publisher=[[United Nations]] Department of Public Information |date=10 June 2014 |url=http://www.un.org/press/en/2014/ngo796.doc.htm |id=NGO/796-PI/2100PRESS RELEASE |access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
City Montessori School (CMS) was established in 1959 by educationist [[Jagdish Gandhi]] and his wife, Dr. Bharti Gandhi, in a single room at their residence in Lucknow. The school began with an initial enrolment of five students and a modest capital of ₹300.<ref>{{cite web |title=City Montessori School, Lucknow, India |url=https://www.cmseducation.org/aboutus/information/index.html |website=www.cmseducation.org |access-date=25 December 2021}}{{self-published-inline|date=January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cmseducation.org/founders/jagdishgandhi.html |title=ISC and ICSE Schools in Lucknow |website=www.cmseducation.org |date= |access-date= }}{{self-published-inline|date=January 2026}}</ref> This inaugural campus, now designated as the Station Road Branch, remains a historic landmark in the institution's growth. <br />
<br />
In 2002, CMS was awarded the [[UNESCO Prize for Peace Education]] for its emphasis on global unity and value-based education.<ref>{{cite press release |title=The City Montessori School (India) awarded the 2002 UNESCO prize for Peace Education |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |date=6 June 2002 |url=http://www.unesco.org/bpi/eng/unescopress/2002/02-41e.shtml <br />
|access-date=20 November 2015 }}</ref> Additionally, the school received the 'Hope of Humanity' Award from [[Dalai Lama]], the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism's [[Gelug]] ("Yellow Hat") school, in recognition of its contributions to fostering peace and harmony.<ref>{{cite news |title=The biggest school in the world |url=http://www.ieducation.co.za/the-biggest-school-in-the-world/ |access-date=11 September 2017 |publisher=Independent Education |date=13 November 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In the news==<br />
The City Montessori School garnered media attention for its academic collaborations, controversies, and social initiatives. In 2013, CMS was designated as Uttar Pradesh's centre for the [[Scholastic Aptitude Test]] (SAT), a key requirement for admissions to U.S. universities.<ref>[https://www.pressreader.com/@nickname12035752/csb_2Ebl28JBk00GA8U-LpF9pKyCwa2Fcrxvl65JsuHt1Wml4g8KOhVQ8h3bdGNjLBBU Press Reader] {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
A significant controversy arose in 2015 when CMS denied admission to 31 students from economically weaker sections (EWS) under the [[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009|Right to Education Act]] (RTE). The school cited state RTE eligibility criteria, arguing that applicants were either below six years of age (the RTE defines children as aged 6–14), resided beyond a 1&nbsp;km radius of the campus, or had private schools closer to their homes.<ref>{{cite news |title=RTE dispute: HC orders inspection of school |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/RTE-dispute-HC-orders-inspection-of-school/articleshow/48091069.cms |access-date=15 March 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Times News Network |date=16 July 2015}}</ref> [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] recipient [[Sandeep Pandey]] protested this decision with a hunger strike, but mediation efforts between the school, administration, and activists failed. CMS subsequently challenged the state's directive in the [[Allahabad High Court]].<ref name="Tribune">{{cite news |last1=Shahira |first1=Naim |title=UP stumbles on the Right to Education front|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/up-stumbles-on-the-right-to-education-front/107638.html |access-date=29 April 2017 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=16 July 2015}}</ref> Following an interim order by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], the school admitted 13 eligible students in compliance with the ruling.<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/2015/dec/16/52000-students-and-1050-classrooms-inside-the-worlds-largest-school?CPM=share_btn_tw |title=52,000 students and 1,050 classrooms: inside the world's largest school |last=Overdorf |first=Jason |date=16 December 2015 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |issn=0261-3077 |access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Times News Network |title=CMS admits 13 poor kids on SC directive |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31813&articlexml=CMS-admits-13-poor-kids-on-SC-directive-30092015002028 |access-date=17 November 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106092617/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/ |archive-date=6 November 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
CMS has undertaken peace-building efforts during crises, such as promoting communal harmony after the 1992 Ayodhya riots.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Mathews, Dylan |title=War Prevention Works |url=https://www.peacedirect.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/War-Prevention-Works.pdf |publisher=Oxford Research Group |access-date=15 March 2017 |pages=24–25}}</ref> The school launched the Indo-Pak Children's Pen Friend Project to foster cross-border friendships between Indian and Pakistani students.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Pisharoty, Sangeeta Barooah |title=Pals we are! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/pals-we-are/article3785072.ece|access-date=15 March 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Dubey, Mohit |title=Kids blame media for portraying India and Pakistan as enemies |url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/Culture/1402/let-s-be-friends.html |access-date=15 March 2017 |newspaper=The Weekend Leader |issue=45 |date=9 November 2012}}</ref> In 2017, CMS students performed yoga at the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations Headquarters]] in New York to mark [[International Day of Yoga]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=On Yoga Day, Lucknow Students to Perform at UN Headquarters |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/on-yoga-day-lucknow-students-to-perform-at-un-headquarters-1710704 |work=NDTV.com |date= |access-date= }}</ref><br />
<br />
Fee hikes have drawn scrutiny over the years. For the 2017–18 academic session, CMS increased fees by 12%,<ref>{{cite news |script-title=hi:बी.टेक, एमबीए से महंगी नर्सरी की पढ़ाई |trans-title=Pre-school education costlier than B.Tech, MBA Courses |work=Hindustan (newspaper) |issue=Lucknow Live |publisher=HT Media |date=27 March 2017 |location=Lucknow |language=hi}}</ref> following a 10% hike for most classes and up to 16% for nursery and kindergarten in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Isha |title=New academic session, new fee structure |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/New-academic-session-new-fee-structure/articleshow/19333407.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 September 2015 |date=2 April 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
The school faced criticism in 2011 after a Class 10 student at its Mahanagar branch died by suicide, allegedly due to threats of public shaming by then-principal Nalini Sharad. A court ordered legal action against Sharad in 2013, rejecting the initial police inquiry. The case remains ''[[sub judice]]'', and Sharad retired the same year.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Times News Network |date=25 August 2014 |title=CMS student receives 'deafening' slap from teacher |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/CMS-student-receives-deafening-slap-from-teacher/articleshow/40861858.cms |access-date=18 September 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-principal to face trial for student's suicide, says court |agency=Times News Network |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Ex-principal-to-face-trial-for-students-suicide-says-court/articleshow/21318402.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 September 2015 |date=25 July 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 2018, the parents of a female Class 3 student accused boys at the Aliganj campus molested her over a "[[Truth or dare?|Truth and Dare]]" game. Protests followed and the case was solved without any external legal interference.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Saurabh|date=2018-08-13|title=Parents protest outside Lucknow school after Class 3 girl gets molested over a 'truth or dare' game|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/parents-protest-outside-lucknow-school-after-class-3-girl-gets-molested-over-a-truth-or-dare-game-4954871.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912023928/https://www.firstpost.com/india/parents-protest-outside-lucknow-school-after-class-3-girl-gets-molested-over-a-truth-or-dare-game-4954871.html |archive-date=12 September 2018 |access-date=2020-07-23|website=Firstpost}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2023, CMS revised its uniform (including socks and belts) for the first time in 33 years. After complaints of overpricing, the school introduced a helpline for parents to verify prices.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=hi:अभिभवकों ने यूनिफाॅर्म खरीद ली तब भेजा नोटिस |url=http://epaper.amarujala.com/lc/my/20170416/05.html?format=img |access-date=27 May 2017 |work=Amar Ujala (Newspaper) |publisher=Amar Ujala Publications |date=16 April 2017 |lang=hi }}</ref> <br />
<br />
CMS's cultural and academic achievements include hosting the International Children’s Film Festival,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/lucknow-will-host-the-biggest-children-s-film-festival-1476293-2019-03-12 |title=Lucknow will host the biggest children's film festival |work=India Today |date=12 March 2019 |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.patrika.com/lucknow-news/11th-world-s-biggest-international-children-s-film-festival-in-lucknow-4264496/ |script-title=hi:राजधानी लखनऊ में होगा सबसे बड़ा अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय बाल फिल्म महोत्सव जाने इसके बारें में |trans-title=11th world's biggest international children's film festival in Lucknow |work=patrika.com |date=11 March 2019 |access-date= |lang=hi }}</ref> organizing an international music concert with artists from 17 countries and 11 Indian states (in collaboration with [[ABRSM]]),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://listindiario.com/entretenimiento/2019/04/23/562549/musicos-dominicanos-participan-en-historico-concierto-en-india |title=Músicos dominicanos participan en histórico concierto en India |date=23 April 2019 |access-date= |lang=es |via=Press Reader}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indo-Austrian composer's heart beats for his city |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow-live/20190422/textview |access-date=16 October 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 April 2019 }}</ref> and students securing distinction in CISCE ([[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]]) board exams.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/cisce-icse-isc-merit-list-2019-lucknow-students-steal-the-limelight/story-vSOtipVrsKFy799emDAlSJ.html |title=CISCE ICSE, ISC merit list 2019: Lucknow students steal the limelight |date=7 May 2019 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://epaper.hindustantimes.com/Home/ShareArticle?OrgId=1170dffe018&imageview=0 |title=ICSE pass percentage up in UP, but no merit list due to Covid |work=Hindustan Times |date= |access-date= }}</ref><br />
<br />
On November 10, 2025 while playing basketball at CMS's LDA Colony branch, a heavy basketball pole suddenly fell on a student, causing him a serious head injury. The approximate weight of the pole was 2 tons. The student had a broken skull and serious brain damage as a result. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-19 |title='His friend disliked him, deliberately toppled basketball pole': Brother of CMS student in Lucknow says, ‘He wanted to kill him, school is hiding CCTV' - Uttar Pradesh News |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/uttar-pradesh/news/friend-disliked-toppled-basketball-pole-brother-cms-student-lucknow-school-hiding-cctv-136457300.html |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Campuses ==<br />
CMS has twenty campuses across Lucknow. {{As of|2023}}, the major campuses were:<ref>{{cite web |title=Campuses |url=https://www.cmseducation.org/index.html#campuses |date=2015 |website=City Montessori School|access-date=15 May 2020}}{{self-published-inline|date=January 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Campus name !! Date established !! Coordinates !! Website<br />
|-<br />
| Aliganj I & II{{efn|name=CAIE|Affiliated with the [[Cambridge International Education|Cambridge Assessment International Education]] (CAIE) and follow the [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE curriculum]].<ref name=CAIE/>}} || || || {{URL|cmseducation.org/campuses/aliganj1}} <br />
|-<br />
| Anand Nagar || || || <br />
|-<br />
| Asharfabad || || || <br />
|-<br />
| Ayodhya Road || || || <br />
|-<br />
| Chowk ||align=center|1961 || {{coord|26.8118|80.9604|type:edu_region:IN-UP|display=inline|format=dms}} || {{url|cmseducation.org/campuses/chowk}} <br />
|-<br />
| Gomti Nagar I & II{{efn|name=CAIE}} ||align=center|1991 || || {{URL|cmseducation.org/branches/gomti}}<br />
|-<br />
| Golf City{{efn|name=CAIE}} || || || <br />
|-<br />
| Indira Nagar I & II ||align=center|1982 || {{coord|26.8872|80.9956|type:edu_region:IN-UP|display=inline|format=dms}} || {{URL|cmseducation.org/campuses/indiranagar}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jopling Road || || || <br />
|-<br />
| Kanpur Road ||align=center|1993 || {{coord|26.7900|80.8928|type:edu_region:IN-UP|display=inline|format=dms}} || {{URL|cmseducation.org/branches/kanpur.html}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mahanagar || || || <br />
|-<br />
| Rajajipuram I & II{{efn|name=CAIE}} || || || <br />
|-<br />
| Rajendra Nagar I & II || || || <br />
|-<br />
| Research Designs &<br/>Standards Organisation (RDSO) ||align=center|1964 || || {{URL|cmseducation.org/branches/rdso.html}}<br />
|-<br />
| Shalimar OneWorld || || || <br />
|-<br />
| Station Road ||align=center|1959 || {{coord|26.7896|80.8942|type:edu_region:IN-UP|display=inline|format=dms}} || {{URL|cmseducation.org/campuses/stationrd}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{notelist}} <br />
<br />
==Notable alumni==<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---><br />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---><br />
{{alumni|date=March 2026}}<br />
* [[Gopal Bagalay|Gopal Bagley]] – diplomat; served as [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|High Commissioner of India]] to Sri Lanka<br />
* [[Celina Jaitly]] – actress and former [[Miss India International|Miss India]]<br />
* [[Urfi Javed]] – internet personality, television actress<br />
* [[Acharya Prashant]] – [[Vedanta]] scholar, author, and founder of the PrashantAdvait Foundation<br />
* [[Shubhanshu Shukla]] – astronaut; mission pilot for [[Axiom Mission 4]] to [[International Space Station|ISS]], [[List of Indian astronauts#ISRO astronaut candidates for Indian Human Spaceflight Programme|shortlisted]] for [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]<br />
* [[Sudhanshu Trivedi]] – politician and national spokesperson, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery><br />
Academic block.jpg|The academic block at the Kanpur Road campus<br />
<br />
CMS GN AUDI.jpg|The auditorium at the Gomti Nagar campus<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Commons inline}}<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.cmseducation.org}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180809112654/http://jagdishgandhi.org/ Website of City Montessori School (CMS) founder Dr. Jagdish Gandhi]<br />
<br />
{{Education in Lucknow}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Montessori schools in India]]<br />
[[Category:Primary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Private schools in Lucknow]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1959]]<br />
[[Category:1959 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oh_Butterfly&diff=522783Oh Butterfly2026-04-24T05:51:33Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: put up new post!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Oh Butterfly.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Vijay Ranganathan<br />
| writer = Vijay Ranganathan<br />
| producer = Vennky<br /> Anand S Shah<br /> Vijay Ranganathan <br /> Nisha Patial<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
*[[Nivedhithaa Sathish]]<br />
*[[Ciby Bhuvana Chandran]]<br />
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]<br />
*[[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]]<br />
*[[Geetha Kailasam]]<br />
*Attul R<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Vedaraman Sankaran<br />
| editing = Bhuvanesh Manivannan<br />
| music = Vaisakh Somanath<br />
| studio = Anthill Cinema<br />Palampur Talkies<br />
| released = {{Film date|2026|3|6|df=yes}}<br />
|runtime = 132 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oh Butterfly |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=MDMwMzAyMDMyMDI2MDAwMzE= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260424052902/https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=MDMwMzAyMDMyMDI2MDAwMzE= |archive-date=24 April 2026 |access-date=24 April 2026 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
'''''Oh Butterfly''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[psychological thriller]] film written, co-produced, and directed by Vijay Ranganathan. The film stars [[Nivedhithaa Sathish]], [[Ciby Bhuvana Chandran]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]], [[Geetha Kailasam]], and Attul R. It is about a woman with [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]] who brings her husband to her isolated hill station house to confess details about her past, but the unexpected arrival of her ex-boyfriend, invited unknowingly by her husband, leads to adverse consequences. The film was released in theatres on 6 March 2026.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{No plot|date=March 2026}}<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Nivedhithaa Sathish]] as Gouri<br />
*[[Ciby Bhuvana Chandran]] as Suriya<br />
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Sagayam<br />
*[[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]] as Ranjani<br />
*[[Geetha Kailasam]] as Soda Buddi Kezhavi<br />
*Attul R as Arjun<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
{{Expand section|date=April 2026}}<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=5 March 2026 |title='Relationship thrillers not explored much in Tamil cinema,' says Oh Butterfly team |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/relationship-thrillers-not-explored-much-in-tamil-says-oh-butterfly-star-cast |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260318003107/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/relationship-thrillers-not-explored-much-in-tamil-says-oh-butterfly-star-cast |archive-date=18 March 2026 |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Themes==<br />
{{Expand section|date=March 2026}}<br />
The film is based on the [[Butterfly effect]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muralidharan |first=Siddarth |date=7 March 2026 |title=Oh Butterfly: Love, Guilt and the Butterfly Effect |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/oh-butterfly-tamil-film-review/article70716259.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260318031301/https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/oh-butterfly-tamil-film-review/article70716259.ece |archive-date=18 March 2026 |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Expand section|date=April 2026}}<br />
The music was composed by Vaisakh Somanath.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXPfaQqUPEI |title=Oh Butterfly - Audio Jukebox{{!}} Nivedhithaa Sathish, Ciby, Nasser{{!}} Vaisakh Somanath {{!}}Vijay Ranganathan |date=2026-02-28 |last=TrendMusic |access-date=2026-04-16 |archive-url=https://preservetube.com/watch?v=YXPfaQqUPEI |archive-date=2026-04-16 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Release and reception==<br />
''Oh Butterfly'' was released on 6 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=3 March 2026 |title='Oh Butterfly,' a Tamil thriller about secrets and the Butterfly Effect, to release in theatres on March 6 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/oh-butterfly-tamil-thriller-nivedhithaa-sathish-ciby-attul-nasser-vijay-ranganathan/article70694899.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260318003639/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/oh-butterfly-tamil-thriller-nivedhithaa-sathish-ciby-attul-nasser-vijay-ranganathan/article70694899.ece |archive-date=18 March 2026 |access-date=17 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The film received an [[A certificate]] (adults only) from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]], with the [[X (social network)|X]] account of Anthill Cinema tweeting, "A is for Adults with a past. A is for Awkward truths. A is for After midnight conversations. An A-certificate for A-grade tension".<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2026 |title=Nivedhithaa Sathish-starrer 'Oh Butterfly' cleared for release with 'A' certificate |url=https://telanganatoday.com/nivedhithaa-sathish-starrer-oh-butterfly-cleared-for-release-with-a-certificate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260318030732/https://telanganatoday.com/nivedhithaa-sathish-starrer-oh-butterfly-cleared-for-release-with-a-certificate |archive-date=18 March 2026 |access-date=18 March 2026 |work=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "And at a time when Tamil films seem too eager to achieve greater heights, this is a film that manages to stir something strong in you by merely flapping its wings and seems all the more content with the heights it soars".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=5 March 2026 |title='Oh Butterfly' movie review: An intriguing and affecting rumination on guilt |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/oh-butterfly-movie-review-nivedhithaa-sathish-ciby-attul-nasser/article70704812.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260318004845/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/oh-butterfly-movie-review-nivedhithaa-sathish-ciby-attul-nasser/article70704812.ece |archive-date=18 March 2026 |access-date=17 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Vishal Menon of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote, "''Oh Butterfly'' might not be compelling cinema from the word go, but its appeal lies in making you see layers within deeply flawed people and the prisons they build for themselves".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=6 March 2026 |title='Oh Butterfly' Movie Review: A Messy But Watchable Triangular Hate Story |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/oh-butterfly-movie-review-nivedhithaa-sathish-starrer-is-a-messy-but-watchable-triangular-hate-story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260312042831/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/oh-butterfly-movie-review-nivedhithaa-sathish-starrer-is-a-messy-but-watchable-triangular-hate-story |archive-date=12 March 2026 |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref> Jayabhuvaneshwari B of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote, "the film creates a sense of claustrophobia, drawing us into uncomfortable truths and keeping us intrigued, even as it occasionally tests our patience".<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=6 March 2026 |title=Oh Butterfly Movie Review: A claustrophobic drama about choices and consequences |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Mar/06/oh-butterfly-movie-review-a-claustrophobic-drama-about-choices-and-consequences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260318010350/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Mar/06/oh-butterfly-movie-review-a-claustrophobic-drama-about-choices-and-consequences |archive-date=18 March 2026 |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "''Oh Butterfly'' has the craft to unsettle you. It just doesn't have the script to stay with you".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Abhinav |date=9 March 2026 |title=Oh Butterfly Movie Review: A thriller too wound up for its own good |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/oh-butterfly/movie-review/129316166.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260318000313/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/oh-butterfly/movie-review/129316166.cms |archive-date=18 March 2026 |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2020s romantic thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 psychological thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Fiction with unreliable narrators]]<br />
[[Category:Films about obsessive–compulsive disorder]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Romantic crime films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tauseef_Alam&diff=539847Tauseef Alam2026-04-21T23:26:18Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: put up post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Tauseef Alam<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| image_size = 100px<br />
| office = Member of the <br /> [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|01|01}}<br />
| birth_place = Gargawn Millik, [[Kishanganj]], [[Bihar]]<br />
| order = <br />
| party = [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]<br />
| source = <ref name=":0"/><br />
| spouse = Tarana Ashfi (m.2013)<br />
| constituency = [[Bahadurganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bahadurganj]]<br />
| term_end = 2020<br />
| term_start = 2005<br />
| predecessor = Jahidur Rahman<br />
| succeeded = [[Mohammad Anzar Nayeemi]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Bahadurganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bahadurganj]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2025<br />
| term_end1 = <br />
| succeeded1 = <br />
| predecessor1 = [[Mohammad Anzar Nayeemi]] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Tauseef Alam''' (born 1 January 1980) is an [[Indian politician]].<ref name=":0" /> He was a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from 2005 until 2020 representing [[Bahadurganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bahadurganj Vidhan Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/celebratory-firing-at-bihar-congress-mla-tauseef-alams-marriage-attended-by-chief-minister-nitish-ku-520515|title=Celebratory firing at Bihar Congress MLA Tauseef Alam's marriage, attended by Chief Minister Nitish Kumar|website=NDTV.com|accessdate=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603073427/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/celebratory-firing-at-bihar-congress-mla-tauseef-alams-marriage-attended-by-chief-minister-nitish-ku-520515|archive-date=3 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/230-mlas-cast-votes-in-rajya-sabha-by-poll-in-bihar/|title=230 MLAs cast votes in Rajya Sabha by-poll in Bihar|date=19 June 2014|accessdate=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603073719/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/230-mlas-cast-votes-in-rajya-sabha-by-poll-in-bihar/|archive-date=3 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/52.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603074205/http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/52.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the youngest MLA at the age of 26 after winning the February 2005 election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Affidavit January — February 2005 |url=https://affidavitarchive.eci.nic.in/Affidavit/affidavits/AFF_AEFeb2005/Bihar/133/md_tauseef_alam/md_tauseef_alam_cr1.htm |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=affidavitarchive.eci.nic.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Md Tauseef Alam was born in village Gargawn Milik in [[Bahadurganj, Kishanganj|Bahadurganj]], [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]], [[Bihar]]. He has done his Fauqania ([[Matriculation|10th]]) in 1996 from Bihar Madarsa Education Board.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://docs2.myneta.info/affidavits/ews3bihar2015/3483/S04-Bihar-52--November-2015%20(%20GEN%20)-2-M%20D%20TAUSEEF%20ALAM.PDF|title=Bihar 2015 affidavits|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603142313/http://docs2.myneta.info/affidavits/ews3bihar2015/3483/S04-Bihar-52--November-2015%20(%20GEN%20)-2-M%20D%20TAUSEEF%20ALAM.PDF|archive-date=3 June 2019|url-status=dead|access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Nomination Letter|url=http://docs2.myneta.info/affidavits/ews3bihar2015/3483/S04-Bihar-52--November-2015%20(%20GEN%20)-2-M%20D%20TAUSEEF%20ALAM.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603142313/http://docs2.myneta.info/affidavits/ews3bihar2015/3483/S04-Bihar-52--November-2015%20(%20GEN%20)-2-M%20D%20TAUSEEF%20ALAM.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-06-03|date=2019-06-03|access-date=2019-06-03}}</ref> In 1998 he moved into politics and served as mukhya during 2000 to 2004.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
His father's name is Jamshed Alam. Md Tauseef Alam married Tarana Ashfi in year 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A wedding that weakens Bihar's case for special category status - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2013/May/05/a-wedding-that-weakens-bihar%E2%80%99s-case-for-special-category-status-474498.html |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebratory firing at Bihar Congress MLA Tauseef Alam's marriage, attended by Chief Minister Nitish Kumar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/celebratory-firing-at-bihar-congress-mla-tauseef-alams-marriage-attended-by-chief-minister-nitish-ku-520515 |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He is son-in-law of [[Muhammad Izhar Asfi|Izhar Asfi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar: What Worked in AIMIM's Favour in Five Assembly Seats of Seemanchal? |url=https://thewire.in/politics/mim-win-five-assembly-seats-seemanchal-bihar-elections-2020 |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-30 |title=Cong MLA brings bride in chopper,invites one lakh guests to reception |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/cong-mla-brings-bride-in-chopper-invites-one-lakh-guests-to-reception/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
In 1998, he entered politics. In February 2005 [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] election he contested as an [[Independent politician|independent]] candidate from [[Bahadurganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bahadurganj Vidhan Sabha]] and got elected at the age of 26.<ref name=":1" /> But due to [[Hung parliament|hung assembly]] no government could be formed in Bihar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bihar-under-central-rule-for-8th-time/articleshow/1043862.cms|title=Bihar under central rule for 8th time |date=March 7, 2005|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-03}}</ref> Fresh elections were held in October–November the same year. [[President's rule]] was imposed in between the two elections.<ref name=":2" /> And in [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly]] elections he contested as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate and saved his seat again. In two consecutive elections, [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]] & [[2015 Bihar assembly election|2015]], he had his third and fourth win respectively.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Gazette|url=http://ceobihar.nic.in/PDF/Ex1273.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522134035/http://ceobihar.nic.in/PDF/Ex1273.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-05-22|date=2019-05-22|access-date=2019-06-03}}</ref> In the 2015 election he defeated Awadh Bihari Singh of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] by 13,942 votes.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Alam, Tauseef}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1980 births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kishanganj district]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galudih&diff=499672Galudih2026-04-20T06:41:44Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement <br />
| name = Galudih <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village <br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3 <br />
| pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.6464|N|86.4045|E|display=inline,title}} <br />
| subdivision_type = Country <br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} <br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] <br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]] <br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]] <br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]] <br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --> <br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric <br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 311 <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages* <br />
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]] <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]] <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] <br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30 <br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] <br />
| postal_code = 833101 <br />
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code <br />
| area_code = 0657 <br />
| registration_plate = JH 05 <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy <br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = 59.62% <br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency <br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]] <br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency <br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Ghatsila (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghatsila]] <br />
| website = {{URL|jamshedpur.nic.in/}} <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}} <br />
'''Galudih''' is a village in the [[Ghatshila block|Ghatshila]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Ghatshila subdivision]] of the [[East Singhbhum district]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
==Civic administration== <br />
There is a police station at Galudih.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title = District Police Profile – East Singhbhum | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 21 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213448/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics== <br />
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Galudi had a total population of 311, of which 163 (52%) were males and 148 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 46. The total number of literate persons in Galudi was 158 (59.62% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2012_PART_B_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Location code: 363559, Pages 164-165: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 21 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography== <br />
{{OSM Location map <br />
| width=350| height=420| zoom=9 <br />
| coord={{coord|22|35|0|N|86|25|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in East Singhbhum district in Kolhan Division''' (Locations around Jamshedpur are shown in the Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration map - see [[Bagbera Colony#Geography|Bagbera Colony]] page)<br/>M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town, T: tourist centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|16|42|N|86|43|29|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Baharagora | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Baharagora]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 <br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|30|58|N|86|33|15|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Dhalbhumgarh| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Dhalbhumgarh]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|57|24|N|86|17|43|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Boram| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Boram, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|27|20|N|86|26|19|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Dumaria | numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Dumaria, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|20|25|N|86|32|44|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5= Gurbandha | numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Gurbandha]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|37|19|N|86|9|30|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Hata| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Hata, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|28|0|N|86|35|11|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Kokpara| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Kokpara]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|40|20|N|86|24|58|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Mahulia| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Mahulia]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|54|54|N|86|23|8|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Patamda| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Patamda]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|37|19|N|86|12|47|E}} | label-pos10= right|label10= Potka| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Potka]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|47|33|N|86|11|3|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Jamshedpur| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Jamshedpur]] (M) |label-color11=#800000 <br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|28|48|N|86|43|12|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Chakuliya| numbered12=M| mark-title12= [[Chakuliya]] (M) |label-color12=#800000 <br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|38|33|N|86|29|28|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Burudi| numbered13=T| mark-title13=[[Burudi]] (T) |shape-color13= #74C365 <br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|38|57|N|86|24|16|E}} | label-pos14=bottom|label14= Galudih | numbered14=T| mark-title14=Galudih (T) |shape-color14=black| label-size14=13|label-color14=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --> <br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|35|16|N|86|29|10|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15= Ghatshila| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Ghatshila]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000 <br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|36|36|N|86|8|18|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16=Haludpukur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Haludpukur]] (CT) |shape-color16= #A40000 <br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|40|0|N|86|21|36|E}} | label-pos17= top|label17=Jadugora| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Jadugora]] (CT) |shape-color17= #A40000 <br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|30|22|N|86|27|13|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Musabani| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Musabani]] (CT) |shape-color18= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|21|40|N|86|36|20|E}} |label19= Subarnarekha |labela19= River |label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 65| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none<br />
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|41|0|N|86|6|20|E}} |label20= Kharkhai |labela20= River |label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20= -55| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none<br />
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|54|0|N|86|12|0|E}} | label-pos21= top|label21= Dalma |labela21= Wildlife|labelb21= Sanctuary | numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color21= #74C365<br />
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|1|0|N|86|30|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= 20| arc-gapA=4.5| arc-radiusA=0.4<br />
|arc-coordB={{coord|22|16|0|N|86|15|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= 0| arc-gapB=6.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}<br />
<br />
===Location=== <br />
Galudih is located at {{coord|22.6464|N|86.4045|E|display=inline}}.<br />
<br />
===Galudih Barrage===<br />
The {{cvt|436.2|m}} Galudih barrage across the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] is a part of the Subarnarekha Multipurpose Project, which is a joint venture of the states of Bihar (later Jharkhand), West Bengal and Odisha. The barrage diverts water into canals on both sides of the river. [[Chandil Dam]] is also a part of this project. [[Burudi|Burudi Lake]] is about 4&nbsp;km away.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.indyatour.com/india/jharkhand/tour-spots/galudih-city-tour-in-jharkhand.php | title = Galudih City Tour | publisher = Indyatour | access-date = 21 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrdjharkhand.nic.in%2FSubernarekha.doc%23%3A~%3Atext%3DSubarnarekha%2520Multipurpose%2520Project%2520is%2520a%2520joint%2520project%2520of%2Cas%2520follows%2520%253A-%2520Chandil%2520Dam%2520on%2520River%2520Subarnarekha.&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK | title = Subarnarekha Multipurpose Project | publisher = Jharkhand government | access-date = 21 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Area overview=== <br />
The area shown in the map "forms a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract". The main rivers draining the district are the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] and the [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 7: Natural Divisions |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 December 2021}}</ref> The area lying between Jamshedpur and Ghatshila is the main industrial mining zone. The rest of the district is primarily agricultural. In the district, as of 2011, 56.9% of the population lives in the rural areas and a high 43.1% lives in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 9: Industrialisation, Page 22: Census findings – Population and its Distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small><br />
<br />
==Transport== <br />
[[Galudih railway station]] is on the [[Asansol-Tatanagar-Kharagpur line|Kharagpur-Tatanagar line]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/kharagpur-tatanagar-memu-68011/3396/167/168 | title = 68011 Kharagpur-Tatanagar MEMU | publisher = Time Table | access-date = 21 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References== <br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kolhan Division}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in East Singhbhum district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shivpur_Assembly_constituency&diff=535183Shivpur Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:35:06Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: put up new article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Shivpur<br />
| constituency_no = 386<br />
| map_image = 386-Shivpur.svg<br />
| mla = [[Anil Rajbhar]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = 2017<br />
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = 3,41,279 (2017)<br />
| type= SLA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shivpur Assembly constituency''', formerly '''Chiraigaon''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Varanasi district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Chandauli Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 2012 after constituency came into existence when "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed in the year 2008.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 30 July 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-url= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20111113000000/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=30 July 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=30 July 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/shivpur.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Wards and areas==<br />
Extent of Shivpur Assembly constituency is KCs Shivpur, Jallhupur, Lohta (CT), Phulwaria (CT), Shivdaspur (CT) & Maruadih Rly. Settlement (ITS) of Varanasi tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/><br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Shivpur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/Shivpur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br />
|[[Uday Lal Maurya]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Anil Rajbhar]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<!--Alphabetical order of Political party name. After results are declared, they will be arranged in decreasing order of votes. Names added without a reliable source will be removed.--><br />
<br />
=== 2022 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shivpur<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Anil Rajbhar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:115231}}<br />
|percentage = 45.76<br />
|change = {{decrease}}2.71<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Arvind Rajbhar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:87544}}<br />
|percentage = 34.77<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Ravi Maurya<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:40601}}<br />
|percentage = 16.12<br />
|change = {{decrease}}4.35<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Girish<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3417}}<br />
|percentage = 1.36<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2295}}<br />
|percentage = 0.91<br />
|change = {{increase}}0.55<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:27687}}<br />
|percentage = 10.99<br />
|change = {{decrease}}12.82<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:251791}}<br />
|percentage = 67.22<br />
|change = {{increase}}0.45<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2017 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shivpur<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Anil Rajbhar]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:110453}}<br />
|percentage = 48.47<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Anand Mohan Yadav<br />
|party = Samajwadi Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:56194}}<br />
|percentage = 24.66<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Virendra Singh (Varanasi)|Virendra Singh]]<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:46657}}<br />
|percentage = 20.47<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = NISHAD Party<br />
|candidate = Saroj Chaudhari<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2929}}<br />
|percentage = 1.29<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Moulik Adhikar Party<br />
|candidate = Sriram<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2379}}<br />
|percentage = 1.04<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:812}}<br />
|percentage = 0.36<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:54259}}<br />
|percentage = 23.81<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:227886}}<br />
|percentage = 66.77<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|swing = +22.02<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===2012===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shivpur}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = [[Uday Lal Maurya]]<br />
|votes = 48,716<br />
|percentage = 26.45<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Samajwadi Party<br />
|candidate = Dr. Piyush Yadav<br />
|votes = 36,084<br />
|percentage = 19.59<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Radha Krishna Yadav<br />
|votes = 32,758<br />
|percentage = 17.79<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Virendra Singh (Varanasi)|Virendra Singh]]<br />
|votes = 32,518<br />
|percentage = 17.66<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| <br />
|candidate = Iqbal Farooqi<br />
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)<br />
|votes = 13,565<br />
|percentage = 7.37<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| <br />
|candidate = Rajendra Kushwaha<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 12,468<br />
|percentage = 6.77<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = 12,632<br />
|percentage = 6.86<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 1,84,165<br />
|percentage = 62.95<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}<br />
*[[Chandauli Lok Sabha constituency]]<br />
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
*[[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
*[[Varanasi district]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Varanasi}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Varanasi district]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pindwara-Abu_Assembly_constituency&diff=525549Pindwara-Abu Assembly constituency2026-04-18T23:41:53Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: put up a post!</p>
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<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Pindwara-Abu<br />
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-147-Pindwara-Abu.svg<br />
| mla = [[Samaram Garasiya]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| state = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| district = [[Sirohi district|Sirohi]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Jalore Lok Sabha constituency|Jalore]]<br />
| established = 1990<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:228333}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 147<br />
}}<br />
'''Pindwara-Abu Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is part of [[Sirohi district|Sirohi]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Election<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]] <br />
| rowspan=2|[[Prabhu Ram Graseeya]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]] <br />
| [[Lala Ram Garasiya]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-rajasthan-1998/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1998 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br />
| [[Samaram Garasiya]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]] <br />
| [[Ganga Ben Garasiya]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><br />
|rowspan = 3 | [[Samaram Garasiya]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/><br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023 name="election2023-1">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Pindwara-Abu<ref name="election2023"/><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Samaram Garasiya<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:70647}}<br />
|percentage = 43.82<br />
|change = -5.88<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Leelaram Garasiya<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:57553}}<br />
|percentage = 35.7<br />
|change = +5.33<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharat Adivasi Party<br />
|candidate = Megharam Garasiya<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:23894}}<br />
|percentage = 14.82<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bheem Tribal Congress<br />
|candidate = Amarsingh Kalundha<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2053}}<br />
|percentage = 1.27<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Kapura Ram Meena<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1798}}<br />
|percentage = 1.12<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Surendra Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1613}}<br />
|percentage = 1.0<br />
|change = -0.58<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3666}}<br />
|percentage = 2.27<br />
|change = -1.1<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:13094}}<br />
|percentage = 8.12<br />
|change = -11.21<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:161224}}<br />
|percentage = 70.61<br />
|change = +1.5<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Pindwara-Abu<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Samaram Garasiya<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:69360}}<br />
|percentage = 49.7<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Lala Ram Garasiya<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:42386}}<br />
|percentage = 30.37<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Shiv Sena<br />
|candidate = Magan Lal<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:6658}}<br />
|percentage = 4.77<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Tribal Party<br />
|candidate = Gouri Shankar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:5137}}<br />
|percentage = 3.68<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Rataram<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3983}}<br />
|percentage = 2.85<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Revat Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2650}}<br />
|percentage = 1.9<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Dalpatram<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2208}}<br />
|percentage = 1.58<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Kesarmal<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1549}}<br />
|percentage = 1.11<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4702}}<br />
|percentage = 3.37<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:26974}}<br />
|percentage = 19.33<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:139551}}<br />
|percentage = 69.11<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Sirohi district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|24.8|73.05|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sirohi district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]<br />
[[Category:1990 establishments in Rajasthan]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pillai_Kaniyamudhu&diff=525512Pillai Kaniyamudhu2026-04-15T18:24:55Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: put up details!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Pillai Kaniyamudhu.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[M. A. Thirumugam]]<br />
| screenplay = S. Ayyapillai<br />
| story = K. P. Kottarakara<br />
| producer = [[P. S. Veerappa]]<br />
| starring = [[S. S. Rajendran]]<br />[[E. V. Saroja]]<br />[[P. S. Veerappa]]<br />[[M. N. Rajam]]<br />
| cinematography = C. V. Moorthi<br />
| editing = M. A. Thirumugam<br />M. Jagannathan<br />
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]<br />
| studio = P. S. V. Pictures<br />
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1958|5|30|ref1=}}<br />
| runtime = 165 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
'''''Pillai Kaniyamudhu''''' is a 1958 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[M. A. Thirumugam]]. The film stars [[S. S. Rajendran]] and [[E. V. Saroja]]. It was released on 30 May 1958.<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1958&nbsp;–பிள்ளை கனியமுது&nbsp;– பி.எஸ்.வி. பிக்சர்ஸ் |trans-title=1958&nbsp;–Pillai Kaniyamudhu&nbsp;– P. S. V. Pictures |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1958-cinedetails24.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170506011738/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1958-cinedetails24.asp |archive-date=6 May 2017 |access-date=6 May 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Satchidhanandam is a rich man who is outwardly a benevolent person, but in reality a very selfish man. He eyes Muthamma, daughter of his servant Muniyan. Muthamma is in love with Murugan, the gardener in the same household. They dream together of their married life and they both agree that their first child should be named ''Babu''. Satchidhanandam chairs a dance performance by Mohana. After the program, he invites her to stay at his guest house. She agrees. Murugan is appointed to attend to her needs. One day, Satchidhanandam sends a fake message to Muthamma that her father Muniyan has fainted. Muthamma comes to his house. He tries to molest her, but she is rescued by Satchidhanandam's wife Gunavathi. When she comes out of the house, Murugan sees her and suspects her conduct. Another day, Mohana was chased by a leopard and when she faints, Murugan holds her. On seeing this, Muthamma becomes suspicious of Mohana. Mohana observes Murugan is morose and tries to enliven him by singing and dancing. Satchidhanandam did not like this. Mohana and Murugan run away from him and get married. Satchidhanandam sends some persons to abduct and bring Muthamma. Due to circumstances, he himself had to go and Muniyan dies at his hands. Satchidhanandam implicates his manager Marudasalam and sends him to jail on the murder charge. Muthamma is orphaned. She goes to live with Marudasalam's wife. Murugan and Mohana beget a baby boy. Murugan names him ''Babu''. Differences crop up between the couple. During a scuffle between the two, Mohana tries to shoot Murugan, but the shot lands on her and she dies. Murugan takes his son with him and goes in search of Muthamma. He loses his eyesight in a car accident. He starts begging for a living. One day he sends Babu alone for begging. Muthamma meets him and learn his story. Babu brings Muthamma to his father. How everything is solved forms the rest of the story.<ref name="song book">{{Cite book |url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0017614_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81.pdf |title=பிள்ளைக் கனியமுது |publisher=P. S. V. Pictures |year=1958 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926131150/https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0017614_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
The following list was adapted from the database of [[Film News Anandan]].<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /><br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
*[[S. S. Rajendran]]<br />
*[[P. S. Veerappa]]<br />
*[[K. Balaji]]<br />
*[[T. S. Balaiah]]<br />
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]]<br />
*Sayeeram<br />
*[[E. V. Saroja]]<br />
*[[M. N. Rajam]]<br />
*Sandhya<br />
*Muthulakshmi<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
This was the first film produced by Veerappa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 Jan 2024 |title=நடிகரை புரட்டியெடுத்த புலி : கட் சொல்ல மறந்த இயக்குனர் : சண்டை காட்சி என்ன ஆனது? |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema-classic-history-about-ss-rajendran-tiger-fight-2386936 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=ta |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303032329/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema-classic-history-about-ss-rajendran-tiger-fight-2386936 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
Music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref name="song book" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam&nbsp;— Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=150–151 |language=Tamil}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist <br />
|-<br />
| "Yer Munaikku Ner Inge" || rowspan=2|T. M. Soundararajan || rowspan=9|[[A. Maruthakasi]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Vazhi Maari Poguma" <br />
|-<br />
| "Navaneedha Soranum Endru" || rowspan=2|Jikki <br />
|-<br />
| "Azhagirukku Arivirukku" <br />
|-<br />
| "Pillai Kaniyamudhu Onnu" || P. Susheela <br />
|-<br />
| "Aambala Manasu Pala Thinusu" || K. Jamuna Rani, L. R. Eswari,<br />G. Kasthoori & Udutha Sarojini <br />
|-<br />
| "Sanga Thamizh Mozhi" || K. Jamuna Rani, L. R. Eswari,<br />G. Kasthoori & Udutha Sarojini <br />
|-<br />
| "Pillai Kaniyamudhu Onnu" || rowspan=3|Sirkazhi Govindarajan & P. Susheela <br />
|-<br />
| "Odugira Thanniyile" <br />
|-<br />
| "Seevi Mudichukiddu Singaaram" || rowspan=2|[[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Kaakkaaikkum Kaakkaaikum" || Group song <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Critical reception ==<br />
{{Empty section|date=September 2024}}<br />
<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=1958-06-22 |title=பிள்ளைக் கனியமுது |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1958-06-22/page/n19/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241001110244/https://archive.org/details/kalki1958-06-22/page/n19/mode/2up |archive-date=1 October 2024 |access-date=2022-10-12 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=18–19 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Jun 1958 |title=பிள்ளைக் கனியமுது |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_9_14_161/6.jp2/full/1000,1545/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250224160207/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_9_14_161/6.jp2/full/1000,1545/0/default.jpg |archive-date=24 February 2025 |access-date=24 Feb 2025 |work=Janasakthi |pages=6 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]] }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
{{M. A. Thirumugam}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1958 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1958 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1958 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1958 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by M. A. Thirumugam]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makthal_Assembly_constituency&diff=515282Makthal Assembly constituency2026-04-15T02:13:15Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: Creating First Info W/ Infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Makthal<br />
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (77-Makthal highlighted).png<br />
| map_caption = Location of Makthal Assembly constituency within Telangana<br />
| mla = [[Vakiti Srihari]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| latest_election_year = 2023<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| state = [[Telangana]]<br />
| district = [[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]]<br />
| electors = 2,42,431<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| constituency_no = 77<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubnagar]] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Makthal Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is Part of [[Narayanpet district]]. It is part of [[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency]].<br />
<br />
[[Vakiti Srihari]] of Indian National Congress won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<br />
<br />
==Mandals==<br />
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:<br />
{{srn}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"<br />
!Mandal !!Districts<br />
|-<br />
| [[Makthal]]<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maganoor]] <br />
|-<br />
| [[Atmakur, Mahbubnagar|Atmakur]]<br />
| [[Wanaparthy district|Wanaparthy]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Amarchinta]]<br />
| [[Wanaparthy district|Wanaparthy]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Narva]]<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Utkoor]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Krishna]]<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Duration<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2" | Political party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
| Bannappa<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
|rowspan=3|Kalyani Ramchander Rao<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br />
|rowspan=2|G Narasimhulu Naidu<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|rowspan=2|Chittem Narsi Reddy<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party|}}<br />
|-<br />
|| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br />
|rowspan=2|Yelkoti Yella Reddy<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
|Chittem Narsi Reddy<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br />
|Kothakota Dayakar Reddy<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
|rowspan=2|Chittem Rammohan Reddy<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| [[Vakiti Srihari]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Makthal<ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Makthal">{{cite news |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Makthal |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2977.htm |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327122432/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2977.htm |archive-date=27 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Makthal Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |title=Makthal Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/makthal |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327122426/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/makthal |archive-date=27 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress <br />
| candidate = [[Vakiti Srihari]]<br />
| votes = 74,917<br />
| percentage = 39.88<br />
| change = <br />
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Chittem Ram Mohan Reddy|votes=57,392|percentage=30.55|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Jalandhar Reddy Madi Reddy|votes=45,455|percentage=24.20|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Jagannath Reddy Varkatam|votes=2,454|percentage=1.31|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,896|percentage=1.01|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=17,525|percentage=9.33|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,87,834|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi<br />
|swing = <br />
}}{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Makthal}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br />
| candidate =Chittem Ram Mohan Reddy<br />
| votes = 78,538<br />
| percentage = 47.77%<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent <br />
| candidate = Jalandhar Reddy Madi Reddy<br />
| votes = 31,258<br />
| percentage = 18.40%<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
| candidate = Kothakota Dhayakar Reddy<br />
| votes = 26,448 <br />
| percentage = 16.09%<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party <br />
| candidate = Kondaiah<br />
| votes = 20,131<br />
| percentage = 12.24%<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = None of the above<br />
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
| votes = 2,101<br />
| percentage = 1.28%<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 26,906<br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 1,64,402 <br />
| percentage = 77.77% <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Makthal<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043859/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=77 Makthal Results]}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = Chittem Ram Mohan Reddy <br />
| votes = 51,632<br />
| percentage = 36.45%<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br />
| candidate = Yelkoti Yella Reddy <br />
| votes = 41,605<br />
| percentage = 29.38%<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
| candidate = Kothakota Dhayakar Reddy <br />
| votes = 35,235<br />
| percentage = 24.88%<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 10,027<br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 1,41,633 <br />
| percentage = 68.94% <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
Note: Chittem Ram Mohan Reddy joined [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] from [[Indian National Congress|INC]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|16.50|77.51|display=title}}<br />
{{Mahabubnagar district}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Mahbubnagar district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vighnaharta_Ganesha&diff=544339Vighnaharta Ganesha2026-04-14T15:14:39Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: put up data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Unreliable sources|date=September 2025}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| genre = Mythological drama<br />
| creator = <br />
| developer = <br />
| writer = *Vaibhav Mutha<br />
*Paresh Shah<br />
*Deepak S.V.<br />
*Himanshu Tyagi<br />
| story = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| director = *Abhimanyu Singh<br />
*Brij Mohan Pandey<br />
*Anjalika Gupta<br />
| creative_director = <br />
| starring = *Aryan Bawankar<br />
*Nishkarsh Dixit<br />
*Uzair Basar<br />
*[[Akanksha Puri]]<br />
*Malkhan Singh<br />
*[[Basant Bhatt]]<br />
*Preetika Chauhan<br />
| theme_music_composer = <br />
| open_theme = <br />
| composer = <br />
| end_theme = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Hindi]]<br />
| num_seasons = <br />
| num_episodes = 1026<br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| producer = Abhimanyu Singh<br />
| cinematography = Abhimanyu Singh<br />
| editor = <br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]] Motion Capture Camera Technology<br />
| runtime = 20–22 minutes<br />
| company = <br />
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]<br />
| channel = <br />
| released = <br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2017|08|22}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|11|12}}<br />
}}<br />
'''''Vighnaharta Ganesha'''''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-14 |title='Maha Ganapathy' to be aired from November 20 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/maha-ganapathy-to-be-aired-from-november-20/articleshow/61645066.cms |access-date=2025-09-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अमेरिका से आए विघ्नहर्ता के सेवक, एक महीने से चल रही कार्तिकेय और सुरसई के युद्ध दृश्यों की तैयारी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/television/tv-serial-vighnaharta-ganesh-makers-preparation-kartikey-and-sursai-fighting-scene |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> (transl. [[Ganesha]], the remover of obstacles) is an Indian mythological television series based on the stories of Lord Ganesha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vighnaharta Ganesh |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/vighnaharta-ganesh-1700000078 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Sony LIV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganesh Chaturthi 2025 Special: 9 Actors Who Played Lord Ganesha In Popular TV Shows - In Pics |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/entertainment/ganesh-chaturthi-2025-celeb-special-9-actors-who-played-lord-ganesha-in-popular-tv-shows-in-pics-2951461 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> The series aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] from 22 August 2017 to 12 November 2021. It depicted the various legends of Lord Ganesha along with stories of other Hindu deities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vighnaharta-ganesh-fame-kuldeep-singh-questions-vip-darshan-culture-says-it-should-be-only-for-physically-challenged-or-elderly-people-who-cannot-stand-in-long-lines/articleshow/90420648.cms|title=Vighnaharta Ganesh fame Kuldeep Singh questions 'VIP darshan culture', says 'It should be only for physically challenged or elderly people who cannot stand in long lines'|date=March 24, 2022|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> This is one of the longest-running Hindu mythological serials on Indian Television.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The show narrates mythological tales of Lord Ganesha, beginning with his creation by Goddess Parvati.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/this-actor-will-don-19-avatars-of-lord-shiva-in-vighnaharta-ganesha-1504621-2019-04-18|title=This actor will don 19 avatars of Lord Shiva in Vighnaharta Ganesha|first=Indo-Asian News|last=Service|date=April 18, 2019|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vighnaharta-ganeshs-hitanshu-jinsi-and-lavina-tandon-talk-about-their-off-screen-bond/articleshow/87142797.cms|title=Vighnaharta Ganesh's Hitanshu Jinsi and Lavina Tandon talk about their off-screen bond|date=October 19, 2021|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> In one of the key arcs, Lord Shiva, unaware that Ganesha is his son, beheads him during a confrontation. Upon Parvati’s request, Shiva resurrects him with the head of an elephant, after which he is named Vighnaharta (the remover of obstacles). The series later expands to depict various stories of gods, goddesses, sages, demons, and avatars from Hindu scriptures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vighnaharta-ganesh-completes-900-episodes-cast-and-crew-congratulate-each-other/articleshow/82826121.cms|title=Vighnaharta Ganesh completes 900 episodes; cast and crew congratulate each other|date=May 21, 2021|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
===Main cast===<br />
* Uzair Basar as Lord Ganesh <br />
** Nishkarsh Dixit replaces Uzair Basar<br />
** Aryan Bawankar replaces Nishkarsh Dixit<br />
* Akanksha Puri as Devi Parvati <br />
**Madirakshi Mundle replaces Akanksha Puri<br />
* Malkhan Singh as Lord Shiva <br />
* Basant Bhatt as Lord Kartikeya <br />
** Pratham Kunwar replaces Basant Bhatt for short time and then Basant Bhatt replaces Pratham Kunwar<br />
* Rahul Sharma as Lord Vishnu <br />
** Kuldeep Singh replaces Rahul Sharma<br />
** Hitanshu Jinsi replaces Kuldeep Singh <br />
* Anshu Malik as Devi Lakshmi<br />
** Deblina Chatterjee replaces Anshu Malik <br />
** Riney Aryaa replaces Deblina Chatterjee <br />
* Digvijay Purohit as Lord Brahma<br />
* Preetika Chauhan as Devi Saraswati<br />
** Bhawna Kanwar Hada replaces Preetika Chauhan <br />
* Saachi Tiwari as Riddhi<br />
* Ketaki Kulkarni as Siddhi<br />
* Sunidee Chauhan as Devsena<br />
* Pal John as Valli<br />
** Garima Joshi replaced by Pal John<br />
<br />
===Recurring cast===<br />
* Anand Goradia as Narad Muni<br />
* Meer Ali as Indra Dev<br />
* Viren Singh Rathor as Surya Dev<br />
** Suraj Sonik replaces Viren Singh Rathor<br />
* Anshul Bammi as Chandra Dev<br />
** Pardeep Singh Rajput replaces Anshul Bammi for short time and then Anshul Bammi replaces Pardeep Singh Rajput<br />
* Vikas Salgotra as Vayu Dev<br />
** Rohit Chaudhary replaces Vikas Salgotra <br />
* Tushar Chawla as Varun Dev<br />
