https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=AnkushrajBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-07T23:40:11ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ba***ds_of_Bollywood&diff=540402The Ba***ds of Bollywood2026-05-08T17:31:06Z<p>Ankushraj: new new details</p>
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<div>{{Short description|2025 series by Aryan Khan}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = The Ba***ds of Bollywood Poster.jpeg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Official poster<br />
| genre = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Action fiction|Action]]<br />
* [[Comedy drama]]<br />
* [[Satire (film and television)|Satire]]<br />
}}<br />
| creator = [[Aryan Khan]]<br />
| director = Aryan Khan<br />
| showrunner = Aryan Khan<br />
| writer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Aryan Khan<br />
* Bilal Siddiqi<br />
* Manav Chauhan<br />
}}<br />
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Bonnie Jain<br />
* Akshat Verma<br />
}}<br />
| producer = [[Gauri Khan]]<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Bobby Deol]]<br />
* [[Lakshya (actor)|Lakshya]]<br />
* [[Raghav Juyal]]<br />
* [[Sahher Bambba]]<br />
* [[Anya Singh]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Jay Oza]]<br />
| editor = Nitin Baid<br />
| music = '''Score:'''<br /> [[Shashwat Sachdev]]<br/>'''Songs:'''<br/><br />
{{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Shashwat Sachdev]]<br />
* [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
* Ujwal Gupta<br />
}}<br />
| company = [[Red Chillies Entertainment]]<br />
| network = [[Netflix]]<br />
| released = {{Start date|2025|09|18|df=y}}<br />
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = 39–56 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''The Ba***ds of Bollywood''''' is an Indian Hindi-language [[satirical]] [[action comedy]] [[drama]] series created, co-written, and directed by [[Aryan Khan]] in his directorial debut for [[Netflix]]. Produced by [[Gauri Khan]] under [[Red Chillies Entertainment]], it features [[Bobby Deol]], [[Lakshya (actor)|Lakshya]], [[Raghav Juyal]], [[Sahher Bambba]], [[Anya Singh]], [[Manoj Pahwa]], [[Manish Chaudhari]], [[Rajat Bedi]], [[Meherzan Mazda]], Divik Sharma, [[Mona Singh]], [[Gautami Kapoor]], Vijayant Kohli, Neville Bharucha, and Armaan Khera.<br />
<br />
The series follows Aasmaan Singh, an actor from Delhi, whose successful debut under producer Freddy Sodawallah leads to a role opposite Karishma Talvar in a film by [[Karan Johar]]. He faces challenges including Freddy’s multi-film contract, interference from Karishma’s father Ajay Talvar, a developing romance, and unforeseen complications. The series premiered on 18 September 2025 with seven episodes and received positive reviews, with critics highlighting Khan's direction, the story, screenplay, and performances.<br />
<br />
== Premise ==<br />
Aasmaan Singh is a young actor whose debut film, produced by the domineering Freddy Sodawallah, becomes a hit, earning him a role opposite Karishma Talvar in a new project directed by [[Karan Johar]]. Freddy’s insistence on an exclusive three-film contract threatens Aasmaan’s opportunity, pushing him, his manager Sanya, and friend Parvaiz to navigate Bollywood’s competitive landscape. As Aasmaan’s bond with Karishma grows, her father, veteran actor Ajay Talvar, disapproves and attempts to sabotage Aasmaan’s career, while personal and professional challenges, including public scandals and family pressures, test their ambitions in the unpredictable world of Bollywood.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
Adapted from the source media:<ref name="nf">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81975483 |title=The Ba***ds of Bollywood |type=television production |language=hi |publisher=[[Red Chillies Entertainment]] |year=2025 |via=[[Netflix]]}}{{Cbignore}}</ref><br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Bobby Deol]] as Ajay Talvar, a prominent actor and father of Aasmaan, Shaumik and Karishma<br />
* [[Lakshya (actor)|Lakshya]] as Aasmaan Singh Talvar, a Bollywood actor, Karishma's boyfriend and half-brother<br />
* [[Raghav Juyal]] as Parvaiz, Aasmaan's best friend<br />
* [[Sahher Bambba]] as Karishma Talvar, Ajay Talvar's daughter, Shaumik's sister, Aasman's girlfriend and half-sister<br />
* [[Anya Singh]] as Sanya, Aasmaan's manager<br />
* [[Manoj Pahwa]] as Avtaar Singh, Aasmaan's uncle<br />
* [[Manish Chaudhari]] as Freddy Sodawallah, a film producer<br />
* [[Rajat Bedi]] as Jaraj Saxena, an actor banned by the movie mafia<br />
* [[Meherzan Mazda]] as Jeejeebhoy, a talent agent working for Freddy<br />
* Divik Sharma as Shaumik Talvar, Ajay Talvar's son<br />
* [[Mona Singh]] as Neeta Singh, Aasmaan's mother and Ajay Talvar's ex-girlfriend<br />
* [[Gautami Kapoor]] as Anu Talvar, Ajay Talvar's wife and mother of Shaumik and Karishma <br />
* Vijayant Kohli as Rajat Singh, Neeta's husband and Aasmaan's step- father<br />
* Neville Bharucha as DJ Adam<br />
* Armaan Khera as Sameer Sinha, Karishma's boyfriend<br />
* [[Denzil Smith]] as Mr Sinha, Sameer's father<br />
* Nishant Kkhanduja as Vaastav Shrivastav<br />
* Priyam Saha as Karen, a production designer<br />
* Kanchan Khilhare as Aiza, Gafoor's daughter<br />
* Satya Prakash as a [[paparazzi]]<br />
* Sant Ranjan as Chota Kashif, Gafoor's goon<br />
* Akkshay Gunaawat as Salim Bhai, Gafoor's goon<br />
* Bhupindder Bhoopii as Rafiq Bhai, Gafoor's goon<br />
* Sanjay Dadhich as Abdul Bhai, Gafoor's goon<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Cameo appearances ===<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Salman Khan]] as himself<br />
* [[Aamir Khan]] as himself<br />
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]] as himself<br />
* [[Arshad Warsi]] as Gafoor Ismail, an underworld don<br />
* [[Emraan Hashmi]] as himself, an intimacy coach<br />
* [[Karan Johar]] as himself<br />
* [[Ranbir Kapoor]] as himself<br />
* [[Ranveer Singh]] as himself<br />
* [[Rajkummar Rao]] as himself<br />
* [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]] as himself<br />
* [[Ibrahim Ali Khan (actor)|Ibrahim Ali Khan]] as himself<br />
* Orhan Awatramani "Orry" as himself<br />
* [[Disha Patani]] as herself<br />
* [[Sara Ali Khan]] as herself<br />
* Shanaya Kapoor as herself<br />
* [[Vishal Dadlani]] as himself<br />
* [[S. S. Rajamouli]] as himself<br />
* [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] as himself<br />
* Pranay Manchanda as Sanjeev Sharma, a film critic<br />
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]] (vocal only)<br />
* Pooja Dadlani as herself, Shah Rukh Khan's personal manager<br />
* [[Arjun Kapoor]] as himself<br />
* Maheep Kapoor as herself<br />
* Bhavana Pandey as herself<br />
* [[Neelam Kothari]] as herself<br />
* Seema Sajdeh as herself<br />
* Shalini Passi as herself<br />
* Azzy Bagria as himself<br />
* [[Karan Aujla]] (vocal only)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Episodes ==<br />
{{Episode table<br />
|background = #332335<br />
|overall = 3<br />
|title = 30<br />
|airdate = 10<br />
|overallT = Episode<br />
|titleT = Title<br />
|airdateT = Release date<br />
|episodes=<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 1<br />
|Title = Meet the Ba***ds<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|18|df=yes}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Aasmaan Singh lives in Mumbai with his friend Parvaiz and uncle Avtaar Singh, a former playback singer. His debut film, produced by Freddy Sodawallah’s company, becomes a hit. Aasmaan’s parents, Rajat and Neeta Singh, visit from Delhi to celebrate. At a party, Aasmaan meets actor Ajay Talvar. His manager, Sanya Ahmed, pitches him to Karan Johar for a film role, but Freddy pressures Aasmaan into signing a three-film deal. At a roundtable conference hosted by Sanjeev, Aasmaan insults Karishma Talvar, Ajay’s daughter, for her industry connections, causing tension with Ajay. Impressed by Aasmaan’s boldness, Karan offers him the role.<br />
|LineColor = 332335<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 2<br />
|Title = Movie Mafia<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|18|df=yes}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Aasmaan, Sanya, and Parvaiz meet Freddy and encounter Jaraj Saxena, who has been sidelined for 15 years after signing with another producer. Freddy initially supports Aasmaan’s work with Karan but later urges him to cancel. At Dharma Productions, Aasmaan learns Karishma is the female lead and apologises for his earlier remarks, but a reporter’s comment sparks a scene. Aasmaan signs a commercial to fund his father Rajat’s liver transplant. Rajat advises him to stay resilient. Ajay disapproves of Aasmaan’s casting opposite Karishma. When Freddy pressures Aasmaan to abandon Karan’s project, Aasmaan cancels the three-film deal and leaves.<br />
|LineColor = 332335<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 3<br />
|Title = Barbaad Mohabbat<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|18|df=yes}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Aasmaan, Parvaiz, Sanya, Karishma, and her bodyguard Sukhi travel to Goa to rehearse intimate scenes. The intimacy coach is replaced by Emraan Hashmi, who struggles to train them. Ajay monitors Karishma through Sukhi. After failing to perform, Aasmaan and Karishma are locked on a balcony, where they bond and improve their acting, impressing Hashmi. The next day, Aasmaan performs a [[Abdominal thrusts|Heimlich manoeuvre]] when Karishma chokes on a fishbone, and the incident goes viral, causing a scandal. Karishma’s brother Shaumik embarrasses the family by publicising the news. Karishma explains the situation to her parents. Freddy assigns lawyers against Aasmaan, but Parvaiz’s friends force Freddy to sign a new deal. Ajay refuses Freddy’s request for help, unwilling to work with him if Aasmaan joins Karan’s film.<br />
|LineColor = 332335<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 4<br />
|Title = Bullshit Party<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|9|18|df=yes}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Aasmaan and his friends celebrate when Parvaiz secures a new deal from Freddy, though they overlook his coercive methods. Freddy faces challenges as Ajay refuses to work with him due to Aasmaan’s involvement in Karan’s film, threatening Sodawallah Productions. Karan approaches Aasmaan and Avtaar for his movie. Ajay grows concerned about Karishma’s friendship with Aasmaan and invites him home to rehearse but becomes uneasy with the script’s intimate scenes. At Karishma’s birthday party, her boyfriend Sameer proposes under pressure from Ajay, and she reluctantly accepts. Aasmaan leaves the party upset. Karishma, learning Ajay orchestrated the proposal, questions Aasmaan about his feelings, but he is kidnapped by goons before responding.<br />
|LineColor = 332335<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 5<br />
|Title = My Hero<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|18|df=yes}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Aasmaan is taken to meet Ghafoor Ismail, an underworld don. Jaraj Saxena obtains a video of the meeting and uses it to strike a deal with Freddy to ruin Aasmaan’s career. Freddy leverages the video to convince Ajay to sign a film with him in exchange for removing Aasmaan from Karan’s project. The video leads to Aasmaan’s removal from the film. Karishma suspects Ajay’s involvement but he denies it. She visits Aasmaan but misinterprets seeing him with another woman as him moving on. Meanwhile, Rajat undergoes a liver transplant, but his body rejects it, and he passes away.<br />
|LineColor = 332335<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 6<br />
|Title = The Filmfirst Awards<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|18|df=yes}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Aasmaan attends the Filmfirst Awards with his family, where he is nominated for Best Actor. Karishma discovers Ajay’s role in removing Aasmaan from Karan’s film. Aasmaan wins the award and delivers a speech. Backstage, Karishma reveals Ajay’s actions, leading Aasmaan to confront and punch Ajay, sparking a public scandal. Karishma challenges Ajay over his interference and expresses her desire to be with Aasmaan. Ajay locks her in a study, but she contacts Aasmaan, confessing her feelings. Aasmaan and Parvaiz rescue Karishma from Ajay’s house.<br />
|LineColor = 332335<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 7<br />
|Title = Picture ka title hoga...<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|18|df=yes}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Aasmaan and Karishma plan to marry, but Ajay intercepts them before they can sign the marriage papers, leading to a confrontation. Neeta reveals that Aasmaan and Karishma are half-siblings from her past affair with Ajay, halting their plans. Aasmaan and Karishma agree to remain friends and part ways. Aasmaan and his team partner with Ghafoor Ismail to produce more films. Meanwhile, Jaraj, Freddy and Jeejeebhoy orchestrate a meeting between Neeta and Ajay, blackmailing them to star in a new Sodawallah Productions family drama series titled ''The Bastards of Bollywood'', including Aasmaan and Karishma.<br />
|LineColor = 332335<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'' marks the directorial and writing debut of [[Aryan Khan]], who also serves as the showrunner. Produced by [[Gauri Khan]] under [[Red Chillies Entertainment]], the series was co-written by Khan with Bilal Siddiqi and Manav Chauhan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2025 |title=Aryan Khan turns storyteller: Netflix unveils first glimpse of The Ba*ds of Bollywood |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/aryan-khan-turns-storyteller-netflix-unveils-first-glimpse-bads-bollywood/ |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en-US}}</ref> Khan, a graduate of the [[USC School of Cinematic Arts]] with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Film and Television Production, drew on his industry experience to craft a satirical take on Bollywood’s inner workings.<ref>{{cite web |last=Entertainment Desk |date=18 September 2025 |title=The Bad***s Of Bollywood Review LIVE Updates: Salman Khan's cameo gets love, fans impressed by Aryan Khan's directorial debut |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-rating-release-live-updates-shah-rukh-khan-aryan-khan-bobby-deol-10256683/ |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The series features a large ensemble cast, including [[Bobby Deol]], [[Lakshya (actor)|Lakshya]], [[Sahher Bambba]] and cameos from Bollywood figures such as [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Salman Khan]], [[Aamir Khan]], [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Ranveer Singh]] and [[Karan Johar]]. Filming took place primarily in [[Mumbai]], capturing the city’s film industry setting, with cinematography by [[Jay Oza|Jay Pinak Oza]] and editing by Nitin Baid.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=18 September 2025 |title=Web Series Review: THE BA***DS OF BOLLYWOOD is a hilarious and entertaining take on Bollywood : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/web-series-review-bads-bollywood-hilarious-entertaining-take-bollywood/ |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><br />
<br />
A music video, "Ghafoor", featuring [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Gulshan Grover]] and [[Ranjeet (Indian actor)|Ranjeet]], directed by [[Farah Khan]], was created to promote the series but used only as a background score in the series.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ritika |date=19 September 2025 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia brings the heat in The Ba***ds of Bollywood song Ghafoor; fans say 'OG villains steal the show'. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/tamannaah-bhatia-brings-the-heat-in-the-ba-ds-of-bollywood-song-ghafoor-with-gulshan-grover-shakti-kapoor-ranjeet-101758287626414.html |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=The TOI Entertainment Desk is a dynamic |date=19 September 2025 |title='The Ba***ds of Bollywood': Here's why Tamannaah Bhatia's song "Ghafoor" was missing from Aryan Khan's series |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-bads-of-bollywood-heres-why-tamannaah-bhatias-song-ghafoor-was-missing-from-aryan-khans-series-deets-inside/articleshow/123996004.cms |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> To engage fans, Aryan Khan and Shah Rukh Khan collaborated with [[Meta Platforms|Meta]] in mid-October 2025 to launch India's first "secret reel", a [[Behind-the-scenes|BTS]] video from the series. Unlike standard Reels, this video requires a password to unlock, which can be deduced from a clue in Episode 6.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=14 October 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan and Aryan Khan drop a secret reel for ''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'' in collaboration with Meta |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shah-rukh-khan-aryan-khan-drop-secret-reel-bads-bollywood-collaboration-meta/ |access-date=17 October 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2025 |title=How to unlock Reel from SRK: Shah Rukh Khan drops BTS video from ''The Ba***ds of Bollywood''; here's the password |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/how-to-unlock-reel-from-srk-shah-rukh-khan-drops-bts-video-from-the-bads-of-bollywood-here-s-the-password-11760420802972.html |access-date=17 October 2025 |website=Livemint}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = The Ba***ds of Bollywood<br />
| image = File:The Ba***ds of Bollywood.jpeg<br />
| year = 2024–1925<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Shashwat Sachdev]], [[Anirudh Ravichander]], and Ujwal Gupta<br />
| released = 16 September 2025<br />
| recorded = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 38:00<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The soundtrack features an original score by [[Shashwat Sachdev]] and songs composed by Sachdev, [[Anirudh Ravichander]] and Ujwal Gupta. The music rights were acquired by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]. The album, released on 16 September 2025, includes 13 tracks.<ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Alakshendra |date=18 September 2025 |title=The Ba***ds of Bollywood music review: Shallow lyrics reign in album filled with club songs as great artistes masquerade as mediocre ones |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bads-of-bollywoods-music-review-shallow-lyrics-reign-in-album-filled-with-club-songs-10253784/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918022047/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bads-of-bollywoods-music-review-shallow-lyrics-reign-in-album-filled-with-club-songs-10253784/ |archive-date=18 September 2025 |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 September 2025 |title=The Ba***ds Of Bollywood (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Shashwat Sachdev, Anirudh Ravichander & Ujwal Gupta on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/the-ba-ds-of-bollywood-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1840152139 |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=Apple Music}}</ref> The first single, "Badli Si Hawa Hai", written by [[Kumaar]] and sung by [[Arijit Singh]] and Amira Gill, was released on 23 August 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last=Das |first=Santanu |date=23 August 2025 |title=Badli Si Hawa Hai song: Aryan Khan's take on romance gets a thumbs up from audience; Arijit, Anirudh combo impresses |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/badli-si-hawa-hai-song-aryan-khans-take-on-romance-gets-a-thumbs-up-arijit-singh-anirudh-the-bads-of-bollywood-101755940107607.html |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> "Tenu Ki Pata", featuring vocals by [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Aryan Khan]] and Ujwal Gupta, was released on 11 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web |author=The TOI Entertainment Desk is a dynamic |date=11 September 2025 |title=Aryan Ankush Bahuguna debuts singing with 'Tenu Ki Pata'; Diljit Dosanjh and Ujjwal Gupta sing 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood' latest track |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/aryan-khan-debuts-singing-with-tenu-ki-pata-diljit-dosanjh-and-ujjwal-gupta-sing-the-bads-of-bollywood-latest-track/articleshow/123829652.cms |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> "Ghafoor", with vocals by [[Shilpa Rao]] and Ujwal Gupta, was released as a music video on 19 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last=Biswas |first=Sneha |date=19 September 2025 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia's Ghafoor: Shah Rukh Khan drops new song from The Bads of Bollywood, netizens react |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/tamannaah-bhatias-ghafoor-shah-rukh-khan-drops-new-song-from-the-bads-of-bollywood-netizens-react-11758281811119.html |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=mint}}</ref><br />
<br />
The iconic 90s song "Duniya Haseeno Ka Mela" from the 1997 [[hindi film]] [[Gupt: The Hidden Truth|Gupt]], Starring [[Bobby Deol]] features in the Last episode of the series. In the series finale, this song is used in a scene where VFX was used to superimpose [[Mona Singh|Mona Singh's]] face (playing Neeta Singh) over the original dancer (Bhanu Khan) alongside Bobby Deol (playing Ajay Talvar).<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=The Bads Of Bollywood: Dancing Queen Replaced By Mona Singh Via VFX In Iconic Bobby Deol Song |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/web-series/the-bads-of-bollywood-dancing-queen-replaced-by-mona-singh-via-vfx-in-iconic-bobby-deol-song-ws-akl-9598239.html |url-status=live |access-date= |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = <br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Behad<br />
| extra1 = Faheem Abdullah, Shashwat Sachdev<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Shashwat Sachdev]]<br />
| music1 = Shashwat Sachdev<br />
| length1 = 2:58<br />
| title2 = Ghafoor<br />
| extra2 = [[Shilpa Rao]], Ujwal Gupta<br />
| lyrics2 = Shashwat Sachdev<br />
| music2 = Shashwat Sachdev<br />
| length2 = 2:46<br />
| title3 = Badli Si Hawa Hai<br />
| extra3 = [[Arijit Singh]], Amira Gill<br />
| lyrics3 = [[Kumaar]]<br />
| music3 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
| length3 = 4:01<br />
| title4 = Sajna Tu Baimaan<br />
| extra4 = Shilpa Rao, [[B Praak]], Shashwat Sachdev<br />
| lyrics4 = Shashwat Sachdev<br />
| music4 = Shashwat Sachdev<br />
| length4 = 2:21<br />
| title5 = Number 1 (Title Track)<br />
| extra5 = [[Vishal Dadlani]]<br />
| lyrics5 = Kumaar<br />
| music5 = Ujwal Gupta<br />
| length5 = 2:45<br />
| title6 = Ashiqaan <br />
| extra6 = Jasmine Sandlas, Shashwat Sachdev<br />
| lyrics6 = [[Jasmine Sandlas]], Shashwat Sachdev<br />
| music6 = Shashwat Sachdev<br />
| length6 = 2:28<br />
| title7 = Ruseya<br />
| extra7 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]], Shashwat Sachdev<br />
| lyrics7 = Jasmine Sandlas<br />
| music7 = Shashwat Sachdev<br />
| length7 = 3:39<br />
| title8 = Tu Pehli Tu Aakhri<br />
| extra8 = Arijit Singh<br />
| lyrics8 = Kumaar<br />
| music8 = [[Shashwat Sachdev]]<br />
| length8 = 3:20<br />
| title9 = Who's Your Daddy<br />
| extra9 = Vishal Dadlani, Shashwat Sachdev<br />
| lyrics9 = Akshat Verma, Vishal Dadlani<br />
| music9 = Shashwat Sachdev<br />
| length9 = 3:29<br />
| title10 = Everybody Knows<br />
| extra10 = [[Raja Kumari]]<br />
| lyrics10 = Dev Singh<br />
| music10 = Ujwal Gupta<br />
| length10 = 2:16<br />
| title11 = Revolver<br />
| extra11 = Vishal Dadlani, Raja Kumari, Piyush Kapoor, Shashwat Sachdev<br />
| lyrics11 = Aryan Khan, Raja Kumari<br />
| music11 = Shashwat Sachdev<br />
| length11 = 2:43<br />
| title12 = Movie Scene<br />
| extra12 = Vishal Dadlani, Karan Aujla, Piyush Kapoor, Aryan Khan, Shashwat Sachdev<br />
| lyrics12 = [[Karan Aujla]]<br />
| music12 = Shashwat Sachdev, Karan Aujla<br />
| length12 = 2:45<br />
| title13 = Tenu Ki Pata<br />
| extra13 = [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Aryan Khan]], Ujwal Gupta<br />
| lyrics13 = Kumaar<br />
| music13 = Ujwal Gupta<br />
| length13 = 2:53<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'' premiered on [[Netflix]] on 18 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kaur |first=Arshdeep |date=17 September 2025 |title=The Ba***ds of Bollywood OTT release date: When and where to watch Aryan Khan's directorial debut web series online |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/the-bads-of-bollywood-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-aryan-khans-directorial-debut-web-series-online-11758094791775.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919062331/https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/the-bads-of-bollywood-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-aryan-khans-directorial-debut-web-series-online-11758094791775.html |archive-date=19 September 2025 |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=mint}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=89|count=9|average=6.1|ref=yes}}<br />
<br />
[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Aryan Khan's debut as a director is a mixed bag -- while it entertains in parts, it deflates into seen-before ordinariness when it segues into showing us ‘the other side’ of the film industry."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=18 September 2025 |title=The Ba***ds of Bollywood review: Aryan Khan's show is not self-aware, and not fun enough |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khans-show-is-not-self-aware-and-not-fun-enough-10257210/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918142317/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khans-show-is-not-self-aware-and-not-fun-enough-10257210/ |archive-date=18 September 2025 |access-date=19 September 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref> Simran Khan ''[[Times Now]]'' rated it 3.5/5 stars and said that "With his debut show, Shah Rukh Khan's son Aryan takes viewers on a witty, thrilling, and hilarious ride into Bollywood’s chaotic world."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Simran |date=18 September 2025 |title=The Ba*ds Of Bollywood Review: Aryan Khan's Netflix Show Meets Aasman-High Expectations, Thanks To Lakshya Lalwani's Killer Performance |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-lakshya-bobby-deol-aryan-khan-the-bads-of-bollywood-web-series-review-imdb-rating-review-152843030 |access-date=19 September 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en-US}}</ref> Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' gave it 3.5 stars out of 5 and stated that "‘The Ba***ds of Bollywood’ is not perfect, but it’s honest, funny, and absolutely dramatic, something that we all love, isn't it? The next time this debutant director steps out, people will be queuing up for an autograph. But Aryan, pen kidhar hai? (Where is the pen)?"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farzeen |first=Saana |date=18 September 2025 |title=The Ba***ds of Bollywood review: It's Aryan's love letter to the filmy chaos, drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khan-debut-is-witty-chaotic-riot-of-drama-2789560-2025-09-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918171941/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khan-debut-is-witty-chaotic-riot-of-drama-2789560-2025-09-18 |archive-date=18 September 2025 |access-date=19 September 2025 |website=India Today |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
Yatamanyu Narain of ''[[Network18 Group|News 18]]'' rated it 3.5/5 stars and observed that "Aryan Khan’s Netflix debut is a daring satire filled with nepotism digs, celebrity cameos, and a sharp take on Bollywood hypocrisy."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narain |first=Yetamanyu |date=18 September 2025 |title=The Ba***ds Of Bollywood Review: Aryan Khan Delivers A Satirical, Self-Aware Drama On Stardom |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/reviews/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khan-delivers-a-satirical-self-aware-drama-on-stardom-ws-kl-9581431.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918124120/https://www.news18.com/movies/reviews/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khan-delivers-a-satirical-self-aware-drama-on-stardom-ws-kl-9581431.html |archive-date=18 September 2025 |access-date=19 September 2025 |website=News 18 |language=en-US}}</ref> Abhimanyu Mathur of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and said that " Aryan Khan's directorial debut never takes itself seriously, which helps it be entertaining, but leaves it a little shallow."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |date=18 September 2025 |title=The Ba***ds of Bollywood review: In between countless product placements, cameos, Aryan Khan somehow crafts a fun spoof |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-in-between-countless-product-placements-and-cameos-aryan-khan-crafts-a-fun-spoof-netflix-101758200599000.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918161213/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-in-between-countless-product-placements-and-cameos-aryan-khan-crafts-a-fun-spoof-netflix-101758200599000.html |archive-date=18 September 2025 |access-date=19 September 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Hardika Gupta of ''[[NDTV]]'' observed that "By the time the final episode wraps, you realise this isn't meant to be dissected like high art. It's meant to be consumed like Bollywood itself: loud, colourful, problematic, indulgent, but great fun if you let it be."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Hardik |date=18 September 2025 |title=The Ba***ds Of Bollywood Review: Aryan Khan's Debut Series Is Undeniably Watchable |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-ba-ds-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khans-debut-series-is-undeniably-watchable-9302259 |access-date=19 September 2025 |publisher=NDTV |language=en-US |website=ndtv.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sakshi Verma of ''[[India TV]]'' gave 3 stars out 5 and commented that "The Ba**ds Of Bollywood is a classic masala entertainer that is full of surprises, fun, drama and thrills. The show is not boring at any point and tries to make a glittery remark amid all the chaos and distress. The show is bouncy and should be taken as a fun watch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sakshi |date=2025-09-18 |title=The Ba***ds Of Bollywood Series Review: Aryan Khan's chaotic tale on stardom has sass and drama |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-netflix-aryan-khan-bobby-deol-lakshya-1100 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919042300/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-netflix-aryan-khan-bobby-deol-lakshya-1100 |archive-date=19 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-19 |publisher=India TV |language=en-US |website=indiatvnews.com}}</ref> Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 3.5/5 stars and said that "Daringly self-aware, the seven part series finds its footing in quieter moments—when it isn't busy showcasing star cameos or industry jabs. This is less of a scathing satire and more of an edgy, meta love letter to the film industry."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyavahare |first=Renuka |date=2025-09-18 |title=The Ba****ds of Bollywood Season 1 Review: Aryan Khan's directorial debut is a ballsy, meta takedown of himself and Bollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/the-bads-of-bollywood/the-bads-of-bollywood-season-1/seasonreview/123900705.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920184223/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/the-bads-of-bollywood/the-bads-of-bollywood-season-1/seasonreview/123900705.cms |archive-date=20 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en-US}}</ref> Aashna Nadkarni of ''[[Mashable]]'' commented that "It is a complete treat for every Bollywood enthusiast!"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandkarni |first=Aashna |date=18 September 2025 |title=The Ba***ds Of Bollywood Review: Aryan Khan Smoothly Uncovers Bollywood's Reality With Humour & Shocking Twists |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/99992/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khan-smoothly-uncovers-bollywoods-reality-with-humour-shocking-tw |access-date=19 September 2025 |website=Mashable |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sahir Avik D’souza of ''[[The Quint]]'' rated it 3.5/5 stars and writes in his review that "If Luck By Chance and Om Shanti Om had a foul-mouthed lovechild—that child would be Aryan Khan’s The Ba***ds of Bollywood."<ref>{{Cite web |last=D’souza |first=Sahir Avik |date=18 September 2025 |title=Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood', is Outrageous, and Outrageously Fun |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khan-shah-rukh-khan-karan-johar-netflix#read-more |access-date=19 September 2025 |website=The Quint |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave it 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that "THE BA***DS OF BOLLYWOOD is a hilarious and entertaining take on Bollywood and works because of Aryan Khan’s expert direction, crazy-n-entertaining moments, performances, shocking climax and starry cameos."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=18 September 2025 |title=Web Series Review: THE BA***DS OF BOLLYWOOD is a hilarious and entertaining take on Bollywood |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/web-series-review-bads-bollywood-hilarious-entertaining-take-bollywood/ |access-date=19 September 2025 |website=Bollywoood Hungama |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and stated that "Aryan Khan has made The Ba***ds of Bollywood entertaining and wicked."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deeoa |date=18 September 2025 |title=The Ba**ds of Bollywood Review: Enticing! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-bds-of-bollywood-review/20250918.htm |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=Rediff.com |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Controversies==<br />
Following the release of ''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'', the [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] filed a complaint with the [[Greater Mumbai Police|Mumbai Police]] against the show for depicting [[Ranbir Kapoor]] using a banned [[electronic cigarette]] on screen without a statutory warning or disclaimer.<ref>{{cite web |title=NHRC urges Mumbai Police to register complaint against The Ba***ds of Bollywood makers, Ranbir Kapoor for e-cigarette scene |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nhrc-urges-mumbai-police-register-complaint-bads-bollywood-makers-ranbir-kapoor-e-cigarette-scene/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922194131/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nhrc-urges-mumbai-police-register-complaint-bads-bollywood-makers-ranbir-kapoor-e-cigarette-scene/ |archive-date=22 September 2025 |access-date=22 September 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=22 September 2025 }}</ref> Similarly, [[Sameer Wankhede]], a former [[Narcotics Control Bureau]] zonal director who led the 2021 Cordelia cruise drug bust resulting in [[Aryan Khan]]'s arrest<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2023 |title=Drug Case Against Aryan Khan a 'Set Up'? Ex NCB Official Make Shocking Claims About Sameer Wankhede |url=https://www.news18.com/india/drug-case-against-aryan-khan-a-set-up-ex-ncb-official-make-shocking-claims-about-sameer-wankhede-8368171.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722181146/https://www.news18.com/india/drug-case-against-aryan-khan-a-set-up-ex-ncb-official-make-shocking-claims-about-sameer-wankhede-8368171.html |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> (from which Khan was later cleared<ref>{{cite web |date=8 June 2023 |title=NCB had hidden motive of giving Aryan clean chit in drugs case: Wankhede |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/ncb-had-hidden-motive-of-giving-aryan-clean-chit-in-drugs-case-wankhede-123060800572_1.html |access-date=17 October 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>), but who faces a pending [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] probe in Mumbai courts for alleged bribery in connection with the case,<ref>{{cite web |author=The TOI Entertainment Desk |date=8 July 2025 |title=Aryan Khan bribery case: CBI to conclude probe against Sameer Wankhede within three months |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aryan-khan-bribery-case-cbi-to-conclude-probe-against-sameer-wankhede-within-three-months/articleshow/122326407.cms |access-date=17 October 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> filed a defamation suit against the show's makers at the [[Delhi High Court]]. He alleged the apparent parody of him was "false, malicious and defamatory".<ref>{{cite web |last=Dogra |first=Nupur |date=26 September 2025 |title=What Delhi High Court Told Sameer Wankhede On ""Ba***ds Of Bollywood" Defamation Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ba-ds-of-bollywood-defames-me-sameer-wankhede-tells-delhi-high-court-9347467 |access-date=17 October 2025 |website=ndtv.com}}</ref><br />
The defamation case was scheduled for a hearing on 30 October 2025.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 October 2025 |title=Delhi HC notice to Red Chillies Entertainment, Netflix on Wankhede's defamation suit against web series |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Oct/08/delhi-hc-notice-to-red-chillies-entertainment-netflix-on-wankhedes-defamation-suit-against-web-series |access-date=17 October 2025 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> However, the court dismissed the defamation case and ruled that the complaint must be returned as it lacked jurisdiction to entertain the plea.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Anisha |date=2026-01-29 |title=High Court dismisses Sameer Wankhede's Ba***ds of Bollywood defamation suit |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/law-news/story/high-court-dismisses-sameer-wankhedes-defamation-suit-against-aryan-khan-over-bads-of-bollywood-portrayal-2859549-2026-01-29 |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-30 |title=Delhi HC refuses to hear Sameer Wankhede suit against Aryan Khan's Netflix series ‘Ba***ds of Bollywood’; cites lack of jurisdiction |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-hc-refuses-to-hear-sameer-wankhede-suit-against-aryan-khans-netflix-series-bads-of-bollywood-cites-lack-of-jurisdiction/articleshow/127793088.cms |access-date=2026-04-21 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|34683290}}<br />
* {{Netflix title|81975483}}<br />
<br />
{{Netflix original series}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ba***ds of Bollywood, The}}<br />
[[Category:Indian television series distributed by Netflix]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi cinema in fiction]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Television series about filmmaking]]<br />
[[Category:Television series about show business]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Salman Khan]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Shah Rukh Khan]]<br />
[[Category:Goa in fiction]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_films_of_2026&diff=512443List of Indian films of 20262026-05-08T12:05:38Z<p>Ankushraj: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}<br />
This is a list of the highest grossing [[Indian film]]s released in 2026.<br />
<br />
== Box office collection ==<br />
{{legend|#b6fcb6|size=50%|''Background shading indicates that a film is currently showing in theatres worldwide.''}}The following is the [[list of highest-grossing Indian films]] released in 2026. The rank of the films in the following table depends on the estimate of worldwide collections as reported by reliable sources. There is no official tracking of [[List of highest-grossing films in India|domestic box office figures]] within India.<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ {{Screen reader-only|Highest grossing Indian films of 2026}}<br />
|-<br />
!Rank<br />
!scope="col" |Title<br />
!scope="col" |Language<br />
!scope="col" |Worldwide gross<br />
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:#b6fcb6;" |''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]''<br />
| rowspan="1" align="center" | [[Hindi]]<br />
| align="right" | {{INR|1,843.57 crore}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2026 |title=Dhurandhar:The Revenge Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dhurandhar-the-revenge/box-office/ |access-date=22 March 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="boxoffww">{{cite web |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide 2026 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2026/ |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
| ''[[Border 2]]''<br />
| rowspan="1" align="center" | Hindi<br />
| align="right" | {{INR|464.50 crore}}<br />
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2026 |title=Border 2 Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/border-2/box-office/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref name="boxoffww" /><br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
| ''[[Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu]]''<br />
| rowspan="1" align="center" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| align="right" | {{INR|300–400 crore}}<br />
| align="center" | {{efn|name="msvpg"|''Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu''{{'s}} reported worldwide grosses vary around ₹300 crore (''[[The Indian Express]]'', which notes that although the headline cites ₹375 crore, that figure is producer-stated while the article text reports ₹300 crore)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-05 |title=Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu rewrites box office records, hits Rs 375 crore milestone in 25 days |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/mana-shankara-vara-prasad-garu-box-office-records-chiranjeevi-film-earns-rs-375-crore-10515138/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> – ₹400 crore (''[[Cinema Express]]'' reports the film’s sustained run supporting its commercial performance)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-02 |title=Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu completes 50-day run in 109 centres |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Mar/02/mana-shankara-vara-prasad-garu-completes-50-day-run-in-109-centres |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:#b6fcb6;" |''[[Vaazha II: Biopic of a Billion Bros]]''<br />
| rowspan="1" align="center" |[[Malayalam]]<br />
| align="right" |{{INR|235 crore}}<br />
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaazha 2 is now the highest grossing Malayalam film in Kerala |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/vaazha-2-is-now-the-highest-grossing-malayalam-film-in-kerala-23627883 |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=Mid-day}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:#b6fcb6;" | ''[[Bhooth Bangla]]'' <br />
| rowspan="1" align="center" |Hindi<br />
| style="text-align: right;" |{{INR|213.3 crore}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhooth Bangla Box Office Collection|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhooth-bangla/box-office/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=18 April 2026|access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="boxoffww" /><br />
|-<br />
!6<br />
| ''[[The RajaSaab]]'' <br />
| rowspan="1" align="center" | Telugu<br />
| align="right" | {{INR|208.38 crore}}<br />
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-05 |title=The Raja Saab extended cut to release on OTT: Internet trolls ‘Maruthi Snyder’ over Prabhas' ₹200 crore dud |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/the-raja-saab-extended-cut-to-release-on-jiohotstar-ott-internet-trolls-maruthi-snyder-over-prabhas-200-crore-dud-101770277248878.html |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!7<br />
| style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Aadu 3]]''<br />
| rowspan="1" align="center" | Malayalam<br />
| align="right" | {{INR|119 crore}}<br />
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news|author1=Cinema Express Desk |title=Vaazha 2 crosses 92 crore at global box office|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Apr/08/vaazha-2-crosses-92-crore-at-global-box-office|access-date=17 April 2026|work=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]|date=8 April 2026|quote=Reportedly, Aadu 3 has grossed around 119 crore from theatres.}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!8<br />
| ''[[Anaganaga Oka Raju]]''<br />
| rowspan="1" align="center" | Telugu<br />
| align="right" | {{INR|100.20 crore}}<br />
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anaganaga Oka Raju OTT release: When and where to watch Naveen Polishetty and Meenakshi Chaudhary's comedy drama |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/ott/anaganaga-oka-raju-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-naveen-polishetty-and-meenakshi-chaudhary-s-comedy-drama-article-13810404.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204091030/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/ott/anaganaga-oka-raju-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-naveen-polishetty-and-meenakshi-chaudhary-s-comedy-drama-article-13810404.html |archive-date=4 February 2026 |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-19 |title=Naveen Polishetty’s Anaganaga Oka Raju storms into the ₹100-crore club |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Jan/19/naveen-polishettys-anaganaga-oka-raju-storms-into-the-100-crore-club |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!9<br />
|''[[Parasakthi (2026 film)|Parasakthi]]''<br />
| rowspan="1" align="center" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| align="right" | {{INR|100 crore}}<br />
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parasakthi Finds Its Second Wind On OTT After A Polarising Theatrical Run |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/parasakthi-finds-its-second-wind-on-ott-after-a-polarising-theatrical-run-81479.html |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!10<br />
|''[[Ustaad Bhagat Singh]]''<br />
| rowspan="1" align="center" |Telugu <br />
| style="text-align: right;" |₹94 crore<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aithagoni |first=Raju |date=9 April 2026 |title=Ustaad Bhagat Singh Day 11 Collections: ఉస్తాద్కి పెరిగిన కలెక్షన్లు.. హిట్ కావాలంటే ఇంకా ఎన్నో కోట్లు రావాలంటే? |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/news/ustaad-bhagat-singh-box-office-collections-day-21-pawan-kalyan-film-adds-only-rs-15-lakhs-actioner-slows-down-in-fourth-week/ar-AA20sauG?ocid=BingNewsVerp |access-date=30 March 2026 |website=[[Asianet News Network|Asianet News Telugu]] |language=te |quote=...ఇప్పటి వరకు దీనికి ప్రపంచ వ్యాప్తంగా రూ.94కోట్లు వచ్చాయి. ఇప్పటి వరకు ఇది ఇండియాలో రూ.82కోట్ల గ్రాస్, రూ.70కోట్ల నెట్ ని రాబట్టింది. ఓవర్సీస్ రూ.12కోట్ల వరకు వచ్చాయి |trans-quote=...so far, it has garnered ₹94 crores worldwide. To date, it has collected a gross of ₹82 crores and a net of ₹70 crores in India. Overseas collections have reached approximately ₹12 crores.}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Lists of Indian films of 2026==<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2026|List of Bengali films of 2026]]<br />
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2026]]<br />
* [[List of Hindi films of 2026]]<br />
* [[List of Kannada films of 2026]]<br />
* [[List of Malayalam films of 2026]]<br />
* [[List of Marathi films of 2026]]<br />
* [[List of Tamil films of 2026]]<br />
* [[List of Telugu films of 2026]]<br />
* [[List of Tulu films of 2026]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of Indian films of 2025]]<br />
* [[List of 2026 box office number-one films in India]]<br />
<br />
== Notes == <br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
|title = [[List of Indian films|Indian films]]<br />
|years = '''2026'''<br />
|before = [[List of Indian films of 2025|2025]]<br />
|after = 2027<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{2026 films}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists of Indian films by year|2026]]<br />
[[Category:2026 in Indian cinema|*]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of 2026 films by country|Indian]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hero_Vardiwala&diff=502649Hero Vardiwala2026-05-04T20:37:40Z<p>Ankushraj: creating basic data from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}<br />
'''''Hero Vardiwala''''' is an Indian, [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]-language, [[Action (genre)|action]] [[Crime fiction|crime thriller]] [[streaming television]] series on [[ALTBalaji]] which is based on the famous novel ''Vardiwala Gunda'' by [[Ved Prakash Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ALTBalaji all set to foray into Bhojpuri originals space with 'Hero Vardiwala'|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/digital/altbalaji-to-foray-into-bhojpuri-originals-space-with-dinesh-lal-yadav-nirahua-hero-vardiwala-32127|access-date=2021-11-27|website=Mumbai Live|date=12 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 13, 2019|title=Dinesh Lal Yadav Nirahua to make his digital debut with this Bhojpuri web series|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/dinesh-lal-yadav-nirahua-to-make-his-digital-debut-with-this-bhojpuri-web-series-1429968-2019-01-13|access-date=2021-11-27|website=India Today}}</ref> It is the first ever [[web series]] made in [[Bhojpuri language]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-16|title=Dinesh Lal Yadav and Amrapali Dubey in first ever Bhojpuri web-series - All you need to know|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/dinesh-lal-yadav-and-amrapali-dubey-in-first-ever-bhojpuri-web-series-all-you-need-to-know-2108608.html|access-date=2021-11-27|website=Zee News}}</ref> The series stars [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]] A.K.A Nirahua as the protagonist along with [[Amrapali Dubey]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 9, 2018|title=After Bhojpuri films, Nirahua and Amrapali Dubey are trying something new|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/after-bhojpuri-films-nirahua-and-amrapali-dubey-are-trying-something-new-1310023-2018-08-09|access-date=2021-11-27|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chand|first=Smita|date=2019-01-20|title=Meet The Power Women Of Bhojpuri Cinema|url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/social-buzz/most-popular-bhojpuri-actress|access-date=2021-11-27|website=TheQuint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rajesh|first=Srividya|date=2018-04-28|title=ALTBalaji's first Bhojpuri web-series to have Dinesh Lal Yadav and Aamrapali Dubey as leads|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/altbalajis-first-bhojpuri-web-series-dinesh-lal-yadav-aamrapali-dubey-leads/2018/04/28|access-date=2021-11-27|website=IWMBuzz}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
<br />
* [[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Dinesh Lal Yadav "Nirahua"]]<br />
* [[Amrapali Dubey]] <br />
* Ritu Singh<br />
* [[Sambhavna Seth]]<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
According to Tarun Agarwal of [[The Quint]], the series "clearly shows the image of real politics."<ref>{{Cite web|last=अग्रवाल|first=तरुण|date=2019-01-26|title=Hero वर्दीवाला रिव्यू: असल राजनीति की तस्वीर साफ करती वेब सीरीज|url=https://hindi.thequint.com/entertainment/web-series/bhojpuri-first-web-series-hero-vardiwala-amrapali-dubey-nirahua-review|access-date=2021-11-27|website=TheQuint|language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt8427078}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2019 films]] <br />
[[Category:2010s Bhojpuri-language films]] <br />
[[Category:2019 Indian films]] <br />
[[Category:ALTBalaji original programming]]<br />
<br />
{{Bhojpuri-film-stub}}</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pooja_Ramachandran&diff=525916Pooja Ramachandran2026-05-04T18:33:28Z<p>Ankushraj: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actress, VJ and model}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Indian name|Pooja|Ramachandran}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pooja Ramachandran<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru, Karnataka]], India<br />
| years_active = 2009–present<br />
| occupation = Actress, VJ, model<br />
| spouse = {{plainlist|<br />
* {{marriage|VJ Craig|2010|2017}}<br />
* {{marriage|[[John Kokken]]|2019}}<br />
}}<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
'''Pooja Ramachandran''' is an Indian actress, VJ and model. After her studies, she participated in beauty pageants, winning the 'Miss Coimbatore 2004' title and was the runner up for Miss Kerala 2005. She then went on to become a VJ at [[SS Music]] before venturing into acting. She entered as a wild card contestant in the Telugu reality TV show ''[[Bigg Boss Telugu 2]]''.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Pooja Ramachandran is the daughter of an army officer.<ref name="hindu2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/02/25/stories/2006022501010300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309085224/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/02/25/stories/2006022501010300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 March 2007 |title=Metro Plus Thiruvananthapuram / Music : Dial Spice for Pooja |date=25 February 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 August 2013}}</ref> She did her schooling in Stanes Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School, Coimbatore and later studied [[visual communication]] at the CSI Bishop Appasamy College of Arts and Science in [[Coimbatore]].<ref name="hindu2006"/><ref name="hindu2004">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/12/16/stories/2004121600940100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050215205528/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/12/16/stories/2004121600940100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 February 2005 |title=Metro Plus Coimbatore : Presenting Miss Coimbatore |date=16 December 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 August 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
<br />
Pooja first featured in an advertisement when she was eight. Before the Miss Coimbatore title she had already done some assignments in Coimbatore and Bangalore. Pooja had also played a cameo in the [[Jayaram]]-[[Soundarya]] starrer ''[[Yathrakarude Sradhakku]]''.<ref name="hindu2004"/><br />
<br />
In February 2006, Pooja became a [[VJ (media personality)|VJ]] at [[SS Music]] after she, along with [[Anuj Gurwara]], Purnima Maudgil and Gibran, were selected as the winners out of 3000 contestants in SS Music's pan-India talent hunt show VJ Factor 2.<ref name="hindu2006"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/06/stories/2006020613700200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208024139/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/06/stories/2006020613700200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2006 |title=Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Four new VJs join Southern Spice Music |date=6 February 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 August 2013}}</ref> She hosted shows like PCO,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/vj-pooja-ss-music-meets-winners-of-pco-contest |title=VJ Pooja of SS Music meets winners Of 'PCO' Contest &#124; Editorial-News Releases |publisher=Radioandmusic.com |access-date=14 August 2013 |archive-date=15 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015214251/http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/vj-pooja-ss-music-meets-winners-of-pco-contest |url-status=live }}</ref> Gana Bajaana, Connect and Cinema Central.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/aug/aug171.htm |title=SS Music attempts to grow 'younger' in its sixth year |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=16 August 2006 |access-date=14 August 2013 |archive-date=15 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015225221/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/aug/aug171.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Later she hosted the show ''Ulagam Muzhuthum Paranthu Paranthu'' on Jaya TV.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130613/entertainment-tvmusic/article/right-mix-entertainment |title=The right mix of entertainment |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=13 June 2013 |access-date=14 August 2013 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016004338/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130613/entertainment-tvmusic/article/right-mix-entertainment |url-status=dead }}</ref> She was also a contestant in ''Anu Alavum Bayamillai''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/07/31/stories/2009073150321400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213054307/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/07/31/stories/2009073150321400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 February 2010 |title=Cinema Plus / Telewatch : SERIALS |date=31 July 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 August 2013}}</ref> becoming the winner of the first season,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vijay.indya.com/serials/aab/ |title=Indya.com - STAR - VIJAY - Anu Alavum Bayamillai |access-date=14 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130814003130/http://vijay.indya.com/serials/aab/ |archive-date=14 August 2013 }}</ref> and acted in the thriller serial ''Kanchana'', both on [[STAR Vijay]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Oor Kaalan |url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/07/kanchana-thriller-on-vijay-tv.html |title='Kanchana' – A Thriller on Vijay TV! &#124; Tamil Cinema News " KollyInsider |publisher=Kollyinsider.com |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=14 August 2013 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016064309/http://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/07/kanchana-thriller-on-vijay-tv.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
After 2012, Pooja became a full-time actress, signing feature films across Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam industries. She was seen in minor roles in the romantic comedy ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'', its Telugu version ''[[Love Failure]]'' and the thriller ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' in 2012. The following year, she played supporting roles in the Telugu film ''[[Swamy Ra Ra]]'' and the Malayalam films ''[[Lucky Star (2013 film)|Lucky Star]]'' and ''[[D Company (film)|D Company]]''. With regard to her performance in ''Swamy Ra Ra'', [[Sify]] called her "perfect",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/swamy-ra-ra-fails-to-fly-high-review-telugu-15024166.html |title=Movie Review : ''Swamy Ra Ra'' fails to fly high |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330133221/http://www.sify.com/movies/swamy-ra-ra-fails-to-fly-high-review-telugu-15024166.html |archive-date=30 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her first 2014 release, ''Adavi Kaachina Vennela'', saw her playing a homemaker.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/No-more-glamour-roles-for-me-Pooja-Ramachandran/movie-review/22891863.cms |title=No more glamour roles for me : Pooja Ramachandran |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 September 2013 |access-date=10 October 2014 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124131138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/No-more-glamour-roles-for-me-Pooja-Ramachandran/articleshow/22891863.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Pooja completed filming for the romantic drama ''Ore Nyabagam'', which is reportedly India's first 2D [[high frame rate]] film.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> She is further more working on the suspense thriller ''Andhaghaaram'',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/blind-role-in-andhaghaaram-won-t-make-audience-empathetic-vinoth-kishan-114081200183_1.html |title=Blind role in 'Andhaghaaram' won't make audience empathetic: Vinoth Kishan |last=IANS |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=12 August 2014 |access-date=29 September 2018 |archive-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203205501/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/blind-role-in-andhaghaaram-won-t-make-audience-empathetic-vinoth-kishan-114081200183_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the horror-comedy ''[[Muni 3: Ganga]]'', the romantic comedy ''[[Nanbenda]]'' and ''Swamy Ra Ra''{{'}}s Tamil remake ''Saamiyattam'', while she also has been signed for two Telugu films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/waiting-for-impact/chennai/13742 |title=Pooja Gallyot on her new films &#124; Indulge |access-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029072017/http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/waiting-for-impact/chennai/13742 |archive-date=29 October 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/namma-veetu-kalyanam/s-71/craig-and-pooja/1000025379 |title=Watch Namma Veetu Kalyanam TV Serial Episode 26 - Craig and Pooja Full Episode on Hotstar |website=Hotstar |language=en |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024083709/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/namma-veetu-kalyanam/s-71/craig-and-pooja/1000025379 |url-status=live }}</ref> She married VJ Craig in 2010 but divorced him in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pooja-opens-up-about-her-divorce/articleshow/58975236.cms |title=Pooja opens up about her divorce |website=The Times of India |date=4 June 2017 |language=en |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=11 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111233756/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pooja-opens-up-about-her-divorce/articleshow/58975236.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
<br />
She married actor John Kokken on 15 April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/04/18/pooja-ramachandran-marries-john-kokken.html |title=Bigg Boss fame Pooja Ramachandran marries actor John Kokken |website=OnManorama |language=en |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024085213/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/04/18/pooja-ramachandran-marries-john-kokken.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She was earlier married to former [[SS Music]] [[Video jockey|VJ]], Craig Gallyot.<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Role<br />
! Language<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2011 || ''[[7am Arivu]]'' || Subha's Research Friend|| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||Debut film <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4| 2012 || ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'' || rowspan ="2"|Cathy||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi|''Love Failure'']]||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| Telugu debut; Bilingual film <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'' || Senthil's Wife ||rowspan=2|Tamil ||Uncredited Role<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' || Smitha || <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3| 2013 || ''[[Swamy Ra Ra]]'' || Bhanu ||Telugu||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Lucky Star (2013 film)|Lucky Star]]'' || Swapna ||rowspan=2|[[Malayalam]]||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[D Company (film)|D Company]]'' || Teena || <br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''Adavi Kaachina Vennela'' || || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7| 2015 || ''[[Nannbenda]]'' || Jenny ||rowspan=2|Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kanchana 2]]'' || Pooja || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dohchay]]'' || || rowspan=2|Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Tripura (film)|Tripura]]'' || Eesha ||<br />
|- <br />
|''[[Puriyadha Anandam Puthithaga Arambam]]'' || Amudha's friend ||rowspan=3| Tamil || <br />
|-<br />
| ''Ore Nyabagam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Saamiyattam'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5| 2016 || ''Dalam'' || ||rowspan=2|Telugu || <br />
|-<br />
|''Siddharta'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''Black Coffee'' || || Tamil || <br />
|-<br />
| ''Marala Telupana Priya'' || || Telugu || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kalam (film)|Kalam]]'' || Neela || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2| 2017 ||''Devi Sri Prasad'' || Leela || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Koditta Idangalai Nirappuga]]'' || Cameo || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3| 2018 || ''Inthalo Ennenni Vinthalo'' || Thara || rowspan=6| Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Krishnarjuna Yudham]]'' || Nikki || <br />
|-<br />
| ''Law'' || Ghost || <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2| 2019 || ''[[Venky Mama]]'' || Bride || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Tholu Bommalata (film)| Tholu Bommalata]]'' || Bhavana ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2| 2020 || ''[[Entha Manchivaadavuraa]]'' || Balu's friend ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Andhaghaaram]]'' || Pooja || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2| 2021 || ''[[Power Play (2021 film)|Power Play]]'' || || rowspan="6" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ippudu Kaaka Inkeppudu'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2| 2022 ||''[[Dejavu (2022 film)|Repeat]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Boyfriend for Hire]]'' || Natasha ||<ref>{{cite news |title='Crazy Fellow', 'Boyfriend for Hire', and 'Ninne Pelladata'; Checkout 5 New Telugu movies releasing this week in theaters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/crazy-fellow-boyfriend-for-hire-and-ninne-pelladata-checkout-5-new-telugu-movies-releasing-this-week-in-theaters/amp_etphotostory/94809847.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| 2023 || ''[[My Name Is Shruthi]]'' || Anu || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2025<br />
|''[[Hathya]]''<br />
|Salima<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[45 (2025 film)|45]]''<br />
|<br />
|[[Kannada]]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network!! Language!! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards]] || Host || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] <br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Co-hosted with [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]]<br />
|-<br />
|2023||''[[The Village (2023 TV series)|The Village]]''|| Happy || [[Amazon Prime Video]] ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=5411911}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, Pooja}}<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian video jockeys]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai_Egmore%E2%80%93Nagercoil_Express&diff=493821Chennai Egmore–Nagercoil Express2026-05-04T15:29:18Z<p>Ankushraj: created new info w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Superfast Train of Southern Railway in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Chennai Egmore–Nagercoil Express<br />
| image = Nagercoil Superfast Express.jpg<br />
| image_width = <br />
| caption = 12668 Nagercoil - Chennai Egmore Express At Tirunelveli Junction in 30411 RPM/WAP-7<br />
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]<br />
| locale = [[Tamilnadu]]<br />
| status = Active<br />
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2006|11|09}}<br />
| last =<br />
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]<br />
| start = {{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}} (MS)<br />
| stops = 9<br />
| end = {{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}} (NCJ)<br />
| distance = {{convert|724|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
<br />
| frequency = Weekly<br />
| class = AC 2 tier (2A), AC 3 tier (3A), Sleeper class (SL), Unreserved Compartments (GS) & Luggage cum Break Van (SLRD)<br />
| seating = Yes<br />
| sleeping = Yes<br />
| access = {{Access icon|20px}} <br />
| autorack = <br />
| catering = Yes<br />
| observation = [[ICF coach]]<br />
| entertainment = No<br />
| baggage = No<br />
| stock = [[WAP-7]] ([[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|RPM]]), [[WAP-4]] ([[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam|AJJ]] & [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|ED]])<br />
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}<br />
| el = '''[[25 kV AC]], [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]]'''<br />
| trainnumber = 12667 / 12668<br />
| speed = {{convert|66|km/h|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| sharing = [[Chennai Egmore-Jodhpur Express]]<br />
| map = <br />
| map_state =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Chennai Egmore–Nagercoil Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to Southern Railway that runs between {{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}} and {{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 12667/12668 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Southern-Railway-releases-new-train-timetable/articleshow/54602260.cms|title=Southern Railway releases new train timetable|website=Times of India|date=30 September 2016 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/%E2%80%98Correct-destination-name-in-train%E2%80%99/article14634501.ece|title='Correct destination name in train' – TAMIL NADU|website=The Hindu|date=11 September 2016 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}</ref><ref name="thehindu2">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/6-trains-to-get-more-coaches/article8720203.ece|title=6 trains to get more coaches|website=The Hindu|date=11 June 2016 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Service==<br />
<br />
The 12667/Chennai Egmore→Nagercoil Weekly Superfast Express has an average speed of 67&nbsp;km/h and covers 724&nbsp;km in 12h 15m. The 12668/Nagercoil–Chennai Egmore Weekly Superfast Express has an average speed of 67&nbsp;km/h and covers 724&nbsp;km in 12h 20m.<br />
<br />
==Coach composition==<br />
<br />
The train consists of 24 coaches ([[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]]) as follows:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#12ad2b;" | <span style="color:#ffffff;">Loco</span><br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#804a00;" | <span style="color:#ffffff;">1</span><br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#893bff;" | 2<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#893bff;" | 3<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#0909ff;" | <span style="color:#ffffff;">4</span><br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 5<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 6<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 7<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 8<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 9<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 10<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 11<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 12<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 13<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 14<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 15<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff" | 16<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff" | 17<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff" | 18<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff" | 19<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 20<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 21<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#893bff;" | 22<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#893bff;" | 23<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#804a00;" | <span style="color:#ffffff;">24</span><br />
|-<br />
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|24px]] <br />
||SLRD||GS||GS||A1||B1||B2||B3||B4||B5||B6||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||S6||S7||S8||S9||S10||S11||GS||GS||SLRD<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Pearl City Express]]<br />
* [[Pandian Express]]<br />
* [[Pallavan Express]]<br />
* [[Ananthapuri Express]]<br />
* [[Vaigai Express]]<br />
* [[Chendur Express]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1145 12667/Chennai Egmore–Nagercoil Weekly Superfast Express] India Rail Info<br />
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/277 12668/Nagercoil–Chennai Egmore Weekly Superfast Express] India Rail Info<br />
<br />
{{Railways in Southern India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai Egmore-Nagercoil Weekly Superfast Express}}<br />
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Nagercoil]]<br />
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2006]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-express-train-stub}}</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_World_Twenty20_Qualifier&diff=4825292015 World Twenty20 Qualifier2026-05-02T12:21:54Z<p>Ankushraj: Started A Biography V1.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Cricket tournament}}<br />
{{For|the 2015 women's tournament|2015 ICC Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox cricket tournament<br />
| name = 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier<br />
| image = 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier.png<br />
| image_size = 120px<br />
| fromdate = {{start date|2015|07|06|df=y}}<br />
| todate = {{end date|2015|07|26|df=y}}<br />
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]<br />
| cricket format = [[Twenty20 International]], <br />[[Twenty20]]<br />
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]], <br />Playoffs<br />
| host = {{cr|IRE}} <br />{{cr|SCO}}<br />
| champions = {{cr|NED}} (2nd title)<br>{{cr|SCO}} (1st title) (shared)<br />
| participants = 14<br />
| matches = 51<br />
| player of the series = {{cricon|NAM}} [[Bernard Scholtz]]<ref name="Scholtz">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/story/903379.html |title=Scotland, Netherlands share title after washout |access-date=26 July 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
| most runs = {{cricon|NAM}} [[Stephan Baard]] (309)<br />
| most wickets = {{cricon|IRE}} [[John Mooney (cricketer)|John Mooney]] (14)<br>{{cricon|NAM}} [[Bernard Scholtz]] (14)<br>{{cricon|SCO}} [[Alasdair Evans]] (14)<br />
| previous_year = 2013<br />
| previous_tournament = 2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier<br />
| next_year = 2019 <br />
| next_tournament = 2019 ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier<br />
}}<br />
The '''2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier''', for the [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016 World Twenty20]], was held from 6 to 26 July 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/cricket-world-cup/news/2015/media-releases/84891/outcomes-from-icc-board-and-committee-meetings | title=Outcomes from ICC Board and Committee Meetings | access-date=29 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202205353/http://www.icc-cricket.com/cricket-world-cup/news/2015/media-releases/84891/outcomes-from-icc-board-and-committee-meetings | archive-date=2 February 2015 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/TOURNAMENTS/2015/WORLDT20QUALIFIER/index.shtml |title=2015 World T20 Qualifier |work=Cricket Europe |access-date=16 November 2020}}</ref> The tournament was hosted by both Ireland and Scotland. 51 matches were played among 14 nations, down from 72 matches among 16 nations in [[2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|the previous edition]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/87946/icc-announces-schedule-of-icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015|publisher=ICC Development (International) Limited|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100208/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/87946/icc-announces-schedule-of-icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The tournament formed part of the [[ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]] series, with the top six teams going forward to the qualifying round of the [[2016 ICC World Twenty20]] tournament.<ref name="cricinfo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/current/story/736467.html|title=Format of T20 World Cup 2016|access-date=10 April 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
Matches where both teams had T20I status were recorded as a [[Twenty20 International]] match. The teams in this tournament with this status were [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]], [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]], [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]], [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]], [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|United Arab Emirates]], [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Hong Kong]], [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]] and [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|Papua New Guinea]]. Matches which featured one or two teams without T20I status were recorded as a [[Twenty20]] match.<br />
<br />
Scotland were the first team to qualify for the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 tournament by finishing top of Group B.<ref name="ScotQual">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/story/900261.html |title=Scotland book World T20 spot with 23-run win |access-date=18 July 2014 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Co-hosts Ireland joined them by finishing top of Group A.<ref name="IreQual">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/story/900671.html |title=All-round Stirling seals Ireland's World T20 spot |access-date=19 July 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Joining the two group winners through the qualifier matches were the Netherlands,<ref name="NedQual">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/story/901551.html |title=Netherlands through after four-wicket win |access-date=21 July 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=21 July 2015 }}</ref> Afghanistan<ref name="AfgQual">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/story/902585.html |title=Mangal, bowlers put Afghanistan in World T20 |access-date=23 July 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=23 July 2015 }}</ref> Hong Kong,<ref name="HKQual">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/story/901457.html |title=Chapman's heist puts HK in World T20 |access-date=21 July 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=21 July 2015 }}</ref> and [[Oman national cricket team|Oman]].<ref name="OmanQual">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/story/902731.html |title=Oman secure World T20 spot with memorable win |access-date=23 July 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=23 July 2015 }}</ref> It was the first time that Oman qualified for a major ICC event and with their win over Namibia, they gained T20I status.<ref name="OmanQual" /> The UAE and Nepal who made their debut in the [[2014 ICC World Twenty20]] did not qualify, however the UAE did play in the [[2016 Asia Cup]] which for the first time was played in a Twenty20 format.<br />
<br />
Scotland and the Netherlands shared the trophy after the final was abandoned without a ball being bowled due to rain.<ref name="Scholtz" /><ref name="Shared">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/33668735 |title=World Twenty20 Qualifier: Scots – Dutch final rained off |access-date=26 July 2015 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> The Netherlands were the only associate nation to advance past the group stage in the [[2014 ICC World Twenty20]] tournament.<br />
<br />
==Teams==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Team !! Qualification tournament !! Standing !! Region<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|IRE}} || [[2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]] <br /> Tournament co-host || Winner || [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|AFG|2013}} || [[2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]] || Runner-up || [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NEP}} || [[2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]] || Third || [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|UAE|name=UAE}} || [[2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]] || Fourth || [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|NED}} || [[2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]] || Fifth || [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|HK}} || [[2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]] || Sixth || [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|SCO}} || Tournament co-host || || [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|Namibia}} || [[2015 ICC Africa Twenty20 Championship]] || Winner || [[African Cricket Association|Africa]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|Kenya}} || [[2015 ICC Africa Twenty20 Championship]] || Runner-up || [[African Cricket Association|Africa]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|Canada}} || [[2015 ICC Americas Twenty20 Division One]] || Winner || [[ICC Americas|Americas]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|USA|name=USA}} || [[2015 ICC Americas Twenty20 Division One]] || Runner-up || [[ICC Americas|Americas]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|OMA}} || [[2015 ACC Twenty20 Cup]] || Winner || [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|PNG|name=PNG}} || [[2014 ICC East Asia-Pacific Men's Championship]] || Winner || [[ICC East Asia-Pacific|East Asia Pacific]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{cr|JER}} || [[2015 ICC Europe Division One]] || Winner || [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Format==<br />
From the 14 teams, the top 6 qualifiers will progress to the first (qualifying) round of the [[2016 ICC World Twenty20]], where they will meet the ninth and tenth-ranked full members (Bangladesh and Zimbabwe) in the [[ICC T20I Championship]] table as on 30 April 2014.<ref name="cricinfo" /> The teams for the two groups along with the fixtures were announced on 14 May.<ref name="Groups">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/875407.html |title=Scotland meet UAE in World T20 Qualifier opener |access-date=14 May 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name="Fixtures">{{cite web |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/87946/icc-announces-schedule-of-icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015 |title=ICC announces schedule of ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015 |work=International Cricket Council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100208/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/87946/icc-announces-schedule-of-icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Squads==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"<br />
|-<br />
! width=330| {{cr|AFG|2013}}<ref name="AfgSquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/squad/888521.html |title=Afghanistan Squad |access-date=17 June 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
! width=330| {{cr|CAN}}<ref name="CanSquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/squad/888531.html |title=Canada Squad |access-date=17 June 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
! width=330| {{cr|HK}}<ref name="HKSquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/hkg/content/story/881693.html |title=Afzal to lead Hong Kong in World T20 Qualifier |access-date=28 May 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
! width=330| {{cr|IRE}}<ref name="IreSquad">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/32957490 |title=Tyrone Kane given first Ireland call-up for World T20 qualifiers |access-date=1 June 2015 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref><br />
! width=330| {{cr|JER}}<ref name="JerseySquad">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/33022087 |title=Minnows Jersey set for Twenty20 qualifying challenge |access-date=7 June 2015 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|<br />
* [[Asghar Afghan|Asghar Stanikzai]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Javed Ahmadi]]<br />
* [[Aftab Alam (cricketer, born 1992)|Aftab Alam]]<br />
* [[Mirwais Ashraf]]<br />
* [[Sharafuddin Ashraf]]<br />
* [[Hameed Hassan]]<br />
* [[Nawroz Mangal]]<br />
* [[Mohammad Nabi]]<br />
* [[Gulbadin Naib]]<br />
* [[Shafiqullah (cricketer)|Shafiqullah]]<br />
* [[Mohammad Shahzad]]<br />
* [[Samiullah Shinwari]]<br />
* [[Dawlat Zadran]]<br />
* [[Najibullah Zadran]]<br />
* [[Shapoor Zadran]]<br />
<br />
|valign=top|<br />
* [[Rizwan Cheema]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Navneet Dhaliwal]]<br />
* [[Satsimranjit Dhindsa]]<br />
* <s>[[Nikhil Dutta]]</s><br />
* [[Jeremy Gordon]]<br />
* [[Ruvindu Gunasekera]]<br />
* [[Hamza Tariq]]<br />
* [[Jimmy Hansra]]<br />
* [[Junaid Siddiqui]]<br />
* [[Shaheed Keshvani]]<br />
* [[Khurram Chohan]]<br />
* [[Nitish Kumar (cricketer)|Nitish Kumar]]<br />
* [[Hiral Patel]]<br />
* [[Cecil Pervez]]<br />
* [[Saad Bin Zafar]]<br />
* [[Srimantha Wijeratne]]<br />
<br />
|valign=top|<br />
* [[Tanwir Afzal]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Mark Chapman (cricketer)|Mark Chapman]] ([[Captain (cricket)|vc]])<br />
* [[Aizaz Khan]]<br />
* [[Anas Khan]]<br />
* [[Anshuman Rath]]<br />
* [[Babar Hayat]]<br />
* [[Ehsan Nawaz]]<br />
* [[Haseeb Amjad]]<br />
* [[Irfan Ahmed]]<br />
* [[James Atkinson (cricketer)|James Atkinson]]<br />
* [[Kinchit Shah]]<br />
* [[Nadeem Ahmed]]<br />
* [[Nizakat Khan]]<br />
* <s>[[Waqas Barkat]]</s><br />
* [[Waqas Khan]]<br />
* [[Giacomo Lamplough]]<br />
<br />
|valign=top|<br />
* [[William Porterfield]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Andrew Balbirnie]]<br />
* [[Alex Cusack]]<br />
* [[George Dockrell]]<br />
* [[Tyrone Kane]]<br />
* [[Andrew McBrine]]<br />
* [[Graeme McCarter]]<br />
* [[John Mooney (cricketer)|John Mooney]]<br />
* [[Niall O'Brien (cricketer)|Niall O'Brien]]<br />
* [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]]<br />
* [[Stuart Poynter]]<br />
* [[Paul Stirling]]<br />
* [[Stuart Thompson]]<br />
* [[Gary Wilson (cricketer)|Gary Wilson]]<br />
* [[Craig Young (cricketer)|Craig Young]]<br />
<br />
|valign=top|<br />
* [[Peter Gough]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Corey Bisson]]<br />
* [[Dominic Blampied]]<br />
* [[Corne Bodenstein]]<br />
* [[Paul Connolly (cricketer)|Paul Connolly]]<br />
* Edward Farley<br />
* [[Anthony Hawkins-Kay]]<br />
* [[Jonty Jenner]]<br />
* [[Ben Kynman]]<br />
* [[Tom Minty]]<br />
* [[Charles Perchard]]<br />
* [[Rhys Palmer (cricketer)|Rhys Palmer]]<br />
* [[Callum Rabet]]<br />
* [[Ben Stevens (cricketer)|Ben Stevens]]<br />
* [[Nathaniel Watkins|Nat Watkins]]<br />
|-<br />
! width=330| {{cr|KEN}}<ref name="KenSquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/squad/888545.html |title=Kenya Squad |access-date=17 June 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
! width=330| {{cr|NAM}}<ref name="NamSquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/other/content/story/886305.html |title=Namibia to begin World T20 qualifier against Ireland |access-date=11 June 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
! width=330| {{cr|NEP}}<ref name="NepSquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/story/886267.html |title=Khadka to lead Nepal in World T20 qualifiers |access-date=11 June 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
! width=330| {{cr|NED}}<ref name="NedSquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/squad/886635.html |title=ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier: Netherlands Squad |access-date=15 June 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
! width=330| {{cr|OMA}}<ref name="OmanSquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/squad/888563.html |title=Oman Squad |access-date=17 June 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|<br />
* [[Rakep Patel]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Gurdeep Singh (cricketer)|Gurdeep Singh]]<br />
* [[Narendra Kalyan]]<br />
* [[Irfan Karim]]<br />
* [[Karan Kaul]]<br />
* [[Lucas Ndandason]]<br />
* [[James Ngoche]]<br />
* [[Shem Ngoche]]<br />
* [[Collins Obuya]]<br />
* [[Eugene Ochieng]]<br />
* [[Nelson Odhiambo]]<br />
* [[Nehemiah Odhiambo]]<br />
* [[Elijah Otieno]]<br />
* [[Morris Ouma]]<br />
* [[Emmanuel Bundi]]<br />
<br />
|valign=top|<br />
* [[Nicolaas Scholtz (cricketer)|Nicolaas Scholtz]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Stephan Baard]]<br />
* [[Sarel Burger]]<br />
* [[Christopher Coombe]]<br />
* [[Jason Davidson (cricketer)|Jason Davidson]]<br />
* [[Michau du Preez]]<br />
* [[Gerhard Erasmus]]<br />
* <s>[[Zhivago Groenewald]]</s><br />
* [[Louis Klazinga]]<br />
* [[Jean-Pierre Kotze|JP Kotze]]<br />
* [[Bernard Scholtz]]<br />
* [[JJ Smit]]<br />
* [[Christiaan Snyman]]<br />
* [[Gerrie Snyman]]<br />
* [[Raymond van Schoor]]<br />
* [[Craig Williams (cricketer)|Craig Williams]]<br />
<br />
|valign=top|<br />
* [[Paras Khadka]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Gyanendra Malla]] ([[Captain (cricket)|vc]])<br />
* [[Pradeep Airee]]<br />
* [[Binod Bhandari]]<br />
* [[Shakti Gauchan]]<br />
* [[Sompal Kami]]<br />
* [[Karan KC]]<br />
* [[Subash Khakurel]]<br />
* [[Siddhant Lohani]]<br />
* [[Anil Mandal]]<br />
* [[Jitendra Mukhiya]]<br />
* [[Rajesh Pulami]]<br />
* [[Sagar Pun]]<br />
* [[Basanta Regmi]]<br />
* [[Sharad Vesawkar]]<br />
<br />
|valign=top|<br />
* [[Peter Borren]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Wesley Barresi]] ([[Captain (cricket)|vc]])<br />
* [[Rahil Ahmed]]<br />
* [[Mudassar Bukhari]]<br />
* [[Ben Cooper (cricketer)|Ben Cooper]]<br />
* [[Ahsan Malik (cricketer)|Ahsan Malik]]<br />
* <s>[[Vivian Kingma]]</s><br />
* [[Stephan Myburgh]]<br />
* [[Max O'Dowd]]<br />
* [[Michael Rippon]]<br />
* [[Pieter Seelaar]]<br />
* [[Michael Swart]]<br />
* [[Timm van der Gugten]]<br />
* [[Paul van Meekeren]]<br />
* [[Roelof van der Merwe]]<br />
* [[Thijs van Schelven]]<br />
<br />
|valign=top|<br />
* [[Sultan Ahmed (Omani cricketer)|Sultan Ahmed]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Aamir Kaleem]]<br />
* [[Aamer Ali]]<br />
* [[Munis Ansari]]<br />
* [[Jatinder Singh]]<br />
* <s>[[Khawar Ali]]</s><br />
* [[Ajay Lalcheta]]<br />
* [[Mehran Khan]]<br />
* [[Mohammad Nadeem (Omani cricketer)|Mohammad Nadeem]]<br />
* [[Arun Poulose]]<br />
* [[Rajesh Ranpura]]<br />
* [[Sufyan Mehmood]]<br />
* [[Vaibhav Wategaonkar]]<br />
* [[Yousuf Mahmood]]<br />
* [[Zeeshan Maqsood]]<br />
* [[Zeeshan Siddiqui]]<br />
|-<br />
! width=330| {{cr|PNG}}<ref name="PNGSquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/squad/888563.html |title=Papua New Guinea Squad |access-date=17 June 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
! width=330| {{cr|SCO}}<ref name="ScoSquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/story/885271.html |title=Coetzer upset at Scotland omission |access-date=8 June 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
! width=330| {{cr|UAE}}<ref name="UAESquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/squad/888453.html |title=United Arab Emirates Squad |access-date=17 June 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
! width=330| {{cr|USA}}<ref name="USASquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/story/888537.html |title=USA make four changes for World T20 Qualifier |access-date=17 June 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|<br />
* [[Jack Vare]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Charles Amini]]<br />
* [[Sese Bau]]<br />
* [[Mahuru Dai]]<br />
* [[Willie Gavera]]<br />
* [[Vani Morea]]<br />
* [[Loa Nou]]<br />
* [[Kila Pala]]<br />
* [[Pipi Raho]]<br />
* [[John Reva]]<br />
* [[Lega Siaka]]<br />
* [[Chad Soper]]<br />
* [[Tony Ura]]<br />
* [[Assad Vala]]<br />
* [[Norman Vanua]]<br />
<br />
|valign=top|<br />
* [[Preston Mommsen]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Richie Berrington]]<br />
* [[Kyle Coetzer]]<br />
* <s>[[Freddie Coleman]]</s><br />
* [[Matthew Cross (cricketer)|Matthew Cross]]<br />
* [[Josh Davey]]<br />
* [[Con de Lange]]<br />
* [[Alasdair Evans]]<br />
* [[Michael Leask]]<br />
* [[Calum MacLeod (cricketer)|Calum MacLeod]]<br />
* [[Gavin Main]]<br />
* [[George Munsey]]<br />
* [[Safyaan Sharif]]<br />
* [[Robert Taylor (cricketer, born 1989)|Robert Taylor]]<br />
* [[Craig Wallace (cricketer)|Craig Wallace]]<br />
* [[Mark Watt]]<br />
<br />
|valign=top|<br />
* [[Mohammad Tauqir]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Abdul Shakoor (Emirati cricketer)|Abdul Shakoor]]<br />
* [[Ahmed Raza (cricketer, born 1988)|Ahmed Raza]]<br />
* [[Amjad Ali (cricketer)|Amjad Ali]]<br />
* [[Amjad Javed]]<br />
* [[Faizan Asif]]<br />
* [[Fayyaz Ahmed]]<br />
* [[Manjula Guruge]]<br />
* [[Mohammad Naveed]]<br />
* [[Mohammad Shahzad (Emirati cricketer)|Mohammad Shahzad]]<br />
* [[Nasir Aziz]]<br />
* [[Swapnil Patil]]<br />
* [[Saqib Ali (cricketer)|Saqib Ali]]<br />
* [[Shaiman Anwar]]<br />
* [[Umair Ali]]<br />
<br />
|valign=top|<br />
* [[Muhammad Ghous]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Alex Amsterdam]]<br />
* [[Fahad Babar]]<br />
* [[Adil Bhatti]]<br />
* [[Akeem Dodson]]<br />
* [[Karan Ganesh]]<br />
* [[Naseer Jamali]]<br />
* [[Japen Patel]]<br />
* [[Mrunal Patel]]<br />
* [[Timil Patel]]<br />
* [[Hammad Shahid]]<br />
* [[Jessy Singh|Jasdeep Singh]]<br />
* [[Nicholas Standford]]<br />
* [[Timothy Surujbally]]<br />
* <s>[[Steven Taylor (cricketer, born 1993)|Steven Taylor]]</s><br />
* [[Shiva Vashishat]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Scotland's [[Kyle Coetzer]] was not originally included in the 15-man squad, but was added on 10 June after [[Freddie Coleman]] withdrew due to personal circumstances.<ref name="Coetzer">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/story/885911.html |title=Coetzer added to Scotland World T20 qualifier squad |access-date=10 June 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> America's [[Steven Taylor (cricketer, born 1993)|Steven Taylor]] withdrew from the squad on 22 June after securing a contract with [[Barbados Tridents]] in the [[Caribbean Premier League]] (CPL).<ref name="STaylor">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/usa/content/story/890425.html |title=Taylor withdraws from USA squad for World T20 Qualifier |access-date=23 June 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He was replaced by [[Timothy Surujbally]].<ref name="Surujbally">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/usa/content/story/891591.html |title=Surujbally replaces Steven Taylor in USA squad |access-date=26 June 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> On 2 July Hong Kong's [[Waqas Barkat]] was replaced by [[Giacomo Lamplough]] after Barkat was ruled out due to visa issues.<ref name="Lamplough">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/story/893165.html |title=Teenage Lamplough to replace Barkat in Hong Kong squad |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=2 July 2015 |access-date=2 July 2015 }}</ref> Canada's [[Nikhil Dutta]] chose to stay with the [[St Kitts and Nevis Patriots]] in the CPL and was replaced by [[Hiral Patel]].<ref name="3changes">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/canada/content/story/893725.html |title=Canada pick Hiral Patel after Dutta opts for CPL |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=3 July 2015 |access-date=3 July 2015 }}</ref> South African born [[Roelof van der Merwe]] obtained a Dutch passport a month before the tournament started<ref name="passport">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/content/story/892665.html |title=Van der Merwe switches to Netherlands |access-date=30 June 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> and was selected over [[Vivian Kingma]].<ref name="3changes" /> Namibia's [[Zhivago Groenewald]] was replaced by [[Michau du Preez]].<ref name="3changes" /> Oman's [[Khawar Ali]] returned home for personal reasons midway through the tournament, and was replaced by [[Arun Poulose]] in their squad.<ref>(14 July 2015). [http://www.icc-cricket.com/world-t20-qualifier/news/2015/media-releases/88873/event-technical-committee-approves-replacement-in-omans-squad-for-the-icc-world-t20-qualifier-2015 "Event technical committee approves replacement in Oman's squad for the ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716003256/http://www.icc-cricket.com/world-t20-qualifier/news/2015/media-releases/88873/event-technical-committee-approves-replacement-in-omans-squad-for-the-icc-world-t20-qualifier-2015 |date=16 July 2015 }} – International Cricket Council. Retrieved 15 July 2015.</ref> However, Ali returned for the 5th place play-off match against Afghanistan, and in turn made his T20I debut.<ref name="KhawarT20I">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875551.html |title=ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier, 5th place play-off: Afghanistan v Oman at Dublin, Jul 25, 2015 |access-date=25 July 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dutch bowler [[Ahsan Malik (cricketer)|Ahsan Malik]] was reported for [[bowling with an illegal action]] following the Netherlands win over Scotland on 11 July.<ref name="Malik">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/story/898303.html |title=Ahsan Malik reported for illegal bowling action |access-date=13 July 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He was not allowed to take any further part in the tournament, until an independent assessment has taken place.<ref name="Malik" /> Kenyan bowler [[James Ngoche]] was also suspended for bowling with an illegal action.<ref name="Ngoche">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/story/898923.html |title=Ngoche suspended for illegal action |access-date=15 July 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> This was following Kenya's match with Oman on 11 July. Along with Malik, Ngoche undertook an independent assessment.<ref name="Ngoche" /> Hong Kong spin bowler [[Nizakat Khan]] was suspended for bowling with an illegal action, following Hong Kong's match against Nepal on 15 July. He too underwent an independent assessment.<ref name="Nizakat">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/story/900223.html |title=Hong Kong's Nizakat Khan suspended for illegal action |access-date=18 July 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> On 23 July Namibia's [[Jason Davidson (cricketer)|Jason Davidson]] was suspended for using an illegal action in their match against the Netherlands. He also underwent an assessment on his bowling.<ref name="Davidson">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/story/902383.html |title=Namibia's Davidson suspended from bowling |access-date=23 July 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Venues==<br />
{| style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto; clear:both; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" <br />
|-<br />
|{{location map+|Island of Ireland|width=300|float=center|caption=Venues in the island of Ireland. This includes the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland|places=<br />
{{Location map~|Island of Ireland|lat_deg=54.596944|lon_deg=-5.834444|position=top|background=|label=[[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]]}}<br />
{{Location map~|Island of Ireland|lat_deg=54.9376|lon_deg=-7.3818|position=top|background=|label=[[Bready Cricket Club Ground|Bready]]}}<br />
{{Location map~|Island of Ireland|lat_deg=53.449329|lon_deg=-6.161233|position=top|background=|label=[[Malahide Cricket Club Ground|Malahide]]}}<br />
{{Location map~|Island of Ireland|lat_deg=53.368047|lon_deg=-6.207153|position=bottom|background=|label=[[Clontarf Cricket Club Ground|Clontarf]]}}<br />
}}<br />
|{{location map+|Scotland|width=300|float=center|caption=Venues in Scotland|places=<br />
{{Location map~|Scotland|lat_deg=55.959843|lon_deg=-3.214295|position=left|background=|label=[[The Grange Club|Grange]]}}<br />
{{Location map~|Scotland|lat_deg=55.927572|lon_deg=-3.225869|position=bottom|background=|label=[[Myreside Cricket Ground|Myreside]]}}<br />
{{Location map~|Scotland|lat_deg=55.970506|lon_deg=-3.208403|position=right|background=|label=[[Goldenacre Sports Ground|Goldenacre]]}}<br />
{{Location map~|Scotland|lat_deg=56.121769|lon_deg=-3.909931|position=top|background=|label=[[New Williamfield]]}}<br />
}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"; align="center"<br />
|-<br />
!Venue !! City !! Country<ref group="B" name="Ireland">The term country, in this instance is used to mean the governing body that administers the sport of cricket in that location and is a member of the [[International Cricket Council]]. The [[Irish cricket team]], which is administered by [[Cricket Ireland]], represents the whole of the island of Ireland, which includes both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Both [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]] and [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], while geographically located in Northern Ireland, fall under the auspices of Cricket Ireland. In addition, while Scotland is not its own country as it is a constituent country of the United Kingdom, Scotland does have its own [[Scotland cricket team|team]], which is administered by [[Cricket Scotland]].</ref> !! Capacity !! Matches<br />
|-<br />
|[[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]]<br />
|[[Belfast]]<br />
|Ireland<br />
| align="center" |{{Sort|07000|7,000}}<br />
| align="center" |{{Sort|08|8}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bready Cricket Club Ground]]<br />
|[[Magheramason]]<br />
|Ireland<br />
| align="center" |{{Sort|20000|Unknown}}<br />
| align="center" |{{Sort|04|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]]<br />
|[[Dublin]]<br />
|[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]<br />
| align="center" |{{Sort|11500|11,500}}<br />
| align="center" |{{Sort|14|14<ref group="B" name="Malahide">This figure includes all the qualifiers, both semi-finals, the 3rd place playoff, and the final.</ref>}} <br />
|-<br />
|[[Clontarf Cricket Club Ground]]<br />
|[[Dublin]]<br />
|[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]<br />
| align="center" |{{Sort|03200|3,200}}<br />
| align="center" |{{Sort|04|4<ref group="B" name="Clontarf">This figure includes 5th place playoff.</ref>}} <br />
|-<br />
|[[Grange Cricket Club Ground]]<br />
|[[Edinburgh]]<br />
|Scotland<br />
| align="center" |{{Sort|03000|3,000}}<br />
| align="center" |{{Sort|07|7}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Myreside Cricket Ground]]<br />
|[[Edinburgh]]<br />
|Scotland<br />
| align="center" |{{Sort|20000|Unknown}}<br />
| align="center" |{{Sort|04|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[New Williamfield]]<br />
|[[Stirling]]<br />
|Scotland<br />
| align="center" |{{Sort|20000|Unknown}}<br />
| align="center" |{{Sort|05|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Goldenacre Sports Ground|Goldenacre]]<br />
|[[Edinburgh]]<br />
|Scotland<br />
| align="center" |{{Sort|20000|Unknown}}<br />
| align="center" |{{Sort|05|5}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Warm-up matches==<br />
{{hidden begin<br />
|title = Warm-up matches<br />
|titlestyle = background:skyblue;<br />
}}<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 6 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|OMA}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|NEP}}<br />
| score1 = 115/4 (16.3 overs)<br />
| score2 = 6/0 (0.3 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Zeeshan Maqsood]] 44 (31)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Gyanendra Malla]] 1/8 (1.3 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Subash Khakurel]] 5[[not out|*]] (2)<br />
| wickets2 = <br />
| venue = [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]], [[Belfast]]<br />
| toss = Nepal won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Mark Hawthorne (umpire)|Mark Hawthorne]] (Ire)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875425.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = No result<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 6 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|KEN}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|PNG}}<br />
| score1 = 141/8 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 45/2 (5 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Shem Ngoche]] 24 (19)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Mahuru Dai]] 2/23 (3 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Lega Siaka]] 18 (13)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Shem Ngoche]] 1/8 (1 over)<br />
| venue = [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[County Tyrone]]<br />
| toss = Papua New Guinea won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875427.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Papua New Guinea won by 10 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 6 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NAM}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}<br />
| score1 = 127/8 (19.3 overs)<br />
| score2 = 130/4 (16.2 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Raymond van Schoor]] 42 (34)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Gavin Main]] 2/9 (2 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Richie Berrington]] 61 (35)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Louis Klazinga]] 2/23 (2.2 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Grange Cricket Club Ground]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Namibia won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Ian Ramage]] (Sco)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875429.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Scotland won by 6 wickets<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 6 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|HK}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}<br />
| score1 = 113/9 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 104 (19.2 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Babar Hayat]] 42 (35)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Ahsan Malik (cricketer)|Ahsan Malik]] 3/24 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Peter Borren]] 22 (27)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Anas Khan]] 3/11 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Myreside Cricket Ground]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Hong Kong won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| umpires = [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng) and [[David Odhiambo]] (Ken)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875431.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Hong Kong won by 9 runs<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 6 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|UAE}}<br />
| score1 = <br />
| score2 = <br />
| runs1 = <br />
| wickets1 = <br />
| runs2 = <br />
| wickets2 = <br />
| venue = [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]], [[Belfast]]<br />
| notes = Match abandoned without a ball bowled.<br />
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] (Eng)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875433.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Match abandoned<br />
| toss = No toss.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 6 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = [[North West of Ireland Cricket Union|North West Warriors]]<br />
| team2 = {{cr|USA}} <br />
| score1 = 119/9 (15 overs)<br />
| score2 = 120/5 (15 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Oraine Williams]] 47 (35)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Timil Patel]] 4/19 (3 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Shiva Vashishat]] 30 (35)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Ross Allen (Irish cricketer)|Ross Allen]] 2/19 (3 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[County Tyrone]]<br />
| toss = United States of America won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Johan Cloete]] (SA) and [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875435.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = United States of America won by 5 wickets<br />
| notes = Match reduced to 15 overs per side.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 6 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|CAN}} <br />
| team2 = [[Western District Cricket Union|Western Districts Cricket Union]]<br />
| score1 = 146 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 147/2 (18.3 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Nitish Kumar (cricketer)|Nitish Kumar]] 68 (38)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Sudesh Fernando]] 4/25 (3 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Bradley Williams (cricketer)|Bradley Williams]] 53[[not out|*]] (38)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Junaid Siddiqui]] 1/16 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Grange Cricket Club Ground]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Canada won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| umpires = [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak) and [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875437.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Western Districts Cricket Union won by 8 wickets<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 6 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|JER}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|AFG|2013}}<br />
| score1 = 46 (10.2 overs)<br />
| score2 = 47/2 (7.3 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Peter Gough]] 12 (12)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Mohammad Nabi]] 3/10 (2 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Nawroz Mangal]] 16[[not out|*]] (18)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Anthony Hawkins-Kay|Anthony Kay]] 1/12 (2 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Myreside Cricket Ground]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Jersey won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| umpires = [[Shaun George (cricketer)|Shaun George]] (SA) and [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875439.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Afghanistan won by 8 wickets<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 7 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NEP}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|UAE}}<br />
| score1 = 85/7 (18 overs)<br />
| score2 = 81/2 (14 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Sharad Vesawkar]] 38[[not out|*]] (37)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Manjula Guruge]] 3/12 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Faizan Asif]] 24 (21)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Jitendra Mukhiya]] 1/5 (2 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]], [[Belfast]]<br />
| toss = Nepal won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| umpires = [[Mark Hawthorne (umpire)|Mark Hawthorne]] (Sco) and [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] (Eng)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875441.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = United Arab Emirates won by 20 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 7 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = [[North West of Ireland Cricket Union|North West Warriors]]<br />
| team2 = {{cr|PNG}}<br />
| score1 = <br />
| score2 = <br />
| runs1 = <br />
| wickets1 = <br />
| runs2 = <br />
| wickets2 = <br />
| venue = [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[County Tyrone]]<br />
| notes = Match abandoned without a ball bowled.<br />
| umpires = [[Johan Cloete]] (SA) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875443.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Match abandoned<br />
| toss = No toss.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 7 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SCO}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|JER}}<br />
| score1 = 199/5 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 93/9 (15 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[George Munsey]] 75 (44)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Cornelis Bodenstein]] 1/8 (1 over)<br />
| runs2 = [[Cornelis Bodenstein]] 22 (15)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Safyaan Sharif]] 3/20 (3 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Goldenacre Sports Ground|Goldenacre]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Jersey won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng) and [[Ian Ramage]] (Sco)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875445.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Scotland won by 69 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 7 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = [[Western District Cricket Union|Western Districts Cricket Union]]<br />
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}<br />
| score1 = <br />
| score2 = <br />
| runs1 = <br />
| wickets1 = <br />
| runs2 = <br />
| wickets2 = <br />
| venue = [[New Williamfield]], [[Stirling]]<br />