** Harjinder Singh replaces Tushar Chawla<br />
* Lala Tiger as Agni Dev<br />
* Sonia Sharma as Devi Sachi<br />
* Aishwarya Raj Bhakuni as Devi Sangya<br />
* Riyanka Chanda as Devi Rohini<br />
* Ashutosh Tiwari as Nandi<br />
* Mukesh tripathi as Shringi<br />
* Sonia Singh as Vrindha;Devi Aditi<br />
* Nirbhay Wadhwa as Hanuman; Mahishasura<br />
<br />
===Supporting and guest roles===<br />
* Ishita Ganguly as Devi Mansa<br />
* Piyali Munshi as Devi Ahalya<br />
* Manisha Rawat as Devi Vaishnavi<br />
* Tushar Dalvi as Maharaj Himavan<br />
* Naina Gupta as Maharani Mainavati<br />
** Akanksha Saini replaces Naina Gupta <br />
* Palguni Sharma as Devi Ashok Sundari<br />
* Chandralekha Mukheerjee as Devi Jyoti<br />
* Meet Mukhi as Subhodh<br />
* Rajesh Kher as Mushikasura<br />
* Gajendra Chauhan as Dhambhasura<br />
* Vineet Kakkar as Andhakasura<br />
* Ankur Nayyar as Parshuram<br />
* Haelyn Shastri as Devi Priya<br />
* Payal Gupta as Maharani Sarala<br />
* Avtar Vaishnani as Jayanth<br />
* Chiraj Jani as Sindhura; Surapadma<br />
* Sreoshi Chatterjee as Ajamukhi<br />
* Amar Maurya as Simukhasura<br />
* Manish Uppal as Narkasura<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian mythological television series]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penukonda_Assembly_constituency&diff=525148Penukonda Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:32:06Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: put up a data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Penukonda<br />
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (158-Penukonda highlighted).png<br />
| map_caption = Location of Penukonda Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh<br />
| mla = [[S. Savitha]]<br />
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Hindupur]]<br />
| constituency_no = 158<br />
| electors = 220,383<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| type = SLA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Penukonda Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref> It is one the seven assembly segments of [[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency]].<br />
<br />
[[S. Savitha]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 2019, there are a total of 220,383 electors in the constituency.{{update after|2024|6}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.<br />
<br />
== Mandals ==<br />
{{srn}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"<br />
!Mandal<br />
|-<br />
| Parigi<br />
|-<br />
| Penukonda<br />
|-<br />
| Gorantla<br />
|-<br />
| Somandepalle<br />
|-<br />
| Roddam<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2" | Political party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
| [[Lakshminarayana Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]<br />
| [[Chithambara Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
| rowspan=2 |[[Narasi Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
| rowspan=2 |[[Somandepalli Narayana Reddy]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br />
| rowspan=2 |[[S. Ramachandra Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
| [[Sane Chenna Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1991 by-election<br />
| [[Sane Venkata Ramana Reddy]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br />
| rowspan=3 |[[Paritala Ravindra]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=6}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 by-election<br />
|[[Paritala Sunitha]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-06-06 |title=TDP triumphs in Penukonda by-election |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/tdp-triumphs-in-penukonda-by-election/articleshow/1133332.cms |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br />
|rowspan=2|[[B. K. Parthasarathi]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />
| [[Malagundla Sankaranarayana]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| [[S. Savitha]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===1952=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Penukonda<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakshminarayana Reddy |party=Independent (politician) |votes=16,423 |percentage=37.08% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chitambara Reddy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,237 |percentage=32.14% |change=32.14% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suryanarayana Reddy |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=12,205 |percentage=27.56% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,186 |percentage=4.94% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,291 |percentage=64.38% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,796 |change = }} <br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1978===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Penukonda<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Penukonda 1978 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1978/andhra-pradesh/penukonda/27/3154/20 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress (I)<br />
|candidate = Somandepalli Narayana Reddy<br />
|votes = 30,415<br />
|percentage = 45.7<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Gangula Narayana Reddy<br />
|votes = 29,775<br />
|percentage = 44.8<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Gottipati Syam Prasad<br />
|votes = 3,980<br />
|percentage = 6.0<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress (I)<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1983===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Penukonda<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Penukonda 1983 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1983/andhra-pradesh/penukonda/27/7599/50 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = S. Ramachandra Reddy<br />
|votes = 34,731<br />
|percentage = 47.1<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Gangula Narayana Reddy<br />
|votes = 19,843<br />
|percentage = 26.9<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Somandepalli Narayana Reddy<br />
|votes = 19,195<br />
|percentage = 26.0<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress (I)<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1985===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Penukonda<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Penukonda 1985 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1985/andhra-pradesh/penukonda/27/9378/64 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = S. Ramachandra Reddy<br />
|votes = 43,449<br />
|percentage = 54.7<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = G. Veeranna<br />
|votes = 35,933<br />
|percentage = 45.3<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1989===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Penukonda<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Penukonda 1989 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1989/andhra-pradesh/penukonda/27/13013/86 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Sane Chenna Reddy<br />
|votes = 46,065<br />
|percentage = 54.7<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = S. Ramachandra Reddy<br />
|votes = 35,518<br />
|percentage = 42.0<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1991 by-election===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=2011 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election: Penukonda<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Penukonda 1991 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/1391 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Sane Venkata Ramana Reddy<br />
|votes = 66,563<br />
|percentage = 64.45<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = G. Lingappa<br />
|votes = 36,010<br />
|percentage = 34.87<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1994===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Penukonda<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Penukonda 1994 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1994/andhra-pradesh/penukonda/27/17799/116 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Paritala Ravindra]]<br />
|votes = 66,034<br />
|percentage = 61.7<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Sane Venkata Ramana Reddy<br />
|votes = 37,987<br />
|percentage = 35.5<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1999===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Penukonda<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Penukonda 1999 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1999/andhra-pradesh/penukonda/27/22658/148 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Paritala Ravindra]]<br />
|votes = 71,695<br />
|percentage = 70.8<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Bellam Subramanyam<br />
|votes = 13,818<br />
|percentage = 13.7<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2004===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Penukonda}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Paritala Ravindra]]<br />
|votes = 71,000<br />
|percentage = 57.06<br />
|change = -13.76<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Gangula Bhanumathi<br />
|votes = 49,758<br />
|percentage = 39.45<br />
|change = +25.80<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 22,211<br />
|percentage = 17.61<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 126,126<br />
|percentage = 75.34<br />
|change = +11.95<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2009===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Penukonda}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[B. K. Parthasarathi]]<br />
|votes = 68,500<br />
|percentage = 44.89<br />
|change = -12.16<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = K. T. Sreedhar<br />
|votes = 54,015<br />
|percentage = 35.45<br />
|change = -4.00<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Praja Rajyam Party<br />
|candidate = K. Ramesh Babu<br />
|votes = 19,577<br />
|percentage = 12.85<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 14,385<br />
|percentage = 9.44<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 152,382<br />
|percentage = 75.26<br />
|change = -0.08<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2014===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Penukonda<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[B. K. Parthasarathi]]<br />
|votes = 79,793<br />
|percentage = 47.46<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Malagundla Sankaranarayana]]<br />
|votes = 62,378<br />
|percentage = 37.11<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 17,415<br />
|percentage = 10.35<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 168,110<br />
|percentage = 83.43<br />
|change = +8.17<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2019===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Penukonda<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Malagundla Sankaranarayana]]<br />
|votes = 96,607<br />
|percentage = 51.08%<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[B. K. Parthasarathi]]<br />
|votes = 81,549<br />
|percentage = 43.12%<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 15,058<br />
|percentage = 7.96%<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,89,114<br />
|percentage = 85.81<br />
|change = +2.38<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = YSR Congress Party<br />
|loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Penukonda}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[S. Savitha]]<br />
|votes = 1,13,832<br />
|percentage = 54.83<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[K. V. Ushashri Charan]]|votes=80,444|percentage=38.75|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=P. Narasimhappa|votes=4,007|percentage=1.93|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=1,972|percentage=0.95|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=33,388|percentage=16.08|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,07,615|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = YSR Congress Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}{{Sri Sathya Sai district}}<br />
{{coord|14.09|77.60|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Sri Sathya Sai district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oken_Tayeng&diff=522822Oken Tayeng2026-04-11T11:54:45Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: put up a info!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Oken Tayeng<br />
| image = Oken Tayeng.png<br />
| caption = Oken Tayeng in 2024<br />
| birth_place = Arunachal Pradesh, India<br />
| office = Member of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly<br />
| constituency = Mebo<br />
| term_start = 1 June 2024<br />
| party = People's Party of Arunachal<br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Oken Tayeng''' is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]] belonging to the [[People's Party of Arunachal]]. He is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|11th Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Mebo, Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Live Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/mebo-arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2546675-2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Mebo Election Result 2024 Live Updates: Mebo Assembly Election 2024 Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/mebo-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8912893.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=News18}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in [[English literature]] from the [[University of Delhi]] in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oken Tayeng(Peoples Party of Arunachal):Constituency- MEBO (ST)(EAST SIANG) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/ArunachalPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=176 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Professional career ==<br />
[[File:Oken Tayeng.jpg|thumb|Oken Tayeng at a public location]]<br />
<br />
Currently, Oken Tayeng is the Leader of the Legislature Party of the People's Party of Arunachal (PPA), the second-largest party in the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.<br />
<br />
Before entering politics, Oken was deeply involved in the tourism sector. In 2002, he founded Aborcountry Travels & Expeditions (ACTE), a leading tour operator company in Northeast India. His motivation stemmed from a desire for a life filled with adventure and travel, allowing him to explore diverse cultures and places. Under his leadership, ACTE has been featured in prominent publications such as Condé Nast Traveller, India Today, and The Washington Post. The company emphasizes sustainable and eco-tourism, operating two eco-lodges in the Siang valley: The Abor Country River Camp and Yamne Eco Lodge.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=How Oken Tayeng founded Aborcountry Travels & Expeditions, a leading tour operator company in North East India |url=https://aborcountrytravels.com/travel/how-oken-tayeng-founded-aborcountry-travels-expeditions-a-leading-tour-operator-company-in-north-east-india/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Abor Country Travels & Expedition |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
Oken has also held significant positions in various tourism and advisory bodies. He is a member of the National Tourism Advisory Council, Chairman of the Adventure Tour Operators Association of India (ATOAI) Northeast Chapter, and a member of the North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology (NERIST) Governing Body.<ref>{{Cite web |last=traveltrade |date=2021-09-06 |title=ATOAI appoints chapter chairman for North East |url=https://traveltradeinsider.com/2021/09/06/atoai-appoints-chapter-chairman-for-north-east/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Travel Trade Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETTravelWorld.com |title=ATOAI expands its presence in the Northeast, appoints Oken Tayeng as Chapter Chairman - ET TravelWorld |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/associations/atoai-expands-its-presence-in-the-northeast-appoints-oken-tayeng-as-chapter-chairman/85966892 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=ETTravelWorld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-09-07 |title=Oken Tayeng appointed chairman of ATOAI's NE chapter {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2021/09/07/oken-tayeng-appointed-chairman-of-atoais-ne-chapter/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
In addition to his political and entrepreneurial endeavors, Oken Tayeng is an active supporter of environmental conservation efforts in Arunachal Pradesh. In November 2024, he met with members of Ngok Siang, an organization dedicated to the protection of river dolphins in the Siang and Brahmaputra rivers. During this meeting, Tayeng commended the team's dedication and assured them of his support for their conservation initiatives.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 13, 2024 |title=Awareness on River Dolphins conservation held to give new thrust to Arunachal tourism |url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2024/11/13/awareness-on-river-dolphins-conservation-held-to-give-new-thrust-to-arunachal-tourism/ |work=Arunachal Observer}}</ref><br />
<br />
At 51, Oken balances his political and entrepreneurial endeavors with personal interests. He is married and has two children. His interests include travelling and music, and he is known to be an enthusiastic Elvis Presley impersonator and singer. He is multilingual and speaks several languages, including French, Spanish, Japanese, Hindi, Assamese, Bengali, and Nepali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oken Tayeng(Peoples Party of Arunachal):Constituency- MEBO (ST)(EAST SIANG) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/ArunachalPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=176&utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tayeng, Oken}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People's Party of Arunachal politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayushman&diff=488546Ayushman2026-04-11T03:20:44Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: new a info.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Kannada-language documentary film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = <br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = [[Jacob Verghese]]<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = Mathew Verghese<br /> Dinesh Rajkumar N<br />Naveen Francis<br />
| starring = Babu<br />Manik<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = Jacob Verghese<br />N Dinesh Raj Kumar<br />
| editing = Kalveer Biradar<br />Ashwin Prakash R<br />
| music = [[Ricky Kej]]<br />
| studio = Jacob Films<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|2021||}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />English<ref name="Language">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/case-filed-against-director-jacob-varghese-accused-in-a-copyright-case-8657066.html|title=Case Filed Against Director Jacob Varghese Accused In A Copyright Case|website=[[News18]]|date=10 November 2023|access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref><br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Ayushman''''', also titled '''''Running Positive''''' internationally, is a 2021 Indian [[Kannada]]-language documentary film directed by [[Jacob Verghese]]. The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Exploration/Adventure Film]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=69th National Film Awards for the year 2021 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1951758 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film follows two 14 year old boys, Babu and Manik, from Hoskote (near Bengaluru) and Bidar, respectively, who were both born [[HIV-positive people|HIV positive]]. They grew up at NAMS Snehasadan and Sarjapur after their parents passing. The film follows their journey as they run 10 km and half marathon races in 12 different countries across 5 continents, including the UN Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland; the Children Olympics in Netherlands; and Rome.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/Mar/14/running-positive-is-an-inspirational-docufilm-on-two-regular-boys-1581021.html|title=Running positive is an inspirational docufilm on two regular boys|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=14 March 2017|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sports-helped-transform-their-life-the-positive-way/article19657160.ece|title=Sports helped transform their life the positive way|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911093807/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sports-helped-transform-their-life-the-positive-way/article19657160.ece|archive-date=11 September 2017|first=Ranjani|last=Govind|access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1879035&reg=3&lang=2|title=Babu and Manik will keep on running till their last breath: Jacob Varghese, Director of IFFI 53 Film Ayushman, a real-life story on the greatest journey of hope|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=26 November 2022|access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*Babu as himself<br />
*Manik as himself<br />
<br />
==Controversy ==<br />
The Bengaluru School Sports Foundation alleged that Jacob Verghese failed to provide copyright rights for the film to the organisation although they were paid for it. Verghese falsely claimed ownership of the film while applying for the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]s. The Bangalore School Sports Foundation reported losses due to this.<ref name="Language"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Jacob Verghese}}<br />
[[Category:2021 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian documentary films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in India]]<br />
[[Category:2021 documentary films]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanyaadaana&diff=508373Kanyaadaana2026-04-05T22:49:41Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: new!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Kannada-language soap opera}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image =<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| genre = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Soap opera]]<br />
}}<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| director = Arun Hariharan<br />
| story = <br />
| starring = Mico Manju <br> Manasa Narayan <br> Keerthi Venkatesh <br> Yashaswini <br> Vidya Raj <br> Prarthana Kiran<br />
| opentheme = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 661<br />
| producer = <br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = 21–23 minutes<br />
| company = Anjali Ventures<br />
| network = [[Udaya TV]]<br />
| related = [[Metti Oli]] <br/> Kanyadaan<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|11|15|df=yes}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|2024|5|18|df=y}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Kanyaadaana''''' is an Indian [[Kannada language]] [[soap opera]] which premiered on 15 November 2021 in [[Udaya TV]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/kanyadana-kannada-serial-udaya/|title=Kanyadana Kannada Serial On Udaya TV – Launching On 15th November At 08:30 P:M|website=indiantvinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kannadatvshows.com/kanyadana-serial-star-cast/|title=Kanyadana Serial Udaya TV Story, Characters And Star Cast|website=kannadatvshows.com}}</ref> The show stars Mico Manju, Manasa Narayan, Keerthi Venkatesh, Yashaswini, Vidya Raj and Prarthana Kiran.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/new-television-show-kanyadana-will-air-from-november-15/articleshow/87662135.cms|title=New television show Kanyadana will air from November 15|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/mico-manju-manasa-narayan-keerthi-venkatesh-starrer-new-serial-kanyadana-to-go-on-air-on-udaya-tv-from-november-15th/articleshow/87698637.cms|title=ಐವರು ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಮಕ್ಕಳ ತಂದೆಯ ಪಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೈಕೋ ಮಂಜು; ಹೊಸ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ 'ಕನ್ಯಾದಾನ'ದ ಕಥೆ ಏನು?|newspaper=Vijaya Karnataka}}</ref> The show is an official remake of Bengali TV series ''[[Kanyadaan (Bengali TV series)|Kanyadaan]]'' which itself was inspired from 2002 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] TV series ''[[Metti Oli]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bengali-tv-show-kanyadaan-to-end-soon/articleshow/97298489.cms|title=Bengali TV Show 'Kanyadaan' To End Soon|work=The Times of India|date=25 January 2023 |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kannadatvshows.com/kanyadana-udaya-serial-launch/|title=Kanyadana Udaya TV Serial Launching On 15th November At 08:30 P:M|website=kannadatvshows.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=New Kannada serial to go on air on Udaya TV from 15th November|url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/television/new-kannada-serial-kanyadana-to-go-on-air-on-udaya-tv-from-15th-november-mdn-294838.html|website=tv9kannada.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
===Main===<br />
*Mico Manju as Ashwatha<br />
*Manasi Narayan as Archana<br />
*Keerthi Venkatesh as Bhavana<br />
*Yashaswini Ravindra as Chitra<br />
*Vidya Raj as Deepika<br />
*Prarthana Kiran as Aishwarya<br />
<br />
===Supporting===<br />
*Sushmit Jain as Karthik<br />
*Deepa KN as Nirmala<br />
*Sandeep Raju<br />
*Pooja Purad<br />
*Navaneeth Gowda<br />
*Rohith Nagesh<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Sun Udaya original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]<br />
<br />
{{India-tv-prog-stub}}</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naga_People%27s_Convention&diff=519802Naga People's Convention2026-04-04T18:13:00Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: Creating New Post Nd Citations...</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Naga People's Convention''', one of the principal instruments of statehood demand, has a historical significance for Naga history.<br />
<br />
There are three Naga People's Conventions. The first Naga People's Convention (NPC) was convened in [[Kohima]] on August 22–26, 1957, the second convention took place in [[Mokokchung]] district on May 21–23, 1958, and the third was held in Mokokchung on October 22–26, 1959.<ref name="khulam">{{cite web|url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/indianagas-1947-present/#:~:text=The%20Naga%20People's%20Convention%20(NPC,London%20on%20June%2012%2C%201960./|title=Government, Public, Service, and international studies-UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL ARKANSASl |date=March 25, 2024|website=uca.edu}}</ref><br />
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== Formation ==<br />
Initially, the deputy director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau (I.B.), S.M. Dutt, convened a meeting of the moderate Naga leaders, in August 1957 and named it the “Working Committee Meeting”. From these meetings onwards the so-called Naga People's Convention was formed having a historic significance in Naga history.<ref name="namm">{{cite web|url=https://nagalandgk.com/chronology-of-naga-political-development/#more-593/|title=CHRONOLOGY OF NAGA POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS – PART ONE|date=March 24, 2024|website=nagalandgk.com}}</ref><br />
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== First Naga People's Convention ==<br />
After the formation of the Naga People's Convention, [[Imkongliba Ao]] was elected the President of the Convention and [[John Bosco Jasokie]] was elected as Secretary. The initial Convention discussion centred around the first resolution where it resolved that the only answer to the Naga problem was a satisfactory political settlement.<ref name="NPC">{{cite web|url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2022/04/12/formation-of-the-naga-peoples-convention/|title=Formation of the Naga Peoples' Convention|date=March 24, 2024|website=nagalandpost.com}}</ref><br />
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==Second Naga People's Convention ==<br />
The second Convention held in 1957 demanded that the [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills district]] of [[Assam]] and the Tuensang Frontier Division of [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA) be merged into a single unit. The demand later led to the formation of Naga Hills Tuensang Area (NHTA).<br />
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In the second sitting of the Naga Peoples’ Convention, one vice-president and one Joint Secretary were elected and they were [[Vizol Angami]] and [[S. C. Jamir]] respectively. In this meeting, the Liaison Committee was appointed to explore the possibility of agreed solutions of the Naga political instability.<br />
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The Select Committee at its meeting at Kohima on the 11th December, 1958, discussed the report submitted by the Liaison Committee and reviewed the situation. The Select Committee after thorough deliberation on the situation in the country, and in the light of the report of various tribes, resolved to appoint a Drafting Committee to prepare a draft for the political Settlement within the purview of the first Naga Peoples’ Convention at Kohima.<ref name="NPC"/><br />
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== Third Naga People's Convention ==<br />
During the third session of the convention, the Sixteen Points Resolution was adopted making it the basis of negotiation with the [[Government of India]] for Naga political settlement. The sixteen-point proposal was placed for approval before the third Naga Peoples’ Convention which met at Mokokchung from 22 to 26 October in 1959.<br />
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Dr Imkongliba Ao was one of the most instrumental figures in the drafting of the 16 Point Proposal that culminated in the successful creation of Nagaland state. After deliberation on various recommendations of the committee, the Working Committee was entrusted to select a Negotiating Body and accordingly, the committee had selected around 18 members of the Negotiating Body.<br />
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The historic meeting between the then Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and delegates from Nagaland happened in 1960, 26 July which conducted a thorough study on 16-point Memorandum. The question to replace “Nagaland” with the pure Naga word and the inclusion of the Reserved Forests and contiguous areas inhabited by the Nagas were discussed. But no such better nomenclature alternatives could be given at that point of time. They were referred to the provisions in Articles 3 and 4 of the Constitution, prescribing the procedure for the transfer of areas from one state to another.<ref name="NPC" /><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
[[Category:Conventions (meetings)]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jai_Maharashtra&diff=472555Jai Maharashtra2026-03-28T16:40:40Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: brief added details to improve readability and corrected details</p>
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<div>'''Jai Maharashtra''' may refer to:<br />
<br />
* [[Jai Maharashtra (slogan)]], a patriotic slogan widely used to express pride and unity in the Indian state of Maharashtra<br />
* [[Jai Maharashtra (TV channel)]], a 24/7 Marathi news channel<br />
<br />
{{disambiguation}}</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lui_Ngai_Ni&diff=513753Lui Ngai Ni2026-03-25T11:59:48Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: Creating Some Article W/ Sources...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Seed-sowing festiva in Manipur India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox holiday<br />
| holiday_name = Lui Ngai Ni<br />
| type = Naga cultural festival<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size =<br />
| caption =<br />
| observances = 14–15 February<br />
| celebrations = Cultural exchange programs and activities<br />
| significance = Seed sowing festival of the Nagas in [[Manipur]]<br />
| relatedto = Marks the beginning of the yearly activities<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Lui Ngai Ni''' is the seed-sowing festival celebrated by the [[Naga people|Naga tribes]] of [[Manipur]] India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Festivals in Manipur|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Festival_of_Manipur.Gaan_Ngai_And_LuiNgaiNi_Festival.lui_ngai_ni|accessdate= 28 July 2016| work=E-Pao}}</ref> The festival heralds the season of seed sowing and marks the start of the year for the Nagas and the festival was declared a state holiday since 1988.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nagas in Manipur|url=http://manipurtimes.com/lui-ngai-ni-unique-festival-for-people-with-unique-history-part-i/ |accessdate=28 July 2016 |work=Manipur Times|date=19 February 2016 |url-status= |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827072015/https://manipurtimes.com/lui-ngai-ni-unique-festival-for-people-with-unique-history-part-i/ }}</ref><br />
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==Etymology==<br />
The word "Lui - Ngai - Ni" is coined from three different [[Naga languages]]. "Lui" comes from "Luiraphanit", a [[Tangkhul language|Tangkhul]] word for seed sowing festival, "Ngai" means festival in [[Rongmei language]] and "Ni" is a [[Mao Naga language|Mao]] word for the seed sowing festival.<ref>{{cite news |last=Devi |first=N Mangi |date=2010-05-10 |title=Lui-Ngai-Ni ( The Naga Seed Sowing Festival ) |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Festival_of_Manipur.Gaan_Ngai_And_LuiNgaiNi_Festival.Lui_ngai_ni_Mangi |work=e-Pao |access-date=2024-02-19 }}</ref><br />
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The festival is celebrated annually on 15 February at the start of the spring season. During the festival, the Naga tribes in Manipur namely [[Anāl Naga people|Anal]], [[Mao Naga people|Mao]], [[Maram Naga people|Maram]], [[Poumai Naga people|Poumai]], [[Tangkhul Naga people|Tangkhul]], [[Zeme people|Zeme]], [[Liangmai Naga people|Liangmai]], [[Rongmei Naga people|Rongmei]], [[Inpui language|Inpui]]/Puimei, [[Moyon]], [[Monsang people|Monsang]], [[Maring Naga people|Maring]], [[Khoibu people|Khoibu]], [[Kom people (Manipur)|Kom]], [[Tarao Naga people|Tarao]], [[Lamkang people|Lamkang]], [[Chothe people|Chothe]], [[Kharam people|Kharam]], [[Chiru people|Chiru]], [[Koireng people|Koireng]], and [[Thangal people|Thangal]] come together at the designated location to converge and showcase their rich cultural heritage. Apart from the major Naga tribes in Manipur, other Naga tribes from [[Nagaland]], [[Assam]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] partake in the festivities as special guests and invitees.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report on Lui Ngai Ni Celebration|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-nagas-in-manipur-celebrate-seed-sowing-festival-lui-ngai-ni-2062740|accessdate= 28 July 2016| work=DNA India}}</ref> The Ministry of Tourism of the Government of India on 24 December 1986 gave away a special day of remembrance and recognition for the Nagas. Since then it is celebrated in various Naga's inhibited areas. It is the second major inter-tribe Naga festival after [[Hornbill Festival]], which is celebrated by more than ten Naga tribes of Nagaland.<br />
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== Significance ==<br />
The festival is a special occasion to honour and appease the gods of crop and to pray for the well-being of the people. Various cultural activities are showcased during the festival such as [[Cultural Dances]] and songs, including various cultural attire shows, lighting of the fire, drum beating, traditional folk dances and songs. Lui-Ngai-Ni festival is celebrated in all the Naga inhabited areas in Manipur, however, the main festivity is hosted alternately at the Naga inhabited district headquarters namely [[Ukhrul]], [[Tamenglong]], [[Senapati]] and [[Chandel, Manipur|Chandel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lui Ngai Ni Festival 2024 – Know Everything|url=https://festivler.com/festival/india/lui-ngai-ni-festival-know-everything |work=Festival Traveller|access-date=2024-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Holiday list|url=http://manipur.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/general_holiday_2016.pdf|accessdate= 28 July 2016| work=Government of Manipur}}</ref><br />
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The festival is a unique event to respect and conciliate the divine forces of yield and to appeal to God for the prosperity of the general population. Different social exercises are exhibited amid the celebration, for example, [[Culture|Cultural]] [[Dance]]s and melodies, including different social clothing appears, lighting of the fire, drum thumping etc. All [[tribe]]s comes together in unity and showcase their culture and identity which tighten their bond of brotherhood.<br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[Hornbill Festival]], an inter-ethnic festival celebrated in [[Nagaland]].<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://festivler.com/festival/india/lui-ngai-ni-festival-know-everything/ '''Lui-Ngai-Ni Festival 2023''' - Know Everything]<br />
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{{Nagaland}}<br />
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[[Category:February observances]]<br />
[[Category:Festivals in Manipur]]<br />
[[Category:Naga people]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Manipur]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_space_program&diff=466878Soviet space program2026-03-24T07:46:32Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: minor cleanup</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Space exploration program conducted by the Soviet Union from 1951 to 1991}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox space program by country<br />
| name = Soviet space program <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_a = {{langx|ru|Космическая программа СССР|Kosmicheskaya programma SSSR}}<br />
| image = Roscosmos First Satellite documentary.ogv<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = Launch of the first successful artificial satellite, [[Sputnik-1]], from [[R-7 Semyorka|R-7 platform]] in 1957<br />
| formed = 1951<br />
| dissolved = December 1, 1991<ref name="zavtra">[http://zavtra.ru/content/view/polveka-bez-korolyova/ Полвека без Королёва], zavtra.ru. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/20160628043911/http://zavtra.ru/content/view/polveka-bez-korolyova/ |date=28 June 2016 }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite wikisource |title=Resolution of the State Council of the Soviet Union of 14 November 1991 No. 13 |wslink=Постановление Государственного Совета СССР от 14.11.1991 № 13 |wslanguage=ru}}</ref><br />
| manager = {{Unbulleted list<br />
| [[Sergei Korolev]] (1951–66)<br />
| [[Vasily Mishin]] (1966–74)<br />
| [[Valentin Glushko]] (1974–89)<br />
}}<br />
| key_people = [[OKB|Design Bureaus]]<br />
| spaceport = {{Unbulleted list<br />
| [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]]<br />
| [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome]]<br />
}}<br />
| firstflight = [[Sputnik 1]]<br />(October 4, 1957) <br />
| firstcrewed = [[Vostok 1]]<br />(April 12, 1961)<br />
| lastflight = <br />
| lastcrewed = [[Soyuz TM-13]]<br />(October 2, 1991)<br />
| success = [[#Projects and accomplishments|See accomplishments]]<br />
| failure = [[#Incidents, failures, and setbacks|See failures below]]<br />
| partial = [[#Canceled projects|See partial or cancelled projects]]<br>[[Soviet crewed lunar programs|Soviet lunar program]]<br />
| other_outcome =[[Intercosmos]] <br />
| landing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Soviet space program sidebar}}<br />
[[File:Yuri_Gagarin_(1961)_-_Restoration.jpg|thumb|Soviet cosmonaut [[Yuri Gagarin]]—the first person in [[outer space]]]]<br />
The '''Soviet space program'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reichl |first1=Eugen |title=The Soviet Space Program: The Lunar Mission Years: 1959–1976 |date=2019 |publisher=Schiffer Publishing, Limited |location=Atglen, PA |isbn=978-0-7643-5675-9 |pages=160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-HnuwEACAAJ |access-date=22 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ({{langx|ru|Космическая программа СССР|Kosmicheskaya programma SSSR}}) was the state [[space program]] of the [[Soviet Union]], active from 1951 until the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/space-race-timeline | title=Space Race Timeline }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rusconstitution.ru/library/constitution/articles/9660/ |title=2 апреля 1955 года «Об образовании общесоюзного Министерства общего машиностроения СССР» |access-date=2016-05-03 |archive-date=2016-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610100216/http://www.rusconstitution.ru/library/constitution/articles/9660/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.aif.ru/society/science/1313783 Вертикальная структура: как реорганизуется космическая отрасль России], [[Аргументы и факты|АиФ]]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/20160530161535/http://www.aif.ru/society/science/1313783 |date=30 May 2016 }}.</ref> Contrary to its competitors ([[NASA]] in the United States, the [[European Space Agency]] in Western Europe, and the [[Ministry of Aerospace Industry]] in China), which had their programs run under single coordinating agencies, the Soviet space program was divided between several internally competing [[OKB|design bureaus]] led by [[Sergei Korolev|Korolev]], [[Kerim Kerimov|Kerimov]], [[Mstislav Keldysh|Keldysh]], [[Mikhail Yangel|Yangel]], [[Valentin Glushko|Glushko]], [[Vladimir Chelomey|Chelomey]], [[Viktor Makeyev|Makeyev]], [[Boris Chertok|Chertok]] and [[Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev|Reshetnev]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.groundzerobooksltd.com/pages/books/80639/union-of-soviet-socialist-republics/postal-stationery-russia-airmail-envelope-with-depiction-of-the-earth-being-orbited-and-four-gold |title=Postal Stationery Russia Airmail Envelope with Depiction of the Earth Being Orbited and Four Gold Stars | website=groundzerobooksltd.com|access-date=2021-08-18}}</ref> Several of these bureaus were subordinated to the [[Ministry of General Machine-Building]]. The Soviet space program served as an important marker of claims by the Soviet Union to its [[superpower]] status.<ref name="University of Pittsburgh Press, Siddiqi & Andrews, 2011">{{Cite book|title=Into the Cosmos: Space Exploration and Soviet Culture|isbn=978-0-8229-7746-9|access-date=2016-01-19|last1=Andrews|first1=James T.|last2=Siddiqi|first2=Asif A.|date=2011|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7oRuOZbb8IC|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}}<br />
<br />
[[Soviet rocketry|Soviet investigations into rocketry]] began with the formation of the [[Gas Dynamics Laboratory]] in 1921, and these endeavors expanded during the 1930s and 1940s.{{sfn|Chertok|2005|pp=9–10, 164–165 Vol 1}}{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|pp=6–14}} In the years following [[World War II]], both the Soviet and [[United States space program]]s utilised German technology in their early efforts at space programs. In the 1950s, the Soviet program was formalized under the management of [[Sergei Korolev]], who led the program based on unique concepts derived from [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]], sometimes known as the father of theoretical [[astronautics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aiaa.org/index.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104012817/http://www.aiaa.org/index.cfm|url-status=dead|title=Home &#124; AIAA|archive-date=January 4, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Competing in the [[Space Race]] [[NASA|with the United States]] and later [[European Space Agency|with the European Union]] and [[Ministry of Aerospace Industry|with China]], the Soviet space program was notable in setting many records in space exploration, including the first [[Intercontinental ballistic missile|intercontinental missile]] ([[R-7 Semyorka]]) that launched the first satellite ([[Sputnik 1]]) and sent the first animal ([[Laika]] the dog) into [[Geocentric orbit|Earth orbit]] in 1957, and placed the first human in space in 1961, [[Yuri Gagarin]]. In addition, the Soviet program also saw the first woman in space, [[Valentina Tereshkova]], in 1963 and the [[List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999|first spacewalk]] in 1965. Other milestones included [[Cybernetics in the Soviet Union|computerized robotic]] missions [[Luna programme|exploring the Moon]] starting in 1959: being the first to [[Moon landing|reach the surface of the Moon]], recording the first image of the [[far side of the Moon]], flying the [[Zond 5|first animals around the Moon]], and achieving the first soft landing on the Moon. The Soviet program also achieved the first space rover deployment with the [[Lunokhod programme]] in 1966, and sent the first robotic probe that automatically extracted a sample of [[lunar soil]] and brought it to Earth in 1970, [[Luna 16]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/11/26/world/gallery/space-firsts/index.html |title=Famous firsts in space <br />
|website=CNN| publisher = Cable News Network | date=2021-04-09 | access-date=2022-05-13}}</ref><ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20201020233802/http://www.astronautix.com/r/r-7.html Article title]</ref> The Soviet program was also responsible for leading the first [[interplanetary probe]]s to [[Venera|Venus]] and [[Mars program|Mars]] and made successful soft landings on these planets in the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://astronomy.com/news/2020/08/interplanetary-probes-from-behind-the-iron-curtain-the-soviet-venera-program|title=Behind the Iron Curtain: The Soviet Venera program|date=August 26, 2020 }}</ref> It put the first [[space station]], [[Salyut 1]], into [[low Earth orbit]] in 1971, and the first modular space station, [[Mir]], in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|author=Brian Dunbar |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/50-years-ago-launch-of-salyut-the-world-s-first-space-station |title=50 Years Ago: Launch of Salyut, the World's First Space Station |website=NASA.gov | publisher = National Aeronautics and Space Administration| date=2021-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331115352/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/50-years-ago-launch-of-salyut-the-world-s-first-space-station | archive-date=2022-03-31 | access-date=2022-05-13}}</ref> Its [[Interkosmos]] program was also notable for sending the first citizen of a country other than the United States or Soviet Union into space.<ref name="Sheehan">{{cite book|last=Sheehan|first=Michael|title=The international politics of space|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-39917-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-Z0kfqPHy8C|location=London|pages=59–61}}</ref><ref name="Burgess">{{cite book|last1=Burgess|first1=Colin |last2=Hall|first2=Rex |title=The first Soviet cosmonaut team: their lives, legacy, and historical impact|year=2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-84823-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrdVPtCNL9AC|location=Berlin|page=331}}</ref><br />
<br />
The primary spaceport, [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]], is now in [[Kazakhstan]], which leases the facility for Russia.<ref>http://www.roscosmos.ru/index.asp?Lang=ENG {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019125808/http://www.roscosmos.ru/index.asp?Lang=ENG|date=October 19, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russian Right Stuff DVD Set Space Program Secret History 2 Discs |url=https://www.mediaoutlet.com/outer-space-dvds-c-1_3_24/russian-right-stuff-dvd-set-space-program-secret-history-2-discs-p-1331.html |access-date=2021-08-18 |website=mediaoutlet.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Origins==<br />
<br />
===Early Russian-Soviet efforts===<br />
[[File:GIRD.jpg|thumb|Members of the Group for the Study of Reactive Motion (GIRD). 1931. Left to right: standing I.P. Fortikov, Yu A Pobedonostsev, Zabotin; sitting: A. Levitsky, Nadezhda Sumarokova, [[Sergei Korolev]], [[Boris Cheranovsky]], [[Friedrich Zander]] ]]<br />
{{further|Soviet rocketry}}<br />
The theory of [[space exploration]] had a solid basis in the [[Russian Empire]] before the [[First World War]] with the writings of the Russian and Soviet rocket scientist [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]] (1857–1935), who published pioneering papers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries on [[Astronautics|astronautic theory]], including calculating the [[Rocket equation]] and in 1929 introduced the concept of the [[multistaged rocket]].{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|pp=1–2}}{{sfn|Baker|Zak|2013|p=3}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Brochures |url=https://sirismm.si.edu/EADpdfs/NASM.2000.0015.pdf |website=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum |access-date=21 May 2022}}</ref> Additional astronautic and [[spaceflight]] theory was also provided by the Ukrainian and Soviet engineer and mathematician [[Yuri Kondratyuk]] who developed the first known [[lunar orbit rendezvous]] (LOR), a key concept for landing and return spaceflight from Earth to the [[Moon]].<ref><br />
{{Cite book<br />
|last = Wilford<br />
|first = John<br />
|author-link = John Noble Wilford<br />
|title = We Reach the Moon; the New York Times Story of Man's Greatest Adventure<br />
|publisher = Bantam Paperbacks<br />
|location = New York<br />
|year = 1969<br />
|page = 167<br />
|id = {{Listed Invalid ISBN|0-373-06369-0}} }}<br />
</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Russian Planetary Exploration: History, Development, Legacy and Prospects|first=Brian|last=Harvey|year=2007|publisher=Springer}}</ref> The LOR was later used for the plotting of the first actual [[Apollo 11|human spaceflight to the Moon]]. Many other aspects of spaceflight and [[space exploration]] are covered in his works.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|p=2}} Both theoretical and practical aspects of spaceflight was also provided by the Latvian pioneer of [[rocket]]ry and [[spaceflight]] [[Friedrich Zander]],{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|p=3}} including suggesting in a 1925 paper that a spacecraft traveling between two planets could be accelerated at the beginning of its trajectory and decelerated at the end of its trajectory by using the gravity of the two planets' moons – a method known as [[gravity assist]].<ref>Zander's 1925 paper, [https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19650001039 “Problems of flight by jet propulsion: interplanetary flights,”] was translated by NASA. See NASA Technical Translation F-147 (1964); specifically, Section 7: Flight Around a Planet's Satellite for Accelerating or Decelerating Spaceship, pp. 290–292.</ref><br />
<br />
====Gas Dynamics Laboratory (GDL)====<br />
{{main|Gas Dynamics Laboratory}}<br />
The first Soviet development of rockets was in 1921, when the Soviet military sanctioned the commencement of a small research laboratory to explore [[Solid-fuel rocket|solid fuel rockets]], led by [[Nikolai Tikhomirov (chemical engineer)|Nikolai Tikhomirov]], a chemical engineer, and supported by [[Vladimir Artemyev]], a Soviet engineer.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|p=6}}{{sfn|Chertok|2005|p=164 Vol 1}} Tikhomirov had commenced studying solid and [[Liquid-fueled rocket]]s in 1894, and in 1915, he lodged a patent for "self-propelled aerial and water-surface mines."<ref name="RSB_GDL" /> In 1928 the laboratory was renamed the [[Gas Dynamics Laboratory]] (GDL).<ref name="W&WRRP">{{cite web |title=Russian Rocket Projectiles – WWII |url=https://weaponsandwarfare.com/2018/11/19/russian-rocket-projectiles-wwii/ |website=Weapons and Warfare |date=November 18, 2018 |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref> The First test-firing of a solid fuel rocket was carried out in March 1928, which flew for about 1,300 meters<ref name="RSB_GDL">{{cite web |last1=Zak |first1=Anatoly |title=Gas Dynamics Laboratory |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/gdl.html |website=Russian Space Web |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref> Further developments in the early 1930s were led by [[Georgy Langemak]].{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|p=17}} and 1932 in-air test firings of [[RS-82 (rocket family)|RS-82]] unguided rockets from an [[Tupolev I-4]] aircraft armed with six launchers successfully took place.{{sfn|Chertok|2005|p=165 Vol 1}}<br />
<br />
====Sergey Korolev====<br />
{{main|Sergey Korolev}}<br />
A key contributor to early soviet efforts came from a young Russian aircraft engineer [[Sergey Korolev]], who would later become the de facto head of the Soviet space programme.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|p=4}} <br />
In 1926, as an advanced student, Korolev was mentored by the famous Soviet aircraft designer [[Andrey Tupolev]], who was a professor at his University.<ref name="Eng060121">{{cite web |title=Late great engineers: Sergei Korolev – designated designer |url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/in-depth/late-great-engineers-sergei-korolev-designated-designer |website=The Engineer |date=June 2021 |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref> In 1930, while working as a lead engineer on the [[Tupolev TB-3]] heavy bomber he became interested in the possibilities of liquid-fueled rocket engines to propel airplanes. This led to contact with Zander, and sparked his interest in space exploration and rocketry.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|p=4}}<br />
<br />
====Group for the Study of Reactive Motion (GIRD)====<br />
[[File:Ракета 09 и 10.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Rocket 09 (left) and 10 (GIRD-09 and GIRD-X). Museum of Cosmonautics and Rocket Technology; St. Petersburg.]]<br />
{{main|Group for the Study of Reactive Motion}}<br />
Practical aspects built on early experiments carried out by members of the 'Group for the Study of Reactive Motion' (better known by its Russian acronym "[[GIRD]]") in the 1930s, where Zander, Korolev and other pioneers such as the Russian engineers [[Mikhail Tikhonravov]], [[Leonid Dushkin]], [[Vladimir Vetchinkin]] and Yuriy Pobedonostsev worked together.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|pp=4–5}}{{sfn|Baker|Zak|2013|p=6}}{{sfn|Chertok|2005|p=166 Vol 1}} On August 18, 1933, the Leningrad branch of GIRD, led by Tikhonravov,{{sfn|Baker|Zak|2013|p=6}} launched the first [[Hybrid-propellant rocket|hybrid propellant rocket]], the [[Group for the Study of Reactive Motion#GIRD-9|GIRD-09]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Okninski |first1=Adam |title=Hybrid rocket propulsion technology for space transportation revisited – propellant solutions and challenges |journal=FirePhysChem |date=December 2021 |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=260–271 |doi=10.1016/j.fpc.2021.11.015 |s2cid=244899773 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021FPhCh...1..260O }}</ref> and on November 25, 1933, the Soviet's first liquid-fueled rocket [[GIRD-X]].<ref>{{cite web |title=GIRD (Gruppa Isutcheniya Reaktivnovo Dvisheniya) |url=http://weebau.com/rock_rus/gird.htm |website=WEEBAU |access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Reactive Scientific Research Institute (RNII)====<br />
{{main|Reactive Scientific Research Institute}}<br />
In 1933 GIRD was merged with GDL<ref name="RSB_GDL" /> by the Soviet government to form the [[Reactive Scientific Research Institute]] (RNII),{{sfn|Baker|Zak|2013|p=6}} which brought together the best of the Soviet rocket talent, including Korolev, Langemak, [[Ivan Kleymyonov]] and former GDL engine designer [[Valentin Glushko]].{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|pp=7–8}}{{sfn|Baker|Zak|2013|p=9}} Early success of RNII included the conception in 1936 and first flight in 1941 of the [[Korolyov RP-318|RP-318]] the Soviets first [[Korolyov RP-318|rocket-powered aircraft]] and the [[RS-82 (rocket family)|RS-82 and RS-132 missiles]] entered service by 1937,{{sfn|Chertok|2005|p=167 vol 1}} which became the basis for development in 1938 and serial production from 1940 to 1941 of the [[Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyusha multiple rocket launcher]], another advance in the reactive propulsion field.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pobedonostsev |first1=Yuri A. |title=On the History of the Development of Solid-Propellant Rockets in the Soviet Union |journal=NASA Conference Publication |date=1977 |pages=59–63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruQqAAAAIAAJ |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Office |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Greatest World War II Weapons : The Fearsome Katyusha Rocket Launcher |url=https://defencyclopedia.com/2016/02/20/greatest-world-war-ii-weapons-the-fearsome-katyusha-rocket-launcher/ |website=Defencyclopidea |date=February 20, 2016 |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|p=9}} RNII's research and development were very important for later achievements of the Soviet rocket and space programs.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|p=9}}{{sfn|Chertok|2005|p=164 Vol 1}}<br />
<br />
During the 1930s, Soviet rocket technology was comparable to Germany's,{{sfn|Chertok|2005|pp=167–168 Vol 1}} but [[Joseph Stalin]]'s [[Great Purge]] severely damaged its progress. In November 1937, Kleymyonov and Langemak were arrested and later executed, Glushko and many other leading engineers were imprisoned in the [[Gulag]].{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|pp=10–11}} Korolev was arrested in June 1938 and sent to a [[Sevvostlag|forced labour camp in Kolyma]] in June 1939. However, due to intervention by Tupolev, he was relocated to a [[Sharashka|prison for scientists and engineers]] in September 1940.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|pp=11–14}}<br />
<br />
===World War II===<br />
During [[World War II]], rocketry efforts were carried out by three Soviet [[OKB|design bureaus]].{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|p=22}} RNII continued to develop and improve solid fuel rockets, including the RS-82 and RS-132 missiles and the Katyusha rocket launcher,{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|p=17}} where Pobedonostsev and Tikhonravov continued to work on rocket design.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tikhonravov, Mikhail Klavdievich |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/tikhonravov.html |website=Russian Space Web |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|Chertok|2005|p=207 Vol 1}} In 1944, RNII was renamed Scientific Research Institute No 1 (NII-I) and combined with design bureau OKB-293, led by Soviet engineer [[Viktor Bolkhovitinov]], which developed, with [[Aleksei Isaev]], [[Boris Chertok]], [[Leonid Voskresensky]] and [[Nikolay Pilyugin]] a short-range rocket powered interceptor called [[Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1]].{{sfn|Chertok|2005|pp=174, 207 Vol 1}}<br />
[[File:Bereznyak-Isayev-1.jpg|thumb|The [[Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1|Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1 rocket powered interceptor]] was an early advancement in [[Soviet rocketry]] technology.]]<br />
Special Design Bureau for Special Engines (OKB-SD) was led by Glushko and focused on developing auxiliary [[Liquid rocket|liquid-fueled rocket engines]] to [[JATO|assist takeoff]] and climbing of prop aircraft, including the RD-IKhZ, RD-2 and RD-3.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|p=15}} In 1944, the RD-1&nbsp;kHz auxiliary rocket motor was tested in a fast-climb [[La-7#La-7R|Lavochkin La-7R]] for protection of the capital from high-altitude ''Luftwaffe'' attacks.<ref>{{cite journal|date=November 1976|title=Last of the Wartime Lavochkins|journal=[[Air International]] |location=Bromley, Kent|volume=11|issue=5|pages=245–246}}</ref> In 1942 Korolev was transferred to OKB-SD, where he proposed development of the long range missiles D-1 and D-2.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|pp=15–17}}<br />
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The third design bureau was [[NPO Mashinostroyeniya|Plant No 51 (OKB-51)]], led by Soviet Ukrainian Engineer [[Vladimir Chelomey]], where he created the first Soviet [[Pulse jet engine|pulsating air jet]] engine in 1942, independently of similar contemporary developments in [[Nazi Germany]].{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|pp=21–22}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Vladimir Nikolayevich |url=http://www.astronautix.com/c/chelomei.html |website=astronautix |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== German influence ===<br />
{{main|German influence on Soviet rocketry}}<br />
<br />
Nazi Germany developed rocket technology that was more advanced than the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and a race commenced between the [[Soviet Union]] and the United States to capture and exploit the technology. Soviet rocket specialist was sent to Germany in 1945 to obtain [[V-2 rocket]]s and worked with German specialists in Germany and later in the Soviet Union to understand and replicate the rocket technology.{{sfn|Chertok|2005|pp=215–369 Vol 1}}{{sfn|Chertok|2005|pp=43–71 Vol 2}}{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|pp=24–82}} The involvement of German scientists and engineers was an essential catalyst to early Soviet efforts. In 1945 and 1946 the use of German expertise was invaluable in reducing the time needed to master the intricacies of the V-2 rocket, establishing production of the [[R-1 rocket]] and enable a base for further developments. On 22 October 1946, 302 German rocket scientists and engineers, including 198 from the Zentralwerke (a total of 495 persons including family members), were deported to the Soviet Union as part of [[Operation Osoaviakhim]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zak |first1=Anatoly |title=Official decisions on the deportation of Germans |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/a4_team_moscow.html |access-date=3 July 2022 |website=Russian Space Web}}</ref>{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|pp=37–42}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hebestreit |first=Gunther |title=Geheimoperation OSSAWIAKIM: Die Verschleppung deutscher Raketenwissenschaftler in die Sowjetunion |trans-title=Secret operation Ossawiakim: The relocation of German rocket scientists into the Soviet Union |url=https://www.institut-rabe.de/index.php/aktuelles?start=7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204184928/https://www.institut-rabe.de/index.php/aktuelles?start=7 |archive-date=2024-12-04 |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=Förderverein Institut RaBe e.V. |quote=An order from Moscow was read to the people who had been awakened from their sleep, in which they were informed that the Zentralwerke were to be relocated to the Soviet Union, which affected both the facilities and equipment and the personnel.}}</ref> However, after 1947 the Soviets made very little use of German specialists and their influence on the future Soviet rocket program was marginal.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2000|pp=40, 63, 83–84}}<br />
<br />
==Sputnik and Vostok==<br />
[[Image:Korolev Kurchatov Keldysh.jpg|thumb|Chief Designer [[Sergei Korolev]] (left), with the father of the Soviet atomic bomb [[Igor Kurchatov]] (center), and Chief Theoretician [[Mstislav Keldysh]] (right) in 1956]]<br />
<br />
The Soviet space program was tied to the USSR's [[Five-Year Plan (USSR)|Five-Year Plans]] and from the start was reliant on support from the Soviet military. Although he was "single-mindedly driven by the dream of space travel", Korolev generally kept this a secret while working on military projects—especially, after the Soviet Union's [[RDS-1|first atomic bomb test]] in 1949, a missile capable of carrying a nuclear warhead to the United States—as many mocked the idea of launching satellites and crewed spacecraft. Nonetheless, the first Soviet rocket with animals aboard launched in July 1951; the two dogs, [[Dezik and Tsygan]], were recovered alive after reaching 101&nbsp;km in altitude. Two months ahead of America's first such achievement, this and subsequent flights gave the Soviets valuable experience with [[space medicine]].{{r|siddiqi2000}}{{rp|84–88,95–96,118}}<br />
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Because of its global range and large payload of approximately five tons, the reliable R-7 was not only effective as a strategic delivery system for nuclear warheads, but also as an excellent basis for a space vehicle. The United States' announcement in July 1955 of its plan to launch a satellite during the [[International Geophysical Year]] greatly benefited Korolev in persuading Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] to support his plans. {{r|siddiqi2000}}{{rp|148–151}} In a letter addressed to Khrushchev, Korolev stressed the necessity of launching a "simple satellite" in order to compete with the American space effort.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/165445|title=On Work to Create an Artificial Earth Satellite|last1=Korolev|first1=Sergei|last2=Riabikov|first2=Vasilii |publisher=Baturin|year=2008}}</ref> Plans were approved for Earth-orbiting satellites (''[[Sputnik]]'') to gain knowledge of space, and four uncrewed military reconnaissance satellites, [[Zenit (satellite)|Zenit]]. Further planned developments called for a crewed [[Geocentric orbit|Earth orbit]] flight by and an uncrewed lunar mission at an earlier date.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://spp.fas.org/eprint/lindroos_moon1.htm | title=The Soviet Manned Lunar Program }}</ref><br />
[[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|thumb|left|A replica of ''[[Sputnik 1]]'']]<br />
<br />
After the first Sputnik proved to be successful, Korolev—then known publicly only as the anonymous "Chief Designer of Rocket-Space Systems"{{r|siddiqi2000}}{{rp|168–169}}—was charged to accelerate the crewed program, the design of which was combined with the Zenit program to produce the [[Vostok spacecraft]]. After Sputnik, Soviet scientists and program leaders envisioned establishing a crewed station to study the effects of zero-gravity and the long term effects on lifeforms in a space environment.<ref>M.K. Tikhonravov, ''Memorandum on an Artificial Earth Satellite,'' History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, orig. May 26, 1954, Published in Raushenbakh, editor (1991), 5–15. Edited by Asif Siddiqi and translated by Gary Goldberg. https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/165393</ref> Still influenced by Tsiolkovsky—who had chosen Mars as the most important goal for space travel—in the early 1960s, the Soviet program under Korolev created substantial plans for crewed trips to Mars as early as 1968 to 1970. With [[Controlled Ecological Life Support System|closed-loop life support systems]] and electrical rocket engines, and launched from large orbiting space stations, these plans were much more ambitious than America's goal of [[Project Apollo|landing on the Moon]].{{r|siddiqi2000}}{{rp|333–337}}<br />
<br />
In late 1963 and early 1964 the [[Polyot (satellite)|Polyot 1 and Polyot 2]] satellites were launched, these were the first satellites capable of adjusting both [[orbital inclination]] and [[Apsis]]. This marked a significant step in the potential use of spacecraft in [[Anti-satellite weapon|Anti-satellite]] warfare, as it demonstrated the potential to eventually for uncrewed satellites to intercept and destroy other satellites. This would have highlighted the potential use of the space program in a conflict with the US.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Historic Beginnings Of The Space Arms Race |url=https://www.spacewar.com/reports/The_Historic_Beginnings_Of_The_Space_Arms_Race_999.html |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.spacewar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=RBTH |last2=Novosti |first2=Yury Zaitsev, RIA |date=2008-11-01 |title=The historic beginnings of the space arms race |url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2008/11/01/311008_space.html |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Russia Beyond |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-01 |title=The Hidden History of the Soviet Satellite-Killer |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/satellites/a9620/the-hidden-history-of-the-soviet-satellite-killer-16108970/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Popular Mechanics |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Funding and support===<br />
[[File:Russia-Moscow-VDNH-Rocket R-7-1.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Vostok (rocket family)|Vostok]] rocket at the [[Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy|VDNH]]]]<br />
<br />
The Soviet space program was secondary in military funding to the [[Strategic Rocket Forces]]' ICBMs. While the West believed that Khrushchev personally ordered each new space mission for propaganda purposes, and the Soviet leader did have an unusually close relationship with Korolev and other chief designers, Khrushchev emphasized missiles rather than space exploration and was not very interested in competing with Apollo.{{r|siddiqi2000}}{{rp|351,408,426–427}}<br />
<br />
While the government and the Communist Party used the program's successes as propaganda tools after they occurred, systematic plans for missions based on political reasons were rare, one exception being [[Valentina Tereshkova]], the first woman in space, on [[Vostok 6]] in 1963.{{r|siddiqi2000}}{{rp|351}} Missions were planned based on rocket availability or ad hoc reasons, rather than scientific purposes. For example, the government in February 1962 abruptly ordered an ambitious mission involving two Vostoks simultaneously in orbit launched "in ten days time" to eclipse [[John Glenn]]'s [[Mercury-Atlas 6]] that month; the program could not do so until August, with [[Vostok 3]] and [[Vostok 4]].{{r|siddiqi2000}}{{rp|354–361}}<br />
<br />
==Internal competition==<br />
Unlike the American space program, which had NASA as a single coordinating structure directed by its administrator, [[James E. Webb|James Webb]] through most of the 1960s, the USSR's program was split between several competing design groups. Despite the successes of the [[Sputnik program|Sputnik Program]] between 1957 and 1961 and [[Vostok programme|Vostok Program]] between 1961 and 1964, after 1958 Korolev's OKB-1 design bureau faced increasing competition from his rival chief designers, [[Mikhail Yangel]], [[Valentin Glushko]], and [[Vladimir Chelomei]]. Korolev planned to move forward with the [[Soyuz spacecraft|Soyuz]] craft and [[N1 rocket|N-1]] heavy booster that would be the basis of a permanent crewed space station and crewed exploration of the [[Moon]]. However, [[Dmitry Ustinov]] directed him to focus on near-Earth missions using the [[Voskhod spacecraft]], a modified Vostok, as well as on uncrewed missions to nearby planets [[Venus]] and [[Mars]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}<br />
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Yangel had been Korolev's assistant but with the support of the military, he was given his own design bureau in 1954 to work primarily on the military space program. This had the stronger rocket engine design team including the use of [[hypergolic]] fuels but following the [[Nedelin catastrophe]] in 1960 Yangel was directed to concentrate on ICBM development. He also continued to develop his own heavy booster designs similar to Korolev's N-1 both for military applications and for cargo flights into space to build future space stations.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}<br />
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Glushko was the chief rocket engine designer but he had a personal friction with Korolev and refused to develop the large single chamber cryogenic engines that Korolev needed to build heavy boosters.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}<br />
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Chelomey benefited from the patronage of Khrushchev{{r|siddiqi2000}}{{rp|418}} and in 1960 was given the plum job of developing a rocket to send a crewed vehicle around the Moon and a crewed military space station. With limited space experience, his development was slow.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}<br />
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The progress of the Apollo program alarmed the chief designers, who each advocated for his own program as the response. Multiple, overlapping designs received approval, and new proposals threatened already approved projects. Due to Korolev's "singular persistence", in August 1964—more than three years after the United States declared its intentions—the Soviet Union finally decided to compete for the Moon. It set the goal of a lunar landing in 1967—the 50th anniversary of the [[October Revolution]]—or 1968.{{r|siddiqi2000}}{{rp|406–408, 420}} At one stage in the early 1960s the Soviet space program was actively developing multiple launchers and spacecraft. With the fall of Krushchev in 1964, Korolev was given complete control of the crewed program.<ref>{{cite web|author=Adam Mann |url=https://www.space.com/vostok-program.html |title=The Vostok Program: The Soviet's first crewed spaceflight program <br />
|website=space.com | publisher =Future US, Inc. | date=July 28, 2020 | access-date=2023-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Asif Siddiqi |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/apollo-why-the-soviets-lost-180972229/ |title=Why the Soviets Lost the Moon Race |website=smithsonianmag.com | publisher =Smithsonian Institution | date=June 2019 | access-date=2023-03-03}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1961, [[Valentin Bondarenko]], a cosmonaut training for a crewed Vostok mission, was killed in an endurance experiment after the chamber he was in caught on fire. The Soviet Union chose to cover up his death and continue on with the space program.<ref>{{cite web|title=James Oberg's Pioneering Space|url=http://www.jamesoberg.com/usd10.html|access-date=2021-05-01|website=www.jamesoberg.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== After Korolev ===<br />