| notes = Match abandoned without a ball bowled.<br />
| umpires = [[Shaun George (cricketer)|Shaun George]] (SA) and [[David Odhiambo]] (Ken)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875447.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Match abandoned<br />
| toss = No toss.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 7 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|OMA}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}<br />
| score1 = 91 (18.5 overs)<br />
| score2 = <br />
| runs1 = [[Vaibhav Wategaonkar]] 26 (31)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Alex Cusack]] 3/20 (3.5 overs)<br />
| runs2 = <br />
| wickets2 = <br />
| venue = [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]], [[Belfast]]<br />
| toss = Ireland won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] (Eng)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875449.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = No result<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 7 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|KEN}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|USA}}<br />
| score1 = <br />
| score2 = <br />
| runs1 = <br />
| wickets1 = <br />
| runs2 = <br />
| wickets2 = <br />
| venue = [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[County Tyrone]]<br />
| notes = Match abandoned without a ball bowled.<br />
| umpires = [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875451.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Match abandoned<br />
| toss = No toss.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 7 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|CAN}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|NAM}}<br />
| score1 = 149/3 (13 overs)<br />
| score2 = 75 (11.4 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Rizwan Cheema]] 98 (36)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Jason Davidson (cricketer)|Jason Davidson]] 1/28 (3 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Gerrie Snyman]] 11 (10)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Saad Bin Zafar]] 4/16 (3 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Goldenacre Sports Ground|Goldenacre]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Canada won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| umpires = [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak) and [[Ian Ramage]] (Sco)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875453.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Canada won by 74 runs<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 7 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG|2013}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|HK}}<br />
| score1 = <br />
| score2 = <br />
| runs1 = <br />
| wickets1 = <br />
| runs2 = <br />
| wickets2 = <br />
| venue = [[New Williamfield]], [[Stirling]]<br />
| notes = Match abandoned without a ball bowled.<br />
| umpires = [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind) and [[David Odhiambo]] (Ken)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875455.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Match abandoned<br />
| toss = No toss.<br />
}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
<br />
==Fixtures==<br />
===Group A===<br />
{{2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier Group A}}<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 10 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NAM}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}<br />
| score1 = 124/8 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 128/3 (17.2 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[JJ Smit]] 21 (16)<br />
| wickets1 = [[John Mooney (cricketer)|John Mooney]] 3/33 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[William Porterfield]] 56[[not out|*]] (44)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Sarel Burger]] 1/13 (3 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]], [[Belfast]]<br />
| toss = Ireland won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (WI)<br />
| motm = [[John Mooney (cricketer)|John Mooney]] (Ire)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875461.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Ireland won by 7 wickets<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 10 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|USA}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|NEP}}<br />
| score1 = 121 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 122/4 (19.4 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Akeem Dodson]] 39 (33)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Shakti Gauchan]] 3/16 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Gyanendra Malla]] 52 (43)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Jessy Singh|Jasdeep Singh]] 2/23 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]], [[Belfast]]<br />
| toss = United States of America won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| umpires = [[Mark Hawthorne (umpire)|Mark Hawthorne]] (Ire) and [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] (Eng)<br />
| motm = [[Shakti Gauchan]] (Nep)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875465.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Nepal won by 6 wickets<br />
| notes = [[Shiva Vashishat]], [[Hammad Shahid]], [[Jessy Singh|Jasdeep Singh]], [[Mrunal Patel]] and [[Timil Patel]] (all USA) made their T20 debuts.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 11 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|HK}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|JER}}<br />
| score1 = 153/6 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 154/1 (17.2 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Anshuman Rath]] 43 (44)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Ben Stevens (cricketer)|Ben Stevens]] 2/22 (3 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Peter Gough]] 81[[not out|*]] (60)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Irfan Ahmed]] 1/26 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[County Tyrone]]<br />
| toss = Jersey won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Johan Cloete]] (SA) and [[Mark Hawthorne (umpire)|Mark Hawthorne]] (Ire)<br />
| motm = [[Peter Gough]] (Jer)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875469.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Jersey won by 9 wickets<br />
| rain = Match start delayed due to rain.<br />
| notes = [[Corey Bisson]], [[Corne Bodenstein]], Edward Farley, [[Peter Gough]], [[Jonty Jenner]], [[Anthony Hawkins-Kay]], [[Ben Kynman]], [[Rhys Palmer (cricketer)|Rhys Palmer]], [[Charles Perchard]], [[Ben Stevens (cricketer)|Ben Stevens]], [[Nathaniel Watkins|Nat Watkins]] (all Jer) and [[Anshuman Rath]] (HK) all made their T20 debuts.<br />
* This was Jersey's first appearance in an [[ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]] tournament and their debut win.<ref name="JerseyWin">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/story/897387.html |title=Gough, Farley lead Jersey to memorable win |access-date=11 July 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 11 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NAM}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|NEP}}<br />
| score1 = 61/1 (7.4 overs)<br />
| score2 = <br />
| runs1 = [[Stephan Baard]] 39* (26)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Paras Khadka]] 1/8 (2 overs)<br />
| runs2 = <br />
| wickets2 = <br />
| venue = [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]], [[Belfast]]<br />
| rain = Match was interrupted by rain after 7.0 overs of the 1st innings. (Nam: 54/1); then reduced to 17 overs per side. The game was started, but the match was abandoned after 7.4 overs of play.<ref name="Nam-Nep">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/story/897583.html |title=Match washed out after 7.4 overs |access-date=11 July 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
| toss = Nepal won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] (Eng) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (WI)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875475.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = No result<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 12 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|USA}}<br />
| score1 = 146/6 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 100 (16.3 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Andrew Balbirnie]] 44 (34)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Timil Patel]] 3/13 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Nicholas Standford]] 19 (18)<br />
| wickets2 = [[John Mooney (cricketer)|John Mooney]] 2/17 (3 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]], [[Belfast]]<br />
| toss = United States of America won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] (Eng)<br />
| motm =<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875477.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Ireland won by 46 runs<br />
| notes = [[Alex Amsterdam]] and [[Nicholas Standford]] (both USA) made their T20 debuts.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 12 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PNG}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|JER}}<br />
| score1 = 145/9 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 121 (19.4 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Assad Vala]] 29 (27)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Anthony Hawkins-Kay]] 3/24 (4 overs)<br>[[Ben Stevens (cricketer)|Ben Stevens]] 3/24 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Jonty Jenner]] 44 (29)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Norman Vanua]] 3/19 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[County Tyrone]]<br />
| toss = Jersey won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Mark Hawthorne (umpire)|Mark Hawthorne]] (Ire) and [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875479.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Papua New Guinea won by 24 runs<br />
| rain = Start delayed due a wet outfield.<br />
| notes = [[Lega Siaka]] and [[Chad Soper]] (both PNG) made their T20 debuts.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 13 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|USA}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|NAM}}<br />
| score1 = 113/8 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 116/3 (12.5 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Akeem Dodson]] 49 (41)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Bernard Scholtz]] 2/13 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Gerrie Snyman]] 62 (35)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Timil Patel]] 2/36 (3.5 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]], [[Belfast]]<br />
| toss = Namibia won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Johan Cloete]] (SA) and [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL)<br />
| motm = [[Gerrie Snyman]] (Nam)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875487.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Namibia won by 7 wickets<br />
| rain = Start delayed due to a wet outfield.<br />
| notes = [[Naseer Jamali]] and [[Timothy Surujbally]] (both USA) made their T20 debuts.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 13 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|HK}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|PNG}}<br />
| score1 = <br />
| score2 = <br />
| runs1 = <br />
| wickets1 = <br />
| runs2 = <br />
| wickets2 = <br />
| venue = [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[County Tyrone]]<br />
| toss = No toss.<br />
| umpires = [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] (Eng) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875489.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Match abandoned<br />
| rain = Match abandoned without a ball bowled.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 13 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NEP}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}<br />
| score1 = 53 (14.3 overs)<br />
| score2 = 54/2 (8 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Sagar Pun]] 20 (18)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] 3/8 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Paul Stirling]] 29 (21)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Sompal Kami]] 2/28 (3 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]], [[Belfast]]<br />
| toss = Ireland won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Johan Cloete]] (SA)<br />
| motm = [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] (Ire)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875491.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Ireland won by 8 wickets<br />
| notes = This is Nepal's lowest total in a T20 match.<ref name="Nepal-low">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/story/898347.html |title=Nepal no match for Ireland seamers |access-date=13 July 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 15 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|PNG}}<br />
| score1 = 123/9 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 124/8 (18.5 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[William Porterfield]] 57[[not out|*]] (58)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Willie Gavera]] 3/17 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Assad Vala]] 32 (32)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Tyrone Kane]] 3/19 (3 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]], [[Belfast]]<br />
| toss = Ireland won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL)<br />
| motm = [[Norman Vanua]] (PNG)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875501.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Papua New Guinea won by 2 wickets<br />
| notes = [[Charles Amini]], [[Mahuru Dai]], [[Willie Gavera]], [[Loa Nou]], [[Kila Pala]], [[John Reva]], [[Lega Siaka]], [[Tony Ura]], [[Assad Vala]], [[Norman Vanua]] and [[Jack Vare]] (all PNG) made their T20I debuts.<br />
* This defeat for Ireland ended a streak of 21 consecutive wins in [[ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]] matches.<ref name="Ire-PNG">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/story/898991.html |title=Vanua blitz leads PNG to shock win |access-date=15 July 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=15 July 2015 }}</ref><br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 15 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|JER}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|USA}}<br />
| score1 = 87 (17.3 overs)<br />
| score2 = 88/5 (15.4 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Anthony Hawkins-Kay]] 18 (17)<br>[[Charles Perchard]] 18 (17)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Naseer Jamali]] 3/12 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Akeem Dodson]] 31 (31)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Nathaniel Watkins]] 3/15 (3.4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[County Tyrone]]<br />
| toss = United States of America won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Mark Hawthorne (umpire)|Mark Hawthorne]] (Ire) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (WI)<br />
| motm = [[Akeem Dodson]] (USA)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875503.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = United States of America won by 5 wickets<br />
| notes = [[Naseer Jamali]] (USA) made his T20 debut.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 15 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NEP}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|HK}}<br />
| score1 = 109 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 110/5 (19.1 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Sharad Vesawkar]] 27 (24)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Haseeb Amjad]] 4/16 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Nizakat Khan]] 25 (18)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Basanta Regmi]] 4/16 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]], [[Belfast]]<br />
| toss = Hong Kong won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Johan Cloete]] (SA) and [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL)<br />
| motm = [[Haseeb Amjad]] (HK)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875507.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Hong Kong won by 5 wickets<br />
| notes = [[Anshuman Rath]] (HK) made his T20I debut.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 17 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NEP}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|PNG}}<br />
| score1 = 93 (19.4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 99/2 (14.1 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Pradeep Airee]] 29 (28)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Assad Vala]] 2/7 (2.4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Assad Vala]] 34[[not out|*]] (44)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Sompal Kami]] 1/14 (3 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]]<br />
| toss = Papua New Guinea won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Johan Cloete]] (SA) and [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] (Eng)<br />
| motm = [[Assad Vala]] (PNG)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875513.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Papua New Guinea won by 8 wickets<br />
| notes = Papua New Guinea advanced to the playoffs with this win.<ref name="PNG-Playoffs">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/story/899777.html |title=Dominant PNG progress to knockouts with easy win |access-date=17 July 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=17 July 2015 }}</ref><br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 17 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|JER}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|NAM}}<br />
| score1 = 161/4 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 164/1 (16.3 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Jonty Jenner]] 90[[not out|*]] (52)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Bernard Scholtz]] 2/21 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Gerrie Snyman]] 82 (43)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Anthony Hawkins-Kay]] 1/25 (3 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Clontarf Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]]<br />
| toss = Namibia won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng)<br />
| motm = [[Gerrie Snyman]] (Nam)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875515.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Namibia won by 9 wickets<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 17 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|HK}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}<br />
| score1 = 129/8 (20 overs) <br />
| score2 = 124/8 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Mark Chapman (cricketer)|Mark Chapman]] 30 (24) <br />
| wickets1 = [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] 3/32 (4 overs) <br />
| runs2 = [[Paul Stirling]] 34 (40)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Irfan Ahmed]] 3/11 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]]<br />
| toss = Ireland won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)<br />
| motm = [[Irfan Ahmed]] (HK)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875521.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Hong Kong won by 5 runs<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 18 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NEP}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|JER}}<br />
| score1 = 105/8 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 107/3 (16.1 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Siddhant Lohani]] 27 (16)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Nathaniel Watkins]] 3/20 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Jonty Jenner]] 30 (26)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Paras Khadka]] 1/6 (2 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]]<br />
| toss = Jersey won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Mark Hawthorne (umpire)|Mark Hawthorne]] (Ire) and [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng)<br />
| motm = [[Nathaniel Watkins]] (Jer)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875523.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Jersey won by 7 wickets<br />
| notes = [[Siddhant Lohani]] (Nep) made his T20 debut.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 18 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NAM}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|PNG}}<br />
| score1 = 181/5 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 132 (19.2 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Stephan Baard]] 87 (54)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Willie Gavera]] 2/33 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Tony Ura]] 34 (21)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Bernard Scholtz]] 4/11 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]]<br />
| toss = Papua New Guinea won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL)<br />
| motm = [[Bernard Scholtz]] (Nam)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875529.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Namibia won by 49 runs<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 18 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|HK}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|USA}}<br />
| score1 = 125/9 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 128/3 (18.1 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[James Atkinson (cricketer)|James Atkinson]] 34 (23)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Japen Patel]] 3/28 (3 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Alex Amsterdam]] 43[[not out|*]] (39)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Tanwir Afzal]] 1/20 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Clontarf Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]]<br />
| toss = United States of America won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Johan Cloete]] (SA) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)<br />
| motm = [[Nicholas Standford]] (USA)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875531.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = United States of America won by 7 wickets<br />
| notes = [[Giacomo Lamplough]] (HK) made his T20 debut.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 19 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|JER}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}<br />
| score1 = 122 (19.5 overs)<br />
| score2 = 123/3 (16.4 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Peter Gough]] 42 (44)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Paul Stirling]] 3/16 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Paul Stirling]] 55 (38)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Ben Stevens (cricketer)|Ben Stevens]] 2/20 (3 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]]<br />
| toss = Ireland won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Johan Cloete]] (SA) and [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng)<br />
| motm = [[Paul Stirling]] (Ire)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875535.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Ireland won by 7 wickets<br />
| notes = [[John Mooney (cricketer)|John Mooney]] (Ire) took a [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]].<ref name="IreQual" /><br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 19 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|USA}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|PNG}}<br />
| score1 = 147/6 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 129/9 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Nicholas Standford]] 40[[not out|*]] (17)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Charles Amini]] 2/20 (2 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Sese Bau]] 26 (31)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Muhammad Ghous]] 2/27 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]]<br />
| toss = Papua New Guinea won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] (Eng) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)<br />
| motm = [[Nicholas Standford]] (USA)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875537.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = United States of America won by 18 runs<br />
| notes = [[Sese Bau]] (PNG) made his T20 debut.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 19 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|HK}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|NAM}}<br />
| score1 = 197/8 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 114 (15.1 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Irfan Ahmed]] 98 (55)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Gerrie Snyman]] 4/30 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Sarel Burger]] 28 (26)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Nadeem Ahmed]] 5/12 (3.1 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Clontarf Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]]<br />
| toss = Namibia won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Mark Hawthorne (umpire)|Mark Hawthorne]] (Ire) and [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL)<br />
| motm = [[Irfan Ahmed]] (HK)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875539.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Hong Kong won by 83 runs<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Group B===<br />
{{2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier Group B}}<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = {{anchor|match1}} 9 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|UAE}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}<br />
| score1 = 109 (18.1 overs)<br />
| score2 = 110/1 (10 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Naveed]] 19[[not out|*]] (17)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Michael Leask]] 3/20 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[George Munsey]] 62[[not out|*]](36)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Naveed]] 1/26 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Grange Cricket Club Ground]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Scotland won the toss and elected to field<br />
| umpires = [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak) and [[Shaun George (cricketer)|Shaun George]] (SA)<br />
| motm = [[George Munsey]] (Sco)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875457.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Scotland won by 9 wickets<br />
| notes = [[Mohammad Shahzad (Emirati cricketer)|Mohammad Shahzad]], [[Umair Ali]], [[Abdul Shakoor (Emirati cricketer)|Abdul Shakoor]], [[Mohammad Tauqir]] and [[Mohammad Naveed]] (all UAE) made their T20I debuts.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = {{anchor|match2}} 9 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG|2013}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}<br />
| score1 = 162/7 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 130 (19.4 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Samiullah Shinwari]] 44 (42)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Ahsan Malik (cricketer)|Ahsan Malik]] 3/36 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Ben Cooper (cricketer)|Ben Cooper]] 36 (23)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Sharafuddin Ashraf]] 3/27 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Grange Cricket Club Ground]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Netherlands won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[David Odhiambo]] (Ken)<br />
| motm = [[Sharafuddin Ashraf]] (Afg)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875459.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Afghanistan won by 32 runs<br />
| notes = [[Sharafuddin Ashraf]] (Afg) made his T20I debut.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 10 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|CAN}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|KEN}}<br />
| score1 = 143/5 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 146/3 (18.3 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Ruvindu Gunasekera]] 51 (38)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Nelson Odhiambo]] 2/22 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Irfan Karim]] 74[[not out|*]] (54)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Jeremy Gordon]] 2/23 (3.3 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Myreside Cricket Ground]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Kenya won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Shaun George (cricketer)|Shaun George]] (SA)<br />
| motm = [[Irfan Karim]] (Ken)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875463.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Kenya won by 7 wickets<br />
| rain = Start was delayed by rain.<br />
| notes = [[Navneet Dhaliwal]] and [[Satsimranjit Dhindsa]] (Can) and [[Narendra Kalyan]] (Ken) made their T20 debuts.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 10 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|UAE}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|AFG|2013}}<br />
| score1 = 164/6 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 168/2 (17.2 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Shahzad (Emirati cricketer)|Mohammad Shahzad]] 43 (28)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Mirwais Ashraf]] 2/21 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Shahzad]] 74 (37)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Umair Ali]] 1/13 (2 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Grange Cricket Club Ground]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = United Arab Emirates won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| umpires = [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng) and [[Ian Ramage]] (Sco)<br />
| motm = [[Mohammad Shahzad]] (Afg)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875467.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Afghanistan won by 8 wickets<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{anchor|Netherlands vs Scotland}}<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 11 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NED}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}<br />
| score1 = 191/6 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 159 (19.5 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Wesley Barresi]] 75 (40)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Alasdair Evans]] 5/24 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Preston Mommsen]] 68[[not out|*]] (44)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Mudassar Bukhari]] 3/22 (2.5 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Grange Cricket Club Ground]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Netherlands won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| umpires = [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind) and [[David Odhiambo]] (Ken)<br />
| motm = [[Alasdair Evans]] (Sco)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875471.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Netherlands won by 32 runs<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 11 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|KEN}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}<br />
| score1 = 143/7 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 136/7 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Collins Obuya]] 50 (37)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Rajesh Ranpura]] 2/17 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Jatinder Singh]] 31 (34)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Shem Ngoche]] 3/25 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Myreside Cricket Ground]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak) and [[Ian Ramage]] (Sco)<br />
| motm = [[Collins Obuya]] (Ken)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875473.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Kenya won by 7 runs<br />
| notes = [[Munis Ansari]], [[Khawar Ali]], [[Mehran Khan]] and [[Zeeshan Maqsood]] (all Oman) made their T20 debuts.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 12 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|UAE}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}<br />
| score1 = 119/7 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 125/3 (17.1 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Swapnil Patil]] 34 (33)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Roelof van der Merwe]] 2/10 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Ben Cooper (cricketer)|Ben Cooper]] 50[[not out|*]] (38)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Naveed]] 1/10 (2 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Grange Cricket Club Ground]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Netherlands won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind) and [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng)<br />
| motm = [[Roelof van der Merwe]] (Ned)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875481.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Netherlands won by 7 wickets<br />
| notes = [[Fayyaz Ahmed]] and [[Nasir Aziz]] (both UAE) made their T20I debuts.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 12 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|CAN}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}<br />
| score1 = 133/3 (13 overs)<br />
| score2 = 135/3 (11.2 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Nitish Kumar (cricketer)|Nitish Kumar]] 52 (25)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Aamir Kaleem]] 1/6 (1 over)<br />
| runs2 = [[Zeeshan Maqsood]] 86[[Not out|*]] (41)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Nitish Kumar (cricketer)|Nitish Kumar]] 1/12 (1 over)<br />
| venue = [[New Williamfield]], [[Stirling]]<br />
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Shaun George (cricketer)|Shaun George]] (SA) and [[Ian Ramage]] (Sco)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875483.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Oman won by 7 wickets ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])<br />
| rain = Match reduced to 13 overs per side.<br />
| notes = [[Mohammad Nadeem (Omani cricketer)|Mohammad Nadeem]] (Oman) made his T20 debut.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 12 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG|2013}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}<br />
| score1 = 210/5 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 173 (19.2 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Shahzad]] 75 (36)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Michael Leask]] 2/24 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Preston Mommsen]] 44 (20)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Nabi]] 3/25 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Grange Cricket Club Ground]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| umpires = [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak) and [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI)<br />
| motm = [[Mohammad Shahzad]] (Afg)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875485.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Afghanistan won by 37 runs<br />
| notes = Afghanistan's total of 210 runs is their highest in T20 cricket.<ref name="AfgTotal">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/story/898023.html |title=Shahzad leads Afghanistan to third straight win |access-date=12 July 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 13 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG|2013}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|KEN}}<br />
| score1 = <br />
| score2 = <br />
| runs1 = <br />
| wickets1 = <br />
| runs2 = <br />
| wickets2 = <br />
| venue = [[New Williamfield]], [[Stirling]]<br />
| toss = No toss.<br />
| umpires = [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind) and [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875493.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Match abandoned<br />
| rain = Match abandoned without a ball bowled.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 14 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NED}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}<br />
| score1 = 135 (19.4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 138/4 (19 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Stephan Myburgh]] 41 (43)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Munis Ansari]] 4/15 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Jatinder Singh]] 65[[not out|*]] (56)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Michael Rippon]] 1/19 (3 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Myreside Cricket Ground]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng) and [[David Odhiambo]] (Ken)<br />
| motm = [[Jatinder Singh]] (Oman)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875495.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Oman won by 6 wickets<br />
| notes = <br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 14 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|CAN}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|UAE}}<br />
| score1 = 132/9 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 136/5 (19.1 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Hiral Patel]] 45 (27)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Rohan Mustafa]] 2/15 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Shahzad (Emirati cricketer)|Mohammad Shahzad]] 56 (53)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Cecil Pervez]] 2/32 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[New Williamfield]], [[Stirling]]<br />
| toss = United Arab Emirates won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Ian Ramage]] (Sco)<br />
| motm = [[Mohammad Shahzad (Emirati cricketer)|Mohammad Shahzad]] (UAE)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875497.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = United Arab Emirates won by 5 wickets<br />
| notes = [[Srimantha Wijeratne]] (Can) made his T20 debut.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 14 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|KEN}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}<br />
| score1 = 141/5 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 142/3 (14.5 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Irfan Karim]] 46 (26)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Michael Leask]] 2/12 (3 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Matthew Cross (cricketer)|Matthew Cross]] 45[[not out|*]] (34)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Elijah Otieno]] 1/24 (2.5 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Grange Cricket Club Ground]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Kenya won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| umpires = [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak) and [[Shaun George (cricketer)|Shaun George]] (SA)<br />
| motm = [[Richie Berrington]] (Sco)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875499.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Scotland won by 7 wickets<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 15 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|OMA}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|AFG|2013}}<br />
| score1 = 144/7 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 104 (17.5 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Jatinder Singh]] 40 (48)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Mohammad Nabi]] 3/28 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Shahzad]] 28 (19)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Zeeshan Maqsood]] 4/23 (2.5 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Goldenacre Sports Ground|Goldenacre]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind) and [[Ian Ramage]] (Sco)<br />
| motm = [[Mehran Khan]] (Oman)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875505.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Oman won by 40 runs<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 15 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|KEN}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|UAE}}<br />
| score1 = 147/5 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 105 (17.2 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Rakep Patel]] 50 (27)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Umair Ali]] 2/24 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Shaiman Anwar]] 25 (13)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Narendra Kalyan]] 4/16 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Goldenacre Sports Ground|Goldenacre]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Kenya won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| umpires = [[Shaun George (cricketer)|Shaun George]] (SA) and [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Narendra Kalyan]] (Ken)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875509.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Kenya won by 42 runs<br />
| notes = [[Eugene Ochieng]] (Ken) made his T20 debut.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 16 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|CAN}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}<br />
| score1 = 135/8 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 139/2 (14.4 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Navneet Dhaliwal]] 34 (37)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Josh Davey]] 3/36 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Kyle Coetzer]] 51[[not out|*]] (41)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Satsimranjit Dhindsa]] 2/27 (3 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Goldenacre Sports Ground|Goldenacre]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Scotland won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak) and [[David Odhiambo]] (Ken)<br />
| motm = [[Kyle Coetzer]] (Sco)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875511.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Scotland won by 8 wickets<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 17 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|CAN}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}<br />
| score1 = 172/8 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 174/4 (17.3 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Ruvindu Gunasekera]] 51 (44)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Michael Swart]] 2/24 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Stephan Myburgh]] 67 (30)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Cecil Pervez]] 2/26 (2.3 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Goldenacre Sports Ground|Goldenacre]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Netherlands won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Ian Ramage]] (Sco)<br />
| motm = [[Stephan Myburgh]] (Ned)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875517.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Netherlands won by 6 wickets<br />
| rain = Match delayed by a wet outfield.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 17 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|UAE}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}<br />
| score1 = <br />
| score2 = <br />
| runs1 = <br />
| wickets1 = <br />
| runs2 = <br />
| wickets2 = <br />
| venue = [[New Williamfield]], [[Stirling]]<br />
| notes = Match abandoned without a ball bowled.<br />
| umpires = [[Shaun George (cricketer)|Shaun George]] (SA) and [[David Odhiambo]] (Ken)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875519.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Match abandoned<br />
| rain = Match delayed by a wet outfield.<br />
| toss = No toss.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 18 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SCO}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}<br />
| score1 = 173/5 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 150/7 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Kyle Coetzer]] 63 (38)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Zeeshan Maqsood]] 3/29 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Aamir Kaleem]] 59 (47)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Safyaan Sharif]] 3/27 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Goldenacre Sports Ground|Goldenacre]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Shaun George (cricketer)|Shaun George]] (SA) and [[David Odhiambo]] (Ken)<br />
| motm = [[Kyle Coetzer]] (Sco)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875525.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Scotland won by 23 runs<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 18 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG|2013}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|CAN}}<br />
| score1 = <br />
| score2 = <br />
| runs1 = <br />
| wickets1 = <br />
| runs2 = <br />
| wickets2 = <br />
| venue = [[New Williamfield]], [[Stirling]]<br />
| notes = Match abandoned without a ball bowled.<br />
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Ian Ramage]] (Sco)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875527.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Match abandoned<br />
| rain = Match delayed by a wet outfield.<br />
| toss = No toss.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 18 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|KEN}} <br />
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}<br />
| score1 = 97 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 98/6 (8.3 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Collins Obuya]] 33 (44)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Timm van der Gugten]] 3/13 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Ben Cooper (cricketer)|Ben Cooper]] 59 (24)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Shem Ngoche]] 3/19 (2.3 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Myreside Cricket Ground]], [[Edinburgh]]<br />
| toss = Netherlands won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak) and [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Timm van der Gugten]] (Ned)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875533.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Netherlands won by 4 wickets<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Playoffs==<br />
===Bracket===<br />
{{6TeamBracket<br />
| RD1=Qualifiers<br />
| RD2=Semi-finals†<br />
| RD3=Final<br />
| RD3b=3rd place play-off<br />
<br />
| seed-width=25px<br />
| team-width=170px<br />
| score-width=40px<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed1=A2<br />
| RD1-team1='''{{cr|HK}}'''<br />
| RD1-score1='''162/5'''<br />
| RD1-seed2=B3<br />
| RD1-team2={{cr|AFG|2013}}<br />
| RD1-score2=161/7<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed3=A3<br />
| RD1-team3={{cr|NAM}}<br />
| RD1-score3=135/6<br />
| RD1-seed4=B2<br />
| RD1-team4='''{{cr|NED}}'''<br />
| RD1-score4='''137/6'''<br />
<br />
| RD2-seed1=B1<br />
| RD2-team1='''{{cr|SCO}}'''<br />
| RD2-score1='''117/5'''<br />
| RD2-seed2=A2<br />
| RD2-team2= {{cr|HK}}<br />
| RD2-score2=116<br />
<br />
| RD2-seed3=A1<br />
| RD2-team3={{cr|IRE}}<br />
| RD2-score3=128<br />
| RD2-seed4=B2<br />
| RD2-team4='''{{cr|NED}}'''<br />
| RD2-score4='''129/5'''<br />
<br />
| RD3-seed1=B1<br />
| RD3-team1={{cr|SCO}}<br />
| RD3-score1=abd.<br />
| RD3-seed2=B2<br />
| RD3-team2={{cr|NED}}<br />
| RD3-score2=abd.<br />
<br />
| RD3-seed3=A2<br />
| RD3-team3={{cr|HK}}<br />
| RD3-score3=abd.<br />
| RD3-seed4=A1<br />
| RD3-team4={{cr|IRE}}<br />
| RD3-score4=abd.<br />
}}<br />
{{4TeamBracket<br />
| RD1=Qualifiers<br />
| RD2=5th place play-off†<br />
<br />
| seed-width=25px<br />
| team-width=170px<br />
| score-width=40px<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed1=A4<br />
| RD1-team1={{cr|PNG}}<br />
| RD1-score1=127/6<br />
| RD1-seed2=B3<br />
| RD1-team2='''{{cr|AFG|2013}}'''<br />
| RD1-score2='''128/4'''<br />
<br />
| RD1-seed3=B4<br />
| RD1-team3='''{{cr|OMA}}'''<br />
| RD1-score3='''150/5'''<br />
| RD1-seed4=A3<br />
| RD1-team4={{cr|NAM}}<br />
| RD1-score4=148/9<br />
<br />
| RD2-seed1=B3<br />
| RD2-team1='''{{cr|AFG|2013}}'''<br />
| RD2-score1='''130/5'''<br />
| RD2-seed2=B4<br />
| RD2-team2={{cr|OMA}}<br />
| RD2-score2=127/9<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{plainlist |<br />
* * Team entered by losing in the playoff qualifiers.<br />
* <sup>†</sup> Teams qualified for the [[2016 ICC World Twenty20]] upon reaching this stage.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Qualifier 1===<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 21 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG|2013}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|HK}}<br />
| score1 = 161/7 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 162/5 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Nawroz Mangal]] 53 (36)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Haseeb Amjad]] 3/28 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[James Atkinson (cricketer)|James Atkinson]] 47 (47)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Shapoor Zadran]] 2/31 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]]<br />
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| umpires = [[Shaun George (cricketer)|Shaun George]] (SA) and [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng)<br />
| motm = [[Nawroz Mangal]] (Afg)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875541.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Hong Kong won by 5 wickets<br />
| notes = Winner qualifies for [[2016 ICC World Twenty20]] and play [[#Semifinal 1|Semifinal 1]] and loser will play in [[#Qualifier 3|Qualifier 3]].<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Qualifier 2===<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 21 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NAM}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}<br />
| score1 = 135/6 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 137/6 (19.2 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Craig Williams (cricketer)|Craig Williams]] 43 (32)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Timm van der Gugten]] 2/22 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Stephan Myburgh]] 31 (18)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Bernard Scholtz]] 3/15 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]]<br />
| toss = Namibia won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| umpires = [[Johan Cloete]] (SA) and [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Bernard Scholtz]] (Nam)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875543.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Netherlands won by 4 wickets<br />
| notes = Winner qualifies for [[2016 ICC World Twenty20]] and play [[#Semifinal 2|Semifinal 2]] and loser will play in [[#Qualifier 4|Qualifier 4]].<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Qualifier 3===<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 23 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PNG}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|AFG|2013}}<br />
| score1 = 127/6 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 128/4 (18.2 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Charles Amini]] 37[[not out|*]] (37)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Shapoor Zadran]] 2/9 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Nawroz Mangal]] 65[[not out|*]] (56)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Norman Vanua]] 2/19 (3.2 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]]<br />
| toss = Papua New Guinea won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Nawroz Mangal]] (Afg)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875545.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Afghanistan won by 6 wickets<br />
| notes = Winner qualifies for [[2016 ICC World Twenty20]] and play [[#5th Place Playoff|5th Place Playoff]].<br />
* [[Vani Morea]] and [[Chad Soper]] (both PNG) made their T20I debuts.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Qualifier 4===<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 23 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NAM}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}<br />
| score1 = 148/9 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 150/5 (19 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Stephan Baard]] 62 (52)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Munis Ansari]] 3/23 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Zeeshan Siddiqui]] 51[[not out|*]] (32)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Gerrie Snyman]] 1/23 (3 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]]<br />
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL) and [[Ian Ramage]] (Sco)<br />
| motm = [[Zeeshan Siddiqui]] (Oman)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875547.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Oman won by 5 wickets<br />
| notes = Winner qualifies for [[2016 ICC World Twenty20]] and play [[#5th Place Playoff|5th Place Playoff]].<br />
* [[Aamer Ali]] (Oman) made his T20 debut.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Semifinal 1===<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 25 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|HK}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}<br />
| score1 = 116 (19.4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 117/5 (12.2 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Aizaz Khan]] 31 (21)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Alasdair Evans]] 3/17 (4 overs)<br>[[Robert Taylor (cricketer, born 1989)|Robert Taylor]] 3/17 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Matthew Cross (cricketer)|Matthew Cross]] 39 (15)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Irfan Ahmed]] 2/26 (3 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]]<br />
| toss = Scotland won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Shaun George (cricketer)|Shaun George]] (SA) and [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL)<br />
| motm = [[Robert Taylor (cricketer, born 1989)|Robert Taylor]] (Sco)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875549.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Scotland won by 5 wickets<br />
| notes = Winner qualifies for [[#Final|Final]] and loser will play in [[#3rd Place Playoff|3rd Place Playoff]].<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===5th Place Playoff===<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 25 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|OMA}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|AFG|2013}}<br />
| score1 = 127/9 (20 overs)<br />
| score2 = 130/5 (18.5 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Khawar Ali]] 21 (26)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Dawlat Zadran]] 2/21 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Najibullah Zadran]] 44 (34)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Rajesh Ranpura]] 2/17 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Clontarf Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]]<br />
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Najibullah Zadran]] (Afg)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875551.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Afghanistan won by 5 wickets<br />
| notes = After securing a top-six finish with their win over Namibia in the qualifiers, this became Oman's first T20I match.<ref name="OmanQual" /><br />
* [[Aamir Kaleem]], [[Aamer Ali]], [[Munis Ansari]], [[Jatinder Singh]], [[Khawar Ali]], [[Mehran Khan]], [[Mohammad Nadeem (Omani cricketer)|Mohammad Nadeem]], [[Rajesh Ranpura]], [[Sultan Ahmed (Omani cricketer)|Sultan Ahmed]], [[Zeeshan Maqsood]] and [[Zeeshan Siddiqui]] (all Oman) made their T20I debuts. <br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Semifinal 2===<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 25 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}<br />
| score1 = 128 (19.5 overs)<br />
| score2 = 129/5 (18.1 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] 33 (18)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Mudassar Bukhari]] 4/28 (4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Ben Cooper (cricketer)|Ben Cooper]] 43 (40)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] 3/26 (4 overs)<br />
| venue = [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]]<br />
| toss = Netherlands won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| umpires = [[Johan Cloete]] (SA) and [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Mudassar Bukhari]] (Ned)<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875553.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Netherlands win by 5 wickets<br />
| notes = Winner qualifies for [[#Final|Final]] and loser will play in [[#3rd Place Playoff|3rd Place Playoff]].<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===3rd Place Playoff===<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 26 July<br />
| time = 10:00<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|HK}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}<br />
| score1 = <br />
| score2 = <br />
| runs1 = <br />
| wickets1 = <br />
| runs2 = <br />
| wickets2 = <br />
| venue = [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]]<br />
| toss = No toss.<br />
| umpires = [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind) and [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875555.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Match abandoned<br />
| rain = Match abandoned without a ball bowled.<br />
* With no play possible, Ireland finished in third place due to finishing top of their group.<ref name="IrelandThird">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/33668427 |title=World Twenty20 Qualifier: Ireland third after play-off washed out |access-date=26 July 2015 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Final===<br />
{{Limited overs matches<br />
| date = 26 July<br />
| time = 14:15<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SCO}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}<br />
| score1 = <br />
| score2 = <br />
| runs1 = <br />
| wickets1 = <br />
| runs2 = <br />
| wickets2 = <br />
| venue = [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]]<br />
| toss = No toss.<br />
| umpires = [[Johan Cloete]] (SA) and [[Shaun George (cricketer)|Shaun George]] (SA)<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875557.html Scorecard]<br />
| result = Match abandoned<br />
| rain = Match abandoned without a ball bowled.<br />
* With the match being abandoned, the Netherlands and Scotland shared the trophy.<ref name="Shared" /><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Final standings==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Position !! Team<br />
|- style="background:#cfc"<br />
| style="text-align:center" rowspan=2| 1st<br />
| {{cr|SCO}}<br />
|- style="background:#cfc"<br />
| {{cr|NED}}<br />
|- style="background:#cfc"<br />
| style="text-align:center"| 3rd <br />
| {{cr|IRE}}<br />
|- style="background:#cfc"<br />
| style="text-align:center"| 4th <br />
| {{cr|HK}}<br />
|- style="background:#cfc"<br />
| style="text-align:center"| 5th <br />
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}<br />
|- style="background:#cfc"<br />
| style="text-align:center"| 6th <br />
| {{cr|OMA}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center"| 7th<br />
| {{cr|NAM}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center"| 8th <br />
| {{cr|PNG}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center"| 9th <br />
| {{cr|KEN}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center"| 10th <br />
| {{cr|USA}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center"| 11th <br />
| {{cr|JER}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center"| 12th <br />
| {{cr|NEP}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center"| 13th<br />
| {{cr|UAE}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center"| 14th<br />
| {{cr|CAN}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Color box|#cfc|1st to 6th|border=darkgray}} Qualified for the [[2016 ICC World Twenty20]] and [[2019 ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier]].<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|group=B}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/series/875401.html Series home at ESPNcricinfo]<br />
<br />
{{ICC World Twenty20}}<br />
{{International cricket in 2015}}<br />
{{International cricket tours of Ireland}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:2016 ICC World Twenty20}}<br />
[[Category:2016 World Twenty20]]<br />
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2015]]<br />
[[Category:Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier]]<br />
[[Category:International cricket competitions in Ireland]]<br />
[[Category:International cricket competitions in Scotland]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amaravati,_Palnadu_district&diff=485832Amaravati, Palnadu district2026-05-02T08:58:23Z<p>Ankushraj: Started Initial Location With Sources.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{about|a village in Andhra Pradesh with historical tradition|the planned capital city of Andhra Pradesh|Amaravati{{!}}Amaravati|other uses|Amaravati (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Amaravati<br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = {{multiple image<br />
| border = infobox<br />
| total_width = 300<br />
| image_style =<br />
| perrow = 1/3/2/1<br />
| caption_align = center<br />
| image1 = Sri Amaralingeswara Swamy temple & Chariot.jpg<br />
| caption1 = Ratha Yatra ceremony at Amareswara temple<br />
| image2 = Dhyana buddha statue in Amaravathi.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Dhyana Buddha statue<br />
| image3 = Welcome Board near Amaravathi.jpg<br />
| caption3 = Town entrance<br />
| image4 = Entrance of at AP Museum, Amaravathi.jpg<br />
| caption4 = AP Museum<br />
| image5 = Dhyana buddha ghat in Amaravathi.jpg<br />
| caption5 = Dhyana Buddha Ghat<br />
| image6 = Museum under construction near Dhyana Buddha statue (2).jpg<br />
| caption6 = Dhyana Buddha Museum<br />
| image7 = Amaravati Stupa in AP W IMG 8075.jpg<br />
| caption7 = Amaravati Mahastupa<br />
}}<br />
| etymology = Abode of the immortals<br />
| nickname = <br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
| pushpin_map = India#India Andhra Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_relief = yes<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
| pushpin_label = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --><br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|16.573|N|80.358|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref>tags --><br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Amaravati mandal, Andhra Pradesh|Amaravati mandal]]<br />
| established_title = Founded<br />
| established_date = 300 BCE<br />
| named_for = [[Amararama]]<br />
| parts_type = Wards<br />
| parts = <br />
| government_footnotes = <ref name="panchayat">{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat Identification Codes |url=http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |website=Saakshar Bharat Mission |publisher=National Informatics Centre |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173131/http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2017 |page=95 | url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]<br />
| governing_body = Amaravati [[gram panchayat]]<br />
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]<br />
| leader_name = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book : Guntur (Part B) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=1 June 2019 |pages=14,252 |date=2011}}</ref><br />
| area_total_ha = 1524<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web |title=Population |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=668015 |website=Census of India |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref><br />
| population_total = 13400<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 522020<br />
| area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --><br />
| area_code = +91–8645<br />
| registration_plate_type = <br />
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|AP]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Amaravati'''{{sfnp|Ramaswami, Indian Monuments|1971|p=114}} is a village located on the banks of the [[Krishna River]] in the [[Palnadu district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://palnadu.ap.gov.in/culture-tourism/ |title=Culture Tourism – Amaravati |work=[[Palnadu district]], Government of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> It was built by zamindar [[Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu]] in late 18th century on the site of the ancient [[Satavahana dynasty|Saatavahana]] capital [[Dhanyakataka]].<ref name="Business Line 2018"/> <br />
Amaravati serves as the administrative centre of [[Amaravati mandal, Andhra Pradesh|Amaravati mandal]]<ref name="village">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook : Guntur |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_A_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=Census of India |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |pages=5,328–329}}</ref> and lies within the [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]]. Known for its cultural heritage, Amaravati lends its name to the state's newly planned capital, [[Amaravati]], located 35 kilometres to the east in [[Guntur district]]. Amaravati is notable for its prominent place in both [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] traditions.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 October 2015 |title=After 18 centuries, Amaravati set to become a 'capital' again |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/After-18-centuries-Amaravati-set-to-become-a-capital-again/articleshow/49489009.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025011007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/After-18-centuries-Amaravati-set-to-become-a-capital-again/articleshow/49489009.cms |archive-date=25 October 2015 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
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The place is named after the [[Amararama|Amareswara Temple]], one of the [[Pancharama Kshetras]], significant Hindu temples dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Siva]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=H. Sarkar |first= |url=https://archive.org/details/amaravati00sark/page/8/ |title=Amaravati |last2=S. P. Nainar |first2= |date=2007 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |others= |edition=5th |pages=1–2}}</ref> It is also home to the ancient [[Amaravati Stupa]], a Buddhist monument from the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century CE.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amaravati |url=http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/buddha/explore/intro.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004154833/http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/buddha/explore/intro.html |archive-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[British Museum]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 2016 |title=Forget the Kohinoor, could we have the Amaravati Stupa sculptures back please? |url=http://scroll.in/article/807101/forget-the-kohinoor-could-we-have-the-amaravati-stupa-sculptures-back-please |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802170353/http://scroll.in/article/807101/forget-the-kohinoor-could-we-have-the-amaravati-stupa-sculptures-back-please |archive-date=2 August 2017 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> This stupa, now under the protection of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], exemplifies the [[Amaravati art|Amaravati School of Art]], a style that had a lasting influence on Buddhist art throughout [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name=":3" /> Designated as one of India's centrally protected [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monuments of National Importance]], the stupa and its surrounding ruins hold great cultural value.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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Amaravati is located near Dhanyakataka (modern [[Dharanikota]]), which once served as the capital of the [[Satavahana dynasty]].<ref name="Business Line 2018">{{cite news |author1=V.Rishi Kumar |date=23 January 2018 |title=The capital of Satavahanas has come a full circle |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/the-capital-of-satavahanas-has-come-a-full-circle/article7780738.ece |access-date=8 May 2019 |work=The Hindu Business Line |language=en}}</ref> Key landmarks in Amaravati also include the Amaravati Heritage Centre and Museum, which preserves artifacts from its ancient past,<ref name=":2" /> and the [[Dhyana Buddha statue]], a prominent modern sculpture representing the village's Buddhist heritage.<ref name=":0" /> The village, with a population of around 13,400 as per the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], is also recognized under the [[Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana]] (HRIDAY) scheme for heritage conservation and development.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 January 2015 |title=Heritage City Development Scheme (HRIDAY) launched : Centre to fund entire expenditure |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114843 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411054908/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114843 |archive-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |publisher=Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=November 2016 |title=Spotlight to shift on intangible heritage |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/Spotlight-to-shift-on-intangible-heritage/article16087499.ece |access-date=7 August 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
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== Toponymy ==<br />
The name Amaravati translates to "The Abode of Immortals."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ravikumar |first1=Aruna |date=13 August 2016 |title=A river of talent |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sunday-Hans/2016-08-13/A-river-of-talent/248374 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802164732/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sunday-Hans/2016-08-13/A-river-of-talent/248374 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |access-date=1 May 2017 |work=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref> The place is named after the [[Amararama|Amareswara Temple]], one of the [[Pancharama Kshetras]], significant Hindu temples dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Siva]].<ref name=":3" /><br />
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== History ==<br />
=== Early history ===<br />
Amaravati is said to have a continuous history spanning at least 2,300 years.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 September 2015 |title=Ancient sculptures found in Amaravati |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/ancient-sculptures-found-in-amaravati/article7623259.ece |access-date=7 October 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> According to the tradition of the [[Kalachakra|Kalachakra Tantra]], [[The Buddha|Gautama Buddha]] is believed to have visited the Andhaka region (modern-day Dhanyakataka) to deliver sermons. During the rule of [[Ashoka|Emperor Ashoka]], the region remained on the periphery of the [[Maurya Empire]], but with the emergence of the Satavahana dynasty around 225 BCE, Amaravathi became their eastern capital, with Pratisthana (modern [[Paithan]]) serving as their western capital.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gangaiah |first=K. |date=2018 |title=Social Reform in Medieval Andhra: Caste and Untouchability |journal=Indian History Congress |volume=79 |page=5 |jstor=26906262}}</ref><br />
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The [[Amaravati Stupa]], an ancient Buddhist monument, is one of the most prominent sites in South India. Discovered by a local zamindar in the late 18th century, it has undergone multiple excavations over the centuries. The stupa's origins likely date to the post-Mauryan period ({{Circa|200–100 BCE}}), with evidence of later renovations. Early sculptures from the site exhibit signs of repurposing, indicating that the stupa's architectural components were significantly modified over time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shimada |first=Akira |date=2006 |title=The Great Railing at Amarāvatī: An Architectural and Chronological Reconstruction |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25261844 |journal=Artibus Asiae Publishers |volume=66 |issue=1 |page=89}}</ref><br />
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During the Satavahana period, Amaravati and [[Sannati]] (in [[Kalaburagi district|Gulbarga District]], [[Karnataka]]) developed a distinct artistic style known as the [[Amaravati art|Amaravati School of Art]], comparable to the [[Art of Mathura|Mathura]] and [[Greco-Buddhist art|Gandhara]] schools in Central and Northwestern India. Buddhist sculptures, including images of Vajrasana, Muchulinda Naga, and key episodes from Buddha's life, as well as memorial stones, were crafted in this style, characterized by intricate detailing and unique thematic elements.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sundara |first=A. |date=1984 |title=Presidential address: Archaeology and national integration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140283 |journal=Indian History Congress |volume=45 |pages=854}}</ref> These sculptures were exported to [[Sri Lanka]], where they contributed to the spread of Buddhism. Amaravati's monasteries and educational institutions attracted scholars from across India, [[East Asia]], and [[Southeast Asia]]. The [[Andhra Ikshvaku|Ikshvaku dynasty]], which ruled the region in the 3rd to 4th centuries CE, continued to support these Buddhist institutions even after the decline of the Satavahanas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Teekah |first=Ethan |date=2024-08-11 |title=Amaravati {{!}} Andhra Pradesh, Capital, Map, History, & Development {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Amaravati |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[Skanda Purana]] provides accounts of Amaravati's religious and cultural significance, particularly focusing on the Shiva temple.<ref>Skanda Purana In: Puranic Encyclopedia, 1975, Vettam Mani, Motilal Banarsidas, New Delhi</ref><br />
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=== Medieval history ===<br />
The Mahachaitya at Amaravati, locally known as Dipaladinne ("Hill of Lamps"), was first recognized for its historical significance by Colonel [[Colin Mackenzie]] in 1797. The mound, located on the southern bank of the Krishna River, was being excavated on the orders of zamindar [[Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu]], who had recently moved his seat of power from Chintapalli to Amaravati. As part of establishing the new township, Venkatadri Nayudu invited settlers from surrounding areas and provided support for building activities. Materials from Dipaladinne, including large bricks and sculptured marble slabs, were repurposed for construction, such as for the Sivaganga tank. Despite initial hopes of uncovering treasures, the zamindar's excavation yielded no valuables, and some sculpted slabs were defaced before being used in local mosques to prevent their association with idolatry.<ref>{{Cite book |last=C. Sivaramamurti |url=https://archive.org/details/AmaravatiSculpturesInTheMadrasGovernmentMuseum/page/n25/mode/2up?q=amaresvara |title=Amaravati Sculptures In The Madras Government Museum |date=1956 |publisher=[[Government Museum, Chennai|Madras Government Museum]] |pages=1}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=H. Sarkar |first= |url=https://archive.org/details/amaravati00sark/page/2/mode/2up |title=Amaravati |last2=S. P. Nainar |first2= |date=2007 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |others= |edition=5th |pages=3}}</ref><br />
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News of these findings reached Mackenzie, who briefly visited and assessed the site's archaeological potential. In 1818, he returned with a team to create detailed drawings and recover some sculptured pieces.<ref name=":32" /> Later, [[Walter Elliot (naturalist)|Walter Elliot]] (1803–1887) further excavated the Amaravati Stupa, sending a significant portion of artifacts, known as the "Elliot Marbles," to the [[British Museum]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Noltie |first=H. J. |date=October 2011 |title=A botanical group in Lahore, 1864 |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/anh.2011.0033 |journal=Archives of Natural History |volume=38 |issue=2 |via=Edinburgh University Press}}</ref><br />
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=== The Great Stūpa or Mahācaitya ===<br />
{{Main|Amaravati Stupa}}<br />
[[File:British Museum Asia 14.jpg|left|thumb|206x206px|Limestone drum slab, 3rd century CE, of the Great Stupa at Amaravati.]]<br />
The [[Amaravathi Mahachaitya|Mahachaitya]], or Amaravati Stupa, is the most prominent historic monument in Amaravati. Built in phases between the 3rd century BCE and around 250 CE, it was later expanded with new sculptures by the Satavahanas around 50 CE. Protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], the site includes the stupa ruins and an adjacent museum housing artifacts from the site.<ref name="asi.nic.in">{{cite web |title=Archaeological Museum, Amaravati - Archaeological Survey of India |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_amravati.asp}}</ref> In 2006, the [[Dalai Lama]]<nowiki/>visited Amaravati, performing Kalachakra Mahasamalanam during the [[Kalachakra]] festival.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-09 |title=Dalai Lama's second visit to A.P. in a decade |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Dalai-Lama%E2%80%99s-second-visit-to-A.P.-in-a-decade/article17279853.ece |access-date=2024-08-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
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The Amaravati Stupa is celebrated for its influence on ancient Indian art, forming one of three major schools along with [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] and [[Greco-Buddhist art|Gandhara]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pal |first=Pratapaditya |author-link=Pratapaditya Pal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clUmKaWRFTkC&q=Andhra+style+of+sculpture |title=Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700 |publisher=[[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-520-05991-7 |pages=154 |language=en}}</ref> Its art style, known as the Amaravati or Andhra style, significantly influenced art in South India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. Today, notable sculptures from the stupa are held in museums, including the British Museum in London and the Government Museum in Chennai, reflecting the stupa's historic prominence as a major monument in Buddhist Asia.<ref>[https://www.basas.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Museums.pdf PDF List from the BASAS Project]</ref><br />
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{{Clear}}<br />
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== Geography ==<br />
Amaravati is situated at {{Coord|16.579444|N|80.311111|E|}}. It is spread over an area of {{Convert|1524|ha|acre km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="census" /><br />
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== Demographics ==<br />
[[File:Amaravati gram panchayat office.jpg|thumb|Gram panchayat office in Amaravathi|alt=]]<br />
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{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], the town had a population of 13,400 with 3,316 households. The total population constitute, 6,432 males and 6,958 females—a sex ratio of 1,082 females per 1,000 males. 1,321 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 647 are boys and 674 are girls—a ratio of 1,042 per 1,000. The average literacy rate stands at 71.3% with 8,617 literates, higher than the state average of 67.4%.<ref name=population /><ref>{{cite web|title=Literacy of AP (Census 2011) |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf |publisher=Official Portal of Andhra Pradesh Government |access-date=5 September 2014 |page=43 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213923/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><br />
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== Government and politics ==<br />
Amaravati [[gram panchayat]] is the [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of the village.<ref name="panchayat" /> It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDoppmCmeqUC&q=sarpanch|title=Citizen Participation in Rural Development|last=Seetharam|first=Mukkavilli|date=1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992271|page=34|language=en}}</ref> The village as a part of Amaravathi mandal, which is part of the [[Pedakurapadu (Assembly constituency)|Pedakurapadu assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf<br />
|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=11 October 2014|page=22}}</ref> The present [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] representing the constituency is Bhashyam Praveen from [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Member's Report |url=http://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-assembly/member-s-information|website=Andhra Pradesh Legislature Assembly|access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref><br />
{{clear}}<br />
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== Culture ==<br />
{{wide image|Panorama of Amaravathi Cultural Heritage Museum.jpg|1000px|Panorama of Amaravathi Cultural Heritage Museum|alt=Panorama of a cultural heritage museum}}<br />
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The town is a centre of pilgrimage for both [[Hindus]] and [[Buddhists]]. The inscriptions on the walls of the Amareswara temple depict the reign of [[Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu]] who ruled before the advent of [[British rule]]. He was well known for his benevolence, munificence and for the construction of a large number of temples and education centres in the [[Krishna River]] delta.<ref>''Sri Raja Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu'', 1973, K. Lakshminarayana, Ponnuru <http://www.openlibrary.org/details/rajavasireddyven022548mbp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625180659/http://www.openlibrary.org/details/rajavasireddyven022548mbp |date=25 June 2007 }}></ref> It also hosts a 125-foot tall statue of the Buddha, known as the [[Dhyana Buddha statue|Dhyana Buddha]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=15 September 2014 |title=Tallest Dhyana Buddha to be ready in Amaravathi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140915/nation-current-affairs/article/tallest-dhyana-buddha-be-ready-amaravati |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The ancient structures and replicas can be found at Kalachakra museum, which was renamed the Amaravathi Heritage Centre and Museum.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|last1=Varma|first1=P. Sujatha|title=Kalachakra Museum regains lost sheen|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/kalachakra-museum-regains-lost-sheen/article8895338.ece|access-date=23 September 2016|work=The Hindu|date=25 July 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref> The ancient Buddhist stupa and other ruins make up one of the centrally protected [[Monuments of National Importance]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Centrally Protected Monuments|url=http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/monuments.html|website=Archeological Survey of India|access-date=27 May 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626104454/http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/monuments.html|archive-date=26 June 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The main Hindu festivals celebrated are [[Maha Shivaratri|Mahasivaratri]] and the [[Navaratri]]. The 30th [[Kalachakra]] festival, a popular Buddhist ritual, was held at Amaravathi in the first week of January 2006. It is one of the oldest tourist places for Buddhists.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/India-forgot-Buddha-for-1000-years-Sircar/articleshow/47777694.cms|title=India forgot Buddha for 1,000 years: Sircar|work=The Times of India|date=23 June 2015 }}</ref><br />
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== Transport ==<br />
[[File:Amaravathi Bus Station.jpg|thumb|[[Amaravati bus station]]]]<br />
The only means of connectivity for the village is by road. The Vijayawada–Amaravati Road connects the village with cities of [[Vijayawada]], [[Tenali]], [[Guntur]], and with the [[Andhra Pradesh capital city|Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]] areas of [[Undavalli]], [[Penumaka]], [[Rayapudi]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Four lane road to Andhra Pradesh new capital soon|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150806/nation-current-affairs/article/four-lane-road-andhra-pradesh-new-capital-soon}}</ref> The ''Guntur–Amaravathi Road'' connects it with the district headquarters, [[Guntur]].<ref name="roads">{{cite news|last1=Srinivas|first1=Rajulapudi|title=25 passengers rescued from stranded APSRTC bus in Narsaraopet|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/25-passengers-rescued-from-stranded-apsrtc-bus-in-narsaraopet/article5271407.ece|access-date=8 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=25 October 2013|location=Guntur}}</ref> It is also linked by road to [[Sattenapalle]], [[Mangalagiri]] and [[Krosuru]]. [[APSRTC]] operates buses from major bus stations like [[NTR bus station]] in Guntur, [[Pandit Nehru bus station]] in Vijayawada and the Tenali bus station.<ref name="roads" /><ref>{{cite news|title=RTC to introduce bus services in Guntur city|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141126/nation-current-affairs/article/rtc-introduce-bus-services-guntur-city|access-date=4 June 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=26 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bus services to Amaravathi from Guntur|url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/T_Guntur.aspx|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516205127/http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/T_Guntur.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> The village has no rail connectivity.<br />
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A waterway categorised as class–III is planned from [[Pulichintala]] to [[Prakasam Barrage]], which connects the nearby villages of [[Harishchandrapuram]] and [[Vykuntapuram]].<ref>{{cite news|title=River Route Planned for Amaravathi|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/River-Route-Planned-for-Amaravati/2015/11/26/article3147315.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126131314/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/River-Route-Planned-for-Amaravati/2015/11/26/article3147315.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 November 2015|access-date=4 June 2016|work=The New Indian Express|date=26 November 2015}}</ref><br />
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== Education ==<br />
As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has a total of 17 schools. These schools include 4 [[Mandal Parishad Primary School|MPP]], one [[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya|KGBV]] and 12 private schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=School Information |url=https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |website=Commissionerate of School Education |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416174708/https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[List of villages in Palnadu district]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{cite book |last=Ramaswami |first=N. S. |title=Indian Monuments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAZc4KLSYjIC&pg=PA114 |year=1971 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-0-89684-091-1 |ref={{sfnref|Ramaswami, Indian Monuments|1971}}}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
<br />
{{Commons category|Amaravathi (village)}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]<br />
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]<br />
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]<br />
[[Category:Villages in Palnadu district]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2025%E2%80%9326_Bengaluru_FC_season&diff=4834642025–26 Bengaluru FC season2026-04-29T16:24:33Z<p>Ankushraj: Started New Details With Sources.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|13th season in the existence of Bengaluru FC}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox football club season<br />
| club = [[Bengaluru FC]]<br />
| logo = <br />
| season = [[List of Bengaluru FC seasons|2025–26]]<br />
| manager = Pep Muñoz<ref name="Munoz"/><br />
| chairman = [[Sajjan Jindal]]<br />
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]<br />
| league = [[Indian Super League]]<br />
| league result = [[2025–26 Indian Super League|TBD]]<br />
| cup1 = [[AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]]<br />
| cup1 result = [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Group stage]]<br />
| cup2 = [[Durand Cup]]<br />
| cup2 result = ''Did not participate''<br />
| league topscorer = <small>Braian Sánchez and [[Ashique Kuruniyan]] (3 goals each)</small><br />
| season topscorer = <small>[[Sunil Chhetri]] and [[Ryan Williams (footballer, born 1993)|Ryan Williams]] (4 goals each)</small><br />
| largest win = [[#SC2|4–0 vs Gokulam Kerala]]<br />
| largest loss = [[#ISL3|0–2 vs Punjab FC]]<br />
| highest attendance = 21,714<br />
| lowest attendance = 9,614<br />
| average attendance = 15,378 <!--{{average|12377|13623|9614|20214|21714|14723|round=0}} --><br />
| pattern_la1 = _Bengalurufc_home_2025_26<br />
| pattern_b1 = _bengalurufc_home_2025_26<br />
| pattern_ra1 = _Bengalurufc_home_2025_26<br />
| pattern_so1 = _redtop<br />
| pattern_sh1 = _redsides<br />
| leftarm1 = 273496<br />
| body1 = 273496<br />
| rightarm1 = 273496<br />
| shorts1 = 273496<br />
| socks1 = 273496<br />
| pattern_la2 =_bengalurufc_away_2020_21<br />
| pattern_b2 =_bengalurufc_away_2025_26<br />
| pattern_ra2 =_bengalurufc_away_2020_21<br />
| pattern_sh2 = <br />
| pattern_so2 = _bengalurufc_away_2020_21<br />
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF<br />
| body2 = FFFFFF<br />
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF<br />
| shorts2 = FFFFFF<br />
| socks2 = FFFFFF<br />
| pattern_la3 = _blackborder<br />
| pattern_b3 = _blackcollar<br />
| pattern_ra3 = _blackborder<br />
| pattern_sh3 = _blacksides<br />
| pattern_so3 = _blacktop<br />
| leftarm3 = FFAEC9<br />
| body3 = FFAEC9<br />
| rightarm3 = FFAEC9<br />
| shorts3 = FFAEC9<br />
| socks3 = FFAEC9<br />
| updated = 29 April 2026<br />
| prevseason = [[2024–25 Bengaluru FC season|2024–25]]<br />
| nextseason = ''[[2026–27 Bengaluru FC season|2026–27]]''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''2025–26 season''' is [[Bengaluru FC]]'s 13th season as a professional football club since its establishment in 2013 and 8th season in the [[Indian Super League]]. It runs from 1 June 2025 to 31 May 2026 with participation in the Indian Super League and [[Super Cup]].<br />
<br />
Owing to the major administrative and financial crisis in Indian football that arose from a dispute between [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF) and [[Football Sports Development Limited]] (FSDL), Bengaluru did not participate in the [[2025 Durand Cup]]. The crisis further pushed the club to halting their pre-season activities, temporary suspension of first team players and staff in August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Press Trust of |date=2025-07-17 |title=Durand Cup 2025: ISL presence halved, Manipur joins as new co-host |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/durand-cup-2025-isl-teams-halved-manipur-kolkata-co-host-prize-money-2757427-2025-07-17 |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Blues eventually resumed operations later in the year when a resolution was reached to start the Indian football season in late 2025 with participation in the [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup]], where they finished second in the Group stage, missing out on knockout stage after going down to [[Punjab FC]] in a penalty shootout played to decide the Group's winner.<br />
<br />
On 14 November 2025, head coach [[Gerard Zaragoza]] parted ways with the club. He was replaced by former India international [[Renedy Singh]], who was appointed as the full-time head coach on 21 January 2026 to lead the team into the upcoming ISL season.<ref name="renedy">{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2026-01-21 |title=ISL 2025-26: Renedy Singh named Bengaluru FC head coach |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/bengaluru-fc-appoints-renedy-singh-head-coach-isl-2025-26-news-indian-super-league/article70533676.ece |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> To ensure the club's survival amid the ongoing financial crisis in Indian football, senior players including captain [[Sunil Chhetri]] agreed to significant pay cuts in February 2026. This "sacrifice" allowed the club to navigate a season with limited matchday revenue and a truncated league format.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-02 |title=Sunil Chhetri-led Bengaluru FC players agree to pay cuts for truncated ISL |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/sunil-chhetri-led-bengaluru-fc-players-agree-to-pay-cuts-for-truncated-isl/articleshow/127862276.cms#:~:text=ICC-,Sunil%20Chhetri-led%20Bengaluru%20FC%20players%20agree%20to%20pay%20cuts,for%20more%20than%20four%20months. |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
After a disappointing campaign in the [[2023–24 Bengaluru FC season|2023–24 season]], positive changes in the squad led the Blues to a significantly stronger [[2024–25 Bengaluru FC season|2024–25 season]]. Their resurgence saw them reach semi-finals in the Durand Cup, secure a third-place finish in the Super League standings and ultimately finish as runners-up in the Super League play-offs. However, they eventually fell short of any silverware after an early exit in the Super Cup in the round-of-16.<br />
<br />
Owing to uncertainty in the future of Super League and administrative crisis in Indian football, the club cleared out high-earning foreign players and some veteran domestic names to rebuild under a "leaner" model to enable them to navigate the crisis. The club began its transfer window in June by signing extensions.<br />
<br />
Forward [[Shivaldo Singh]] penned a new three-year deal that extended his contract until the end of 2027–28 season.<ref>{{cite twitter | user=bengalurufc | number=1934197531841331270 | title=Young attacker Chingangbam Shivaldo Singh has signed a new deal three-year deal with the Blues, that runs until the end of the 2027-28 season. | date=15 June 2025 }}</ref> Following his suite were Monirul Molla and Sahil Poonia who signed extensions for the same period.<ref>{{cite twitter | user=bengalurufc | number=1934197531841331270 | title=Young attacker Chingangbam Shivaldo Singh has signed a new deal three-year deal with the Blues, that runs until the end of the 2027-28 season. | date=15 June 2025 }}</ref> Among foreign players, Spaniard [[Édgar Méndez]] had signed a one-year extension,<ref name="Mendez">{{cite twitter | user=bengalurufc | number=1934925095492878580 | title=Spanish striker Edgar Méndez continues his journey with the Blues, signing a one-year extension. | date=17 June 2025 }}</ref> however, the crisis led uncertain future of the league meant the club parting ways the player in August.<ref>{{cite twitter| user=bengalurufc | number=1956680799887163747 | title=Bengaluru FC and Edgar Méndez have mutually agreed to part ways. The BFC family thanks the Spaniard for his contribution to the club and wish him the very best for the future. }}</ref> On 4 August 2025, Bengaluru had put out a statement on the suspension of first team players' and staff's salaries,<ref>{{cite twitter| user=bengalurufc | number=1952421614781403357 | title=Club Statement (August)}}</ref> before reinstating on 13th September.<ref>{{cite twitter| user=bengalurufc | number=1966861081542074440 | title=Club Statement (September)}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October, Moroccan defender Salaheddine Bahi was announced as the first signing of the season.<ref name="bahi">{{cite twitter| user=bengalurufc | number=1973328627183018092 | title=Bengaluru, say hello to defender and birthday boy Salaheddine Bahi, who joins us until the end of the 2025-26 season. | date=1 October 2025 }}</ref> Two days later, [[Ashique Kuruniyan]] who had left for [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]] in 2022, was announced to rejoin the Blues in a long-term deal of four years.<ref name="ashique">{{cite twitter| user=bengalurufc | number=1974104838276592086 | title=Winger @Ashique_22 Kuruniyan returns to don Bengaluru blue, signing on a long-term deal with the club. Welcome, AK! | date=3 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-16 |title=Ashique Kuruniyan returns to Bengaluru FC on four-year contract |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/ashique-kuruniyan-returns-to-bengaluru-fc-on-four-year-contract/articleshow/121868014.cms |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> To strengthen the midfield after the departure of [[Alberto Noguera]], Bengaluru announced the addition of Braian Sanchez.<ref name="braian">{{cite twitter| user=bengalurufc | number=1975509048385843696 | title=Join us in welcoming Argentinean midfielder Braian Sánchez to the BFC family! | date= 7 October 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[2024–25 I-League]] Golden Glove winner Jaspreet Singh was also announced as a new addition to the squad's goalkeeping prowess.<ref name="jaspreet">{{cite twitter| user=bengalurufc | number=1976226292099137889 | title=Join us in welcoming I-League 2024-25 Golden Glove winner Jaspreet Singh to the BFC family. | date=9 October 2025}}</ref> To further reduce the vacuum created in the midfield with departures of key players, Bengaluru added Uzbeki midfielder Sirojiddin Kuziev.<ref name="kuziev">{{cite twitter| user=bengalurufc | number=1977698860307751092 | title=A midfield general arrives all the way from Uzbekistan. | date=13 October 2025 }}</ref> Lastly, [[Ryan Williams (footballer, born 1993)|Ryan Williams]] was also handed an extension shunning the rumours which hinted at a move to Mohun Bagan.<ref>{{cite twitter| user=bengalurufc | number=1981680818956464365 | title=Winger Ryan Williams commits his future to the Blues. How happy are we, Bengaluru? | date=24 October 2025 }}</ref> [[Halicharan Narzary]] was the only player to be loaned out to [[Diamond Harbour FC]] for an unknown period on 27 July 2025.<ref name="narzary">{{cite twitter| user=bengalurufc | number=1949375607621726648 | title=The Blues can confirm that winger Halicharan Narzary has completed a loan move to Diamond Harbour FC. Good luck, Hali! | date=27 July 2025 }}</ref> <br />
<br />
On 5 June 2025, the club published its sustainability report of 2024–25 season where it recycled {{cvt|2454|kg}} of waste and thus avoided {{cvt|5934|kg}} CO<sub>2</sub> emissions.<ref>{{cite twitter| user=bengalurufc | number=1930566417080029404 | title=Our numbers off the pitch are as important to us as the ones on it, and that’s because this club plays For The Planet. | date=5 June 2025}}</ref> Former Bengaluru FC players [[Rino Anto]] and [[Shankar Sampingiraj]] decided to call an end to their careers, on the occasion the club wished them the best.<ref>{{cite twitter| user=bengalurufc | number=1931581997396439366 | title=Wishing former Blues' right back Rino Anto the best of everything as he calls time on an incredible career... | date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite twitter| user=bengalurufc | number=1934844935183933840 | title=...The BFC family wishes ನಮ್ಮ ಹುಡುಗ @appushankar1 the best of everything as he calls time on his playing career... | date=17 June 2025}}</ref> On 20 July 2025, the club and its supporters celebrated the 12th anniversary of the club's foundation.<ref>{{cite twitter | user=bengalurufc | number=1946758924918808990 | title=We’ve turned 12 together, Bengaluru. And what a ride it’s been so far. }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Transfers in ===<br />
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"<br />
!style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |No.<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Position<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Player<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Previous club<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Date<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Fee<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Ref<br />
|-<br />
| 21<br />
|{{sort|?|DF}}<br />
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|MAR}} Salaheddine Bahi ‡<br />
| {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Hassania Agadir]]<br />
| 1 October 2025<br />
|rowspan="5"| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free]]<br />
| <ref name="bahi"/><br />
|-<br />
| 13<br />
|{{sort|?|GK}}<br />
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Jaspreet Singh<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Namdhari FC]]<br />
| 9 October 2025<br />
| <ref name="jaspreet"/><br />
|-<br />
| 10<br />
|{{sort|?|MF}}<br />
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|ARG}} Braian Sanchez<br />
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Deportivo Riestra]]<br />
| 7 October 2025<br />
| <ref name="braian"/><br />
|-<br />
| 22<br />
|{{sort|?|FW}}<br />
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashique Kuruniyan]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]<br />
| 3 October 2025<br />
| <ref name="ashique"/><br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|{{sort|?|MF}}<br />
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|UZB}} Sirojiddin Kuziev<br />
| ''Without a club''<br />
| 13 October 2025<br />
| <ref name="kuziev"/><br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="background:#BF1A25; color:#FFFFFF;" | Total transfers in<br />
! colspan="3" | 5<br />
|}<br />
: ‡ ''Left in January transfer window.''<br />
<br />
=== Promoted from youth system ===<br />
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"<br />
!style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |No.<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Position<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Player<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Previous club<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Promotion<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Fee<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Ref<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
| {{sort|?|GK}}<br />
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} Aheibam Suraj Singh<br />
| rowspan="7" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy#Reserves|Bengaluru B]]<br />
| rowspan="7" | 1 February 2026<br />
| rowspan="7" | Internal transfer <br> (Youth system)<br />
| rowspan="7" | <ref>{{cite twitter| user=bengalurufc | number=2022320185496248405 | title= Signed, sealed and delivered. | date=13 February 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 26<br />
| {{sort|?|DF}}<br />
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} Harsh Palande<br />
|-<br />
| 18<br />
| {{sort|?|DF}}<br />
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} Haobam Ricky Meetei<br />
|-<br />
| 66<br />
| {{sort|?|DF}}<br />
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} Takhellambam Bungson Singh<br />
|-<br />
| 38<br />
| {{sort|?|MF}}<br />
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ningthoukhongjam Rishi Singh<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
| {{sort|?|MF}}<br />
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} Mohammed Arbash<br />
|-<br />
| 9<br />
| {{sort|?|FW}} <br />
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} Wornilen Serto Kom<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="background:#BF1A25; color:#FFFFFF;" | Total promotions<br />
! colspan="3" | 6<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Transfers out ===<br />
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"<br />
!style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |No.<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Position<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Player<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Outgoing club<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Date<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Fee<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Ref<br />
|-<br />
| 17<br />
| {{sort|?|FW}}<br />
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Édgar Méndez|Edgar Mendez]]<br />
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[PT Prachuap F.C.]]<br />
| June 2025<br />
| rowspan="8" | [[Free transfer (association football)|Free]]<br />
| <ref name="Mendez"/><br />
|-<br />
| 30<br />
| {{sort|?|FW}}<br />
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC]]<br />
| June 2025<br />
| <ref name="Mendez"/><br />
|-<br />
| 10<br />
| {{sort|?|MF}}<br />
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alberto Noguera]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC]]<br />
| 28 January 2026<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC ropes in Spanish midfield maestro Alberto Noguera |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/chennaiyin-fc-ropes-in-spanish-midfield-maestro-alberto-noguera20260128163911/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| {{sort|?|MF}}<br />
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Harsh Patre]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa]]<br />
| 17 July 2025<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=FC Goa sign talented Goan midfielder Harsh Patre |url=https://fcgoa.in/media/news/fc-goa-sign-talented-goan-midfielder-harsh-patre/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| {{sort|?|MF}}<br />
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohit Danu]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Inter Kashi FC]]<br />
| 31 January 2026<br />
| <ref>{{cite tweet| user=bengalurufc | number=2017557073895248213 | title=Bengaluru FC can confirm the departure of forward Rohit Danu and wish him the best. | date=31 January 2026 }}</ref><br />
|- <br />
| 2 <br />
| {{sort|?|DF}} <br />
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|AUS}} {{flagicon|SER}} [[Aleksandar Jovanovic (footballer, born 1989)|Aleksander Jovanovic]] <br />
| ''Retired''<br />
| 31 May 2025 <br />
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-01 |title=No better way to finish my career than lifting a trophy: Bengaluru FC's Jovanovic |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/no-better-way-to-finish-my-career-than-lifting-a-trophy-bengaluru-fcs-jovanovic |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=www.indiansuperleague.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 18 <br />
| {{sort|?|MF}} <br />
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pedro Capó (footballer)|Pedro Capo]] <br />
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[CF Talavera de la Reina]] <br />
| June 2025 <br />
| <ref>{{cite tweet | number = 1927312562091098135 | user = bengalurufc | title = The BFC family thanks Spanish defensive midfielder Pedro Capo for his services to the club over the last year, as he moves on in search of a new adventure. | date = 27 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pedro Capó - Talavera Midfielder - ESPN (IN) |url=https://www.espn.in/football/player/_/id/260725/pedro-capo |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref><br />
|- <br />
| 21 <br />
| {{sort|?|DF}} <br />
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|MAR}} Salaheddine Bahi <br />
| {{flagicon|MAR}} [[RCA Zemamra]] <br />
| January 2026 <br />
| <ref>{{cite tweet | number = 2013574718193050095 | user = bengalurufc | title = Bengaluru FC and Salaheddine Bahi have agreed to mutually part ways. | date = 20 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Salaheddine Bahi - stats, career and market value |url=https://www.fotmob.com/players/1118880/salaheddine-bahi |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=FotMob |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Salaheddine Bahi (Renaissance Zemamra) Stats - Player Profile - Flashscore.in |url=https://www.flashscore.in/player/bahi-salaheddine/EoWNZGKo/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=www.flashscore.in |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="background:#BF1A25; color:#FFFFFF;" | Total transfers out<br />
! colspan="3" | 8<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Loans out===<br />
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"<br />
!style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |No.<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Position<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Player<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Outgoing club<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Date<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Fee<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Duration<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; |Ref<br />
|-<br />
| 19<br />
|{{sort|?|FW}} <br />
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Halicharan Narzary]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Diamond Harbour FC]]<br />
| 27 July 2025<br />
| Undisclosed<br />
| One season<br />
| <ref name="narzary"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
=== Competitions ===<br />
{{Fb overview2<br />
|c=1<br />
|c1=[[Indian Super League|Super League]]<br />
|fm1= [[#ISL1|15 February 2026]]<br />
|lm1= [[#ISL13|May 2026]]<br />
|sr1= [[#ISL1|Matchday 1]]<br />
|fp1= TBD<br />
|w1= 4<br />
|l1= 2<br />
|d1= 4<br />
|f1= 14<br />
|a1= 10<br />
|c2=[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]<br />
|fm2= [[#SC1|30 October 2026]]<br />
|lm2= [[#SC3|05 November 2026]]<br />
|sr2= [[Super Cup (India)#Group stage|Group stage]]<br />
|fp2= Group stage<br />
|w2= 2<br />
|l2= 0<br />
|d2= 1<br />
|f2= 6<br />
|a2= 0<br />
|u= 25 April 2026<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Personnel ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; | Role<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; | Name<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; | Refs.<br />
|-<br />
| Head coach<br />
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pep Muñoz]]<br />
| <ref name="Munoz">{{Cite web |last=C |first=Saptarshi |date=2026-03-24 |title=Barca B to Bengaluru FC: Munoz set to take helm mid-season |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2026/Mar/24/barca-b-to-bengaluru-fc-munoz-set-to-take-helm-mid-season |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Assistant coach <br />
| {{TBA}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| Goalkeeping coach <br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} Muhammed Rashid Nalakath<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| Strength and conditioning coach <br />
| {{{TBA|''Vacant''}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| Team analyst<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} Prateek Chopra<br />
| <ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/prateek-chopra-3263601b7/ | title=Prateek Chopra's LinkedIn | website=LinkedIn}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Reserves coach <br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} Renedy Singh<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Renedy Singh named Head Coach of Blue Colts |url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/news/renedy-singh-named-head-coach-of-blue-colts |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=www.bengalurufc.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Academy head coach <br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sandesh Bhoite<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2021/bfc-b/blue-colts-set-begin-bdfa-super-division-league-defence/|title=Blue Colts set to begin BDFA Super Division League defence|website=bengalurufc.com|date=14 January 2021|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124225016/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2021/bfc-b/blue-colts-set-begin-bdfa-super-division-league-defence/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Head Physio<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} Naved Hameed<br />
| <ref>{{cite tweet| user=bengalurufc | number=1986303658339058166 | title=Join us in wishing our Head Physiotherapist Naved Hameed a fantastic celebration on his special day! | date=6 November 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Assistant physio<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sanket Thakar<br />