[[Image:Proton Zvezda crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Launch of a [[Proton-K]]]]<br />
<br />
Korolev died in January 1966 from complications of heart disease and severe hemorrhaging following a routine operation that uncovered [[colon cancer]]. [[Kerim Kerimov]],<ref>{{cite web|url= http://space.hobby.ru/baykonur/kerimov.html|title=Йепхл Юкхебхв Йепхлнб|language=ru|website=Space.hobby.ru|access-date=2016-01-19}}</ref> who had previously served as the head of the [[Strategic Rocket Forces]] and had participated in the State Commission for [[Vostok programme|Vostok]] as part of his duties,<ref>{{cite book|page=94|author=[[Asif Azam Siddiqi]]|title=Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974|isbn=9780160613050|year=2000|publisher=[[NASA]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5pQ9AQAAMAAJ}}</ref> was appointed Chairman of the State Commission on Piloted Flights and headed it for the next 25 years (1966–1991). He supervised every stage of development and operation of both crewed space complexes as well as uncrewed interplanetary stations for the former Soviet Union. One of Kerimov's greatest achievements was the launch of [[Mir]] in 1986.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}<br />
<br />
The leadership of the OKB-1 design bureau was given to [[Vasily Mishin]], who had [[Soviet crewed lunar programs|the task of sending a human around the Moon in 1967 and landing a human on it in 1968]]. Mishin lacked Korolev's political authority and still faced competition from other chief designers.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} Under pressure, Mishin approved the launch of the [[Soyuz 1]] flight in 1967, even though the craft had never been successfully tested on an uncrewed flight. The mission launched with known design problems and ended with the vehicle crashing to the ground, killing [[Vladimir Komarov]]. This was the first in-flight fatality of any space program.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nasa.gov/topics/history/features/komarov.html | title=NASA – Vladimir Komarov and Soyuz 1 | access-date=February 5, 2023 | archive-date=November 12, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112042927/https://www.nasa.gov/topics/history/features/komarov.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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[[File:Portrait of ASTP crews - restoration.jpg|thumb|The American and Soviet crews of the 1975 [[Apollo–Soyuz]] mission]]<br />
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The Soviets were beaten in sending the first crewed flight around the Moon in 1968 by [[Apollo 8]], but Mishin pressed ahead with development of the flawed super heavy [[N1 (rocket)|N1]], in the hope that the Americans would have a setback, leaving enough time to make the N1 workable and land a man on the Moon first. There was a success with the joint flight of [[Soyuz 4]] and [[Soyuz 5]] in January 1969 that tested the rendezvous, docking, and crew transfer techniques that would be used for the landing, and the [[LK (spacecraft)|LK lander]] was tested successfully in earth orbit. But after four uncrewed test launches of the N1 ended in failure, the program was suspended for two years and then cancelled, removing any chance of the Soviets landing men on the Moon before the United States.<ref name="moon">{{cite web|author=Nicholas L. Johnson |url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/sovietReach/index.pdf |title=The Soviet Reach for The Moon |website=usra.edu | publisher = USRA | date=1995 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216223026/https://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/sovietReach/index.pdf | archive-date=2021-02-16 | access-date=2022-05-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
Besides the crewed landings, the abandoned Soviet Moon program included the multipurpose Moon base [[Zvezda (moonbase)|Zvezda]], first detailed with developed mockups of expedition vehicles<ref>{{cite web |url=http://astronautix.com/craft/lekmplex.htm |title=LEK Lunar Expeditionary Complex|website=Astronautix.com|access-date=2016-01-19|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208200041/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/lekmplex.htm|archive-date=2013-12-08}}</ref> and surface modules.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://astronautix.com/craft/dlbodule.htm|title=DLB Module|website=Astronautix.com|access-date=2016-01-19|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107164731/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/dlbodule.htm |archive-date=2014-01-07}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following this setback, Chelomey convinced Ustinov to approve a program in 1970 to advance his [[Almaz]] military space station as a means of beating the US's announced [[Skylab]]. Mishin remained in control of the project that became [[Salyut]] but the decision backed by Mishin to fly a three-man crew without pressure suits rather than a two-man crew with suits to [[Salyut 1]] in 1971 proved fatal when the re-entry capsule depressurized killing the crew on their return to Earth. Mishin was removed from many projects, with Chelomey regaining control of Salyut. After working with [[NASA]] on the [[Apollo–Soyuz]], the Soviet leadership decided a new management approach was needed, and in 1974 the N1 was canceled and Mishin was out of office. The design bureau was renamed [[NPO Energia]] with Glushko as chief designer.<ref name="moon" /><br />
<br />
In contrast with the difficulty faced in its early crewed lunar programs, the USSR found significant success with its remote Moon operations, achieving two historical firsts with the automatic [[Lunokhod]] and the Luna [[sample return mission]]s. The [[Mars program|Mars probe program]] was also continued with some success, while the explorations of Venus and then of the Halley comet by the [[Venera]] and [[Vega program|Vega]] probe programs were more effective.<ref name="moon" /><br />
<br />
== Lunar missions ==<br />
[[File:Luna 3 moon.jpg|thumb|197x197px|The first photo of the far side of the Moon transmitted by Luna 3]]<br />
[[Luna programme|The "Luna" programme]], achieved the first flyby of the Moon by [[Luna 1]] in 1959 (also marking the first time a probe reached the far side of the Moon),<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Luna 1 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-012A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> the first impact of the moon by [[Luna 2]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Luna 2 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-014A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> and the first photos of the far side of the Moon by [[Luna 3]].<br />
<br />
As well as garnering scientific information on the Moon, Luna 1 was able to detect a strong flow of [[Solar wind|ionized plasma emanating from the Sun]], streaming through interplanetary space. Luna 2 impacted the Moon east of [[Mare Imbrium]].<ref name=":2" /> Photography transmitted by Luna 3 showed two dark regions which were named [[Mare Moscoviense]] (Sea of Moscow) and [[Mare Desiderii]] (Sea of Dreams), the latter was found to be composed of the smaller [[Mare Ingenii]] and other dark craters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luna 3 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-008A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> Luna 2 marked the first time a man-made object has contacted a celestial body. Luna 1 discovered the Moon had no magnetic field.<ref name=":1" /><br />
[[File:First Photo from the Surface of the Moon.jpg|thumb|194x194px|First photo from the surface of the Moon transmitted by Luna 9]]<br />
In 1963, the Soviet Union's "2nd Generation" Luna programme was less successful, [[Luna 4]], [[Luna 5]], [[Luna 6]], [[Luna 7]], and [[Luna 8]] were all met with mission failures. However, in 1966 [[Luna 9]] achieved the first soft-landing on the Moon, and successfully transmitted photography from the surface.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luna 9 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-006A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> [[Luna 10]] marked the first man-made object to establish an orbit around the Moon,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luna 10 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-027A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> followed by [[Luna 11]], [[Luna 12]], and [[Luna 14]] which also successfully established orbits. [[Luna 12]] was able to transmit detailed photography of the surface from orbit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luna 12 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-094A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> Luna 10, 12, and [[Luna 14]] conducted [[Gamma ray spectrometry]] of the Moon, among other tests.<br />
[[File:Moon landing map.jpg|thumb|186x186px|The near side of the Moon, showing Luna probe landing locations with red triangles]]<br />
The [[Zond program]]me was orchestrated alongside the ''Luna'' programme with [[Zond 1]] and [[Zond 2]] launching in 1964, intended as flyby missions, however both failed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zond 1 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-016D |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zond 2 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-078C |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> [[Zond 3]] however was successful, and transmitted high quality photography from the far side of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zond 3 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-056A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zond 3 photography |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1965-056A-01 |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> <br />
[[File:Postage stamp of the USSR - a picture of the Earth from Zond-7.jpg|left|thumb|212x212px|Soviet stamp from 1969 showing Earth from Zond 7]]<br />
[[File:The Soviet Union 1970 CPA 3951 stamp (Luna 16 in Flight (1970.09.12)).jpg|left|thumb|224x224px|A Soviet Union stamp from 1970 showing Luna 16]]<br />
In late 1966, [[Luna 13]] became the third spacecraft to make a soft-landing on the Moon, with the American [[Surveyor 1]] having now taken second.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luna 13 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-116A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><br />
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[[Zond 4]], launched in 1968 was intended as a means to test the possibility of a crewed mission to the Moon, including methods of a stable re-entry to earth from a Lunar trajectory using a heat shield.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-06 |title=50 Years Ago: Zond 4 launched successfully. - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/50-years-ago-zond-4-launched-successfully/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> It did not flyby the Moon, but established an elliptical orbit at Lunar distance. Due to issues with the crafts orientation, it was unable to make a soft-landing in the Soviet Union and instead was self destructed. Later in the year [[Zond 5]], carrying two [[Russian tortoise]]s became the first man-made object to flyby the Moon and return to Earth (as well as the first animals to flyby the Moon), splashing down in the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zond 5 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-076A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> [[Zond 6]], [[Zond 7]], and [[Zond 8]] had similar mission profiles, Zond 6 failed to return to earth safely, [[Zond 7]] did however and returned high quality color photography of the Earth and the Moon from varying distances,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zond 7 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-067A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> Zond 8 successfully returned to earth after a Lunar flyby.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zond 8 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-088A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> <br />
[[File:Stromgren Zond 8.jpg|thumb|Lunar crater, taken by Zond 8]]<br />
In 1969, [[Luna 15]] was an intended lunar sample return mission, however resulted in a crash landing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luna 15 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-058A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> In 1970 however [[Luna 16]] became the first robotic probe to land on the Moon and return a surface sample, having drilled 35&nbsp;cm into the surface,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luna 16 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-072A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> to Earth and represented the first lunar sample return mission by the Soviet Union and the third overall, having followed the [[Apollo 11]] and [[Apollo 12]] crewed missions.<br />
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[[Luna 17]], and [[Luna 21]] delivered rovers onto the surface of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luna 17 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-095D |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> [[Luna 20]] and [[Luna 24]] were other successful sample return missions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luna 20 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-007A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> [[Luna 18]] and [[Luna 23]] resulted in crash landings.<br />
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In total there were 24 missions in the ''Luna'' Programme, 15 were considered to be successful, including four hard landings and three soft landings, six orbits, and two flybys. The programme was continued after the collapse of the Soviet Union, when the [[Roscosmos|Russian federation space agency]] launched [[Luna 25]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-18 |title=50 Years Later, the Soviet Union's Luna Program Might Get a Reboot |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a36984208/soviet-luna-program-history/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Popular Mechanics |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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== Venusian missions ==<br />
[[File:Почтовая марка СССР № 5278. 1982. Полёт автоматических межпланетных станций «Венера-13» и «Венера-14».jpg|left|thumb|223x223px|A Soviet stamp from 1982 showing Venera 13 and 14]]<br />
The [[Venera]] programme marked many firsts in space exploration and [[Observations and explorations of Venus|explorations of Venus]]. [[Venera 1]] and [[Venera 2]] resulted in failure due to losses of contact, [[Venera 3]], which also lost contact, marked the first time a man-made object made contact with another planet after it impacted Venus on March 1, 1966. [[Venera 4]], [[Venera 5]], and [[Venera 6]] performed successful atmospheric entry. In 1970 [[Venera#Venera 7|Venera 7]] marked the first time a spacecraft was able to return data after landing on another planet.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Venera 7 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-060A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><br />
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Venera 7 held a resistant [[thermometer]] and an aneroid [[barometer]] to measure the temperature and atmospheric pressure on the surface, the transmitted data showed 475 C at the surface, and a pressure of 92 bar. A wind of 2.5 meters/sec was extrapolated from other measurements. The landing point of Venera 7 was {{coord|5|S|9|W}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venera 7, The First Craft to Make Controlled Landing on Another Planet And Send Data From its Surface |url=https://www.amusingplanet.com/2021/12/venera-7-first-craft-to-make-controlled.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.amusingplanet.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Venera 7 |url=http://weebau.com/satplan/venera%207.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=weebau.com}}</ref> Venera 7 impacted the surface at a somewhat high speed of 17 metres per second, later analysis of the recorded radio signals revealed that the probe had survived the impact and continued transmitting a weak signal for another 23 minutes. It is believed that the spacecraft may have bounced upon impact and come to rest on its side, so the antenna was not pointed towards Earth.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Plumbing the Atmosphere of Venus |url=http://mentallandscape.com/V_Lavochkin1.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=mentallandscape.com}}</ref><br />
[[File:Foto de Venera 9.png|thumb|313x313px|Surface of Venus taken by Venera 9]]<br />
In 1972, [[Venera 8]] landed on Venus and measured the light level as being suitable for surface photography, finding it to be similar to the amount of light on Earth on an overcast day with roughly 1&nbsp;km visibility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venera 8 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-021A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><br />
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In 1975, [[Venera 9]] established an orbit around Venus and successfully returned the first photography of the surface of Venus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venera 9 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-050A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Venera 9 descent craft |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-050D |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> [[Venera 10]] landed on Venus and followed with further photography shortly after.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venus - Venera 10 Lander |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/v10_lander_proc.html |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><br />
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In 1978, [[Venera 11]] and [[Venera 12]] successfully landed, however ran into issues performing photography and soil analysis. Venera 11's light sensor detected lightning strikes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A history of the search for life on Venus |url=https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/space-missions/history-search-life-venus |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.skyatnightmagazine.com |date=September 14, 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Venera 11 & 12 probes to Venus |url=https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/venera1112.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Venera 11 descent craft |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1978-084D |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><br />
[[File:Surface of Venus taken by Venera 13 (panoramic).jpg|thumb|310x310px|Surface of Venus taken by Venera 13 (panoramic)]] <br />
In 1981, [[Venera 13]] performed a successful soft-landing on Venus and marked the first probe to drill into the surface of another planet and take a sample.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Venera 13 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1981-106D |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Surface of Venus |url=https://pages.uoregon.edu/jschombe/ast121/lectures/surface_venus.html |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=pages.uoregon.edu}}</ref> Venera 13 also took an audio sample of the Venusian environment, marking another first.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drilling into the Surface of Venus |url=http://mentallandscape.com/V_Venera11.htm |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=mentallandscape.com}}</ref><br />
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Venera 13 returned the first color images of the surface of Venus, revealing an orange-brown flat bedrock surface covered with loose [[regolith]] and small flat thin angular rocks. The composition of the sample determined by the X-ray fluorescence spectrometer put it in the class of weakly differentiated melanocratic alkaline gabbroids, similar to terrestrial leucitic basalt with a high potassium content. The acoustic detector returned the sounds of the spacecraft operations and the background wind, estimated to be a speed of around 0.5 m/sec wind.<ref name=":4" /><br />
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[[Venera 14]], an identical spacecraft to Venera 13, launched 5 days apart. The mission profiles were very similar, except 14 ran into issues using it's spectrometer to analyze the soil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venera 14 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1981-110A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><br />
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In total 10 Venera probes achieved a soft landing on the surface of Venus.<br />
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In 1984, the [[Vega program]]me began and ended with the launch of two crafts launched 6 days apart, [[Vega 1]] and [[Vega 2]]. Both crafts deployed a balloon in addition to a lander, marking a first in spaceflight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vega 1 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1984-125A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vega 2 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1984-128A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Depth {{!}} Vega 2 |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/vega-2/in-depth/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=NASA Solar System Exploration |date=May 23, 2023 }}</ref><br />
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== Martian missions ==<br />
[[File:1972. Марс-3.jpg|thumb|A Soviet stamp from 1972 showing Mars 3]]<br />
The first Soviet mission to [[Exploration of Mars|explore Mars]], [[Mars 1]], was launched in 1962. Although it was intended to fly by the planet and transmit scientific data, the spacecraft lost contact before reaching Mars, marking a setback for the program. In 1971, the Soviet Union launched [[Mars 2]] and [[Mars 3]]. Mars 2 became the first spacecraft to reach the surface of Mars, however this was a [[hard landing]] and was destroyed on impact.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harland |first=David M. |title=The Soviet Space Program: The History of the U.S.S.R.'s Space Achievements |publisher=Springer |year=1999}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mars 2 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-045A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> However, Mars 3 achieved a historic milestone by becoming the first successful soft landing on Mars. Mars 3 used parachutes and rockets as part of its landing system, however contacted the surface at a somewhat high speed of 20 metres per second. Unfortunately, its lander transmitted data for only up to 20 seconds before it went silent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mars 3 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-049F |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><br />
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Following the initial successes and setbacks, the [[Mars 4]], [[Mars 5]], [[Mars 6]], and [[Mars 7]] missions were launched between 1969 and 1973. Mars 4 and Mars 5 performed successful flybys, performing analysis which detected the presence of a weak Ozone layer and magnetic field corroborating analysis done by the American [[Mariner 4]] and [[Mariner 9]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mars 5 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-049A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> Mars 6 and Mars 7 failed to successfully land.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mars 4 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-047A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><br />
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== Salyut space station ==<br />
[[File:Salyut-4 diagram.gif|thumb|Salyut 4 orbital station]]<br />
The [[Salyut programme]] was a series of missions which established the first earth orbit Space station.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-19 |title=50 Years Ago: Launch of Salyut, the World's First Space Station - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/station/50-years-ago-launch-of-salyut-the-worlds-first-space-station/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> "Salyut" meaning "Salute" translated.<br />
[[File:Salyut-7kosmos1686mayakT-15.jpg|thumb|Salyut-7 station diagram]]<br />
Initially, the ''Salyut'' stations served as research laboratories in orbit. [[Salyut 1]], the first in the series, launched in 1971, was primarily a civilian scientific mission. The crew set a then record-setting 24-day mission though its tragic end due to the death of the ''Soyuz-11'' crew after a docking accident underscored the high risks of human spaceflight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salyut 1 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-032A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> Following this, the Soviet Union also developed [[Salyut 2]] and [[Salyut 3]], which featured reconnaissance capabilities and carried a [[Salyut 3#On-board gun|large gun]],<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia's early space stations (1969-1985) |url=https://russianspaceweb.com/spacecraft_manned_salyut.html |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=russianspaceweb.com}}</ref> both ran into significant issues during their missions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salyut 2 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-017A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Salyut-3 (OPS-2) space station |url=https://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_ops2.html |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.russianspaceweb.com}}</ref> This dual use design of both scientific and military research applications demonstrated the Soviet Union's strategy of blending scientific achievement with defense applications.<br />
[[File:The Soviet Union 1978 CPA 4881 stamp (Soviet-East German Space Flight. Space photograph of Pamir Mountains, Salyut 6, Soyuz 29 and 31 complex and spectrum).jpg|left|thumb|205x205px|A Soviet stamp from 1978 with the [[East Germany|East German]] flag showing Salyut]]<br />
[[File:Model of Salyut-7 with two Soyuz spacecrafts.JPEG|thumb|Model of Salyut-7 with a Soyuz spacecraft docked]]<br />
As the ''Salyut'' program progressed, later missions like [[Salyut 6]] and [[Salyut 7]] improved upon earlier designs by allowing long-duration crewed missions and more complex experiments. These stations, with their expanded crew capacity and amenities for long term stay, carrying electric stoves, a refrigerator, and constant hot water.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salyut 7 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1982-033A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> The ''Salyut'' series effectively paved the way for future Soviet and later Russian space stations, including the [[Mir]] space station, which would become a significant part in the history of long-term space exploration.<br />
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The longest stay, aboard Salyut 7, was 237 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-15 |title=The First Space Stations |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/first-space-stations |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=airandspace.si.edu |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==Program secrecy==<br />
[[File:The Soviet Union 1964 CPA 3089A souvenir sheet (Soviet Conquest of Space. 1st satellite, 1st pennant on the Moon, 1st view of the Moon far side, 1st man in space, 1st group in space, 1st woman in space) large resolution.jpg|thumb|350px|''Communists pave the way to the stars''. The Soviet [[miniature sheet]] of 1964 displaying six historical firsts of the Soviet space program.]]<br />
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The Soviet space program had withheld information on its projects predating the success of [[Sputnik]], the world's first artificial satellite. In fact, when the Sputnik project was first approved, one of the most immediate courses of action the [[Politburo]] took was to consider what to announce to the world regarding their event.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prezi.com/vibdzluxed9y/the-soviet-space-program |title=The Soviet Space Program by Eric Mariscal |publisher=Prezi.com |access-date=2022-03-08}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2025}}<br />
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The [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union]] (TASS) established precedents for all official announcements on the Soviet space program.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://tass.com/history | title=TASS history }}</ref> The information eventually released did not offer details on who built and launched the satellite or why it was launched. The public release revealed, "there is an abundance of arcane scientific and technical data... as if to overwhelm the reader with mathematics in the absence of even a picture of the object".<ref name="University of Pittsburgh Press, Siddiqi & Andrews, 2011" /> What remains of the release is the pride for Soviet [[cosmonautics]] and the vague hinting of future possibilities then available after [[Sputnik]]'s success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/postwarera/1950s-america/a/the-start-of-the-space-race |title=The start of the Space Race (article) |publisher=Khan Academy |date=1958-10-01 |access-date=2022-03-08}}</ref><br />
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The Soviet space program's use of secrecy served as both a tool to prevent the leaking of classified information between countries and also to create a mysterious barrier between the space program and the Soviet populace. The program's nature embodied ambiguous messages concerning its goals, successes, and values. Launchings were not announced until they took place. [[Cosmonaut]] names were not released until they flew. Mission details were sparse. Outside observers did not know the size or shape of their rockets or cabins or most of their spaceships, except for the first Sputniks, lunar probes and Venus probe.<ref name="ebooks.ohiolink.edu">{{Cite web|url=http://ebooks.ohiolink.edu/xtf-ebc/view?docId=tei/sv2/9781461430520/9781461430520.xml&query=&brand=default|title=OhioLINK Institution Selection |website=Ebooks.ohiolink.edu|access-date=2016-01-19}}</ref><br />
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[[File:mirdream sts76.jpg|thumb|250px|left|''[[Mir]]'' in 1996 as seen from {{OV|104}} during [[STS-76]]]]<br />
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However, the military influence over the Soviet space program may be the best explanation for this secrecy. The [[OKB-1]] was subordinated under the [[Ministry of General Machine-Building]],<ref name="University of Pittsburgh Press, Siddiqi & Andrews, 2011" /> tasked with the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles, and continued to give its assets random identifiers into the 1960s: "For example, the [[Vostok (spacecraft)|Vostok]] spacecraft was referred to as 'object IIF63' while its launch rocket was 'object 8K72K'".<ref name="University of Pittsburgh Press, Siddiqi & Andrews, 2011" /> Soviet defense factories had been assigned numbers rather than names since 1927. Even these internal codes were obfuscated: in public, employees used a separate code, a set of special post-office numbers, to refer to the factories, institutes, and departments.<br />
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The program's public pronouncements were uniformly positive: as far as the people knew, the Soviet space program had never experienced failure. According to historian James Andrews, "With almost no exceptions, coverage of Soviet space exploits, especially in the case of human space missions, omitted reports of failure or trouble".<ref name="University of Pittsburgh Press, Siddiqi & Andrews, 2011" /><br />
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According to Dominic Phelan in the book ''Cold War Space Sleuths'', "The [[USSR]] was famously described by [[Winston Churchill]] as 'a riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma' and nothing signified this more than the search for the truth behind its space program during the Cold War. Although the [[Space Race]] was literally played out above our heads, it was often obscured by a figurative 'space curtain' that took much effort to see through."<ref name="ebooks.ohiolink.edu"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Dominic Phelan |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-1-4614-3052-0%2F1.pdf |title=Cold War Space Sleuths |website=springer.com | publisher = Praxis Publishing | date=2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513182442/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm:978-1-4614-3052-0/1.pdf?error=cookies_not_supported&code=415934f9-1e4a-4c5a-9cc3-8396837c047e | archive-date=2022-05-13 | access-date=2022-05-13}}</ref><br />
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==Projects and accomplishments==<br />
[[File:Gagarin Capsule.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Vostok 1]] capsule which carried Yuri Gagarin on the first crewed space flight, now on display at the [[RKK Energiya museum]] outside of Moscow]]<br />
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===Completed projects===<br />
The Soviet space program's projects include:<br />
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
* [[Almaz]] space stations<br />
* [[Cosmos (satellite)|Cosmos]] satellites<br />
* [[Foton (space programs)|Foton]]<br />
* [[Luna program|Luna]] – Moon flybys, orbiters, impacts, landers, rovers, sample returns<br />
* [[Mars probe program]]<br />
* [[Meteor (satellite)|Meteor meteorological satellites]]<br />
* [[Molniya (satellite)|Molniya]] communications satellites<br />
* [[Mir]] space station<br />
* [[Proton satellite]]s<br />
* [[Phobos program|Phobos]] Mars probes program<br />
* [[Salyut]] space stations<br />
* [[Soyuz program]] spacecraft<br />
* [[Sputnik program|Sputnik]] satellites<br />
* [[TKS spacecraft]]<br />
* [[Venera]] – Venus probes program<br />
* [[Vega program]] – Venus and comet Halley probes program<br />
* [[Vostok program]] spacecraft<br />
* [[Voskhod program]] spacecraft<br />
* [[Zond program]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
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===Notable firsts===<br />
[[File:Luna 3 moon.jpg|right|thumb|The first image of the far side of the Moon returned by ''[[Luna 3]]''.]]<br />
[[File:FP2A3620 (23497688248) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Mars 3]], the first spacecraft to land on [[Mars]]. Lander model at the [[Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics]] in Moscow.]]<br />
<br />
Two days after the United States announced its intention to launch an [[artificial satellite]], on July 31, 1955, the Soviet Union announced its intention to do the same. [[Sputnik 1]] was launched on October 4, 1957, beating the United States and stunning people all over the world.<ref name="High Frontier">{{cite book|last=Launius|first=Roger|title=To Reach the High Frontier|date=2002|publisher=[[University Press of Kentucky]]|isbn=0-8131-2245-7|pages=7–10}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Soviet space program pioneered many aspects of space exploration:<br />
* 1957: First intercontinental ballistic missile and orbital launch vehicle, the [[R-7 Semyorka]].<br />
* 1957: First satellite, [[Sputnik 1]].<br />
* 1957: First animal in Earth orbit, the dog [[Laika]] on [[Sputnik 2]].<br />
* 1959: First rocket ignition in Earth orbit, first man-made object to escape Earth's gravity, [[Luna 1]].<br />
* 1959: First data communications, or [[telemetry]], to and from [[outer space]], [[Luna 1]].<br />
* 1959: First man-made object to pass near the [[Moon]], first man-made object in Heliocentric orbit, [[Luna 1]].<br />
* 1959: First probe to impact the Moon, [[Luna 2]].<br />
* 1959: First images of the Moon's [[far side (Moon)|far side]], [[Luna 3]].<br />
* 1960: First animals to safely return from Earth orbit, the dogs [[Belka and Strelka]] on [[Korabl-Sputnik 2|Sputnik 5]].<br />
* 1961: First probe launched to Venus, [[Venera 1]].<br />
* 1961: First person in space (International definition) and in Earth orbit, [[Yuri Gagarin]] on [[Vostok 1]], [[Vostok programme|Vostok program]].<br />
* 1961: First person to spend over 24 hours in space [[Gherman Titov]], [[Vostok 2]] (also first person to sleep in space).<br />
* 1962: First dual crewed spaceflight, [[Vostok 3]] and [[Vostok 4]].<br />
* 1962: First probe launched to Mars, [[Mars 1]].<br />
* 1963: First woman in space, [[Valentina Tereshkova]], [[Vostok 6]].<br />
* 1964: First multi-person crew (3), [[Voskhod 1]].<br />
* 1965: First extra-vehicular activity ([[extra-vehicular activity|EVA]]), by [[Alexsei Leonov]],<ref name=First-Spacewalk>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/2014/newsspec_9035/index.html |title=The First Spacewalk How the first human to take steps in outer space nearly didn't return to Earth|last1=Rincon|first1=Paul|last2=Lachmann|first2=Michael|date=October 13, 2014|website=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014061848/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/2014/newsspec_9035/index.html|archive-date=2014-10-14|access-date=2014-10-19}}</ref> [[Voskhod 2]].<br />
* 1965: First radio telescope in space, [[Zond 3]].<br />
* 1965: First probe to hit another planet of the [[Solar System]] ([[Venus]]), [[Venera 3]].<br />
* 1966: First probe to make a soft landing on and transmit from the surface of the Moon, [[Luna 9]].<br />
* 1966: First probe in lunar orbit, [[Luna 10]].<br />
* 1966: [[first images of Earth from space|First image of the whole Earth disk]], [[Molniya 1]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/achenblog/post/spaceship-earth-the-first-photos/2012/01/03/gIQAzXF5XP_blog.html|title=Spaceship Earth: The first photos|author=Joel Achenbach|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=3 January 2012|access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref><br />
* 1967: First uncrewed rendezvous and docking, [[Cosmos 186]]/[[Cosmos 188]].<br />
* 1968: First living beings to reach the Moon (circumlunar flights) and return unharmed to Earth, [[Russian tortoise]]s and other lifeforms on [[Zond 5]].<br />
* 1969: First docking between two crewed craft in Earth orbit and exchange of crews, [[Soyuz 4]] and [[Soyuz 5]].<br />
* 1970: First soil samples automatically extracted and returned to Earth from another celestial body, [[Luna 16]].<br />
* 1970: First robotic space rover, [[Lunokhod 1]] on the Moon.<br />
* 1970: First full [[interplanetary travel]] with a soft landing and useful data transmission. Data received from the surface of another planet of the Solar System ([[Venus]]), [[Venera 7]]<br />
* 1971: First space station, [[Salyut 1]].<br />
* 1971: First probe to impact the surface of Mars, [[Mars 2]].<br />
* 1971: First probe to land on Mars, [[Mars 3]].<br />
* 1971: First armed space station, [[Almaz]].<br />
* 1975: First probe to orbit Venus, to make a soft landing on Venus, first photos from the surface of Venus, [[Venera 9]].<br />
* 1980: First Asian person in space, Vietnamese Cosmonaut [[Pham Tuan]] on [[Soyuz 37]]; and First [[Latin American]], [[Cuba]]n and person with African ancestry in space, [[Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez]] on [[Soyuz 38]]<br />
* 1984: First [[India]]n Astronaut in space, [[Rakesh Sharma]] on [[Soyuz T-11]] ([[Salyut 7|Salyut-7]] space station).<br />
* 1984: First woman to [[Extra-vehicular activity|walk in space]], [[Svetlana Savitskaya]] ([[Salyut 7]] space station).<br />
* 1986: First crew to visit two separate space stations ([[Mir]] and [[Salyut 7]]).<br />
* 1986: First probes to deploy robotic balloons into Venus atmosphere and to return pictures of a comet during close flyby [[Vega 1]], [[Vega 2]].<br />
* 1986: First permanently crewed space station, [[Mir]], 1986–2001, with a permanent presence on board (1989–1999).<br />
* 1987: First crew to spend over one year in space, [[Vladimir Titov (cosmonaut)|Vladimir Titov]] and [[Musa Manarov]] on board of [[Soyuz TM-4]] – [[Mir]].<br />
* 1988: First fully automated flight of a spaceplane (''[[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]]'').<br />
<br />
==Incidents, failures, and setbacks==<br />
===Accidents and cover-ups===<br />
{{Main|List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents}}<br />
<br />
The Soviet space program experienced a number of fatal incidents and failures.<ref>{{cite book|title=Red Star in Orbit |author=James E Oberg|author-link=James Oberg|date=1981|isbn=978-0394514291|url-access=registration |publisher = Random House|url= https://archive.org/details/redstarinorbit00jame}}</ref><br />
<br />
The first official cosmonaut fatality during training occurred on March 23, 1961, when [[Valentin Bondarenko]] died in a fire within a low pressure, high oxygen atmosphere.<br />
<br />
On April 23, 1967, [[Soyuz 1]] crashed into the ground at {{cvt|90|mph|km/h}} due to a parachute failure, killing [[Vladimir Komarov]]. Komarov's death was the first [[List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents|in-flight fatality]] in the [[history of spaceflight]].<ref>[https://sma.nasa.gov/SignificantIncidents/assets/tragic-tangle.pdf Tragic Tangle], ''System Failure Case Studies'', NASA</ref><ref>[https://www.nasa.gov/topics/history/features/komarov.html Vladimir Komarov and Soyuz 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112042927/https://www.nasa.gov/topics/history/features/komarov.html |date=November 12, 2020 }}, NASA</ref><br />
<br />
The Soviets continued striving for the first lunar mission with the [[N-1 rocket]], which exploded on each of four uncrewed tests shortly after launch. The [[United States|Americans]] won the race to land men on the Moon with [[Apollo 11]] on July 20, 1969.<br />
<br />
In 1971, the [[Soyuz 11]] mission to stay at the [[Salyut 1]] space station resulted in the deaths of three cosmonauts when the reentry capsule depressurized during preparations for reentry. This accident resulted in the only human casualties to occur in space (beyond {{cvt|100|km}}, as opposed to the high atmosphere). The crew members aboard Soyuz 11 were [[Vladislav Volkov]], [[Georgy Dobrovolsky]], and [[Viktor Patsayev]].<br />
<br />
On April 5, 1975, [[Soyuz 7K-T No.39]], the second stage of a Soyuz rocket carrying two cosmonauts to the [[Salyut 4]] space station malfunctioned, resulting in the first crewed launch abort. The cosmonauts were carried several thousand miles downrange and became worried that they would land in China, [[Sino-Soviet split|which the Soviet Union was having difficult relations with at the time]]. The capsule hit a mountain, sliding down a slope and almost slid off a cliff; however, the parachute lines snagged on trees and kept this from happening. As it was, the two suffered severe injuries and the commander, Lazarev, never flew again.<br />
<br />
On March 18, 1980, a [[Vostok rocket]] [[1980 Plesetsk launch pad disaster|exploded on its launch pad]] during a fueling operation, killing 48 people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/monitoring/media_reports/705808.stm |title=Media Reports &#124; Soviet rocket blast left 48 dead|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2016-01-19}}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 1981, [[Kosmos 434]], which had been launched in 1971, was about to re-enter. To allay fears that the spacecraft carried nuclear materials, a spokesperson from the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR]] assured the Australian government on 26 August 1981, that the satellite was "an experimental lunar cabin". This was one of the first admissions by the Soviet Union that it had ever engaged in a crewed lunar spaceflight program.<ref name=siddiqi2000>{{Cite book|last1=Siddiqi|first1=Asif Azam |title=Challenge To Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974|isbn=9780160613050|date=2000|publisher=[[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]], NASA History Div.|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4408pt1.pdf|access-date=22 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008193942/https://history.nasa.gov/printFriendly/series95.html|archive-date=2006-10-08|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|736}}<br />
<br />
In September 1983, a Soyuz rocket being launched to carry cosmonauts to the [[Salyut 7]] space station exploded on the pad, causing the Soyuz capsule's abort system to engage, saving the two cosmonauts on board.<ref>{{cite news<br />
| last = Schmemann<br />
| first = Serge<br />
| date = October 12, 1983<br />
| title = Soyuz Accident Quietly Conceded <br />
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/12/world/soyuz-accident-quietly-conceded.html<br />
| work = New York Times<br />
| location = United States<br />
| access-date = 2022-04-20<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Buran===<br />
[[Image:Buran on An-225 (Le Bourget 1989) (cropped).JPEG|thumb|right|[[Buran programme|Buran]] at airshow (1989).]]<br />
The Soviet [[Buran program]] attempted to produce a class of spaceplanes launched from the [[Energia (rocket)|Energia]] rocket, in response to the US [[Space Shuttle]]. It was intended to operate in support of large space-based military platforms as a response to the [[Strategic Defense Initiative]]. Buran only had orbital maneuvering engines, unlike the Space Shuttle, Buran did not fire engines during launch, instead relying entirely on Energia to lift it out of the atmosphere. It copied the airframe and [[thermal protection system]] design of the US [[Space Shuttle Orbiter]], with a maximum payload of 30 metric tons (slightly higher than that of the Space Shuttle), and weighed less.<ref>{{cite web|title=Buran Space Shuttle vs STS – Comparison|url=https://www.buran.su/buranvssts-comparison.php#:~:text=But%20Buran%20is%20a%20little,off%20whereas%20Buran%20has%20no.&text=So%20the%20engines%20are%20on,nearly%20the%20same%20of%20STS.|access-date=2021-02-22|website=www.buran.su}}</ref> It also had the capability to land autonomously. Due to this, some retroactively consider it to be the more capable launch vehicle.<ref>{{cite web|last=Zak|first=Anatoly|date=2013-11-19|title=Did the USSR Build a Better Space Shuttle?|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/space/rockets/did-the-soviets-actually-build-a-better-space-shuttle-16176311|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Popular Mechanics|language=en-US}}</ref> By the time the system was ready to fly in orbit in 1988, strategic arms reduction treaties made Buran redundant. On November 15, 1988, Buran and its Energia rocket were launched from [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] in [[Kazakhstan]], and after two orbits in three hours, glided to a landing a few miles from its launch pad.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zak|first=Anatoly|date=November 20, 2008|title=Buran – the Soviet space shuttle|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/7738489.stm}}</ref> While the craft survived that re-entry, the heat shield was not reusable. This failure resulted from United States counter intelligence efforts.<ref>{{cite web| first=Robert|last=Windrem | date=February 11, 2008|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna18686550|title=How the Soviet space shuttle fizzled|access-date=2023-01-04|website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> After this test flight, the Soviet Ministry of Defense would defund the program, considering it relatively pointless compared to its price.<ref>{{cite web| title=Buran reusable shuttle|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/buran.html|access-date=2021-02-22|website=www.russianspaceweb.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Polyus satellite===<br />
The [[Polyus (spacecraft)|Polyus satellite]] was a prototype [[space weapon|orbital weapons platform]] designed to destroy [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] satellites with a megawatt [[Carbon dioxide laser|carbon-dioxide laser]].<ref name=starwars>{{cite web| url = http://www.buran.ru/htm/str163.htm| title = Звёздные войны, которых не было |trans-title=Star Wars that didn't happen| author = Konstantin Lantratov}}</ref> Launched mounted upside-down on its [[Energia (rocket)|Energia rocket]], its single flight test was a failure when the [[inertial guidance system]] failed to rotate it 180° and instead rotated a complete 360°.<ref name=grondine>{{cite web |url = http://www.astronautix.com/craft/polyus.htm |title = Polyus |author = Ed Grondine |access-date = 2009-09-15 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100102201428/http://astronautix.com/craft/polyus.htm |archive-date = 2010-01-02 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Canceled projects==<br />
<br />
===Energia rocket===<br />
[[File:RP1357 p169 Polyus satellite on Energia launch vehicle.svg|thumb|upright|x350px|NASA artwork of [[Polyus (spacecraft)|Polyus]] with the [[Energia (rocket)|Energia]] rocket]]<br />
The [[Energia (rocket)|Energia]] was a successfully developed [[super heavy-lift launch vehicle]] which burned [[Hydrogen rocket fuel|liquid hydrogen fuel]]. But without the Buran or Polyus payloads to launch, it was also canceled due to lack of funding on dissolution of the USSR.<br />
<br />
===Interplanetary projects===<br />
<br />
====Mars missions====<br />
* Heavy rover [[Mars 4NM]] was going to be launched by the abandoned [[N1 (rocket)|N1]] launcher between 1974 and 1975.<br />
* Mars [[sample return mission]] [[Mars 5NM]] was going to be launched by a single N1 launcher in 1975.<br />
* Mars sample return mission [[Mars 5M]] or (Mars-79) was to be double launched in parts by Proton launchers, and then joined in orbit for flight to Mars in 1979.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}<br />
<br />
====Vesta====<br />
The [[Vesta mission]] would have consisted of two identical double-purposed interplanetary probes to be launched in 1991. It was intended to fly-by Mars (instead of an early plan to Venus) and then study four asteroids belonging to different classes. At [[4 Vesta]] a penetrator would be released.<br />
<br />
====Tsiolkovsky====<br />
The Tsiolkovsky mission was planned as a double-purposed deep interplanetary probe to be launched in the 1990s to make a "sling shot" flyby of [[Jupiter]] and then pass within five or seven radii of the [[Sun]]. A derivative of this spacecraft would possibly be launched toward [[Saturn]] and beyond.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zak|first1=Anatoly|title=Planetary spacecraft|journal=Russian Space Web |date=February 5, 2013|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/spacecraft_planetary_plans.html|access-date=May 13, 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{portal|Spaceflight|Soviet Union}}<br />
* [[DRAKON]], an algorithmic visual programming language developed for the Buran space project.<br />
* [[Intercosmos]], a Soviet space program designed to give nations on friendly relations with the Soviet Union access to crewed and uncrewed space missions<br />
* [[List of Russian aerospace engineers]]<br />
* [[List of Russian explorers]]<br />
* [[List of space disasters]]<br />
* [[Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR]], an honorary title<br />
* [[Roscosmos]], the program's eventual post-Soviet continuation under the [[Russian Federation]]<br />
* [[Roscosmos Cosmonaut Corps]], Russian astronaut corps<br />
* [[Sheldon names]], which were used to identify launch vehicles of the Soviet Union when their Soviet names were unknown in the USA<br />
* [[Soviet rocketry]]<br />
* [[Space Race]]<br />
* ''[[Tank on the Moon]]'', a 2007 French documentary film on the Lunokhod program<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* Andrews, James T.: ''Red Cosmos: K. E. Tsiolkovskii, Grandfather of Soviet Rocketry''. (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2009)<br />
* Brzezinski, Matthew: ''Red Moon Rising: Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries that Ignited the Space Age''. (Holt Paperbacks, 2008)<br />
* Burgess, Colin; French, Francis: ''[[Into That Silent Sea|Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers of the Space Era]]'', 1961–1965. (University of Nebraska Press, 2007)<br />
* Burgess, Colin; French, Francis: ''[[In the Shadow of the Moon (book)|In the Shadow of the Moon: A Challenging Journey to Tranquility]]'', 1965–1969. (University of Nebraska Press, 2007)<br />
* Harford, James: ''Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon''. (John Wiley & Sons, 1997)<br />
* [[Asif Azam Siddiqi|Siddiqi, Asif A.]]: ''Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974''. (Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2000)<br />
* Siddiqi, Asif A.: ''The Red Rockets' Glare: Spaceflight and the Soviet Imagination, 1857–1957''. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010)<br />
* Siddiqi, Asif A.; Andrews, James T. (eds.): ''Into the Cosmos: Space Exploration and Soviet Culture''. (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011)<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=David |last2=Zak |first2=Anatoly |title=Race for Space 1: Dawn of the Space Age |year= 2013 |publisher=RHK |url=https://books.apple.com/au/book/race-for-space-1-dawn-of-the-space-age/id634833085 |access-date=20 May 2022}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Chertok |first1=Boris |title=Rockets and People |date=31 January 2005 |publisher=[[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |edition=Volumes 1–4 |bibcode=2005ntrs.book10181C |url=https://www.nasa.gov/connect/ebooks/rockets_people_vol1_detail.html |access-date=29 May 2022}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Rödel |first1=Eberhard |title=The Soviet space program: first steps: 1941–1953 |date=2018 |publisher=Schiffer Publishing Ltd |location=Atglen, PA |isbn=978-0764355394}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Reichl |first1=Eugen |title=The Soviet Space Program: The Lunar Mission Years: 1959–1976 |date=2019 |publisher=Schiffer Military History |isbn=978-0-7643-5675-9 |edition=1st |language=English}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Reichl |first1=Eugen |title=The Soviet space program: the N1, the Soviet Moon rocket |date=2019 |publisher=Schiffer Publishing |location=Atglen, PA |isbn=978-0764358555}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Burgess |first1=Colin |last2=Hall |first2=Rex |title=The First Soviet Cosmonaut Team: Their Lives, Legacy, and Historical Impact |date=2009 |publisher=Praxis |isbn=978-0-387-84824-2 |language=en }}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{div col}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060705030049/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/index.html Russian Space Web]<br />
* [http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_Venus.htm Soviet Exploration of Venus]<br />
* [http://www.mentallandscape.com/S_Sputnik.htm Sputnik: 50 Years Ago]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120923131120/http://www.zarya.info/index.htm Zarya – Soviet, Russian and International Space Flight]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151129224805/http://www.cosmos-club.org/journals/1998/harford.html Korolev, Mastermind of the Soviet Space Program]<br />
* [https://fas.org/spp/eprint/lindroos_moon1.htm Soviet crewed lunar program]<br />
* [https://kosmo-museum.ru/?locale=en The Cosmonautics Memorial Museum in Moscow]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
{{Russian space program}}<br />
{{Russian human spaceflight programs}}<br />
{{USSR space probes}}<br />
{{Russian launch vehicles}}<br />
{{Jupiter spacecraft}}<br />
{{Soviet Union topics}}<br />
{{Politics of outer space}}<br />
{{Soviet Union–United States relations|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Soviet Space Program}}<br />
[[Category:Space program of the Soviet Union| ]]<br />
[[Category:Science and technology in the Soviet Union]]<br />
[[Category:Space programs by country|Soviet]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avanti_Fields_School&diff=488420Avanti Fields School2026-03-22T22:11:25Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: new new entry.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=October 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| name = Avanti Fields School<br />
| image = Krishna Avanti Primary School.svg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| caption =<br />
| motto = <br />
| established = 2018<br />
| closed = <br />
| type = [[Free school (England)|Free school]]<br />
| trust = [[Avanti Schools Trust]]<br />
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]<br />
| president = <br />
| head_label = Principal<br />
| head = Vanessa Bardsley<br />
| r_head_label = Deputy Principal / Head of Secondary<br />
| r_head = Nisha Kholia<br />
| chair_label = <br />
| founder = <br />
| address = Furrow View, Colin Grundy Drive,<br />
| city = [[Leicester]]<br />
| county = <br />
| country = [[England]]<br />
| postal_code = LE5 OBX<br />
| local_authority = [[Leicester City Council]]<br />
| urn = 143679<br />
| ofsted = yes<br />
| staff = <br />
| capacity = <br />
| enrolment = 961<br />
| gender = Coeducational<br />
| lower_age = 3<br />
| upper_age = 16<br />
| houses = <br />
| colours = <br />
| publication = <br />
| website = https://avanti.org.uk/avantifields/ <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Avanti Fields School''' is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] faith [[all-through school]] in [[Leicester]], [[United Kingdom]] that is part of the [[Avanti Schools Trust]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The school opened in 2018 in temporary accommodation on [[Narborough Road]] before moving to its permanent site in the [[Humberstone and Hamilton|Hamilton]] area of the city in September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=10 April 2018 |title=Avanti Fields Appoints Acting Principal and Moves to Permanent Site |url=https://avanti.org.uk/avantifields/2018/04/10/principal-appointed/ |website=Avanti Fields School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Avanti Fields School |url=https://www.theguardianschoolsguide.co.uk/schools/avanti-fields-school-143679/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005114946/https://www.theguardianschoolsguide.co.uk/schools/avanti-fields-school-143679/ |archive-date=5 October 2021 |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] Schools Guide}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Nov 2020 |title=BAM commences work on three new schools in the East Midlands |url=https://www.bam.co.uk/media-centre/news-details/bam-commences-work-on-three-new-schools-in-the-east-midlands |website=BAM Construction}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Curriculum==<br />
Avanti schools aim to promote "educational excellence, character formation and spiritual insight."<ref name="AvantiEthos">{{cite web |author= |title=Ethos Statement |url=http://avanti.org.uk/sub_section.php?section=47&sub=216 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103161225/https://avanti.org.uk/sub_section.php?section=47&sub=216 |archive-date=3 Jan 2019 |website=Avanti Schools Trust}}</ref> Avanti schools follow the standard national curriculum of the government-run schools of the United Kingdom.<ref name="BTNewHinduSchool">{{cite web |author=Sharma |first=Suruchi |date=1 February 2010 |title=New Hindu school opens doors |url=http://www.borehamwoodtimes.co.uk/news/4884480.New_Hindu_school_opens_doors/ |website=Borehamwood & Elstree Times |publisher=Borehamwood Times}}</ref> In addition to the standard curriculum, Avanti schools feature [[Sanskrit language]] teaching, [[Hare Krishna maha-mantra|meditation]] and [[Hatha yoga|yoga]] practice, ethics and philosophy education,<ref name="AvantiEthos" /> and inclusive religious instruction.<ref name="BTNewHinduSchool" /> [[Religious education in primary and secondary education|Religious education]] is evenly split between Hinduism and other world religions.<ref name="BTNewHinduSchool" /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Krishna Avanti Primary School, Leicester]]<br />
* [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://avanti.org.uk/avantifields/ Official website]<br />
{{Schools in Leicestershire}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Primary schools in Leicestershire]]<br />
[[Category:Secondary schools in Leicester]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu schools in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Schools affiliated with the International Society for Krishna Consciousness]]<br />
[[Category:International Society for Krishna Consciousness]]<br />
[[Category:Free Schools in England with a Formal Faith Designation]]<br />
[[Category:Free schools in England]]<br />
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{{Leicestershire-school-stub}}<br />
{{hinduism-stub}}</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_of_India&diff=451062Law of India2026-03-20T17:28:45Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: Content refined for better accuracy</p>
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{{Redirect|Indian law|Native American Indian law|Native American civil rights}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br />
{{Courts of India}}<br />
[[File:Constitution of India.jpg|thumb|The [[Constitution of India]] is the longest written constitution for a country, containing 470 articles, 12 schedules, 105 amendments and 117,369 words.]]<br />
{{Constitution of India}} <br />
The [[List of national legal systems|legal system]] of [[India]] consists of [[Civil law (common law)|civil law]], [[common law]], [[customary law]], [[religious law]] and [[corporate law]] within the legal framework inherited from the colonial era and various legislation first introduced by the British are still in effect in modified forms today. Since the drafting of the [[Indian Constitution]], Indian laws also adhere to the [[United Nations]] guidelines on [[human rights law]] and the [[environmental law]].<br />
[[Personal law]] is fairly complex, with each religion adhering to its own specific laws. In most states, registering marriages and divorces is not compulsory. Separate laws govern [[Hindu]]s including [[Sikhs]], [[Jains]] and [[Buddhist]], [[Muslim]]s, [[Christians]], [[Parsis]], and followers of other religions. The exception to this rule is in the state of [[Goa]], where a [[uniform civil code]] is in place, in which all religions have a common law regarding marriages, divorces, and adoption. On February 7, 2024, the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]] also incorporated a [[uniform civil code]]. In the first major reformist judgment for the 2010s, the [[Supreme Court of India]] banned the Islamic practice of "[[Triple talaq in India|Triple Talaq]]" (a husband divorcing his wife by pronouncing the word "[[Talaq]]" thrice).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/18/asia/triple-talaq-supreme-court/index.html|title=Triple talaq: India's top court bans Islamic practice of instant divorce|last=Wu|first=Huizhong|date=23 August 2017<!-- 18 May 2017 -->|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=3 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906185024/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/18/asia/triple-talaq-supreme-court/index.html|archive-date=6 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The landmark Supreme Court of India judgment was welcomed by women's rights activists across India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/22/india-supreme-court-bans-islamic-instant-divorce-triple-talaq|title=India court bans Islamic instant divorce in huge win for women's rights|last=Safi|first=Michael|location=Delhi|author2=Amrit Dhillon|date=22 August 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116194439/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/22/india-supreme-court-bans-islamic-instant-divorce-triple-talaq|archive-date=16 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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{{as of|2024|08}}, there are about 891 Central laws as per the online repository hosted by the Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Code: Browsing DSpace |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1362/browse?type=dateissued |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref> Further, there are many State laws for each state, which can also be accessed from the same repository.<br />
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== History ==<br />
{{Main|History of Indian law}}<br />
<br />
[[History of India|Ancient India]] represented a distinct tradition of [[law]], and had a historically independent thought of legal theory and practice. The [[Dharmaśāstra]]s played an important role. The [[Arthashastra]], dating from 400 BC and the [[Manusmriti]], from 100 AD, were influential treatises in India, texts that were considered authoritative legal guidance.<ref>{{Harvnb|Glenn|2000|p=255}}</ref> [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]]'s central philosophy was tolerance and [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralism]], and was cited across [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Glenn|2000|p=276}}</ref><br />
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Early in this period, which culminated in the creation of the [[Gupta Empire]], [[Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations|relations with ancient Greece]] and Rome were not infrequent. The appearance of similar fundamental institutions of international law in various parts of the world show that they are inherent in international society, irrespective of culture and tradition.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Alexander |first=C.H. |date=July 1952 |title=International Law in India |journal=The International and Comparative Law Quarterly |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=289–300 |doi=10.1093/iclqaj/1.Pt3.289 |issn=0020-5893}}</ref> Inter-State relations in the pre-Islamic period resulted in clear-cut rules of warfare of a high humanitarian standard, in rules of neutrality, of treaty law, of customary law embodied in religious charters, in exchange of embassies of a temporary or semi-permanent character.<ref>Viswanatha, S.T., ''International Law in Ancient India'', 1925</ref><br />
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After the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent]], Islamic [[Sharia]] law spread with the establishment of [[Delhi Sultanate]], [[Bengal Sultanate]] and [[Gujarat Sultanate]].<ref>A. Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Leiden, 1980</ref><br />
The [[Corps of Forty]] also played a major role by establishing some [[Turkic peoples|Turkish]] law in India.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Asian history|last=Embree|first=Ainslie|publisher=Asia Society|year=1988|pages=149}}</ref><br />
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In the 17th century, when the [[Mughal Empire]] became the world's largest economy, its sixth ruler, [[Aurangzeb]], compiled the [[Fatawa-e-Alamgiri]] with several Arab and Iraqi Islamic scholars, which served as the main governing body in most parts of [[South Asia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Roy|title=Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State|date=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136950360}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chapra|first1=Muhammad Umer|title=Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance|date=2014|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=9781783475728|pages=62–63|language=en}}</ref><br />
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With the advent of the [[British Raj]], there was a break in tradition, and Hindu and Islamic law were abolished in favour of British [[common law]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Glenn|2000|p=273}}</ref> The first royal charter for the [[East India Company]] in the 1600s granted them the ability to make laws in order to better govern its “official representatives” in India. This was a power that grew rapidly with the increase in the East India Company's influence and power over India, giving the East India Company a wider and more powerful judicial authority and jurisdiction. During the eighteenth century, the East India Company wanted a more amicable ruling system where they would not have only English Common Law dictating the laws of a state that was not English yet. They opted to have a set of laws and courts in both the interior and exterior governments where the exterior, also known as the Presidencies, was ruled by English Law, staffed by English judges and lawyers, and dealt with Englishmen. The interior, the Mofussil, dealt with native law such as Hindu and Muslim personal law, Company Regulations, and Islamic criminal law.<ref>Elizabeth, Kolsky. “Codification and the Rule of Colonial Difference: Criminal Procedure in British India.” (Law and History Review 23, no. 3, 2005), 631–83. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30042900.</ref> This caused issues later in history when people who were not with the East India Company and were not native to India committed crimes in India. It was not easy to find out which law systems they should be subject to. In terms of Mofussil courts, Europeans still had an advantage over Indians since they could bring suit against Indians in any mofussil court but Indians would have to go to the Supreme Court to bring suit to Europeans.<ref>Jain, M.P. (Journal of the Indian Law Institute 15, no. 3, 1973): 525–30. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43950226.<br />
</ref> This was financially and logistically very hard, causing a lot of dismay in Indians. Europeans often used this system to abuse and exploit Indians in criminal and civil litigation. This system was ended in 1793 by the Bengal Government, which prohibited all Europeans from living more than ten miles from [[Sadr Diwani Adalat|Calcutta]] unless they agreed to be subject to Mofussil courts.<br />
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In the early 1830s, there were motions within the House of Commons, during the debates for the renewal of the East India Company's royal charter, for a special “Select Committee” to be made to look into the East India Company's objectives and operations in India. The [[Anglo-Hindu law#Timeline of Court System|motions]] were brought to the attention of the House of Commons because there were concerns about the East India Company's effectiveness in the administration of justice and law-making. The general consensus coming out of the Select Committee was that the law in India required reform since the East India Company's current system had conflicting laws and had religious laws that did not bode well with unity. The East India Company's charter of 1833 radically changed the structure of law-making in India with regard to the legislatures, it replaced the legislatures of each region with an all-India Legislative Council that had wide jurisdiction and general legislative power.<ref>Kolsky, Elizabeth. “Codification and the Rule of Colonial Difference: Criminal Procedure in British India.” Law and History Review 23, no. 3 (2005): 631–83. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30042900.</ref> This stripped the law-making authority of the Presidencies which had conflicting laws and made the law more unitary in nature. The council passed all-India laws as well as an Indian Law Commission. The progenitor of this codification was a British lawyer by the name of [[Thomas Babington Macaulay|Thomas Macaulay]] who became the first Law Member, the head of the All-India Legislative Council, and the first head of the Law Commission.<ref>Kolsky. “Codification and the Rule of Colonial Difference: Criminal Procedure in British India.”</ref> He had gone before parliament in July 1883 to make his case as to why India's government needed reformation and, according to the minutes from the meeting, he believed that Europeans provided the grounds for representative institutions but said that “in India, you cannot have representative institutions” since they do not know “what good governance is” and the “British must be the ones to show them”.<ref>Hansard. “East-India Company’s Charter.” EAST-INDIA COMPANY’S CHARTER. (Hansard, 10 July 1833), Accessed November 8, 2023. https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1833/jul/10/east-india-companys-charter.</ref> Macaulay then set his sights on being the one to codify Indian law and set sail to India by the end of 1883. By the end of 1884, Macaulay and the All-India Legislative Council had officially begun the process of the codification of Indian Law.<ref>Barry Wright. “Macaulay’s Indian Penal Code: Historical Context and Originating Principles.” (2016). https://carleton.ca/history/wp-content/uploads/Extract-from-Wright-for-Mar-11-talk.pdf</ref> This is when India's laws became more attuned with British Common Law, which came from rulings in British legal cases, and is what Judges used to decide cases.<ref>Patrick H. Glenn. Legal traditions of the World Sustainable Diversity in law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.</ref> This meant that India had limited, on the way to becoming zero, usage of Hindu or Islamic Laws while the law of the colonizers became the predominant form of litigation. This was seemingly problematic as it did not take into concern the pre-existing Islamic and Hindu Laws that governed their societies for a long time. However, acceptance of this new code of laws was wide in India.<br />