| <ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/sanket-thakar-2260b0127/ | title=Sanket Thakar's LinkedIn | website=LinkedIn}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Masseur<br />
| {{{TBA|''Vacant''}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#BF1A25; color:#FFFFFF;" | Total staff<br />
! colspan="2" | 7<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Players under contract ===<br />
{{Further|List of Bengaluru FC players}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:small;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:center;" | No.<br />
! style="text-align:center;" | Name<br />
! style="text-align:center;" | Nationality<br />
! style="text-align:center;" | Position<br />
! style="text-align:center;" | Date of Birth (Age)<br />
! style="text-align:center;" | Since<br />
! style="text-align:center;" | Until<br />
! style="text-align:center; width:6px" | Picked for [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]]<ref name="sc_squad">{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Football Club |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/players/8021/10 |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><br />
! style="text-align:center; width:6px" | Picked for [[2025–26 Indian Super League|ISL]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="10" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ; text-align:center;"| Goalkeepers<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|1992|2|3}}<br />
| 2017<br />
| 2028<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 13<br />
| Jaspreet Singh<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|1999|2|27}}<br />
| 2025<br />
| <br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 28<br />
| [[Lalthuammawia Ralte]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|1992|11|28}}<br />
| 2024<br />
| 2025<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 30<br />
| Sahil Poonia<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|2006|3|8}}<br />
| 2023<br />
| 2026<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
| Aheibam Suraj Singh<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|2008|2|18}}<br />
| 2025<br />
| 2028<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="10" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ; text-align:center;"| Defenders<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| [[Rahul Bheke]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|RB]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|1996|12|6}}<br />
| 2024<br />
| 2026<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| [[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana Singh]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|CB]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|1996|7|23}}<br />
| 2024<br />
| 2029<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 12<br />
| [[Mohamed Salah (Indian footballer)|Mohamed Salah]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|RB]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|1994|11|7}}<br />
| 2024<br />
| 2025<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 18<br />
| Haobam Ricky Meetei<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|RB]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|2006|8|30}}<br />
| 2025<br />
| 2027<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 21<br />
| Salaheddine Bahi ‡<br />
| {{flagicon|MAR}}<br />
| [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|CB]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|1994|10|1}}<br />
| 2025<br />
| 2026<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
| 25<br />
| [[Namgyal Bhutia]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|RB]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|1990|7|14}}<br />
| 2020<br />
| 2026<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 26<br />
| Harsh Palande<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|CB]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|2005|1|26}}<br />
| 2025<br />
| 2029<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 27<br />
| [[Nikhil Poojary]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|RB]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|1995|9|3}}<br />
| 2024<br />
| 2028<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 32<br />
| [[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan Singh]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|LB]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|1999|2|2}}<br />
| 2020<br />
| 2029<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 66<br />
| Takhellambam Bungson Singh<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|CB]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|2007|3|5}}<br />
| 2025<br />
| 2028<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="10" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ; text-align:center;"| Midfielders<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| Sirojiddin Kuziev<br />
| {{flagicon|UZB}}<br />
| [[Midfielder#Central midfielder|CM]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|1996|9|1}}<br />
| 2025<br />
| <br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 8<br />
| [[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Suresh Singh]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Midfielder#Defensive midfielder|DM]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|2000|8|7}}<br />
| 2019<br />
| 2028<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 10<br />
| Braian Sánchez<br />
| {{flagicon|ARG}}<br />
| [[Midfielder#Attacking midfielder|DM]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|1993|6|11}}<br />
| 2025<br />
| <br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 14<br />
| Soham Varshneya<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Midfielder|MF]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|2004|8|14}}<br />
| 2024<br />
| 2027<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 23<br />
| Lalremtluanga Fanai<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Midfielder#Defensive midfielder|DM]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|2004|9|17}}<br />
| 2020<br />
| 2028<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 31<br />
| [[Vinith Venkatesh]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Midfielder (association football)#Central midfielder|CM]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|2005|7|31}}<br />
| 2022<br />
| 2028<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 38<br />
| Ningthoukhongjam Rishi Singh<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Midfielder|MF]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|2008|3|23}}<br />
| 2025<br />
| <br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 51<br />
| Shivaldo Singh<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Midfielder (association football)#Right midfielder|RM]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|2004|6|13}}<br />
| 2023<br />
| 2026<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
| Mohammed Arbash<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Midfielder (association football)#Central midfielder|CM]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|2008|9|29}}<br />
| 2025<br />
| 2027<br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="10" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ; text-align:center;"| Forwards<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
| [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Ryan Williams]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Midfielder#Winger|RW]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|1993|10|28}}<br />
| 2023<br />
| <br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 9<br />
| Serto Worneilen Kom<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Forward (association football)#Centre-forward|CF]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|2004|3|25}}<br />
| 2025<br />
| <br />
| {{no}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 11<br />
| [[Sunil Chhetri]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Forward (association football)#Centre-forward|CF]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|1984|8|3}}<br />
| 2013<br />
| 2026<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 17<br />
| Monirul Molla<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Forward (association football)#Centre-forward|CF]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|2005|5|1}}<br />
| 2023<br />
| 2026<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 19<br />
| [[Halicharan Narzary]]†<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Midfielder#Winger|LW]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|1994|5|10}}<br />
| 2023<br />
| 2026<br />
| {{n/a}}<br />
| {{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
| 22<br />
| [[Ashique Kuruniyan]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Midfielder#Winger|LW]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|1997|6|14}}<br />
| 2025<br />
| 2029<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
<!-- Loaned to B team<br />
|-<br />
| 35<br />
| Salam Johnson Singh†<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Midfielder#Winger|LW]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|2001|9|24}}<br />
| 2023<br />
| 2026<br />
| {{n/a}}<br />
| {{n/a}} --><br />
|-<br />
| 37<br />
| Kelvin Singh Taorem<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|2005|11|22}}<br />
| 2024<br />
| <br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| 39<br />
| [[Sivasakthi Narayanan]]<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| [[Forward (association football)#Centre-forward|CF]]<br />
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2025|6|1|2001|7|9}}<br />
| 2021<br />
| <br />
| {{yes}}<br />
| {{yes}}<br />
|}<br />
: <sup>†</sup> Loaned out.<br />
: <sup>‡</sup> Left in January transfer window<br />
<br />
== Pre-season ==<br />
Despite the crisis, the club began its pre-season in September. The team's Masseur, Manu Prasad, who was part of the staff since [[2017–18 Bengaluru FC season|2017–18 season]] left the club to his hometown for personal reasons. The Blues had to continue without Prasad, who was referred to as a beloved member of the squad and his hands as "God's gifted" by Sunil Chhetri himself.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-02 |title=From Kerala roots to Bengaluru heart: Meet BFC's masseur Manu Prasad |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/interviews/from-kerala-roots-to-bengaluru-heart-meet-bfcs-masseur-manu-prasad |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=www.indiansuperleague.com |language=en}}</ref> On 17 September, the Blues arrived in Bengaluru to begin their pre-season training campaign at the newly constructed and India's first hybrid training pitch, located in [[Yelahanka]].<ref>{{cite twitter | user=bengalurufc | number=1968314897860804720 | title=Arrivals. Bengaluru, the Blues are back! }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |date=2025-09-13 |title=Bengaluru FC unveils new training facility at Centre of Sports Excellence |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/bengaluru-fc-unveils-new-training-facility-at-centre-of-sports-excellence/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Football Counter |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 2 October 2025, sprinter [[Usain Bolt]] joined the club owner [[Parth Jindal]] along with some of the first team players in a five-a-side friendly against [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]], organised by [[Puma (brand)|Puma]].<ref>{{cite twitter | user=bengalurufc | number=1973638249336938556 | title=Club Owner @ParthJindal11 joined @usainbolt and his Blues for a friendly kick-about against Mumbai City FC and it was all sorts of fun! }}</ref><ref>{{cite twitter | user=bengalurufc | number=1974014297304186992 | title=We had loads of fun out there, @mumbaicityfc. Let's do this in Bengaluru next, @pumafootball! }}</ref> Amidst uncertainty of the league's resumption, Bengaluru FC did not host their traditional pre-season open training session.<br />
<br />
=== Friendlies ===<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| id = F1<br />
| round = Friendly<br />
| date = {{start date|2026|02|09|df=y}} <br />
| time = 10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Bengaluru<br />
| score = 0–0<br />
| report = https://x.com/NeeliHrudaya/status/2021137281395175791<br />
| team2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]<br />
| goals1 = <br />
| goals2 = <br />
| stadium = <br />
| location = <br />
| attendance = <br />
| motm = <br />
| result = D<br />
| referee = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Super Cup (October) ==<br />
{{main|2025–26 AIFF Super Cup}}<br />
=== Group C ===<br />
{{2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group tables|Group C|show_matches=yes |show_team=BEN}}<br />
{{Football box collapsible <br />
| id = SC1<br />
| round = Group stage<br />
| date = {{Start date|2025|10|30|df=y}}<br />
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br />
| score = 2–0<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57396 I-League]<br/>[https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57396_Match_Summary_V1_1761840085.pdf PDF Report]<br />
| team2 = [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br />
| goals1 = <br />
*[[Kelvin Singh Taorem|Taorem]] {{goal|34}}<br />
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|86|pen.}}<br />
| goals2 = <br />
| result = W<br />
| location = [[Fatorda]]<br />
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]<br />
| attendance = 232<br />
| referee = Venkatesh Ramachandran<br/>Man of the Match: Taorem Kelvin Singh (Bengaluru)<br />
}}<br />
{{Football box collapsible <br />
| id = SC2<br />
| round = Group stage<br />
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|02|df=y}}<br />
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]<br />
| score = 0–4<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57398 I-League]<br>[https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57398_Match_Summary_V1_1762099446.pdf PDF Report]<br />
| team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br />
| goals1 = <br />
| goals2 = <br />
*[[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Williams]] {{goal|7||47}}<br />
*[[Vinith Venkatesh|Vinith]] {{goal|44}}<br />
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|62}}<br />
| result = W<br />
| location = [[Fatorda]]<br />
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]<br />
| attendance = 350<br />
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha<br/>Man of the Match: [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Ryan Williams]] (Bengaluru)<br />
}}<br />
{{Football box collapsible <br />
| id = SC3<br />
| round = Group stage<br />
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|05|df=y}}<br />
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br />
| score = 0–0<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57399 I-League]<br/>[https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57399_Match_Summary_V1_1762359918.pdf PDF Report]<br />
| team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]<br />
|penalties1 = <br />
*[[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Wangjam]] {{pengoal}}<br />
*[[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{pengoal}}<br />
*[[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Williams]] {{penmiss}}<br />
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{pengoal}}<br />
*[[Braian Sánchez|Sánchez]] {{pengoal}}<br />
|penaltyscore = 4–5<br />
|penalties2 = <br />
*{{pengoal}} [[Effiong Nsungusi|Nsungusi]]<br />
*{{pengoal}} [[Princeton Rebello|Rebello]]<br />
*{{pengoal}} [[Samir Zeljković|Zeljković]]<br />
*{{pengoal}} [[Leon Augustine|L.Augustine]]<br />
*{{pengoal}} [[Vinit Rai|V. Rai]]<br />
| result = D<br />
| location = [[Fatorda]]<br />
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]<br />
| attendance = 100<br />
| referee = Ashwin<br/>Man of the Match: [[Muheet Shabir]] (Punjab)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Super League ==<br />
{{Further|2025–26 Indian Super League}}<br />
<br />
===Summary===<br />
{{2025–26 Indian Super League points table|showteam=BEN}}<br />
<br />
==== Result summary ====<br />
{{Fb_rs|hw=1|hd=3|hl=2|hgf=4|hga=5|aw=3|ad=1|al=0|agf=10|aga=5|dp=0}}<br />
<br />
==== Results by round ====<br />
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Matchday <br />
|label1= Ground<br />
| res1= <span style="color:#FFFFFF">H</span>/<span style="color:#FFFFFF">H</span>/<span style="color:#FFFFFF">H</span>/[[Kishore Bharati Krirangan|<span style="color:#FFFFFF">A</span>]]/<span style="color:#FFFFFF">H</span>/<span style="color:#FFFFFF">A</span>/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|<span style="color:#FFFFFF">A</span>]]/<span style="color:#FFFFFF">H</span>/[[Kishore Bharati Krirangan|<span style="color:#FFFFFF">A</span>]]/<span style="color:#FFFFFF">H</span>/<span style="color:#FFFFFF">A</span>/[[JRD Tata Sports Complex|<span style="color:#FFFFFF">A</span>]]/<span style="color:#FFFFFF">A</span><br />
|label2= Result<br />
| res2 = W/D/L/W/D/W/W/L/D/D///<br />
|label3= Position<br />
| res3= 3/5/7/6/6/5/3/5/5/6///<br />
<!-- --><br />
|text_H=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium|Home]]|text_A=Away<br />
|color_H=#2545A0|color_A=#BF1A25<br />
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win<br />
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw<br />
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss<br />
|color_1=1st|color_2=2nd|color_3=3rd|color_14=red1<br />
<br />
| text_1 = League premiers, qualification to <br> '''[[2026–27 AFC Champions League Two|2026–27 ACL2 Playoffs]]'''<br />
| text_2 =<br />
| text_3 = <br />
| text_14 = Relegation to [[Indian Football League|2026–27 IFL]]<br />
<br />
|updated= 25 April 2026<br />
|source=[https://www.soccerway.com/teams/india/bengaluru/25367/matches/ soccerway]<br />
|date= 25 April 2026<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== League matches ===<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| id = ISL1<br />
| round = 1<br />
| date = {{start date|2026|02|15|df=y}} <br />
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Bengaluru<br />
| score = 2–0<br />
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/101205<br />
| team2 = [[SC Delhi]]<br />
| goals1 = <br />
* [[Sivasakthi Narayanan|Narayanan]] {{goal|45+1}}<br />
* [[Lalremtluanga Fanai|Fanai]] {{yel|73}}<br />
* [[Ningthoukhongjam Rishi Singh|Rishi]] {{yel|87}}<br />
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|90+2}}<br />
| goals2 = <br />
* {{yel|47}} [[Rafael Ribeiro (footballer)|Ribeiro]]<br />
* {{yel|90+5}} [[Clarence Fernandes|Fernandes]]<br />
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]<br />
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]<br />
| attendance = 12,377<br />
| motm = [[Nikhil Poojary]]<br />
| result = W<br />
| referee = Ashwin Kumar<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| id = ISL2<br />
| round = 2<br />
| date = {{start date|2026|02|22|df=y}} <br />
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Bengaluru<br />
| score = 1–1<br />
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/101212<br />
| team2 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]<br />
| goals1 = <br />
* Sánchez {{goal|19}}<br />
* [[Roshan Singh Naorem|Naorem]] {{yel|80}}<br />
| goals2 = <br />
* {{yel|37}} [[Parthib Gogoi|Gogoi]]<br />
* {{yel|56}} [[Macarton Nickson|Nickson]]<br />
* {{goal|68}} [[Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia|Lalbiaknia]]<br />
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]<br />
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]<br />
| attendance = 13,623<br />
| motm = [[Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia]] (NorthEast United)<br />
| result = D<br />
| referee = Nathan S. Senthil<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| id = ISL3<br />
| round = 3<br />
| date = {{start date|2026|02|27|df=y}} <br />
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Bengaluru<br />
| score = 0–2<br />
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/101218<br />
| team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]<br />
| goals1 = <br />
* [[Ryan Williams (footballer, born 1993)|Williams]] {{yel|53}}<br />
* [[Roshan Singh Naorem|Naorem]] {{yel|90}}<br />
| goals2 = <br />
* {{goal|20||32}} [[Effiong Nsungusi|Nsungusi]]<br />
* {{yel|72}} [[Ricky Shabong|Shabong]]<br />
* {{yel|79}} [[Samir Zeljković|Zeljković]]<br />
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]<br />
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]<br />
| attendance = 9,614<br />
| motm = [[Effiong Nsungusi]] (Punjab)<br />
| result = L<br />
| referee = R. Venkatesh<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| id = ISL4<br />
| round = 4<br />
| date = {{start date|2026|03|7|df=y}} <br />
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br />
| score = 1–2<br />
| report = <br />
| team2 = Bengaluru<br />
| goals1 = <br />
* Mahitosh {{goal|51}}<br />
* [[Gaurav Bora|Bora]] {{yel|88}}<br />
| goals2 = <br />
* {{goal|22}} {{yel|62}} [[Ryan Williams (footballer, born 1993)|Williams]]<br />
* {{goal|41}} [[Ashique Kuruniyan|Kuruniyan]]<br />
* {{yel|50}} Kuziev<br />
* {{yel|74}} [[Chinglensana Singh Konsham|Konsham]]<br />
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]<br />
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]<br />
| attendance = <br />
| motm = Ryan Williams<br />
| result = W<br />
| referee = <br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| id = ISL5<br />
| round = 5<br />
| date = {{start date|2026|03|14|df=y}} <br />
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Bengaluru<br />
| score = 0–0<br />
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/101233<br />
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]<br />
| goals1 = <br />
* Sánchez {{yel|60}}<br />
| goals2 = <br />
* {{yel|86}} [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Ralte]]<br />
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]<br />
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]<br />
| attendance = 20,214<br />
| motm = [[Subhasish Bose]] (Mohun Bagan)<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2026 |title=Bengaluru FC vs Mohun Bagan Super Giant live score, H2H results, standings and prediction |url=https://www.sofascore.com/football/match/mohun-bagan-super-giant-bengaluru-fc/vyXsJqYc |website=Sofascore}}</ref><br />
| result = D<br />
| referee = Lakshay<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru 0-0 Mohun Bagan (14 Mar, 2026) Final Score - ESPN (IN) |url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/401860476/mohun-bagan-super-giant-bengaluru-fc |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| id = ISL6<br />
| round = 6<br />
| date = {{start date|2026|03|22|df=y}} <br />
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]<br />
| score = 1–3<br />
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/101243<br />
| team2 = Bengaluru<br />
| goals1 = <br />
* [[Alfred Planas|Planas]] {{goal|38}}<br />
* [[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni|Karuthadathkuni]] {{yel|68}}<br />
* [[Nishu Kumar|N. Kumar]] {{yel|87}}<br />
| goals2 = <br />
* {{yel|8}} [[Lalremtluanga Fanai|Fanai]]<br />
* {{goal|20}} [[Ashique Kuruniyan|Kuruniyan]]<br />
* {{goal|69||90+8}} Sánchez<br />
* {{yel|87}} Molla<br />
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]<br />
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]<br />
| attendance = 65<ref>{{cite tweet| number = 2035786981490282508 | date = 23 March 2026 | user = indiantransfer | title = The attendance for IK vs BFC is 65 }}</ref> <br />
| motm = Ashique Kuruniyan<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63375 | title=IK vs BFC Match report. |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><br />
| result = W<br />
| referee = <br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| id = ISL7<br />
| round = 7<br />
| date = {{start date|2026|04|4|df=y}} <br />
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[FC Goa]]<br />
| score = 0–2<br />
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/101246<br />
| team2 = Bengaluru<br />
| goals1 = <br />
* [[Pol Moreno|Moreno]] {{yel|82}}<br />
| goals2 = <br />
* {{goal|3}} [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]]<br />
* {{yel|90}} [[Ricky Meetei Haobam|Haobam]]<br />
* {{yel|90+2}} [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu|Sandhu]]<br />
* {{goal|90+2}} [[Namgyal Bhutia|Bhutia]]<br />
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]<br />
| location = [[Margao]], [[Goa]]<br />
| attendance = 2,532<ref>{{cite tweet| number = 2040467506826039599 | date = 4 April 2026 | user = indiantransfer | title = 2532 was the attendance for FC Goa vs BFC }}</ref> <br />
| motm = [[Namgyal Bhutia]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2026 |title=FC Goa vs Bengaluru FC live score |url=https://www.sofascore.com/football/match/fc-goa-bengaluru-fc/vyXsUQub |url-status=live |website=Sofascore}}</ref><br />
| result = W<br />
| referee = Senthil Nathan<ref>{{Cite web |title=FC Goa 0-2 Bengaluru (4 Apr, 2026) Team Stats - ESPN (IN) |url=https://www.espn.in/football/matchstats/_/gameId/401860488 |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| id = ISL8<br />
| round = 8<br />
| date = {{start date|2026|04|11|df=y}} <br />
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Bengaluru<br />
| score = 1–2<br />
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/101254<br />
| team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]<br />
| goals1 = <br />
* [[Fallou Ndiaye|Ndiaye]] {{goal|27|og}}<br />
* Sánchez {{sentoff|35}}<br />
| goals2 = <br />
* {{yel|11}} [[Muhammed Saheef|Saheef]]<br />
* {{yel|35}} [[Matías Hernández|Hernández]]<br />
* {{goal|60}} [[Víctor Bertomeu|Bertomeu]]<br />
* {{goal|78}} {{yel|84}} [[Franchu]] <br />
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]<br />
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]<br />
| attendance = 21,714<ref>{{cite tweet| number = 2043014560215421393 | date = 11 April 2026 | user = indiantransfer | title = 21714 is the attendance for BFC vs KBFC}}</ref> <br />
| motm = [[Ebindas Yesudasan]] (Kerala Blasters)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63386 | title = AIFF Match Report: BFC vs KBFC |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><br />
| result = L<br />
| referee = Pratik Mondal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru 1-2 Kerala (11 Apr, 2026) Final Score - ESPN (UK) |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/match/_/gameId/401860494/kerala-blasters-fc-bengaluru-fc |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| id = ISL9<br />
| round = 9<br />
| date = {{start date|2026|04|16|df=y}} <br />
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]<br />
| score = 3–3<br />
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/101258<br />
| team2 = Bengaluru<br />
| goals1 = <br />
* [[Kevin Sibille|Sibille]] {{yel|16}}<br />
* [[Souvik Chakrabarti|Chakrabarti]] {{yel|18}}<br />
* [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Ali]] {{goal|21}}<br />
* [[Edmund Lalrindika|Lalrindika]] {{yel|23}}<br />
* [[Miguel Figueira|Figueira]] {{sentoff|24}}<br />
* [[Saúl Crespo|Crespo]] {{goal|55}}<br />
* [[Anton Søjberg|Søjberg]] {{goal|90+6}} {{yel|90+7}}<br />
| goals2 =<br />
* {{yel|6}} [[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]]<br />
* {{goal|12}} [[Ashique Kuruniyan|Kuruniyan]]<br />
* {{yel|36}} [[Roshan Singh Naorem|Naorem]]<br />
* {{goal|39}} [[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Wangjam]]<br />
* {{yel|45}} {{goal|71}} [[Ryan Williams (footballer, born 1993)|Williams]]<br />
* {{yel|86}} [[Soham Varshneya|Varshneya]]<br />
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]<br />
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]<br />
| attendance = 19,989<ref>{{cite tweet| number = 2044826972614742072| user = indiantransfer | title = 13244 is the attendance for EBFC vs BFC | date = 16 April 2026 }}</ref> <br />
| motm = [[Saúl Crespo]] (East Bengal)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63390 |title=EBFC VS BFC: Match Report |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><br />
| result = D<br />
| referee = Ashwin Kumar<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| id = ISL10<br />
| round = 10<br />
| date = {{start date|2026|04|25|df=y}} <br />
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Bengaluru<br />
| score = 0–0<br />
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/101268<br />
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]<br />
| goals1 = <br />
| goals2 = <br />
* {{yel|90+1}} [[Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung|Bawitlung]]<br />
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]<br />
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]<br />
| attendance = 14,723<ref>{{cite tweet| number = 2048087173434384729 | date = 25 April 2026 | user = indiantransfer | title = 14723 is the attendance for BFC vs MCFC }}</ref> <br />
| motm = [[Chinglensana Singh Konsham]]<ref name=bfcvsmcfc_sofascore>{{cite web| url = https://www.sofascore.com/football/match/mumbai-city-fc-bengaluru-fc/vyXsaRub | title = Bengaluru FC vs Mumbai City | website = sofascore.com | date = 25 April 2026}}</ref><br />
| result = D<br />
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha<ref name=bfcvsmcfc_sofascore/><br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| id = ISL11<br />
| round = 11<br />
| date = {{start date|2026|05|4|df=y}} <br />
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]<br />
| score = –<br />
| report = <br />
| team2 = Bengaluru<br />
| goals1 = <br />
| goals2 = <br />
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]<br />
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]<br />
| attendance = <br />
| motm = <br />
| result = <br />
| referee = <br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| id = ISL12<br />
| round = 12<br />
| date = {{start date|2026|05|9|df=y}} <br />
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]<br />
| score = –<br />
| report = <br />
| team2 = Bengaluru<br />
| goals1 = <br />
| goals2 = <br />
| stadium = [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]<br />
| location = [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]]<br />
| attendance = <br />
| motm = <br />
| result = <br />
| referee = <br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| id = ISL13<br />
| round = 13<br />
| date = {{start date|2026|05|df=y}} <br />
| time = TBC [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]<br />
| score = –<br />
| report = <br />
| team2 = Bengaluru<br />
| goals1 = <br />
| goals2 = <br />
| stadium = [[Nehru Stadium, Chennai|Marina Arena]]<br />
| location = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| attendance = <br />
| motm = <br />
| result = <br />
| referee = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{{Further|List of Bengaluru FC records and statistics}}<br />
On 30 October 2025, [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] became the third player after [[Sunil Chhetri]] and [[Udanta Singh Kumam|Udanta Singh]] to make 200th appearance for Bengaluru. It came against [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] at the [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]] where he managed to keep a clean-sheet throughout the three games played at the tournament.<ref>{{cite tweet | user=bengalurufc | number=1983889031823003770 | title=200 games in Blue for our guardian in goal. | date=30 October 2025}}</ref> On 15 February 2026, at 41 years and 196 days, Sunil Chhetri became the oldest goalscorer in the [[Indian Super League]]'s history, overtaking [[Robert Pires]] who scored for [[FC Goa]] during the [[2014 Indian Super League|2014 season]], aged 42 years and 15 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2026-02-15 |title=Sunil Chhetri overtakes Robert Pires, becomes oldest goalscorer in ISL history |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/sunil-chhetri-becomes-oldest-goal-scorer-in-isl-history-record-indian-super-league-full-list-age-robert-pires/article70636231.ece |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><br />
=== Player of the match awards ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; | Rank<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; | Player<br />
! style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; " | ISL<br />
! style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; " | SC<br />
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; | Total<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Ryan Williams]]<br />
| 1<br />
| 1<br />
| 2<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} Kelvin Singh<br />
| 0<br />
| 1<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 3<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikhil Poojary]]<br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashique Kuruniyan]]<br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Namgyal Bhutia]]<br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chinglensana Singh Konsham|Chinglensana Singh]]<br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#BF1A25; color:#FFFFFF;" | Totals !! 5 !! 2 !! 7<br />
|}<br />
<small>Updated: 25 April 2026</small><br />
<br />
== Statistics ==<br />
===Appearances and goals===<br />
{{Efs start|[[2025–26 Indian Super League|ISL]]|[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]]}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=12 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ; text-align:center| Goalkeepers<br />
{{Efs player|no=1|name=[[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu|Gurpreet Singh]]|pos=GK|nat=IND|10+0|0|3+0|0}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=13|name=Jaspreet Singh|pos=GK|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=28|name=[[Lalthuammawia Ralte]]|pos=GK|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=30|name=Sahil Poonia|pos=GK|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=12 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ; text-align:center| Defenders<br />
|-<br />
{{Efs player|no=2|name=[[Rahul Bheke]]|pos=[[Full-back (association football)|RB]]|nat=IND|8+0|0|3+0|0}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=4|name=[[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana Singh]]|pos=[[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|CB]]|nat=IND|10+0|0|2+1|0}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=12|name=[[Mohamed Salah (Indian footballer)|Mohamed Salah]]|pos=[[Full-back (association football)|RB]]|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=18|name=Ricky Meitei|pos=[[Defender (association football)#Full-back|RB]]|nat=IND|0+4|0|0+0|0}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=21|name=Salaheddine Bahi|pos=[[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|CB]]|nat=MAR|0+0|0|2+0|0}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=25|name=[[Namgyal Bhutia]]|pos=[[Full-back (association football)|RB]]|nat=IND|1+3|1|0+1|0}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=27|name=[[Nikhil Poojary]]|pos=[[Full-back (association football)|RB]]|nat=IND|10+0|0|3+0|0}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=32|name=[[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan Singh]]|pos=[[Full-back (association football)|LB]]|nat=IND|10+0|0|3+0|0}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=66|name=Bungson Singh|pos=[[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|CB]]|nat=IND|2+0|0|0+0|0}}<br />
<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=12 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ; text-align:center| Midfielders<br />
|-<br />
{{Efs player|no=6|name=Sirojiddin Kuziev|pos=[[Midfielder#Central midfielder|CM]]|nat=UZB|7+3|0|3+0|0}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=8|name=[[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Suresh Singh]]|pos=[[Midfielder#Defensive midfielder|DM]]|nat=IND|6+4|1|3+0|0}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=10|name=Braian Sánchez|pos=[[Midfielder#Attacking midfielder|DM]]|nat=ARG|10+0|3|3+0|0}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=14|name=Soham Varshneya|pos=[[Midfielder|MF]]|nat=IND|0+5|0|0+0|0}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=23|name=Lalremtluanga Fanai|pos=[[Midfielder#Defensive midfielder|DM]]|nat=IND|7+3|0|1+0|0}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=31|name=[[Vinith Venkatesh]]|pos=[[Midfielder (association football)#Central midfielder|CM]]|nat=IND|0+7|0|2+1|1}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=38|name=Rishi Singh|pos=[[Midfielder|MF]]|nat=IND|0+3|0|0+0|0}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=12 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ; text-align:center| Forwards<br />
|-<br />
{{Efs player|no=7|name=[[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Ryan Williams]]|pos=[[Midfielder#Winger|RW]]|nat=IND|9+0|2|3+0|2}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=9|name=[[Sivasakthi Narayanan]]|pos=[[Forward (association football)#Centre-forward|CF]]|nat=IND|3+2|1|0+0|0}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=11|name=[[Sunil Chhetri]]|pos=[[Forward (association football)#Centre-forward|CF]]|nat=IND|7+3|2|0+3|2}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=17|name=Monirul Molla|pos=[[Forward (association football)#Centre-forward|CF]]|nat=IND|0+4|0|0+0|0}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=22|name=[[Ashique Kuruniyan]]|pos=[[Midfielder#Winger|LW]]|nat=IND|10+0|3|0+3|0}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=29|name=Shivaldo Singh|pos=[[Midfielder#Winger|RW]]|nat=IND|0+1|0|0+3|0}}<br />
{{Efs player|no=37|name=Kelvin Singh|pos=[[Forward (association football)|FW]]|nat=IND|0+1|0|3+0|1}}<br />
|-<br />
{{Efs end|s=[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/bengaluru/25367/squad/ soccerway]|date=April 2026}}<br />
<br />
<small>Updated: 25 April 2026</small><br />
<br />
===Goal scorers===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="1" !width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ;|{{Abbr|Rank|Rank}}<br />
!rowspan="1" !width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ;|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br />
!rowspan="1" !width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ;|{{Abbr|Pos|Position}}<br />
!rowspan="1" !width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ;|{{Tooltip| Nat | Nationality}}<br />
!width=150 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ;|Player<br />
!width=80 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ;|ISL<br />
!width=80 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ;|SC<br />
!width=80 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ;|Total<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| rowspan="2" | 1 || 11 || [[Forward (association football)#Centre-forward|CF]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Sunil Chhetri]] || 2 || 2 || 4<br />
|-<br />
|| 7 || [[Midfielder#Winger|RW]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Ryan Williams]] || 2 || 2 || 4<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" | 3 || 10 || [[Midfielder (association football)#Attacking midfielder|AM]] || {{flagicon|India}} || Braian Sánchez || 3 || 0 || 3<br />
|-<br />
|| 22 || [[Midfielder#Winger|LW]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Ashique Kuruniyan]] || 3 || 0 || 3<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="5"| 5 || 37 || [[Midfielder#Winger|RW]] || {{flagicon|India}} || Kelvin Singh || 0 || 1 || 1<br />
|-<br />
|| 31 || [[Midfielder (association football)#Central midfielder|CM]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Vinith Venkatesh]] || 0 || 1 || 1<br />
|-<br />
|| 38 || [[Forward (association football)#Centre-forward|CF]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Sivasakthi Narayanan]] || 1 || 0 || 1<br />
|-<br />
|| 25 || [[Full-back (association football)|RB]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Namgyal Bhutia]] || 1 || 0 || 1<br />
|-<br />
|| 8 || [[Midfielder#Defensive midfielder|DM]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Suresh Singh]] || 1 || 0 || 1<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="5" | Own goals || 1 || 0 || 1<br />
<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="5" style="background:#BF1A25; color:#FFFFFF;" | Totals !! 14 !! 6 !! 20<br />
|}<br />
<small>Updated: 25 April 2026</small><br />
<br />
===Clean sheets===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="1" !width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ;|{{Abbr|Rank|Rank}}<br />
!rowspan="1" !width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ;|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br />
!rowspan="1" !width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ;|{{Abbr|Pos|Position}}<br />
!rowspan="1" !width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ;|{{Tooltip| Nat | Nationality}}<br />
!width=150 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ;|Player<br />
!width=80 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ;|ISL<br />
!width=80 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ;|SC<br />
!width=80 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; ;|Total<br />
|-<br />
| '''1''' ||1 ||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} || align=left| [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] ||3 ||3 ||'''6'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="5" style="background:#BF1A25; color:#FFFFFF;" | Totals !! 3 !! 3 !! 6<br />
|}<br />
<small>Updated: 25 April 2026</small><br />
<br />
===Disciplinary record===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2" width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF;" | {{Abbr|Rank|Rank}}<br />
!rowspan="2" width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF;" | {{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br />
!rowspan="2" width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF;" | {{Abbr|Pos|Position}}<br />
!rowspan="2" width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF;" | {{Tooltip| Nat | Nationality}}<br />
!rowspan="2" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF;" | Player<br />
!colspan="3" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF;" | ISL<br />
!colspan="3" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF;" | SC<br />
!colspan="3" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF;" | Total<br />
!rowspan="2" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF;" | Points<br />
!rowspan="2" style="width: 350px; background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF;" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
!width=34 |{{Fb yellow card}}<br />
!width=34 |{{Fb second yellow card}}<br />
!width=34 |{{Fb red card}}<br />
!width=34 |{{Fb yellow card}}<br />
!width=34 |{{Fb second yellow card}}<br />
!width=34 |{{Fb red card}}<br />
!width=34 |{{Fb yellow card}}<br />
!width=34 |{{Fb second yellow card}}<br />
!width=34 |{{Fb red card}}<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" | 1 || 10 || [[Midfielder#Attacking midfielder|AM]] || {{flagicon|ARG}} || Braian Sánchez ||2 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 <br />
! 3 !! 0 !! 0 !! 3 <br />
| <small>''Red card against Kerala Blasters was revoked and converted to a yellow.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2026-04-15 |title=ISL 2025-26: Braian Sanchez available for Bengaluru vs East Bengal after red card is revoked |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-2025-26-braian-sanchez-red-card-revoked-available-for-bengaluru-fc-vs-east-bengal-ebfc-v-bfc/article70864055.ece |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>''</small><br />
|-<br />
|| 6 || [[Midfielder#Central midfielder|CM]] || {{flagicon|UZB}} || Sirojiddin Kuziev ||1 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||0<br />
! 3 !! 0 !! 0 !! 3 <br />
| rowspan="11" {{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|| 4 || [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|CB]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana Singh]] ||1 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||0 <br />
! 3 !! 0 !! 0 !! 3 <br />
|-<br />
|| 23 || [[Midfielder#Defensive midfielder|DM]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Lalremtluanga Fanai ||2 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 <br />
! 3 !! 0 !! 0 !! 3 <br />
|-<br />
|| 7 || [[Midfielder#Winger|RW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Ryan Williams (footballer, born 1993)|Ryan Williams]] ||3 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 <br />
! 3 !! 0 !! 0 !! 3 <br />
|-<br />
|| 32 || [[Full-back (association football)|LB]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Roshan Singh Naorem|Roshan Singh]] ||3 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 <br />
! 3 !! 0 !! 0 !! 3<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" | 7 || 29 || [[Forward (association football)#Winger|RW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Shivaldo Singh ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 <br />
! 1 !! 0 !! 0 !! 1 <br />
|-<br />
|| 28 || [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Rishi Singh ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 <br />
! 1 !! 0 !! 0 !! 1 <br />
|-<br />
|| 18 || [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|RB]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Ricky Meetei ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 <br />
! 1 !! 0 !! 0 !! 1 <br />
|-<br />
|| 1 || [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu|Gurpreet Singh]] ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 <br />
! 1 !! 0 !! 0 !! 1 <br />
|-<br />
|| 2 || [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|RB]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Rahul Bheke]] ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 <br />
! 1 !! 0 !! 0 !! 1 <br />
|-<br />
|| 14 || [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Soham Varshneya ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 <br />
! 1 !! 0 !! 0 !! 1 <br />
<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="5" style="background:#BF1A25; color:#FFFFFF;" | Totals !!17 !!0 !!0 !!7 !!0 !!0 !!24 !!0 !!0 !!24 !!{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<small>Disciplinary points: yellow card = 1 point, red card as a result of two yellow cards = 3 points, direct red card = 3 points, yellow card followed by direct red card = 4 points.</small> <br><br />
<small>Updated: 25 April 2026</small><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of Bengaluru FC seasons]]<br />
* [[2025–26 in Indian football]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Bengaluru FC}}<br />
{{2025–26 in Indian football}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:2025-26 Bengaluru FC Season}}<br />
[[Category:Bengaluru FC seasons]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:2025–26 Indian Super League season by team|Bengaluru]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamala_Hampana&diff=507905Kamala Hampana2026-04-29T04:33:51Z<p>Ankushraj: creating a stub w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Kannada writer and scholar (1935–2024)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Kamala Hampana<br />
| honorific_prefix = Nadoja <br />
| image = Kamala Hampana.jpg<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = Kamala in 2017<br />
| pseudonym = Kamala Priya<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1935|10|28|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Devanahalli]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|06|22|1935|10|28|df=y}} <br />
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India<br />
| parents =<br />
| occupation = Writer, professor<br />
| language = [[Kannada]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Mysore]]<br />
| genre = [[Poetry]]<br />[[Fiction]]<br />[[Literary criticism]]<br />[[Biography]]<br />
| notableworks = ''Thuranga Bharata'', ''Anekanathavaada'', ''Jaina Saahitya Parisara''<br />
| spouse = [[Hampa Nagarajaiah]]<br />
| children = 3<br />
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] <br /> [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]] <br /> [[Kittur Chennamma|Kittur Rani Chennamma]] Award <br />[[Baba Amte]] Award<br />Nadoja Award<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kamala Hampana''' (28 October 1935 – 22 June 2024) was an Indian writer who wrote in the Kannada language. Born in [[Devanahalli]] in [[Karnataka]], she worked as a scholar and professor of ancient works and undertook studies on different genres of [[Kannada literature]], as well as topics involving [[Jainism]].<ref name="Vikaspedia">{{cite news |title=Women Achievers of Karnataka |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_0WA12KOMo |accessdate=8 September 2019 |work=Vikaspedia - Kannada}}</ref><ref name="shastriyakannada">{{cite news |title=KAMALA HAMPANA, b. 1935 |url=http://www.shastriyakannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20SCHOLARS%20HTML/KAMALA%20HAMPANA.htm |accessdate=8 September 2019 |work=shastriyakannada.org |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929165706/https://shastriyakannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20SCHOLARS%20HTML/KAMALA%20HAMPANA.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Kamala Hampana was born on 28 October 1935, in [[Devanahalli]], [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]] to C. Rangadhamanayak and Lakshmamma couple. Kamala's elementary schooling started in [[Challakere]], [[Karnataka]] and continued in different villages. In 1953, as a high-school student she completed her SSLC at [[Tumkur]]. She continued her college studies in [[Mysore]]. During 1955-1958, from [[University of Mysore]] she obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]] degree and an [[Master of Arts|M.A]] degree in the Kannada language (1958). She was conferred a Ph.D. degree for her thesis on ''Turanga Bhaarata''.<ref name="shastriyakannada"/><ref name="BangaloreMirror">{{cite news |title=My biggest competitor? My husband! |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/my-biggest-competitor-my-husband/articleshow/21189658.cms |accessdate=8 September 2019 |work=bangaloremirror.indiatimes |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625193637/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/my-biggest-competitor-my-husband/articleshow/21189658.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Kamala Hampana was married to [[Hampa Nagarajaiah]], also a veteran litterateur in Kannada. The couple had two daughters and a son.<ref name="BangaloreMirror"/> She died in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]] on 22 June 2024, at the age of 88.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/well-known-kannada-writer-and-scholar-kamala-hampana-passes-away-at-88-3076736 |title=Eminent Kannada writer and scholar Kamala Hampana passes away at 88 |access-date=22 June 2024 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622080135/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/well-known-kannada-writer-and-scholar-kamala-hampana-passes-away-at-88-3076736 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
In 1959, Kamala Hampana started with the profession as Kannada teacher and worked as a Principal at the Government First Grade College, Vijayanagar, Bangalore and then as a Professor at the Maharani College of Bengaluru and [[Maharaja's College, Mysore]].<br />
<br />
Upon her retirement from the Government Service, she worked as a Professor in Department of [[Jainism]], Natural Studies, President of [[Mysore University]] and President and Visiting Professor of [[Hampi University]]. Her research on female sensibility has earned her immense fame. <br />
In her writings, she provided a deep insight into [[Jain]] works.<ref name="BangaloreMirror"/><br />
<br />
==Literary works==<br />
Kamala Hampana's areas of works include ancient [[Kannada literature]], Jainology and [[textual criticism]]. She was involved in the Dalit movement and the women’s movement in Karnataka. Kamala published more than fifty books in various genres of literature such as [[literary criticism]], [[poetry]], [[fiction]] and [[biography]].<ref name="oneindia">{{cite news|title=ಮೆಲ್ಲಗೇ ಗಟ್ಟಿ ಮಾತಾಡುವ ಡಾ। ಕಮಲಾ ಹಂಪನಾ|url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/literature/articles/2003/181203kamala.html|language=kn|accessdate=8 September 2019|work=kannada.oneindia|archive-date=3 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203085321/https://kannada.oneindia.com/literature/articles/2003/181203kamala.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kamala Hampana's important publications are:<ref name="oneindia"/><br />
<br />
===Story compilation (ಕಥಾಸಂಕಲನ)===<br />
* Nekkitu Haalina Battalu (ನಕ್ಕಿತು ಹಾಲಿನ ಬಟ್ಟಲು)<br />
* Rekke Muriditthu (ರೆಕ್ಕೆ ಮುರಿದಿತ್ತು)<br />
* Chandana (ಚಂದನಾ)<br />
* Bavane (ಬವಣೆ)<br />
<br />
===Research ===<br />
* Thuranga Bharata – Ondu Addhyayana (ತುರಂಗ ಭಾರತ - ಒಂದು ಅಧ್ಯಯನ)<br />
* Shantinaatha (ಶಾಂತಿನಾಥ)<br />
* Adharsha Jaina Mahileyaru (ಆದರ್ಶ ಜೈನ ಮಹಿಳೆಯರು)<br />
* Anekanathavaada (ಅನೇಕಾಂತವಾದ)<br />
* Naadu Nudi Naavu (ನಾಡು ನುಡಿ ನಾವು)<br />
* Jaina Saahitya Parisara (ಜೈನ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಪರಿಸರ)<br />
* Baddavana (ಬದ್ದವಣ)<br />
* Ronada Basadi (ರೋಣದ ಬಸದಿ)<br />
* Mahamandaleshwari Rani Chennabhairadevi Mattu Ithra Karavali Raniyaru (ಮಹಾಮಂಡಲೇಶ್ವರಿ ರಾಣಿ ಚೆನ್ನಭೈರಾದೇವಿ ಮತ್ತು ಇತರ ಕರಾವಳಿ ರಾಣಿಯರು)<br />
<br />
===Review, rational ===<br />
* Baasinga (ಬಾಸಿಂಗ)<br />
* Baandala (ಬಾಂದಳ)<br />
* Badabaagni (ಬಡಬಾಗ್ನಿ)<br />
* Bittara (ಬಿತ್ತರ)<br />
* Bonbala (ಬೊಂಬಾಳ)<br />
* Gunadamkakaarti Attimabbe (ಗುಣದಂಕಕಾರ್ತಿ ಅತ್ತಿಮಬ್ಬೆ)<br />
* Attimabbe and Chalukyas<br />
<br />
===Editing works ===<br />
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}<br />
* Sukumara Chariteya Sangraha (ಸುಕುಮಾರ ಚರಿತೆಯ ಸಂಗ್ರಹ)<br />
* Bharatesha Vaibhava (ಭರತೇಶ ವೈಭವ)<br />
* K. S. Dharanedraih's Smriti grantha (ಕೆ.ಎಸ್.ಧರಣೇಂದ್ರಯ್ಯನವರ ಸ್ಮೃತಿಗ್ರಂಥ)<br />
* Sree Pacche (ಶ್ರೀ ಪಚ್ಚೆ)<br />
* Sahasrabhisheka (ಸಹಸ್ರಾಭಿಷೇಕ)<br />
* Chavundaraya Purana (ಚಾವುಂಡರಾಯ ಪುರಾಣ)<br />
* Dr D.N. Narasimhacharya's chosen articles (ಡಾ.ಡಿ.ಎನ್.ನರಸಿಂಹಾಚಾರ್ಯರ ಆಯ್ದ ಲೇಖನಗಳು)<br />
* Haleya Gadya Sahithya (ಹಳೆಯ ಗದ್ಯ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ)<br />
* Danachintamani - Smaranachintane) (ದಾನಚಿಂತಾಮಣಿ - ಸ್ಮರಣಸಂಚಿಕೆ)<br />
* Jaina Dharma (ಜೈನಧರ್ಮ)<br />
* Suvrna Bharathi- Part-3 (ಸುವರ್ಣ ಭಾರತಿ- ಸಂಪುಟ- ೩)<br />
* jaina kathakosha (Co-author) (ಜೈನಕಥಾಕೋಶ)<br />
* Shodasha Bhavana Kavya (ಷೋಡಶ ಭಾವಾನಾ ಕಾವ್ಯ)<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
===Introduction to life ===<br />
* Mahaveerara Jeevana Sandesha (ಮಹಾವೀರರ ಜೀವನ ಸಂದೇಶ)<br />
* Mudimallige (ಮುಡಿಮಲ್ಲಿಗೆ)<br />
* Aa Mukha (ಆ ಮುಖ)<br />
<br />
===Vachana Sankalana ===<br />
* Bindali (ಬಿಂದಲಿ)<br />
* Bugadi (ಬುಗುಡಿ)<br />
<br />
===Children's books ===<br />
* Akkamahadevi (ಅಕ್ಕ ಮಹಾದೇವಿ)<br />
* Helavanakatte Giriyamma (ಹೆಳವನಕಟ್ಟೆ ಗಿರಿಯಮ್ಮ)<br />
* Veeravanithe Obavva (ವೀರವನಿತೆಓಬವ್ವ)<br />
* Janna (ಜನ್ನ)<br />
* Chikkavarigaagi Chithradurga (ಚಿಕ್ಕವರಿಗಾಗಿ ಚಿತ್ರದುರ್ಗ)<br />
* Dr B.R. Ambedkar (ಡಾ.ಬಿ.ಆರ್.ಅಂಬೇಡ್ಕರ್)<br />
* Mualabagilu (ಮುಳಬಾಗಿಲು)<br />
* Makkalodane Maathukathe (ಮಕ್ಕಳೊಡನೆ ಮಾತುಕತೆ)<br />
<br />
===Translation ===<br />
* Beejakshara Maale (ಬೀಜಾಕ್ಷರ ಮಾಲೆ) - Saraswati Baigiri's melody of 65 verses written in [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<br />
* Jaathi Nirmoolane (ಜಾತಿ ನಿರ್ಮೂಲನೆ) - Translation of Dr. Ambedkar's Annihilation of caste<br />
* Bharatadalli Jathigalu (ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಜಾತಿಗಳು)<br />
* Asiada Hanathegalu (ಏಷಿಯಾದ ಹಣತೆಗಳು)<br />
* Jathi Mimase (ಜಾತಿಮೀಮಾಂಸೆ)<br />
<br />
===Akashavaani drama - metaphors ===<br />
* Baluku (ಬಕುಳ)<br />
* Banaadi (ಬಾನಾಡಿ)<br />
* Bellakki (ಬೆಳ್ಳಕ್ಕಿ)<br />
<br />
===Autobiography===<br />
* Beru-Benki-Bilalu<ref name="starofmysore">{{cite news |title='Beru-Benki-Bilalu' Autobiography Of Kamala Hampana Released |url=https://starofmysore.com/beru-benki-bilalu-autobiography-of-kamala-hampana-released/ |accessdate=8 September 2019 |work=starofmysore |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623145550/https://starofmysore.com/beru-benki-bilalu-autobiography-of-kamala-hampana-released/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and recognition==<br />
Kamala Hampana received the following awards and citations:<ref name="BangaloreMirror"/><ref name="shastriyakannada"/><ref name="Vikaspedia"/><br />
* Kamala Hampana was President of the 71st [[Kannada Sahitya Sammelana]] (All India Kannada Literary Conference) held at [[Mudbidri]] in December 2003.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite news|title=Woman to Head Sahitya Sammelana|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2015/jul/22/woman-to-head-sahitya-sammelana-789638.html|access-date=8 September 2019|work=newindianexpress|archive-date=3 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203085317/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2015/jul/22/Woman-to-Head-Sahitya-Sammelana-789638.html|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
* Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award<br />
* [[Karnataka]] Government's Kitturu Raani Channamma Award (2019)<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news|title=Anti-child marriage crusader, graveyard worker among 20 women honoured with Kittur Rani Chennamma awards|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/anti-child-marriage-crusader-graveyard-worker-among-20-women-honoured-with-kittur-rani-chennamma-awards/articleshow/68333431.cms|accessdate=8 September 2019|work=timesofindia|archive-date=23 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623154154/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/anti-child-marriage-crusader-graveyard-worker-among-20-women-honoured-with-kittur-rani-chennamma-awards/articleshow/68333431.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
* [[Daana Chintamani Attimabbe Award]] in 1998 by [[Karnataka Government]]<br />
* Rajyotsava Prashasti from [[Karnataka]] Government<br />
* Baba Amte Award<br />
* Chavundaraya Award from [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]] (2012)<br />
* Nadoja honorary doctorate from Hampi Kannada University (2008)<ref name="newindianexpress1">{{cite news |title=Hampi University convocation today |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2008/dec/29/hampi-university-convocation-today-14069.html |access-date=8 September 2019 |work=newindianexpress.org |archive-date=3 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203085314/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2008/dec/29/hampi-university-convocation-today-14069.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* [[Anupama Niranjana]] Award (2003)<br />
* Siddanthakeerthi Vidvath Award (2013)<br />
* Rashtra Kavi [[Kuvempu]] Award (2013)<br />
* [[Kuvempu]] Kalavikethana Award<br />
* Ranna Prashasthi (1996)<br />
* Dr. Baba saheb Ambedkar Award (2007)<br />
* Bharat Vikas Ratna Award<br />
* Shruta Samvardhan Rashtreeya Puraskar<br />
* Mahamastakabhisheka rashtreeya Puraskara<br />
* Sandesha Awards 2017<ref name="sandesha">{{cite news |title=Sandesha Awards 2017 announced |url=http://www.sandesha.org/news/200-sandesha-awards-2017-announced |accessdate=8 September 2019 |work=sandesha.org |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007050048/http://www.sandesha.org/news/200-sandesha-awards-2017-announced |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.sapnaonline.com/shop/Author/kamala-hampana Kamala Hampana Books at Sapna books]<br />
* {{Gbooks-author|Kamala Hampana}}<br />
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{{Modern Jain writers}}<br />
{{Jainism Topics}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hampana, Kamala}}<br />
[[Category:1935 births]]<br />
[[Category:2024 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women children's writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada people]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Novelists from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badapokharia&diff=488922Badapokharia2026-04-25T14:47:09Z<p>Ankushraj: Started First Stub Basic Info</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Village in Odisha, India}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Badapokharia<br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Odisha<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Odisha|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Khordha district|Khordha]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = Nirakarpur<br />
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj]]<br />
| leader_title = Sarpanch<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_total_km2 = 11.13<br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 4267<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| area_code = <br />
| registration_plate = OD-02<br />
| blank_name_sec1 = Census code<br />
| blank_info_sec1 = 408003<ref>{{cite web | title=Population Census 2011. Table PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Odisha - District Khordha - 2011 | website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. | date=1 March 2026 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/fAEcQ|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41064|archive-date=1 March 2026 | access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Badapokharia''' is a village in the [[Khordha district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Odisha]]. It is located within the administrative jurisdiction of the '''Nirakarpur Police Station'''.<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Badapokharia is situated in the coastal plains of Odisha. The village covers a geographical area of approximately {{convert|1113|ha|acre|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web |title=Badapokharia Village in Nirakarpur taluka, Khordha, Odisha |url=https://vill.co.in/odisha/khordha/nirakarpur-386030510/badapokharia-030514080030/ |publisher=Village Info |access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> It is located approximately {{convert|35|km}} from the [[Biju Patnaik International Airport]] in [[Bhubaneswar]].<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Badapokharia had a total population of 4,267, consisting of 2,206 males and 2,061 females.<ref name="Census2011" /> The sex ratio of the village was recorded as 934 females per 1000 males.<br />
<br />
== Administration ==<br />
The village is administered by a [[Sarpanch]], who is the elected representative of the village under the [[Constitution of India]] and the [[Panchayati Raj]] Act of Odisha. It falls under the administrative supervision of the Khordha district headquarters.<br />
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== Transport ==<br />
The nearest railway station is [[Nirakarpur railway station]], located approximately {{convert|3.5|km}} from the village.<ref>{{cite web |title=Badapokharia, Khordha |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Badapokharia/OwBApsOGTR |publisher=GeoIQ |access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> The village is connected to the state road network, facilitating transport to nearby towns such as [[Tangi, Odisha|Tangi]] and [[Khordha]].<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Nirakarpur]]<br />
* [[Kamaguru]]<br />
* [[Jankia]]<br />
* [[Rameswar, Odisha]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|19|59|24|N|85|29|05|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Khordha district]]<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Odisha]]<br />
<br />
{{Odisha-geo-stub}}</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Family_Physicians_of_India&diff=484448Academy of Family Physicians of India2026-04-25T05:19:44Z<p>Ankushraj: Started First Entry W/ Infobox.</p>
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<div>{{Advert|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| logo = AFPI logo.png<br />
| image_alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
| map =<br />
| formation = 2010<br />
| type = [[Professional association]]<br />
| status =<br />
| purpose = Empowering primary care physicians in India. Strengthening healthcare delivery system in India<br />
| headquarters = New Delhi<br />
| coordinates =<br />
| language =English<br />
| main_organ = <!-- gral. assembly, board of directors, etc --><br />
| parent_organization = <!-- if one --><br />
| affiliations = <!-- WONCA (World Organization of Family Doctors)--><br />
| budget =<br />
| name = Academy of Family Physicians of India<br />
| image =<br />
| map_size =<br />
| map_alt =<br />
| map_caption =<br />
| map2 =<br />
| abbreviation = AFPI<br />
| location = India<br />
| region_served = All over India<br />
| membership =<br />
| President = <!-- Dr Raman Kumar --><br />
| num_staff =<br />
| website = {{URL|https://afpinational.org/}}<br />
}}<br />
[[File:P Padmanabhan.jpg|thumb|Late Dr. P. Padmanabhan - Noted public health specialist and family medicine patron. AFPI has instituted an oration award in his memory.]]<br />
<br />
The '''Academy of Family Physicians of India''' (AFPI) is a professional academic society and non-profit organization in India that was founded in 2010.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://healthmarketinnovations.org/program/academy-family-physicians-india|title = Academy of Family Physicians of India|website = Health Market Innovation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/interview-dr-raman-kumar-president-afpi-new-delhi/50037534|title = Academy of Family Physicians of India (AFPI) has prepared more than one thousand doctors who are committed to provide their services in the field of family medicine and primary healthcare|website = EThealthworld}}</ref> It was established to promote the development of [[family medicine]] and [[primary healthcare]] in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.afpionline.com/Pages/AboutUs.aspx|publisher=Academy of Family Physicians of India|access-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106220610/http://www.afpionline.com/Pages/AboutUs.aspx|archive-date=6 November 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Family medicine is a medical specialty practiced by a significant number of doctors in India. While organizations such as the [[Indian Medical Association]] College of General Practitioners (IMA CGP) and Family Physicians Association of India (FPAI) have existed for several decades, AFPI was formed to focus specifically on the academic development of family medicine in India.<br />
<br />
AFPI is a member of the [[World Organization of Family Doctors|World Organization of Family Doctors (WONCA)]]. The academy operates through several state chapters and has members across India. Its membership includes family physicians, general practitioners, and medical officers who provide care across various demographics and medical conditions.<ref name=":0" />[[File:WONCA Executive New.png|thumb|AFPI participation at global forums: Dr. Raman Kumar National President AFPI is a member of WONCA World Executive and YDM rep. Photograph taken - Istanbul Turkey October 2015]]<br />
<br />
== Advocacy role of AFPI ==<br />
The academy is working towards empowering of primary care physicians in India for better health outcomes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Empowering primary care physicians in India|url = http://www.jfmpc.com/text.asp?2012/1/1/1/94438|journal = Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date = 2012-01-01|pmc = 3893943|pmid = 24478991|volume = 1|issue = 1|doi = 10.4103/2249-4863.94438|first = Raman|last = Kumar|pages=1–2 | doi-access=free }}</ref> AFPI advocates academic institutionalization of community health services.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Academic institutionalization of community health services: Way ahead in medical education reforms|url = http://www.jfmpc.com/text.asp?2012/1/1/10/94442|journal = Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date = 2012-01-01|pmc = 3893954|pmid = 24478994|volume = 1|issue = 1|doi = 10.4103/2249-4863.94442|first = Raman|last = Kumar|pages=10–9 | doi-access=free }}</ref> As an outcome of advocacy initiatives of AFPI, the first MD family medicine program<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://www.mciindia.org/InformationDesk/ForStudents/ListofCollegesTeachingPGCourses.aspx|title =List of Courses by Medical Council of India|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20151204080107/http://www.mciindia.org/InformationDesk/ForStudents/ListofCollegesTeachingPGCourses.aspx|archive-date =4 December 2015|url-status =dead|df =dmy-all}}</ref> was started at [[Calicut Medical College|Kozhikode Medical College]], Kerala. Under PMSSY (Prime Minister's Swasthys Suraksha Yojana) all newly instituted [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences|AIIMS (All India Institute of Medical Sciences)]] have established a new department in the name of department of community medicine and family medicine.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmc = 3893973|title = Family Medicine at AIIMS (All India Institute of Medical Sciences) Like Institutes|date = 15 November 2015|journal = Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care| issue=2 | doi = 10.4103/2249-4863.104925|pmid = 24479011|volume=1|pages=81–3 | last1 = Kumar | first1 = R | doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
AFPI has supported equal professional opportunities and career progression<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.indiamedicaltimes.com/2013/05/06/doctors-with-mddnb-family-medicine-to-be-appointed-at-chcs-sub-district-hospitals/|title = Doctors with MD/DNB (Family Medicine) to be appointed at CHCs, sub-district hospitals Indian Medical Times}}</ref> for the primary care physicians at par with any other speciality.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.indiamedicaltimes.com/2013/01/18/interview-dr-raman-kumar-president-academy-of-family-physicians-of-india/|title = role models in family medicine missing in India|website = Indiamedicaltimes}}</ref><br />
<br />
== National Consultation on Family Medicine Programme 2013 ==<br />
<br />
NHSRC (National Health System Resource Centre) conducted a national consultation on family medicine in partnership with AFPI.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.nhsrcindia.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=175&Itemid=646|title = Report and recommendations: National consultation on family medicine|website = Public Health Administration NHSRC}}</ref> The academy is working for popularizing academic family medicine across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.asianage.com/delhi/academy-revive-tradition-family-doctors-793|title = Academy to revive tradition of family doctors The Asia Age| date=24 November 2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Family Medicine in National Health Policy 2017 ==<br />
<br />
The National Health Policy (NHP) 2017 announced recently, specifically mentions family medicine speciality and mandates popularization of programs like MD in family medicine or general practice. Previously National Health Policy 2002 had strongly recommended promotion of family medicine training in India. NPH 2017 recommends that a large number of distance and continuing education options for general practitioners in both the private and the public sectors, which would upgrade their skills to manage the large majority of cases at local level, thus avoiding unnecessary referrals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mohfw.nic.in/showfile.php?lid=4275 |title=National Health Policy 2017 |last=Government of India |first=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare |date=19 March 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170320155652/http://mohfw.nic.in/showfile.php?lid=4275 |archive-date=20 March 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=20 March 2017 }}</ref><br />
[[File:NCFM.png|alt=NCFM 2013|thumb|National Consultation on Family Medicine: Organized by NHSRC Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in partnership with Academy of Family Physicians of India India International Center New Delhi 19 April 2013]]<br />
<br />
== National conference of Family medicine and Primary Care (FMPC) ==<br />
FMPC (National Conference on Family Medicine and Primary Care) is the official academic event of AFPI <ref>{{Cite web|url = http://ehealth.eletsonline.com/2013/04/indias-first-national-conference-on-family-medicine-and-primary-care-promises-to-be-an-eye-opener/|title = India's first National Conference on Family Medicine and Primary Care promises to be an eye opener E Health| date=21 April 2013 }}</ref> which provides forum for primary care physicians and health care professionals across spectrum to discuss and disseminate their academic as well as professional experiences.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmc = 4649875|title = 1st National Conference of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date = December 2013|journal = Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|doi = 10.4103/2249-4863.123773|pmid = 26664831|volume=2|pages=303–5 | last1 = Kumar | first1 = R | issue=4 | doi-access=free }}</ref> FMPC is also open to ordinary citizen for participation towards setting healthcare agenda. The second national conference was organized from 19–22 November 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/health-minister-urges-family-medicine-practitioners-to-contribute-to-preventive-and-115112200638_1.html|title = Health Minister urges family medicine practitioners to contribute to preventive and promotive health care|website = Business Standard}}</ref> at Indian Habitat Centre New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=131789|title = Health Minister urges family medicine practitioners to contribute to preventive and promotive health care. Press Information Bureau. Government of India}}</ref> The conference was addressed by union minister for health and family welfare [[government of India]] Mr [[Jagat Prakash Nadda|JP Nadda]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Press Information Bureau Photo Gallery|url = http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/photo.aspx?photoid=73569|access-date = 2015-12-13}}</ref><br />
[[File:FMPC Inaugration.png|alt=FMPC Inauguration 22 November 2015|thumb|Inauguration ceremony of FMPC 2015 22 November 2015 by Union Health Minister Government of India Mr JP Nadda]]The third national conference (FMPC 2017) was organized at IMA House, Kaloor, Kochi from 27 to 29 January 2017. The president of the National Board of Examination (NBE) Dr. Abhijat Sheth graced FMPC 2017 as chief guest. Dr. Bipin Batra Executive Director NBE, delivered the 2nd Dr. P. Padmanabhan Memorial Award Oration during this event. The fourth National Conference of Family Medicine and Primary Care is scheduled in the month of August 2019 in Bangalore, the capital city of Karnataka state of India.{{cn|date=December 2022}}<br />
<br />
== Family Medicine Postgraduate Update (FMPC) ==<br />
AFPI organizes family medicine post graduate updates in conjunction with FMPC. The first FMPG Update was organized at Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences New Delhi on 19–20 November 2015. The purpose FMPG is to provide to prepare post graduate trainees for recent updates in the area of family medicine and primary care. FMPG also provides skill up gradation opportunity to the practising family physicians, general practitioners and medical officers.{{cn|date=December 2022}}<br />
<br />
== Run for Family Health ==<br />
AFPI launched run for family health campaign on 21 April 2015, aimed at promoting awareness about role physical activity and exercise towards promotion of good health. Noted athletic hero Mr Milkha Singh launched the campaign.{{cn|date=December 2022}}<br />
[[File:Run Form FH.png|alt=Run for Family Health - Mr Milkha SIngh|thumb|AFPI Campaign Run for Family Health - Physical Activity for all family members. launched by Olympian and Indian Athletic legend Mr Milkha Singh]]<br />
<br />
== The P. Padmanabhan Memorial Oration Award ==<br />
AFPI has instituted an oration award in the name of Dr. P. Padmanabhan seeing as he was a noted public health expert who worked at National Health System Resource Center. He was renowned for his contribution to the public health system of Tamil Nadu state specially in the field of maternal and child health. He was a great supporter of family medicine training for medical officers and envisaged family medicine as solution of medical care in community setting. The first P. Padmanabhan memorial award was delivered by [[Keshav Desiraju]] former health secretary government of India at FMPC 2015. The second award was received by Dr. Bipin Batra Executive Director of the National Board of Examination. {{cn|date=December 2022}}<br />
[[File:Keshave Desiraju P padmanabhan.png|alt=Mr Keshav Desiraju|thumb|First Dr. P. Padmanabhan Memorial Award was delivered by [[Keshav Desiraju]] Government of India on 21 November 2015 during FMPC 2015.]]<br />
<br />
== Dr. Jyoti Parekh and Dr. Ramnik Parekh Award ==<br />
Senior doctor couple from Mumbai instituted this award to support young doctors and medical students from South Asia Region, training in the field of family medicine, enabling them to participate at international conference and academic activities. Drs Jyoti and Raminik have pledged a donation of INR 100,000 annually to AFPI to be disbursed as award money. Young doctors from South Asia region (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal) are eligible to apply for this award opportunity.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.globalfamilydoctor.com/News/RamnikandJyotiParekhcreateascholarshipforyoungdoctors.aspx|title = Drs Jyoti and Ramnik Parekh Awarddate = }}</ref><br />
<br />
== International collaborations ==<br />
The Academy of Family Physicians of India is a member of World Organization of Family Doctors (WONCA). AFPI was an organizing partner for [[Wonca|WONCA]] South Asia Regional conferences in Mumbai 2011 <ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.indiamedicaltimes.com/2011/03/10/event-wonca-sar-2011-mumbai-16-18-dec/|title = Indian Medical Times WONCA SAR 2011}}</ref> and Chennai 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.globalfamilydoctor.com/News/TheSpiceRouteMovementupdateafterChennai2014.aspx|title = Global Family Doctor - Spice Route Movement WONCA SAR 2014}}</ref> The academy facilitates international exchange opportunities for family medicine trainees through WONCA FM 360 exchange programs across world.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.globalfamilydoctor.com/News/FamilyMedicine360.aspx|title = FM 360 Global Exchange Program}}</ref> AFPI is a founding member of "The Spice Route Movement" - forum for young and recently qualified family medicines specialists in the WONCA South Asia and SAARC region.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmc = 3893948|title = Spice Route Movement|date = 15 November 2015|journal = Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|doi = 10.4103/2249-4863.94456|pmid = 24479005|volume=1|pages=62–5 | last1 = Mehra | first1 = SJ | issue=1 | doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
== 15th World Rural Health Conference New Delhi New Delhi 2018 ==<br />
Academy of Family Physicians of India (AFPI) hosted the 15th WONCA World Rural Health conference (WRHC2018) from 26 to 29 April 2018 at India Habitat Center New Delhi. The theme of the conference was "Healing the heart of healthcare". The conference attracted more than a thousand delegates from 40 countries. The [[Vice President of India]] Mr M Venkaiah Naidu inaugurated the conference in the presence of Mr Ashwani Choubey Minister of state for Health and Family Welfare Government India. WRHC 2018 also hosted national consultation on strengthening rural primary healthcare in India in partnership with Niti Ayog, Public Health Foundation of India. Leading Indian and international universities participated in the event. The conference unanimously culminated into adoption of Delhi declaration 2018 which call for rural proofing of policy across world, if countries are to achieve sustainable development goals by 2030. Delhi declaration has been endorsed by World Health Organization (WHO).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wrhc2018.com|title=World Rural Health Conference|website=www.wrhc2018.com|access-date=2017-05-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|https://afpinational.org/}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Academy of Family Physicians of India}}<br />
[[Category:Medical associations based in India]]<br />
[[Category:Organizations established in 2010]]<br />
[[Category:Medical education in India]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukla_Charan_Noatia&diff=538079Sukla Charan Noatia2026-04-21T22:43:01Z<p>Ankushraj: new a info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| state = [[Tripura]]<br />
| party = [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura]]<br />
| citizenship = [[India]]<br />
| parents = Rashmani Noatia<br />
| education = 12th pass<br />
| cabinet = [[Government of Tripura|State Government of Tripura]]<br />
| office = [[Second Saha ministry|Minister of Cooperation, Tribal Welfare (TRP & PTG) and Welfare of Minorities]]<br />
| term_start = 2023<br />
| constituency1 = [[Jolaibari Assembly constituency|Jolaibari]]<br />
| office1 = Member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2023<br />
| image = Sukla Charan Noatia on the dias delivering a speech.jpg<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sukla Charan Noatia''' is an Indian politician from [[Tripura]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6IlA4czFaUXdLNGlqWnMrblh6QWc0amc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVk5pT1FMWFwvQTNJQkk1dEdQN1wvZUZnPT0iLCJtYWMiOiJlMzIwOGQ5N2Y1ZWI5NzRjZmQwNDQxYzMxNmU5ODIyZTIzNzMyZWY4ZTViYjczN2VmZjBlNzQ5NWU5NzM1MDc4In0=/MzQ=/MTk=/Mw==/QUM= |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=affidavit.eci.gov.in}}</ref> He is the Minister of Cooperation, Tribal Welfare (TRP & PTG), Welfare of Minorities in the [[Government of Tripura]] as part of the [[Second Saha ministry|Second Saha Ministry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=Tripura Government Formation 2023: From CM Manik Saha To Sushanta Chowdhury, List of State Ministers Who Took Oath Today {{!}} 📰 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/india/news/tinku-roy-bikash-debbarma-sudhangshu-das-and-sukla-charan-noatia-take-oath-as-tripura-latest-tweet-by-ani-4922471.html |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of Ministers {{!}} Tripura State Portal |url=https://tripura.gov.in/councilminister1 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=tripura.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ani {{!}} |title=Tripura cabinet swearing-in ceremony: 8 leaders take oath as Ministers |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tripura-cabinet-swearing-in-ceremony-8-leaders-take-oath-as-ministers/videoshow/98497497.cms |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> He became the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Jolaibari Assembly constituency]] by defeating Debendra Tripura of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] by a margin of 375 votes in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sukla Charan Noatia Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Tripura Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/tripura-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/sukla-charan-noatia-23038-3 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sukla Charan Noatia: Tripura Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/tripura/sukla-charan-noatia-jolaibari-candidate-s23a038c001/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Noatia, Sukla Charan}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]<br />
[[Category:Indigenous Peoples Front of Tripura politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
{{Tripura-politician-stub}}</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahraich_wolf_attacks&diff=489125Bahraich wolf attacks2026-04-19T06:29:59Z<p>Ankushraj: Started Basic Page Added Tags.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Series of wolf attacks on humans}}<br />
[[File:India_Uttar_Pradesh_districts_2012_Bahraich.svg|thumb|[[Bahraich district]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] where the attacks took place.]]<br />
The '''Bahraich wolf attacks''' were a series of [[wolf attacks on humans]] which occurred between March and September 2024 in [[Bahraich district]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The attacks were suspected to be carried out by a pack of six wolves. In August 2024, the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] launched ''Operation Bhediya'' to capture the wolves. {{As of|2024|9|11}}, at least ten people have been killed with more than 30 people injured in the suspected attacks by these wolves. Five of the wolves suspected to be behind the attacks were captured.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
[[File:Genome_Sequencing_of_a_Gray_Wolf_from_Peninsular_India_(2022)_fig._1A.png|thumb|An [[Indian wolf]]]]<br />
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The [[Indian wolf]] (''Canis lupus pallipes'') is a [[subspecies of Canis lupus|subspecies of gray wolf]]. It is classified as [[endangered]], with the Indian population estimated at 3000 mature individuals.<ref name="HT1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1972-53_0.pdf|title=Wildlife Protection Act 1972|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=26 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026080408/https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1972-53_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Jhala, Y. V. |title=The Status and Conservation of the Wolf in Gujarat and Rajasthan, India |author2=Giles, R. H. Jr. |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=5 |issue=4 |date=1991 |pages=476–483 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00354.x |jstor=2386069 |bibcode=1991ConBi...5..476J}}</ref> Wolf attacks on humans are rare occurrences and are mostly carried out by wolves infected with [[rabies]], which attack humans without consuming them.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2n1z943zzo|title=The child-killing wolves sparking panic in India|work=[[BBC]]|date=4 September 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|archive-date=9 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909140453/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2n1z943zzo|url-status=live}}</ref> As per a report by the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, about 489 cases of wolf attacks were reported between 2002 and 2020 across 21 countries including India, of which only 26 were fatal.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://d1jyxxz9imt9yb.cloudfront.net/resource/882/attachment/original/Linnell_NINA_RAP_1944_Wolf_attack_update.pdf|title=Wolf attacks on humans: an update for 2002–2020|publisher=Norwegian Institute for Nature Research|author1=Linnell, J.D.C.|author2=Kovtun, E.|author3=Rouart, I.|year=2021|isbn=978-8-24264-721-4|access-date=12 September 2024|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913002902/https://d1jyxxz9imt9yb.cloudfront.net/resource/882/attachment/original/Linnell_NINA_RAP_1944_Wolf_attack_update.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] has a history of wolf attacks: in 1996, a lone wolf killed 42 children in the districts of [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]] and [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], with 13 wolves being killed in response.<ref name="HT1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/wildlife-biodiversity/before-bahraich-wolf-attacks-how-investigators-pieced-together-what-killed-30-children-in-east-up-3-decades-back|title=Before Bahraich wolf attacks: How investigators pieced together what killed 30 children in east UP 3 decades back|work=[[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down to Earth]]|date=September 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913002905/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/wildlife-biodiversity/before-bahraich-wolf-attacks-how-investigators-pieced-together-what-killed-30-children-in-east-up-3-decades-back|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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== Location ==<br />
About 50 villages are located in the Mahasi Tehsil of [[Bahraich district]] in Uttar Pradesh along the [[floodplains]] of the [[Ghaghara River]]. The surrounding forests and grasslands host wolf populations.<ref name="BBC"/><ref name="HT1"/> [[Sugarcane]] is widely cultivated in the region and the wolves often use the tall standing crops in the sugarcane fields to hide themselves.<ref name="HT1"/><br />
<br />
== Attacks ==<br />
Since March 2024, suspected attacks by wolves were reported in Bahraich district.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/attacks-and-deaths-in-bahraich-why-and-when-wolves-turn-on-humans-9548857/|title=Attacks and deaths in Bahraich: Why and when wolves turn on humans|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=5 September 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|archive-date=10 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910070756/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/attacks-and-deaths-in-bahraich-why-and-when-wolves-turn-on-humans-9548857/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bahraichs-deadly-wolf-pack-authorities-suspect-a-third-predator-as-fear-spreads/videoshow/113067232.cms?from=mdr|title=Bahraich's deadly wolf pack: Authorities suspect a third predator as fear spreads|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=4 September 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|archive-date=4 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904185224/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bahraichs-deadly-wolf-pack-authorities-suspect-a-third-predator-as-fear-spreads/videoshow/113067232.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> On March 10, a wolf carried away a three-year-old girl from Mishram Purwa village when she was sleeping in the open and her body was never recovered. On March 28, a lone wolf killed a one-year-old child in Nayapurwa village.<ref name="HT1">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/bahraich-wolf-attacks-life-on-fringes-abject-poverty-connects-victims-101725384689231.html|title=Bahraich wolf attacks: Life on fringes, abject poverty connects victims|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=4 September 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913002907/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/bahraich-wolf-attacks-life-on-fringes-abject-poverty-connects-victims-101725384689231.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The attacks escalated after a one-month old boy from Sikandarpur village on July 17.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/long-reads/wolf-attack-bahraich-uttar-pradesh-operation-bhediya-villages-9547204/|title=As the wolves of Bahraich evade drones, nets and cages, 35 UP villages live in terror|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=3 September 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|archive-date=10 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910150012/https://indianexpress.com/article/long-reads/wolf-attack-bahraich-uttar-pradesh-operation-bhediya-villages-9547204/|url-status=live}}</ref> A two-year old was killed on July 28 and another eight-year-old boy was taken away by the wolves on August 3.<ref name="HT"/> <br />
On August 17, a four-year-old girl, who was sleeping outside her house was dragged away during a power cut and on August 24, an eight-year-old girl from the Majhra Bhatoli village became the fifth child victim of the wolves in one month.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/5th-child-killed-in-wolf-attack-in-50-days-in-bahraich/articleshow/112757092.cms|title=5th child killed in wolf attacks|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 August 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826124508/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/5th-child-killed-in-wolf-attack-in-50-days-in-bahraich/articleshow/112757092.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On August 27, another infant was killed by the wolves.<ref name="BBC"/> On September 2, the wolves killed a three year old and attacked two elderly women in Nauhan Garethi village on the same night.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Sep/02/three-year-old-girl-killed-two-women-injured-in-separate-incidents-of-wolf-attack-in-ups-bahraich|title=Three-year-old girl killed, two women injured in separate incidents of wolf attack in UP's Bahraich|date=2 September 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913002520/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Sep/02/three-year-old-girl-killed-two-women-injured-in-separate-incidents-of-wolf-attack-in-ups-bahraich|url-status=live}}</ref> On September 4, the wolves entered a house and carried away a sleeping seven-year-old boy, whose body was found the next day.<ref name="IE">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/up-forest-department-fifth-wolves-killed-bahraich-9559656/|title=Month-Long Operation in Bahraich: Fifth wolf captured, hunt on for last one|date=11 September 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=11 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911015532/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/up-forest-department-fifth-wolves-killed-bahraich-9559656/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 September, a lone wolf attacked and injured two girls on the same night in separate incidents, which was followed by an attack on 50-year-old woman the next day. The incidents occurred at night when the victims were sleeping and the wolf ran away after the villagers raised an alarm.<ref name="IT">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uttar-pradesh-bahraich-lone-wolf-attack-injured-killed-forest-department-operation-bhediya-2597721-2024-09-11|title=Two more children, both 11, attacked by lone wolf in UP's Bahraich|date=11 September 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913002412/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uttar-pradesh-bahraich-lone-wolf-attack-injured-killed-forest-department-operation-bhediya-2597721-2024-09-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/uttar-pradesh/up-bhedia-attack-operation-bhediya-up-forest-department-bahraich-wolf-attack-mahasi-incident-10186863|title=Another wolf attack in Bahraich As Man-Eater Bhedia Injures 11-Year-Old Girl|date=11 September 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|newspaper=[[Jagran Prakashan]]|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913002913/https://english.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/up-bhedia-attack-operation-bhediya-up-forest-department-bahraich-wolf-attack-mahasi-incident-10186863|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DH">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/up-woman-injured-in-fresh-wolf-attack-at-home-in-bahraich-3187641|title=UP woman injured in fresh wolf attack at home in Bahraich|date=12 September 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913002413/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/up-woman-injured-in-fresh-wolf-attack-at-home-in-bahraich-3187641|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2024|9|11}}, at least ten people including nine children and a 45-year-old woman have been killed.<ref name="BBC"/> More than 30 people were injured in the suspected attacks by these wolves.<ref name="IT"/><ref name="DH"/> As most people in these villages lived in poverty, the houses do not have doors and most of the victims were attacked in their houses while sleeping at night.<ref name="HT1"/><br />
<br />
== Animals involved ==<br />
Based on [[camera trap]]s and images captured by [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drones]], six wolves were suspected to be behind the attacks. The local villagers claimed that nearly 24 wolves may be involved, citing the sightings of the animals in the villages.<ref name="IE"/> Scientist [[Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala|Y V Jhala]] commented that there is no definite proof to link these wolves to the attacks and the attacks might have been carried out by wolves or wolf-dog hybrids.<ref name="HT">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/wolves-dogs-or-wolf-dogs-the-bahraich-confusion-lingers-101726082048219.html|title=Wolves, dogs or wolf-dogs?|date=12 September 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913000952/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/wolves-dogs-or-wolf-dogs-the-bahraich-confusion-lingers-101726082048219.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Officials stated that some of the attacks attributed to the wolves could have been by other animals.<ref name="ET">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/vengeance-likely-reason-behind-wolf-attacks-in-ups-bahraich-say-officials/articleshow/113169632.cms?from=mdr|title=Vengeance likely reason behind wolf attacks in UP's Bahraich, say officials|date=8 September 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913000952/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/vengeance-likely-reason-behind-wolf-attacks-in-ups-bahraich-say-officials/articleshow/113169632.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to Amita Kanaujia of the [[Lucknow University]], climate change has resulted in flooding during the [[monsoons]], which have altered the habitat of the wolves. As a result, the wolves are often driven out of the traditional habitat and forced into human settlements in search of food.<ref name="BBC"/> Officials stated that either the animals might have been infected by Rabies or they might have started to attack humans for encroaching their territory.<ref name="ET"/><br />
<br />
== Response ==<br />
The [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] launched a campaign named ''Operation Bhediya'' to capture the wolves that were suspected to be behind the attacks.<ref name="DH"/> About 16 separate teams were formed to track down the wolves.<ref name="States">{{cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/wolf-attacks-in-bahraich-up-cm-keeps-close-watch-on-operation-bhediya-1503336948.html|title=Wolf attacks in Bahraich: UP CM keeps close watch on Operation Bhediya|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=4 September 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=28 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828182221/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/wolf-attacks-in-bahraich-up-cm-keeps-close-watch-on-operation-bhediya-1503336948.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The forest department used [[thermal camera]]s and [[paw print|pug marks]] to track the wolves.<ref name="IE"/> On 29 August, the first wolf was caught after movement was deducted in the cameras.<ref name="NDTV"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/uttar-pradesh-bahraich-wolf-children-operation-bhediya-b2604246.html|title=First wolf finally captured from pack that has killed seven children in northern India|work=[[The Independent]]|date=30 August 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=30 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830132126/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/uttar-pradesh-bahraich-wolf-children-operation-bhediya-b2604246.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Another three wolves were caught in quick succession. Out of the four wolves, two died during capture.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/operation-bhediya-another-wolf-captured-uncertainty-over-number-on-prowl-in-ups-bahraich-3168957|title='Operation Bhediya': Another wolf captured, uncertainty over number on prowl in UP's Bahraich|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=30 August 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913003412/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/operation-bhediya-another-wolf-captured-uncertainty-over-number-on-prowl-in-ups-bahraich-3168957|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/op-bhediya-fourth-wolf-the-most-ferocious-captured-from-sisayya-floodplain-in-bahraich-1503337223.html|title=Op Bhediya: Fourth wolf, the most ferocious, captured from Sisayya floodplain in Bahraich|newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=30 August 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|archive-date=29 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829172302/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/op-bhediya-fourth-wolf-the-most-ferocious-captured-from-sisayya-floodplain-in-bahraich-1503337223.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 September, a fifth wolf was caught in the trap set by the officials near Sisai Churamani. The female wolf had killed a goat the previous night.<ref name="IE"/> The captured wolves were tranquilised and sent to [[Gorakhpur Zoo]].<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/killer-wolf-involved-in-deaths-of-8-people-in-ups-bahraich-finally-caught-after-operation-bhediya-6443161|title=Wolf That Killed 7 Children In UP Caught: How Operation Bhediya Unfolded|work=[[NDTV]]|date=29 August 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913001636/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/killer-wolf-involved-in-deaths-of-8-people-in-ups-bahraich-finally-caught-after-operation-bhediya-6443161|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Following multiple attacks, the villagers feared for their lives and even killed a dog on suspicion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amid-fears-of-wolf-attack-up-villagers-kill-dog-that-attacked-3-persons-6507923|title=Amid Wolf Attack Fears, UP Villagers Kill Dog That Attacked 3 People|date=7 September 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913000953/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amid-fears-of-wolf-attack-up-villagers-kill-dog-that-attacked-3-persons-6507923|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HT"/> The state government has conducted awareness campaigns in the area and the villagers were instructed to install doors to the houses. Night patrolling was conducted and solar powered lights were installed in common areas.<ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="DH"/> Dung and urine of [[Indian elephants]] were used in an effort to ward of the wolves from the populated villages.<ref name="NDTV"/> The government announced a [[ex-gratia]] financial assistance of {{INRconvert|500000}} to the deceased.<ref name="DH"/><ref name="States"/><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[List of wolf attacks]]<br />
* [[List of fatal dog attacks#India|Stray dog attacks § India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Disasters in India in 2024}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Deaths due to wolf attacks]]<br />
[[Category:Man-eating animals in India]]<br />
[[Category:2024 in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Bahraich district|Wolf attacks]]<br />
[[Category:Attacks in India in 2024]]<br />
[[Category:Disasters in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:2024 in the environment]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aska_Assembly_constituency&diff=488055Aska Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:15:20Z<p>Ankushraj: Started Basic Data W/ Refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Asika}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Aska<br />
| state = [[Odisha]]<br />
| constituency_no = 128<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = 128-Aska.svg<br />
| map_caption = Aska Assembly constituency in [[Ganjam district]]<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| division = Southern Division<br />
| district = [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aska]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| incumbent_image =<br />
| mla = [[Saroj Kumar Padhi]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| electors = 2,03,348{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Aska''' (Sl. No.: 128) is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Ganjam district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=128 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131219161209/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=128 |url-status= usurped |archive-date= 19 December 2013 |title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote=Constituency: Aska (128) District : Ganjam |accessdate=19 December 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
This constituency includes [[Asika|Aska]], Aska block and 12 [[Gram panchayat|GP]]s ([[Subalaya]], Kaniari, Barida, Paikajamuna, Sunapalli, Sialia, Nandiagada, Borasingi, Ambapua, Baliasara, Bolasara and Sunarijhola) of Kabisuryanagar block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref><br />
<br />
==Elected members==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp68.htm|title= 68 - Aska Assembly Constituency|year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 9 March 2014}}</ref><br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|49.21}} <br />
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|55.50}} <br />
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|54.84}} <br />
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|52.25}}<br />
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|30.49}}<br />
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|44.09}}<br />
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.50}}<br />
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|63.06}}<br />
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.78}}<br />
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|45.88}}<br />
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|59.17}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Since its formation in 1951, Seventeen elections were held. It was a two seat constituency in 1951. <br />
<br />
List of members elected from Aska constituency are:<ref name="prevMLAs">{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Aska Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/aska.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 17 June 2014}}</ref><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
||[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Aska Assembly Election Results 2024: Aska Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/aska-constituency-result-18128 |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|[[Saroj Kumar Padhi]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=24 May 2019 |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archivedate=8 November 2022 |accessdate=8 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|[[Manjula Swain]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" /><br />
| rowspan="2" |Debaraj Mohanty<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" /><br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
|[[Saroj Kumar Padhi]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br />
|Debaraj Mohanty<br />
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|Usha Rani Panda<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|Dwitikrushna Panda<br />
|{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Raghab Parida<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|[[Harihar Swain]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br />
|Harihara Das<br />
|{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br />
|Krushna Chandra Tripathy<br />
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|Harihara Das<br />
|{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]<br />
|Lokanath Mishra<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Harihara Das<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}<br />
|-<br />
|Mohana Naik <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
=== 2024 ===<br />
Voting were held on 20th May 2024 in 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Saroj Kumar Padhi]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Manjula Swain]] by a margin of 8,059 votes.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin <br />
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Aska}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Saroj Kumar Padhi]]<br />
|votes = 59,083<br />
|percentage = 49.21<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Manjula Swain]]<br />
|votes = 51,024<br />
|percentage = 42.50<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Surabhi Bisoyi<br />
|votes = 5,316<br />
|percentage = 4.43<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 1,922 <br />
|percentage = 1.6<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 8,059<br />
|percentage = 6.71<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,20,067<br />
|percentage = 59.05<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Biju Janata Dal<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2019 ===<br />
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Manjula Swain]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Debaraj Mohanty by a margin of 27,233 votes.<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin <br />
| title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Aska <ref name="SP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Manjula Swain]]<br />
|votes = 66,872 <br />
|percentage = 55.5<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Debaraj Mohanty<br />
|votes = 39,639 <br />
|percentage = 32.9<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Jena<br />
|votes = 9,285 <br />
|percentage = 7.71<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 1,854 <br />
|percentage = 1.54<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 27,233<br />
|percentage = 22.6<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,20,495 <br />
|percentage = 61.04<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Biju Janata Dal <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2014 ===<br />
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Debaraj Mohanty defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Saroj Kumar Padhi]] by a margin of 23,499 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=17 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin <br />
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Aska<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Aska|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18128.htm?ac=128|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Aska (128)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=128|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106062756/https://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=128|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 November 2023|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Debaraj Mohanty<br />
|votes = 59,412<br />
|percentage = 54.84<br />
|change = {{up}}2.59<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Saroj Kumar Padhi]]<br />
|votes = 35,913<br />
|percentage = 33.15<br />
|change = {{up}}15.57<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Narayan Behera<br />
|votes = 6,436<br />
|percentage = 5.94<br />
|change = {{up}}0.12<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 1,713<br />
|percentage = 1.58<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 23,499<br />
|percentage = 21.69<br />
|change = {{down}}12.33<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,08,334<br />
|percentage = 60.27<br />
|change = {{up}}7.64<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Biju Janata Dal<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2009 ===<br />
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Debaraj Mohanty defeated [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate [[Saroj Kumar Padhi]] by a margin of 29,986 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=29986 |accessdate=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin |<br />
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Aska<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Debaraj Mohanty<br />
|votes = 46,059<br />
|percentage = 52.25<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = [[Saroj Kumar Padhi]]<br />
|votes = 16,073<br />
|percentage = 18.23<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Alekha Chaudhury<br />
|votes = 15,497<br />
|percentage = 17.58<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Surya Narayan Das<br />
|votes = 5,128<br />
|percentage = 5.82<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 29,986<br />
|percentage = 34.02{{efn|%of total valid votes}}<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 88,168<br />
|percentage = 52.63<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Biju Janata Dal<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{Ganjam district}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}<br />
{{coord|19.61|84.66|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Ganjam district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_India_Carrom_Federation&diff=485589All India Carrom Federation2026-04-10T07:57:36Z<p>Ankushraj: Started A Info Added Tags.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox sport governing body<br />
|name = All India Carrom Federation or Carrom Federation<br />
|abbrev = AICF<br />
|logo = AICFLOGO.jpg<br />
|logosize =<br />
|sport = [[Carrom]]<br />
|category =<br />
|image =<br />
|caption =<br />
|jurisdiction = [[India]]<br />
|founded = 19th century<br />
|aff = [[International Carrom Federation]]<br />
|affdate = <br />
|region = [[Asian Carrom Federation]]<br />
|regionyear = <br />
|subregion = <br />
|subregionyear= <br />
|headquarters = [[New Delhi]], India<br />
|location =<br />
|president = [[Rakibul Hussain]]<br />
|chairperson =<br />
|chair =<br />
|chiefexec = <br />
|vicepresident = PS Bacher, Gurinder Singh, Vijay Kumar<br />
|director =<br />
|secretary = Mrs Bharti Narayan<br />
|coach = <br />
|womenscoach = <br />
|key staff = <br />