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As a result, the present judicial system of the country derives largely from the British system and has few, if any, connections to Indian legal institutions of the pre-British era.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jain|2006|p=2}}</ref><br />
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== Constitutional and administrative law ==<br />
{{Main|Indian constitutional law}}<br />
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The [[Constitution of India]], which came into effect on 26 January 1950 is the lengthiest written constitution in the world.<ref name="Source">{{harvnb|Basu|2007|p=41}}</ref> Although its administrative provisions are to a large extent based on the [[Government of India Act 1935]], it also contains various other provisions that were drawn from other constitutions in the world at the time of its creation.<ref name="Source" /> It provides details of the administration of both the Union and the States, and codifies the relations between the [[Government of India|Federal Government]] and the State Governments.<ref>{{harvnb|Basu|2007|p=42}}</ref> Also incorporated into the text are a chapter on the [[Fundamental Rights in India|fundamental rights]] of citizens, as well as a chapter on [[Directive Principles in India|directive principles of state policy]].<ref>{{harvnb|Basu|2007|p=43}}</ref><br />
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The constitution prescribes a [[Federalism|federal]] structure of government, with a clearly defined separation of legislative and executive powers between the Federation and the States.<ref>{{harvnb|Basu|2007|p=53}}</ref> Each State Government has the freedom to draft its own laws on subjects classified as state subjects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawsofindia.org|title=Laws of India|access-date=9 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104082316/http://lawsofindia.org/|archive-date=4 January 2019|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Laws passed by the [[Parliament of India]] and other pre-existing central laws on subjects classified as central subjects are binding on all citizens. However, the Constitution also has certain unitary features, such as vesting power of amendment solely in the Federal Government,<ref>{{harvnb|Basu|2007|p=50}}</ref> the absence of [[Multiple citizenship|dual citizenship]],<ref>{{harvnb|Basu|2007|p=59}}</ref> and the overriding authority assumed by the Federal Government in times of [[State of Emergency in India|emergency]].<ref>{{harvnb|Basu|2007|p=63}}</ref><br />
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== Criminal law ==<br />
{{Main|Indian criminal law}}<br />
The [[Indian Penal Code]] formulated by the British during the [[British Raj]] in 1860, forms the backbone of [[criminal law]] in [[India]]. This law was later repealed and replaced by Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS). The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 governs the procedural aspects of the criminal law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indialawyers.wordpress.com/tag/nani-palkhivala/|title=NANI PALKHIVALA - LAW RESOURCE INDIA|access-date=9 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013173215/https://indialawyers.wordpress.com/tag/nani-palkhivala/|archive-date=13 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[Jury trial]]s were abolished by the [[Government of India|government]] in 1960 on the grounds they would be susceptible to [[Mass media|media]] and public influence. This decision was based on an 8-1 acquittal of Kawas Nanavati in ''[[K. M. Nanavati vs. State of Maharashtra]]'', which was overturned by higher courts.<br />
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In February 2011, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled that criminal defendants have a constitutional right to counsel.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dwyer Arce|url=http://jurist.org/paperchase/2011/02/india-supreme-court-finds-constitutional-right-to-counsel.php|title=India Supreme Court finds constitutional right to counsel|date=28 February 2011|publisher=JURIST – Paper Chase|access-date=21 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521001228/http://jurist.org/paperchase/2011/02/india-supreme-court-finds-constitutional-right-to-counsel.php|archive-date=21 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[Capital punishment in India]] is legal. [[Seema Gavit and Renuka Shinde|Renuka Shinde and Seema Mohan Gavit]], who were guilty of kidnapping and killing at least 13 children under 6 years, are currently lodged in [[Yerawada Central Jail|Yerwada Central Jail]]. They were also the first women in India to be given capital punishment. The last execution was conducted on 20 March 2020, where the death sentence was awarded to the convicts—Pawan Gupta, Akshay Singh Thakur, Vinay Sharma, and Mukesh Singh—by a trial court, a decision which was upheld by Delhi High Court and Supreme Court as well.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nirbhaya-convicts-hanged-at-tihar-a-look-at-executions-in-independent-india/2012-nirbhaya-convicts/slideshow/74725334.cms] </ref><br />
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== Contract law ==<br />
{{Main|Indian contract law}}<br />
The main contract law in India is codified in the [[Indian Contract Act]], which came into effect on 1 September 1872 and extends to all India. It governs entrance into contract, and effects of breach of contract.<br />
Indian Contract law is popularly known as mercantile law of India. Originally Indian Sales of Goods Act and Partnership Act were part of Indian Contract act, but due to needed amendment these acts were separated from Contract Act. The Contract act occupies the most important place in legal agreements in India.<br />
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== Labour law ==<br />
{{Main|Indian labour law}}<br />
[[Indian labour law]] are among the most comprehensive in the world. They have been criticised by the [[World Bank]],<ref name="wboverview">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20195738~menuPK:295591~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html|title=India Country Overview 2008|year=2008|publisher=World Bank|access-date=20 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522115104/http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20195738~menuPK:295591~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html|archive-date=22 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> primarily on the grounds of the inflexibility that results from government needing to approve dismissals. In practice, there is a large informal sector of workers, between 80 or 90 per cent of the labour force, to whom labour rights are not actually available and laws are not enforced.<br />
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== Company law ==<br />
{{Main|Indian company law}}<br />
The current [[Indian company law]] was updated and recodified in the [[Companies Act 2013]].<br />
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== Tort law ==<br />
{{Main|Tort law in India}}<br />
Tort law in India is primarily governed by judicial precedent as in other [[common law]] jurisdictions, supplemented by statutes governing [[damages]], civil procedure, and codifying common law torts. As in other common law jurisdictions, a [[tort]] is breach of a [[contract|non-contractual]] duty which has caused damage to the plaintiff giving rise to a civil [[cause of action]] and for which [[Legal remedy|remedy]] is available. If a remedy does not exist, a tort has not been committed since the rationale of tort law is to provide a remedy to the person who has been wronged.<br />
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While Indian tort law is generally derived from [[Law of England and Wales|English law]], there are certain differences between the two systems. Indian tort law uniquely includes remedies for constitutional torts, which are actions by the government that infringe upon rights enshrined in the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]], as well as a system of [[absolute liability]] for businesses engaged in hazardous activity.<br />
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As tort law is similar in nature across common law jurisdictions, courts have readily referred to [[case law]] from other common law jurisdictions such as the UK,<ref>See ''J. Kuppanna Chetty, Ambati Ramayya Chetty and Co. v Collector of Anantapur and Ors'' 1965 (2) ALT 261 at [39].</ref> Australia,<ref>See ''Rattan Lal Mehta v Rajinder Kapoor'' [1996] ACJ 372 at [10].</ref> and Canada<ref>See ''Rattan v Rajinder'' (1996) ACJ 372 at [8], [11], and [13].</ref> in addition to domestic precedent. However, attention is given to local [[Cultural practice|norms]] and conditions, as well as India's distinct constitutional framework in applying foreign precedent. The legislature have also created statutes to provide for certain social conditions. Similar to other common law countries,<ref>See Defamation Act 1952 of UK and Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) of Australia</ref> aspects of tort law have been codified.<ref>See Motor Vehicle Act 1988</ref><br />
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Certain conduct which gives rise to a cause of action under tort law is additionally criminalised by the [[Indian Penal Code]]<ref>Defamation and certain areas of negligence are criminalised in the [[Indian Penal Code]], Act No. 45 of 1860</ref> or other criminal legislation. Where a tort also constitutes a criminal offence, its prosecution by the state does not preclude the aggrieved party from seeking a remedy under tort law. The overlap between the two areas of law is a result of the distinct purposes each serves and the nature of the remedies each provides. Tort law aims to hold a tortfeasor accountable and consequently tort actions are brought directly by the aggrieved party in order to seek damages, whereas criminal law aims to punish and deter conduct deemed to be against the interests of society and criminal actions are thus brought by the state and penalties include imprisonment, fines, or execution.<br />
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In India, as in the majority of common law jurisdictions, the [[standard of proof]] in tort cases is the [[balance of probabilities]] as opposed to the [[beyond a reasonable doubt|reasonable doubt standard]] used in criminal cases or the [[preponderance of the evidence]] standard used in American tort litigation, although the latter is extremely similar in practice to the balance of probabilities standard. Similar to the constitutional [[presumption of innocence]] in Indian criminal law, the [[burden of proof (law)|burden of proof]] is on the plaintiff in tort actions in India. India,<ref>{{cite web|title=Lay Justice in India|author=Jean-Louis Halpérin|author-link=:fr:Jean-Louis Halpérin|date=25 March 2011|publisher=[[École Normale Supérieure]]|url=http://www.droit.ens.fr/IMG/pdf/Lay_Justice_in_India_1.pdf|access-date=3 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503122852/http://www.droit.ens.fr/IMG/pdf/Lay_Justice_in_India_1.pdf|archive-date=3 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> like the majority of common law jurisdictions in Asia <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postcolonialweb.org/singapore/government/leekuanyew/lky2.html|title=Lee Kuan Yew's Opposition to Trial by Jury<br />
|author=George P. Landow}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-11877.html|title='Judiciary', Singapore - A Country Study}}</ref> and Africa,<ref>Jearey, J. (1961). Trial by Jury and Trial with the Aid of Assessors in the Superior Courts of British African Territories: II. Journal of African Law, 5(1), 36-47. doi:10.1017/S0021855300002941)</ref> does not permit [[jury trial|the use of juries]] in civil or criminal trials, in direct contrast to America and the Canadian common law provinces which retain civil juries as well as to jurisdictions like [[England and Wales]] or [[Law of New Zealand|New Zealand]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2016/0048/latest/whole.html |title= section 16, Senior Courts Act 2016 No 48 |publisher= Parliamentary Counsel Office}}</ref> which permit juries in a limited set of tort actions.<br />
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== Property law==<br />
{{main|The Transfer of Property Act 1882}}<br />
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== Tax law ==<br />
Indian tax law involves several different taxes levied by different governments. Income Tax is levied by the Central Government under the Income Tax Act 1961. Customs and excise duties are also levied by the Central government. Sales tax is levied under VAT legislation at the state level. Since a new tax reform in the form of GST was levied through constitutional amendment and came into existence since 1 July 2017 which took the place of excise duties and VAT.<br />
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The authority to levy a tax is derived from the [[Constitution of India]] which allocates the power to levy various taxes between the Centre and the State. An important restriction on this power is Article 265 of the Constitution which states that "No tax shall be levied or collected except by the authority of law."<ref>{{Citation<br />
|url = http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf<br />
|title = Article 265 of the Indian Constitution<br />
|access-date = 2009-04-18<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf<br />
|archive-date = 9 September 2014}}</ref> Therefore, each tax levied or collected has to be backed by an accompanying law, passed either by the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] or the [[Legislative Assembly|State Legislature]]. In 2010–11, the gross tax collection amounted to {{INR}} 7.92 billion ([[Long scale]]), with direct tax and indirect tax contributing 56% and 44% respectively.<ref name="2010-11">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/156269/economic-growth-boosts-indias-tax.html|title=Economic growth boosts India's tax collection|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=2012-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228195606/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/156269/economic-growth-boosts-indias-tax.html|archive-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Central Board of Direct Taxes ===<br />
The [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]] (CBDT) is a part of the Department of Revenue in the Ministry of Finance, Government of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/CCIT/CBDT.asp |title=Income Tax India |access-date=2012-12-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118033640/http://incometaxindia.gov.in/CCIT/CBDT.asp |archive-date=18 January 2013 }}</ref> The CBDT provides essential inputs for policy and planning of [[direct taxes]] in India and is also responsible for administration of the direct tax laws through Income Tax Department. The CBDT is a [[statutory authority]] functioning under the Central Board of Revenue Act, 1963. It is India's official [[FATF]] unit. The Central Board of Revenue as the department apex body charged with the administration of taxes came into existence as a result of the Central Board of Revenue Act, 1924. Initially the Board was in charge of both direct and indirect taxes. However, when the administration of taxes became too unwieldy for one Board to handle, the Board was split up into two, namely the Central Board of Direct Taxes and Central Board of Excise and Customs with effect from 1 January 1964. This bifurcation was brought about by constitution of the two Boards u/s 3 of the Central Boards of Revenue Act, 1963.<br />
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=== Income Tax Act of 1961 ===<br />
The major tax enactment is the ''Income Tax Act '' of 1961 passed by the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]], which establishes and governs [[Income Tax in India|the taxation of the incomes]] of individuals and corporations.<ref>{{Citation<br />
| title = Indian Income Tax Act, 1961<br />
| url = http://www.helplinelaw.com/docs/Income%20Tax%20Act%20-%201961<br />
| access-date = 2009-04-18<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130615020732/http://www.helplinelaw.com/docs/Income%20Tax%20Act%20-%201961<br />
| archive-date = 15 June 2013<br />
| url-status = live<br />
}}</ref> This Act imposes a tax on income under the following five heads:<ref>{{Citation<br />
|title=Section 14 of Income Tax Act<br />
|url=http://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/TaxmannDit/DispCitation/ShowCit.aspx?fn=http://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/DitTaxmann/IncomeTaxActs/2008ITAct/section14.htm<br />
|access-date=2009-04-18<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311010208/http://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/TaxmannDit/DispCitation/ShowCit.aspx?fn=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.incometaxindia.gov.in%2FDitTaxmann%2FIncomeTaxActs%2F2008ITAct%2Fsection14.htm<br />
|archive-date=11 March 2009<br />
}}</ref><br />
* Income from house and property,<ref>{{Cite web|title= Treatment of income from different sources|url=https://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/Documents/Left%20Menu/income-from-house-property.htm|access-date=2020-11-23|website=www.incometaxindia.gov.in}}</ref><br />
* Income from business and profession,<br />
* Income from salaries,<br />
* Income in the form of Capital gains,<ref>{{Cite web|title= Treatment of income from different sources|url=https://incometaxindia.gov.in/Documents/Left%20Menu/income-from-capital-gains.htm|access-date=2020-11-23|website=incometaxindia.gov.in}}</ref> and<br />
* Income from other sources<br />
<br />
However, this Act may soon be repealed and be replaced with a new Act consolidating the law relating to Income Tax and Wealth Tax, the new proposed legislation is called the [[Direct Taxes Code]] (to become the Direct Taxes Code, Act 2010). Act was referred to Parliamentary standing committee which has submitted its recommendations. Act was expected to be implemented with changes from the Financial Year 2013–14 but was never enacted.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707001901/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-16/union-budget/31200773_1_common-identifier-constitution-amendment-bill-pranab-mukherjee | url-status=live | archive-date=2012-07-07 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Direct Taxes Code Bill: Government keen on early enactment | date=2012-03-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Goods and Services Tax ===<br />
[[Goods and Services Tax (India)]] is a comprehensive indirect tax on manufacture, sale and consumption of goods and services throughout India to replace taxes levied by the central and state governments. It was introduced as The Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act 2016, following the passage of Constitution 101st Amendment Bill. The GST is governed by GST Council and its chairman is [[Nirmala Sitharaman|Nirmala Sitaraman]], Finance Minister of India.<br />
<br />
This method allows GST - registered businesses to claim tax credit to the value of GST they paid on purchase of goods or services as part of their normal commercial activity. Administrative responsibility would generally rest with a single authority to levy tax on goods and services. Exports would be considered as zero-rated supply and imports would be levied the same taxes as domestic goods and services adhering to the destination principle in addition to the Customs Duty which will not be subsumed in the GST.<br />
<br />
Introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a significant step in the reform of indirect taxation in India. Amalgamating several Central and State taxes into a single tax would mitigate cascading or double taxation, facilitating a common national market. The simplicity of the tax should lead to easier administration and enforcement. From the consumer point of view, the biggest advantage would be in terms of a reduction in the overall tax burden on goods, which is currently estimated at 25%-30%, free movement of goods from one state to another without stopping at state borders for hours for payment of state tax or entry tax and reduction in paperwork to a large extent.<br />
<br />
GST came into effect on 1 July 2017.<br />
<br />
== Trust law ==<br />
Trust law in India is mainly codified in the [[Indian Trusts Act]] of 1882, which came into force on 1 March 1882. It extends to the whole of India except for the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. Indian law follows principles of English law in most areas of law, but the law of trusts is a notable exception. Indian law does not recognize "double ownership", and a beneficiary of trust property is not the equitable owner of the property in Indian law.<br />
<br />
== Family law – personal law ==<br />
{{Main|Dowry law in India}}<br />
Family laws in India are different when [[Warren Hastings]] in 1772 created provisions prescribing Hindu law for Hindus and Islamic law for Muslims, for litigation relating to personal matters.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jain|2006|p=530}}</ref> However, after independence, efforts have been made to modernise various aspects of personal law and bring about uniformity among various religions. Recent reform has affected custody and guardianship laws, adoption laws, succession laws, and laws concerning domestic violence and child marriage.<br />
<br />
=== Hindu Law ===<br />
{{Main|Hindu Personal Law}}<br />
As far as Hindus are concerned ''[[Hindu Law]]'' is a specific branch of law. Though the attempt made by the first parliament after independence did not succeed in bringing forth a Hindu Code comprising the entire field of Hindu family law, laws could be enacted touching upon all major areas that affect family life among Hindus in India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kalra|first=Kush|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQcz_JzC1wQC&dq=Though+the+attempt+made+by+the+first+parliament+after+independence+did+not+succeed+in+bringing+forth+a+Hindu+Code+comprising+the+entire+field+of+Hindu+family+law%2C+laws+could+be+enacted+touching+upon+all+major+areas+that+affect+family+life+among+Hindus+in+India.&pg=RA1-PR2|title=Be Your Own Layer - Book for Layman|date=2013|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-82652-07-6|language=en}}</ref> Jains, Sikhs and Buddhists are also covered by Hindu law.<br />
<br />
=== Muslim law ===<br />
{{Main|Muslim Personal Law in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Islam in India|Indian Muslims']] personal laws are based upon the [[Sharia]], which is [[Application of Islamic law by country|thus partially applied in India]],<ref>{{harvnb|Fyzee|2008|p=1}}</ref> and laws and legal judgements adapting and adjusting Sharia for Indian society. The portion of the ''[[fiqh]]'' applicable to Indian Muslims as personal law is termed Mohammedan law. Despite being largely uncodified, Mohammedan law has the same legal status as other codified statutes.<ref name="Fyzee65">{{harvnb|Fyzee|2008|p=65}}</ref> The development of the law is largely on the basis of judicial precedent, which in recent times has been subject to review by the courts.<ref name="Fyzee65" /> The concept of the judicial precedent and of 'review by the courts' is a key component of the British [[common law]] upon which Indian law is based. The contribution of Justice [[V.R. Krishna Iyer]] in the matter of interpretation of the statutory as well as personal law is significant.<br />
<br />
'''Sunni Law:'''<br />
* [[Quran]]<br />
* Sunna or Ahdis (Tradition of the Prophet)<br />
* Ijma (Unanimous Decision of the Jurists)<br />
* Qiyas ( Analogical deduction)<br />
<br />
'''As per Shia Law:'''<br />
<br />
'''Usooli Shia'''<br />
* Quran<br />
* Tradition (only those that have come from the family of the Prophet)<br />
* Ijma (only those confirmed by Imams)<br />
* Reasons<br />
<br />
'''Akhbari Shia'''<br />
* Tradition (only those that have come from the family of the Prophet)<br />
<br />
[[Polygamy]] is a subject of debate from long time. It has been abolished in many Islamic countries, but still holds its legal validity in the secular country of India. Supreme court asked the central government for its views, to which it replied that polygamy should be done away with.<ref>{{citation |title=Polygamy no longer progressive, SC told |url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-opposes-triple-talaq-polygamy-among-muslims/article9198384.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Centre opposes triple talaq, polygamy among Muslims in Supreme Court |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/triple-talaq-polygamy-not-integral-to-islamic-practices-sc-told/410415 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=7 October 2016 |access-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010110031/http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/triple-talaq-polygamy-not-integral-to-islamic-practices-sc-told/410415/ |archive-date=10 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Muslim women welcome govt's triple talaq stand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Muslim-women-welcome-govts-triple-talaq-stand/articleshow/54747024.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 October 2016 |access-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128105631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Muslim-women-welcome-govts-triple-talaq-stand/articleshow/54747024.cms |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Christian Law ===<br />
{{Main|Christian Personal Law}}<br />
For Christians, a distinct branch of law known as Christian Law, mostly based on specific statutes, applies.<br />
<br />
Christian law of [[Christian Law of Succession in India|Succession]] and [[Christian Law of Divorce in India|Divorce]] in India have undergone changes in recent years. The Indian Divorce (Amendment) Act of 2001 has brought in considerable changes in the grounds available for divorce. By now Christian law in India has emerged as a separate branch of law. It covers the entire spectrum of family law so far as it concerns Christians in India. Christian law, to a great extent is based on English law but there are laws that originated on the strength of customary practices and precedents.<br />
<br />
Christian family law has now distinct sub branches like laws on [[Christian Law of Marriage in India|marriage]], divorce, restitution, judicial separation, succession, [[Christian Law of Adoption in India|adoption]], [[Christian Law of Guardianship in India|guardianship]], maintenance, custody of minor children and relevance of [[Canon Law on Marriage in India|canon law]] and all that regulates familial relationship.<br />
<br />
=== Parsi law ===<br />
{{Main|Parsi law}}<br />
The Parsi law<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100307967|title=Parsi Law}}</ref> is the law governing the [[Parsi]] [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] community.<br />
<br />
== Nationality law ==<br />
{{Main|Indian nationality law}}<br />
Nationality law or citizenship law is mainly codified in the [[Constitution of India]] and the Citizenship Act of 1955. Although the Constitution of India bars [[multiple citizenship]], the [[Parliament of India]] passed on 7 January 2004, a law creating a new form of very limited [[dual nationality]] called ''Overseas Citizenship of India''. Overseas citizens of India have no form of political rights or participation in the government, however, and there are no plans to issue to overseas citizens any form of Indian passport.<br />
<br />
== Law enforcement ==<br />
{{Main|Law enforcement in India}}<br />
Law enforcement in India is undertaken by numerous [[law enforcement agencies]]. Like many [[federation|federal structures]], the nature of the Constitution of India mandates law and order as a subject of the state, therefore the bulk of the policing lies with the respective '''[[States and territories of India|states and territories]]''' of India.<br />
<br />
At the [[Government of India|federal]] level, the many [[Indian Paramilitary Force|agencies]] are part of the Union Ministry of Home Affairs, and support the states in their duties. Larger cities also operate [[metropolitan police]] forces, under respective state governments. All senior police officers in the state police forces, as well as those in the federal agencies, are members of the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) and [[Indian Revenue Service]] (IRS), two of the several kinds of civil services. They are recruited by the [[Union Public Service Commission]].<br />
<br />
=== Police Force ===<br />
Primary law enforcement is done by state and UT police—[[Police forces of the states and union territories of India|28 state police forces and 8 UT police forces]]. State agencies like anti-corruption bureau, forest, excise, and motor vehicles departments also carry out law enforcement.<br />
<br />
The federal law enforcement are controlled by the central [[Government of India]]. The majority of federal law enforcement agencies are controlled by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]. The head of each of the federal law enforcement agencies is typically an [[Indian Police Service]] officer (IPS). The constitution assigns responsibility for maintaining law and order to the states and territories, and almost all routine policing—including apprehension of criminals—is carried out by state-level police forces. The constitution also permits the central government to participate in police operations and organization by authorizing the maintenance of the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS). The Indian Police Service is an all-India civil service, which officers leads both state police and federal agencies.<br />
<br />
Federal armed police forces include [[Central Armed Police Forces]] (CAPFs) such as [[Border Security Force|BSF]], [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|ITBP]], [[Sashastra Seema Bal|SSB]], [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]], [[National Security Guard|NSG]], and [[Assam Rifles|AR]]. Others like the [[Narcotics Control Bureau]] (NCB) and National Investigation Agency (NIA) are under the Union Ministry of Home Affairs. And the [[Railway Protection Force]] (RPF) under the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Union Ministry of Railways]]. The CAPFs have only very limited law enforcement powers; as they are primarily structured as security forces.<br />
<br />
The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) is the premier investigation agency of the Government of India, functioning under the [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions]], headed by the [[Prime Minister of India]]. The other investigation and intelligence agencies include the [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) for the investigation of terrorism and related matters, which functions under the Ministry of Home Affairs, and the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) under the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], which is responsible for the investigation of financial crimes. Among the other agencies under the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] are [[Directorate of Revenue Intelligence|DRI]], [[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs|Customs]], [[Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation|DGITI]], [[Central Economic Intelligence Bureau|CEIB]], [[Directorate General of GST Intelligence|DGGSTI]], and [[Financial Intelligence Unit—India|FIU]]. The [[Indian Coast Guard]], under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence Ministry]], handles maritime law enforcement.<br />
<br />
== Law reforms ==<br />
Government usually appoints [[Law Commission of India|Law Commission]] panels to study and make non-binding recommendations for the law reform. In first 65 years 1,301 obsolete laws were repealed, including 1029 old laws in 1950 by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and 272 old laws in 2004 by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]. After that 1,824 such laws were repealed by [[Narendra Modi]] government between May 2014 to December 2017, taking the total to 3,125.<ref name=law1>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62135666.cms Lok Sabha passes 2 bills to repeal 245 archaic laws] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225072127/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62135666.cms |date=25 February 2018 }}, [[The Economic Times]], 19 December 2017.</ref><br />
<br />
== Subordinate legislation in India ==<br />
Subordinate, delegated or secondary legislation covers rules, regulations, by-laws, sub-rules, orders, and notification.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kakkar|first=Jhalak|date=15 November 2012|title=Parliamentary Scrutiny of Executive Rule Making|url=https://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Conference%202012/Parliamentary%20Scrutiny%20of%20Executive%20Rule%20Making.pdf|access-date=2 March 2021|website=PRS Legislative Research}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Abraham|first=Arvind Kurian|date=16 May 2019|title=Delegated Legislation: The Blindspot of the Parliament|url=https://thewire.in/government/delegated-legislation-parliament-executive|access-date=2021-03-02|website=The Wire}}</ref><br />
<br />
* '''rule''': according to the General Clauses Acts, 1897, "rule" shall mean a rule made in exercise of a power conferred by any enactment, and shall include a Regulation made as a rule under any enactment.<ref>V. K. Babu Prakash (2018). "[http://164.100.47.193/fileupload/current/114170.pdf Legislative Procedures On Law, Rules And Delegated Legislation In The Indian Parliament And The State Of Kerala]." ''The Parliamentarian 2018: Issue Three.'' pp. 222–225.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The General Clauses Act, 1897|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/15374/1/the_general_clauses_act%2C_1897.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Law|India}}<br />
* [[History of Indian law]]<br />
* [[Law enforcement in India]]<br />
* [[Legal systems of the world]]<br />
* [[Indian criminal law]]<br />
* [[Law of the United States]]<br />
* [[Law of the United Kingdom]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Cite web |url=https://www.india.gov.in/topics/law-justice |title=National portal of India : Law & Justice}}<br />
<br />
=== Sources ===<br />
{{EB1911 poster|Indian Law}}<br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=VN Shukla's Constitution of India|first=V.N.|last=Shukla|year=2013|edition=12th|publisher=Eastern Book Company|place=Lucknow|isbn=978-93-5028-982-2}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=Commentary on the Constitution of India|first=Durga Das|last=Basu|year=2007|edition=8th|publisher=Wadhwa & Co|place=Nagpur|isbn=978-81-8038-479-0}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=Outlines of Muhammadan Law|first=Asaf A.A.|last=Fyzee|year=2008|edition=5th|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|place=Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-569169-6}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=Legal Traditions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/legaltraditionso0000glen|url-access=registration|first=H. Patrick|last=Glenn|year=2000|isbn=0-19-876575-4|publisher=Oxford University Press}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=Outlines of Indian Legal and Constitutional History|first=M.P.|last=Jain|year=2006 |edition=6th|publisher=Wadhwa & Co|place=Nagpur|isbn=978-81-8038-264-2}}<br />
* Kane, P.V. [[History of Dharmaśāstra]]<br />
* Shourie, A. (2012). World of Fatwas or the Sharia in action. [[HarperCollins]] India. {{ISBN|978-9350293423}}.<br />
* Shourie, Arun (2002). Courts and their judgments: Premises, prerequisites, consequences. New Delhi: Rupa. {{ISBN|978-8171675579}}.<br />
*Glenn, H. Patrick. Legal traditions of the World Sustainable Diversity in law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. <br />
*Hansard, Historic. “East-India Company’s Charter.” EAST-INDIA COMPANY’S CHARTER. (Hansard, 10 July 1833), (HC Deb 10 July 1833 vol 19 cc479-550), Accessed November 8, 2023. https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1833/jul/10/east-india-companys-charter.<br />
*Jain, M.P. Journal of the Indian Law Institute 15, no. 3 (1973): 525–30. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43950226.<br />
*Kolsky, Elizabeth. “Codification and the Rule of Colonial Difference: Criminal Procedure in British India.” Law and History Review 23, no. 3 (2005): 631–83. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30042900.<br />
*Wright, Barry. “Macaulay’s Indian Penal Code: Historical Context and Originating Principles.” (2016). https://carleton.ca/history/wp-content/uploads/Extract-from-Wright-for-Mar-11-talk.pdf<br />
<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
{{Asia topic|Law of|IL=Israeli law}}<br />
{{Life in India}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Law in India}}<br />
[[Category:Law of India| ]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dholera_International_Airport&diff=496874Dholera International Airport2026-03-12T12:45:32Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Future airport to serve Dholera, Gujarat, India}}<br />
{{Infobox airport<br />
| name = Dholera International Airport<br />
| nativename = <br />
| nativename-a = <br />
| nativename-r = <br />
| image = File:Dholera_International_Airport_Phase_1_Work-in-Progress.jpg<br />
| image-width = 200<br />
| image_alt = Dholera International Airport Phase 1 Work-in-Progress, December 2025<br />
| caption = Dholera International Airport Phase 1 Work-in-Progress, December 2025<br />
| image2 = <br />
| image2-width = <!-- if less than 200 --><br />
| image2_alt = <br />
| caption2 = <br />
| IATA = <br />
| ICAO = <br />
| type = Public <br />
| owner = [[Airports Authority of India]]<br />
| operator = Dholera International Airport Company Limited (DIACL)<br />
| city-served = [[Dholera Special Investment Region]] <br /> [[Ahmedabad]] <br /> [[Gandhinagar]]<br />
| location = [[Dholera]], [[Ahmedabad district]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]<br />
| opened = {{start date and age|2026|12||df=yes}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Greenfield Airport at Dholera likely to be ready by December 2026: Govt|url=https://www.dholerametrocity.com/News-Greenfield-Airport-at-Dholera-likely-to-be-ready-by-December-2025-Govt.php|work=[[Dholera|Dholera Metro City]]|date=6 February 2023|access-date=8 March 2023|language=en}}</ref><br />
| hub = <br />
| focus_city = <br />
| elevation-f = <br />
| elevation-m = <br />
| metric-elev = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22|35|22|N|72|28|06|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}<br />
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --><br />
| image_map = <br />
| image_mapsize = <br />
| image_map_alt = <br />
| image_map_caption = <br />
| mapframe =<br />
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India<br />
| pushpin_mapsize = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the airport in Gujarat<br />
| pushpin_relief = <br />
| pushpin_image = <br />
| pushpin_label = '''Dholera International Airport'''<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_mark = <br />
| pushpin_marksize = <br />
| r1-number = <br />
| r1-length-f = 10500<br />
| r1-length-m = 3200<br />
| r1-surface = <!-- up to r12 --><br />
| metric-rwy = <br />
| stat1-header = <br />
| stat1-data = <!-- up to stat8 --><br />
| stat-year = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dholera International Airport''' {{airport codes|none|none}} is an under-construction [[international airport]] and a [[greenfield airport]], which will serve the [[Dholera Special Investment Region]] (DSIR) in [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It is being built near Navagam in the [[Dholera taluka]] of [[Ahmedabad district]]. The project site is spread over 1,426 hectares<ref name="TOI2">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Dholera-airport-work-to-take-off-in-Q3-of-FY16/articleshow/47807868.cms|title=Dholera airport work to take off in Q3 of FY’16|work=[[The Times of India]]| accessdate= 25 June 2015| date=25 June 2015}}</ref> about {{cvt|80|km}} from [[Ahmedabad]] and around {{cvt|20|km}} from the Dholera Special Investment Region (DSIR).<ref name="FE">{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/pm-narendra-modigovt-grants-site-clearance-to-gujarats-dholera-airport/1272163|title=PM Narendra Modi-govt grants 'site clearance' to Gujarat's Dholera airport|work=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|accessdate= 28 July 2014|date=21 July 2013}}</ref> 75 hectares of government land has been allocated for commercial development.<ref name="OL1"/><br />
<br />
The airport would serve the logistics requirements of the DSIR, which is planned as a huge industrial township in the [[Industrial corridor#India|Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor]] (DMIC) project,<ref name="BS2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/nod-for-dholera-airport-a-push-for-delhi-mumbai-corridor-116010300643_1.html |title=Nod for Dholera airport a push for Delhi-Mumbai corridor |work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date= 12 May 2018|date=3 January 2016}}</ref> as well as to relieve congestion of the existing [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]] serving the cities of Ahmedabad and [[Gandhinagar]], the capital of Gujarat. It is expected to be commissioned by December 2025.<ref>{{cite news|title=Greenfield Airport at Dholera likely to be ready by December 2025: Govt|url=https://www.dholerametrocity.com/News-Greenfield-Airport-at-Dholera-likely-to-be-ready-by-December-2025-Govt.php|work=[[Dholera|Dholera Metro City]]|date=6 February 2023|access-date=8 March 2023|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) inspected the site in January 2010 to carry out a techno-economical feasibility study<ref name="DNA">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-aai-team-inspects-site-for-greenfield-airport-in-ahmedabad-1338455|title=AAI team inspects site for greenfield airport in Ahmedabad|work=[[Daily News & Analysis]]|accessdate= 28 July 2014|date=23 January 2010}}</ref> and gave its technical clearance the following month.<ref name="DNA1">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Federa-airport-gets-AAI-nod/articleshow/5558624.cms|title=Federa airport gets AAI nod|work=[[Daily News & Analysis]]|accessdate= 28 July 2014|date=11 February 2010}}</ref> The project received "site clearance" from the central government in July 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Site Clearance for Dholera Airport Project |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=107084 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626130409/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=107084 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |accessdate=28 July 2014 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> The Environment Ministry gave its approval in December 2015.<ref name="BS1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/gujarat-s-dholera-airport-project-gets-centre-s-green-nod-115121000537_1.html|title=Gujarat's Dholera airport project gets Centre's green nod |work=[[Business Standard]]|accessdate= 12 May 2018|date=10 December 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dholera International Airport Company Limited (DIACL) was set up in 2012 by the State Government of Gujarat as a special-purpose vehicle to develop the airport. The Airports Authority of India picked up a 51% stake in DIACL in 2018. Following this, the Gujarat government holding dropped to 33% while the remaining 16% is held by the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Development Corporation (DMICDC).<ref name="FE2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/airlines-aviation/on-the-runway-aai-to-pick-51-stake-in-dholera-international-airport/1396172/|title=AAI to pick 51% stake in Dholera International Airport |work=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|access-date= 3 March 2021|date=28 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Construction ===<br />
The [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] (MoU) with the State Government in January 2019 for the construction of airport.<ref name="TOI3">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/mous-inked-for-airports-at-dholera-ankleshwar/articleshow/67607531.cms|title=MoUs inked for airports at Dholera, Ankleshwar |publisher=Times of India|date=20 January 2019|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/6-years-on-ground-work-on-dholera-airport-yet-to-start-5595661/|title=6 years on, ground work on Dholera airport yet to start|date=2019-02-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-05-22}}</ref><br />
In 2021, the Airport Authority of India released a {{INRConvert|987|c}} tender for Phase 1 of airport project.<ref name="OL1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/travelnews/story/71247/dholera-special-investment-region-dsir-to-host-gujarats-largest-airport|title=Coming up: Gujarat's Largest airport |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date= 3 March 2021|date=2 March 2021}}</ref> Phase 1 civil works involved construction of the airport’s infrastructure including a 3,200 metre long runway suitable for 4E category aircraft, taxiways, aprons and road network. The contract was awarded to Jodhpur-based Varaha Infrastructure in June 2021 which was the lowest bidder at {{INRConvert|636.45|c}}.<ref name="MRG1">{{cite web |title=Varaha Wins Dholera Airport Phase 1’s Construction Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/06/26/varaha-wins-dholera-airport-phase-1s-construction-work/ |website= The Metro Rail Guy |access-date=9 May 2024 |date=26 June 2021}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In June 2022, the Union Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs approved the development of Phase I at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|1305|c}}, to be completed within 48 months.<ref name="BT1">{{cite web |title=Dholera Airport: Phase I of new greenfield airport gets Cabinet approval |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/aviation/story/dholera-airport-phase-i-of-new-greenfield-airport-gets-cabinet-approval-337582-2022-06-14 |website= [[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |access-date=9 May 2024 |date=14 June 2022}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In January 2024, DIACL awarded a {{INRConvert|333|c}} [[Engineering, procurement, and construction|EPC]] contract to Ahmedabad-based Yashnand Engineers and Contractors. The scope of the contract includes the construction of a new integrated passenger terminal building, [[air traffic control]] tower, cargo complex, and environmental support services among others, with a construction deadline of 18 months.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ahmedabad’s Second Airport At Dholera: AAI Awards Rs 333-Crore Contract To Yashnand Engineers for Terminal Buildingl |url=https://indiainfrahub.com/aviation/ahmedabads-second-airport-gears-up-aai-awards-rs-333-crore-contract-to-yashnand-engineers-for-terminal-building-in-dholera/ |website= India Infrahub |access-date=9 May 2024 |date=7 January 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Airports in India}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Airports in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed airports in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australians_in_India&diff=469933Australians in India2026-03-08T05:29:49Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: add citations and cleaned formatting based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Ethnic group in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Australians in India<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| population = 3,000 - 4,000<br />
| regions = [[New Delhi]]{{·}}[[Mumbai]]{{·}}[[Hyderabad]]{{·}}[[Bangalore]]{{·}}[[Chennai]]<br />
| langs = [[English language|English]]{{·}}[[Languages of India|Indian languages]]<br />
| rels = [[Christianity]]{{·}}[[Hinduism]]{{·}}[[Islam]]<br />
| related = [[Australian diaspora]]<br />
}}<br />
There is a community of '''Australians in India''', consisting mostly of expatriates and migrants from [[Australia]], as well as some ''Australian [[Overseas Citizenship of India|OCI]]s''. Australia has a High Commission in [[New Delhi]] and [[Consulate]]s in [[Mumbai]] and [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.embassy.gov.au/ndli/aboutus.html|title=About us|publisher=Australian High Commission in India|accessdate=29 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710220048/http://www.india.embassy.gov.au/ndli/aboutus.html|archivedate=10 July 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
According to the Australian High Commission, there are about 3,000 to 4,000 Australians living and working in India.<ref name="AUS">[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/australians-in-india-edgy-over-backlash/articleshow/5442367.cms?curpg=1 Australians in India edgy over backlash]</ref> Industries such as hospitality, financial services, and mining and materials have a relatively higher concentration of Australian expatriates. About 1,000 Australian companies evince interest in doing projects in India every year, despite the challenges of "bureaucracy" and "delays," as opportunities outnumber these impediments. At present, there are about 60 Australian companies working in the [[infrastructure]] sector in India. Large Australian firms such as [[BHP]], [[Rio Tinto (corporation)|Rio Tinto]], [[SMEC Holdings]], [[Macquarie Group]], and [[CIMIC Group]] have operations in India.<br />
<br />
There are also many Australian cricketers wanting to get into the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-company/corporate-trends/More-Australian-companies-eyeing-work-in-Indias-infra-sector/articleshow/6691266.cms More Australian companies eyeing work in India's infra sector]</ref><br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
* [[Shantaram (novel)|Shantaram]] - a 2003 novel by [[Gregory David Roberts]] based on Roberts' own experiences in [[Mumbai]]<br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
* [[Anne Warner (Australian politician)|Anne Warner]] - Australian state politician (born in India)<br />
* [[Bob Christo]] - Indian actor<br />
* [[Emile Czaja|King Kong]] - Professional wrestler & actor<br />
* [[Fearless Nadia]] - Indian film actress & stunt-woman<br />
* [[Graham Staines]] - Australian missionary & physician<br />
* [[Gregory David Roberts]] - Australian author, former addict & convicted bank robber<br />
* [[Isha Sharvani]] - Indian actress & dancer<br />
* [[Pallavi Sharda]] - Film/Theatre actress and dancer<br />
* [[Peter Varghese]] - High Commissioner of Australia to India from 2009-2012, migrated from India to Australia in childhood<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/new-uq-chancellor-peter-varghese-at-home-in-his-old-playground/news-story/c3f9ed0a66c9bf41da391d09ee86a826|first=Julie|last=Hare|date=10 August 2016|publisher=News Corp|newspaper=The Australian|title=New UQ chancellor Peter Varghese at home in his old playground}}</ref><br />
* [[Emma Brown Garrett]] - Australian actress<br />
<br />
== Business and social associations ==<br />
There are a number of business and social organizations for Australians in India including:<br />
<br />
* Australian and New Zealand Business Association ([https://www.anzbai.in/ ANZBAI]), Mumbai<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anzbai.in/|title=About us|website=ANZBAI|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://india.highcommission.gov.au/ndli/PA_19_2005.html|title=Australian High Commission in|last=Trade|first=corporateName= Department of Foreign Affairs and|website=india.highcommission.gov.au|access-date=2018-09-18}}</ref><br />
* Australian, New Zealand Association ([http://anzadelhi.org/ ANZA]), Delhi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anzadelhi.org/|title=AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION DELHI|website=anzadelhi.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-14}}</ref><br />
* [http://www.indoaustchamber.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=71&Itemid=468 Indo-Australian Chamber of Commerce] (IACC), Chennai<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indoaustchamber.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=71&Itemid=468|title=Indo-Australian Chamber Of Commerce|website=www.indoaustchamber.com|access-date=2018-09-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Australia–India relations]] <br />
* [[Australian diaspora]] <br />
* [[Immigration to India]]<br />
* [[Indian Australians]]<br />
* [[Australians in the United Kingdom]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Immigration to India}}<br />
{{Australian diaspora}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Australia|India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian people of Australian descent| ]]<br />
[[Category:Australia–India relations]]<br />
[[Category:Diasporas in India|Australia]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_artistic_depictions_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&diff=458769List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi2026-03-04T05:09:28Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: typo fix</p>
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<div>{{short description|None}}<br />
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}<br />
{{Dynamic list}}<br />
[[File:Mahatma-Gandhi, studio, 1931.jpg|thumb|Mahatma Gandhi as photographed in London in 1931]]<br />
[[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] was a key [[Indian independence movement]] leader known for employing [[nonviolent resistance]] against [[British Raj|British Rule]] to successfully lead the campaign. He was the pioneer of ''[[Satyagraha]]'' — the resistance of alleged [[tyranny]] through mass [[civil disobedience]], firmly founded upon ''[[ahimsa]]'' or total [[nonviolence]] — which inspired movements for civil rights and freedom around the world. Gandhi is commonly known in India and around the world with the honorific ''Mahatma Gandhi'' ([[Sanskrit]]: महात्मा ''[[Mahatma|mahātmā]]'' — "Great Soul") and as ''Bapu'' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: બાપુ ''bāpu'' — "[[Father]]"). In India, he is recognised as the [[Father of the Nation]] by all Indians and 2 October, his birthday, is commemorated each year on [[Gandhi Jayanti]], a [[holidays in India|national holiday]].<br />
<br />
== Currency and stamps ==<br />
[[File:Mahatma Gandhi 10 Rupees.jpg|120px|right|thumb|The [[India 10 Rupees Mahatma Gandhi postage stamp|Mahatma Gandhi 10 rupees stamp]]]]<br />
In 1996, the [[Government of India]] introduced the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series|Mahatma Gandhi series]] of currency notes in [[Indian Rupee|rupees]] 5, [[Indian 10-rupee note|10]], [[Indian 20-rupee note|20]], [[Indian 50-rupee note|50]], [[Indian 100-rupee note|100]], [[Indian 500-rupee note|500]] and [[Indian 1000-rupee note|1000]] denomination. Today, all the currency notes in circulation in India contain a portrait of Mahatma Gandhi. In 1969, the United Kingdom issued a series of stamps commemorating the centenary of Mahatma Gandhi.<br />
<br />
There have been approximately 250 stamps issued bearing Gandhi's image from 80 different countries worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stampsonindia.com/b01.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220025210/http://www.stampsonindia.com/b01.htm|url-status=dead|title=The Most Visible Indian in the World of Stamps|archivedate=20 February 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Film==<br />
*1953: He is the subject of the American feature documentary ''[[Mahatma Gandhi: 20th Century Prophet]]''<br />
*1963: Gandhi is portrayed by J.S. Casshyap in ''[[Nine Hours to Rama]]'' based upon the 1962 book by [[Stanley Wolpert]].<br />
*1968: ''[[Mahatma: Life of Gandhi, 1869–1948]]'' (documentary on the life of Gandhi)<br />
*1982: Gandhi is portrayed by [[Ben Kingsley]] in the award-winning film, ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'', directed by [[Richard Attenborough]]. The film won eight [[Academy Awards]], including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] and [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]].<br />
*1986: Gandhi is portrayed by [[Sam Dastor]] in ''[[Lord Mountbatten: The Last Viceroy]]'', a British mini-series which is about [[Louis Mountbatten]] and his role in the partitioning of India and Pakistan.<br />
*1989: Gandhi is portrayed by Jay Levey in a spoof segment in [[UHF (film)|''UHF'']], a comedy film directed by Levey himself<ref name="avclub">{{cite web | url = https://www.avclub.com/article/we-got-it-all-uhf-oral-history-weird-al-yankovics--215579 | title = We got it all on UHF: An oral history of "Weird Al" Yankovic's cult classic | first = Sean | last = O'Neil | date = 23 March 2015 | access-date = 23 March 2015 | publisher = [[The A.V. Club]] | archive-date = 26 March 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150326032005/http://www.avclub.com/article/we-got-it-all-uhf-oral-history-weird-al-yankovics--215579 | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
*1993: Gandhi is portrayed by Yashwant Satvik in ''Yugpurush Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar'', which is based upon the life of [[B. R. Ambedkar]].<br />
*1993: Gandhi is portrayed by [[Annu Kapoor]] in the [[Ketan Mehta]] film ''[[Sardar (1993 film)|Sardar]]'' which is about the life of [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]].<br />
*1996: Gandhi is portrayed by [[Rajit Kapur]] in his award-winning role as a young Gandhi in ''[[The Making of the Mahatma]]'', a [[Shyam Benegal]] film about Gandhi's 21 years in [[South Africa]].<br />
*1998: Gandhi is portrayed by [[Sam Dastor]] in ''[[Jinnah (film)|Jinnah]]'', a biopic of the founder of [[Pakistan]], [[Mohammed Ali Jinnah]].<br />
*2000: Gandhi is portrayed by Mohan Gokhale in ''[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film)|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]]'', which is based upon the life of [[B. R. Ambedkar]].<br />
*2000: Gandhi is portrayed by [[Naseeruddin Shah]] in ''[[Hey Ram]]''. A film made by [[Kamal Haasan]], it portrays a would-be assassin of Gandhi and the dilemma faced by the would-be assassins in the turmoil of post-partition India.<br />
*2001: Gandhi is portrayed by Surendra Rajan in the film ''[[Veer Savarkar (film)|Veer Savarkar]]'', about the life of [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]].<br />
*2002: Gandhi is portrayed by Surendra Rajan in the film ''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]'', a historical biographical film about the Indian freedom fighter [[Bhagat Singh]].<br />
*2004: ''[[Swades]]'', "epitomizes Gandhi's values" according to his great-grandson, [[Tushar Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite news| first=Subhash| last=Jha| url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/movies/indiancinema/features/article_1279289.php/I_m_pleased_with_Hirani_s_Gandhigiri_says_Gandhi_s_grandson| title='I'm pleased with Hirani's Gandhigiri,' says Gandhi's grandson| publisher=IANS| date=2007-03-19| access-date=2007-03-19| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722200515/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/movies/indiancinema/features/article_1279289.php/I_m_pleased_with_Hirani_s_Gandhigiri_says_Gandhi_s_grandson| archive-date=22 July 2012}}</ref> The protagonist is called Mohan (Bhargava) which is Gandhi's birth name (Mohandas). The film is about a young [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] returning to India to help the country and its people, a tale similar to that of Gandhi's life.<br />
*2005: Gandhi is portrayed by Mohan Jhangiani (actor) and Zul Vilani (voice) who appears briefly in the film ''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]'' (the film was also turned into the book, ''[[Water (novel)|Water: A Novel]]'', by [[Bapsi Sidhwa]]).<br />
*2005: ''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]'', ends with newsreel footage featuring Gandhi.<br />
*2005: Surendra Rajan portrays Gandhi in [[Shyam Benegal]]'s biopic ''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]''.<br />
*2005: ''[[Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara]]'', tells the story of a retired Hindi professor, who, as he falls victim to [[dementia]], begins to believe that he was accused of being the man who assassinated Mahatma Gandhi.<br />
*2006: The image of Gandhi is portrayed by [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] in the award-winning film ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]''. It stars [[Sanjay Dutt]] as [[Munna Bhai]] and popularised the new term ''[[Gandhigiri]]'' in [[India]].<br />
*2007: Gandhi is portrayed by [[Darshan Jariwala]] in ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]''.<br />
*2007: The image of Gandhi is reprised by [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] in ''[[Shankar Dada Zindabad]]'', the [[Telugu language]] remake of ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]''.<br />
*2009: ''[[Mahatma (film)|Mahatma]]'' reflects on Gandhian values.<br />
*2009: ''[[Road to Sangam]]'' tells the story of a devout [[Muslim]] [[mechanic]] named Hasmat Ullah ([[Paresh Rawal]]) who has been entrusted the job of repairing an old [[Ford Flathead engine|V8 ford engine]], not knowing the historic significance that it once carried Gandhi's ashes which were immersed in the holy [[Triveni Sangam]].<br />
*2011: Gandhi is portrayed by Avijit Dutt in ''[[Dear Friend Hitler]]'', a drama film based on letters written by Mohandas Gandhi to [[Nazi Party]] leader and [[Chancellor of Germany]] [[Adolf Hitler]] during [[World War II]].<br />
* 2011: ''[[Koormavatara]]'', a Kannada film by [[Girish Kasaravalli]] revolves around a government employee cast in a play to portray Mahatma Gandhi, who, on course, realizes that playing Gandhi is easier than imbibing and implementing his principles in real-life.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/322532/mirage-assimilating-values-reality.html|title=Mirage of assimilating values into reality|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=30 March 2013}}</ref> Scholar Dr. Shikaripura Krishnamurthy essayed the role of government employee.<br />
*2012: ''[[Welcome Back Gandhi]]'' (also known as ''Mudhalvar Mahatma''), directed by A. Balakrishnan and starring S. Kanagaraj as Gandhi,<ref>{{cite news|title=Anna Hazare watches film on Gandhi|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article2726867.ece|work=The Hindu|date=18 December 2011|access-date=24 January 2014|last1=Kolappan|first1=B.|archive-date=3 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203234747/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article2726867.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> portrays the impact Gandhi would have if he returned to present day India.<br />
*2016: [[Gandhigiri (film)|''Gandhigiri'']] talks about [[Gandhism|Gandhi's values]] in today's world<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/om-puri-shoots-gandhigiri-in-lucknow/|title=Om Puri shoots 'Gandhigiri' in Lucknow|date=11 May 2015|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=23 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623070130/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/om-puri-shoots-gandhigiri-in-lucknow/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*2017: ''[[Viceroy's House (film)|Viceroy's House]]'', a British-Indian [[historical drama|historical]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by [[Gurinder Chadha]], about the period leading up to the [[Partition of India]] under Viceroy [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]]. Gandhi is portrayed by [[Neeraj Kabi]].<br />
*2017: Kamlesh portrayed Gandhi in historical drama film ''[[Firangi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/firangi-movie-review-kapil-sharma-is-as-much-to-blame-for-this-bloated-film-as-the-screenplay-1782333|title=Firangi Movie Review: Kapil Sharma Is As Much To Blame For This Bloated Film As The Screenplay|website=NDTV.com|quote=Firangi is a 160-minute film that also throws in, for good measure, the swadeshi agitation and a surprise appearance by Mahatma Gandhi amid BMKJ slogans. That is far too much weight for one film to carry.|access-date=2 October 2023|archive-date=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314120605/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/firangi-movie-review-kapil-sharma-is-as-much-to-blame-for-this-bloated-film-as-the-screenplay-1782333|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*2019: Gandhi is portrayed by Surendra Rajan in the Bengali film ''[[Gumnaami]]'' based on the [[Mukherjee Commission|Mukherjee Commission Hearings]], which deals with three possible theories about the death of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]].<br />
* 2019: Gandhi is portrayed by Jesus Sans in ''[[The Gandhi Murder]]'', a [[conspiracy fiction|conspiracy theory]] film based on the [[assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/india-has-a-love-hate-relationship-with-gandhi-the-gandhi-murder-filmmakers-talk-to-us-as-movie-s-release-in-india-cancelled-1.819381|title='India has a love hate relationship with Gandhi': 'The Gandhi Murder' filmmakers talk to us as movie's release in India cancelled|date=29 January 2019|website=The National|first=Kumar|last=Shyam|language=en|access-date=25 March 2019|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009131304/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/film/india-has-a-love-hate-relationship-with-gandhi-the-gandhi-murder-filmmakers-talk-to-us-as-movie-s-release-in-india-cancelled-1.819381|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*2023: [[Deepak Antani]] portrayed Gandhi in [[Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh]], the film deals with a fictional situation in which Gandhi survives his assassination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director Rajkumar Santoshi says 'we are scared to hear Godse's... |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/gandhi-godse-ek-yudh-director-rajkumar-santoshi-says-we-are-scared-to-hear-godses-2323802-2023-01-19 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124164307/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/gandhi-godse-ek-yudh-director-rajkumar-santoshi-says-we-are-scared-to-hear-godses-2323802-2023-01-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
*2023: Gandhi is portrayed by [[Deepak Antani]] in ''[[Mujib: The Making of a Nation]]'', a biopic of the founder of [[Bangladesh]], [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]].<br />
*2024: Gandhi is portrayed by [[Rajesh Khera]] in ''[[Swatantrya Veer Savarkar (film)|Swayantrya Veer Savarkar]]'', a biopic on Vinayak Damodar Savarkar.<br />
<br />
==Literature==<br />
* "[[The Last Article]]" (1988) by [[Harry Turtledove]], an [[alternate history]] novella of a [[Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II|German victory in World War II]], has Gandhi as the primary [[third-person narrator]].<br />
* "Soldier of the Queen" by [[Barbara Hambly]] in "[[War of the Worlds: Global Dispatches]] (1996), an alternate history and [[science fiction]] [[anthology]] set in an alternate universe where the [[Martian (The War of the Worlds)|Martian]] alien invasion of Earth depicted in "[[The War of the Worlds]]" (1898) by [[H. G. Wells]] actually happened in the year that the novel was published. As with the other stories in the anthology, it deals with celebrities of the time (in this case Gandhi and author [[Rudyard Kipling]]) and how they dealt with the Martian invasion of their locality. India was invaded but the Martians were defeated worldwide. The Martians also invaded Britain (which was what happened in the original H. G. Wells novel) and Gandhi takes advantage of the turmoil in Britain by declaring Indian independence 50 years early (in 1898 instead of 1948).<br />
<br />
==Memorials, paintings, sculptures, and statues==<br />
[[File:Mahatma gandhi wax statue.jpg|thumb|Mahatma Gandhi wax statue]]<br />
There have been numerous [[:Category:Memorials to Mahatma Gandhi|memorials to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]]. In [[New Delhi]], [[Gandhi Smriti]], or Birla House, the home of [[Ghanshyam Das Birla]], where Gandhi was assassinated on 30 January 1948, was acquired by the Government of India in 1971 and opened to the public in 1973 as the [[Gandhi Smriti]] or "Gandhi Remembrance". It preserves the room where Mahatma Gandhi lived the last four months of his life and the grounds where he was shot while holding his nightly public walk. A Martyr's Column now marks the place where Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated.<br />
<br />
In 1988, India donated a bust of Gandhi to the city of [[Burgos]], Spain, which is located in a park.<ref>[http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-12-03-2007/abc/CastillaLeon/gandhi-en-burgos_1631931700412.html Gandhi en Burgos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224213222/http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-12-03-2007/abc/CastillaLeon/gandhi-en-burgos_1631931700412.html |date=24 February 2014 }} [[ABC (Spain)|ABC]], 12 March 2007</ref> The city of [[Pietermaritzburg]], South Africa—where Gandhi was ejected from a first-class train in 1893—now hosts a commemorative statue that was unveiled during the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]] by the Indian team led by captain [[Saurav Ganguly]]. In the United Kingdom, there are several prominent statues of Gandhi, most notably two in London: one in [[statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Tavistock Square|Tavistock Square]] near [[University College London]] where he studied law, and another in [[statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament Square|Parliament Square]] and [[Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Golden Mile]] in [[Belgrave, Leicester|Belgrave]]. 30 January is commemorated in the United Kingdom as the "National Gandhi Remembrance Day."<br />
<br />
In the United States, there is a [[statue of Mahatma Gandhi (New York City)|statue of Gandhi]] outside the [[Union Square (New York City)|Union Square]] Park in New York City, and the [[Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site]] in [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], and a [[Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (Washington, D.C.)|Mahatma Gandhi Memorial]] on Massachusetts Avenue in [[Washington, D.C.]], near the Indian Embassy. There is a [[Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (San Francisco)|Gandhi statue]] in San Francisco Embarcadero Neighborhood. In 2009, a statue of Gandhi was installed outside the Bellevue Library in Washington state.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2010074586_bellevueindia16m.html | work=The Seattle Times | first=Katherine | last=Long | title=Gandhi's statue a rare gift in recognition of Bellevue-India ties | date=16 October 2009 | access-date=17 June 2011 | archive-date=20 October 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091020052106/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2010074586_bellevueindia16m.html | url-status=live }}</ref> There are wax statues of Gandhi at the [[Madame Tussauds|Madame Tussaud's]] wax museums in London, New York, and other cities around the world.<br />
<br />
[[Józef Gosławski (Polish sculptor)|Józef Gosławski]] designed a caricature of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in 1932, which was cast in bronze in 2007.<br />
<br />
[[Gandhi's Three Monkeys]] is a series of sculptures created by Indian artist [[Subodh Gupta]]. The sculptures recall a visual metaphor from Gandhi, of the "[[Three wise monkeys]]", representing the principle "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil".<ref name="peninsula">{{cite news|url=http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/qatar/195800-gandhis-three-monkeys-at-katara.html|title=Gandhi's Three Monkeys get a different rendition|date=28 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Peninsula (newspaper)|The Peninsula]]|access-date=21 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702124732/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/qatar/195800-gandhis-three-monkeys-at-katara.html|archive-date=2 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2010, realist painter [[Gopal Swami Khetanchi]] depicted Gandhi's dream of an independent India in his exhibition titled ''Gandhigiri''. The exhibition displayed twenty-one artworks depicting an elderly Gandhi with other elements and figures complementing or countering the discourse.<ref name="finexp1">{{cite news | url=http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/gandhigiri-framed/688049/ | last=Pant | first=Garima | work=The Financial Express | title=Gandhigiri framed | date=27 September 2010 | access-date=11 August 2016 | archive-date=19 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819105150/http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/gandhigiri-framed/688049/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bs1">{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/father-figure-110100200091_1.html | last=Gupta | first=Gargi | work=Business Standard | title=Father figure | date=2 October 2010 | access-date=11 August 2016 | archive-date=21 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821021923/http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/father-figure-110100200091_1.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ht1">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/in-the-name-of-the-father/story-0R3B2QcByvCqQS4SCIsKBL.html | last=Sanyal | first=Amitava | work=Hindustan Times | title=In the name of the father | date=25 September 2010 | access-date=11 August 2016 | archive-date=16 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916193026/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/in-the-name-of-the-father/story-0R3B2QcByvCqQS4SCIsKBL.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ie1">{{cite news | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mark-of-the-mahatma/691433/ | last=Kalra | first=Vandana | work=The Indian Express | title=Mark of the Mahatma | date=2 October 2010 | access-date=11 August 2016 | archive-date=15 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915175214/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mark-of-the-mahatma/691433/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ramonaceciu">{{cite journal | issn=1481-4374 | last=Ceciu | first=Ramona L. | publisher=Purdue University Press | title=Fiction, Film, Painting, and Comparative Literature | journal=CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture | year=2013 | volume=15 | issue=6 | doi=10.7771/1481-4374.2360 | url=http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2360&context=clcweb | access-date=11 August 2016 | doi-access=free | archive-date=20 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920213610/http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2360&context=clcweb | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
[[File:Statue of M.K. Gandhi, Roma Street Parklands, Brisbane, 2024 02.jpg|thumb|Statue of M.K. Gandhi, Roma Street Parklands, Brisbane, 2024]]<br />
In Australia, the Indian community of Brisbane commissioned a statue of Gandhi, created by [[Ram V. Sutar]] and Anil Sutar in the [[Roma Street Parkland]]. It was unveiled In 2014, by [[Narendra Modi]], then Prime Minister of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Tony |date=16 November 2014 |title=Indian PM Narendra Modi unveils Gandhi statue |url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/indian-pm-narendra-modi-unveils-gandhi-statue-20141116-11nwf9.html |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=Brisbane Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi |url=https://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/people/foreigners/display/104400-mohandas-karamchand-mahatma-gandhi |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=Monument Australia}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 22 November 2018, President of India [[Ramnath Kovind]] unveiled a statue of Mahatma Gandhi in [[Parramatta]], Sydney, Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=President unveils Mahatma Gandhi's bronze statue in Australia |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/india-abroad/president-unveils-mahatma-gandhi-s-bronze-statue-in-australia.html |website=The Pioneer |language=en |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122083502/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/india-abroad/president-unveils-mahatma-gandhi-s-bronze-statue-in-australia.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prez Kovind emphasizes on need to strengthen business relation between Australia & India |url=http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=355714 |website=newsonair.com |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122083404/http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=355714 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, a statue of Gandhi at the [[University of Ghana]], erected in 2016, was removed, "after protests from students and faculty who argue the Indian independence leader considered Africans 'inferior'.... Campaigners in [[Malawi]] are trying to stop another Gandhi statue from being erected in the capital Blantyre."<ref>{{cite news<br />
|title='Racist' Gandhi statue removed from University of Ghana<br />
|first=Michael<br />
|last=Safi<br />
|date=14 December 2018<br />
|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]<br />
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/14/racist-gandhi-statue-removed-from-university-of-ghana<br />
|access-date=14 December 2018<br />
|archive-date=14 December 2018<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214103303/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/14/racist-gandhi-statue-removed-from-university-of-ghana<br />
|url-status=live<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019, the fifth statue of Gandhi in the United Kingdom was unveiled at [[Manchester Cathedral]]. The statue weighing 800&nbsp;kg and measuring 9 feet was a gift from Shrimad Rajchandra Mission Dharampur, a worldwide spiritual organization. It was unveiled by the mayor of Manchester and [[Pujya Gurudevshri Rakeshbhai]] along with several guests as a symbol of peace and compassion, following the 2017 terror attack at [[Manchester Arena]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchester Mahatma Gandhi statue unveiled |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-50550085 |access-date=16 December 2019 |agency=BBC |publisher=BBC |date=25 November 2019 |archive-date=2 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202054301/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-50550085 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Maidment |first1=Adam |title=All-singing, all-dancing ceremony as Manchester's Mahatma Gandhi statue unveiled |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/mahatma-gandhi-statue-manchester-cathedral-17309551 |access-date=16 December 2019 |agency=Manchester Evening News |issue=25 Nov 2019 |publisher=M.E.N. Media |date=25 November 2019 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216102725/https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/mahatma-gandhi-statue-manchester-cathedral-17309551 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mudgal |first1=Sparsh |title=A 9-Ft High Statue of Mahatma Gandhi Unveiled in Manchester UK As Symbol of Strength & Unity |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/news/mahatma-gandhi-bronze-statue-unveiled-in-manchester-uk-as-symbol-of-strength-unity/ |website=ScoopWhoop |date=26 November 2019 |publisher=ScoopWhoop Media Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216102726/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/news/mahatma-gandhi-bronze-statue-unveiled-in-manchester-uk-as-symbol-of-strength-unity/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Statue in Nicosia Republic of Cyprus.jpg|[[Nicosia]], Cyprus<br />
File:Gandhi Smriti Delhi.jpg|The Martyr's Column at the [[Gandhi Smriti]] in New Delhi, marks the spot where he was assassinated<br />
File:Gandhi Memorial.jpg|[[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]] in New Delhi, marks the spot of Gandhi's cremation in 1948<br />
File:PMBGandhistatue.jpg|[[Pietermaritzburg]], South Africa<br />
File:Mahatma Gandhi in Suginami Ward.jpg|Mahatma Gandhi Statue in Suginami Ward, Tokyo (2015) Japan<br />
File:Mahatma Gandhi Bust Nishi Kasai.jpg|Mahatma Gandhi Statue in Edogawa Ward, Tokyo (2025) Japan<br />
File:Mahatma Gandhi bust in Hiroshima City.jpg|Mahatma Gandhi bust in [[Hiroshima]] City, Japan<br />
File:DSCN1998TavistockSqGandhi.jpg|[[Tavistock Square]], London<br />
File:POL Mahatma Gandhi sculpture.jpg|Caricature of Gandhi by [[Józef Gosławski (Polish sculptor)|Gosławski]]<br />
File:Gandhi Burgos lateral.JPG|Gandhi bust in [[Burgos]], Spain<br />
File:Spomenik Mahatmi Gandhiju u Manchesteru.jpg|Gandhi statue at Manchester Cathedral<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Music videos==<br />
*1954: The patriotic song [[De Dee Hame Azaadi|Sabarmati ke Sant]] from the Bollywood film ''[[Jagriti]]'' is dedicated to Mahatma Gandhi<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web |author=Shyamhari Chakra |date=3 October 2007 |title=Tributes through songs |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tributes-through-songs/article1922808.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
*2012: "Be the Change (The Story of Mahatma Gandhi)", a mixture of [[Raga]] and [[Hip hop]] by [[MC Yogi]], released in celebration of [[Gandhi Jayanti]].<ref name=prweb>{{cite web |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2012/10/prweb9972233.htm |title=MC Yogi Debuts "Be The Change" Music Video Celebrating {{sic|Ghan|di's|hide=y}} Life + Legacy |work=PRWeb |date=4 October 2012 |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-date=14 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014123918/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2012/10/prweb9972233.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="hp">{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mc-yogi/happy-birthday-to-a-real-_b_1936152.html |title=Happy Birthday to A Real Super Hero: Mahatma Gandhi |first=MC |last=Yogi |work=Huffington Post |date=3 October 2012 |access-date=11 October 2012 |archive-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022224314/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mc-yogi/happy-birthday-to-a-real-_b_1936152.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
*2013: "Gandhi vs [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] [[Epic Rap Battles of History]] Season 2", a satirical rap video between Gandhi and MLK depicted by comedians [[Key and Peele]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geeksmash.com/entertainment-news/top-10-epic-rap-battles-of-history364/4|title=Top 10 Epic Rap Battles of History|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629082457/http://geeksmash.com/entertainment-news/top-10-epic-rap-battles-of-history364/4|archive-date=29 June 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Television ==<br />
*2002-03: [[Gandhi (Clone High)|Gandhi Smith]] is a main character in the animated series ''[[Clone High]]''; his depiction on the show was controversial and resulted in its cancellation after only one season. When the show was revived in 2023, Gandhi was excluded from the main cast, though was still referenced by other characters, suggesting a possible return in future seasons.<br />
*2004: "One World: Telecom Italia 'Gandhi' ": An award-winning television commercial produced by [[Young & Rubicam|Y&R, Italy]] and directed by [[Spike Lee]]. It depicts Gandhi broadcasting a speech during [[World War II]], reaching audiences through the use of digital technology.<ref name=cg>{{cite web |last= CGSociety |title= Spike Lee and Framestore CFC Team Up for Telecom Italia Spot |url= http://features.cgsociety.org/cgfilms/cgfilm.php?story_id=2429 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060117175202/http://features.cgsociety.org/cgfilms/cgfilm.php?story_id=2429 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 17 January 2006 |date= 28 September 2004 }} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IatyFUDTRAs Youtube clip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404182713/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IatyFUDTRAs |date=4 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adforum.com/award-organization/6650180/showcase/2004/winners|title=Epica Awards Award Winners Overview 2004|website=www.adforum.com|access-date=2 October 2023|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003003853/https://www.adforum.com/award-organization/6650180/showcase/2004/winners|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Theater==<br />
*The [[opera]] ''[[Satyagraha (opera)|Satyāgraha]]'', composed by [[Philip Glass]] (in 1980), with a [[libretto]] by himself and Constance De Jong is based on Gandhi's experiences in [[South Africa]].<ref name="Phukan 2016">{{cite web|last=Phukan|first=Vikram|title=Gandhi: a stage favourite|website=Mint|date=19 August 2016|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/MTRt48Z9OGOwxxBM9l1taJ/Gandhi-a-stage-favourite.html|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=16 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016113512/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/MTRt48Z9OGOwxxBM9l1taJ/Gandhi-a-stage-favourite.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* The 1995 Marathi play ''Gandhi Virudh Gandhi'' explored the relationship between Gandhi and his son Harilal. The 2007 film, ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]'' was inspired on the same theme. The 1997 Hindi play ''Gandhi Ambedkar'' criticised Gandhi and his principles.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/opinion/4153/report-its-fashionable-to-be-anti-gandhi | title=It's fashionable to be anti-Gandhi | publisher=DNA | date=1 October 2005 | access-date=25 January 2013 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622050823/http://www.dnaindia.com/opinion/4153/report-its-fashionable-to-be-anti-gandhi | archive-date=22 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Id8PjapDYFoJqUkyzJvG7N/Drama-king.html | title=Drama king | work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]] | date=20 February 2009 | access-date=25 January 2013 | author=Dutt, Devina | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430154736/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Id8PjapDYFoJqUkyzJvG7N/Drama-king.html | archive-date=30 April 2013}}</ref><br />
*''[[Me Nathuram Godse Boltoy]]'' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]] for ''This is [[Nathuram Godse]] speaking'', first staged in 1997<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/135340.stm|title=BBC News &#124; South Asia &#124; Gandhi play banned|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2 October 2023|archive-date=11 April 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040411090359/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/135340.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Howard Brenton]]'s ''[[Drawing the Line (play)|Drawing the Line]]'' premiered in 2013 at the [[Hampstead Theatre]]. A play on the [[partition of India]], it featured [[Tanveer Ghani]] as Gandhi.<ref name="Phukan 2016"/><br />
* A [[Gujarati language|Gujarati-language]] one-man play ''[[Mohan No Masalo]]'', directed by [[Manoj Shah]], premiered in 2015 in Mumbai. It recounts the early years of Gandhi played by [[Pratik Gandhi]].<ref name="Phukan 2016"/><ref name="The National 2020">{{cite web|last=Ahmed|first=Afshan|title=Manoj Shah's new play discovers the early days of Gandhi, the legend|website=The National|date=5 January 2016|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/on-stage/manoj-shah-s-new-play-discovers-the-early-days-of-gandhi-the-legend-1.217373|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027201021/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/on-stage/manoj-shah-s-new-play-discovers-the-early-days-of-gandhi-the-legend-1.217373|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* In 2016, the [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)]] premiered Danesh Khambata's ''Gandhi—The Musical'', featuring [[Chirag Vohra]] and Abhishek Krishnan as Gandhi.<ref name="Phukan 2016"/><br />
* In November 2016, the play ''[[Yugpurush (play)|Yugpurush: Mahatma na Mahatma]]'' premiered in Mumbai, India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yugpurush|url=http://www.yugpurush.org|website=Yugpurush|publisher=Shrimad Rajchandra Mission Dharampur|access-date=17 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116163935/http://www.yugpurush.org/|archive-date=16 November 2016}}</ref> The play depicts the spiritual guidance that Gandhi received from [[Shrimad Rajchandra]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Play looks at a scholar who shaped Mahatma Gandhi's spiritual journey|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Play-looks-at-a-scholar-who-shaped-Mahatma-Gandhis-spiritual-journey/articleshow/55445407.cms|website=The Times of India|publisher=Times News Network|access-date=17 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122014258/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Play-looks-at-a-scholar-who-shaped-Mahatma-Gandhis-spiritual-journey/articleshow/55445407.cms|archive-date=22 November 2016}}</ref><br />
* The [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]]'s 2022 season includes [[Anupama Chandrasekhar]]'s ''[[The Father and the Assassin]]'', which tells the story of Godse, styled as "a devout follower of Gandhi [who becomes] his eventual assassin."<ref name="Phukan 2021">{{cite web|last=Phukan|first=Vikram|title=Beyond Mahatma: Gandhi on the international stage has a less unimpeachable aura|website=News9Live|date=3 Oct 2021|url=https://www.news9live.com/art-culture/mahatma-gandhi-international-plays-foreign-playwrights-theatre-123779|access-date=3 October 2021|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003104123/https://www.news9live.com/art-culture/mahatma-gandhi-international-plays-foreign-playwrights-theatre-123779|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Video games==<br />
=== Civilization ===<br />
In the ''[[Civilization (series)|Civilization]]'' [[Turn-based strategy]] series (1991–present), Gandhi appears as the leader of the Indian civilisation starting from the first game in the series ''[[Civilization (video game)|Civilization]]'' (1996) and all other games in the series excluding spin-offs.<br />
<br />
If the player is not playing as the Indian civilisation, the computer makes Gandhi act in much the same way as real life (i.e. peaceful)<ref name="pcgamesn.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/civilization-gandhi-nukes|title=Sid Meier says Civilization's nuclear Gandhi bug isn't real|access-date=2 October 2021|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919014203/https://www.pcgamesn.com/civilization-gandhi-nukes|url-status=live}}</ref> and will not attack other civilisations unless attacked himself.<ref name="dtf.ru">{{Cite web|url = https://dtf.ru/games/67979-pochemu-istoriya-o-bage-s-yadernym-gandi-v-civilization-skoree-vsego-vydumana|title = Почему история о баге с "ядерным Ганди" в Civilization, скорее всего, выдумана — Игры на DTF|date = 5 September 2019|access-date = 2 October 2021|archive-date = 26 September 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200926050823/https://dtf.ru/games/67979-pochemu-istoriya-o-bage-s-yadernym-gandi-v-civilization-skoree-vsego-vydumana|url-status = live}}</ref> As part of the series, the [[technology tree]] in the games allow both the player's own civilisation and others controlled by the computer to discover nuclear energy and subsequently develop nuclear weapons.<br />
<br />
From the first game in the series up to and including ''[[Civilization IV]]'' (2005), Gandhi does use the weapons during a war (which by his very nature is strictly a defensive war) but not any more than any other peaceful leader (such as [[Abraham Lincoln]], leader of the American civilisation) although it was perceived.<ref name="pcgamesn.com"/><ref name="dtf.ru"/><ref name="memoir">{{cite book| author = [[Sid Meier|Meier, Sid]] | chapter = Funny Business| chapter-url = | format = | url = | title = Sid Meier's Memoir!: A Life in Computer Games | orig-year = | agency = | edition = |location= |date = 2020 |publisher= [[W. W. Norton & Company|W. W. Norton]] |volume= | pages = 261–266| series = | isbn = 978-1-324-00587-2}}</ref><ref name="overclockers.ru">{{Cite web|url=https://overclockers.ru/softnews/show/78766/-razrushitel-mirov-gandi-vozglavlyaet-indiju-v-civilization-vi|title=Overclockers.ru: "Разрушитель миров" Ганди возглавляет Индию в Civilization VI|access-date=2 October 2021|archive-date=2 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002000601/https://overclockers.ru/softnews/show/78766/-razrushitel-mirov-gandi-vozglavlyaet-indiju-v-civilization-vi|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Starting from ''[[Civilization V]]'' (2010) onwards, a new feature by programmer [[Jon Shafer]] was added as a joke where once Gandhi gains nuclear weapons, he will bomb neighbouring civilisation and the player's own.<ref name="overclockers.ru"/> The joke was that Gandhi is famous for his strict adherence to the principle of non-violence and so it would be extremely uncharacteristic of Gandhi to start a war, especially a nuclear war, leading to internet memes about a so-called "[[Nuclear Gandhi]]".<ref name="overclockers.ru"/><br />
<br />
Over time, it became a popular misconception that a glitch in the first game and/or the second game, [[Civilization II]] (1996) turned Gandhi into a nuclear warmonger under such circumstances. Supposedly, the glitch was caused by an [[integer overflow]] error whereby Gandhi's aggression level was set to "1" (the lowest level) and if it lowered again, instead of the non-existent "0", it would instead lower to "255" (the highest level) and make Gandhi very aggressive.<br />
<br />
In 2020, the first game's creator, [[Sid Meier]] stated that no such glitch was in the first ''Civilization'' and the game was not programmed in such a manner as the first game used the programing language [[C (programming language)|C]] and the second game used [[C++]]. In both, those programing languages, all integer variables are [[Signed integer|signed]] by default making such a glitch impossible.<ref name="memoir"/><ref name="overclockers.ru"/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Mahatma Gandhi Series]]<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* ''[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2221587,prtpage-1.cms Gandhi: The Making of a Hero] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608184555/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2221587,prtpage-1.cms |date=8 June 2011 }}''. ''[[Times of India]]'', 21 July 2007.<br />
* Ramachandran, S. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20060507235153/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060402/asp/look/story_6041732.asp Hey Ram! So many films on Gandhi!].'' ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'', 2 April 2006<br />
* Ramachandaran, Shastri. ''[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060923/edit.htm#4 Jollygood Bollywood: Munnabhai rescues Mahatma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430105343/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060923/edit.htm#4 |date=30 April 2007 }}''. ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]],'' 23 September 2006.<br />
*Ramachandran, Sudha. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20061007115420/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/HI29Df01.html The Mahatma goes hip]." ''[[Asia Times]]'', 29 September 2006.<br />
*Sappenfield, Mark. "[https://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1003/p01s04-wosc.html It took a comedy to revive Gandhi's ideals in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022152026/http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1003/p01s04-wosc.html |date=22 October 2006 }}." ''[[Christian Science Monitor]],'' 3 October 2006.<br />
*Sharma, Swati Gauri. "[https://archive.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2006/10/13/how_gandhi_got_his_mojo_back/ How Gandhi got his mojo back] ." ''[[Boston Globe]],'' 13 October 2006.<br />
* Subramanian, T.S. ''[http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2303/stories/20060224002710100.htm Rediscovering a Gandhi film] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921000035/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2303/stories/20060224002710100.htm |date=21 September 2012 }}''. [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]], Volume 23 - Issue 03, 11–24 February 2006.<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Gandhi}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi}}<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Mahatma Gandhi| ]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural lists]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arangetram_(1973_film)&diff=487245Arangetram (1973 film)2026-03-04T04:52:35Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: new new details.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1973 film by K. Balachander}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Arangetram<br />
| image = Arangetram 1973 poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[K. Balachander]]<br />
| writer = K. Balachander<br />
| producer = N. Selvaraj<br />J. Duraisamy<br />V. Govindarajan<br />
| starring = [[Prameela]]<br />
| cinematography = [[B. S. Lokanath]]<br />
| editing = N. R. Kittu<br />
| music = [[V. Kumar]]<br />
| studio = Kalakendra Films<br />
| released = {{film date|1973|2|9|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 152 minutes{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=256}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Arangetram''''' ({{IPA|ta|aɾaŋɡeːʈram|pron}} {{Translation|[[Arangetram (dance)|Debut performance]]}}) is a 1973 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[K. Balachander]]. The film stars [[Prameela]], leading an [[ensemble cast]] that includes [[S. V. Subbaiah]], [[Sivakumar]], [[Sasikumar (actor, born 1944)|Sasikumar]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[M. N. Rajam]], [[M. S. Sundari Bai|Sundari Bai]] and [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]]. It revolves around a young woman who takes to prostitution to support her conservative but poor family.<br />
<br />
''Arangetram'' marked Kamal Haasan's first adult role, while Prameela, [[Jayachitra]] and [[Jayasudha]] made their acting debut in Tamil with this film. [[V. Kumar]] composed the music for the film, which was the last Balachander film he worked on. Cinematography was handled by B. S. Lokanath, and editing by N. R. Kittu.<br />
<br />
''Arangetram'' was released on 9 February 1973. Though it had carried hard hitting messages and very bold scenes and was controversial at the time of its release, the film became a commercial success. In 1974 it was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Jeevitha Rangam'' (1974), and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Aaina (1974 film)|Aaina]]'' by Balachander himself.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Ramu Shastrigal is a poor priest living with his wife Visalam and their eight children. His rigid principles and obstinate behaviour become obstacles to his family's progress. His spendthrift sister Janaki lands in his house with her daughter, adding to their woes and penury. Lalitha, the eldest daughter of Ramu Shastrigal, is enthusiastic to work but her father does not permit it. She bonds with the family's neighbour Nadesa Udaiyaar and his son Thangavelu. Thangavelu expresses his love for Lalitha and his desire to marry her; when Udaiyaar refuses to permit it, he leaves the house. Soon, Thangavelu dies in a military conflict.<br />
<br />
Ramu Shastrigal's family suffers due to poverty; on many nights, they go to bed hungry. When Lalitha's hungry brother shares a meal with a beggar, she decides to disobey her father and with Udaiyaar's help, obtains employment. Her income supplements the family and their standard of living improves. Her brother Thyagu aspires to become a doctor; Lalitha runs from pillar to post to get him a seat in a medical college. When she meets a man to facilitate his admission in a medical college in [[Chennai|Madras]], he exploits her desperation and rapes her. Lalitha keeps quiet about this incident and goes back to work. She shifts to [[Hyderabad]], where she gets promoted with a higher salary. Immediately after taking up the new assignment, she asks her employer for a salary advance to be sent to Thyagu for his admission fee; realising her vulnerability, he demands her carnal company. She yields and he gives her the money. Demands from her family increase and to earn more money, she turns to prostitution. While her family lives prosperously, Lalitha suffers silently.<br />
<br />
One day, Thangavelu lands in Lalitha's house looking for a prostitute. Both are shocked to see each other; Thangavelu, who had faked his own death just to irritate his father, is upset that Lalitha has fallen so low and leaves. As years pass, Lalitha's siblings progress; Thyagu becomes a doctor, sister Mangalam becomes a singer; younger sister Devi falls in love with Pasupathy, son of a landlord, and their marriage is fixed. Lalitha returns home after a long time and is warmly received. But she feels depressed and frustrated to know that her mother is again in the family way and criticises her parents' lack of responsibility. On the day of Devi's wedding, Lalitha is shocked to see that Pasupathy, her client in Hyderabad, is the groom. She fears he would cancel the wedding knowing that the bride is her sister, but he performs the wedding rituals mechanically and looks withdrawn. Lalitha and Pasupathy meet privately, decide to forget past incidents and move on. When Udaiyaar is about to perform the ''[[Śrāddha|thevasam]]'' for his son, Lalitha intervenes and reveals that Thangavelu is alive, but does not explain the circumstances under which they met.<br />
<br />
Thyagu falls in love with Bhama, a [[Tehsildar]]’s daughter, and their engagement is arranged. When Ramu Shastrigal and Visalam go to Udaiyaar's house to invite him for the engagement, they meet Thangavelu, who has returned home and ask him where he met Lalitha. He remains silent, but after they leave, tells his father how and where he met Lalitha. Lalitha's parents overhear this and are shocked; Ramu Shastrigal and Thyagu disown Lalitha. The Tehsildar agrees to continue the wedding only if Lalitha is sent out of home, and she is mercilessly thrown out by Thyagu and Ramu Shastrigal. Udaiyaar, who understands her sacrifices, takes her to his home. To give her the dignity she deserves, he requests Thangavelu to marry her, which he accepts. The wedding of Thangavelu and Lalitha takes alongside Thyagu's wedding with Bhama. Though Lalitha is grateful to Udaiyaar and Thangavelu for their magnanimity, the trauma she has undergone results in her becoming insane.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Prameela]] as Lalitha<ref name="kamadenu" /><br />
* [[S. V. Subbaiah]] as Ramu Shastrigal<ref name="kamadenu" /><br />
* [[Sivakumar]] as Thangavel{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=256}}<br />
* [[Sasikumar (actor, born 1944)|Sasikumar]] as Pasupathy{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=257}}<br />
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Thyagu{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=256}}<br />
* [[M. N. Rajam]] as Visalam{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=256}}<br />
* [[M. S. Sundari Bai|Sundari Bai]] as Janaki{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=256}}<br />
* [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Natesan Udaiyaar<ref name="kamadenu" /><br />
* [[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]] as Jayaraman<br />
* [[Neelu]] as a music teacher<ref name="kamadenu" /><br />
* Chitra as Meenu<br />
* Girija as Girija<br />
* [[Jayachitra]] as Mangalam<ref name="kamadenu" /><br />
* [[Jayasudha]] as Devi<ref name="kamadenu" /><br />
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Baby Tulasi]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSr_4o2usH8 |title=Actress Tulasi ( Tulasi Shivamani ) Exclusive Interview {{!}} Real Talk With Anji#128 {{!}} Film Tree |date=16 October 2022 |language=te |publisher=Film Tree |time=4:05 |access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref><br />
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as himself (special appearance)<br />
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as herself (special appearance)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
{{Quote box<br />
| quote = After showing her as a prostitute for most of the movie, I couldn't give her a happy ending. In those days – the early seventies – the society was very traditional. I didn't want to alienate my audience, so I tried to strike a balance between what I wanted to convey and what I thought my audience would accept.<br />
| source = – K. Balachander in 2006<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=10 September 2006 |title=Interview: K Balachander |url=http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2006/09/10/interview-k-balachander/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218092352/http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2006/09/10/interview-k-balachander/ |archive-date=18 December 2013 |access-date=6 December 2013 |website=Baradwaj Rangan |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan}}</ref><br />
| align = right<br />
| width = 30%<br />
}}<br />
After the release of ''[[Velli Vizha]]'' (1972), director [[K. Balachander]] felt that films must highlight ideas that help society, and he had to dare to shoot stories that others would be reluctant to touch; this laid the foundation for ''Arangetram''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2021 |title=புரட்சிகரமான கதை - வசனம்: பரபரப்பை உண்டாக்கிய "அரங்கேற்றம்' |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2021/04/27021107/2569059/cinima-history.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625120513/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2021/04/27021107/2569059/cinima-history.vpf |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> [[T. S. B. K. Moulee]] said in an interview in 2014 that Balachander, who used to watch Moulee's plays, wanted him to write the comedy subplot for the film as he liked Moulee's style of writing. However, Moulee felt the film did not warrant a comedy subplot as it would "dilute its seriousness" and did not work in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=12 June 2014 |title=Mouli and the moolah |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Mouli-and-the-moolah/article11643358.ece |url-status=live |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616025813/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/mouli-and-the-moolah/article6107714.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment |archive-date=16 June 2014}}</ref> The film marked [[Kamal Haasan]]'s first adult role,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=25 May 2001 |title=Artiste with endless dreams |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/05/25/stories/09250228.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928042945/http://www.hindu.com/2001/05/25/stories/09250228.htm |archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2000 |title=Kamal, as we know him |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/nov/08kamal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221192756/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/nov/08kamal.htm |archive-date=21 December 2014 |access-date=6 December 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> while [[Prameela]], [[Jayachitra]] and [[Jayasudha]] made their acting debut in Tamil with this film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balachandar's Artists Introduced |url=http://www.kavithalayaa.com/artistintro.php |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211090806/http://www.kavithalayaa.com/artistintro.php |archive-date=11 December 2013 |access-date=6 December 2013 |website=Kavithalayaa}}</ref> The film was produced by N. Selvaraj, J. Duraisamy and V. Govindarajan under Kalakendra Films. Cinematography was handled by [[B. S. Lokanath]], and editing by N. R. Kittu.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=256}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[V. Kumar]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=258}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arangettram Tamil Film EP Vinyl record by V Kumar |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/arangettram-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-v-kumar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218130539/https://macsendisk.com/product/arangettram-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-v-kumar/ |archive-date=18 February 2023 |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref> The song "Mappillai Ragasiyam" is set in [[Charukesi]] raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=3 February 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey&nbsp;— The charm of Charukesi |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-the-charm-of-charukesi/article2857091.ece |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911094943/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-the-charm-of-charukesi/article2857091.ece |archive-date=11 September 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
!Song !!Singers !! Duration<br />
|-<br />
|"Aandavanin Thottathile"<br />
|[[P. Susheela]]<br />
|3:24<br />
|-<br />
|"Kannanidam Endhan Karutthinai"<br />
|K. Swarna<br />
|2:10<br />
|-<br />
|"Moothaval Nee"<br />
|P. Susheela<br />
|4:29<br />
|-<br />
|"Aaramba Kaalaththil"<br />
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], P. Susheela<br />
|3:51<br />
|-<br />
|"Kannanai Kaanbadharko"<br />
|[[Thiruchi Loganathan]] & K. Swarna<br />
|2:42<br />
|-<br />
|"Mappilai Ragasiyam"<br />
|[[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|3:27<br />
|-<br />
|"Enadi Marumagale Unnai Evaradi Pesivittaar"<br />
|[[T. V. Rathnam]]<br />
|0:25<br />
|-<br />
|"Kannaarkkum Katravarum"<br />
|K. Swarna<br />
|0:39<br />
|-<br />
|"Paaviye Kanda Vannam"<br />
|K. Swarna<br />
|1:00<br />
|-<br />
|"Srimaathaa Srimaha"<br />
|K. Swarna<br />
|0:40<br />
|-<br />
|"Agara Mudaka Nagurasa"<br />
|K. Swarna<br />
|0:19<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Release and reception ==<br />
''Arangetram'' was released on 9 February 1973.<ref name="kamadenu" /> It was the first film to be released at the then newly opened Vettri Theatres.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1091613353355571200 |user=RIAZtheboss |title=. #46YearsOfVettri #46YearsOfArangetram 🎉🎉Congratulations @VettriTheatres 🎊🎊On Completing 46 Successfully Amazing Years, I Remember Enjoying Most of My Favourite Films There! #Arangetram Should've Been A Great Start For Your Successful Journey Of 46 Years😊👌 |author=Riaz K Ahmed |date=2 February 2019}}</ref> Reviewing for the magazine ''Film World'', T. G. Vaidyanathan wrote, "''Arangetram'' marks a new beginning, a fresh approach and is a veritable oasis in the dreary desert wastes of Tamil Cinema."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Vaidyanathan |first=T. G. |date=August 1973 |title=Balachander ushers in a new age in Tamil cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXlTAAAAYAAJ&q=oasis |url-status=live |magazine=Film World |volume=9 |pages=62–64 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703053105/https://books.google.com/books?id=IXlTAAAAYAAJ&q=oasis |archive-date=3 July 2021 |access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref> ''Navamani'' praised the acting and direction.<ref>{{cite news|title=அரங்கேற்றம் |work=Navamani|language=ta|access-date=13 February 2026|url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_1_15/4.jp2/0,0,5763,8474/5763,8474/0/default.jpg|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|date=24 February 1973|pages=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260213110758/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_1_15/4.jp2/0,0,5763,8474/5763,8474/0/default.jpg|archive-date=13 February 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> Though the film carried hard hitting messages and bold scenes and was controversial at the time of its release,<ref>{{Cite magazine |year=1984 |title=Achamillai, Achamillai (I Do Not Fear) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHSyAAAAIAAJ&q=Arangetram |url-status=live |magazine=[[Manushi]] |issue=24 |page=46 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703053210/https://books.google.com/books?id=cHSyAAAAIAAJ&q=Arangetram |archive-date=3 July 2021 |access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Seshachalam |first=Bhagyalakshmi |date=9 March 2018 |title=Arangetram (1974) – A Slap In The Face Of TamBrahm Orthodoxy |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/arangetram-1974-a-slap-in-the-face-of-tambrahm-orthodoxy/53325.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015034804/https://www.moneylife.in/article/arangetram-1974-a-slap-in-the-face-of-tambrahm-orthodoxy/53325.html |archive-date=15 October 2021 |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=[[Moneylife]]}}</ref> it became a critical and commercial success.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=26}} The film was featured as part of the Tamil Nadu government's information campaign promoting [[family planning]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jacob |first=Preminda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbQvTXudN60C&q=Arangetram |title=Celluloid Deities: The Visual Culture of Cinema and Politics in South India |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7391-3130-5 |pages=100 |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703053144/https://books.google.com/books?id=kbQvTXudN60C&q=Arangetram |archive-date=3 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Remakes ==<br />
In 1974, the film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Jeevitha Rangam'',{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=257}} and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Aaina (1974 film)|Aaina]]'' by Balachander himself.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=S. |date=11 July 2011 |title=K. Balachander: The Middle-Class Maestro |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/recliner/k-balachander-the-middleclass-maestro/26662/0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209171444/http://forbesindia.com/article/recliner/k-balachander-the-middleclass-maestro/26662/0 |archive-date=9 December 2013 |access-date=6 December 2013 |website=[[Forbes India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references><br />
<ref name="kamadenu">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=9 July 2019 |title=அரங்கேற்றம் - அப்பவே அப்படி கதை! |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/37362-.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716162536/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/37362-.html |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
</references><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1931–1976 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |location=New Delhi |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |orig-date=2012}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
{{K. Balachander}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1970s feminist films]]<br />
[[Category:1973 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1973 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1973 films]]<br />
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about women in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by V. Kumar]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouna_Geethangal&diff=518544Mouna Geethangal2026-03-03T05:18:36Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: Creating The Stub More To Come...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1981 film by K. Bhagyaraj}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Mouna Geethangal.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[K. Bhagyaraj]]<br />
| writer = K. Bhagyaraj<br />
| producer = K. Gobinathan<br />
| starring = {{ubl|K. Bhagyaraj|[[Saritha]]}}<br />
| cinematography = B. S. Basaviraj<br />
| editing = T. Rajasekhar<br />
| music = [[Gangai Amaran]]<br />
| studio = Bhagavathi Creations<br />
| released = {{film date|1981|1|23|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 148 minutes{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=54}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Mouna Geethangal''''' ({{translation|Silent Melodies}}) is a 1981 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[K. Bhagyaraj]]. The film stars Bhagyaraj himself alongside [[Saritha]], with S. Krishnamoorthy and [[Surya Kiran (director)|Master Suresh]] in supporting roles. It revolves around a man attempting to reconcile with his estranged ex-wife after five years.<br />
<br />
The inspiration for the story came to Bhagyaraj from [[Jayakanthan]]'s short story ''Unmai Sudum'', and his own personal life. The film was produced by K. Gobinathan under Bhagavathi Creations, photographed by B. S. Basaviraj and edited by T. Rajasekhar, with music composed by [[Gangai Amaran]]. When the film was still under production, Bhagyaraj published the story as a [[Serial (literature)|serial]] in the magazine ''[[Kumudam]]''.<br />
<br />
''Mouna Geethangal'' was released on 23 January 1981, and became a commercial success, running for over 25 weeks in theatres, and has been remade in several other Indian languages. The same year, it was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Ek Hi Bhool]]'' and in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Sathyabhama''. In 1991 it was remade in [[Malayalam]] as ''Chanchattam'' and in 1993 in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Mane Devru]]''.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
<br />
A young woman and her son board a bus bound for [[Chennai|Madras]]. Another man later boards the same bus, and is shocked on seeing the woman and the boy.<br />
<br />
In a flashback, the man (Raghunathan) and the woman (Suguna) appear for the same job interview. When Suguna learns that Raghu is more qualified than her and has better chances of getting selected, she poses as the manager of the organisation and tells Raghu that the vacancy is already filled, and he would be considered for a vacancy that is likely to arise after a week. Raghu believes her and leaves, and Suguna gets selected. Soon, Raghu lands at Suguna's house with gifts for her family members and pressurises Suguna to recommend his name for the vacancy she had discussed with him. Suguna gets worried and tries to avoid Raghu. Coincidentally, a vacancy arises and when an advertisement is released, Raghu attends the interview. Impressed with Raghu's qualifications and talents, the owner appoints him as the Assistant Manager. On joining duty, Raghu learns of Suguna's manipulation. Though initially angered, he gets attracted to her intelligence and falls in love with her. She returns his love and they marry.<br />
<br />
After marriage, Suguna quits her job and becomes a housewife. She becomes possessive of Raghu and slightly insecure about his fidelity, vowing to commit suicide if he is ever unfaithful to her. Raghu leads a righteous life with her. He gets introduced to Suguna's friend Jaya, a widow, who seeks the couple's help to sort out an issue relating to her deceased husband's insurance claim. At Suguna's request, Raghu helps Jaya. Later when Raghu is going to Jaya's house, his clothes become soiled and he goes to a bathroom at Jaya's house to wash up. Jaya and Raghu end up having sex, but later regret it. Unable to cope with suppressing this fact from Suguna, Raghu comes home drunk. Raghu's behaviour makes Suguna suspicious and she discovers the truth. Devastated, she returns to her parents' house. Suguna's father says that her life should be with her husband, otherwise she should live on her own. Suguna files for and is granted divorce, later realising she is pregnant. She delivers a boy named Suresh and struggles with him.<br />
<br />
In the present, set five years later, Suguna and Suresh travel to Madras by bus, and they meet Raghu. After reaching Madras, Suguna sees that Raghu is the new manager in her office. She tries to resign, but ultimately does not. Raghu tries to justify his predicament but Suguna continues to avoid him. He leases the house opposite Suguna's and tries to befriend Suresh, much to Suguna's annoyance. Suresh realises that Raghu is his father and bonds with him. Meanwhile, Suguna berates a colleague for inappropriate behaviour and he apologises, slowly comes closer to Suguna and she earns his trust. When Suguna learns that Raghu leaves office everyday to be with their son, she tries to threaten him. Raghu gives her 30 days to return to him, threatening to take a strong decision if she fails. During these 30 days, various incidents taking place in Suguna's life change her perception about men, specifically Raghu. Suguna learns that Raghu had been financially supporting her father.<br />
<br />
Later, the colleague whom Suguna trusted boasts to the other employees about having an affair with Suguna. To "prove" it, he enacts a drama. He asks her to come to a lodge to take her son, who is believed to have been kidnapped, but locks her in the room. 15 minutes later, he goes out and pretends to have had sex with her. As a result, the entire office speaks ill of Suguna. She is devastated, but becomes pleasantly surprised when she overhears Raghu's comment on her character. Raghu says she is like fire as she would never allow anyone to touch her; if they did, she would burn them and herself. Raghu beats the colleague and forces him to openly confess to his plot. Suguna regrets misunderstanding Raghu and not forgiving him. She decides to return to Raghu, only to realise the 30-day deadline has ended, and he is remarrying. Suguna fails to stop the marriage and decides to commit suicide along with Suresh; he refuses and requests to live with his father. Before Suguna can commit suicide, however, she learns that the "remarriage" was merely an act. The family reunites.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[K. Bhagyaraj]] as Raghunathan<ref name="hindutamil" /><br />
* [[Saritha]] as Suguna<ref name="hindutamil" /><br />
* [[Kallapetti Singaram]] as Singaram<br />
* S. Krishnamoorthy as the colleague<ref name="hindutamil" /><br />
* T. S. Seshathiri as Suguna's father<br />
* [[Kullamani]] as a peon<br />
* Sivaraman as a co-passenger in bus<br />
* [[Shanmugasundaram]]<br />
* [[Senthil]]<br />
* [[Surya Kiran (director)|Master Suresh]] as Suresh{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=54}}<br />
* V. K. Padmini<br />
* Meenakshi Paatti as Suguna's grandmother<br />
* Gemini Rajeshwari as Maami<br />
* [[Kovai Senthil]] as Senthil (uncredited role)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The inspiration for the story of ''Mouna Geethangal'' came to [[K. Bhagyaraj]] from ''Unmai Sudum'', a short story by [[Jayakanthan]], and Bhagyaraj's own personal life. Bhagyaraj's then fiancé was possessive about him during their courtship days, and could not tolerate even small mistakes from him.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=55}} In an interview with S. Shiva Kumar for ''[[Mid-Day]]'', Bhagyaraj said, "''Mouna Geethangal'' is a real story. It is something that happens to everybody or his neighbour".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |date=2 January 1983 |title=Bhagyaraj: Playing the MGR role |url=https://ibb.co/s6GhRzn |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114235356/https://ibb.co/s6GhRzn |archive-date=14 November 2022 |access-date=14 November 2022 |work=[[Sunday Mid-Day]] |pages=25}}</ref> Besides writing the script and directing, Bhagyaraj also starred as the lead actor. The film was produced by K. Gobinathan under Bhagavathi Creations, photographed by B. S. Basaviraj and edited by T. Rajasekhar.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=54}} When the film was still under production, Bhagyaraj published the story as a [[Serial (literature)|serial]] in the magazine ''[[Kumudam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2004 |title=பழஞ்சோறு.....பழஞ்சோறு.....பழஞ்சோறு... |url=https://www.noolaham.net/project/22/2129/2129.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424162707/https://www.noolaham.net/project/22/2129/2129.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2021 |access-date=24 April 2021 |work=Vaikarai |pages=13 |language=Ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=29 September 2019 |title=Direction Dreams: Inexperienced directors are ruining the lives of producers |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2019/sep/29/direction-dreams-inexperienced-directors-are-ruining-the-lives-of-producers-14596.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115170416/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2019/sep/29/direction-dreams-inexperienced-directors-are-ruining-the-lives-of-producers-14596.html |archive-date=15 November 2020 |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[Gangai Amaran]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mouna Geethangal Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Gangai Ameran |url=https://mossymart.com/product/mouna-geethangal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-gangai-ameran/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425174814/https://mossymart.com/product/mouna-geethangal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-gangai-ameran/ |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mouna Geethangal (1981) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000550 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331085808/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000550 |archive-date=31 March 2013 |access-date=17 September 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Mookuthi Poo Melae" is set in [[Mayamalavagowla]] raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=11 November 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey&nbsp;– The magic of Mayamalavagowla |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-the-magic-of-mayamalavagowla/article2618199.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115170416/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-the-magic-of-mayamalavagowla/article2618199.ece |archive-date=15 November 2020 |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=144}}<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Mookuthi Poo Melae<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]<br />
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]<br />
| length1 = 4:51<br />
| title2 = Daddy Daddy<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]<br />
| extra2 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], S. Janaki<br />
| length2 = 4:02<br />
| title3 = Mookuthi Poo Melae<br />
| note3 = sad<br />
| lyrics3 = Vaali<br />
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| length3 = 4:37<br />
| title4 = Masamo Margazhi Maasam<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Kannadasan]]<br />
| extra4 = Malaysia Vasudevan, S. Janaki<br />
| length4 = 4:14<br />
| total_length = 17:44 <!-- Automatically generated with User:JPxG/TrackSum.js --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release and reception ==<br />
''Mouna Geethangal'' was released on 23 January 1981.<ref name="hindutamil" /> On 8 February 1981, ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' gave the film an A rating, praising the screenplay and Bhagyaraj for integrating humour into the main story rather than making it a subplot. The reviewer also praised the lead actors for living through their roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 1981 |title=மெளன கீதங்கள் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/37166--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210426112915/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/37166--2 |archive-date=26 April 2021 |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "''Mouna Geethangal'' is a different movie, good for a family audience".<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 1981 |title=Mouna Geethangal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lehLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0I0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5889%2C2899321 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509101332/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lehLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0I0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5889%2C2899321 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |access-date=28 May 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=19 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Nalini Sastry of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Bhagyaraj's script, direction and acting while also praising the acting of Saritha and the child actor who she felt dominates everyone; she also praised the music, cinematography and editing.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சாஸ்திரி |first=நளினி |date=8 March 1981 |title=மெளன கீதங்கள் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-03-08/page/n25/mode/2up? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231020114352/https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-03-08/page/n25/mode/2up? |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=15 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=24 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film was a commercial success, running for over 25 weeks in Indian theatres.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=56}} It was also successful in Malaysia, where it grossed almost $100,000 during its 43-day run in three theatres at Kuala Lumpur.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=24 October 1981 |title=The problems of local Tamil film distributors |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BWNPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4I8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2476%2C4975241 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405104904/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BWNPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4I8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2476,4975241 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=26 April 2021 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=18 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Remakes ==<br />
''Mouna Geethangal'' was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Ek Hi Bhool]]'' and in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Sathyabhama'', both released in 1981.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=15 February 1984 |title=K. Bhagyaraj; The reigning king in the world of Madras film Hollywood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19840215-k-bhagyaraj-the-reigning-king-in-the-world-of-madras-film-hollywood-802749-1984-02-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312195641/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/k.-bhagyaraj-the-reigning-king-in-the-world-of-madras-film-hollywood/1/360453.html |archive-date=12 March 2015 |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=12 June 2010 |title=K.Bhaagya Raj&nbsp;– Chitchat |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_bhagyaraj_2010_2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231103207/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_bhagyaraj_2010_2.php |archive-date=31 December 2010 |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=2}}</ref> In 1991 it was remade in [[Malayalam]] as ''Chanchattam'' and in 1993 in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Mane Devru]]''.{{sfn|Arunachalam|2020|pages=22–23}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references><br />
<br />
<ref name="hindutamil">{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=31 May 2020 |title='முந்தானை முடிச்சு' போலவே 'மெளன கீதங்கள்'; 'ஆல்டைம்' ஹிட்டடிக்கும் பாக்யராஜின் திரைக்கதை ஜாலம்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/557212-mouna-geethangal-remake.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030171748/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/557212-mouna-geethangal-remake.html |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=24 April 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
</references><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2020 |isbn=9788193848227}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
<br />
{{K. Bhagyaraj}}<br />
<br />
{{Improve categories|date=April 2024}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1980s romantic comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1981 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1981 comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1981 films]]<br />
[[Category:1981 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1981 romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. Bhagyaraj]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Gangai Amaran]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Bhagyaraj]]<br />
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy-drama films]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaliyugam_(1988_film)&diff=470294Kaliyugam (1988 film)2026-03-03T05:12:56Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: small enhanced details further and corrected details for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1988 film by K. Subash}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Kaliyugam 1988 poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[K. Subash]]<br />
| writer = K. Subash<br />
| producer = V. Mohan<br />V. Natrajan<br />
| starring = [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]<br />[[Raghuvaran]]<br />[[Amala Akkineni|Amala]]<br />[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]<br />
| cinematography = Y. N. Murali<br />
| editing = P. Madhan Mohan<br />
| music = [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]<br />
| studio = Anandhi Films<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1988|11|08}}<br />
| runtime = 130 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Kaliyugam''''' ({{Translation|[[Kaliyuga|Age of Vice]]}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by debutant [[K. Subash]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2016 |title=Tamil director K Subash, who wrote Chennai Express, passes away |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/231116/tamil-director-k-subash-who-wrote-chennai-expresses-passes-away.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110143447/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/231116/tamil-director-k-subash-who-wrote-chennai-expresses-passes-away.html |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=17 February 2022 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> starring [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Raghuvaran]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] and [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]. It was released on 8 November 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கலியுகம் / Kaliyugam (1988) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/kaliyugam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108154803/https://screen4screen.com/movies/kaliyugam |archive-date=8 November 2023 |access-date=17 February 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{more plot|date=February 2022}}<br />
''Kaliyugam'' is the story of an honest police officer and a lawyer who often had to take the route of action to help the poor from the rich and powerful.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]<br />
*[[Raghuvaran]]<br />
*[[Amala Akkineni|Amala]]<br />
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]<br />
*[[Janagaraj]]<br />
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]]<br />
*[[P. S. Veerappa]]<br />
*[[Pradeep Shakthi]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaliyugam Tamil film LP Vinyl Record by Chandrabose |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kaliyugam-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-chandrabose/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217070252/https://mossymart.com/product/kaliyugam-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-chandrabose/ |archive-date=17 February 2022 |access-date=17 February 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Ilanguyil Paadutho<br />
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| length1 = <br />
| title2 = Palliyile<br />
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br />
| length2 = <br />
| title3 = Vayadhukku<br />
| extra3 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Vani Jairam]]<br />
| length3 = <br />
| title4 = Adutha Veettu<br />
| extra4 = [[Gangai Amaran]]<br />
| length4 = <br />
| title5 = Anbe Yosi<br />
| extra5 = [[S. P. Sailaja]]<br />
| length5 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
NKS of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "''Kaliyugam'' shares with ''[[Nayakan|Nayagan]]'' and ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]'' a penchant for dramatic washed-out lighting schemes".<ref>{{Cite news |last=NKS |date=18 November 1988 |title=Kaliyugam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19881118&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=16 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' criticised the film for its story and music, as well as over-reliance on action.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=4 December 1988 |title=கலியுகம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1988/dec/04-12-1988/p17.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220730052403/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1988/dec/04-12-1988/p17.jpg |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=17 February 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=17 |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
{{K. Subash}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1988 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1988 action films]]<br />
[[Category:1988 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:1988 films]]<br />
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. Subash]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Chandrabose (composer)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sangili_Bungili_Kadhava_Thorae&diff=532620Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae2026-03-03T03:15:02Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: put up entry!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = Ike<br />
| writer = Ike<br />
| producer = [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]]<br />
| starring = [[Jiiva]]<br />[[Sri Divya]]<br />[[Radha Ravi]]<br />[[Soori (actor)|Soori]]<br />[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]<br />[[Thambi Ramaiah]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Sathyan Sooryan]]<br />
| editing = [[T. S. Suresh]]<br />
| music = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]<br />
| studio = A for Apple Production<br />[[Fox Star Studios]]<br />
| distributor = Fox Star Studios<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|5|19}}<br />
| runtime = 141 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae''''' ({{translation|Sangili Bungili, open the door}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[horror comedy film]] written and directed by Ike, and produced by [[Fox Star Studios]] and [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]] under his production house 'A for Apple Productions'. The film stars [[Jiiva]], [[Sri Divya]], and [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] while [[Radha Ravi]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar]], and [[Thambi Ramaiah]] play supporting roles. Featuring music composed by [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]. The film began production during March 2016 and was released on 19 May 2017.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Vasu is a house broker who sells houses by using tricks with his friend Sooranam. Vasu and his mother Parvathy are living in her brother's house for rent. Vasu and his parents had lived in houses for rent throughout their lives. After Vasu's father's death, he took a vow of buying a bungalow on the outskirts.<br />
<br />
After some years, Vasu buys the bungalow and enters the house with his whole family. He later finds that there was a family that had lived there earlier. Jambulingam lived there with his wife, mother, and daughters. He refused to move out of the house, so Vasu decides to live there until he finds the owner who cheated him. Vasu and Jambulingam's daughter Shwetha fall in love with each other. Vasu and Sooranam try some ghost tricks to chase Jambulingam's family out of the house.<br />
<br />
On learning of Vasu and Shwetha, Vasu's aunt is angered because she believed that her daughter Sandhya and Vasu will marry. She goes on a tirade about Vasu's actions to Parvathy. Parvathy tells Vasu to apologize to his aunt. He refuses, and his family moves out of the house. While Vasu and Sooranam threaten Jambulingam's deaf and dumb mother with a ghost, she sees a real ghost and is admitted in the hospital. Jambulingam blames Vasu for threatening his mother with ghosts and shows a video taken in the phone unknowingly. Shwetha also fights with Vasu, and the family moves out of the house.<br />
<br />
Vasu brings E. B. Rajeshwari to learn about the ghost. Sangili Aandavar lived in the house and was killed by his family members for the house. She tells that if the two families live happily in the house, Aandavar will go out of the house. They live in the house happily, but Jambulingam does not like to stay there. He brings his family out and locks Vasu's family inside, but when he turns, he realises that he is inside the house and all others are outside. Aandavar takes Jambulingam, but the whole family tries to rescue Jambulingam by showing strength and unity. On seeing this, Aandavar leaves the house, and Vasu lives in the house with his mother, Shwetha, and the whole family.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*[[Jiiva]] as Vasu<br />
*[[Sri Divya]] as Shwetha<br />
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Sangili Aandavar<br />
*[[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Soornam<br />
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar]] as Parvathy<br />
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Jambulingam<br />
*[[Madhumila]] as Sandhya<br />
*[[Ilavarasu]] as Parvathy's brother<br />
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as E. B. Rajeshwari<br />
*[[Devadarshini]] as Swetha's mother<br />
*[[Senthi Kumari]] as Vasu's aunt<br />
*[[Motta Rajendran]] as Chairman<br />
*[[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] as Aandavar's sister<br />
*[[Saravana Subbiah]] as Andavar's brother-in-law<br />
*[[R. Amarendran]] as Singapore Singaram<br />
*[[Mayilsamy]] as Tea Shop Owner<br />
*[[R. S. Shivaji]] as Nandakumar<br />
*[[Uday Mahesh]] as Vasu's father<br />
*Shanthi Mani as Jambulingam's mother<br />
*Tamilselvi as Aandavar's sister-in-law<br />
*Vaishali Thaniga as Shwetha's friend<br />
*Suhashini as Mrs. David<br />
*[[Nivas Adithan]] as Sangili's son<br />
*[[Jai (actor)|Jai]] in a cameo appearance<br />
* [[Premgi Amaren]] as Prem (voice-only)<br />
* [[Daniel Annie Pope]] as a driver in a cameo appearance<br />
*[[Akshara Gowda]] in a cameo appearance<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2016 |title=Jai, Akshara Gowda play cameos in Jiiva’s horror film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/jai-akshara-gowda-play-cameos-in-jiivas-horror-film/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725063708/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/jai-akshara-gowda-play-cameos-in-jiivas-horror-film/ |archive-date=25 July 2018 |access-date=25 July 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Chennai |agency=IANS}}</ref><br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
In December 2015, [[Jiiva]] announced that he would work on a new film to be directed by newcomer Ike, an erstwhile assistant of [[Kamal Haasan]]. Raja Rani Productions [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]] would work on the film as the producer alongside [[Fox Star Studios]], while [[Sridivya]] would play the lead female role. Jiiva revealed that he shared a good comfort level with both Ike and Atlee, who he had worked with during the making of ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'' (2012). He further stated that the film would be reminiscent of the horror comedy films earlier made by director [[Priyadarshan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |title=I liked the idea of a family-based fun horror film -Jiiva |url=http://www.iflickz.com/2016/03/i-liked-the-idea-of-a-family-based-horror-film-jiiva.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313153756/http://www.iflickz.com/2016/03/i-liked-the-idea-of-a-family-based-horror-film-jiiva.html |archive-date=13 March 2018 |access-date=25 July 2018 |website=iFlickz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2015 |title=Kamal Haasan’s assistant, Ike to direct Jiiva! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-haasan-s-assistant-ike-to-direct-jiiva-news-tamil-pmkrJujacfhfd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210224120/http://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-haasan-s-assistant-ike-to-direct-jiiva-news-tamil-pmkrJujacfhfd.html |archive-date=10 December 2015 |access-date=25 July 2018 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film began production during March 2016 with the first schedule held in [[Pazhani]]. The title of the film, ''Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae'' (name of a song from ''[[Muni 2: Kanchana|Kanchana]]'') was also unveiled during the first schedule. Actors [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] and [[Akshara Gowda]] appeared in cameo roles as a NRI couple in the film, and shot for the film during the first week of the shoot.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2016 |title=Jai does a cameo in Jiiva’s SBKT! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jai-does-a-cameo-in-jiiva-s-sbkt-news-tamil-qdolnrifdebae.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409075946/http://www.sify.com/movies/jai-does-a-cameo-in-jiiva-s-sbkt-news-tamil-qdolnrifdebae.html |archive-date=9 April 2016 |access-date=25 July 2018 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=2017-04-25 |title=Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae (Music review), Tamil – Vishal Chandrashekhar |url=https://milliblog.com/2017/04/25/sangili-bungili-kadhava-thorae-music-review-tamil-vishal-chandrashekhar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213033958/https://milliblog.com/2017/04/25/sangili-bungili-kadhava-thorae-music-review-tamil-vishal-chandrashekhar/ |archive-date=2024-12-13 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref> while the film's audio rights are secured by [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-24 |title=Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sangili-bungili-kadhava-thorae-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/AS8iMGK6ymU_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216121642/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sangili-bungili-kadhava-thorae-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/AS8iMGK6ymU_ |archive-date=2025-02-16 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=[[JioSaavn]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| extra_column =Singers<br />
| title1 = Ek Gau Mein<br />
| extra1 = [[Silambarasan]], [[M. M. Manasi]]<br />
| length1 = 4:19<br />
| title2 = Kattaduraikku<br />
| extra2 = [[Gangai Amaran]]<br />
| length2 = 3:51<br />
| title3 = Hai, En Kai Mela<br />
| extra3 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]<br />
| length3 = 3:40<br />
| title4 = Govinda Govinda<br />
| extra4 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
| length4 = 3:38<br />
| title5 = Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae<br />