|operating income = <br />
|sponsor = <br />
|year closed =<br />
|replaced =<br />
|prevfounded =<br />
|membership =<br />
|url = <br />
|countryflag = IND<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''All India Carrom Federation''', aka '''AICF''' aka Carrom Federation, is [[India]]'s national [[Sports governing body|sport federation]] for the indigenous game of [[carrom]], sanctioning six to seven national-level tournaments per year. It is India's representative body in the [[International Carrom Federation]]. The AICF has 15 regional and 28 state subnational affiliate institutions, the largest of which is the Maharashtra Carrom Association, further subdivided into local organisations.<br />
<br />
As of 2007, the federation's president is Rakibul Hussain and its general secretary is Bharti Narayan. Recent national champions include [[R. M. Shankra]], Ravinder Goud and [[A. Maria Irudayam]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The state associations as its member. Shri C. Cunnaiah of [[Tamil Nadu]] was the General Secretary and Shri Hedvekar of [[Maharashtra]] was elected as its President. It got itself registered under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860 at [[Madras]] on 7 July 1977. The Federation was recognized by the Sports Council of India on 26 October 1970. It became the member of the [[International Carrom Federation]] on 15 October 1988 and played a pivotal role in the formation of the International Federation. In 1991, the [[Government of India]] included the game of carrom in its list for the purpose of recruitment under sports quota in Government offices/ organizations. The Asian Carrom Confederation became affiliated with the AICF in September 1995.<br />
<br />
The All-India Carrom Federation and the game of carrom was recognized{{Clarify|date=February 2008}}<!--"Recognized" as what/in what way?--> by the [[Indian Olympic Association]] on 26 October 1997. The game of carrom was also recognized by the School Games Federation of India in 1996.<br />
<br />
The organisation at present has 31 Indian state/UT{{Clarify|date=February 2008}}<!--What does "UT" mean?--> associations and 15 Institutions as its affiliates. The Working Committee of the Federation is elected for a term of four years. The last elections to the Federation were held in August 2003 at [[Goa]]. AICF regularly conducts national championships for sub-junior, junior, and senior (older adult) divisions. It also conducts institutional national championships.{{Clarify|date=February 2008}}<!--What does that mean? How are these different from the other national championships?-->, the All-India Federation Cup, and various other all-India ranking and prize-money tournaments every year. It has so far conducted 96 national championships for sub-junior, junior and senior players, and has introduced cadet (under 12 years of age) and youth (under 21 years of age) national championships.{{Clarify|date=February 2008}}<!--Huh? If "cadet" and "youth" are under 21, then what on earth do "sub-junior" and "junior" mean?--><br />
<br />
The Federation has also made bilateral arrangements with various countries for organizing "Test Series"{{Clarify|date=February 2008}}<!--What is that supposed to mean?--> competitions. [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]] are playing Test Series on regular basis. The Federation hosted two World Championships in Delhi: the 1st World Carrom Championship in 1991 and the 3rd World Carrom Championship in 2000.{{Clarify|date=February 2008}}<!--So what happened to the 2nd one? This is very confusing to readers.--><br />
<br />
===List of National Sports award recipients in Carrom, showing the year, award, and gender===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:73%"<br />
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Year<br />
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Recipient<br />
! scope="col" style="width:19%" | Award<br />
! scope="col" style="width:16%" | Gender<br />
|- {{anchor|CarromAA}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1996<br />
! scope="row" | {{sortname|A. Maria |Irudayam}}<br />
| Arjuna Award || Male<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Officials==<br />
* President: [[Rakibul Hussain]], [[Member of Parliament]], [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency]]<br />
* Sr Vice President: Neeraj Kumar Sampathy (Andhra)<br />
* Vice-Presidents: PS Bacher (Maharashtra), Gurinder Singh (Punjab), Vijay Kumar (Chhattisgarh)<br />
* General Secretary: Bharti Narayan (Delhi)<br />
* Treasurer: Madan Raj (Telangana State Carrom Association)<br />
* Joint Secretaries: North Zone &ndash; Adil Rashid Shah(Jammu & Kashmir); South Zone &ndash; Md Asadullah Ansari (Karnataka); West Zone &ndash; Vrajesh Jindal (Gujarat); North East &ndash; Fardi Nand Nongkynrih(Meghalaya), East Zone &ndash; Dibendu Simlai (Weat Bengal)<br />
<br />
==All India Panel Umpires==<br />
# S. K. Abdul Jaleel, Andhra<br />
# S.K. Ajmatullah, Andhra<br />
# K. Ramesh, Andhra<br />
# T. Srinivasa Rao, Andhra<br />
# D.S.R. Murthy, Andhra<br />
# S.Madhusudanarao, Andhra<br />
# Rana Sharma, Assam<br />
# Prasanta Neog, Assam<br />
# Pinto Mukherjee, Bengal<br />
# Debabrata Ghoshal, Bengal<br />
# Hussain Irshad, Bihar<br />
# Rajneesh Sinha, Bihar<br />
# Sanmir Verenkar, Goa<br />
# Dinanath, Goa<br />
# Ms. Nirmala Mahant, Gujarat<br />
# Ms Kamna Yadav, Haryana<br />
# J.S. Saroha, Haryana<br />
# Shashwat, Haryana<br />
# Zaheeruddin Khan, Hyderabad<br />
# Srinivasa Rao, Hyderabad<br />
# S. Shobhanraj, Hyderabad<br />
# Karoda Singh, Hyderabad<br />
# Kumar Ajay, Jharkhand<br />
# H. Shivaji Rao, Karnataka<br />
# G. Jayakumar, Karnataka<br />
# B. Rama, Karnataka<br />
# B.C. Krishna Swamy, Karnataka<br />
# Dutta Salagare, Maharashtra<br />
# Shekhar S Chavan, Maharashtra<br />
# Ramesh S Chavan, Maharashtra<br />
# Ketan Chikale, Maharashtra<br />
# Suhas Karbhari, Maharashtra<br />
# Ashish Bagkar, Maharashtra<br />
# S K Abdula, Orissa<br />
# Probodh Patnaik, Orissa<br />
# R. Srinivasan, Tamil Nadu<br />
# G. Jayakumar, Tamil Nadu<br />
# A.K. Asthana, U.P<br />
# Ajay Kumar Sharma, U.P<br />
# Mukund Nagpurkar, Maharashtra<br />
# Ramteke, Maharashtra<br />
# C. Senthamizh Kumaran, Puducherry<br />
# I. Ilansezhiyan, Puducherry<br />
# Arjun Kumar Yadav, Chandigarh<br />
<br />
==State/regional associations==<br />
<br />
===North===<br />
* [[Punjab State Carrom Association]]<br />
* Haryana Carrom Association<br />
* Delhi Carrom Association<br />
* Jammu & Kashmir Carrom Association<br />
* Chandigarh Carrom Association<br />
* Himachal Pradesh Carrom Association<br />
* Uttarakhand Carrom Association<br />
<br />
===South===<br />
* Tamil Nadu Carrom Association<br />
* Hyderabad Carrom Association<br />
* Andhra Pradesh Carrom Association<br />
* Karnataka Carrom Association<br />
* Kerala Carrom Association<br />
* Puducherry Carrom Association<br />
<br />
===West===<br />
* Rajasthan Carrom Association<br />
* Maharashtra Carrom Association<br />
* Vidharba Carrom Association<br />
* Gujarat Carrom Association<br />
* Goa Carrom Association<br />
<br />
===East & North East===<br />
* Carrom Association of Assam<br />
* Odisha State Carrom Association<br />
* Sikkim Carrom Association<br />
* West Bengal Carrom Association<br />
* Manipur Carrom Association<br />
* Tripura Carrom Association<br />
* Mizoram Carrom Association<br />
* Meghalaya Carrom Association<br />
* Arunanchal Carrom Association<br />
<br />
===Center===<br />
* Uttar Pradesh Carrom Association<br />
* Bihar Carrom Association<br />
* Chhattisgarh Carrom Association<br />
* Jharkhand Carrom Association<br />
* Madhya Pradesh Carrom Association<br />
<br />
==Institutional members==<br />
* Banks Sports Board<br />
* Life Insurance Corporation of India Sports Board<br />
* Reserve Bank of India sports board<br />
* Petroleum Sports Promotion Board<br />
* All India Electricity Sports Board<br />
* BSNL Sports board & Cultural Board<br />
* Central Civil Services Cultural & Sports Control Board<br />
* Defense Accounts Sports Control Board<br />
* Indian Accounts & Audit Dept. Sports Board<br />
* Indian Medical Association Sports Board<br />
* ISRO sports & Recreation Club<br />
* Major Ports Sports Control Board<br />
* Postal Sports Control Board<br />
* United India Sports & Cultural Council<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070813125050/http://sportal.nic.in/index.asp%7B%7BClarify%7Cdate%3DFebruary 2008}}<!--What is this source? Use {{Cite web}} to provide source details.--><br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070314033527/http://pscamohali.googlepages.com/ Punjab State Carrom Association]<br />
* Souvenir 2004, AICF, New Delhi{{Clarify|date=February 2008}}<!--What the heck is this? Is this a reliable source?--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Carrom organisations]]<br />
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India|C]]<br />
[[Category:Carrom governing bodies in India| ]]<br />
[[Category:Carrom in India]]<br />
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faizan_Arif&diff=498841Faizan Arif2026-04-04T20:51:59Z<p>Ankushraj: created basic post and citations!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Kashmiri Weather Forecaster}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Faizan Arif<br />
| image = Faizan Arif.jpg<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|04|20|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir<br />
| education = M.Sc. Applied Physics & Masters in Journalism and Mass Communication<br />
| website = https://twitter.com/Kashmir_Weather<br />
| alma_mater = R.P. School Alamdar Colony, Green Valley Educational Institute, Amity University Uttar Pradesh<br />
| occupation = Student, Independent weather forecaster and analyst<br />
| parents = Arif Jeelani Keng; Muneera Tabasum<br />
| relations = Misbah Arif Keng (Sibling)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Faizan Arif''', professionally known through 'KASHMIR WEATHER' social media handles, is an independent weather forecaster and columnist based in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]], [[India]]. Widely recognized for his expertise, he provides weather services to media companies, agencies, and agricultural sectors. He has been interviewed by several radio stations, newspapers, and TV channels, including [[Hindustan Times]], [[The Times of India]], [[The Hindu]], [[Zee News]], and [[WION|Wion]] for his skills and work. He is a columnist for the Kashmir Observer, a prominent newspaper in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and writes for [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]. His views on weather & climate change have been quoted by [[BBC]] and [[Voice of America]], the oldest and largest U.S.-funded international broadcaster.<br />
<br />
== Life and career ==<br />
Faizan is a weather forecaster from [[Srinagar]], Jammu and Kashmir. He began his career in 2017 through an [[Instagram]] account where he provided weather forecasts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Masoodi |first=Minhaj |date=2021-10-27 |title=Weatherman Jr |url=https://kashmirlife.net/weatherman-jr-vol-13-issue-30-278116/ |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref> Since then, he expanded his reach to other social media platforms such as [[Twitter]], [[Facebook]], [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] and [[YouTube]]. He completed his schooling up to the 10th class at R.P. School Alamdar Colony Srinagar, and pursued his higher secondary studies at Green Valley Educational Institute in Srinagar. He attained a Bachelor of Science (Honors) degree in Physics at the [[Amity University, Noida|Amity University Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Saqib |title=Next-gen weatherman becomes social media sensation |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/life-style/next-gen-weatherman-becomes-social-media-sensation |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Greater Kashmir |date=2 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> And later, completed an M.Sc. Applied Physics degree from the same University.<br />
Faizan gained recognition after being interviewed by various local Kashmiri newspapers such as The Kashmir Monitor, [[Greater Kashmir]], [[Rising Kashmir]], and [[Kashmir Life]]. He was subsequently interviewed by ''The Citizen'', India's first independent online daily.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-30 |title=For 22-year-old Faizan from Srinagar, weather forecasting is passion |url=https://www.risingkashmir.com/-For-22-year-old-Faizan-from-Srinagar--weather-forecasting-is-passion--69303 |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=Rising Kashmir |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912045304/https://www.risingkashmir.com/-For-22-year-old-Faizan-from-Srinagar--weather-forecasting-is-passion--69303 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After appearing on radio stations such as 95 fm Tadka, [[Red FM 93.5|Red fm 93.5]] and [[Radio Mirchi]], Faizan's recognition increased, and he started receiving attention from national newspapers, portals, and news channels such as [[Hindustan Times]], [[The Times of India]], [[The Hindu]], India Times, [[Zee News]], [[WION|Wion News]], Good News Today and [[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-22 |title=Meet Kashmir's 'weather spotter', who is helping thousands with his accurate predictions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/meet-kashmir-s-weather-spotter-who-is-helping-thousands-with-his-accurate-predictions-101647891996147.html |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=کشمیر کا نوجوان ماہر موسمیات فیضان عارف |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/srinagar/independent-weatherman-of-kashmir-faizan-arif/na20210504210237845 |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=ETV Bharat News|date=4 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-22 |title=How dependable is the independent weatherman? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/how-dependable-is-the-independent-weatherman/articleshow/97218093.cms |access-date=2023-04-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_zG3P_YnaUo |title=Amarnath Yatra 2024: 6 दिन में ही बाबा बर्फानी अंतर्ध्यान? {{!}} Baba Barfani {{!}} Hindi News {{!}} Breaking |date=2024-07-06 |last=Zee News |access-date=2024-08-08 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kt3emz2xD2Y |title=Glaciers melting amid scorching heatwave in Northern India {{!}} WION Pulse |date=2024-06-24 |last=WION |access-date=2024-08-08 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Ateeq Shaikh & Peerzada |date=2024-08-08 |title=New-age weathermen keep citizens updated on social media |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/new-age-weathermen-keep-citizens-updated-on-social-media/article68501779.ece |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Faizan's weather forecasts mainly cover the Jammu and Kashmir regions and are published in various state newspapers and media groups. He has earned the nickname "weather spotter" of Kashmir for his accurate weather predictions, as recognized by ''Hindustan Times''.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
In November 2020, he released a long-range weather forecast for Jammu and Kashmir for winter 2020–2021, the first for the Union Territory. His weather analysis are being shared by [[Press Trust of India]], [[The Indian Express]], [[India TV]], Live Hindustan, and other media houses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-08-03 |title=Srinagar records highest rainfall in June–July in 122 years |url=https://theprint.in/india/srinagar-records-highest-rainfall-in-june-july-in-122-years/1067874/ |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Hritika |date=2022-04-04 |title=J&K: Srinagar records warmest March in 131 years |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-srinagar-records-warmest-march-in-131-years-maximum-temperatures-summer-2022-04-04-767679 |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Besides [[BBC]], The Third Pole, [[Voice of America]], [[Mongabay]], [[The Quint]], and News9Live, he has been quoted in dozens of other publications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Extreme Weather Events in Kashmir Blamed on Climate Change |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/extreme-weather-events-in-kashmir-blamed-on-climate-change-/6723930.html |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=VOA |date=31 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-12 |title=Dual threat of drought-like conditions and flash floods puts Kashmir Valley's food security at risk |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2022/07/dual-threat-of-drought-like-conditions-and-flash-floods-puts-kashmir-valleys-food-security-at-risk/ |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=Mongabay-India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=News9 Staff |date=2022-06-29 |title=Kashmir's climate extremes: How sudden incessant rains move the region from fears of drought to flood-like situation |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/kashmirs-climate-extremes-how-sudden-incessant-rains-move-the-region-from-fears-of-drought-to-flood-like-situation-179525 |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=NEWS9LIVE |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-07 |title=Why you may not get Kashmir's famed apples easily |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67634680 |access-date=2024-08-08 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Irfan Amin |date=2023-06-01 |title=In Kashmir, Extreme Precipitation is Ruining Apple and Paddy Cultivation |url=https://www.thequint.com/climate-change/climate-change-in-kashmir-extreme-precipitation-is-ruining-apple-and-paddy-cultivation |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> The [[World Meteorological Organization]] honored him with an honorable mention for its WMO 2022 calendar competition.<ref>{{Citation |last=World Meteorological Organization |title=Autumn Effect |date=2020-11-12 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/worldmeteorologicalorganization/51387252722/ |access-date=2022-09-12}}</ref> At present, he works as a weather columnist for ''Kashmir Observer''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KO |date=2022-09-02 |title=Electric Transport: Kashmir's Answer to Air Pollution & Climate Change? |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2022/09/02/electric-transport-a-cure-for-air-pollution-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> He also writes articles for [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] on an occasional basis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Author Faizan Arif Outlook India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/author/faizan-arif-4705 |website=Outlook India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.instagram.com/kashmir_weather/ Kashmir Weather Instagram]<br />
* [https://www.facebook.com/KashmirWeatherOfficial/ Kashmir Weather Facebook]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Faizan, Arif}}<br />
[[Category:2001 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian meteorologists]]<br />
[[Category:People from Srinagar district|Faizan, Arif]]<br />
[[Category:People from Srinagar|Faizan, Arif]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orang_National_Park&diff=523087Orang National Park2026-04-01T13:48:08Z<p>Ankushraj: put up basic info needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|National park in the state of Assam, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox protected area<br />
| name = Orang National Park<br />
| alt_name = <br />
| iucn_category = II<br />
| image = Greater one-horned rhinoceros.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Greater one-horned rhinoceros in Orang National Park<br />
| image_size = <br />
| map = India Assam#India<br />
| relief = 1<br />
| mapframe = Yes<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_width = <br />
| location = [[Darrang District|Darrang]] and [[Sonitpur district]], [[Assam]], India<br />
| nearest_city = <br />
| nearest_town = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.5568148|92.3279016|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coords_ref = <br />
| area_km2 = 78.81<br />
| established = 1985<br />
| visitation_num = <br />
| visitation_year = <br />
| governing_body = [[Government of India]], [[Government of Assam]]<br />
| url =<br />
}}<br />
'''Orang National Park''' is a national park in [[India]] located on the northern bank of the [[Brahmaputra River]] in the [[Darrang District|Darrang]] and [[Sonitpur district]]s of [[Assam]]. It covers an area of {{Convert|79.28|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. It was established as a sanctuary in 1985 and declared a national park on 13 April 1999. It is rich in flora and fauna, including great [[Indian rhinoceros]], [[pygmy hog]], [[Asian elephant]], [[wild water buffalo]] and the [[Bengal tiger]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The park has a chequered history of habitation. Up to 1900, it was inhabited by the local tribes. On account of an epidemic disease, the tribal population abandoned the area. In 1919 the [[British Raj|British colonial authorities]] declared it as Orang Game Reserve vide notice No. 2276/R dated 31 May 1915. The game reserve came under the control of the wildlife wing of the State Forest Department to meet the requirements of [[Project Tiger]]. It was established as a wildlife sanctuary in 1985, vide notification No. FRS 133/85/5 dated 20 September 1985. The park was renamed the Rajiv Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary in 1992; however, this action had to be reversed due to public pressure against the renaming. Finally, the sanctuary was declared a [[National Park]] in 1999, vide notification No. FRW/28/90/154 dated 13 April 1999.<ref name=Indian>{{Cite web|url=http://indianjungles.com/290805f.htm|title=Flap over renaming Orang|access-date=2009-11-09|publisher=Indian jungles.com|date=2005-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312101327/http://www.indianjungles.com/290805f.htm|archive-date=2010-03-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2024}}<br />
Orang National Park encompasses an area of {{Cvt|78.81|km2|mi2}} and lies on the north bank of the Brahmaputra River within the districts of Darrang and Sonitpur. Pachnoi river, Belsiri river and [[Dhansiri river]]s border the park and join the Brahmaputra. During the monsoon season, the park becomes a veritable flood plain with the many streams overlapping each other. These flood plains constitute twelve wetlands in the park, apart from the twenty-six artificial water bodies.<ref name =Ahmed/><br />
<br />
The park is thus formed of alluvial [[flood plains]] of the many rivers and is an integral part of the [[Indo-Burma]] hotspot of [[biodiversity]]. The total area of the park has been classified by type of terrain:<br />
* [[Eastern Himalaya]]n moist [[deciduous forest]] {{Cvt|15.85|km2}}<br />
* Eastern seasonal [[swamp]] [[forest]] {{Cvt|3.28|km2}}<br />
* Eastern wet alluvial [[grassland]] {{Cvt|8.33|km2}}<br />
* [[Savannah]] grassland {{Cvt|18.17|km2}} <br />
* [[Grassland#Degradation|Degraded grassland]] {{Cvt|10.36|km2}}<br />
* [[Bodies of water]] {{Cvt|6.13|km2}}<br />
* Moist sandy area- {{Cvt|2.66|km2}}<br />
* Dry sandy area {{Cvt|4.02|km2}}<br />
<br />
It has a fairly flat terrain tending north to south with a gentle slope. The elevation in the park varies from {{Cvt|45|m|ft}} to {{Cvt|70|m|ft}}. It is bounded on its south and east by islands and spill channels of the river. The flat [[alluvial]] land is seen as two distinct terraces; the lower terrace is of recent origin on the bank of the Brahmaputra River and the other, upper, terrace is to the north, separated by a high bank running through the park. The whole park is encircled by inhabited villages thus subjecting it to biotic anthropogenic pressure. It has fox holes built by the villagers on its west.<br />
<br />
===Climate===<br />
The climate in the park comprises three seasons, namely summer, [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]] and winter. The park is subject to [[subtropical]] monsoon climate with [[rainfall]] occurring mostly during the period from May to September. The average annual rainfall is {{Cvt|3000|mm}}.<ref name="Orang">{{Cite web |url=http://www.naturesafariindia.com/wildlife_parks_sanctuary/orang_national_park.html |title=Orang National Park|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125133023/http://www.naturesafariindia.com/wildlife_parks_sanctuary/orang_national_park.html |archive-date=2010-01-25|access-date=2009-11-09}}</ref><br />
[[Temperature]] varies during the months of October to March from {{Convert|5|-|15|C|F}} in the mornings to {{Convert|20|-|25|C|F}} in the afternoons, in April from {{Convert|12|-|25|C|F}} in the morning to {{Convert|25|-|30|C|F}} in the afternoon; and in May to June from {{Convert|20|-|28|C|F}} in the morning to {{Convert|30|-|32|C|F}} in the afternoon.<ref name=Orang/><br />
Humidity in the park varies from 66% to 95%.<ref name =Ahmed/><br />
<br />
==Fauna==<br />
===Mammalian species===<br />
[[File:Thiere in Indien (Dietrisch, de Bry).jpg|right|thumb|A sketch of [[elephant]], [[rhinoceros]] and [[pygmy hog]] (''Porcula salvania'') (an endangered species of small [[Sus (genus)|wild pig]])]]<br />
<br />
Orang park contains significant breeding populations of several mammalian species. Apart from the [[Indian rhinoceros|great Indian one-horned rhinoceros]] (68 at the last count), which is the dominant species of the national park, the other key species sharing the habitat are the [[royal Bengal tiger]] (''Panthera tigris''), [[Asiatic elephant]], [[pygmy hog]], [[hog deer]] and wild boar.<ref name="northeast">{{Cite web|url=http://www.north-east-india.com/assam/orang-national-park.html|title=Orang National Park|access-date=2009-11-08|archive-date=11 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111230615/http://www.north-east-india.com/assam/orang-national-park.html}}</ref><ref name=Sancturay>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assamforest.co.in/NP_Sanctuaries/np_Orang.php|title=Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park|access-date=2009-11-09|publisher=Department of Environment & Forests Government of Assam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206101750/http://www.assamforest.co.in/NP_Sanctuaries/np_Orang.php|archive-date=2010-12-06}}</ref> Some important species of the critically endangered and endangered category are the following.<br />
<br />
The [[pygmy hog]], a small [[Sus (genus)|wild pig]], is critically endangered, C2a(ii) ver 3.1 as per IUCN listing, and is limited to about 75 animals in captivity, confined to a very few locations in and around north-western Assam, including the Orang National Park where it has been re-introduced.<ref name=iucn>{{Cite iucn |author=Narayan, G. | author2=Deka, P. |author3=Oliver, W. |title=''Porcula salvania'' |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |volume=2008 |article-number=e.T21172A9254675 |publisher=[[IUCN]] |date=2008 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/21172/9254675 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T21172A9254675.en}}</ref> Other mammals reported are the blind [[Gangetic dolphin]], [[Indian pangolin]], [[hog deer]] (''Axis porcinus''), [[rhesus macaque]], Bengal [[porcupine]], [[Indian fox]], [[small Indian civet]], [[otter]], [[leopard cat]] (''Prionailurus bengalensis''), [[fishing cat]] (''Prionailurus viverrinus'') and [[jungle cat]] (''Felis chaus'').<ref name=northeast/><ref name =Ahmed/><ref name =Sancturay/><br />
<br />
The [[Bengal tiger]] (''Panthera tigris tigris'') population was estimated to comprise 19 individuals in 2000, based on pug marks.<ref name=Ahmed>{{Cite report |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Aaranyak_Technical_Report_Orang_Tiger_Project.pdf |title=Ecological Monitoring of Tigers in Orang National Park, Assam, India. First Year (2008-09) |date=2009 |author1=Ahmed, M. F. |author2=Das, C. |author3=Das, D. |author4=Sarma, P. |author5=Deka, J. |author6=Talukdar, B.N. |author7=Momin, S. |author8=Talukdar, B. K. |publisher=Aaranyak |place=Guwahati}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Fishes===<br />
More than 50 species of fish have been recorded in the river and channels flowing through the park.<br />
<br />
===Avian fauna===<br />
[[File:BengalFlorican.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bengal florican]], a threatened species conserved in the park]]<br />
Due to its variety of birdlife, including endangered and rare species, the park is listed as one of [[BirdLife International]]'s "[[Important Bird and Biodiversity Area]]s" (IBAs); they consider it the most important bird wet-grassland site on the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]], and one of three "outstanding" IBAs in Assam.<ref name="bli"/> It is home to a variety of migratory birds, water birds, predators, scavengers and game birds. <br />
<br />
Forty-seven species from the bird [[Family (biology)|families]] [[Anatidae]], [[Accipitridae]], Addenda,{{clarify|date=February 2023|reason=Not correct name for this bird family: This was linked, but redirected to [[addendum]]}} and [[Ardeidae]] are found in the park {{clarify span|with maximum number of species.|date=February 2023}} So far, 222 bird species have been recorded, some of which are: [[spot-billed pelican]] (''Pelicanus philippensis''), [[great white pelican]], [[black-necked stork]] (''Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus''), [[greater adjutant]] stork (''Leptoptilos dubius''), [[lesser adjutant]] stork (''Leptoptilos javanicus''), [[ruddy shelduck]] (''Tadorna ferruginea''), [[gadwall]] (''Anas strepera''), [[brahminy duck]], [[mallard]] (''Anas platyrhynchos''), [[Northern pintail|pintail]] (''Anas acuta''), [[hornbills]], [[Pallas's fish eagle]] (''Haliaeetus leucoryphus''), [[king fisher]] and [[woodpecker]], in addition to forest and grassland birds.<ref name=northeast/><ref name =Sancturay/><ref name="rhino">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/ref_files/1244031710.pdf|title=Spatial modeling and preparation of decision support system for conservation of biological diversity in Orang National Park, Assam, India|access-date=2009-11-08}}</ref><ref name=Bombay>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiatravelclub.com/Manas.html|title=Best of wildlife, Assam|access-date=2009-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091103191039/http://www.indiatravelclub.com/Manas.html|archive-date=3 November 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Bengal florican]] (''Houbaropsis bengalensis'') is listed as [[Critically Endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] and is one of the flagship species of the park. A population of 30−40 individuals was recorded in the park by the [[Bombay Natural History Society]] (BNHS) in 1990; this was the second highest concentration of the species, globally. {{As of|2023}} Orang has in excess of one per cent of the world's total population of the bird.<ref name="bli">{{cite news |author1=((BirdLife International)) |title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Orang National Park |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/orang-national-park-iba-india |access-date=17 February 2023 |work=BirdLife Data Zone |date=2023 |id=Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rahmani |first1=Asad R. |last2=Narayan |first2=G. |last3=Rosalind |first3=L. |last4=Sankaran |first4=R. |editor1=Bombay Natural History Society |title=Status and Ecology of the Lesser and Bengal Floricans, with reports on Jerdon's Courser and Mountain Quail |publisher=BNHS |location=Bombay |pages=55-82 |chapter=Status of the Bengal Florican in India}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |author1=((Government of the Republic of India)) |title=Proposal for the inclusion of the Bengal Florican (''Houbaropsis bengalensis bengalensis'') in APPENDIX I of the Convention on Migratory Species |date=25 September 2019 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) |location=Gandhinagar, India |url=https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/document/cms_cop13_doc.27.1.5_proposal-inclusion-bengal_florican_india_e.pdf |conference=13th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), 17−22 February 2020|id=UNEP/CMS/COP13/Doc. 27.1.5|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120182916/https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/document/cms_cop13_doc.27.1.5_proposal-inclusion-bengal_florican_india_e.pdf}}</ref><br />
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===Reptiles===<br />
Seven species of [[turtle]] and [[tortoise]] are found, of which the turtle species ''[[Lissemys punctata]]'' and ''[[Kachuga tecta]]'' are common. Among snakes, [[pythons]] and [[cobra]] species, including the [[king cobra]], are recorded here, as are the [[Indian rock python]], and ''[[Bungarus niger]]'', the greater black krait. [[Monitor lizard]]s are present.<ref name=northeast/><ref name =Sancturay/><br />
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==Flora==<br />
The park is rich in vegetation of forests, natural forest, grasses, and aquatic and non-aquatic plants. The forest species found are: ''[[Bombax ceiba]]'', ''[[Dalbergia sissoo]]'', ''[[Sterculia villosa]]'', ''[[Trewia nudiflora]]'', ''[[Ziziphus jujuba]]'' and ''[[Litsea monopetala]]'' (syn. ''L. polyantha''). Among the non-aquatic grassland species, the prominent are: ''[[Phragmites karka]]'', ''[[Arundo donax]]'', ''[[Imperata cylindrica]]'' and ''[[Saccharum]]'' spp. The aquatic grass and plants species found are: ''[[Andropogon]]'' spp., ''[[Ipomoea aquatica]]'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Ipomoea reptans''), ''[[Enhydra fluctuans]]'', ''[[Nymphaea]]'' spp., and [[Water hyacinth]] (''[[Eichhornia]]'' spp.).<ref name=Orang/><ref name=rhino/><ref name=northeast/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hazarika |first1=B. C. |last2=Saikia |first2=P. K. |title=Food Habit and Feeding Patterns of Great Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros (''Rhinoceros unicornis'') in Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park, Assam, India |journal=ISRN Zoology |date=2 April 2012 |volume=2012 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.5402/2012/259695 |url=https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2012/259695/ |access-date=17 February 2023|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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==Threats and conservation==<br />
[[File:RhinoHuntBabur.jpg|thumb|right|Hunting, an ancient sport - a painting of [[rhinoceros]] hunting from ''[[Babarnama]]'']]<br />
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From 1991, there was a serious threat to the survival of the park and its wild animals due to intense [[human impact on the environment|anthropogenic]] pressure— {{cn span|including illegal occupation by immigrants from the neighbouring country|date=February 2023}} and encroachment from agriculture and forest resource harvesting by local populations dependent for their livelihoods on such practices<ref name="edge">{{citation |last1=Biswajit |first1=Chakdar |last2=Jathar |first2=Girish Avinash |last3=Das |first3=Jyoti P |chapter=A Survival Blueprint for the conservation and management of Bengal Florican ''Houbaropsis bengalensis'' in India |title=''An output from the'' EDGE of Existence Programme fellowship, Zoological Society of London |date=2021 |location=Mumbai |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society |url=https://www.edgeofexistence.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Survival_Blueprint_2021_BengalFlorican_India.pdf }}</ref> —and by [[insurgency]]. The threats were identified as due to [[poaching]], inadequate manpower for patrolling and security, wide river channels, inadequate infrastructure facilities and hardly any community awareness and participation in conservation. <br />
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Poaching for wild animals became very serious, particularly of the great Indian rhinoceros whose population reduced to 48 vis-à-vis 97 rhinoceros in 1991. By undertaking anti poaching measures, their number had increased to 68 in 2006-2007 but poaching and killing of rhinos are still reported. To check this continued poaching, a "Coordination Committee" with top officials of Darrang, Sonitpur and the [[Marigaon district]]s, including officials of the Forest Department of Assam has been set up. Under an initiative by the [[World Association of Zoos and Aquariums]] (WAZA), the Orang National Park was identified for conservation to evolve policies and programmes to protect the Indian rhinos and to assist in the development of the park. [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]] India, the Government of Assam and the [[International Rhino Foundation]] (IRF), with support from [[Zoo Basel]], ([[Switzerland]]) and the IRV 2020, have undertaken this operation.<ref name=rhino/><ref name=Oran>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhinos-irf.org/en/art/749/|title=Poachers posing threat to Orang National Park|access-date=2009-11-09|publisher=International Rhino Foundation|date=2009-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219203656/http://rhinos-irf.org/en/art/749/|archive-date=19 December 2010}}</ref><ref name=icri>{{Cite web|url=http://ne.icrindia.org/2009/04/08/rhinos-make-healthy-comeback-at-orang-national-park/ |title=Rhinos make healthy comeback at Orang National Park |access-date=2009-11-09 |publisher=Northeast Watch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823021525/http://ne.icrindia.org/2009/04/08/rhinos-make-healthy-comeback-at-orang-national-park/ |archive-date=23 August 2011 }}</ref><ref name=conserve>{{Cite web|url=http://www.waza.org/en/site/conservation/waza-conservation-projects/indian-rhino-vision-2020|title=Indian Rhino Vision 2020|access-date=2016-07-26|publisher=The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA)|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809140015/http://www.waza.org/en/site/conservation/waza-conservation-projects/indian-rhino-vision-2020}}</ref> WWF and [[Government of India]], under the project titled "Rhino Vision India (RVI)", have also plans to enhance the number of rhinoceros in the park to 300 by 2020, in addition to increasing the number of tigers.<ref name=Oran/><br />
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Since royal Bengal tigers are also under serious threat in the park, a conservation programme sponsored by WAZA ([[World Association of Zoos and Aquariums]]) institutions and [[Busch Gardens]] has been launched. It is a closely managed tiger program called the Species Survival Plan (SSP), with the objective to improve the genetic diversity of managed animal populations. Under this programme, the project titled "Ecological Monitoring of Wild Tigers in Orang National Park, Assam, India" has been launched, in association with AARANYAK, a [[non-governmental organisation]] in India. With this funding, [[camera trap]]s and geo-spatial technology are used by local researchers to monitor tiger density in the park. Community participation to help manage, mitigate and prevent conflict between humans and tigers is also envisaged.<ref name=Tiger>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/tiger/conservation.htm|title=Animals:Tigers|work= Ecological Monitoring of Wild Tigers in Orang National Park, Assam, India |access-date=2009-11-08|publisher=Seaworld.org}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
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{{Protected areas of Assam}}<br />
{{National Parks of India}}<br />
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[[Category:Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]]<br />
[[Category:National parks in Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Sonitpur district]]<br />
[[Category:Darrang district]]<br />
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]<br />
[[Category:1985 establishments in Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1985]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iravikkutti_Pillai&diff=463994Iravikkutti Pillai2026-03-29T19:23:23Z<p>Ankushraj: minor rework layout as per guidelines and cleaned formatting</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Refimprove|date=April 2007}}<br />
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'''Iraivikutty Pillai''' was the commander-in-chief of Venad Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ഇരവിക്കുട്ടിപിള്ളപ്പോര് ഒരു പഠനം|url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/ഇരവിക്കുട്ടിപിള്ളപ്പോര്-ഒരു-പഠനം/4548/|access-date=2021-09-11|website=KeralaBookStore.com|language=ml}}</ref><br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Iraivikutty Pillai<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| office1 = commander-in-chief of [[Venad|Venad Kingdom]]<br />
| birth_name = Iraivikutty Pillai<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Venad|Kingdom of Venad]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| parents = Keralapuram Raja (father)<br/>Easvari Pillai Amma (mother)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Iravikkutti Pillai belonged to the noble lineage of Valiya Veedu [[Nair|Illam Nair family]] of Keralapuram in Kalkulam, [[Venad kingdom|Venad (kingdom)]]. His father was Keralapuram [[Raja]], and his mother was Easvari Pillai. Kuzhikkottu Paduvilakathu Kochu Narayana Pillai was his guru in warfare.<br />
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He became a [[Minister (government)|minister]] under King Unni Kerala Varma of Venad. During his time, Madurai Thirumala Naickar attacked Venad. Pillai was asked to lead the Venad army, and the attack, which was spearheaded by Velayyan, was repulsed. As a reward, Iravikkutti Pillai was appointed Chief Minister and Commander-in-Chief of Venad. However, Thirumala Naickar sent another army under the leadership of Ramappayyan to attack Venad. The battle at Kaniyamkulam, near Nagercoil, was decisive. Some army commanders within the Venad army, disguised as the Madurai army, attacked Pillai, and eventually, the Madurai army defeated the Venad army through betrayal. Iravikkutti Pillai was killed in the battle.<br />
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This incident became the theme for the folk song Villadichan Paattu "Kaniyakulathu Poru" in the local Malayalam dialect. The song describes the life history of Iravikkutti Pillai and his trusted disciple, Kunjirakottu Kaali (Kaaliyan). Kunjakott Kāli Nāyar was the son of a woman named Mathirampally Nangeli Pillai, from the land of Kunchakottu in Venad (present day Keezkulathucherry, Thengapattanam, Kanyakumari district.) At the age of five, Iravikkutty Pillai and his uncle Marthandan Thampi informally adopted the poor boy and took him to their ancestral [[tharavad]], which was an Ammaveedu (one of the ancestral bungalows built by the Venad/Travancore kings for their wives and their close relatives).<br />
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Iravikutty Pillai cemetery was near his ancestral house. There is also have Bhadra kali temple which is called as Padathalavan Bhadrakali Temple. His reputed horse was also cremated near his cemetery opposite the temple.<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
* "Mahacharitha Samgraham" by Pallippattu Kunjukrishnan.<br />
*"Iravikuttipilla poru: Oru Padanam" by Doctor Thikkurisi Gangadharan<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, Iruvakuti}}<br />
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br />
[[Category:Year of death missing]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Venad kingdom]]<br />
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{{india-royal-stub}}</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toll_road&diff=475734Toll road2026-03-28T11:08:54Z<p>Ankushraj: typo fix</p>
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<div>{{short description|Roadway for which a fee (or toll) is assessed for passage}}<br />
[[File:I-95 NJTP North - Toll Booth Before Leaving New Jersey (25254133007).jpg|thumb|300px|The 12-lane [[New Jersey Turnpike]] in the U.S. is the most heavily traveled toll road in the world, carrying hundreds of thousands of automobiles daily]]<br />
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A '''toll road''', also known as a '''tollway''', or (mainly in the US) a '''turnpike''' or '''pike''' is a public or private road for which a [[fee]] (or ''[[Toll (fee)|toll]]'') is assessed for passage. It is a form of [[road pricing]] typically implemented to help recoup the costs of [[road construction]] and [[Road maintenance|maintenance]].<br />
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Toll roads have existed in some form since [[Classical antiquity|antiquity]], with tolls levied on passing travelers on foot, wagon, or horseback; a practice that continued with the automobile, and many modern tollways charge fees for [[motor vehicle]]s exclusively. The amount of the toll usually varies by vehicle type, weight, or number of [[axle]]s, with freight trucks often charged higher rates than cars.<br />
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Tolls are often collected at toll plazas, [[toll booths]], [[toll house]]s, toll stations, toll bars, toll barriers, or toll gates. Some toll collection points are automatic, and the user deposits money in a machine which opens the gate once the correct toll has been paid. To cut costs and minimise time delay, many tolls are collected with [[electronic toll collection]] equipment which automatically communicates with a toll payer's [[transponder]] or uses [[automatic number-plate recognition]] to charge drivers by debiting their accounts.<br />
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Criticisms of toll roads include the time taken to stop and pay the toll, and the cost of the toll booth operators—up to about one-third of revenue in some cases. Automated toll-paying systems help minimise both of these. Others object to paying "twice" for the same road, namely in fuel taxes and in tolls.<br />
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In addition to toll roads, [[toll bridge]]s and [[toll tunnel]]s are also used by public authorities to generate funds to repay the cost of building the structures. Some tolls are set aside to pay for future [[Roadworks|maintenance]] or enhancement of infrastructure, or are applied as a general fund by local governments, not being earmarked for transport facilities. This is sometimes limited or prohibited by central government legislation. Also, [[road congestion pricing]] schemes have been implemented in a limited number of urban areas as a [[transportation demand management]] tool to try to reduce [[traffic congestion]] and [[tailpipe emissions|air pollution]].<ref name=FHWA>{{cite web|url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ipd/revenue/road_pricing/defined/|title=Road Pricing Defined|publisher=[[Federal Highway Administration]]|access-date=May 23, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702021419/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ipd/revenue/road_pricing/defined/|archive-date=July 2, 2012}}</ref><br />
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==History==<br />
[[File:Table-of-tolls-College-Road-London-SE21-Tollgate.jpg|thumb|A table of tolls in pre-decimal currency for the [[College Road, Dulwich]], London SE21 tollgate]]<br />
[[File:A toll bar in Roumania, 1877.jpg|thumb|Toll bar in [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|Romania]], 1877]]<br />
[[File:MyanmarCheckpointFee.jpg|thumb|Entrance fees collection in a local community road checkpoint near [[Bagan]] ([[Myanmar]])]]<br />
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===Ancient times===<br />
Toll roads have existed for at least the last 2,700 years, as tolls had to be paid by travellers using the [[Susa]]–[[Babylon]] highway under the regime of [[Ashurbanipal]], who reigned in the seventh century BC.<ref>Gilliet, Henri (1990). "Toll roads-the French experience." Transrouts International, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.</ref><br />
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[[Aristotle]] and [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] refer to tolls in Arabia and other parts of Asia. In [[Ancient India|India]], before the fourth century BC, the ''[[Arthashastra]]'' notes the use of tolls. Similarly, [[Germanic tribes]] charged tolls to travellers across [[mountain pass]]es.<br />
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=== Roman roads ===<br />
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[[Roman road]]s were generally untolled and publicly funded.<br />
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===Middle Ages===<br />
{{main|Road toll (historic)}}<br />
Most roads were not freely open to travel on in Europe during the Middle Ages,<ref>{{cite web |title=Toll |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/toll |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=October 6, 2020}}</ref> and the [[Road toll (historical)|toll]] was one of many [[Feudalism|feudal]] [[fee]]s paid for rights of usage in everyday life. Some major European "highways", such as the [[Via Regia]] and [[Via Imperii]], offered [[Geleitrecht|protection]] to travelers in exchange for paying the royal toll.<br />
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Many modern European roads were originally constructed as toll roads in order to recoup the costs of construction and maintenance, and to generate revenue from passing travelers. In 14th-century England, some of the most heavily used roads were repaired with money raised from tolls by [[pavage]] grants. Widespread toll roads sometimes restricted traffic so much, by their high tolls, that they interfered with trade and cheap transportation needed to alleviate local famines or shortages.<ref>Bernstein, William J.; "The Birth of Plenty: How the Prosperity of the Modern World was Created"; p. 245-6; McGraw-Hill (2010); {{ISBN|978-0071747042}}</ref><br />
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Tolls were used in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in the 14th and 15th centuries.<br />
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===17th-century Dahomey===<br />
After significant road construction undertaken by the [[West African]] kingdom of [[Dahomey]], toll booths were also established with the function of collecting yearly taxes based on the goods carried by the people of Dahomey and their occupation. In some cases, officials imposed fines for public nuisance before allowing people to pass.<ref name="Herskovits (Vol. I)">{{cite book|last=Herskovits|first=Melville J.|title=Dahomey: An Ancient West African Kingdom|year=1967|publisher=Northwestern University Press|location=Evanston, IL|edition=Volume I}}</ref><br />
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===19th century===<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2025}}<br />
Industrialisation in Europe needed major improvements to the transport infrastructure which included many new or substantially improved roads, financed from tolls. The [[A5 road (Great Britain)|A5 road]] in Britain was built to provide a robust transport link between Britain and Ireland and had a toll house every few miles.<br />
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===20th century===<br />
In the 20th century, road tolls were introduced in Europe to finance the construction of motorway networks and specific transport infrastructure such as bridges and tunnels. <br />
[[File:Milano, Autostrada Milano-Laghi, casello 01.jpg|thumb|right|Toll gate of the ''[[Autostrada dei Laghi]]'' ("Lakes Motorway"), the first [[motorway]] built in the world,<ref name="independent"/><ref name="motorwebmuseum"/> in [[Milan]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], in 1924]]<br />
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Italy was the first country in the world to build [[motorway]]s reserved for fast traffic and for motor vehicles only.<ref name=independent>{{Cite news |first=Thea |last=Lenarduzzi |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/the-worlds-first-motorway-piero-puricellis-masterpiece-is-the-focus-of-an-unlikely-pilgrimage-a6840816.html|title=The motorway that built Italy: Piero Puricelli's masterpiece|date=30 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="motorwebmuseum">{{cite web|url=https://www.motorwebmuseum.it/en/places/varese/the-milano-laghi-by-piero-puricelli-the-first-motorway-in-the-world/|title=The "Milano-Laghi" by Piero Puricelli, the first motorway in the world|access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref> The ''[[Autostrada dei Laghi]]'' ("Lakes Motorway"), the first built in the world, connecting [[Milan]] to [[Lake Como]] and [[Lake Maggiore]], and now parts of the [[Autostrada A8 (Italy)|Autostrada A8]] and [[Autostrada A9 (Italy)|Autostrada A9]], was devised by [[Piero Puricelli]] and was inaugurated in 1924.<ref name="motorwebmuseum"/> Piero Puricelli, a civil engineer and entrepreneur, received the first authorization to build a public-utility fast road in 1921, and completed the construction (one lane in each direction) between 1924 and 1926. Piero Puricelli decided to cover the expenses by introducing a toll.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://local.aaca.org/bntc/mileposts/1924.htm |title = 1924 Mile Posts |access-date = 3 April 2006 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080312014538/http://local.aaca.org/bntc/mileposts/1924.htm|archive-date = 12 March 2008 }}</ref><br />
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It was followed by Greece, which made users pay for the network of motorways around and between its cities in 1927. Later in the 1950s and 1960s, France, Spain, and Portugal started to build motorways largely with the aid of concessions, allowing rapid development of this infrastructure without massive state debts. Since then, road tolls have been introduced in the majority of the [[European Union|EU]] member states.<ref>Jordi, Philipp (2008): "Institutional Aspects of Directive 2004/52/EC on the Interoperability of Electronic Road Toll Systems in the Community." Europainstitut der Universität Basel.</ref><br />
[[File:America's Highways 1776–1976 - page 151.jpg|thumb|right|The Pennsylvania Turnpike opened as the first long-distance, controlled-access toll road in the United States in 1940]]<br />
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In the United States, prior to the introduction of the [[Interstate Highway System]] and the large federal grants supplied to states to build it, many states constructed their first [[controlled-access highway|freeways]] by floating [[Bond (finance)|bonds]] backed by toll revenues. The first major fully grade separated toll road was the [[Pennsylvania Turnpike]] in 1940. This was followed up by other toll roads, such as the [[Maine Turnpike]] in 1947, the [[Blue Star Turnpike]] in 1950, the [[New Jersey Turnpike]] in 1951, the [[Garden State Parkway]] in 1952, the [[West Virginia Turnpike]] and [[New York State Thruway]] in 1954, the [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] in 1957, and the [[Chicago Skyway]] and [[Indiana Toll Road]] in 1958. Other toll roads were also established around this time. With the establishment of the Interstate Highway System in the late 1950s, toll road construction in the U.S. slowed down considerably, as the federal government now provided the bulk of funding to construct new freeways, and regulations required that such Interstate highways be free from tolls. Many older toll roads were added to the Interstate System under a [[grandfather clause]] that allowed tolls to continue to be collected on toll roads that predated the system. Some of these such as the [[Connecticut Turnpike]] and the [[Richmond–Petersburg Turnpike]] later removed their tolls when the initial bonds were paid off. Many states, however, have maintained the tolling of these roads as a consistent source of revenue.<br />
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As the Interstate Highway System approached completion during the 1980s, states began constructing toll roads again to provide new freeways which were not part of the original interstate system funding. [[Texas State Highway Beltway 8|Houston's outer beltway]] of interconnected toll roads began in 1983, and many states followed over the last two decades of the 20th century adding new toll roads, including the [[Central Florida Expressway Authority|tollway system around Orlando, Florida]], Colorado's [[E-470]], and [[Georgia State Route 400]].<br />
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===21st century===<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2025}}[[File:SR 417 University Toll Plaza.jpg|thumb|right|Collecting tolls on [[Florida State Road 417|SR 417]] near [[Orlando, Florida]], United States. This shows the two common methods of collection of tolls: [[tollbooth]] (on right) and [[electronic toll collection]] (on left).]]<br />