| extra5 = [[Arunraja Kamaraj]], [[Premgi Amaren]]<br />
| length5 = 2:50<br />
|total_length = 18:18}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
M Suganth from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "It is predictable fare, yes, and there isn’t much inventiveness both in terms of narrative and filmmaking, but there is a quiet confidence in how Ike narrates this tale and keeps us entertained".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=19 May 2017 |title=SANGILI BUNGILI KADHAVA THORAE MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sangili-bungili-kadhava-thorae/movie-review/58751508.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703054824/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sangili-bungili-kadhava-thorae/movie-review/58751508.cms |archive-date=3 July 2018 |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Srinivasa Ramanujam from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "There are more laughs than horror in ''SBKT''. Director Ike seems to have taken a lot of effort in making this a ‘family story’, rather than concentrate on the ghost angle".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=May 19, 2017 |title=‘Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae’ review: Laughs on the house |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sangili-bungili-kadhava-thorae-review-laughs-on-the-house/article18508312.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035121/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sangili-bungili-kadhava-thorae-review-laughs-on-the-house/article18508312.ece |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Sowmya Rajendran]] from ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote that "With its unoriginal humour and barely there fear factor, ''Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae'' is far from being a full bodied horror comedy. It's a ghost of the genre and a very pale one at that".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=19 May 2017 |title='Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae' Review: Watch only if you like ghosts who are tedious unclejis |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/sangili-bungili-kadhava-thorae-review-watch-only-if-you-ghosts-who-are-tedious-unclejis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629012900/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/sangili-bungili-kadhava-thorae-review-watch-only-if-you-ghosts-who-are-tedious-unclejis |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
{{Atlee (director)}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 comedy horror films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Chandrashekhar]]<br />
[[Category:Fox Star Studios films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shardul-class_tank_landing_ship&diff=463571Shardul-class tank landing ship2026-02-27T17:44:33Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: updated page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Navy amphibious warfare vessel}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox ship<br />
|section1={{Infobox ship/image<br />
| image = The INS Airavat sails out of Visakhapatnam harbour after commissioning on May 19, 2009.jpg<br />
| image_caption = INS ''Airavat'' (L24) sails out of Visakhapatnam harbour after commissioning<br />
}}<br />
<br />
|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview<br />
| name = ''Shardul'' class<br />
| builders = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]]<br />
| operators = {{navy|IND}}<br />
| class_before = {{sclass|Magar|amphibious warfare vessel|4}}<br />
| class_after = <br />
| subclasses = <br />
| cost = <br />
| built_range = <br />
| in_service_range = <br />
| in_commission_range = <br />
| total_ships_building = <br />
| total_ships_planned = <br />
| total_ships_completed = 3<br />
| total_ships_canceled = <br />
| total_ships_active = 3<br />
| total_ships_laid_up = <br />
| total_ships_lost = <br />
| total_ships_retired = <br />
| total_ships_preserved = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics<br />
| hide_header = <br />
| header_caption = <br />
| type = [[Tank landing ship]]<br />
| displacement = 5,650 tons<br />
| length = {{convert|125|m|abbr=on}}<br />
| beam = {{convert|17.5|m|abbr=on}}<br />
| height = <br />
| draught = {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}}<br />
| decks = <br />
| deck_clearance = <br />
| ramps = <br />
| power = <br />
| propulsion = [[Kirloskar Group|Kirloskar]] PA6 STC engines<br />
| sail_plan = <br />
| speed = {{convert|16|kn|abbr=on}}<br />
| range = <br />
| endurance = <br />
| test_depth = <br />
| boats = 4 × [[LCVP (United Kingdom)|LCVP]]s<br />
| capacity = *11 [[Main battle tank|MBT]], 10 [[armoured vehicles]]<br />
*{{convert|465.8|m³|abbr=on}} water, {{convert|1,292.6|m³|abbr=on}} diesel fuel<br />
| troops = 500<br />
| complement = 11 officers, 145 sailors<br />
| crew = <br />
| time_to_activate = <br />
| sensors = <br />
| EW = '''Decoy:''' Chaff launchers<br />
| armament = *2 × WM-18 rocket launchers<br />
*4 × [[CRN 91 Naval Gun|CRN-91]] AA (Naval 30 mm Medak) guns, MANPAD's.<br />
| armour = <br />
| aircraft = 1 Sea King/[[HAL Dhruv]]<br />
| aircraft_facilities = <br />
| notes = <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Shardul''-class''' ({{Lit|[[Bengal Tiger|Tiger]]}}) landing ships are large [[amphibious warfare vessel]]s built by [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]] for the [[Indian Navy]]. They are an evolution of the {{sclass|Magar|amphibious warfare vessel|0}} amphibious landing ships. Initially, the ship was classified as Landing Ship Tank (Large) or LST(L). The class has an indigenous content of over 90%.<ref name=":0" /> The ships also carry four [[LCVP (United Kingdom)|landing craft vehicle personnel]] (LCVP) on board, which can be used for the landing of troops.<ref name="Operation Samudra Setu">{{cite web |date=2020-05-06 |title=Operation Samudra Setu: Why the Indian Navy chose INS Jalashwa and INS Magar |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/05/06/operation-samudra-setu-why-the-indian-navy-chose-ins-jalashwa-and-ins-magar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206164147/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/05/06/operation-samudra-setu-why-the-indian-navy-chose-ins-jalashwa-and-ins-magar.html |archive-date=2024-12-06 |access-date=2021-01-03 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The order for the vessels were placed in December 2001 while the contract was signed in early 2002.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The ship is equipped with WM-18 140 mm rocket launchers, developed by [[DRDO]] and manufactured by [[Larsen & Toubro]]. Two units of the system is integrated with one each on [[port and starboard]]. The rocket launcher has 18 tubes in a configuration of 6×3. These are used for beach clearing operations before initiating amphibious operations. The armament also includes four [[CRN 91 naval gun|CRN-91]] autocannons for self-defence.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1292731705762045952 |user=DefenceDecode |title=DRDO-L&T Rocket Launcher WM-18: Rocket Launcher WM-18 is used for beach clearing operations by the LST class of ships, before executing amphibious operations. The weapon system comprises 2 launcher mounts, one each for port and starboard... |date=2020-08-10 |access-date=2024-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1273095546761293824 |user=strategicfront |title=Vietnamese amphibious ships with L&T WM-18 Rocket Launchers . The WM-18 is used for beach clearing operations by the Shardul-class LST of the IN, before executing amphibious operations... |date=2020-06-17 |access-date=2024-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1397092607977795584 |user=strategicfront |title=L&T's missile systems production plant. L&T works as both the systems integrator & the supplier for many munitions... |date=2021-05-25 |access-date=2024-09-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Shardul'' was the first vessel commissioned at Karwar Naval Base, [[INS Kadamba]]. The second ship ''Kesari'' was commissioned at the [[Visakhapatnam]] Naval Base,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/pres08b.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621070053/http://indiannavy.nic.in/pres08b.htm |archive-date=21 June 2008 | title=INS Kesari Commissioned | date=5 April 2008 |website=Indian Navy | access-date=6 July 2019 }}</ref> and later moved to [[Port Blair]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1235210.ece |title=Another naval ship heads for Seychelles |work=The Hindu |date=8 May 2009 |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> The third ship ''Airavata'' underwent sea trials in 2008 and was commissioned in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/08/stories/2008040859740800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429042532/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/08/stories/2008040859740800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 April 2012 |title=INS Airavata for basin trials in May |last=Balajj |first=J. |date=8 April 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/phsmall.asp?phid=22838 |title=Image of INS Airavat |work=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India |date=19 May 2009 |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/phsmall.asp?phid=22839 |title=Image during Commissioning ceremony |work=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India |date=19 May 2009 |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Ships ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|- <br />
! Name || Pennant Number<br />
!Laid down<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |title=Shardul Class |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/navy/equipment/specs/shardul-class/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
!Launched<ref name=":0" />||Commissioned|| Status<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" |{{navy|India}}<br />
|- <br />
| {{INS|Shardul|2004|2}}<br />
| L16<br />
|16 December 2002<br />
|3 April 2004<br />
| 4 January 2007<br />
| rowspan=3|Active<br />
|-<br />
| {{INS|Kesari|2005|2}}<br />
| L15<br />
|<br />
|8 June 2005<br />
| 5 April 2008<br />
|-<br />
| {{INS|Airavat|L24|2}}<br />
| L24<br />
|<br />
|27 March 2006<br />
| 19 May 2009<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|width=160 | height=170<br />
|File:INS Shardul (L16) entering Port Luis, Mauritius.jpg<br />
|{{INS|Shardul|2004|2}} entering [[Port Louis]], [[Mauritius]].<br />
|File:INS Shardul (L16) of 1st Training squadron en-route to Sri Lanka.jpg<br />
|{{INS|Shardul|2004|2}} of 1st Training squadron en-route to [[Sri Lanka]].<br />
|File:INS Kesari during Milan 2018 exercise.jpg<br />
|{{INS|Kesari|2005|2}} during [[Milan (naval exercise)|MILAN]] 2018 exercise.<br />
|File:Ships participating in PASSEX during MILAN 2012.jpg<br />
|{{INS|Kesari|2005|2}} participating in PASSEX during [[Milan (naval exercise)|MILAN]] 2012.<br />
|File:The INS Airavat sails out of Visakhapatnam harbour after commissioning on May 19, 2009.jpg<br />
|{{INS|Airavat|L24|2}} sails out of [[Visakhapatnam]] harbor after commissioning on May 19, 2009.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of active Indian Navy ships]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Shardul class landing ships}}<br />
*[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/166-Shardul-Class.html Shardul Class - Bharat Rakshak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228164424/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/166-Shardul-Class.html |date=28 February 2022 }}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070519132507/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=133098 Launch of INS Kesari]<br />
*[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/11/07/stories/2006110702691000.htm Shardul handed over to Navy]<br />
*[http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20061105/498991.html GRSE hands over Shardul to Indian Navy]<br />
<br />
{{Shardul-class tank landing ship}}<br />
{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shardul Class Landing Ship}}<br />
[[Category:Shardul-class tank landing ships| ]]<br />
[[Category:Amphibious warfare vessel classes]]<br />
[[Category:Ships built in India]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anita_Raj&diff=468660Anita Raj2026-02-27T05:25:20Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: fix formatting additionally and improved wording per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian film and television actress (born 1963)}}<br />
{{for|the American developmental psychologist|Anita Raj (academic)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Anita Raj<br />
| image = AnitaRaj.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = Anita Raj in October 2013<br />
| birth_name = Anita Raj Khurana<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|02|28|df=yes}}<ref name="DOB">{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/sbsabpnews/reel/DGvObRroTIM/?locale=hi_IN&hl=af|title=#Anita Raj Belated birthday celebration set Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. Real birthday date 28,feb|date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref name="DOB1">{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DGmvvc0TYdp/?utm_source=ig_embed&ig_rid=c4d511c7-be49-4ab3-ba7f-a09c4201b8a2|title=❤️Today, I turn 62 years young!|date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref name="HT">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/actor-anita-raj-age-62-fitness-secrets-for-toned-body-gym-workout-lifting-heavy-weights-holding-a-61-minute-plank-101742281249903.html|title=Actor Anita Raj's fitness secrets for toned body at 62: 'From lifting heavy weights to holding 61-minute plank|date=2025-06-05}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India<br />
| father = [[Jagdish Raj]]<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Sunil Hingorani|1986}}<br />
| children = 1<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-Entertainment/Onceabombshell/Article4-430878.aspx |title=Once a bombshell... &#124; Once a bombshell... &#124; |work=Hindustan Times |year=2013 |quote=My son, Shivam, is 20 |access-date=30 July 2013 |archive-date=4 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504023221/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-Entertainment/Onceabombshell/Article4-430878.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| occupation = actress<br />
| years_active = 1981–2000<br />2007–present<br />
| notable_works = ''[[Ghulami]]''<br />
| known_for = ''[[Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani]]'' <br> ''[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]'' <br> ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' <br> "[[Tumhari Pakhi]]"<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Anita Raj Khurana''' (born 28 February 1963)<ref name="DOB"/><ref name="DOB1"/><ref name="HT"/> is an Indian actress and the daughter of well-known actor [[Jagdish Raj]]. Her notable films include [[Prem Geet (1981 film)|Prem Geet]] (1981), ''[[Zara Si Zindagi]]'' (1983), ''[[Naukar Biwi Ka]]'' (1983), ''[[Zameen Aasmaan (1984 film)|Zameen Aasman]]'' (1984), [[Ghulami]] (1985) and ''[[Mazloom]] (''1986).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Anita-Raj-is-the-new-glam-mum-in-town/articleshow/10914964.cms |title=Anita Raj is the new glam mum in town |year=2011 |quote=Jagdish Raj's daughter made her Bollywood debut in the 1981 romantic film Prem Geet |access-date=30 July 2013 |archive-date=1 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801194057/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-29/news-interviews/30453952_1_comeback-silver-screen-anita-raj |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> Anita is also known for playing Priyamvada Singh in the TV Series ''[[Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani]]'' and Kulwant Kaur Dhillon in ''[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]''. Currently she is seen as Kaveri Poddar in ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]].''<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===Film===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|-<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1981<br />
|''[[Prem Geet (1981 film)|Prem Geet]]''<br />
|Shikha<br />
|Debut<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1982<br />
|''[[Mehndi Rang Layegi]]''<br />
|Padma<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Dulha Bikta Hai]]'' <br />
|Shayla<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |1983<br />
|''[[Zara Si Zindagi]]''<br />
|Kusum<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Prem Tapasya]]''<br />
|Anita<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kaun? Kaisey?]]'' <br />
|Preeti<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Naukar Biwi Ka]]''<br />
|Jyoti Nath 'Rani'<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Achha Bura]]'' <br />
|Rita Roy<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Jeet Hamaari]]'' <br />
|Anita<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thai Veedu]]'' <br />
|Anita<br />
|Tamil version of Jeet Hamari<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |1984<br />
|''[[Bad Aur Badnam]]''<br />
|Dr. Anita Mathur<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Zameen Aasmaan (1984 film)|Zameen Aasmaan]]'' <br />
|Anita<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Lakhon Ki Baat]]''<br />
|Shobha Prakash<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Laila (1984 film)|Laila]]''<br />
|Padmini<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Andar Baahar]]'' <br />
|Uncredited<br />
|Cameo<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Jeene Nahi Doonga]]''<br />
|Bijli<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ab Ayega Mazaa]]'' <br />
|Nupur<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" |1985<br />
|''[[Karm Yudh (1985 film)|Karm Yudh]]'' <br />
|Usha Saxena<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Masterji]]'' <br />
|Shobha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ghulami]]'' <br />
|Tulsi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Jaan Ki Baazi]]'' <br />
|Geeta<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Lover Boy (1985 film)|Lover Boy]]'' <br />
|Bijli<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Zulm Ka Badla]]'' <br />
|Geeta Verma/Mrs. Dsouza<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Yaar Kasam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Karishma Kudrat Kaa]]'' <br />
|Paro<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Bihari Babu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="10" |1986<br />
|''[[Ilzaam]]'' <br />
|Kamal<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kala Dhanda Goray Log]]'' <br />
|Sandhya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pyar Kiya Hai Pyar Karenge]]''<br />
|Shobha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Teesra Kinara''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mazloom]]''<br />
|Purnima (Poonam)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Asli Naqli]]'' <br />
|Anita<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ek Aur Sikander]]'' <br />
|Shama<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mohabbat Ki Kasam]]'' <br />
|Shop owner's wife<br />
|Cameo<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mera Haque]]'' <br />
|Bijli<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Jwala<br />
|Mastani<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |1987<br />
|''[[Insaniyat Ke Dushman]]'' <br />
|Shashi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Hawalaat]]''<br />
|Salma/Shamim Khan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Satyamev Jayate (1987 film)|Satyamev Jayate]]''<br />
|College Lecturer Vidya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Hiraasat]]'' <br />
|Renu<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Insaf Ki Pukar]]''<br />
|Police Inspector Sheela<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="10" |1988<br />
|Anjaam khuda jaane<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sagar Sangam]]''<br />
|Subitra<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Shiv Shakti]]'' <br />
|Dolly<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Mera Muqaddar''<br />
|Dancer (Uncredited)<br />
|Cameo<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani (1988 film)|Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani]]'' <br />
|Deepa<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mahaveera (film)|Mahaveera]]''<br />
|Dancer<br />
|Cameo<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Paap Ko Jalaa Kar Raakh Kar Doonga]]''<br />
|Vandana<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Paanch Fauladi]]'' <br />
|Annu<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Zalzala (1988 film)|Zalzala]]''<br />
|Sheela<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Saazish (1988 film)|Saazish]]'' <br />
|Roma<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" |1989<br />
|''[[Asmaan Se Ooncha]]''<br />
|Anita Malik<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nafrat Ki Aandhi]]''<br />
|Radha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Do Yaar<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Clerk (1989 film)|Clerk]]''<br />
|Pooja<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Billoo Badshah]]''<br />
|Asha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Abhimanyu]]''<br />
|Lalita<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Taaqatwar]]'' <br />
|Anju Khurana<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Jurrat (film)|Jurrat]]'' <br />
|Julie<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pati Patni Aur Tawaif]]'' <br />
|Film star Kiran<br />
|Cameo<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |1990<br />
|''[[Hum Se Na Takrana]]''<br />
|Sundari<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Zimmedaaar]]'' <br />
|Anita<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sher Dil (Indian film)|Sher Dil]]''<br />
|Kiran Kailashnath<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Khatarnaak]]'' <br />
|Helena<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Atishbaz]]''<br />
|Reshma<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |1991<br />
|''Kasam Kali Ki''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasam Kali Ki (1991) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kasam-kali-ki-7064/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408025213/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kasam-kali-ki-7064/cast-crew |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><br />
|Bijlee/Roopa<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kaun Kare Kurbanie]]'' <br />
|Anita Singh<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Swarg Jaisaa Ghar]]''<br />
|Savitri<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Maut Ki Sazaa''<br />
|Jyotsna<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Jasa Baap Tashi Poore''<br />
|Doctor Anita<br />
|Marathi movie<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |1992<br />
|''[[Adharm (1992 film)|Adharm]]'' <br />
|Sharda<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Virodhi (1992 film)|Virodhi]]''<br />
|Mrs. Shekhar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Mehndi Shagna Di''<br />
|Rano<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1993<br />
|''Saboot Mangta Hain Kanoon''<br />
|Anita<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1994<br />
|''[[Ghar Ki Izzat (1994 film)|Ghar Ki Izzat]]''<br />
|Sheela<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1995<br />
|''Faisla Main Karungi''<br />
|Jenny<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1996<br />
|''Gehra Raaz''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2007<br />
|''[[Thodi Life Thoda Magic]]'' <br />
|Ashima Singhania<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|''[[Chaar Din Ki Chandni]]'' <br />
|Devika Singh<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2019<br />
|''Bagaavat''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Yaaram]]'' <br />
|Vijeta Bajaj<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Mudda 370 J&K'' <br />
|Aasma's mother<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Deendayal Ek Yugpurush'' <br />
|Lata Khanna<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|''[[Lafzon Mein Pyaar]]''<br />
|Durga Bhabhi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[Mere Husband Ki Biwi]]''<br />
|Antra's Mother<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
!scope="row"style="background: #ffc;" |''Hum Mein Shahenshah Koun {{dagger}}''<br />
|<br />
| Delayed release after 37 years - scheduled for APRIL<br />
<ref>{{cite web |title=Anita Raj |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hum-mein-shahenshah-koun/}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable";" <br />
|- <br />
! Year <br />
! Title <br />
! Role<br />
! Notes<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 1986<br />
| ''Festivals of India''<br />
| Presenter<br />
|<br />
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Umashanker |first1=Sudha |title=On the right wavelength |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19861115&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |work=The Indian Express |access-date=6 February 2018 |page=14 |date=15 November 1986 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412184235/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 1998–1999<br />
| ''Ashiqui''<br />
| Anita<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1999<br />
| ''Maya''<br />
| Maya<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2000<br />
| ''Eeena Meena Deeka''<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2013; 2016<br />
| ''[[24 (Indian TV series) | 24]]''<br />
| Naina Singhania<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
| ''[[Tumhari Pakhi]]''<br />
| Anuja/Devki Rathore <br />
| <br />
| {{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} <br />
|-<br />
| 2015–2017<br />
| ''[[Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani]]''<br />
| Priyamvada Devvadan Singh Deo<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2019–2022<br />
| ''[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]''<br />
| rowspan = "2" | Kulwant Kaur Dhillon<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2022<br />
| ''[[Parineeti (TV series)|Parineetii]]''<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
| ''[[Saavi Ki Savaari]]''<br />
| Kumud Dalmiya Agarwal<br />
|<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=13 April 2023|title=Anita Raaj Is Set To Enter 'Saavi Ki Savaari' As A Tough Personality|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anita-raaj-is-set-to-enter-saavi-ki-savaari-as-a-tough-personalit/articleshow/99467961.cms|access-date=24 December 2023|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2023–present<br />
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''<br />
| Kaveri Poddar<br />
| <br />
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-anita-raj-to-join-rajan-shahis-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-post-the-time-leap/articleshow/104468473.cms|title=Anita Raj to join Rajan Shahi's Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai post the time leap|newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-16}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{IMDb name}}<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Anita}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]<br />
[[Category:1963 births]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ei_Samay&diff=498248Ei Samay2026-02-22T14:29:04Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Bengali-language daily newspaper}}<br />
{{Multi issues|<br />
{{Primary sources|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Rewrite|date=January 2026}} }}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}} <br />
{{Infobox newspaper<br />
| name = Ei Samay Sangbadpatra<br />
| logo = Ei Samay Sangbadpatra logo.svg<br />
| _size = <br />
| image = Ei Samay Sangbadpatra cover page August 15, 2022.jpg<br />
| caption = The front page of the edition of ''Ei Samay'' on August 15, 2022.<br />
| type = Online news portal<br />
| format = [[Digital media|Digital]]<br />
| founded = 15 October 2012 ([[Newspaper|Daily Newspaper]])<br />
| political_position = <br />
| ceased_publication = <br />
| owners = [[Tidings Media and Communications Pvt Ltd]]<br />
[[Sanjay Basu]]<br />
[[Anurag Chaudhary]]<br />
| publisher = Tidings Media and Communications Pvt Ltd<br />
| editor = <br />
| chief_editor = Hirak Bandyopadhyay<br />
| associate_editor = <br />
| staff_writers = <br />
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| publishing_country = [[India]]<br />
| circulation = 242,022 Daily<ref name=ABCIND>{{cite web | url= http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JD%202019%20Highest%20Circulated%20(language%20wise).pdf | title= Highest Circulated Daily Newspapers (language wise) | publisher= [[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Audit Bureau of Circulations]] | access-date= 5 January 2020 | archive-date= 9 August 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200809233648/http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JD%202019%20Highest%20Circulated%20(language%20wise).pdf | url-status= live }}</ref><br />
| circulation_date = December 2019<br />
| headquarters = Kolkata, West Bengal, India<br />
| sister_newspapers = Ei Samay Online (Bengali Digital)<br />
News Ei Samay (English Digital)<br />
Samachar Ei Samay (Hindi Digital)<br />
| oclc = <br />
| ISSN = <br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.eisamay.com/}}<br />
{{URL|https://www.newseisamay.com/}}<br />
{{URL|https://www.samachareisamay.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Ei Samay''''' is a prominent Bengali-language daily newspaper and digital news platform headquartered in Kolkata, West Bengal. As of 2026, it is owned by Tidings Media and Communication Private Ltd, following its sale by the Times Group in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=I. P. P. |date=2024-05-31 |title=Times Group sells Bengali daily Ei Samay |url=https://indianprinterpublisher.com/blog/2024/05/bengali-daily-ei-samay/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
Times group sells Ei Samay to Tidings Media and Communication Private Ltd in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=e4m |date=2024-05-29 |title=Times Group sells 'Ei Samay' to Adv Sanjay Basu and industrialist Anurag Choudhary - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/times-group-sells-bengali-daily-ei-samay-to-mamata-banerjee-aide-adv-sanjay-basu-134668.html |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
While the core brand is Bengali, it has expanded into multi-language digital reporting:<br />
<br />
News Ei Samay (English) <ref>{{Cite web |title=News Eisamay |url=https://newseisamay.com/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=newseisamay.com |language=en}}</ref>: A digital news portal launched in late 2025 to provide English-language coverage for young professionals and a global audience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=e4m |date=2025-11-26 |title=Ei Samay launches Hindi and English digital platforms - Samachar Ei Samay & News Ei Samay - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/ei-samay-launches-hindi-and-english-digital-platforms-samachar-ei-samay-news-ei-samay-149666.html |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref> News Ei Samay is the global-facing voice of Bengal’s most trusted Bengali daily. It brings stories in English from the region to a wider audience, blending strong local reporting with a national and international outlook. From politics and culture to business, technology and lifestyle, the English vertical offers sharp, reliable journalism, rooted in Bengal yet relevant to the world, for readers who want depth, clarity and credibility.<br />
<br />
Samachar Ei Samay (Hindi): A Hindi-language digital platform introduced simultaneously with the English version to cater to Hindi-speaking readers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Adgully |date=2025-11-27 |title=Ei Samay expands digital footprint with English and Hindi news platforms |url=https://www.adgully.com/post/Ei%20Samay%20expands%20digital%20footprint%20with%20English%20and%20Hindi%20news%20platforms/ei-samay-expands-digital-footprint-with-english-and-hindi-news-platforms |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Eisamay.com (Bengali): The primary digital hub for real-time news in Bengali, featuring sections on West Bengal politics, Kolkata local updates, and international news.<br />
<br />
The newspaper was originally launched on October 15, 2012, by The Times Group to compete directly with dominant publications like Anandabazar Patrika. In mid-2024, the publication transitioned to new ownership under Tidings Media & Communications Private Limited, a firm led by advocate Sanjay Basu and industrialist Anurag Chaudhary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjie |date=2024-07-15 |title=Aquilaw partner acquires Bengali daily, Ei Samay |url=https://law.asia/aquilaw-partner-acquire-ei-samay/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Law.asia |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Pre-launch scenario ==<br />
The vernacular print media space in [[West Bengal]] comprises four major Bengali dailies: ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'', ''[[Aajkaal]]'', ''[[Bartaman]]'' and ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]''. Out of these, ''Anandabazar Patrika'' is said to be the dominant leader in the Bengali print media space and ranks 6th among the top 10 vernacular dailies in India as per [[Indian Readership Survey]] 2012, with a readership of about 59 lakhs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thehoot.org/web/NEWSPAPERS/5845-1-1-37-true.html |title=The Hoot Story Page - media, press, subcontinent, media ethics, media watch, media research, media conflict, media gender, community radio, Unescos<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=26 October 2012 |archive-date=4 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104214034/http://thehoot.org/web/NEWSPAPERS/5845-1-1-37-true.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Sections ==<br />
; Regular sections<br />
* ''Ei Muhurte'': contains essays on different topics, tips, and analysis on different subjects like graphology and share market<br />
* ''Ei Shahar'': contains news and articles related to Kolkata<br />
* ''Ei Rajya'': contains news and articles related to West Bengal<br />
* ''Ei Desh'': deals with news of national interest<br />
* ''Sompadokiyo'': contains editorial, on this date, essays<br />
* ''Khelar Samay'': sports section contains news on different sports<br />
* ''Byabsa Banijyo'': business section contains news related to business, economics and finance<br />
<br />
; Other sections<br />
* ''Onnya Samay'': regular supplement<ref name="Ei Samay launched, Bengali print war heats up">{{cite web |title=Ei Samay launched, Bengali print war heats up |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/48417_ei-samay-launched-bengali-print-war-heats-up.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118114757/http://www.exchange4media.com/48417_ei-samay-launched-bengali-print-war-heats-up.html |archive-date=18 November 2012 |access-date=7 November 2012 |publisher=Exchange4media |df=dmy}}</ref><br />
* ''Robibaroyari'': Sunday special.<br />
<br />
==Editions==<br />
Currently this daily is published from [[Kolkata]] and [[New Delhi]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{official website|https://eisamay.com/}} {{in lang|bn}}<br />
* [http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/ ''Ei Samay'' e-paper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212235557/http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/ |date=12 December 2015 }}<br />
<br />
{{The Times Group}}<br />
{{Bengali-language newspaper}}<br />
{{Newspapers in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language newspapers published in India]]<br />
[[Category:Newspapers published in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Newspapers established in 2012]]<br />
[[Category:The Times of India|Ei Samay Sangbadpatra]]<br />
[[Category:Publications of The Times Group]]<br />
[[Category:Newspapers published in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:National newspapers published in India]]<br />
[[Category:2012 establishments in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikahra_Hardaspur&diff=535800Sikahra Hardaspur2026-02-19T06:50:49Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: put up page!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Sikahra Hardaspur<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_map = Firozabad block Sikahra Hardaspur.png<br />
| map_caption = Map showing Sikahra Hardaspur in Firozabad block<br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27.0256|N|78.46569|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/><br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 4.393<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 3273<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/><br />
| demographics_type1 = <br />
| demographics1_title1 = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 283203<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Sikahra Hardaspur''' ({{IAST|Sikahrā Hardāspur}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is located southeast of Firozabad, near the [[Yamuna]], with part of the Firozabad Reserved Forest between the village and the river. As of 2011, Sikahra Hardaspur had a population of 3,273, in 480 households.<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Sikahra Hardaspur is located southeast of Firozabad and northeast of the [[Yamuna]] river.<!-- Survey of India map G44A8 --> To the southwest is a densely forested tract that belongs to the Firozabad Reserved Forest.<!-- Survey of India map G44A8 --> [[Vachellia nilotica|Babul]] is the predominant species of tree in this area.<!-- Survey of India map G44A8 --> Farmland surrounds Sikahra Hardaspur on the north, east, and southeast.<!-- Survey of India map G44A8 --> There are several prominent [[irrigation tank|tank]]s in the vicinity: one in the village itself, on the northeast side; one to the east, close to the hamlet of Khera; and a third a bit to the southeast along a small road to the village of [[Allahdadpur]].<!-- Survey of India map G44A8 --> To the northeast of Sikahra Hardaspur is the village of [[Sengai, India|Sengai]], while to the northwest is the market village of [[Jalalpur, Firozabad|Jalalpur]].<!-- Survey of India map G44A8 --><ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
As of 2011, Sikahra Hardaspur had a population of 3,273, in 480 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|126}} This population was 54.0% male (1,767) and 46.0% female (1,506).<!-- Census 2011 B, p. 110 --> The 0–6 age group numbered 535 (290 male and 245 female), making up 16.3% of the total population.<!-- Census 2011 B, p. 116 --> 154 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 4.7% of the total.<!-- Census 2011 B, p. 116 --><ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|116-7}}<br />
<br />
The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Sikahra Hardaspur (as "Sikhara Hardaspur") as having a population of 1,759 people (980 male and 779 female), in 301 households and 293 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|196-7}}<br />
<br />
The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Sikahra Hardaspur as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 1,721 people (962 male and 759 female), in 225 households and 188 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,404 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}<br />
<br />
== Infrastructure ==<br />
As of 2011, Sikahra Hardaspur had 2 primary schools and 1 primary health sub centre.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 126-7 --> Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well/bore well; there were no public toilets.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 128 --> The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for residential and agricultural (but not commercial) purposes.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 129, 31 --> Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 130 --><ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|126-31}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Firozabad district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khelaghor&diff=451687Khelaghor2026-02-05T22:30:08Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: Improved wording and formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Bengali television series}}<br />
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Khelaghor.jpg<br />
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] <br/> [[Romance film|Romance]] <br> [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] <br> [[Crime]]<br />
| creator = [[Blues Productions]]<br />
| developer = [[Blues Productions]]<br />
| writer =<br />
| screenplay = Snehasish Chakraborty<br />
| story = Snehasish Chakraborty<br />
| director = Ranjoy Roy<br />
| creative_director = Snehasish Chakraborty<br />
| starring = {{ubl|Swikriti Majumder|Syed Arefin}}<br />
| voices = Joy Bhattacharya<br />
| composer = Snehasish Chakraborty<br />
| open_theme = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Bengali<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 628 <!-- As of 4 September 2022--><br />
| executive_producer = Runa & Sudip <br> (Blues Productions)<br> Samajita, Arpita & Dipanita<br> (Star Jalsha)<br />
| producer = Snehasish Chakraborty<br />
| editor = Bapon & Sumit<br />
| location = [[Kolkata]]<br />
| cinematography = Sukanta Baag<br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = 22 minutes<br />
| company = [[Blues Productions]]<br />
| channel = [[Star Jalsha]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2020|11|30}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|09|04}} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Khelaghor''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language [[Romantic film|romantic]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series that premiered on 30 November 2020 on Bengali General Television Entertainment Channel [[Star Jalsha]] and it also available on the digital platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. The show is produced by Snehasish Chakraborty of ''[[Blues Productions]]'' and stars Swikriti Majumder and Syed Arefin in lead roles. On 8 August 2022, an [[Odia language|Odia]] dubbed version of this show was premiered on [[Star Kiran]]. After a successful run of almost two years, the show went off-air on 4 September 2022.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The story involves a rich girl, Purna Chatterjee, who gets accidentally married to an uneducated vagabond Shantu Gunda, a goon living in a slum in a twist of fate. Shantu, once a bright student, Digbijoy Roy, gets jailed for 3 years for a crime he committed accidentally and later gets hired by Gogon Makhal, the leader of a local political party. Purna is the daughter of Justice Barun Chatterjee, the judge responsible for Shantu's imprisonment. Born and brought up conservatively, she never thought of meeting a man and falling in love with him, thus agreeing for an arranged marriage with Ritam. Shantu, on the other hand applies sindoor on Purna's forehead in a fit of rage just to prove his point about marriage, but he later regrets it. Though shocked and distraught at first, Purna leaves Ritam on the very ritual whereas Ritam supports Purna and says he loves her irrespective of the accidental sindur which is not really a marriage by law. But Purna forcefully enters the slum as a newly wed bride, much to the chagrin of her father as well as Shantu. Ritam continues to love her but Purna ignores him and keeps chasing Shantu, who is also loved secretly by his childhood friend Radha. However, destiny makes many events occur in the life of Shantu and Purna which eventually make them both gets close to each other.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Raima |title=শান্টু ও পূর্ণার আচমকা বিয়ে দিয়ে শুরু 'খেলাঘর', স্টার জলসার নতুন ধারাবাহিক |url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-news/star-jalshas-new-show-khelaghor-when-love-conquers-all-differences/articleshow/79430751.cms |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=26 November 2020 |language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
===Main===<br />
* Swikriti Majumder<ref>{{cite news |title=প্রথম ধারাবাহিক থেকেই সকলের প্রিয় হয়ে উঠেছেন 'খেলাঘর'-এর পূর্ণা, কিন্তু বাস্তবে তিনি কেমন, জানুন |url=https://www.khabor24x7.com/entertainment/how-is-swikriti-in-her-real-life-47821/ |work=Khabor24x7 |date=2021-05-14|language=bn}}</ref> as Purna Chatterjee Roy – Barun and Somdatta's elder daughter; Arna's sister; Rana, Baishali, Riya, Nandini and Gargi's cousin; Shantu's wife<br />
* Syed Arefin<ref>{{cite news |title=Actor Syed Arefin bags the lead role in 'Khelaghar' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-syed-arefin-bags-the-lead-role-in-khela-ghar/articleshow/79296191.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> as Digbijoy "Shantu" Roy – Sarbojit and Panchali's youngest son; Ranjit and Ajit's brother; Purna's husband<br />
<br />
===Recurring===<br />
* Sohan Bandyopadhyay as Justice Barun Chatterjee – Kiranmala and Tarun's brother; Somdatta's husband; Purna and Arna's father<br />
* [[Dolon Roy]] as Somdatta Chatterjee – Barun's wife; Purna and Arna's mother<br />
* Shuvangshee Dutta as Arna Chatterjee – Barun and Somdatta's younger daughter; Purna's sister; Rana, Baishali, Riya, Nandini and Gargi's cousin<br />
* [[Subhasish Mukherjee]] as Sarbojit Roy – Panchali's husband; Ranjit, Ajit and Shantu's father<br />
* [[Mousumi Saha]] as Panchali Roy – Sarbojit's wife; Ranjit, Ajit and Shantu's mother<br />
* Jayanta Dutta Barman as Ranjit Roy – Sarbojit and Panchali's eldest son; Ajit and Shantu's brother; Swati's husband<br />
* [[Bulbuli Panja]] as Swati Roy – Ranjit's wife<br />
* Sounak Ray<ref>{{cite news |title=Actor Sounak Ray bags a role in 'Khelaghar' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-sounak-ray-bags-a-role-in-khelaghar/articleshow/79316524.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> as IPS Ritam Mukherjee – Partha's son; Purna's ex-fiancé<br />
* Manishankar Banerjee as Partha Pratim Mukherjee – Ritam's father<br />
* Biplab Bandyopadhyay as Moundip – Shantu's professor<br />
* Sneha Das as Radha – Shantu's childhood friend and lover; Ravi's love interest<br />
* Tapasi Roy Chowdhury as Kiranmala Chatterjee Ganguly – Barun and Tarun's sister<br />
* Sudipa Basu as Aloka Chatterjee – Kiranmala, Barun and Tarun's sister-in-law<br />
* Rana Mitra as Tarun Chatterjee – Kiranmala and Barun's brother; Meghna's husband<br />
* Meghna Halder as Meghna Chatterjee – Tarun's wife<br />
* Dipanjan Jack Bhattacharya as Rana Chatterjee – Purna, Arna, Baishali, Riya, Nandini and Gargi's cousin; Bonnie's husband<br />
* Mousumi Bhattacharya as Bonnie Chatterjee – Rana's wife<br />
* Sukanya Chatterjee as Baishali, Purna's eldest cousin<br />
* Ankita Brahma as Riya, Purna's cousin<br />
* Nondini Roy as Nondini, Purna's cousin<br />
* Gargi Mukherjee as Gargi, Purna's youngest cousin<br />
* Sankar Sanku Chakraborty as Gogon Makhal- a corrupt politician, Purna and Shantu's rival<br />
* Surajit Sen as Bobin goon, Shantu's Rival<br />
* Priyantika Karmakar as Gauri Makhal- Gogon's sister<br />
*Judhajit Banerjee as Badal Singh<br />
* Roosha Chatterjee as Roosha Chatterjee <br />
* Ashim Mukherjee as Roosha's father<br />
<br />
==Adaptations==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"<br />
|- style="color:white"<br />
! style="background:#87CEEB; width:10%;"| Language<br />
! style="background:#87CEEB; width:25%;"| Title<br />
! style="background:#87CEEB; width:20%;"| Original release<br />
! style="background:#87CEEB; width:35%;"| Network(s)<br />
! style="background:#87CEEB; width:30%;"| Last aired<br />
! style="background:#87CEEB; width:15%;"| Notes<br />
! style="background:#87CEEB; width:15%;"| Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| ''Khelaghor'' <br> খেলাঘর<br />
| 30 November 2020<br />
| [[Star Jalsha]]<br />
| 4 September 2022<br />
| Original<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| ''[[Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum]]'' <br> தென்றல் வந்து என்னை தொடும்<br />
| 16 August 2021<br />
| [[Star Vijay]]<br />
| 11 February 2023<br />
| Rowspan=4| Remake<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil TV show 'Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum' to go off-air|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-tv-show-thendral-vandhu-ennai-thodum-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/105066202.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=8 November 2023 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br />
|''[[Neenadena]]''<br />ನೀನಾದೇನಾ<br />
| 16 May 2023<br />
| [[Star Suvarna]]<br />
| Rowspan=3| Ongoing<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Serial 'Neenadena' to premiere today|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/neenadena-to-premiere-today-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-show/articleshow/100265956.cms/|website=Times of India|date=16 May 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Malayalam]]<br />
|''[[Pavithram (TV series)|Pavithram]]'' <br/>പവിത്രം<br />
|Rowspan=2| 16 December 2024<br />
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
|''Nuvvunte Naa Jathaga''<br />
| [[Star Maa]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Maa New Serial: స్టార్ మాలో సరికొత్త సీరియల్.. బిగ్ బాస్ టైమ్లోనే టెలికాస్ట్.. ఎప్పటి నుంచంటే?|url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/star-maa-new-serial-nuvvunte-naa-jathaga-bigg-boss-fame-arjun-kalyan-serial-starting-from-16th-december-121733990780564.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=12 December 2024}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
=== Ratings ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Week <br />
! rowspan="2" | Year<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership <br />
! rowspan="2" | Ref.<br />
|-<br />
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]<br />
! Rank<br />
|-<br />
|Week 51<br />
|2020<br />
|5.1<br />
|4<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 51 - DATA: Saturday, 19th December 2020 To Friday, 25th December 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210107061032/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2021-01-07|url-status=live|website=BARC India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Week 52<br />
|2020<br />
|5.4<br />
|5<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 52 - DATA: Saturday, 26th December 2020 To Friday, 1st January 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210114033403/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2021-01-14|url-status=live|website=BARC India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Week 1<br />
|2021<br />
|5.1<br />
|4<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 1 - DATA: Saturday, 2nd January 2021 To Friday, 8th January 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210120175842/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2021-01-20|url-status=live|website=BARC India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Week 2<br />
|2021<br />
|5.0<br />
|5<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 2 - DATA: Saturday, 9th January 2021 To Friday, 15th January 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210126034641/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2021-01-26|url-status=live|website=BARC India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Week 3<br />
|2021<br />
|4.8<br />
|4<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 3 - DATA: Saturday, 16th January 2021 To Friday, 22nd January 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210202164715/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2021-02-02|url-status=live|website=BARC India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Week 4<br />
|2021<br />
|4.9<br />
|4<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 4 - DATA: Saturday, 23rd January 2021 To Friday, 29th January 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210210163703/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2021-02-10|url-status=live|website=BARC India}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]<br />
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shubh_Vivah_(2012_TV_series)&diff=535476Shubh Vivah (2012 TV series)2026-01-31T16:28:17Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{more citations needed|date=November 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English |date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Shubh Vivah.jpeg<br />
| caption =<br />
| genre = [[Drama]]<br />
| creator = <br />
| writer = Rajesh Beri<br />
| director = Ashish Khurana<br>Himanshu Consul<br />
| creative_director = Bharvi Shah<br />
| presenter = <br />
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]<br />
| theme_music_composer = Lalit Sen<br>Rajesh Beri<br />
| open_theme = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| producer = Santosh J Nair<br>Zarina Mehta<br />
| editor = S. Salim<br>Vinay Malu<br />
| cinematography = Narendra Joshi<br />
| camera = <br />
| runtime = approx. 20 minutes<br />
| company = [[UTV Software Communications]]<br />
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 89<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2012|2|27}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2012|6|29}}<br />
| related = [[Metti Oli]] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Shubh Vivah''''' ({{Translation|''Happy Wedding''}}) is a 2012 Indian television drama series telecast on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2012/02/sony-enters-early-prime-time-with-shubh-vivaah/|title=Sony enters early prime time with 'Shubh Vivaah'|website=www.bestmediaifo.com|date=23 February 2012 |access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref> It premiered on 27 February 2012 and went off-air on 29 June 2012.<ref name=":0">{{cite news | title = Eijaz Khan is back on TV | date = 2012-01-25 | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-25/tv/30659793_1_eijaz-khan-adalat-special-appearance | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203055440/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-25/tv/30659793_1_eijaz-khan-adalat-special-appearance | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2013-12-03 | work =[[The Times of India]] | accessdate = 2012-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/sony-tv-to-launch-shubh-vivah-this-month/|title=Sony TV to launch 'Shubh Vivah' this month|last=Baddhan|first=Raj|date=2012-02-01|website=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Events and Music|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shubh-Vivah-to-go-off-air-on-29-June/articleshow/13897494.cms|title=Shubh Vivah to go off-air on 29 June - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 June 2012 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is loosely based on the popular [[Tamil language|Tamil]] serial, ''[[Metti Oli]]'', which aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] from 2002 to 2005. Apart from initial arc, there is no similarity between the shows.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The story begins with Mr. Saxena and his five marriageable daughters who are kind, innocent, and gentle and live in [[Agra]].<br />
<br />
A young man from [[Vrindavan]] named Amrit manages to impress Mr. Saxena's second daughter, Saroj but in reality he is having an affair with a married woman named Sarla. Saroj and Amrit get married. On the same day Saroj's elder sister, Karuna, marries Mr. Saxena's friend's son, Madan.<br />
<br />
After marriage, Saroj learns of Amrit's affair but keeps it to herself. Saroj is desperate to save her marriage but fails. Though his aunt and brother try to make him realise Saroj's importance, Amrit sends her back to her home in Agra. However, after some time, Amrit and his family start missing Saroj and bring her back thus giving a new lease of life to their marriage.<br />
<br />
Amrit's mother Kaushalya reveals details of his affair with Sarla to Saroj. She also assaults Saroj and ties her up with ropes. Saroj escapes to find Amrit but walks in on his stabbed dead body. Kaushalya blames Saroj. With help from Vinod and her sisters, Saroj is proved innocent and Sarla's husband is arrested for the murder. Saroj is discovered to be pregnant. While the family plans to get her married to Vinod against both their wishes, Saroj stops the wedding after discovering Vinod and Neelu's relationship. The two are married and the family meet Manthan, Amrit's look-alike, at the wedding.<br />
<br />
=== 1 year later ===<br />
Saroj has been married to Manthan and they are raising their son who they have named Amrit. Madan and Karuna, too, have a son named Rohan. Thus, the story ends on a good note.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Rakesh Bedi]] as Brijmohan Saxena<br />
* [[Shafaq Naaz]] as Karuna Saxena <br />
* Krutika Gaikwad as Kanchan Saxena<br />
* Neha Narang as Meenakshi Saxena<br />
* [[Neha Janpandit]] as Saroj Saxena / Saroj Amrit Nigam<br />
* [[Eijaz Khan]] as <br />
** Amrit Nigam:<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/eijaz-khan-back-on-tube/story-CiotbVi4L68AD78TKx6WAN.html|title=Eijaz Khan back on tube|date=2012-02-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/amrit-re-appear-shubh-vivah|title=Amrit to re-appear in Shubh Vivah|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref> Kaushalya's elder son; Vinod's elder brother; Saroj's first husband; Sarala's boyfriend (2012) (Dead)<br />
** Manthan: Amrit's look alike; Saroj's second husband (2012)<br />
* [[Vinay Rohrra]] as Vinod Nigam<br />
* [[Vinny Arora]] as Neelu Saxena / Neelu Vinod Nigam<br />
* Meenakshi Verma as Kaushalya Nigam<br />
* Priya Ahuja as Shikha Nigam<br />
* Yuvraj Malhotra as Bansi<br />
* [[Aashka Goradia]] as Sarala Awasthi: Amrit's girlfriend (2012)<br />
* [[Asha Negi]] as Seethalakshmi Bai.<br />
* Abhishek Duhan as Madan<br />
* Sharat Sonu as Chhabban<br />
* [[Pankaj Berry]] as Mr. Sodhi<br />
* Vishavpreet Kaur as Mrs. Sodhi<br />
* [[Amit Dolawat]] as Amardeep Sodhi<br />
* [[Arav Chowdhary]] as Mr. Awasthi<br />
* Khyaati Khandke Keswani as Advocate Konkona Mukherjee<br />
* Rahul Lohani as Gyan<br />
* Niyati Joshi as Chachi (Amrit and Kaushalya's landlady)<br />
* [[Anup Soni]] as Anup Soni<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-24/tv/31838383_1_anup-soni-amrit-sony-tv-s-shubh-vivah|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103094006/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-24/tv/31838383_1_anup-soni-amrit-sony-tv-s-shubh-vivah|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|author=The Times of India|author-link=The Times of India|accessdate=30 July 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Annop Soni does a cameo in ''Shubh Vivah''}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Adaptations==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|+ Version 1<br />
|- style="color:white"<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:15%;"| Language<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:24%;"| Title<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:22%;"| Original release<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:12%;"| Network(s)<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:22%;"| Last aired<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:12%;"| Notes<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
|''[[Metti Oli]]'' <br> மெட்டி ஒலி<br />
|8 April 2002<br />
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br />
|18 June 2005<br />
|Original<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kannada]]<br />
|''Mangalya'' <br> ಮಾಂಗಲ್ಯ<br />
|12 April 2004<br />
|[[Udaya TV]]<br />
|2 November 2012<br />
|rowspan="4"|Remake<br />
|-<br />
|[[Malayalam]]<br />
|''[[Minnukettu]]'' <br> മിന്നുകെട്ട്<br />
|16 August 2004<br />
|[[Surya TV]]<br />
|2 January 2009<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hindi]]<br />
|''Shubh Vivah'' <br> शुभ विवाह<br />
|27 February 2012<br />
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]<br />
|29 June 2012<br />
|-<br />
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
|''Akshintalu'' <br> అక్షింతలు<br />
|14 April 2014<br />
|[[Gemini TV]]<br />
|15 August 2014<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|+ Version 2<br />
|- style="color:white"<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:15%;"| Language<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:24%;"| Title<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:22%;"| Original release<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:12%;"| Network(s)<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:22%;"| Last aired<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:12%;"| Notes<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
|''[[Kanyadaan (2020 TV series)|Kanyadaan]]'' <br> কন্যাদান<br />
|7 December 2020<br />
|[[Sun Bangla]]<br />
|5 February 2023<br />
|Original<br />
|-<br />
|[[Malayalam]]<br />
|''[[Kanyadanam (Malayalam TV series)|Kanyadanam]]'' <br> കന്യാദാനം<br />
|23 August 2021<br />
|[[Surya TV]]<br />
|Ongoing<br />
|rowspan="5"|Remake<br />
|-<br />
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
|''[[Kanyadanam (Telugu TV series)|Kanyadanam]]'' <br> కన్యాదానం<br />
|20 September 2021<br />
|[[Gemini TV]]<br />
|21 January 2023<br />
|-<br />
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
|''[[Kanyadan]]'' <br> कन्यादान<br />
|17 October 2021<br />
|[[Sun Marathi]]<br />
|4 May 2024<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kannada]]<br />
|''[[Kanyaadaana]]'' <br> ಕನ್ಯಾದಾನ<br />
|15 November 2021<br />
|[[Udaya TV]]<br />
|18 May 2024<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2012 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Wedding television shows]]<br />
[[Category:UTV Television]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)&diff=463276Jammu and Kashmir (state)2026-01-18T23:00:20Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|State administered by India (1952–2019)}}<br />
{{About|the former state|the current union territory|Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|the former princely state|Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)}}<br />
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}<br />
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox former subdivision<br />
| common_name = Jammu and Kashmir<br />
| subdivision = Indian-administered<br />
| conventional_long_name = [[States and union territories of India#Former states|State of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| capital = [[Srinagar]] (May–October)<br/> [[Jammu]] (November–April)<ref name="Darbar Move">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |title=What is the Darbar Move in J&K all about? |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=8 May 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110135648/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|Government offices were [[Darbar Move|shifted twice a year.]]}}<br />
| year_start = 1952<br />
| date_start = 17 November<br />
| event_start = Abolition of monarchy<br />
| event1 = [[Article 370#Presidential order of 1954|Presidential order of 1954]]<br />
| date_event1 = 14 May 1954<br />
| year_end = 2019<br />
| date_end = 31 October<br />
|event_end = [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|Reorganized]] into [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]]<br />
| p1 = Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)<br />
| flag_p1 = <br />
| s1 = Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)<br />
| s2 = Ladakh<br />
| flag_s1 = <br />
| flag_s2 = <br />
| symbol_type = Emblem<br />
| image_coat = Emblem of Jammu & Kashmir.svg<br />
| image_map = Kashmir_region_2004.jpg<br />
| image_map_caption = Map of Jammu and Kashmir<br />
| image_flag = Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1952-2019).svg<br />
| legislature = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislature]]<br />
| house1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]] (36 seats)<br />
| house2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] (89 seats)<br />
| political_subdiv = [[Districts of Jammu and Kashmir|22 districts]]<br />
| title_leader = [[List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Governor]]<br />
| leader1 = [[Karan Singh]] (''first'')<br />
| year_leader1 = 1952–1965 as ''Sadr-e-Riyasat''; 1965–1967<br />
| leader2 = [[Satya Pal Malik]] (''last'')<br />
| year_leader2 = 2018–2019<ref>{{cite news |title=Satya Pal Malik sworn in as Jammu and Kashmir governor |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/satya-pal-malik-sworn-in-as-jammu-and-kashmir-governor/articleshow/65512757.cms |work=The Economic Times |agency=Press Trust of India |date=23 August 2018 |access-date=31 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823110106/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/satya-pal-malik-sworn-in-as-jammu-and-kashmir-governor/articleshow/65512757.cms |archive-date=23 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| title_deputy = [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]]<br />
| deputy1 = [[Sheikh Abdullah]] (''first'')<br />
| year_deputy1 = 1952–1953 as ''Prime Minister''<br />
| deputy2 = [[Mehbooba Mufti]] (''last'')<br />
| year_deputy2 = 2016–2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/bjp-pdp-alliance-ends-in-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-modi-govt-did-everything-to-normalise-situation-says-ram-madhav-4542011.html|title=BJP-PDP alliance ends in Jammu and Kashmir LIVE updates: Mehbooba Mufti resigns as chief minister; Governor's Rule in state|work=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=19 June 2018|date=19 June 2018}}</ref><br />
| footnotes =<br />
|native_name=|demonym=|today=}}<br />
<br />
<!-- COMMENT: PLEASE DO ''not'' ADD NASTALIQ, DEVANAGARI OR OTHER SCRIPTS TO THE LEAD SECTION. FOR RATIONALE, SEE WP:INDICSCRIPTS // --><br />
'''Jammu{{efn|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|æ|m|uː}} {{respell|JAM|oo}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ʌ|m|uː}} {{respell|JUM|oo}}.<ref name="EPD">{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title= English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |orig-date=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref>}} and Kashmir'''{{efn|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|ʃ|m|ɪər}} {{respell|KASH|meer}} or {{IPAc-en|k|æ|ʃ|ˈ|m|ɪər}} {{respell|kash|MEER}}.<ref name="EPD"/>}} was a region formerly administered by [[India]] as a [[States and union territories of India|state]] from 1952 to 2019, constituting the southern and southeastern portion of the larger [[Kashmir]] region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India, [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] since the mid-20th century.<ref name="britannica-jammu-kashmir">{{citation|last1=Akhtar|first1=Rais|last2=Kirk|first2=William|title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir |access-date=7 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947."</ref><ref name="Osmańczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The underlying region of this state were parts of the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]], whose western districts, now known as [[Azad Kashmir]], and northern territories, now known as [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], are administered by Pakistan. The [[Aksai Chin]] region in the east, bordering [[Tibet]], has been under Chinese control since 1962.<br />
<br />
After the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] of the Indian constitution in 2019, the Parliament of India passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]], which contained provisions to split the state into two [[Union territory|union territories]] – [[Ladakh]] in the east and the residuary [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the west, with effect from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms|title=Jammu Kashmir Article 370: Govt revokes Article 370 from Jammu and Kashmir, bifurcates state into two Union Territories|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=5 August 2019|agency=PTI|date=5 August 2019|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805100108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population.<br />
<br />
== Establishment ==<br />
After the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]], the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was divided between India (which controlled the regions of [[Jammu]], [[Kashmir Valley]], and [[Ladakh]]) and Pakistan (which controlled [[Gilgit–Baltistan]] and [[Azad Kashmir]]).<ref name="britannica-kashmir"/> Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] signed the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] on 26 October 1947 after an invasion by Pakistani tribesmen. [[Sheikh Abdullah]] was appointed as the [[Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir|prime minister of Jammu and Kashmir]] as part of an interim government by Maharaja Hari Singh in March 1948.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA184|title=Jammu and Kashmir|author=Jyoti Bhushan Daz Gupta|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|page=184|date=6 December 2012|isbn=9789401192316 }}</ref> In order to integrate the provisions of the instrument of accession relating to the powers of the state and Indian government, the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] drew up the draft provision named Article 306-A, which would later become [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]].<ref name="Waseem">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=79|title=Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir|author=Waseem Ahmad Sofi|pages=79–81|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|isbn=9789811610196|date=18 June 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
A [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir|constituent assembly]] for Jammu and Kashmir was convened to frame a new constitution for the state in October 1951, after an [[1951 Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly election|election]] in which all the seats were won by the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] party of Abdullah.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBBfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT124|title=The Power of the Ballot: Travail and Triumph in the Elections|author1=Vipul Maheshwari|author2=Anil Maheshwari|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|page=124|date=28 March 2022|isbn=9789354353611 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Abdullah reached an agreement termed as the "Delhi Agreement" with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the Prime Minister of India, on 24 July 1952. It extended provisions of the [[Constitution of India]] regarding citizenship and [[fundamental rights]] to the state, in addition to the jurisdiction of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. Agreements were also reached on issues of abolishing the monarchy, as well as the state being allowed a separate flag and official language. The Delhi Agreement spelt out the relationship between the central government and the state through recognizing the autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir, while also declaring it as an integral part of India and granting the central government control of several subjects that were not a part of the instrument of accession.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|title=Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir|author=Waseem Ahmad Sofi|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|pages=91–93|date=17 June 2021|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The government of Jammu and Kashmir quickly moved to adopt the provisions of the agreement.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA200|title=Jammu and Kashmir|author=Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|page=200|date=6 December 2012|isbn=9789401192316 }}</ref> The recommendations of the Drafting Committee on the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir regarding the monarchy were accepted by the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir on 21 August 1952. The [[Jammu and Kashmir Constitution Act 1939]] was amended in November 1952 to adopt the resolutions and the monarchy was officially abolished on 12 November. The regent [[Karan Singh]] was formally elected as the ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' or head of state by the Constituent Assembly and was later recognized by the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|title=Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir|author=Waseem Ahmad Sofi|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|page=94|date=17 June 2021|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref> The amendments incorporating the provisions into the state constitution entered into force on 17 November.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2tsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222|title=Jammu & Kashmir: A Victim|author1=Daya Sagar|author2=Daya Ram|publisher=[[Prabhat Prakashan]]|page=222|date=15 June 2020|isbn=9788184303131 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Integration with India===<br />
<br />
Abdullah however sought to make Article 370 permanent and began calling for the secession of the state from India, which led to his arrest in 1953.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwqe_JdLDUYC&pg=PA179|title=Autonomy and Armed Separatism in South and Southeast Asia|author=Bibhu Prasad Routray|year=2012 |department=Chapter: Autonomy and Armed Separatism in Jammu and Kashmir|page=179|editor=Michelle Ann Miller|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=9789814379977 }}</ref> [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] then became the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. The Constituent Assembly of the state passed a resolution in February 1954, extending some provisions of the Constitution of India and formally ratifying the accession of the state to India per the Instrument of Accession. A [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Presidential Order]] was passed on 14 May 1954 to implement the Delhi Agreement, drawing its validity from the resolution of the Constituent Assembly.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT712|title=Constitutional Questions and Citizens' Rights: An Omnibus Comprising Constitutional Questions in India: The President, Parliament and the States and Citizens' Rights, Judges and State Accountability|author=[[A. G. Noorani]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=712|date=5 December 2005|isbn=978-0-19-908778-5 }}</ref><ref name = "Schofield">{{Harvnb|Schofield|2003|p=94}}</ref><br />
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The new [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]] was adopted on 17 November 1956 and came into force on 26 January 1957.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmhjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250|title=Historical Title, Self-Determination and the Kashmir Question|author=Fozia Nazir Lone|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|page=250|date=17 May 2018|isbn=9789004359994 }}</ref> Following this, the state constituent assembly dissolved itself and [[1957 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|elections]] were held for the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] in 1957, with the National Conference winning 68 out of 75 seats.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BK9FEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|title=Kashmir at the Crossroads: Inside a 21st-Century Conflict|author=[[Sumantra Bose]]|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|page=39|isbn=9780300256871|year=2021}}</ref><br />
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In 1956–57, China constructed a road through the disputed [[Aksai Chin]] area of Ladakh. India's belated discovery of this road culminated in the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962; China has since administered Aksai Chin.<ref name="britannica-kashmir">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent|title=Kashmir – region, Indian subcontinent|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005093248/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent|archive-date=5 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], India and Pakistan signed the [[Simla Agreement]], recognising a [[Line of Control]] in Kashmir, and committing to a peaceful resolution of the dispute through [[India-Pakistan relations|bilateral negotiations]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kashmir Fast Facts |url=https://edition-m.cnn.com/2013/11/08/world/kashmir-fast-facts/index.html?r=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.in%2F |website=CNN | date=8 November 2013 |access-date=12 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In December 1964, the Indian government extended provisions of Articles 356 and 357 of the Constitution of India, which allowed for [[President's rule]] in the state.<ref name="Hafeez">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yca-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA184|title= India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947-2004|author=[[Hafeez Malik]]|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|page=184|date=27 July 2016|isbn=9781349105731 }}</ref><br />
In April 1965, the legislative assembly approved renaming the positions of ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' to [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir|Governor]] and ''Wazir-i-Azam'' (Prime Minister) to [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]. Though the change had no actual effect on the legal structure of the state, it conveyed that the government of Jammu and Kashmir was equal to that of any other Indian state.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2l9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|title= India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947-2004|author=[[Praveen Swami]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|page=69|date=19 October 2006|isbn=9781134137527 }}</ref><br />
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Despite Nehru releasing the imprisoned Abdullah in April 1964 to initiate dialogue with Pakistan, it viewed these developments as leading to the inseparability of Jammu and Kashmir from India and launched an [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|armed conflict]],<ref name="Hafeez"/> infiltrating Kashmir during [[Operation Gibraltar]] in August 1965. However, it ultimately failed in its objective and both countries returned to the status quo after the [[Tashkent Declaration]] of 1966.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ud_fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|title= Kashmir's Right to Secede: A Critical Examination of Contemporary Theories of Secession|author=Matthew J. Webb|publisher=[[Routledge]]|page=69|date=13 February 2012|isbn=9781136451454 }}</ref> The government of [[Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq]] meanwhile rapidly extended many provisions of the Indian Constitution to further integrate the state into India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127|title= Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir|author=Waseem Ahmed Sofi|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|page=127|date=17 June 2021|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref><br />
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The failure of Pakistan in the [[1971 Indo-Pakistani war]] weakened the Kashmiri nationalist movement and Abdullah dropped demands of secession. Under the [[Indira–Sheikh Accord]] of 1975, he recognised the region as a part of India, the state legislature requiring the approval of the President to make laws, and the Parliament of India being able to promulgate laws against secessionism. In return, Article 370 was left untouched and Abdullah became the Chief Minister of the state. The region remained mostly peaceful until his death in 1982.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEBBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT149|title= Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir|author=Kaushik Roy|editor=[[Scott Gates (academic)|Scott Gates]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|page=149|date=2 March 2017|isbn=9781351877091 }}</ref><br />
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== Kashmir insurgency ==<br />
In the late 1980s, discontent over the high-handed policies of the union government and allegations of the rigging of the [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]<ref name="Schofield_1">{{Harvnb|Schofield|2003|p=137}}</ref> provoked separatist sentiments in the region, culminating in a violent uprising and prolonged [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|armed insurgency]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/1987-1998_detailed.shtml |title=1989 Insurgency |publisher=Kashmirlibrary.org |access-date=6 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126044335/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/1987-1998_detailed.shtml |archive-date=26 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1720/17200800.htm|title=Contours of militancy|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref> backed by Pakistan, who claimed to have given its "moral and diplomatic" support to the movement.<ref name="bbc2015" /><ref name = "Schofield_3">{{Harvnb|Schofield|2003|p=210}}</ref> Several new militant groups with radical Islamic views emerged and changed the ideological emphasis of the movement to Islamic. This was facilitated by a large influx of Islamic "Jihadi" fighters ([[mujahideen]]) who had entered the Kashmir valley following the end of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] in the 1980s.<ref name="bbc2015">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1989.stm|title=India Pakistan – Timeline|publisher=BBC News|access-date=10 April 2015|work=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222035446/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1989.stm|archive-date=22 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] of [[Pakistan]] has been accused by [[India]] and the international community of supporting, supplying arms and training mujahideen,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ali|first1=Mahmud|title=Pakistan's shadowy secret service|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6033383.stm|access-date=22 February 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=9 October 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221224921/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6033383.stm|archive-date=21 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph.co.uk">{{cite news|last1=Rashid|first1=Ahmed|title=Nato's top brass accuse Pakistan over Taliban aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1530756/Natos-top-brass-accuse-Pakistan-over-Taliban-aid.html|access-date=22 February 2017|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=6 October 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222113552/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1530756/Natos-top-brass-accuse-Pakistan-over-Taliban-aid.html|archive-date=22 February 2017}}</ref> to fight in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="Talib">{{cite news|last1=Gall|first1=Carlotta|title=At Border, Signs of Pakistani Role in Taliban Surge|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/asia/21quetta.html|access-date=21 February 2017|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 January 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231131515/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/asia/21quetta.html|archive-date=31 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph.co.uk"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jehl|first1=Douglas|last2=Dugger|first2=Celia W.|last3=Barringer|first3=Felicity|title=Death of Reporter Puts Focus On Pakistan Intelligence Unit|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/25/world/nation-challenged-suspects-death-reporter-puts-focus-pakistan-intelligence-unit.html|access-date=21 February 2017|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=25 February 2002|archive-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502010653/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/25/world/nation-challenged-suspects-death-reporter-puts-focus-pakistan-intelligence-unit.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]] admitted that Pakistan had supported and trained insurgent groups in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan supported, trained terror groups: Pervez Musharraf|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/international/pakistan-supported-trained-terror-groups-pervez-musharraf-115102800015_1.html|access-date=21 February 2017|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=28 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605051514/http://www.business-standard.com/article/international/pakistan-supported-trained-terror-groups-pervez-musharraf-115102800015_1.html|archive-date=5 June 2017}}</ref> A prolonged, bloody conflict between the Islamic militant separatists and the [[Indian Army]] took place, both of whom have been accused of widespread [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir|human rights abuses]], including abductions, massacres, rapes and armed robbery.{{refn|group=note|Sources that detail human right abuses in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name = "HRW_military">{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2006/india0906/2.htm#_Toc144362271|title=India: "Everyone Lives in Fear": Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir: I. Summary|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|access-date=2 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522132246/http://hrw.org/reports/2006/india0906/2.htm#_Toc144362271|archive-date=22 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatogether.org/peace/kashmir/articles/indhr.htm|title=India and Human Rights in Kashmir&nbsp;– The Myth&nbsp;– India Together|access-date=2 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509060306/http://indiatogether.org/peace/kashmir/articles/indhr.htm|archive-date=9 May 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "Schofield_4">{{Harvnb|Schofield|2003|pp=148, 158}}</ref><ref name = "HRW_militants">{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2006/india0906/7.htm#_Toc144362296|title=India: "Everyone Lives in Fear": Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir: VI. Militant Abuses|access-date=2 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527144336/http://hrw.org/reports/2006/india0906/7.htm#_Toc144362296|archive-date=27 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/1940088.stm|title=Kashmir troops held after rape|access-date=2 June 2008|work=BBC News|date=19 April 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218120041/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/1940088.stm|archive-date=18 December 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "Shujaat Bukhari">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/24/stories/2010032461230900.htm|title=219 Kashmiri Pandits killed by militants since 1989|quote=The Jammu and Kashmir government on Tuesday said 219 Kashmiri Pandits were killed by militants since 1989 while 24,202 families were among the total 38,119 families which migrated out of the Valley due to turmoil|access-date=31 December 2007|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325203907/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/24/stories/2010032461230900.htm|archive-date=25 March 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "P.L. AIMA">{{cite web|url=http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2010/Nov/12/not-myth-but-the-truth-of-migration-23.asp|title=Not myth, but the truth of migration|quote=The Pandits have preserved the threat letters sent to them. They have the audio and video evidence to show what happened. They have preserved the local newspapers through which they were warned to leave the Valley within 48 hours. This evidence also include still photographs of Pandits killed by militants and the desecrated temples.|access-date=31 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124175152/http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2010/Nov/12/not-myth-but-the-truth-of-migration-23.asp|archive-date=24 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "Tahir Nadeem Khan">{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/pregnant-woman-in-doda-accuses-lashkar-militants-of-gang-raping-her-repeatedly_100151075.html|title=Pregnant woman in Doda accuses Lashkar militants of gang raping her repeatedly|quote=A 31-year-old pregnant Gujjar woman has told police at the Baderwah Police Station in Jammu and Kashmir's Doda District that she was repeatedly gang raped by Lashkar-e-Toiba militants for two months.|publisher=The Indian News|access-date=31 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322101302/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/pregnant-woman-in-doda-accuses-lashkar-militants-of-gang-raping-her-repeatedly_100151075.html|archive-date=22 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "Kanchan Gupta">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/19kanch.htm|title=19/01/90: When Kashmiri Pandits fled Islamic terror|quote=Notices are pasted on doors of Pandit houses, peremptorily asking the occupants to leave Kashmir within 24 hours or face death and worse... In the preceding months, 300 Hindu men and women, nearly all of them Kashmiri Pandits, had been slaughtered following the brutal murder of Pandit Tika Lal Taploo, noted lawyer and BJP national executive member, by the JKLF in Srinagar on September 14, 1989. Soon after that, Justice N K Ganju of the Srinagar high court was shot dead. Pandit Sarwanand Premi, 80-year-old poet, and his son were kidnapped, tortured, their eyes gouged out, and hanged to death. A Kashmiri Pandit nurse working at the Soura Medical College Hospital in Srinagar was gang-raped and then beaten to death. Another woman was abducted, raped and sliced into bits and pieces at a sawmill.|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=31 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126101005/http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/19kanch.htm|archive-date=26 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br />
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[[File:Police in Kashmir confronting violent protestors December 2018.jpg|thumb|right|Police and protesters confronting each other in Kashmir, 2018]]<br />
The violence emerged as a setback to industries in the Valley. [[Doda district]], rich in high-grade [[sapphire]], had active mines until 1989 that were abandoned owing to their turbulent location. In 1998, the government discovered that smugglers had occupied these mines and stolen much of the resource.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/06/20/stories/2008062050010100.htm |title=Sapphire-rich Kashmir |author=Haroon Mirani |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |date=20 June 2008 |access-date=5 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102130509/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/06/20/stories/2008062050010100.htm |archive-date=2 November 2009 }}</ref> Following the [[2008 Kashmir unrest]], secessionist movements in the region were boosted.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/In_Kashmir_theres_azadi_in_the_air/articleshow/3372070.cms|work=Online edition of The Times of India, dated 17 August 2008|title=In Kashmir, there's azadi in air|author=Avijit Ghosh|access-date=28 January 2009|date=17 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103113005/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/In_Kashmir_theres_azadi_in_the_air/articleshow/3372070.cms|archive-date=3 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1838586,00.html | magazine=Time | title=Valley of Tears | date=4 September 2008 | access-date=5 May 2010 | first=Jyoti | last=Thottam | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505142414/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1838586%2C00.html | archive-date=5 May 2010 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[2016–17 Kashmir unrest]] resulted in the death of over 90 civilians and the injury of over 15,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/kashmir-unrest-what-was-the-real-death-toll-in-the-state-in-2016-3183290.html|title=Kashmir unrest: What was the real death toll in the state in 2016?|date=2 January 2017|work=[[Firstpost]]|last1=Yasir|first1=Sameer|access-date=27 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202050228/http://www.firstpost.com/india/kashmir-unrest-what-was-the-real-death-toll-in-the-state-in-2016-3183290.html|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page/after-15000-injuries-govt-to-train-forces-in-pellet-guns/239453.html|title=After 15000 injuries, Govt to train forces in pellet guns|date=23 January 2017|publisher=[[Greater Kashmir]]|last1=Akmali|first1=Mukeet|access-date=27 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126190856/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page/after-15000-injuries-govt-to-train-forces-in-pellet-guns/239453.html|archive-date=26 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Six policemen, including a sub-inspector were killed in an ambush in Anantnag in June 2017, by trespassing militants of the Pakistan-based [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/five-policemen-killed-in-militant-ambush-in-anantnag-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-4707495/|work=Online edition of The Indian Express, dated June 16, 2017|title=Six policemen, including sub-inspector, killed in militant ambush in Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir|author=Express Web Desk|access-date=20 June 2017|date=16 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619142401/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/five-policemen-killed-in-militant-ambush-in-anantnag-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-4707495/|archive-date=19 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> An [[2019 Pulwama attack|attack]] on an Indian police convoy in Pulwama, in February 2019, resulted in the deaths of 40 police officers. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by a Pakistan-backed militant group [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]].<ref name="IT everything">[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-attack-2019-everything-about-jammu-and-kashmir-terror-attack-on-crpf-by-terrorist-adil-ahmed-dar-jaish-e-mohammad-1457530-2019-02-16 Pulwama Attack 2019, everything about J&K terror attack on CRPF by terrorist Adil Ahmed Dar, Jaish-eMohammad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218104624/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-attack-2019-everything-about-jammu-and-kashmir-terror-attack-on-crpf-by-terrorist-adil-ahmed-dar-jaish-e-mohammad-1457530-2019-02-16 |date=18 February 2019 }}, India Today, 16 February 2019.</ref><br />
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== Revocation of special status and reorganisation ==<br />
In August 2019, the [[Parliament of India]] passed resolutions to [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|amend Article 370]], ending Jammu and Kashmir’s special constitutional status and bringing it entirely under the [[Constitution of India]].<ref name=Venkataramanan>{{citation |author=K. Venkataramanan |title=How the status of Jammu and Kashmir is being changed |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 August 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece?homepage=true |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=29 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129154838/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece?homepage=true |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="co272">{{cite web |title=Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf |website=The Gazette of India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=6 August 2019 |date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805094806/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alongside this, the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]] was passed, splitting the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two [[union territories]]: [[Ladakh]] and the residuary [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="Indian Express">[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-kashmir-bifurcation-ladakh-union-territory-key-takeaways-from-reorganisation-bill-article-370-amit-shah-5880177/ Jammu & Kashmir Reorganisation Bill passed by Rajya Sabha: Key takeaways] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805144345/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-kashmir-bifurcation-ladakh-union-territory-key-takeaways-from-reorganisation-bill-article-370-amit-shah-5880177/ |date=5 August 2019 }}, The Indian Express, 5 August 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
Ahead of these actions, the union government locked down the [[Kashmir Valley]], increased security forces, restricted public movement under [[Section 144]], and detained several political leaders, including former chief ministers [[Omar Abdullah]] and [[Mehbooba Mufti]].<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/article-370-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-resolution-to-revoke-article-370-in-lok-sabha-today-2080833 Article 370 Jammu And Kashmir LIVE Updates: "Abuse Of Executive Power," Rahul Gandhi Tweets On Article 370 Removal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806211931/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/article-370-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-resolution-to-revoke-article-370-in-lok-sabha-today-2080833 |date=6 August 2019 }}, NDTV, 6 August 2019.</ref> Internet and phone services were also suspended.<ref name="Ratcliffe">{{cite news |last1=Ratcliffe |first1=Rebecca |title=Kashmir: Pakistan will 'go to any extent' to protect Kashmiris |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/06/india-kashmir-pakistan-will-go-to-any-extent-to-protect-kashmiris-special-status |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=6 August 2019 |date=6 August 2019 |archive-date=13 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813083232/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/06/india-kashmir-pakistan-will-go-to-any-extent-to-protect-kashmiris-special-status |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-49294301 Inside Kashmir's lockdown: 'Even I will pick up a gun'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813132112/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-49294301 |date=13 August 2019 }}, BBC News, 10 August 2019.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India revokes Kashmir's special status: All the latest updates |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/india-revokes-kashmir-special-status-latest-updates-190806134011673.html |website=aljazeera |access-date=10 August 2019 |archive-date=13 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813140034/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/india-revokes-kashmir-special-status-latest-updates-190806134011673.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The new administrative structure came into effect on 31 October 2019.<ref name="Gazette2">{{citation|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210412.pdf|title=In exercise of the powers conferred by clause a of section 2 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act.|date=9 August 2019|access-date=9 August 2019|author=Ministry of Home Affairs|work=[[The Gazette of India]]|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809153916/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210412.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Administrative divisions==<br />
[[File:Jammu-Kashmir-Ladakh.svg|thumb|right|The Divisions of Jammu and Kashmir: [[Kashmir Division|Kashmir]] (green), [[Jammu Division|Jammu]] (orange) and [[Ladakh]] (blue)]]<br />
<br />
The state of Jammu and Kashmir consisted of three [[Divisions of India|divisions]]: the [[Jammu Division]], the [[Kashmir Division]] and [[Ladakh]] which were further divided into 22 districts.<ref name=MHA>{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=306 |title=Ministry of Home Affairs:: Department of Jammu & Kashmir Affairs |access-date=28 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208212815/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=306 |archive-date=8 December 2008 }}</ref> The [[Siachen Glacier]], while under Indian military control, did not lie under the administration of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]], [[Ramban district|Ramban]], [[Reasi district|Reasi]], [[Samba district|Samba]], [[Bandipora district|Bandipora]], [[Ganderbal district|Ganderbal]], [[Kulgam district|Kulgam]] and [[Shopian district|Shopian]] were districts formed in 2008.<ref name=MHA/><br />
<br />
===Districts===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
!rowspan=2| Division <br />
!rowspan=2| Name <br />
!rowspan=2| Headquarters <br />
!| Before 2007<ref>{{citation |url=https://jk.gov.in/jammukashmir/?q=divisions |title=Divisions & Districts |work=Jamu & Kashmir Official Portal |date=2012 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206180631/https://jk.gov.in/jammukashmir/?q=divisions |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
!colspan=5| After 2007<br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
!| Area <br/>(km<sup>2</sup>) <br />
!| Area <br/>(km<sup>2</sup>) <br />
!| Area <br/>(sq miles) <br />
!| Rural Area <br/>(km<sup>2</sup>) <br />
!| Urban Area <br/>(km<sup>2</sup>) <br />
!| Ref.<br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|rowspan=11|[[Jammu Division|Jammu]]<br />
||[[Kathua district]] <br />
|| [[Kathua]] <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2651|0}} <br />
| {{convert|2502|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2458.84|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|43.16|2}} <br />
|| <ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0107_PART_A_DCHB_KATHUA.pdf |page=8 |work=Census of India 2011, Part A |title=District Census Handbook Kathua |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120172907/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0107_PART_A_DCHB_KATHUA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
||[[Jammu district]] <br />
|| [[Jammu (city)|Jammu]] <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|3097|0}} <br />
| {{convert|2342|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2089.87|2}} <!-- Part A page 116 says 209810.70 hectares (2,098.1070 km<sup>2</sup>) Part B page 24 says 2,089.87 km<sup>2</sup>--><br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|252.13|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0121_PART_A_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |pages=13, 51, 116 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Jammu, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116185556/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0121_PART_A_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0121_PART_B_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |pages=13, 24 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Jammu, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055111/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0121_PART_B_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
||[[Samba district]] <br />
|| [[Samba, Jammu|Samba]] <br />
|style="text-align:center;"| new district <br />
| {{convert|904|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|865.24|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|38.76|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0122_PART_A_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |pages=9, 34, 36, 100 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Samba, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054240/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0122_PART_A_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0122_PART_B_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |pages=10, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Samba, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055129/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0122_PART_B_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
||[[Udhampur district]] <br />
|| [[Udhampur]] <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|4550|0}} <br />
| {{convert|2637.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2593.28|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|43.72|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0119_PART_B_DCHB_UDHAMPUR.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Udhampur |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055036/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0119_PART_B_DCHB_UDHAMPUR.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
||[[Reasi district]] <br />
|| [[Reasi]] <br />
|style="text-align:center;"| new district <br />
| {{convert|1719|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1679.99|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|39.01|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0120_PART_A_DCHB_REASI.pdf |pages=9, 37, 88 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Reasi, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054200/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0120_PART_A_DCHB_REASI.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0120_PART_B_DCHB_REASI.pdf |pages=9, 13, 24 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Reasi, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055054/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0120_PART_B_DCHB_REASI.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
||[[Rajouri district]] <br />
|| [[Rajouri]] <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2630|0}} <br />
| {{convert|2630|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2608.11|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|21.89|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0106_PART_A_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |pages=11, 107 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Rajouri, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053915/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0106_PART_A_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0106_PART_B_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |pages=9, 10, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Rajouri, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054900/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0106_PART_B_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
||[[Poonch district, Jammu and Kashmir|Poonch district]] <br />
|| [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1674|0}} <br />
| {{convert|1674|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1649.92|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|24.08|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0105_PART_A_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |pages=9, 99 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Punch, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053841/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0105_PART_A_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0105_PART_B_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |pages=11, 13, 24 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Punch, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054835/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0105_PART_B_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
||[[Doda district]] <br />
|| [[Doda, Jammu and Kashmir|Doda]] <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|11691|0}} <br />
| {{convert|8912.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|8892.25|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|19.75|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0116_PART_B_DCHB_DODA.pdf |pages=9, 12, 99 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Doda, Part B |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054946/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0116_PART_B_DCHB_DODA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
||[[Ramban district]] <br />
|| [[Ramban (Jammu and Kashmir)|Ramban]] <br />
|style="text-align:center"| new district <br />
| {{convert|1329.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1313.92|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|15.08|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0117_PART_B_DCHB_RAMBAN.pdf |pages=10, 12 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Ramban, Part B |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055000/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0117_PART_B_DCHB_RAMBAN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
||[[Kishtwar district]] <br />
|| [[Kishtwar]] <br />
|style="text-align:center;"| new district <br />
| {{convert|1644.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1643.37|2}}<!-- Page 9 says 1643.65, whilst pages 10 and 22 says 1643.37 --> <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|0.63|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0118_PART_B_DCHB_KISHTWAR.pdf |pages=9, 10, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kishtwar, Part B |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055015/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0118_PART_B_DCHB_KISHTWAR.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part B page 9 says the rural area is 1643.65 km<sup>2</sup>, whilst pages 10 and 22 says 1643.37 km<sup>2</sup>.</ref><br />
<br />
|- style="background:lightblue; vertical-align:top;"<br />
||Total for division <br />
|| [[Jammu Division|Jammu]] <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|26293|0}} <br />
| {{convert|26293|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|25794.95|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|498.05|2}} <br />
|| <br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|rowspan=11 |[[Kashmir valley|Kashmir]]<br />
||[[Anantnag district]] <br />
|| [[Anantnag]] <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|3984|0}} <br />
| {{convert|3574|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|3475.76|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|98.24|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0114_PART_A_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |page=9 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Anantnag, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053354/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0114_PART_A_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0114_PART_B_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Anantnag, Part B |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054309/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0114_PART_B_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
||[[Kulgam district]] <br />
|| [[Kulgam]] <br />
|style="text-align:center;"| new district <br />
| {{convert|410|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <!-- Part B page 12 says 404 but page 22 says 410. --><br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|360.20|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|49.80|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0115_PART_A_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |page=10 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kulgam, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053742/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0115_PART_A_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0115_PART_B_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kulgam, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054749/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0115_PART_B_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part B page 12 says the area of the district is 404 km<sup>2</sup>, but page 22 says 410 km<sup>2</sup>.</ref><br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
||[[Pulwama district]] <br />
|| [[Pulwama]] <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1398|0}} <br />
| {{convert|1086.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1047.45|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|38.55|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0112_PART_B_DCHB_PULWAMA.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Pulwama, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054654/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0112_PART_B_DCHB_PULWAMA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
||[[Shopian district]] <br />
|| [[Shopian]] <br />
|style="text-align:center;"| new district <br />
| {{convert|312.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <!-- Part B pages 12 and 22 say 312.00 km<sup>2</sup>, Part A page 10 says 307.42 km<sup>2</sup>. --><br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|306.56|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|5.44|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0113_PART_A_DCHB_SHUPIYAN.pdf |page=10 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Shupiyan, Part A |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053726/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0113_PART_A_DCHB_SHUPIYAN.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0113_PART_B_DCHB_SUPHIYAN.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Shupiyan, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054712/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0113_PART_B_DCHB_SUPHIYAN.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part B pages 12 and 22 say the district area is 312.00 km<sup>2</sup>, but Part A page 10 says 307.42 km<sup>2</sup>.</ref><br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
||[[Budgam district]] <br />
|| [[Budgam]] <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1371|0}} <br />
| {{convert|1361|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <!-- Part A says 1371, Part B says 1371 (page 11) and 1361 (pages 12 and) --><br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1311.95|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|49.05|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0102_PART_A_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |pages=10, 46 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Badgam, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053410/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0102_PART_A_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0102_PART_B_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |pages=11, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Badgam, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054333/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0102_PART_B_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part A says the district area is 1371 km<sup>2</sup>, Part B says 1371 km<sup>2</sup> (page 11) and 1361 km<sup>2</sup> (page 12s and 22).</ref><br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
||[[Srinagar district]] <br />
|| [[Srinagar]] <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2228|0}} <br />
| {{convert|1978.95|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <!-- Part A page 48 shows the district with an area of 2228.0 km<sup>2</sup> in 2001 and 1978.95 km<sup>2</sup> in 2011 --><br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1684.42|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|294.53|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0110_PART_A_DCHB_SRINAGAR.pdf |pages=11, 48 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Srinagar, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053602/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0110_PART_A_DCHB_SRINAGAR.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part A page 48 says the district area was 2228.0 km<sup>2</sup> in 2001 and 1978.95 km<sup>2</sup> in 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
||[[Ganderbal district]] <br />
|| [[Ganderbal]] <br />
|style="text-align:center;"| new district <br />
| {{convert|259|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <!-- Part B page 11 says 393.04 km<sup>2</sup>, pages 12 and 22 say 259.00 km<sup>2</sup> --><br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|233.60|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|25.40|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0111_PART_B_DCHB_GANDERBAL.pdf |pages=11, 12 and 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Ganderbal, Part B |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054514/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0111_PART_B_DCHB_GANDERBAL.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part B page 11 says the district area is 393.04 km<sup>2</sup>, but pages 12 and 22 say 259.00 km<sup>2</sup>.</ref><br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
||[[Bandipora district]] <br />
|| [[Bandipore|Bandipora]] <br />
|style="text-align:center;"| new district <br />
| {{convert|345|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|295.37|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|49.63|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0109_PART_A_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |pages=10, 47 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Bandipora, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053429/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0109_PART_A_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0109_PART_B_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |pages=11, 20 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Bandipora, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054400/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0109_PART_B_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
||[[Baramulla district]] <br />
|| [[Baramulla]] <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|4588|0}} <br />
| {{convert|4243|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|4179.44|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|63.56|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0108_PART_A_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |page=11 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Baramulla, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053447/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0108_PART_A_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0108_PART_B_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |page=22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Baramulla, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054424/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0108_PART_B_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
||[[Kupwara district]] <br />
|| [[Kupwara]] <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2379|0}} <br />
| {{convert|2379|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2331.66|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|47.34|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0101_PART_A_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |page=7 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kupwara, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053817/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0101_PART_A_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0101_PART_B_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |pages=11, 12 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kupwara, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054812/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0101_PART_B_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
|- style="background:lightblue; vertical-align:top;"<br />
||Total for division <br />
|| [[Srinagar]] <br />
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|15948|0}} <br />
| {{convert|15,948.00|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|15226.41|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|721.54|2}} <br />
||<br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|rowspan=3| [[Ladakh]]<br />
||[[Kargil district]] <br />
|| [[Kargil town|Kargil]] <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|14036|0}} <br />
| {{convert|14036|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|14033.86|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2.14|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0104_PART_A_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |page=10 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kargil, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053632/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0104_PART_A_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0104_PART_B_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |pages=11, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kargil, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054607/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0104_PART_B_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
||[[Leh district]] <br />
|| [[Leh]] <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|45110|0}} <br />
| {{convert|45110.0|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|45085.99|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|24.01|2}} <br />
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0103_PART_B_DCHB_LEH%20(LADAKH).pdf |page=22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Leh, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054453/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0103_PART_B_DCHB_LEH%20(LADAKH).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
|- style="background:lightblue; vertical-align:top;"<br />
||Total for division <br />
|| [[Leh]] and [[Kargil]] <br />
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|59146.00|0}} <br />
| {{convert|59,146.00|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|59119.85|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|26.15|2}} <br />
||<br />
<br />
|-class=sortbottom <br />
|colspan=3| Total <br />
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|101387|0}} <br />
| {{convert|101387.00|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen|0|adj=ri0}} <br />
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|100141.21|2}} <br />
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|1245.74|2}} <br />
||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{Historical population<br />
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |title=A-2 Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901 |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=9 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808131957/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| footnoate = † 1951 and 1991 populations are estimated<br />
| 1961 | 3560976 <br />
| 1971 | 4616632 <br />
| 1981 | 5987389 <br />
| 1991 | 7837051 <br />
| 2001 | 10143700 <br />
| 2011 | 12541302 <br />
}}<br />
<br />
Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a [[Muslim]]-majority population.<ref>Larson, Gerald James. "India's Agony Over Religion", 1995, page 245</ref> In the [[Census of India]] held in 1961, the first to be conducted after the formation of the state, [[Islam]] was practised by 68.31% of the population, while 28.45% followed [[Hinduism]]. The proportion of population that practised Islam fell to 64.19% by 1981 but recovered afterward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/share-of-muslims-and-hindus-in-jk-population-same-in-1961-2011-censuses/|title=Share of Muslims and Hindus in J&K population same in 1961, 2011 Censuses|date=29 December 2016|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105841/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/share-of-muslims-and-hindus-in-jk-population-same-in-1961-2011-censuses/|archive-date=30 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the 2011 census, the last to be conducted in the state, Islam was practised by about 68.3% of the state population, while 28.4% followed Hinduism and small minorities followed [[Sikhism]] (1.9%), [[Buddhism]] (0.9%) and [[Christianity]] (0.3%).<ref name="2011census">{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |year=2011 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Government==<br />
Jammu and Kashmir was the only Indian state that had special autonomy under [[Article 370]] of the [[Constitution of India]], which stipulated that no law enacted by the [[Parliament of India]], except for those in the field of defence, communication and foreign policy, would be extendable to Jammu and Kashmir unless it was ratified by the state legislature of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/itoday/20000703/states.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021020626/http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/itoday/20000703/states.html|url-status=dead|title=States: Jammu & Kashmir: Repeating History:By Harinder Baweja (3 July 2000)India Today|archive-date=21 October 2007}}</ref> The state was able to define the [[Permanent residents (Jammu and Kashmir)|permanent residents]] of the state who alone had the privilege to vote in state elections, the right to seek government jobs and the ability to own land or property in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldstory.php?storyid=46240 |title=Sorry |publisher=Indianexpress.com |access-date=18 July 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> By virtue of this autonomy, Jammu and Kashmir was the only state to have an official [[Flag of Jammu and Kashmir|state flag]], hoisted alongside India's [[Flag of India|national flag]], and had a separate constitution.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|title=Under BJP pressure, J&K withdraws flag order|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maintain-sanctity-of-state-flag-says-jk-govt/article6990160.ece|access-date=28 April 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904052545/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maintain-sanctity-of-state-flag-says-jk-govt/article6990160.ece|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Designed by the then-ruling National Conference, the flag of Jammu and Kashmir featured a [[plough]] on a red background symbolising labour; it replaced the Maharaja's state flag. The three stripes on the flag represented the three distinct administrative divisions of the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J&K.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507200338/http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J%26K.pdf|url-status=dead|title=The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir|archive-date=7 May 2012}}</ref> By 1999, 94 out of the 97 subjects in the Union List and 260 out of 395 articles of the Constitution of India had become applicable in the state, though it retained some of its autonomy.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgdGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA211|title= Kashmir After 2019: Completing the Partition|editor1=Werner Menski|editor2=Muneeb Yousuf<br />
|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|page=127|date=17 June 2021|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref> Article 370 had meanwhile become mostly symbolic.<ref name="Waseem"/><br />
<br />
Like all the states of India, Jammu and Kashmir had a multi-party democratic system of governance and had a bicameral legislature. At the time of drafting the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, 100 seats were earmarked for direct elections from territorial constituencies. Of these, 25 seats were reserved for the areas of Jammu and Kashmir state that came under Pakistani control; this was reduced to 24 after the 12th amendment of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmir-information.com/LegalDocs/140.html |title=Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir Section 4 Read with Section 48(a)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507120652/http://www.kashmir-information.com/LegalDocs/140.html |archive-date= 7 May 2013 | url-status=dead|publisher=Kashmir-information.com |access-date=16 April 2013 }}</ref> After a [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] in 1988, the total number of seats increased to 111, of which 87 were within Indian-administered territory.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/10/24/stories/2002102403261300.htm|title=The vacant seats|author=Luv Puri|access-date=9 April 2009|location=Chennai, India|date=24 October 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106233528/http://www.hindu.com/2002/10/24/stories/2002102403261300.htm|archive-date=6 November 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Jammu and Kashmir Assembly had a 6-year term, in contrast to the norm of a 5-year term followed in other state assemblies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/27/stories/2005102700451000.htm |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=27 October 2005 |title=It is introspection time for Congress in J&K |author=Rasheeda Bhagat |access-date=9 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106150533/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/27/stories/2005102700451000.htm |archive-date=6 January 2006}}</ref> This anomaly arose because Jammu and Kashmir accepted the provision in the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India]] but did not accept its repeal in the [[Forty-Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|Forty-fourth Amendment]].<ref>[https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/no-need-for-constitutional-amendment-to-bring-jk-under-one-nation-one-election-bjp/ No need for constitutional amendment to bring J&K under 'one nation, one election': BJP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920133756/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/no-need-for-constitutional-amendment-to-bring-jk-under-one-nation-one-election-bjp/ |date=20 September 2019 }}, Greater Kashmir, 22 June 2019.</ref><ref>Meenakshi Lekhi, [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/Chargesheet/why-isn-t-kashmir-secular-cong-ncp-must-answer/ Why isn't Kashmir 'secular', Cong & NC must answer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920130750/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/Chargesheet/why-isn-t-kashmir-secular-cong-ncp-must-answer/ |date=20 September 2019 }}, The Economic Times blog, 9 January 2014.</ref><br />
<br />
The state's official language was [[Urdu]], which occupied a central space in media, education, religious and political discourses and the legislature of Jammu and Kashmir; the language functioned as a symbol of identity among Muslims of South Asia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhat|first1=M. Ashraf|title=Emergence of the Urdu Discourses in Kashmir|date=9 September 2011|publisher=LANGUAGE IN INDIA|edition=11}}</ref> The first language of less than 1% of the population, it was regarded as a "neutral" and non-native language of the multilingual region, and broadly accepted by Kashmiri Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Farouqi|first1=Ather|title=Redefining Urdu Politics in India|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="Pandharipande"/> The dominant position of Urdu has been criticised for rendering Kashmiri into a functional "minority language", effectively restricting its use to households and family.<ref name="Pandharipande">{{citation |last=Pandharipande |first=Rajeshwari |title=Minority Matters: Issues in Minority Languages in India |url=http://www.unesco.org/most/vl4n2pandhari.pdf |journal=International Journal on Multicultural Societies |volume=4 |number=2 |year=2002 |pages=3–4 |access-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615133850/http://www.unesco.org/most/vl4n2pandhari.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="KachruKachru2008">{{citation|last1=Kachru|first1=Braj B.|last2=Kachru|first2=Yamuna|last3=Sridhar|first3=S. N.|title=Language in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA132|date=27 March 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46550-2|pages=132–}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Central provisions ===<br />
In 1990, an [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act]] of India, which gave special powers to the Indian security forces, including the detaining of individuals for up to two years without presenting charges, was enforced in Jammu and Kashmir,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904052546/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/Armedforces%20_J%26K_%20Splpowersact1990.pdf The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act, 1990"] Indian Ministry of Law and Justice Published by the Authority of New Deli</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Huey |first=Caitlin |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/03/28/amnesty-international-cites-human-rights-abuse-in-kashmir |title=Amnesty International Cites Human Rights Abuse in Kashmir |work=U.S. News & World Report |date=28 March 2011 |access-date=6 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430022351/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/03/28/amnesty-international-cites-human-rights-abuse-in-kashmir |archive-date=30 April 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> a decision which drew criticism from [[Human Rights Watch]] and Amnesty International for violating human rights.<ref>[http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/08/18/india19628.htm "India: Repeal Armed Forces Special Powers Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911131209/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/08/18/india19628.htm |date=11 September 2008 }} [[Human Rights Watch]]. Retrieved 11 September 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/07/india-accountability-still-missing-for-human-rights-violations-in-jammu-and-kashmir/|title=India: Accountability still missing for human rights violations in Jammu and Kashmir|date=July 2015|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110032240/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/07/india-accountability-still-missing-for-human-rights-violations-in-jammu-and-kashmir/|archive-date=10 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Security forces claimed that many missing people were not detained, but had crossed into Pakistan-administered Kashmir to engage in militancy.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|title=Kashmir graves: Human Rights Watch calls for inquiry|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14660253|access-date=30 July 2012|work=BBC News|date=25 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825172700/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14660253|archive-date=25 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|group=note}}<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
=== Sources ===<br />
* {{citation |last=Korbel |first=Josef |author-link=Josef Korbel |title=The Kashmir dispute after six years |journal=[[International Organization]] |volume=7 |pages=498–510 |number=4 |year=1953 |doi=10.1017/S0020818300007256 |s2cid=155022750 |issn=0020-8183 }}<br />
* {{citation |last=Korbel |first=Josef |author-link=Josef Korbel |title=Danger in Kashmir |publisher=Princeton University Press |edition=second |year=1966 |orig-year=first published 1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q7WCgAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Korbel, Danger in Kashmir|1966}}|isbn=9781400875238 }}<br />
* {{citation<br />
| last = Schofield<br />
| first = Victoria<br />
| year = 2003<br />
| title = Kashmir in Conflict<br />
| publisher = I.B.Tauris<br />
| isbn = 978-1-86064-898-4<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC<br />
}}<br />
* {{citation |last1=Snedden |first1=Christopher |date=2003 |title=Kashmir: The Untold Story |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGO0qkqA2X0C |location=New Delhi |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |isbn=9780143030874}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Varshney |first=Ashutosh |author-link=Ashutosh Varshney |chapter=Three Compromised Nationalisms: Why Kashmir has been a Problem |editor=Raju G. C. Thomas |title=Perspectives on Kashmir: the roots of conflict in South Asia |year=1992 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-8343-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonka00thom/page/191 191–234] |chapter-url=https://apps.cndls.georgetown.edu/courses/rudolph/g238/files/Varshney-_1992-Why-Kashmir.pdf |url=https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonka00thom/page/191 }}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{citation |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-674-01173-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/00book939526581 }}<br />
* {{citation |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir |first=Mridu |last=Rai | publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=2004 |isbn=978-1850656616}}<br />
<br />
{{Regions and administrative territories of Kashmir}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir (state)| ]]<br />
[[Category:1952 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Disputed territories in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories established in 1952]]<br />
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Former states and territories of India]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murder_of_Renukaswamy&diff=519191Murder of Renukaswamy2026-01-15T22:19:51Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: Creating A Article W/ Infobox...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2024 kidnap and murder in Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Renukaswamy<br />
| birth_date = 1991<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2024|06|08|1991}}<br />
| death_place = Sumanahalli, [[Bengaluru]], India<br />
| death_cause = shock and haemorrhage<br />
| body_discovered = Sumanahalli, Bangalore<br />
| spouse = Sahana<br />
}}<br />
'''Renukaswamy''' (1991 – 8 June 2024) was a resident of [[Chitradurga]] who was kidnapped and murdered by a group of men in [[Bengaluru|Bengalaru]] in 2024; the gang was allegedly working with or for [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] actor [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] and would have attacked the victim in retaliation for lewd messages sent to Darshan's long-time partner, Pavithra Gowda. As of 2025, the criminal case was still being investigated. In October 2025, they charged with Renukasway's death.<ref>{{cite web |title=Renukaswamy case: Actor Darshan, Pavithra Gowda and 15 others charged with murder, trial likely from November 10 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/actor-darshan-pavithra-gowda-and-15-others-charged-for-renukaswamy-murder-trial-likely-from-november-10/article70236076.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=5 November 2025 |language=en-IN |date=3 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Victim background==<br />
Renukaswamy was the only son of Kashinatha Shivanagowdara and Rathnaprabha. As the sole breadwinner of his family, he married in 2023. At the time of his murder, his wife was pregnant with their first child. Renukaswamy worked at a pharmacy store in Chitradurga, from where he was kidnapped and subsequently murdered in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 June 2024 |title=Renukaswamy murder case: Court extends police custody of actor Darshan, associates by 5 more days |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/renukaswamy-murder-case-court-extends-police-custody-of-actor-darshan-9394831/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615145122/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/renukaswamy-murder-case-court-extends-police-custody-of-actor-darshan-9394831/ |archive-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=In Murder Case Against Actor Darshan, Photos Of Assault On Victim Surface |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-murder-case-against-actor-darshan-photos-of-assault-on-victim-surface-6495168 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref><br />
<br />
It has been alleged that he was sending obscene, nudity and offensive messages to Pavithra Gowda. Renukaswamy would have done this because he thought the actress was ruining the married life of the actor, who was his idol<ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian film star arrested in fan's murder case |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqvvx9z4xedo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622145941/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqvvx9z4xedo |archive-date=2024-06-22 |access-date=2024-06-22 |publisher=BBC news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-21 |title=Renukaswamy murder case: How Darshan's die-hard fan's derogatory comments on Pavithra led to his gruesome killing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/renukaswamy-murder-case-how-darshans-die-hard-fans-derogatory-comments-on-pavithra-led-to-his-gruesome-killing/articleshow/111104452.cms |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was also alleged that Renukaswamy had sent similar obscene messages to several other women.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 June 2024 |title=Renukaswamy was a habitual offender, sent obscene meassage |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/renukaswamy-was-a-habitual-offender-sent-obscene-messages-to-many-women-bengaluru-police/article68304392.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619032108/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/renukaswamy-was-a-habitual-offender-sent-obscene-messages-to-many-women-bengaluru-police/article68304392.ece |archive-date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-19 |work=the hindu}}</ref> This controversy arose due to Darshan's relationship with Pavithra Gowda,<ref>{{cite web |date=16 June 2024 |title=Actor Darshan not married to Pavithra Gowda, just 'friends', claims his lawyer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pavithra-gowda-not-actor-Sudeep-wife-claims-lawyer-renukaswamy-murder-cctv-evidence-aides-2553814-2024-06-16 |publisher=India Today}}</ref> despite still being married to his wife, Vijayalakshmi. On 16 October 2024, his son was born five months after the death of his father.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Oct/16/renukaswamy-murder-case-grieving-family-blessed-with-baby-boy-amid-actor-darshans-bail-plea|title=Renukaswamy murder case: Grieving family blessed with baby boy amid actor Darshan's bail plea|publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Murder==<br />
On 7 June 2024, Renukaswamy was abducted by Raghu who is an associate of Darshan when he was held captive in the shed where he was beaten to death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/darshan-arrest-case-cctv-footage-chitradurga-toll-plaza-car-ferries-renukaswamy-before-murder-2553173-2024-06-14|title=Darshan arrest case: New CCTV video shows car ferrying Renukaswamy before murder|date=14 June 2024 |publisher=India Today|access-date=2024-06-14|archive-date=2024-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614090511/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/darshan-arrest-case-cctv-footage-chitradurga-toll-plaza-car-ferries-renukaswamy-before-murder-2553173-2024-06-14|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/one-of-the-accused-in-renukaswamy-murder-case-to-turn-approver/article68285816.ece|title=One of the accused in Renukaswamy murder case to turn approver?|work=The Hindu|date=13 June 2024 |access-date=2024-06-14|archive-date=2024-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614090509/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/one-of-the-accused-in-renukaswamy-murder-case-to-turn-approver/article68285816.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> According to some reports, Darshan allegedly beat the victim with a belt and gave him current shocks. His family reported him missing to Annapurneswari Nagar police station. On 9 June 2024, Darshan was on the set of his latest film ''[[Devil: The Hero]]'' when he was taken along with Pavithra Gowda for questioning.<br />
<br />
Police said Ms Gowda was present in the shed for at least some time while Renukaswamy was beaten up with sticks and given multiple electric shocks. According to news agency PTI, it was Ms Gowda who instigated Darshan to punish Renukaswamy for the posts made by him.<br />
<br />
The autopsy report says Renukaswamy died due to "shock haemorrhage as a result of multiple blunt injuries". Reports have said his testicles were ruptured and one of his ears were missing.<br />
<br />
One of the accused Deepak Kumar, presently accused no. 13, has reportedly volunteered to be an approver in the case, the sources said. Deepak was in the shed, the scene of the crime, when Renukaswamy was killed, and he later distributed ₹5 lakh each to the four persons who surrendered to the police, confessing to the crime in a bid to protect Darshan, the police claimed.<br />
<br />
However, Deepak has allegedly told the police that Darshan along with other accused tortured the victim and that it was the actor who kicked Renukaswamy on the private parts, which may have caused his death.<br />
<br />
Renukaswamy's body was discovered at Sumanahalli Bridge by the police on 8 June 2024. His family, including his widow, demanded justice for him.<br />
Police officers Girish Naik and B. Dayananda were assigned to the case.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/officer-investigating-murder-case-against-actor-darshan-reassigned-101718307151904-amp.html|title=Officer investigating murder case against actor Darshan reassigned|publisher=hindustan times|access-date=2024-06-14|archive-date=2024-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614091107/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/officer-investigating-murder-case-against-actor-darshan-reassigned-101718307151904-amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Investigation and arrest==<br />
<br />
=== Timeline ===<br />
<br />
==== 9 June 2024 - Body found near drain ====<br />
An unidentified body with visible physical injuries was discovered near a drain in Sumanahalli, off Magadi Road. The security guard of a nearby apartment complex who stumbled upon the scene, found the corpse being disturbed by feral dogs. The guard chased the dogs away before alerting the authorities to the gruesome discovery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Darshan, Aides Beat Renuka Swamy With Sticks, Gave Electric Shocks |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/actor-darshan-renukaswamy-murder-case-pavithra-gowda-17-conspired-to-murder-renuka-swamy-actor-darshan-paid-rs-50-lakh-cops-5922112 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== 10 June 2024 - False confession of four youngsters who surrendered ====<br />
Per the police report, Raghavendra, Karthik, Nikhil Naik, and Keshava Murthy surrendered at the Kamakshipalya police station around 7 PM on 10 June, confessing to the murder of Renukaswamy over a financial dispute. However, during questioning, the police found discrepancies in their statements. Further interrogation revealed Darshan's involvement in the case.<br />
<br />
One of the accused, Deepak, had allegedly orchestrated a plan to protect Darshan. He offered Rs 5 lakh each to Nikhil Naik, Karthik, Raghavendra, and Keshava Murthy to conceal Darshan's name and take responsibility for the crime. According to Raghavendra’s statement, Nikhil and Keshava Murthy had already received Rs 5 lakh each. Karthik and Raghavendra's families were promised the money after their imprisonment. This revelation has added a complex layer to the investigation, as the police now have to probe the extent of Darshan's involvement and the motives behind the murder, beyond the initially claimed financial dispute.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title=Money paid to co-accused for surrendering, hiding Darshan's name in murder case: Karnataka Police |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/money-paid-to-co-accused-for-surrendering-hiding-darshans-name-in-murder-case-karnataka-police-9389031/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
An FSL (Forensic Science Laboratory) team visited the crime scene to gather all available evidence and corroborate the findings. The police recovered several critical pieces of evidence, including CCTV footage that captured key moments related to the crime. They also obtained call record details, which are being analyzed to trace communications among the accused and to establish a timeline of events.<br />
<br />
Additionally, the police recovered a goods vehicle and an SUV that were allegedly used by the accused to transport Renukaswamy's body. These vehicles are being thoroughly examined for forensic evidence such as fingerprints, DNA, and other trace materials that might link the suspects to the crime.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-11 |title=Kannada actor Darshan Thoogudeepa held in connection with murder case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bengaluru-police-arrest-kannada-actor-darshan-in-murder-case/article68276111.ece |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== 11 June 2024 - Darshan's arrest ====<br />
On Tuesday, 11 June, Darshan was taken into custody in connection with a murder case.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kannada film actor Darshan's police custody extended till June 20 in police cutsody |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/renukaswamy-murder-case-court-extends-police-custody-of-actor-Sudeep-9394831/ |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 June 2024 |title=Darshan Thoogudeepa, popular Kannada actor, detained in connection with murder case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bengaluru-police-arrest-kannada-actor-darshan-in-murder-case/article68276111.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611150953/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bengaluru-police-arrest-kannada-actor-darshan-in-murder-case/article68276111.ece |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kannada actor Darshan, friend Pavithra sent to six-day police custody in murder case |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/kannada-actor-darshan-friend-pavithra-sent-to-six-day-police-custody-in-murder-case-3062314 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611150951/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/kannada-actor-darshan-friend-pavithra-sent-to-six-day-police-custody-in-murder-case-3062314 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |publisher=Deccan Healrd}}</ref> The police apprehended Darshan from a gym near a hotel in Mysuru, where he had been staying.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kannada Actor Arrested For Alleged Role In Murder Over Obscene Texts |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kannada-actor-challenging-star-darshan-being-questioned-for-alleged-role-in-murder-case-5864459 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611131330/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kannada-actor-challenging-star-darshan-being-questioned-for-alleged-role-in-murder-case-5864459 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> Following his arrest, he was transported to Bengaluru by the jurisdictional police for further questioning. Later that day, the police made a significant announcement regarding the murder case of Renukaswamy. They disclosed that actor Darshan Thoogudeepa, his girlfriend Pavithra Gowda, and 11 others had been arrested.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adnal |first=Madhuri |date=11 June 2024 |title=Actor Darshan's presence at Renuka Swamy Crime Scene Confirmed by CCTV and Call Records |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bengaluru/darshan-s-presence-at-renuka-swamy-crime-scene-confirmed-by-cctv-and-call-records-3849723.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611124737/https://www.oneindia.com/bengaluru/darshan-s-presence-at-renuka-swamy-crime-scene-confirmed-by-cctv-and-call-records-3849723.html |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=OneIndia}}</ref> The charges against them included not only the murder of Renukaswamy but also attempting to destroy crucial evidence related to the crime.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==== 16 June 2024 - Court case begins ====<br />
On 16 June, all the suspects accused in the murder of Renukaswamy were brought before the court for judicial proceedings.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 June 2024 |title=Darshan, Pavithra break down in court |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jun/12/darshan-pavithra-break-down-in-court |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614084011/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/cities/delhi/2024/Jun/14/women-and-marginalised-groups-bear-the-brunt-of-heat-wave-study-on-delhi-street-vendors-reveal |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=12 June 2024 |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref> Among them, three suspects were remanded to judicial custody, indicating that they would be held in prison pending further legal proceedings.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, the police requested an extension of custody for Darshan Thoogudeepa, Pavithra Gowda, and 11 other suspects. The court granted this request, extending their police custody by five days. This extension allowed the police additional time to continue their interrogation, gather more evidence, and further investigate the roles and motives of the accused in connection with the murder case.<br />
<br />
==== 22 June 2024 - Judicial Custody ====<br />
On 22 June, prison officials formally designated Darshan Thoogudeepa as undertrial prisoner number 6106 at Parappana Agrahara Jail. Alongside him, the other suspects involved in the murder case of Renukaswamy were assigned subsequent prisoner numbers: Dhanaraj (6107), Vinay (6108), and Pradosh (6109).<br />
<br />
Initially, due to the high-profile nature of the case and security concerns, Darshan and the co-accused were placed in a high-security cell within the prison premises. However, later on, they were transferred to the prison hospital for medical evaluation or treatment as needed. Subsequently, they were relocated to the regular barracks designated for undertrial prisoners within the jail.<ref>{{cite web |title=Renukaswamy murder case: Darshan, three others sent to ... |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/darshan-sent-to-judicial-custody-till-july-4-in-renukaswamy-murder-case-3076871 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624153403/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/darshan-sent-to-judicial-custody-till-july-4-in-renukaswamy-murder-case-3076871 |archive-date=2024-06-24 |access-date=2024-06-24 |publisher=deccanherald.}}</ref><br />
<br />
The case was extended until 18 July<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/judicial-custody-of-darshan-associates-extended-till-july-18/article68367100.ece|title=Judicial custody of Darshan, associates extended till July 18<br />
|work=The Hindu|date=4 July 2024<br />
}}</ref> and later 28 August.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-court-extends-judicial-custody-of-actor-darshan-9515272/|title=Bengaluru court extends judicial custody of actor Darshan, 16 others in murder case until August 28|date=15 August 2024}}</ref> Darshan reportedly suffered from diarrhea and weight loss while imprisoned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/darshan-suffering-from-health-issues-like-diarrhoea-due-to-jail-food-kannada-star-files-petition-for-home-cooked-meals/articleshow/111629309.cms?from=mdr|title=Darshan suffering from health issues like diarrhea due to jail food: Kannada star files petition for home-cooked meals|date=10 July 2024|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> He reportedly fainted and has recovered.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada actor Darshan fainted in Bengaluru's Parappana Agrahara prison: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/kannada-actor-darshan-fainted-in-bengalurus-parappana-agrahara-prison-report-101723628579438.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=14 August 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 25 August, nine prison officials were suspended after a photo of them with Darshan went viral on social media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2024/08/26/renukaswamy-murder-heads-roll-after-public-uproar-over-darshan-thoogudeepa-cosy-prison-image-leaks-online.html|title=Renukaswamy murder: Heads roll after public uproar over Darshan Thoogudeepa's cozy prison image leaks online|publisher=the week}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 3 September 2024, the Police filed a charge sheet against Darshan, Gowda, and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Sep/04/chargesheet-against-actor-darshan-others-in-day-or-two|title=Chargesheet against Actor Darshan, others in day or two|publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chargesheet-filed-against-actor-darshan-16-others-in-renukaswamy-murder-case-6487535|title=Chargesheet Filed Against Actor Darshan, 16 Others In Renukaswamy Murder Case|publisher=NDTV}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 8 September 2024, Darshan confessed to hitting Renukaswamy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/kannada-actor-darshan-thoogudeepa-pavithra-gowda-renukaswamy-murder-2596454-2024-09-09|title= Actor Darshan's judicial custody extended for 3 days in Renukaswamy murder case |publisher=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/karnataka-hc-restrains-media-from-publishing-chargesheet-details-in-renukaswamy-murder-case/articleshow/113222634.cms?from=mdr|title=Karnataka HC restrains media from publishing chargesheet details in Renukaswamy murder. case|publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== 30 October 2024-present - Release on bail and cancellation of bail ====<br />
After a plea from the actor regarding his detention conditions,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darshan Tells Court of Poor Jail Conditions, Seeks Relief in Renukaswamy Murder Case |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/renukaswamy-murder-case-cant-walk-freely-in-prison-got-fungus-on-hands-darshans-emotional-appeal-3743245 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Darshan was released on bail on 30 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-10-30 |title=Actor Darshan released on bail from Ballari Central Prison |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/actor-darshan-released-on-bail-from-ballari-central-prison/article68815128.ece |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2025-03-13 |title=Kannada actor Darshan returns to film set after arrest in murder case |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/kannada-actor-darshan-returns-to-film-set-after-arrest-in-murder-case |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> The bail being cancelled in August 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-14 |title=Kannada actor Darshan set to return to jail, a day before release of new film's song that says 'live peacefully' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/day-before-song-release-movie-darshan-go-back-jail-supreme-court-cancels-bail-10188570/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-15 |title=Renukaswamy murder: Darshan may remain in jail for over a year; fresh bail only if witnesses collapse or if actor develops terminal illness |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/darshan-may-remain-in-jail-for-over-a-year-fresh-bail-only-under-changed-circumstances/articleshow/123310956.cms |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> the actor was sent back in custody.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-09-30 |title=Bengaluru Court reserves order on actor Darshan's jail facility plea for October 9 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-court-reserves-order-on-actor-darshans-jail-facility-plea-for-october-9/article70113210.ece |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Related developments ====<br />
While covering this case, Rakshith Gowda, a journalist for ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', was attacked by four unidentified men.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Jun/15/tnie-reporter-covering-actor-darshan-case-attacked-in-bengaluru-court-complex|title=TNIE reporter covering actor Darshan case attacked in Bengaluru court complex|date=15 June 2024|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=17 June 2024|archive-date=17 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617222626/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Jun/15/tnie-reporter-covering-actor-darshan-case-attacked-in-bengaluru-court-complex|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 18 June, a specialised team proficient in cyber technology investigated whether Renukaswamy had been the victim of hacking or impersonation by another person who tried to pass for him to send a lewd message to Gowda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/renukaswamy-murder-will-ensure-accused-punished-police-commissioner-9399512/|title=Will ensure accused in Renukaswamy murder case are punished: Bengaluru Police Commissioner|date=18 June 2024 |publisher=Indian Express|access-date=2024-06-18|archive-date=2024-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618105635/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/renukaswamy-murder-will-ensure-accused-punished-police-commissioner-9399512/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also revealed that Darshan's farmhouse manager took his own life in April.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/actor-darshan-renukaswamy-murder-case-farmhouse-manager-suicide-note-recovered-2555148-2024-06-19|title=Darshan's farmhouse manager died by suicide in April, was battling depression|date=19 June 2024 |publisher=India Today|access-date=2024-06-19|archive-date=2024-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619121947/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/actor-darshan-renukaswamy-murder-case-farmhouse-manager-suicide-note-recovered-2555148-2024-06-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/order-on-darshan-s-bail-application-today-3230832 |title=Renukaswamy murder case: Order on Darshan's bail application today|publisher=Deccan Herald}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reactions==<br />
Many celebrities, particularly from [[Kannada cinema]] and [[Telugu cinema]], expressed shock and disbelief over Darshan's inclusion. [[Jaggesh]] and [[Rakshita]], a frequent co-star of Darshan's, were among those on social media. [[Chetan Kumar]] pointed out that "there are observations connecting toxic masculinity with violence in movies which led to real-life consequences". One of his other frequent co-star, [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]], spoke out against Darshan and demanded justice for Renukaswamy, and later his friend, [[Sudeep]], also joined her by demanding justice. He said that celebrities should never be treated as demigods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/want-justice-for-renukaswamys-family-his-unborn-child-kiccha-sudeep-on-case-involving-actor-darshan/|title=Want justice for Renukaswamy's family, his unborn child: Kiccha Sudeep on case involving actor Darshan|date=16 June 2024 |publisher=The South Frist|access-date=2024-06-17|archive-date=2024-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617021512/https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/want-justice-for-renukaswamys-family-his-unborn-child-kiccha-sudeep-on-case-involving-actor-darshan/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/justice-to-the-victims-family-is-important-sudeep/article68297374.ece|title=Justice to the victim's family is important: Sudeep|work=The Hindu|date=16 June 2024 |access-date=2024-06-17|archive-date=2024-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617021517/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/justice-to-the-victims-family-is-important-sudeep/article68297374.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/celebrities-are-not-gods-do-not-treat-them-like-one-kannada-actor-kichcha-sudeep-article-111041515|title=Celebrities Are Not Gods, Do Not Treat Them Like One: Kannada Actor Kichcha Sudeep|date=16 June 2024 |publisher=Times Now|access-date=2024-06-17|archive-date=2024-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616180735/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/celebrities-are-not-gods-do-not-treat-them-like-one-kannada-actor-kichcha-sudeep-article-111041515|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] also demanded an inquiry on behalf of the victim's family. [[Ram Gopal Varma]] stated that a star used his fame to kill a fan, and director [[Hemanth M. Rao]] said that he was still shocked and heartbroken about the case.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/kannada-director-hemanth-rao-darshan-facing-murder-allegations-loss-words-ridiculous-darshans-decision-making/|title=Kannada director Hemanth Rao on Darshan facing murder allegations, "I am at a loss of words at how ridiculous Darshan's decision making has been in all of this|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=17 June 2024 |access-date=2024-06-17|archive-date=2024-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617095541/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/kannada-director-hemanth-rao-darshan-facing-murder-allegations-loss-words-ridiculous-darshans-decision-making/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/filmmakers-of-darshans-upcoming-projects-in-tight-spot-3066073|title=Filmmakers of Darshan's upcoming projects in tight spot|publisher=Deccan Herald|access-date=2024-06-14|archive-date=2024-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614031326/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/filmmakers-of-darshans-upcoming-projects-in-tight-spot-3066073|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ram-gopal-varma-reacts-to-darshans-arrest-in-murder-case-9389756/|title=Ram Gopal Varma reacts to Darshan's arrest in murder case: 'A fit example of bizarreness of star worship'|date=13 June 2024 |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/from-kiccha-sudeep-to-upendra-actors-react-to-darshans-arrest-in-murder-case|title=From Kiccha Sudeep to Upendra, actors react to Darshan's arrest in murder case|date=17 June 2024 |publisher=News Minute|access-date=2024-06-17|archive-date=2024-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617144659/https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/from-kiccha-sudeep-to-upendra-actors-react-to-darshans-arrest-in-murder-case|url-status=live}}</ref> Protests in Chitradurga demanded the Kannada Film Chamber to completely ban Darshan from Kannada cinema. They also demanded strict punishment for him and Gowda, and called for a CBI inquiry into Renukaswamy's death for solidarity with the victim's family.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/fans-protest-indian-movie-stars-shock-arrest-over-bengaluru-murder-2024-06-11/|title=Fans protest Indian movie star's shock arrest over Benglau murder|publisher=Returns}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/chitraduga-residents-stage-protest-against-darshan-seek-strict-punishment-for-accused-in-murder-case/article68281545.ece|title=Chitraduga residents stage protest against Darshan; seek strict punishment for accused in murder case|work=The Hindu|date=12 June 2024 |access-date=2024-06-14|archive-date=2024-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614031340/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/chitraduga-residents-stage-protest-against-darshan-seek-strict-punishment-for-accused-in-murder-case/article68281545.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Since Darshan has affiliations with Congress, [[BJP]] ex-MLA, [[R. Ashoka]], demanded a ban of his future films.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/renukaswamy-murder-bjp-demands-a-fair-probe/article68285623.ece|title=Renukaswamy murder: BJP demands a fair probe|work=The Hindu|date=13 June 2024 |access-date=2024-06-14|archive-date=2024-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614084712/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/renukaswamy-murder-bjp-demands-a-fair-probe/article68285623.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sanjjanaa Galrani]], [[Rachita Ram]], [[Anusha Rai]], [[Kasthuri Shankar]], and [[Naga Shourya]] came to his defense.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2024/06/14/darshan-is-soft-spoken-gentleman-who-respects-women-actor-sanjjanaa-galrani-defends-kannada-star.html|title=Darshan is 'soft-spoken gentleman' who respects women: Actor Sanjjanaa Galrani defends Kannada star|publisher=The Week|access-date=2024-06-14|archive-date=2024-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614164621/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2024/06/14/darshan-is-soft-spoken-gentleman-who-respects-women-actor-sanjjanaa-galrani-defends-kannada-star.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rachita-ram-expresses-disbelief-over-her-mentor-darshans-alleged-involvement-in-renukaswamy-murder-case-9400499/|title=Rachita Ram expresses disbelief over her 'mentor' Darshan's alleged involvement in Renukaswamy murder case: 'It's hard to believe…'|date=18 June 2024 |publisher=Indian Express|access-date=2024-06-19|archive-date=2024-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619121723/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rachita-ram-expresses-disbelief-over-her-mentor-darshans-alleged-involvement-in-renukaswamy-murder-case-9400499/|url-status=live}}</ref> Deputy Chief Minister [[D. K. Shivakumar|DK Shivakumar]] denied that Darshan received royal treatment at prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/darshan-not-getting-royal-treatment-karnataka-home-minister-g-parameshwara-rubbishes-reports-3066730#:~:text=Bengaluru%3A%20Karnataka%20Home%20Minister%20G,connection%20with%20a%20murder%20case.|title=Darshan not getting 'royal treatment': Karnataka Home Minister rubbishes reports|publisher=Deccan Herald|access-date=2024-06-24|archive-date=2024-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624145225/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/darshan-not-getting-royal-treatment-karnataka-home-minister-g-parameshwara-rubbishes-reports-3066730#:~:text=Bengaluru%3A%20Karnataka%20Home%20Minister%20G,connection%20with%20a%20murder%20case.|url-status=live}}</ref> Darshan's 15 year old son, Vinesh, became a victim of cyberbullying on social media along with Gowda's daughter, Kushi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2024 |title=Kannada star Darshan's minor son reacts to cyberbullying after the arrest of his father |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2024/06/15/kannada-star-darshans-minor-son-reacts-to-cyberbullying-after-arrest-of-his-father.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615050641/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2024/06/15/kannada-star-darshans-minor-son-reacts-to-cyberbullying-after-arrest-of-his-father.html |archive-date=15 June 2024 |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=THEWEEK}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Shiva Rajkumar]], whose family knew the Thoogudeepa family for years, had expressed deep sympathy towards Renukaswamy's family and Vinesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/shiva-rajkumar-on-darshans-arrest-for-alleged-murder-nothing-we-can-do-101719755220004.html|title=Shiva Rajkumar on Darshan's arrest for alleged murder: 'Nothing we can do…'|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=2024-07-01|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630183617/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/shiva-rajkumar-on-darshans-arrest-for-alleged-murder-nothing-we-can-do-101719755220004.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His co-star, [[Vinod Prabhakar]], visited him in central prison on 24 June, followed by [[Prem (director)|Prem]] and [[Rakshita]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jun/25/renukaswamy-murder-case-fearing-ire-of-darshan-fans-four-accused-will-move-to-tumakuru-jail|title=Renukaswamy murder case: Fearing ire of Darshan fans, four accused will move to Tumakuru jail|date=25 June 2024 |publisher=New Indian Express|access-date=2024-06-25|archive-date=2024-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625040331/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jun/25/renukaswamy-murder-case-fearing-ire-of-darshan-fans-four-accused-will-move-to-tumakuru-jail|url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 July 2024, [[Sumalatha Ambareesh]] expressed shock about the case. She said Darshan was like a son to her and her late husband.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/sumalatha-ambareesh-shocked-by-darshans-arrest-in-murder-case-says-hes-like-her-son-i-know-him-as-a-loving-man-101720099314297.html|title=Sumalatha Ambareesh shocked by Darshan's arrest in murder case; says he's like her 'son': I know him as a loving man|publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In August 2024, [[Malashree]] expressed support to Darshan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/veteran-actress-malashree-supports-darshan-allu-arjun-to-attend-nbks-50-year-milestone-event-9034794.html|title=Veteran Actress Malashree Supports Darshan; Allu Arjun To Attend NBK's 50-Year Milestone Event|publisher=NEWS18}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Aftermath ===<br />
Renukaswamy's parents met Chief Minister [[Siddaramaiah]] to obtain work for their son's widow.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/renukaswamys-parents-meet-karnataka-cm-seeks-job-to-victims-wife/article68331083.ece|title=Renukaswamy's parents meet Karnataka CM, seeks job to victim's wife|work=The Hindu|date=25 June 2024 |access-date=2024-06-25|archive-date=2024-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625095418/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/renukaswamys-parents-meet-karnataka-cm-seeks-job-to-victims-wife/article68331083.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Lakshmikanthan murder case]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Renukaswamy}}<br />
[[Category:People murdered in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Controversies about films in India]]<br />
[[Category:2024 murders in India]]<br />
[[Category:2024 scandals]]<br />
[[Category:Scandals in India]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]<br />
[[Category:Crime in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths by beating]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths by electrocution]]<br />
[[Category:June 2024 in India]]<br />
[[Category:June 2024 crimes in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Sex crimes in India]]<br />
[[Category:Kidnappings in India]]<br />
[[Category:Kidnapping in the 2020s]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhundhyakhedi&diff=496960Dhundhyakhedi2026-01-05T04:47:41Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: Article</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name =Dhundhyakhedi<br />
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<br />
'''Dhundhyakhedi''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Dhundhyakhedi Village is a major agricultural production area in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. In the [[2011 Census of India]] its population was reported as 585.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhundhyakhedi (474352) |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=531542|accessdate=17 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]<br />
<br />
{{Dewas-geo-stub}}</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acworth_Municipal_Hospital_for_Leprosy&diff=484507Acworth Municipal Hospital for Leprosy2025-12-29T03:03:31Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: new new article</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Government leprosy hospital in Mumbai}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox hospital<br />
| name = Acworth Municipal Hospital for Leprosy<br />
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| logo = <br />
| logo_size = <br />
| image = Acworth leprosy hospital Wadala entrance gate.jpg<br />
| image_size = 225<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = An entrance gate of the hospital<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| location = [[Wadala]], [[Mumbai]]<br />
| region = <br />
| state = <br />
| country = India<br />
| healthcare = <!-- UK: NHS; AU/CA: Medicare; ELSE free-form text, e.g. Private --><br />
| funding = <br />
| type = <br />
| religious_affiliation = <br />
| affiliation = <br />
| patron = <br />
| network = <br />
| standards = <br />
| emergency = <br />
| beds = <br />
| speciality = <br />
| helipad = <br />
| h1-number = <br />
| h1-length-f = <br />
| h1-length-m = <br />
| h1-surface = <!-- up to h12 --><br />
| former_names = <br />
| constructed = <br />
| opened = 1890 <!-- cite in article as well --><br />
| closed = <br />
| demolished = <br />
| website = <!-- {{URL|www.example.com}} --><br />
| other_links = <br />
| module = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Acworth Municipal Hospital for Leprosy''' (AMHL), or simply Acworth Leprosy Hospital, is a public hospital for [[leprosy]] located in [[Wadala]], [[Mumbai]]. It is the city's only dedicated leprosy centre, and as of November 2022, has 67 patients in care. Out of these, only two have active leprosy. It was also known as Asylum for Homeless Lepers.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Mumbai's sole leprosy hospital is home to even ex-patients for up to 80 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbais-sole-leprosy-hospital-is-home-to-even-ex-patients-for-up-to-80-years/articleshow/95327858.cms |website=The Times of India |date=6 November 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
It started with 50 beds as Homeless Leper Asylum on 7 November 1890, and was funded by the city's philanthropists and then [[municipal commissioner]] Harry Arbuthnot Acworth. It was later renamed as Acworth Leper Asylum in 1904. The hospital was developed in the premises of Matunga Artillery Centre which were vacated in 1885. By 1957, the hospital had 500 beds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manual 2 - Particulars of Organization, Functions, & Duties |url=https://portal.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/ACWORTH%20Municipal%20Hospital%20for%20Leprosy/RTI%20Manuals/Aqworth_lepr_Hosp_RTI_E02.pdf |website=Acworth Municipal Hospital for Leprosy}}</ref> In 1970, the hospital staff started the Acworth Leprosy Hospital Society for Research, Rehabilitation, and Education in Leprosy (ALH-RRE) to commemorate the hospital's 80th anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=http://acworthleprosymuseum.org/about.php# |website=Acworth Leprosy Hospital Society for Research, Rehabilitation and Education in Leprosy}}</ref> It is currently run by the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]], which restored it in March 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=At Mumbai's only specialised leprosy hospital, half of medical staff posts vacant |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/at-mumbais-only-specialised-leprosy-hospital-half-of-medical-staff-posts-vacant-7626410/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Colonial-era Mumbai hospital for leprosy patients gets a healing touch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/colonial-era-mumbai-hospital-for-leprosy-patients-gets-a-healing-touch-8569359/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=22 April 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
The hospital premises also houses the Acworth Leprosy Museum, one of the only five in Asia.<ref name="auto"/> It was inaugurated on 5 February 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title=Acworth Leprosy Hospital and Museum {{!}} International Leprosy Association - History of Leprosy |url=https://leprosyhistory.org/database/archive645 |website=leprosyhistory.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery><br />
Acworth leprosy hospital Wadala entrance.jpg|Main entrance<br />
Acworth leprosy hospital Wadala gate.jpg|A gate of the hospital<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.theacworthleprosymuseum.org/main.htm}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Leper hospitals]]<br />
[[Category:Hospitals in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:1890 establishments in British India]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barkudia_melanosticta&diff=489878Barkudia melanosticta2025-12-16T03:53:24Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: new stub.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of lizard}}<br />
{{speciesbox<br />
| status = DD<br />
| status_system = IUCN3.1<br />
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Srinivasulu, C. |author2=Srinivasulu, B. |author3=Das, I. |date=2013 |title=''Barkudia melanosticta'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T174129A1413063 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T174129A1413063.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> <br />
| genus = Barkudia<br />
| species = melanosticta<br />
| authority = ([[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], 1801)<br />
| range_map = Barkudia melanosticta distribution (colored).png<br />
| synonyms = *''Anguis melanostictus'' <br />{{small|Schneider, 1801}}<br />
*''Barkudia melanosticta'' <br />{{small|— [[:fr:Indraneil Das|Das]], 1999}}<br />
| synonyms_ref =<ref>"''Barkudia melanosticta'' ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.</ref><br />
}}<br />
'''''Barkudia melanosticta''''' [[Common name|commonly]] known as '''Visakhapatnam limbless skink''' or '''Russell's legless skink''' is a [[skink]] [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Vishakapatnam]] region of Circar Coast, in [[Andhra Pradesh]] state of southeastern [[India]]. One of the foremost of Indian reptiles collected during the days of [[Patrick Russell (herpetologist)|Patrick Russell]] in 1790s, this species' [[type specimen]] was considered lost. Later its [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] was fixed by redescribing recent collections dating between 1950s-80s by professors of [[Andhra University]], [[Waltair]] from their campus, and deposited in the [[Zoological Survey of India]] in [[Kolkata]], [[India]] (''fide'' I. Das).<br />
<br />
==Geographic range==<br />
''B. melanosticta'' is known only from the vicinity of its [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] - [[Visakhapatnam]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=Das>[[:fr:Indraneil Das|Das I]] (1999). [https://archive.org/stream/asiaticherpetolo08asia#page/16/mode/1up "''Anguis melanostictus'' SCHNEIDER, 1801, a valid species of ''Barkudia'' (Sauria: Scincidae) from southeastern India"]. ''Asiatic Herpetol. Research'' '''8''': 13-17. (''Barkudia melanosticta'', new combination).</ref><br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
A burrowing species, ''B. melanosticta'' has an elongated body, with no legs. The eyes are vestigial, with only lower eyelids. The ear openings are slit-like. It may attain a snout-to-vent length of {{convert|16.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}, plus a tail {{convert|6.8|cm|in|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=Das/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*[[Albert Günther|Günther ACLG]] (1864). ''The Reptiles of British India''. London: The Ray Society. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xxvii + 452 pp. + Plates I-XXVI. ("''Anguis melanosticta'' [sic]", p. 95).<br />
*[[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider JG]] (1801). ''Historiae Amphibiorum naturalis et literariae. Fasciculus secundus continens Crocodilos, Scincos, Chamaesauras, Boas, Pseudoboas, Elapes, Angues, Amphisbaenas et Caecilias.'' Jena: F. Fromman. vi + 364 pp. + Plates I-II. (''Anguis melanostictus'', new species, pp. 323-324). (in Latin).<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2884613}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Barkudia]]<br />
[[Category:Lizards of India]]<br />
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider]]<br />
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1801]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{skink-stub}}</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manjumala&diff=469035Manjumala2025-12-11T20:33:50Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: </p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Manjumala<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline = File:Periyar River @ Vandiperiyar - panoramio.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Manjumala limits and [[Periyar River]]<br />
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = left<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|9|34|25|N|77|4|55|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 20503<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
''' Manjumala ''' is a village in [[Idukki district]] in [[India]]'s southwestern state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/P |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-10 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Manjumala had a population of 20503 with 10200 males and 10303 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manjumala Village Population - Peerumade - Idukki, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628108-manjumala-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Idukki district}}<br />
[[Category:Villages in Idukki district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Idukki-geo-stub}}</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=RISAT-2&diff=452926RISAT-22025-12-09T19:23:11Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: expanded content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian radar imaging reconnaissance satellite}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox spaceflight<br />
| name = RISAT-2<br />
| names_list = Radar Imaging Satellite-2<br />
| image = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_size = 300px<br />
<br />
| mission_type = [[Radar imaging]]<br/>([[Reconnaissance]] and [[Emergency management|disaster management]])<br />
| operator = [[Indian Air Force]]<br/>[[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]<br />
| COSPAR_ID = 2009-019A<ref name="Display">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2009-019A|title=Display: RISAT-2 2009-019A|date=27 April 2021|access-date=9 May 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><br />
| SATCAT = 34807<br />
| website = {{url|http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/risat-2}}<br />
| mission_duration = Planned: 5 years <br/> Final: {{time interval|20 April 2009 01:15:00|30 October 2022 00:06}}<br />
| spacecraft = RISAT-2<br />
| spacecraft_type = <br />
| spacecraft_bus = [[OptSat-2000]]<br />
| manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] (satellite)<br/>[[Israel Aerospace Industries|IAI]] (SAR radar)<br />
| launch_mass = {{cvt|300|kg}}<br />
| dimensions = <br />
| power = 750 watts<br />
<br />
| launch_date = 20 April 2009, 01:15:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]<ref name="ESA Portal"/><br />
| launch_rocket = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-CA]] (PSLV-C12)<br />
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Satish Dhawan]], [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SLP]]<br />
| launch_contractor = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]<br />
<br />
| entered_service = <br />
| disposal_type = <br />
| last_contact = <br />
| decay_date = 30 October 2022, 00:06 UTC<ref name="ST_34807TIP">{{cite web |title=Tracking and Impact Prediction (TIP) Message: RISAT-2 |url=https://www.space-track.org/basicspacedata/query/class/tip/NORAD_CAT_ID/34807/orderby/ID%20DESC/format/html/emptyresult/show |access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="jmd-2022031">{{cite tweet |author=Jonathan McDowell |user=planet4589 |number=1586879079063912448 |title=India's RISAT-2 radar satellite, launched in 2009, reentered at 0006 UTC Oct 30 off the south coast of Sumatra. |date=31 October 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]<ref name="ESA Portal">{{cite web|url=https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/r/risat-2|title=RISAT-2 (Radar Imaging Satellite-2)|publisher=ESA Earth Observation Portal|date=9 May 2021|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref><br />
| orbit_regime = [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]<br />
| orbit_periapsis = <br />
| orbit_apoapsis = <br />
| orbit_altitude = {{cvt|548|km}}<br />
| orbit_inclination = 41.0°<br />
| orbit_period = 90.0 minutes<br />
| apsis = gee<br />
<br />
| programme = [[RISAT|RISAT programme]]<br />
| previous_mission = <br />
| next_mission = [[RISAT-1]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''RISAT-2''', or '''Radar Imaging Satellite-2''' was an Indian [[radar imaging]] [[reconnaissance satellite]] that was part of India's [[RISAT]] programme. It was procured from [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] (IAI)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Spaceflight Now {{!}} Breaking News {{!}} India readies Israeli radar spysat to eye Pakistan |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/news/n0904/17milsat/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=spaceflightnow.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-03 |title=Tango with Israel - Frontline |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article30186903.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803214049/https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article30186903.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-08-03 |access-date=2024-09-27 }}</ref> and successfully launched aboard a [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-CA]] launch vehicle at 01:15:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on 20 April 2009 from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Second Launch Pad]] at the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/science/isro-to-launch-second-spy-satellite-risat-2br1-on-december-11-to-enhance-indias-surveillance-capability-4695061.html|title=ISRO to launch second "spy" satellite RISAT-2BR1 on 11 December 2019 to enhance India's surveillance capability|website=moneycontrol.com|date=3 December 2019 |access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is designed to monitor India's [[border]]s and as part of anti-infiltration and anti-terrorist operations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-to-launch-spy-satellite-on-April-20/articleshow/4374544.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023165634/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-08/india/28021674_1_spy-satellite-synthetic-aperture-radar-tecsar|url-status=live|archive-date=October 23, 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India|title=India to launch spy satellite on April 20|date=April 8, 2009}}</ref> The satellite has a mass of {{cvt|300|kg}}.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
RISAT-2 was procured following the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], due to delay with the indigenously developed [[C band (IEEE)|C-band]] for [[RISAT-1]]. It is India's first dedicated radar reconnaissance satellite.<ref name="ASM">{{cite web|url=http://www.asmmag.com/news/india-to-launch-risat|title=The difference between Risat-1 and Risat-2|publisher=ASM|access-date=2009-03-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330023928/http://www.asmmag.com/news/india-to-launch-risat|archive-date=March 30, 2009}}</ref> RISAT-2 was procured at a cost of USD 200 million from Israel. In terms of configuration and capability it is identical to [[TecSAR-1]] launched in 2008 by ISRO's PSLV which marked the beginning of India-Israel space cooperation.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="PRL_NMD_SAC">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSU78dirBX4&t=2282s |title="Trends in Indigenous Space Technologies for Societal Applications" 95_PRL ka Amrut Vyakhyaan, 14 August 2024, Shri Nilesh M Desai |date=14 August 2024 |language=English |time=38 minutes 02 seconds |quote=(…) in 2006-07 time frame country desperately needed a radar satellite for our strategic reasons so then military approached us and it was decided to buy a radar satellite so what you're seeing here this is the first active radar satellite bought from Israel it costed around those days 2006 to 09 we gave order in 2006 it was delivered in 2009 and we launched it from our launcher in 2009 for our surveillance requirements it costed us around 800 crores those days 2006 to 09 time frame.}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Technical capabilities ==<br />
RISAT-2 was India's first satellite with a synthetic-aperture radar (SAR). It possess day-night as well as all-weather monitoring capability. Potential applications include tracking hostile ships at sea that are deemed a military threat to India.<ref name="RISAT-2">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indias-spy-in-the-sky-isro-launches-risat2/90656-11.html?from=rssfeed|title=India's spy in the sky: ISRO launches RISAT-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427135457/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indias-spy-in-the-sky-isro-launches-risat2/90656-11.html?from=rssfeed|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 27, 2009|date=April 20, 2009|publisher=IBN|access-date=2009-04-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
Though ISRO sought to underplay the satellite's defence applications in its announcements, a substantial number of articles concerning RISAT-2 in the Indian media continue to refer to it as a "spy satellite".<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8007653.stm?from=rssfeed|title=India launches key spy satellite|date=April 20, 2009|publisher=BBC|access-date=2009-04-20}}</ref> This is also supported by the fact that its Israeli sensor is clearly pronounced a military grade sensor by its manufacturer [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] (IAI).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Launch ==<br />
ISRO scientists spent tense hours on 19 April 2009 prior to launch as one of the umbilical cords holding the PSLV-CA launch vehicle to the launch pad fell off, damaging nearly six connectors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ISRO-launches-spy-satellite-RISAT-2/articleshow/4422951.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|title=RISAT-2 not a spy satellite: ISRO chief|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423075323/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ISRO-launches-spy-satellite-RISAT-2/articleshow/4422951.cms|archive-date=April 23, 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
== ANUSAT satellite ==<br />
The [[ANUSAT]] student [[Small satellite|microsatellite]] (40&nbsp;kg) was launched aboard the same launch vehicle as a secondary payload.<br />
<br />
== Mission ==<br />
RISAT-2 was used to search for and eventually locate wreckage of the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister helicopter crash|helicopter crash]] that claimed the life of [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]], chief minister of the [[Andhra Pradesh|state of Andhra Pradesh]], as well as the lives of his fellow passengers, while traveling over dense jungles in southern India on 2 September 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article13970.ece|location=Chennai, India|newspaper=The Hindu|title=RISAT-2 to search for YSR|date=2 September 2009}}</ref><br />
The satellite made an uncontrolled re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere over Sumatra on 30 October 2022 at 00:06 UTC<ref name="jmd-2022031"/><ref name="ST_34807TIP"/> after providing payload data for 13 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Space, Annual Report 2017-2018 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/9805/annualreport2017-18.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213093132/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/9805/annualreport2017-18.pdf |archive-date=13 February 2018 |quote=RISAT-2 has enhanced the country's capability in the disaster management support activities. The satellite has completed 8 years in orbit and still providing imaging services.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Atmospheric Re-entry of RISAT-2 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Atmospheric_Re_entryRISAT2.html |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}<br />
* [[Integrated Space Cell#Military|Indian military satellites]]<br />
* [[List of Indian satellites]]<br />
* [[Indo-Israeli relations]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{RISAT satellites}}<br />
{{Indian spacecraft}}<br />
{{Rest of the World Reconnaissance Satellites}}<br />
{{Orbital launches in 2009}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2009 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2009]]<br />
[[Category:Earth observation satellites of India]]<br />
[[Category:Imaging reconnaissance satellites]]<br />
[[Category:Synthetic aperture radar satellites]]<br />
[[Category:India–Israel relations]]<br />
[[Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 2022]]<br />
[[Category:RISAT]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agonda&diff=452939Agonda2025-12-07T18:10:29Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name =Agonda<br />
| native_name =<br />
| native_name_lang =<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = File:Agonda beach.JPG<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Agonda in Goa<br />
| coordinates={{coord|15.04030|N|73.98648|E|region:IN|display=inline}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = District<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Goa district]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = Sub-district<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Canacona taluk|Canacona]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]<br />
| governing_body = <br />
| leader_title = <br />
| leader_name = <br />
| leader_title1 = <br />
| leader_name1 = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 3801<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +05:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = GA <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Agonda''' is a large village located in Canacona in [[South Goa district]], India. Agonda is famous for its beach and It is one of the only four beaches designated as turtle nesting sites under the [[Coastal Regulation Zone]] 2011 notification.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/First-Olive-Ridley-turtle-arrives-for-a-late-season-at-Morjim-beach/articleshow/50626180.cms News. (January 2016).] First Olive Ridley turtle arrives for a late season at Morjim beach. ''Times News Network, [[The Times of India]]''. Retrieved 4 February 2016.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Agonda-Home-to-turtles-a-concrete-catastrophe/articleshow/47726161.cms News. (December 2014).] Turtles prefer Agonda beach, but poor nesting this season. ''Times News Network, [[The Times of India]]''. Retrieved 4 February 2016.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Agonda-Home-to-turtles-a-concrete-catastrophe/articleshow/47726161.cms News. (June 2015).] Agonda, home to turtles a concrete catastrophe. ''Times News Network, [[The Times of India]]''. Retrieved 4 February 2016.</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
As of the 2011 India census, Agonda had a population of 3801. Males constituted 47% of the population and females 53%. The average sex ratio of Agonda village is 1110 which is higher than Goa state average of 973. Agonda had an average literacy rate of 86.11%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy was 91.47% and female literacy 81.26%. 10.42% of the population was under 6 years of age.<br />
<br />
== Agonda beach ==<br />
[[File:Sunset at Agonda Beach.jpg|thumb|left|Sun set at Agonda beach, south Goa]]<br />
[[File:Cola Beach Bay South Goa Jan19 DSC06186.jpg|thumb|left|Cola beach, north of Agonda. Jan '19]]<br />
''Agonda Beach'' is a 3&nbsp;km long public beach located in Agonda village in [[Goa]], [[India]], about {{convert|9.2|km|mi}} north of [[Palolem Beach]] in [[South Goa district]], and about an hour from [[Margao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/three-indian-beaches-agonda-palolem-goa-and-radhanagar-havelock-among-asias-top-10-survey/article8292235.ece |title=Three Indian beaches Agonda, Palolem (Goa) and Radhanagar (Havelock) among Asia's top 10: Survey |publisher=The Hindu |date=2016-02-28 |accessdate=2016-07-04}}</ref><br />
There is one more beach on the north side of Agonda cliff called ''Cola beach'' which has an adjoining lagoon.<br />
<br />
During the month of September, the beach serves as a [[habitat|nesting ground]] for [[olive ridley sea turtle]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Turtles-prefer-Agonda-beach-but-poor-nesting-this-season/articleshow/45686021.cms |title=Turtles prefer Agonda beach, but poor nesting this season – Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2014-12-30 |accessdate=2016-07-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2016 it was ranked on [[TripAdvisor]]'s "Travelers Choice" as fourth in Asia by Tripadvisor 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tripadvisor.in/TravelersChoice-Beaches-cTop-g2 |title=Best Beaches in Asia – Travellers' Choice Awards – TripAdvisor |publisher=Tripadvisor.in |date= |accessdate=2016-07-04}}</ref> and first in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tripadvisor.in/TravelersChoice-Beaches-cTop-g293860 |title=Best Beaches in India – Travellers' Choice Awards – TripAdvisor |publisher=Tripadvisor.in |date= |accessdate=2016-07-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{wikivoyage inline|Agonda}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in South Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:Beaches of South Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:Beaches of Goa]]<br />
<br />
{{goa-geo-stub}}</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaikulangara_Rama_Variar&diff=507398Kaikulangara Rama Variar2025-12-02T02:46:58Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: done</p>
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<div>{{Short description |Indian scholar, astrologer and astronomer (1832–1897)}}<br />
{{use indian english|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Kaikulangara Rama Variar<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --><br />
| birth_date = {{birth year|1832}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1897|10|05|1832}}<br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Scholar|poet|astrologer|astronomer}}<br />
| years_active = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kaikulangara Rama Variar''', also spelled '''Kaikulangara Rama Warrier''' (1832–1897) was an Indian scholar, poet, astrologer and [[astronomer]] from [[Kadangode]], [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="Ulloor2">{{cite book |last1=Ulloor S Paramesvara Aiyer |url=https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-4-ulloor-1957-ku/page/266/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Kerala Sahitya Charitram Vol IV |date=1957 |publisher=Travancore University Publications Department |location=Thiruvananthapuram |pages=267–276 |access-date=12 July 2024}} (Also available at [http://ax.sayahna.org/ulloor/ulloor-4-47.html Sayahna Foundation]</ref><ref name="Math2">{{cite web |last1=Rajan |first=Chunkath |title=അഞ്ഞൂറ് രൂപയ്ക്ക് പതിനാറ് പുസ്തകങ്ങളുടെ പകര്പ്പവകാശം വിറ്റ കവി |url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/books/features/kaikulangara-rama-warrier-1.2277815 |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=mathrubhumi.com |publisher=Mathrubhumi Publications}} (Uploaded on 01 October 2017.)</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
{{More citation needed|date=April 2025}}<br />
The third child of Kaikulangara Kizhakke Variathu Narayani Varasyar (his mother) and Kaithakkottu Narayana Bhattathiri (his father). After initial lessons in [[Ayurveda]] and [[Jyotisha]] from his maternal uncles, Rama Variar moved to [[Thrippunithura]] for education when he was 12 years old. Once there, he joined members of the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin royal family]] in receiving an education. For three years, he was taught [[Alankara Shastra]] (science of aesthetics), [[Vyākaraṇa]] (grammar), and [[Tarka Shastra]] (logic) from [[Palappurath Puthiyetath Govindan Nampiyar]]. Following his early studies, Rama Variar spent 3 years at [[Killikkurussimangalam|Killikkurissimangalam]] reading aloud the Sanskrit epic- the [[Mahabharata]], in the presence of his guru's mother as a gift and fee (''[[gurudakshina]]'') for Govindan Nampiyar.<ref name="Ulloor">{{cite book |last1=Ulloor S Paramesvara Aiyer |url=https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-4-ulloor-1957-ku/page/266/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Kerala Sahitya Charitram Vol IV |date=1957 |publisher=Travancore University Publications Department |location=Thiruvananthapuram |pages=267–276 |access-date=12 July 2024}} (Also available at [http://ax.sayahna.org/ulloor/ulloor-4-47.html Sayahna Foundation]</ref><br />
<br />
After leaving Thrippunithura, Rama Variar spent a few years at [[Thrissur]], teaching Sanskrit to local children, before moving to the Punnathur royal family residence to tutor family members. He then travelled to the northern parts of present-day [[Kerala]] and stayed for a few years at the residence of the Mayipadi royal family.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} Whilst there, Rama Variar met Yogananda Swamikal, an ascetic visiting the nearby [[Edneer Mutt]]. Rama Variyar requested that the Swamikal teach him the details of the [[Brahma Sutras|Brahmasutra]], which the Swamikal did over about four months. According to accounts, Swamikal, recognizing his student's intellectual abilities, invited him to join his journey to [[Kollur Mookambika Temple|Mukambi]] and awarded Rama Variyar three titles: [[Vagdasan]], [[Ramanandanathan]] and [[Panditaparsavendran]]. Returning home, Rama Variyar continued teaching Sanskrit and married Thekke Variyath Kutty Varasyar.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br />
<br />
==Rama Variar's association with printing presses==<br />
Rama Variar collaborated with the printing industry in the [[Kunnamkulam]] area of Thrissur district, contributing to the availability of printed scholarly works. The establishment of the Vidyaratnaprabha [[Printing press|Printing Press]] by Paramel Ittoop in Kunnamkulam was a key factor in this collaboration. In 1883, at the urging of Paramel Ittoop, Rama Variyar moved his family to Kunnamkulam to focus on his scholarly work. One of his first publications was a corrected edition of Ezhuthacchan's [[Adhyatma Ramayanam Kilippattu|Adhyatma Ramayanam]] in Malayalam. Several of Rama Variyar's early works were printed at Vidyaratnaprabha Printing Press. Later, the manager of this press started his printing press in Thrissur, which took over the responsibility of printing and distributing Rama Variyar's books. Most of Rama Variyar's published works were translations and commentaries on well-known Sanskrit texts.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br />
<br />
==Final years==<br />
The death of one of his daughters affected him significantly. He left Thrissur to stay at his home in Thrikkandiyur. He spent his final years in relative poverty before dying on October 5, 1897.<ref name="Math">{{cite web |last1=Rajan Chunkath |date=October 2017 |title=അഞ്ഞൂറ് രൂപയ്ക്ക് പതിനാറ് പുസ്തകങ്ങളുടെ പകര്പ്പവകാശം വിറ്റ കവി |url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/books/features/kaikulangara-rama-warrier-1.2277815 |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=mathrubhumi.com |publisher=Mathrubhumi Publications}} (Uploaded on 01 October 2017.)</ref><br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Balakrishna Warrier, A. |title=Kaikulangara Rama warrier |date=1997 |publisher=Government of Kerala |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/kau.3795/Similar |access-date=12 July 2024}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://archive.org/details/Amarakosa_With_Balapriya_Of_Kaikulangara_Rama_Warrier_ST_Reddiar_Sons_1950/mode/2up?view=theater Amarakośam Balabodhini]<br />
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277586/mode/2up?view=theater Tarkaśāstram]<br />
* [https://archive.org/details/1926-arogya-kalpadrumam Ārogyakalpadrumam Bālacikitsa]<br />
<br />
{{Malayalam language}}<br />
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]<br />
[[Category:Translators of Kalidasa]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:1832 births]]<br />
[[Category:1897 deaths]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abbaspur,_Poonch&diff=484155Abbaspur, Poonch2025-11-28T15:58:19Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: new a stub.</p>
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<div>{{short description|Town in Azad Kashmir}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=November 2024}}<br />
<br />
[[File:AbbaspurAjk1.jpg|thumb|right|Abbapur City and dharyan village a view from hill side from Naqii CH]]<br />
'''Abbaspur''', (name after [[Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas]]) commonly known as '''Bandi''' or '''Bandi Abbaspur''' is a [[Tehsil]] located near the [[Line of Control|line of control]]<ref name="Dawn">{{cite news |last1=Naqash |first1=Tariq |title=Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf's Abdul Qayyum Niazi was on Wednesday elected the 13th prime minister of Azad Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1638738 |access-date=8 November 2024 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=4 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DELIMITATION COMMISSION AZAD JAMMU & KASHMIR |url=https://ec.ajk.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Delimitation-of-Constituencies-2016.pdf |website=ec.ajk.gov.pk |publisher=[[Azad Jammu and Kashmir Election Commission]] |access-date=8 November 2024}}</ref> which divides [[Pakistan administered Kashmir]] and [[Indian administered Kashmir]]. It used to be called Bandi Gopalpur before its name was changed. The tehsil is made up of different areas, everything north of Bandi Abbaspur. The mountain facing toward the city in front of it and up to Mehmood Gali is called [[Tangyran]]. The mountain side facing toward the [[Poonch River]] or [[Rangard]] between Abbaspur and [[Potha, Azad Kashmir|Potha]] is called [[Choyi]]. It is the sub-divisional headquarters of [[Poonch District (Azad Kashmir)|Poonch district, Rawalakot, Poonch]], [[Azad Kashmir]].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}<br />
<br />
[[Abdul Qayyum Khan Niazi]], a politician and current president of [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] in Azad Kashmir who has been a former [[Prime Minister of Azad Kashmir]], belongs Dulli family residing in this tehsil.<ref name="Dawn" /><br />
<br />
'''Major Tribes'''<br />
[[Mughals]], [[Rajputs]], [[Awan (tribe)|Awan]], [[Gujars]], [[Jats]], [[Khawaja]], [[Syeds]], [[Khokhar]],<br />
<br />
==Location==<br />
<br />
Abbaspur is located at {{coord|33|48|50|N|73|58|40|E|display=it|region:AK_type:city}} and an elevation of {{convert|3809|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}}. Abbaspur is approximately {{convert|25|km}} from the [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] city, state of Jammu and Kashmir and {{convert|167|km}} from [[Islamabad, Pakistan]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Poonch Division}}<br />
{{Tehsils of Azad Kashmir}}<br />
[[Category:Populated places in Poonch District, Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Tehsils of Poonch District, Pakistan]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Aloysius_High_School,_Nallasopara&diff=537297St. Aloysius High School, Nallasopara2025-11-11T18:41:40Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: redirect</p>
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<div>#redirect[[Nallasopara#Education]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=DRDO_Bharat&diff=495211DRDO Bharat2025-11-09T02:09:56Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: Article</p>
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<div>{{Multiple issues|{{Promotional|date=May 2022}}}}<br />
{{Short description|Unmanned aerial vehicle for high-altitude surveillance}}<br />
<br />
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. --><br />
{{Infobox aircraft<br />
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The '''DRDO Bharat''' is a light surveillance [[quadcopter]], [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Defence Research and Development Organization]] for the [[Indian Army]].<ref name="NDTVBharatDrone">{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-army-gets-drdo-made-worlds-most-agile-surveillance-drone-bharat-to-monitor-china-border-2266592 |title=Army Gets World's Most Agile, Lightest Surveillance Drone "Bharat" To Monitor China Border |author= |date=21 July 2020 |work=NDTV.com |publisher= |accessdate=22 July 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722054931/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-army-gets-drdo-made-worlds-most-agile-surveillance-drone-bharat-to-monitor-china-border-2266592 |archivedate=22 July 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The drone has been created by the [[Chandigarh]]-based laboratory of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] for carrying out [[surveillance]] in high-altitude areas and mountainous [[terrain]] along India's [[Line of Actual Control|lines of actual control]] with [[Pakistan]] and [[China]].<ref name="HTBharatDrone">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-s-bharat-drones-for-indian-army-for-accurate-surveillance-along-china-border/story-qeGW9rDFjIpNy7a8ov2eSI.html |title=DRDO's 'Bharat' drones for Indian Army for accurate surveillance along China border<br />
|author=Asian News International |date=21 July 2020 |work=hindustantimes.com |accessdate=22 July 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722060816/https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/journalist-vikram-joshi-s-family-will-get-rs10-lakh-ex-gratia-yogi-adityanath/story-Q3RMMu1oi09LQU1ch3jOUO.html |archivedate=22 July 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The drone is built from a single frame ([[Vehicle frame|unibody]]) and is capable of night vision, avoiding radar detection and withstanding cold temperatures.<ref name="HTBharatDrone" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{Unmanned aerial vehicles of DRDO}}<br />
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharat}}<br />
[[Category:DRDO aircraft]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed aircraft of India]]<br />
[[Category:Unmanned military aircraft of India|DRDO Bharat]]<br />
[[Category:Quadcopters]]</div>AnnaOgg388928https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mammals_of_Telangana&diff=513070List of mammals of Telangana2025-10-14T01:46:32Z<p>AnnaOgg388928: Creating A Post More To Come...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Unreliable sources|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
<br />
This list includes the mammal species found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. There are 62 mammal species in Telangana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mammals of Telangana |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/mammals-of-telangana |access-date=25 July 2025 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]], [[WP:INATURALIST]])|date=October 2025}}<br />
<br />
== Artiodactyla ==<br />
[[File:Antilope cervicapra from velavadar.JPG|thumb|[[Blackbuck]]]]<br />
* [[Blackbuck]], ''Antilope cervicapra''<br />
* [[Chital]], ''Axis axis''<br />
* [[Gaur]], ''Bos gaurus''<br />
* [[Zebu]], ''Bos indicus''<br />
* [[Cattle|Domestic cow]], ''Bos taurus''<br />
* [[Nilgai]], ''Boselaphus tragocamelus''<br />
* [[Domestic water buffalo]], ''Bubalus bubalis''<br />
* [[Dromedary camel]], ''Camelus dromedarius''<br />
* [[Domestic goat]], ''Capra hircus''<br />
* [[Chinkara]], ''Gazella bennettii''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Kunaparaju Shanmukh |date=31 January 2025 |title=Indian Gazelle (''Gazella bennettii'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/260124983 |access-date=25 July 2025 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]], [[WP:INATURALIST]])|date=October 2025}}<br />
* [[Indian spotted chevrotain]], ''Moschiola indica''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sreeja |first=R. |date=28 April 2023 |title=Indian Chevrotain (''Moschiola indica'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/157045441 |access-date=25 July 2025 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]], [[WP:INATURALIST]])|date=October 2025}}<br />
* [[Northern red muntjac]], ''Muntiacus vaginalis''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=Adityayan |date=26 April 2024 |title=Northern Red Muntjac (''Muntiacus vaginalis'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/209479374 |access-date=25 July 2025 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]], [[WP:INATURALIST]])|date=October 2025}}<br />
* [[Sambar deer|Sambar]], ''Rusa unicolor''<br />
* [[Wild boar]], ''Sus sucrofa''<br />
* [[Four-horned antelope]], ''Tetracerus quadricornis''<br />
<br />
== Carnivora ==<br />
[[File:Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) female 3.jpg|thumb|[[Tiger]]]]<br />
* [[Golden jackal]], ''Canis aureus''<br />
* [[Domestic dog]], ''Canis familiaris''<br />
* [[Dhole]], ''Cuon alpinus''<br />
* [[Domestic cat]], ''Felis catus''<br />
* [[Jungle cat]], ''Felis chaus''<br />
* [[Sloth bear]], ''Melursus ursinus''<br />
* [[Leopard]], ''Panthera pardus''<br />
* [[Tiger]], ''Panthera tigris''<br />
* [[Asian palm civet]], ''Paradoxurus hermaphroditus''<br />
* [[Indian grey mongoose]], ''Urva edwarsii''<br />
* [[Ruddy mongoose]], ''Urva smithii''<br />
* [[Bengal fox]], ''Vulpes bengalensis''<br />
<br />
== Chiroptera ==<br />
[[File:Indian flying foxes (Pteropus giganteus giganteus).jpg|thumb|[[Indian flying fox]]]]<br />
* [[Greater short-nosed fruit bat]], ''Cynopterus sphinx''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kostecke |first=Rich |date=24 November 2024 |title=Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat (''Cynopterus sphinx'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/252832503 |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]], [[WP:INATURALIST]])|date=October 2025}}<br />
* [[Fulvus roundleaf bat]], ''Hipposideros fulvus''<br />
* [[Indian roundleaf bat]], ''Hipposideros lankadiva''<br />
* [[Schneider's leaf-nosed bat]], ''Hipposideros speoris''<br />
* [[Greater false vampire bat]], ''Lyroderma lyra''<br />
* [[Wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat]], ''Mops plicatus''<ref name=":0" /><br />
* [[Round-eared tube-nosed bat]], ''Murina cyclotis''<ref name=":0" /><br />
* [[Kelaart's pipistrelle]], ''Pipistrellus ceylonicus''<br />
* [[Indian flying fox]], ''Pteropus giganteus''<br />
* [[Lesser woolly horseshoe bat]], ''Rhinolophus beddomei''<ref name=":0" /><br />
* [[Lesser mouse-tailed bat]], ''Rhinopoma hardwickii''<br />
* [[Leschenault's rousette]], ''Rousettus leschenaultii''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravarty |first=Rohit |date=20 July 2020 |title=Leschenault's Rousette (''Rousettus leschenaultii'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/53747508 |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]], [[WP:INATURALIST]])|date=October 2025}}<br />
* [[Lesser Asiatic yellow bat]], ''Scotophilus kuhlii''<br />
* [[Egyptian free-tailed bat]], ''Tadarida aegyptiaca''<br />
* [[Black-bearded tomb bat]], ''Taphozous melanopogon''<br />
* [[Naked-rumped tomb bat]], ''Taphozous nudiventris''<br />
<br />
== Eulipotyphla ==<br />
* [[Asian house shrew]], ''Suncus murinus''<br />
<br />
== Lagomorpha ==<br />
* [[Indian hare]], ''Lepus nigricollis''<br />
<br />
== Primates ==<br />
[[File:20191214 Semnopithecus entellus, Pushkar 1706 8580.jpg|thumb|[[Northern plains gray langur]]]]<br />
* [[Rhesus macaque]], ''Macaca mulatta''<br />
* [[Bonnet macaque]], ''Macaca radiata''<br />
* [[Northern plains gray langur]], ''Semnopithecus entellus''<br />
* [[Tufted gray langur]], ''Semnopithecus priam''<br />
<br />
== Rodentia ==<br />
[[File:Black Rat (Rattus rattus) under the Tree House (15858296885).jpg|thumb|[[Black rat]]]]<br />
* [[Lesser bandicoot rat]], ''Bandicota bengalensis''<br />
* [[Cutch rat]], ''Cremnomys cutchicus''<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=G. |first=Sharma |title=Chordata: Mammals |url=https://zsi.gov.in/uploads/documents/checklist/english/121_MAMMALIA.pdf |access-date=26 July 2025 |doi=10.26515/Fauna/1/2023/Chordata:Mammals |last2=M. |first2=Kamalakannan |last3=U. |first3=Saikia |last4=S. |first4=Talmale |last5=D. |first5=Dam |last6=D. |first6=Banerjee}}</ref><br />
* [[Northern palm squirrel]], ''Funambulus pennantii''<br />
* [[Indian palm squirrel]], ''Funambulus palmarum''<br />
* [[Indian crested porcupine]], ''Hystrix indica''<br />
* [[House mouse]], ''Mus musculus''<br />
* [[Phillips's mouse]], ''Mus phillipsi''<ref name=":0" /><br />
* [[Rock-loving mouse]], ''Mus saxicola''<ref name=":0" /><br />
* [[Earth-colored mouse]], ''Mus terricolor''<ref name=":0" /><br />
* [[Brown rat]], ''Rattus norvegicus''<br />
* [[Black rat]], ''Rattus rattus''<br />
* [[Indian giant squirrel]], ''Ratufa indica''<br />
<br />
== Scandentia ==<br />
* [[Madras treeshrew]], ''Anathana ellioti''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vardhan |first=Harsha |date=11 May 2025 |title=Madras Treeshrew (''Anathana ellioti'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/280105760 |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]], [[WP:INATURALIST]])|date=October 2025}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mammals of India]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of fauna of India]]<br />
[[Category:Telangana-related lists]]</div>AnnaOgg388928