London, in an effort to reduce traffic within the city, instituted the [[London congestion charge]] in 2003, effectively making all roads within the centre of the city tolled.<br />
[[File:Salik's Al Garhoud Bridge Toll Gate.jpg|thumb|Tolls in the UAE]]<br />
In the United States, as states looked for ways to construct new freeways without federal funding again, to raise revenue for continued road maintenance, and to control congestion, new toll road construction saw significant increases during the first two decades of the 21st century. Spurred on by two innovations, the [[electronic toll collection]] system, and the advent of [[High-occupancy toll lane|high-occupancy and express lane toll]]s, many areas of the U.S. saw large road building projects in major urban areas. Electronic toll collection, first introduced in the 1980s, reduces operating costs by removing toll collectors from roads. Tolled express lanes, by which certain lanes of a freeway are designated "toll only", increases revenue by allowing a free-to-use highway to collect revenue by allowing drivers to bypass traffic jams by paying a toll.<br />
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The [[E-ZPass]] system, compatible with many state systems, is the largest ETC system in the U.S., and is used for both fully tolled highways and tolled express lanes. [[Maryland Route 200]] and the [[Triangle Expressway]] in North Carolina were the first toll roads built without toll booths, with drivers charged via ETC or by optical license plate recognition and are billed by mail. In addition, many older toll roads are also being upgraded to an all-electronic tolling system, abandoning the hybrid systems they adopted during the late 20th century. These include the [[Massachusetts Turnpike]], one of the oldest American toll roads, which went all-electronic in 2016, and the [[Pennsylvania Turnpike]], America's oldest toll freeway, which went all-electronic in 2020, along with the [[Illinois Tollway]], which both accelerated their transitions to such due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<br />
[[File:Lefferts toll booth snow jeh.JPG|thumb|19th-century toll booth in [[History of Brooklyn|Brooklyn, New York]]]]<br />
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==By country==<br />
===Toll roads in Australia===<br />
{{Main|Toll roads in Australia}}<br />
The first free-flow tolling was constructed in [[Melbourne]] with [[CityLink]] in 1999. Since then, toll roads have been constructed in most Australian cities with [[Sydney]] having the largest amount of toll roads, the most recent projects being [[WestConnex]] and [[NorthConnex]]. Most toll roads are operated by [[Transurban]].<br />
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===Toll roads in the United Kingdom===<br />
{{Main|Toll roads in Great Britain}}<br />
{{Further|Turnpike trust}}<br />
[[Turnpike trust]]s were established in England and Wales from 1663 in response to the need for better roads than the few and poorly maintained tracks then available. Turnpike trusts were set up by individual [[act of Parliament (United Kingdom)|acts of Parliament]], with powers to collect road tolls to repay loans for building, improving, and maintaining the principal roads in [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]]. At their peak, in the 1830s, over 1,000 trusts<ref>''Parliamentary Papers'', 1840, Vol 280 xxvii.</ref> administered around {{convert|30000|mi|km}} of turnpike road in England and Wales, taking tolls at almost 8,000 toll-gates.<ref name="Searlep798">{{cite book |last=Searle |first=M. |title=Turnpikes and Toll Bars |edition=Limited |publisher=Hutchinson & Co. |year=1930 |page=798}}</ref><br />
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The trusts were ultimately responsible for the maintenance and improvement of most of the main roads in England and Wales, which were used to distribute agricultural and industrial goods economically. The tolls were a source of revenue for road building and maintenance, paid for by road users and not from general taxation. The turnpike trusts were gradually abolished from the 1870s. Most trusts improved existing roads, but some new roads, usually only short stretches, were also built. [[Thomas Telford]]'s [[Holyhead]] road followed [[Watling Street]] from London but was exceptional in creating a largely new route beyond [[Shrewsbury]], and especially beyond [[Llangollen]]. Built in the early 19th century, with many toll booths along its length, most of it is now the [[A5 road (Great Britain)|A5]]. In the modern day, one major toll road is the [[M6 Toll]], relieving traffic congestion on the [[M6 motorway|M6]] in Birmingham. A few notable bridges and tunnels continue as toll roads including the [[Dartford Crossing]] and [[Mersey Gateway]] bridge.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}<br />
[[File:Autopista La Paz-El Alto.jpg|thumb|Toll plaza at the La Paz-El Alto expressway, dividing both city limits]]<br />
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===Toll roads in Canada===<br />
Some cities in Canada had toll roads in the 19th century. Roads radiating from [[Toronto]] required users to pay at [[Tollkeeper's cottages in Ontario|toll gates]] along the street ([[Yonge Street]], [[Bloor Street]], [[Davenport Road]], [[Kingston Road (Toronto)|Kingston Road]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toronto.ca/archives/toronto_history_faqs.htm|title=Toronto.ca|access-date=September 19, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033337/http://www.toronto.ca/archives/toronto_history_faqs.htm|archive-date=September 30, 2007}}</ref> but the toll gates disappeared after 1895.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lostrivers.ca/points/earlyrds.htm|title=Lostrivers.ca|access-date=September 19, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519225614/http://www.lostrivers.ca/points/earlyrds.htm|archive-date=May 19, 2014}}</ref><br />
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===Toll roads in the United States===<br />
{{see also|:Category:Pre-freeway turnpikes in the United States}}<br />
In the eastern United States of the 18th and 19th century, hundreds of private turnpikes were created to facilitate travel between towns and cities, typically outside built-up areas.<br />
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19th-century [[plank road]]s were usually operated as toll roads. One of the first US motor roads, the [[Long Island Motor Parkway]] (which opened on October 10, 1908) was built by William Kissam Vanderbilt II, the great-grandson of [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]]. The road was closed in 1938 when it was taken over by the state of New York in lieu of back taxes.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/automobiles/12LIMP.html | work=The New York Times | title=A 100-Year-Old Dream: A Road Just for Cars | first=Phil | last=Patton | date=October 12, 2008 | access-date=March 27, 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209062841/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/automobiles/12LIMP.html | archive-date=December 9, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=1249017&site_id=1#import|title=BBS.keyhole.com|access-date=September 19, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922145434/http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=1249017&site_id=1#import|archive-date=September 22, 2009}}</ref><br />
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=== Toll roads in Russia ===<br />
The first toll road in St. Petersburg appeared in the 2000s. The [[Western High-Speed Diameter]] (WHSD) is a multilane motorway running from the South to the North. The road connects the southwest of the city, including the Sea Port area, with the Ring Road, Vasilievsky Island, Kurortny district and the Scandinavia motorway. The WHSD is divided into three sections: Southern, Central and Northern. The entire stretch of the WHSD was opened for traffic in 2016.<br />
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There are 16 toll plazas on the WHSD. Paying toll by transponder is mostly recommended for frequent drivers. The Flow+ toll collection system was implemented on the WHSD. The system was designed for automatic calculation of the driving distance of a vehicle equipped with a transponder. The system does not require constructing toll plazas at each entrance to or exit from the highway. Transponders mounted on vehicles are read by signal receivers installed at the entrance and exit ramps.<br />
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=== Toll roads in Italy ===<br />
{{main|Autostrade of Italy}}<br />
{{see also|Roads in Italy}}<br />
[[File:Barriera venezia mestre.png|thumb|[[Tollbooth|Toll plaza]] along the [[Tangenziale di Mestre|Autostrada A57]]|400x400px]]<br />
[[File:Highway A9, toll station Como Grandate, Italy-8973.jpg|thumb|Toll station along the [[Autostrada A9 (Italy)|Autostrada A9]]]]<br />
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In Italy the only [[Toll (fee)|toll]] roads are the ''[[autostrada|autostrade]]'' (Italian for [[motorways]]). Major exceptions are the beltways around some larger cities (''tangenziali'') which are not part of a thoroughfare motorway, and the [[Autostrada A2 (Italy)|Autostrada A2]] between [[Salerno]] and [[Reggio di Calabria]] which is operated by the government-owned [[ANAS]]. Both are toll free.<br />
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On Italian motorways, the toll applies to almost all motorways not managed by [[Anas (company)|Anas]]. The collection of motorway tolls, from a tariff point of view, is managed mainly in two ways: either through the "closed motorway system" (km travelled) or through the "open motorway system" (flat-rate toll).<ref name="autostrade.it">{{cite web|url=http://www.autostrade.it/il-pedaggio/come-si-calcola.html?initPosAra=4_1|title=Come si calcola il pedaggio - Autostrade per l'Italia S.p.A|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406014722/http://www.autostrade.it/il-pedaggio/come-si-calcola.html?initPosAra=4_1|archive-date=6 April 2010|access-date=5 March 2024|language=it}}</ref><br />
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Given the multiplicity of operators, the toll is only requested when exiting the motorway and not when the motorway operator changes. This system was made possible following article 14 of law 531 of 12 August 1982.<ref name="edizionieuropee">{{cite web|url=http://www.edizionieuropee.it/LAW/HTML/52/zn93_09_047.html|title=Legge 12 agosto 1982, n. 531. - Piano decennale per la viabilità di grande comunicazione e misure di riassetto del settore autostradale.|access-date=5 March 2024|language=it}}</ref><br />
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From a technical point of view, however, the mixed barrier/free-flow system is active where, at the entrance and exit from the motorways, there are lanes dedicated to the collection of a ticket (on entry) and the delivery of the ticket with simultaneous payment (on exit) and other lanes where, during transit without the need to stop, an [[Electronic toll collection|electronic toll system]]<ref>In Italy the devices allowed are [[Telepass]], {{ill|MooneyGo|it}}, {{ill|UnipolMove|it}} and other devices pursuant to [[European Union|EU]] regulations</ref> present in the vehicles records the data and debits the toll, generally into the bank account previously communicated by the customer, to the manager of his device. In Italy, this occurs through the [[Autostrade per l'Italia]] interchange system.<br />
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The [[Autostrada A36]], [[Autostrada A59]] and [[Autostrada A60]] are exclusively free-flow. On these motorways, those who do not have the electronic toll device on board must proceed with the payment by subsequently communicating the data to the motorway manager (by telephone, online or by going to the offices dedicated to payment).<br />
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The closed motorway system is applied to most Italian motorways.<ref name="laleggepertutti">{{cite web|url=https://www.laleggepertutti.it/628460_dove-sono-i-pedaggi|title=Dove sono i pedaggi?|access-date=28 February 2024|language=it}}</ref> It requires the driver of the vehicle to collect a special ticket at the entrance to the motorway and pay the amount due upon exit. If equipped with an electronic toll system the two procedures are completely automatic and the driver on the detection lanes located at the entrances and exits from the motorways subject to toll payment must only proceed at a maximum speed of {{convert|30|km/h|mph|round=5}} without the need to stop.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asartservizi.it/servizi/telepass-e-viacard-2/|title=PER VIAGGIARE IN ITALIA TELEPASS E VIACARD|access-date=28 February 2024|language=it}}</ref> The amount is directly proportional to the distance travelled by the vehicle, the coefficient of its class and a variable coefficient from motorway to motorway, called the kilometre rate. <br />
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Unlike the closed motorway system, in the open system, the road user does not pay based on the distance travelled. Motorway barriers are arranged along the route (however not at every junction), at which the user pays a fixed sum, depending only on the class of the vehicle.<ref name="laleggepertutti"/> The user can therefore travel along sections of the motorway without paying any toll as the barriers may not be present on the section travelled.<br />
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== Charging methods ==<br />
{{main|Road pricing}}<br />
Road tolls were levied traditionally for a specific access (e.g. city) or for a specific infrastructure (e.g. roads, bridges). These concepts were widely used until the last century. However, the evolution in technology made it possible to implement road tolling policies based on different concepts. The different charging concepts are designed to suit different requirements regarding purpose of the charge, charging policy, the network to the charge, tariff class differentiation, et cetera:<ref>Oehry, Bernhard (2004): Tolling with Satellites – a System Concept for Everybody?" in: Jordi, Philipp (2008): "Institutional Aspects of Directive 2004/52/EC on the Interoperability of Electronic Road Toll Systems in the Community." Europainstitut der Universität Basel.</ref><br />
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* Time-based charges and access fees: In a time-based charging regime, a road user has to pay for a given period of time in which they may use the associated infrastructure. For the practically identical access fees, the user pays for the access to a restricted zone for a period or several days.<br />
* Motorway and other infrastructure tolling: The term tolling is used for charging a well-defined special and comparatively costly infrastructure, like a bridge, a tunnel, a mountain pass, a motorway concession, or the whole motorway network of a country. Classically a toll is due when a vehicle passes a tolling station, be it a manual barrier-controlled toll plaza or a free-flow multi-lane station.<br />
* Distance or area charging: In a distance or area charging system concept, vehicles are charged per total distance driven in a defined area.<br />
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Some toll roads charge a toll in only one direction. Examples include the [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]], [[Sydney Harbour Tunnel]], and [[Eastern Distributor]] (these all charge tolls city-bound) in Australia, in the United States, crossings between [[Pennsylvania]] and [[New Jersey]] operated by [[Delaware River Port Authority]] and crossings between New Jersey and [[New York (state)|New York]] operated by [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]]. This technique is practical where the [[Shunpiking|detour to avoid the toll]] is large or the toll differences are small.<br />
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==Collection methods==<br />
{{Redirect|Tollbar}}<br />
{{see also|Tollbooth|Toll house|Electronic toll collection}}<br />
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[[File:Balintawak Toll Barrier.jpg|right|thumb|Balintawak toll plaza of the [[North Luzon Expressway]] in [[Caloocan]], [[Philippines]]. The toll barrier has both electronic toll collection and cash payment in the same barrier, before a new toll plaza was added.]]<br />
[[File:Electronic Toll Equipment in Ontario.jpg|thumb|Overhead cameras and reader attached to a gantry on [[Ontario Highway 407|Highway 407]] in [[Ontario]]]]<br />
Traditionally, tolls were paid by hand at a toll gate. Although payments may still be made in cash, it is more common now to pay using an [[electronic toll collection]] system. In some places, payment is made using [[transponder]]s which are affixed to the windscreen.<br />
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Three systems of toll roads exist: ''open'' (with [[Barrier toll system|mainline barrier toll plazas]]); ''closed'' (with entry/exit tolls); and ''open road'' (no toll booths, only electronic toll collection gantries at entrances and exits or at strategic locations on the median of the road). Some toll roads use a combination of the three systems.<br />
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On an open toll system, all vehicles stop at various locations along the highway to pay a toll.<ref name="CBOReport_Page_44">{{cite book |last1=Schneider |first1= Suzanne B.|title=Toll Financing of U.S. Highways |date=1985 |publisher=Congressional Budget Office, Congress of the United States |location=Washington, D.C. |page=44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxspAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA44 |accessdate=1 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Schaufler_Page_8">{{cite book |last1=Schaufler |first1=Albert E. |title=NCHRP Synthesis 240: Toll Plaza Design |date=1997 |publisher=National Academy Press |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=9780309060165 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Upbj8rDAz4kC&pg=PA8}}</ref> (This is different from "open road tolling", where ''no'' vehicles stop to pay a toll.) While this may save money from the lack of need to construct toll booths at every exit, it can cause traffic congestion while traffic queues at the mainline toll plazas (toll barriers). It is also possible for motorists to enter an 'open toll road' after one toll barrier and exit before the next one, thus travelling on the toll road toll-free.<ref name="Schaufler_Page_8" /><ref name="CBOReport_Page_45">{{cite book |last1=Schneider |first1= Suzanne B.|title=Toll Financing of U.S. Highways |date=1985 |publisher=Congressional Budget Office, Congress of the United States |location=Washington, D.C. |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxspAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA45 |accessdate=1 May 2020}}</ref> Most open toll roads have ramp tolls or partial access junctions to prevent this practice, known in the U.S. as "[[shunpiking]]".<br />
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With a closed toll system, vehicles collect a [[Ticket system|ticket]] when entering the highway.<ref name="CBOReport_Page_44" /><ref name="Schaufler_Page_8" /> In some cases, the ticket displays the toll to be paid on exit. Upon exit, the driver must pay the amount listed for the given exit. Should the ticket be lost, a driver must typically pay the maximum amount possible for travel on that highway. Short toll roads with no intermediate entries or exits may have only one toll plaza at one end, with motorists travelling in either direction paying a flat fee either when they enter or when they exit the toll road. In a variant of the closed toll system, mainline barriers are present at the two endpoints of the toll road, and each interchange has a ramp toll that is paid upon exit or entry. In this case, a motorist pays a flat fee at the ramp toll and another flat fee at the end of the toll road; no ticket is necessary. In addition, with most systems, motorists may pay tolls only with cash or change; debit and credit cards are not accepted. However, some toll roads may have travel plazas with ATMs so motorists can stop and withdraw cash for the tolls.<br />
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The toll is calculated by the distance travelled on the toll road or the specific exit chosen. In the United States, for instance, the [[New Jersey Turnpike]] and most of the [[Ohio Turnpike]] and [[Indiana Toll Road]] currently implement closed systems. The [[Pennsylvania Turnpike]], [[Massachusetts Turnpike]], [[Florida's Turnpike]], [[Kansas Turnpike]], and [[New York State Thruway]] are toll roads that used to feature closed toll systems, but have been converted to [[open road tolling]] in recent years.<br />
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The Union Toll Plaza on the [[Garden State Parkway]] was the first ever to use an automated toll collection machine. A plaque commemorating the event includes the first quarter collected at its toll booths.<ref>{{cite web | title = Union Watersphere | publisher = lostinjersey.wordpress.com | date = March 19, 2009 | url = http://lostinjersey.wordpress.com/2009/03/19/the-union-watersphere/ | access-date = February 23, 2012 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130829085826/http://lostinjersey.wordpress.com/2009/03/19/the-union-watersphere/ | archive-date = August 29, 2013 }}</ref><br />
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The first major deployment of an [[RFID]] [[electronic toll collection]] system in the United States was on the [[Dallas North Tollway]] in 1989 by [[Amtech]] (see [[TollTag]]). The Amtech RFID technology used on the Dallas North Tollway was originally developed at Sandia Labs for use in tagging and tracking livestock. In the same year, the [[Telepass]] active transponder RFID system was introduced across Italy. Several US states now use [[US Mobile Tolling Platforms|mobile tolling platforms]] to facilitate use of payment via smartphones.<br />
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[[Ontario Highway 407|Highway 407]] in the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, has no toll booths, and instead reads a transponder mounted on the windshields of each vehicle using the road (the rear licence plates of vehicles lacking a transponder are photographed when they enter and exit the highway). This made the highway the first all-automated toll highway in the world. A bill is mailed monthly for usage of the 407. Lower charges are levied on frequent 407 users who carry electronic transponders in their vehicles. The approach has not been without controversy: In 2003 the 407 ETR settled<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.407etr.com/documents/news/ni03-07-03.pdf |title= 407ETR.com |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100101044301/http://407etr.com/documents/news/ni03-07-03.pdf |archive-date= January 1, 2010 }}</ref> a class action with a refund to users.<br />
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Throughout most of the East Coast of the United States, [[E-ZPass]] (operated under the brand [[I-Pass]] in [[Illinois]]) is accepted on almost all toll roads. Similar systems include [[SunPass]] in [[Florida]], [[FasTrak]] in [[California]], [[Good to Go (toll collection system)|Good to Go]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington state]], and [[E-470|ExpressToll]] in [[Colorado]]. The systems use a small radio [[transponder]] mounted in or on a customer's vehicle to deduct toll fares from a pre-paid account as the vehicle passes through the toll barrier. This reduces manpower at toll booths and increases traffic flow and fuel efficiency by reducing the need for complete stops to pay tolls at these locations.<br />
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By designing a toll gate specifically for electronic collection, it is possible to carry out open-road tolling, where the customer does not need to slow at all when passing through the toll gate. The U.S. state of [[Texas]] is using a system that has no toll booths. Drivers without a TollTag have their license plate photographed automatically and the registered owner will receive a monthly bill, at a higher rate than those vehicles with TollTags. A similar variation of automatic collection is the Toll Roads in Orange County, CA, US, wherein all entry or collection points are equipped with high-speed cameras which read license plates and users will have 7 calendar days to pay online using their plate number or else set up an account for automatic debits.<br />
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The first all-electronic toll road in the northeastern United States, the InterCounty Connector ([[Maryland Route 200]]) was partially opened to traffic in February 2011,<ref name=sun>{{cite web| title =First phase of ICC to open Feb. 22| work =Baltimore Sun| author =Michael Dresser| date =February 7, 2011| url =http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/news/traffic/2011/02/fiirst_phase_of_icc_to_open_fe.html| access-date =February 7, 2011| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110210063121/http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/news/traffic/2011/02/fiirst_phase_of_icc_to_open_fe.html| archive-date =February 10, 2011}}</ref> and the final segment was completed in November 2014.<ref>{{cite web| title =Final section of ICC to Laurel, new I-95 interchange to open this weekend| work =Baltimore Sun| author =Kevin Rector| date =November 5, 2014| url =http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-icc-opening-20141105-story.html| access-date =June 19, 2015| url-status =live| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150626170331/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-icc-opening-20141105-story.html| archive-date =June 26, 2015}}</ref> The first section of another all-electronic toll road, the [[Triangle Expressway]], opened at the beginning of 2012 in North Carolina.<ref>{{cite news|title=Drivers roll on state's first toll road|url=http://www.wral.com/traffic/story/10554492/|access-date=April 7, 2012|newspaper=WRAL.com|date=January 31, 2012}}</ref><br />
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==Financing and management==<br />
Some toll roads are managed under such systems as the [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] (BOT) system. Private companies build the roads and are given a limited franchise. Ownership is transferred to the government when the franchise expires. A good example is the [[M-9 motorway (Pakistan)|M-9 motorway]] in [[Pakistan]], which was originally known as the Super Highway. type of arrangement is prevalent in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Indonesia, India, South Korea, Japan, and the [[Philippines]]. The BOT system is a fairly new concept that is becoming more popular in the United States, with [[California]], [[Delaware]], [[Florida]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Mississippi]],<ref>[http://www.mdot.state.ms.us/newsApp/newsDetail.aspx?referrer=home&id=511200733938] {{dead link|date=April 2018|bot=Redalert2fan|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> [[Texas]], and [[Virginia]] already building and operating toll roads under this scheme. [[Pennsylvania]], [[Massachusetts]], [[New Jersey]], and [[Tennessee]] are also considering the BOT methodology for future highway projects.<br />
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The more traditional means of managing toll roads in the United States is through semi-autonomous [[public authority|public authorities]]. [[Kansas]], [[Maryland]], [[Massachusetts]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New Jersey]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[North Carolina]], [[Ohio]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[West Virginia]] manage their toll roads in this manner. While most of the toll roads in California, Delaware, Florida, Texas, and Virginia are operating under the BOT arrangement, a few of the older toll roads in these states are still operated by public authorities.<br />
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In France, some toll roads are operated by private or public companies, with specific taxes collected by the state.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}<br />
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== Arguments against toll roads ==<br />
Toll roads have been criticised{{by whom|date=November 2021}} as being inefficient in various ways:<ref name="Roth">{{cite book<br />
| last = Roth<br />
| first = Gabriel<br />
| title = Roads in a market economy<br />
| publisher = Ashgate Publishing Company<br />
| year = 1998<br />
| page = 122<br />
| isbn = 978-0-291-39814-7 }}</ref><br />
# They require vehicles to stop or slow down (except [[open road tolling]]).<br />
# Collection costs can reduce revenue by up to a third, and revenue theft is considered{{by whom|date=November 2021}} to be comparatively easy.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}<br />
# Where the tolled roads are less congested than the parallel "free" roads, the traffic diversion resulting from the tolls increases congestion on the road system and reduces its usefulness.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chronicle |date=2013-04-07 |title=Eliminate toll roads |url=https://www.chronicleonline.com/opinion/letters_to_editor/eliminate-toll-roads/article_26cecbdf-d290-51be-9086-74d5632de3c1.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Chronicle Online |language=en}}</ref><br />
# There are concerns about [[government surveillance]] associated with both electronic tolls and some forms of "classical" toll collection.<br />
<br />
A number of additional criticisms are also directed at toll roads in general:<br />
# Toll roads are a form of [[regressive tax]]ation; that is, compared to conventional taxes for funding roads, they benefit wealthier citizens more than poor citizens.<ref>{{cite journal| journal=Transportation Quarterly | volume=57 | date=Summer 2003 | url=http://www.tollfreeinterstates.com/sites/default/files/The%20Inefficiency%20of%20Toll%20Collection%20as%20a%20Means%20of%20Taxation.pdf | page=26 | quote=Nakamura and Kockelman (2002) show that tolls are by nature regressive ...|title = The Inefficiency of Toll Collection as a Means of Taxation: Evidence from the Garden State Parkway|last1 = Peters|first1 = Jonathan R.|last2 = Kramer|first2= Jonathan K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Who Uses Toll Roads?: An Analysis of Central Texas Turnpike Users | last1=Robertson|first1=Christopher Charles|last2=Prozzi|first2=Jolanda|last3=Walton|first3=C. Michael | year=2008 | publisher=Southwest Regional University Transportation Center, Center for Transportation Research, University of Texas at Austin | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7MkAQAAMAAJ | page=30 | quote=Low income users unable to pay to use toll facilities, however, will not gain most of the benefits accessible to those with the ability to pay. ... The study concludes that ... toll roads are a regressive form of funding road systems ... | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301151550/https://books.google.com/books?id=S7MkAQAAMAAJ | archive-date=March 1, 2018 }}</ref><br />
# If toll roads are owned or managed by private for profit entities, the citizens may lose money overall compared to conventional public funding because the private owners or operators of the toll system will naturally seek to profit from the roads.<ref>{{cite book | title=Contemporary Business | author=Kurtz, David L.; Boone, Louis E. | year=2008 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1RQ53EH4pOAC | page=17 | publisher=South-Western Cengage Learning | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301151556/https://books.google.com/books?id=1RQ53EH4pOAC | archive-date=March 1, 2018 | isbn=978-0324653847 }}</ref><br />
# The managing entities, whether public or private, may not correctly account for the overall social costs, particularly to the poor, when setting pricing and thus may hurt the neediest segments of society.<ref>{{cite book | title=Modernizing Infrastructure in Transformation Economies | author=von Hirschhausen, Christian | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecQDn_8DtSMC | page=155 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301151550/https://books.google.com/books?id=ecQDn_8DtSMC | archive-date=March 1, 2018 | isbn=9781781959787 | date=January 1, 2002 | publisher=Edward Elgar }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Arguments in favor of toll roads==<br />
* Tolls help [[externality#Possible solutions|internalize]] some of the [[externalities of automobiles]], that is costs automobile traffic imposes on society that are not borne by users.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2004/08/toll_roads_and_.html|title=Toll Roads and Externalities|date=18 August 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yin |first1=Yafeng |last2=Lawphongpanich |first2=Siriphong |title=Internalizing emission externality on road networks |journal=Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment |date=1 July 2006 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=292–301 |doi=10.1016/j.trd.2006.05.003 |bibcode=2006TRPD...11..292Y }}</ref><br />
* Through [[dynamic pricing]] trips that do not have to occur at [[rush hour]] can be moved to other times of the day or [[disappearing traffic|be avoided altogether]]. This makes more efficient use of existing road capacity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/cprm/events/RSanchez|title = Dynamic Pricing on the Road: How Managed Tolls Are Increasing Efficiency and Innovation|date = 16 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Louie Nan |last2=McDonald |first2=John F. |title=Efficient Congestion Tolls in the Presence of Unpriced Congestion: A Peak and Off-Peak Simulation Model |journal=Journal of Urban Economics |date=1 November 1998 |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=352–366 |doi=10.1006/juec.1997.2073 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Soreang Toll Gate.jpg|The entrance to [[Soreang–Pasir Koja Toll Road|the Soreang toll]] gate in the [[Soreang]] area of [[Bandung Regency|Bandung]], [[West Java]], [[Indonesia]] <br />
File:New Jersey Turnpike toll gate.jpg|E-ZPass lanes at a [[New Jersey Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 95|I-95]]) Toll Gate for Exit 8A in [[Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|Monroe Township, New Jersey]]<br />
File:Exit to SCTEX.JPG|Tipo toll plaza in [[Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway]], [[Hermosa, Bataan]], Philippines, before the integration with NLEX<br />
File:163rd Street Open Road Tolling Lane.jpg|The [[open road tolling]] lanes at the West 163rd Street toll plaza, on the [[Tri-State Tollway]] near [[Markham, Illinois]], United States<br />
File:Rhode Island Truck Toll Gantry.jpg|In 2018 Rhode Island became one of the first states to set up gantries to exclusively toll only tractor trailer trucks. Gantry shown on I-95 North.<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of toll roads]]<br />
* [[Geography of toll roads]]<br />
* [[Automobile costs]]<br />
* [[Barrier toll system]]<br />
* [[High-occupancy toll lane]]<br />
* [[Private highway]]<br />
* [[Shadow toll]]<br />
* [[Shunpiking]], the practice of avoiding turnpikes<br />
* [[Toll house]]<br />
* [[Turnpike trusts]] – England and Wales<br />
* [[Freeway]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|Toll roads}}<br />
* [http://www.turnpikeinfo.com Turnpike Info]<br />
* [http://www.tolltickets.com/en/country/products Toll Tickets official website]<br />
*[https://www.ibtta.org International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association] The International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association (IBTTA) is the worldwide alliance of toll operators and associated industries that provides a forum for sharing knowledge and ideas to promote and enhance toll-financed transportation services.<br />
*[http://www.tollroadsnews.com/ Toll Roads News] from contractor perspective<br />
*[http://www.turnpikes.org.uk Turnpike Roads in England and Wales], for background on toll roads during the turnpike era in England<br />
<br />
{{Toll road}}<br />
{{Road types}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Toll Road}}<br />
[[Category:Toll roads|Toll roads]]<br />
[[Category:Road infrastructure]]<br />
[[Category:Types of roads]]<br />
[[Category:Toll (fee)|Roads]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aditi_Gupta&diff=484632Aditi Gupta2026-03-25T04:54:54Z<p>Ankushraj: Started Some Info With Sources.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian author}}<br />
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --><br />
| name = Aditi Gupta<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = Aditi Gupta at Menstrupedia Office<br />
| birth_place = [[Garhwa]], [[Jharkhand]], India<br />
| occupation = Author and co-founder of Menstrupedia Comic<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| alma_mater = [[National Institute of Design]]<br />
| genre = Menstrupedia Comic<br />
| spouse = Tuhin Paul<br />
| children = <br />
| awards = <br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.menstrupedia.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Aditi Gupta''' ({{langx|hi|अदिति गुप्ता}}) is an Indian author and co-founder of [[Menstrupedia Comic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2015/11/151123_100women_innovators_facewall_pk|title=#100Women मौलिक सोच, नए रास्ते (भाग-6)|last=हिंदी|first=BBC|website=BBC हिंदी|date=25 November 2015|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> She and her husband, both [[National Institute of Design]] Alumni, co-founded [[Menstrupedia Comic]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ashaval.com/aditi-gupta-ushering-period-positive-change-0313559/|title=Aditi Gupta - Ushering a 'Period Positive' Change|last=Mankad|first=Ruchi|date=2019-03-01|website=Ashaval.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-04|archive-date=2019-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093132/https://ashaval.com/aditi-gupta-ushering-period-positive-change-0313559/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, she was named in the [[Forbes 30 Under 30|''Forbes'' India 30 Under 30]] 2014 list.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Aditi Gupta is an engineering graduate and a post-graduate in new media design from the [[National Institute of Design]], [[Ahmedabad]]. She was born in [[Garhwa]] in [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://businessworld.in/article/-Entrepreneurship-Is-Game-Changer-For-Women-/07-03-2017-114003|title='Entrepreneurship Is Game-Changer For Women'|last=Gupta|first=Soumya|website=BW Businessworld|language=en|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref> Aditi met her husband, Tuhin Paul, in the [[National Institute of Design]] where they both worked on several projects together. They found a severe lack of awareness about menstruation even among the most educated people, and that many still believed and followed menstrual myths.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.womensweb.in/articles/aditi-gupta-menstrupedia/|title=Aditi Gupta Menstrupedia|website=Women's Web: For Women Who Do|language=en|access-date=2019-01-19|archive-date=2019-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507033814/https://www.womensweb.in/articles/aditi-gupta-menstrupedia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Drawing from her experiences during her teen-age she started Menstrupedia.<br />
<br />
She started menstruating at the age of 12,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150103/commentary-sunday-chronicle/article/lady-doth-protest-period|title=The lady doth protest, PERIOD!|last=reddy|first=gayatri|date=2015-01-04|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref> however, she was not taught about [[menstruation]] in school until the age of 15, like other schools in India. She had to also abide by the age-old traditions while menstruating, such as, not being allowed to touch a place of worship, or to sit on other people’s beds; and having to wash and dry her clothes separately.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, she was not allowed to use the [[menstrual pad|sanitary napkins]] available in the market as buying them would jeopardize the family’s dignity.<ref name="Bahukh">{{Cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/08/23/interview-menstrupedia-aditi-gupta/|title=In Conversation With Menstrupedia: Changing The Narrative Around Menstruation|last1=Bahukh|first1=Shivani|last2=i|date=2017-08-22|website=Feminism In India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref> She bought her first sanitary napkin at the age of 15.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
The lack of awareness and education about menstruation motivated her to undergo research on the subject for one year.<ref name="Bahukh"/> She collated information from doctors and girls which gave her an idea to start a comic book with three young girls and a doctor as the main characters. She put up the comic books on a website (www.talesofchange.in). In November 2012, Gupta and her husband, Paul started Menstrupedia to spread more knowledge and awareness about the subject.<ref name="Dubey 2021">{{cite news |last1=Dubey |first1=Shilpa |title=#WomenInBusiness: Meet Aditi Gupta, Co-founder Of Menstrupedia |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/womeninbusiness-meet-aditi-gupta-co-founder-ofmenstrupedia-200304.html |access-date=5 July 2023 |work=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |date=6 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> It originally began as a thesis project while they were in [[National Institute of Design]], [[Ahmedabad]]. The website has developed into a platform ‘providing information on puberty and sexuality for pre-teens and teenagers.’<br />
<br />
Menstrupedia provides a user-friendly guide to menstruation, hygiene and puberty and helps break myths associated to them. The aim of the website is to present this information in a [[culturally sensitive]] and an easy-to-understand way through [[digital media]]. The website contains various [[comic book]]s, [[blog]]s, Q&A section and a Learn section. As of 2018, the comics are available in fourteen languages and have been utilised in more than 18 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shespeaksworldywca.org/spotlight-on-aditi-gupta-founder-of-menstrupedia-from-india/|title=Spotlight on Aditi Gupta, Founder of Menstrupedia from India – World YWCA {{!}} She Speaks|date=20 November 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref> Gupta prepared the materials used in schools in five states of North India currently.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trustwomenconf.com/profile/index2.html?id=1ec35123-19e1-4e40-afec-2aa132e376a8|title=Trust Women Conference|website=Trust Women Conference|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> Gupta distributed these comics, in schools in [[Mehsana]], [[Gandhinagar]], [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Ranchi]], where the girls, their parents and teachers liked them a lot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30/aditi-gupta-addressing-a-social-taboo-creatively/37145/1|title=Forbes India Magazine - Aditi Gupta: Addressing a Social Taboo Creatively|website=Forbes India|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> [[Menstrupedia Comic|Menstrupedia]] has started several campaigns in collaboration with Whisper India such as Touch the Pickle movement in collaboration with many actresses like [[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Parineeti Chopra]], [[Kalki Koechlin]], [[Neha Dhupia]], [[Mandira Bedi]] among others. She was listed on the ''[[Forbes]]'' India U-30 list.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30/the-30-under-30-class-of-2014-a-report-card/39557/1|title=Forbes India Magazine - The 30 Under 30 class of 2014: A report card|website=Forbes India|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Menstrupedia Comic|Menstrupedia]] receives one hundred thousand visitors every month.{{cn|date=October 2021}} Her comic books have been used by NGOs like Protsahan, Munshi Jagannath Bhagwan Smriti Sansthan, Instincts, Kanha along with two Buddhists monasteries in Ladakh.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.ted.com/talks/aditi_gupta_a_taboo_free_way_to_talk_about_periods#t-13626 Aditi Gupta] speaks at [[TED (conference)|TED]]<br />
*[http://graphicshelf.com/menstrupedia/ Menstrupedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607064820/https://graphicshelf.com/menstrupedia/ |date=2020-06-07 }} - GraphicShelf<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Aditi}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comics writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women comics writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:Menstrual cycle]]<br />
[[Category:People from Garhwa district]]<br />
[[Category:National Institute of Design alumni]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalaburagi&diff=463039Kalaburagi2026-03-24T11:38:57Z<p>Ankushraj: </p>
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<div>{{short description|City in Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{About|the municipality in India|its namesake district|Kalaburagi district}}<br />
{{Redirect|Kalburgi|the scholar and writer|M. M. Kalburgi}}<br />
{{pp-move}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kalaburagi<br />
| official_name = <br />
| other_name = Gulbarga<br />
| settlement_type = City<br />
| image_skyline = GulbargaPlaces.png<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Clockwise from top left, [[Sharana Basaveshwara Temple]], [[Buddha Vihar, Gulbarga|Buddha Vihar]], [[Bande Nawaz|Khwaja Banda Nawaz Dargah]], [[Central University of Karnataka|CUK Kalaburagi]], [[ESIC Medical College and PGIMSR, Kalaburagi]] and [[Kalaburagi Fort]]<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 6<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = Kalaburagi in Karnataka<br />
| nicknames = <br />
| pushpin_map =<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|17.329|N|76.825|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]<br />
| established_title = <br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation]]<br />
| governing_body = <br />
*[[Kalaburagi Mahanagara Palike|Kalaburagi City Corporation]]<br />
*Kalaburagi Urban Development Authority<br />
| leader_title = Mayor<br />
| leader_name = Yellappa Naikodi<br />
| leader_title1 = Member of Parliament<br />
| leader_name1 = [[Radhakrishna Doddamani]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 192<br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 454<br />
| population_total = 533,587<ref name=C2>{{cite web | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803207-gulbarga-karnataka.html | title=Gulbarga Population Census 2011 - 2019 | publisher=Census 2011 | access-date=4 February 2019 }}</ref><br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_density_km2 = 8275<br />
| population_metro = 543,147<ref name=C2 /><br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_note = <br />
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}<br />
| blank_info = [[Kannada]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016}}</ref><br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 585101-106<br />
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]<br />
| area_code = 91(847)-2XXXXXX<br />
| registration_plate = KA-32<br />
| website = {{URL|kalaburagicity.mrc.gov.in}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Kalaburagi''', formerly known as '''Gulbarga''',<ref name=census>{{cite web|title=Kalaburagi|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/karnataka-belgaum-mysore-names-of-12-cities-changed-kannada-223614-2014-10-17|website=indiatoday.intoday.in |date=17 October 2014 |access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref> is a city in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. It is headquarters of the eponymous [[Kalaburagi district]] and [[Kalaburagi division]]. Kalaburagi city is governed by a Municipal Corporation. It is home to multiple famous religious structures, like the Hazrath [[Bande Nawaz|Khwaja Banda Nawaz Dargah]], the [[Sharana Basaveshwara Temple]] and the [[Buddha Vihar, Gulbarga|Buddha Vihar]]. It also contains a [[Kalaburagi Fort|fort]] built during the Bahmani rule. Other Bahmani monuments include the [[Haft Gumbaz]] (seven domes together) and the Shor Gumbad. Kalaburagi has the world's largest cannon,<ref>{{cite news|title=Remembering a Sufi saint|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/remembering-a-sufi-saint/article3030022.ece#!|access-date=26 September 2017|publisher=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GULBARGA CITY CORPORATION|url=http://www.gulbargacity.mrc.gov.in/|website=www.gulbargacity.mrc.gov.in/|access-date=26 September 2017|archive-date=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406221704/http://www.gulbargacity.mrc.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Haft Gumbaz–Gulbarga|url=https://hariexploresindia.wordpress.com/2011/11/14/the-haft-gumbaz-gulbarga/|website=hariexploresindia.wordpress.com|access-date=26 September 2017|date=14 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Remains of a grand dream|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/109517/remains-grand-dream.html|access-date=26 September 2017|publisher=www.deccanherald.com/}}</ref> Kalaburagi has a few architectural marvels built during the Bahamani Kingdom rule, including the Jama Masjid in the Kalaburagi Fort. Kalaburagi houses the circuit bench of the [[Karnataka High Court|High Court of Karnataka]]. Under the name [[Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate]], several buildings in the city and with others in the region were put by [[UNESCO]] on its "tentative list" of [[World Heritage Site]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5887/|title=Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The city was ranked among the top 10 Indian cities with the cleanest air and best [[Air quality index|AQI]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Cherry |date=21 November 2024 |title=India's top 10 cities with the best air quality in 2024: Global cities' AQI insights revealed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/top-10-listing/top-10-indian-cities-with-best-air-quality-index-aqi-2024-9680798/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The name Gulbarga means '(City of) Flower Gardens' ultimately from the Persian words gul 'flower' and bāgh 'garden'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Everett-Heath |first=John |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191882913.001.0001/acref-9780191882913;jsessionid=5532B226B847ADC161DE373DC0E896A1 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names |date=24 October 2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-188291-3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1093/acref/9780191882913.001.0001}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gulbarga was renamed as '''Kalaburagi''' in 2014 which stands for 'Rocky Land' in Kannada.<ref name=rename>{{cite news|last1=Variyar|first1=Mugdha|title=Bangalore Wakes up to 'Bengaluru'; 11 Other Karnataka Cities Renamed|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bangalore-wakes-bengaluru-11-other-karnataka-cities-renamed-612795|access-date=16 May 2015|agency=IBTimes|date=1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History - Kalaburagi District |url=https://kalaburagi.nic.in/en/history/ |publisher=[[Government of Karnataka]] |access-date=8 January 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Asuf Gunj, Gulbarga..jpg|thumb|left|Asuf Gunj, Kalaburagi in 1880]]<br />
The history of Kalaburagi dates to the sixth century. The [[Rashtrakutas]] gained control over the region, but the [[Chalukyas]] regained their domain within a short period and reigned supreme for over 200 years. The Kalyani Kalachuris who succeeded them ruled until the 12th century. Around the end of the 12th century, the [[Yadavas]] of [[Devagiri]] and the [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysalas]] of Dwarasamadra destroyed the supremacy of the [[Chalukyas]] and [[Kalachuris of Kalyani]]. Around the same period, the [[Kakatiya]] kings of [[Warangal]] came into prominence and the present [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]] and [[Raichur District|Raichur]] districts formed part of their domain. The Kakatiya power was subdued in 1308 and the entire [[Deccan]], including the district of Kalaburagi, passed under the control of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<br />
<br />
The revolt of the officers appointed from [[Delhi]] resulted in the founding of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] in 1347 by [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]], who chose Gulbarga (Hasanabad) to be the capital.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=106–108}}</ref> When the Bahmani Sultanate came to an end in 1527, the kingdom broke up into five independent [[Deccan sultanates]], [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]], [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]], [[Berar sultanate|Berar]], [[Ahmednagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]], and [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]]. The present Gulbarga district came partly under the sultanate of [[Bidar]] and partly under the sultanate of [[Bijapur]]. The last of these sultanates, Golconda, finally fell to [[Aurangzeb]] in 1687.<br />
<br />
With the conquest of the Deccan by Aurangzeb in the 17th century, Gulbarga passed under the [[Mughal Empire]]. In the early part of the 18th century, with the decline of the Mughal Empire, [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I]], one of Aurangzeb's generals, formed the kingdom of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], in which a major part of the Gulbarga area was also included. In 1948, [[Hyderabad State]] became a part of the Indian Union, and in 1956, excluding two talukas which were annexed to Andhra Pradesh, tbe Gulbarga district became part of the new Mysore State through the [[States Reorganisation Act]]<ref name= ReorganisationAct>{{cite web|title= Central Government The States Reorganisation Act, 1956|url= http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/state%20reorganisation%20act.pdf|website= indiaenvironmentportal.org.in|access-date= 18 August 2016|archive-date= 3 August 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160803141208/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/state%20reorganisation%20act.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> in 1956.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
The entire district is on the Deccan Plateau, and the elevation ranges from 300 to 750 m above MSL. Two main rivers, the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Bhima River|Bhima]], flow through the district. The predominant soil type is [[Vertisol|black soil]]. The district has many tanks, which irrigate the land along with the river. The [[Upper Krishna Project]] is a major irrigation venture in the district of Kalaburagi. The main crops are groundnuts, rice, and pulses. Kalaburagi is the largest producer of [[toor dal]], or [[pigeon pea]]s, in Karnataka. Kalaburagi is an industrially backward district but is showing signs of growth in the cement, textile, leather,chemical and glass processing industries. Kalaburagi has a university with Medical and Engineering Colleges. Central University of Karnataka (CuK) is located in Kadaganchi, Åland Taluk of Kalaburagi.<ref>//http://www.cuk.ac.in//</ref> The geographical area of the city is 64 square kilometres.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.gulbargacity.mrc.gov.in/ | title=Unauthorized Request Blocked | access-date=23 March 2016 | archive-date=6 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406221704/http://www.gulbargacity.mrc.gov.in/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Climate===<br />
Kalaburagi has a [[hot semi-arid climate]] (BSh) bordering on a [[tropical wet and dry climate]] (Aw). The climate of the district is generally dry, with temperatures ranging from 8&nbsp;°C to 45&nbsp;°C and an annual rainfall of about 750&nbsp;mm. The year in Kalaburagi is divided into three main seasons. The summer lasts from late February to May. It is followed by the southwest monsoon, which lasts from late June to late October. This is then followed by dry winter weather from late November until February.<br />
<br />
{{Weather box<br />
| location = Kalaburagi (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)<br />
| metric first = Yes<br />
| single line = Yes<br />
| Jan record high C = 36.3<br />
| Feb record high C = 40.3<br />
| Mar record high C = 43.0<br />
| Apr record high C = 45.1<br />
| May record high C = 47.3<br />
| Jun record high C = 46.0<br />
| Jul record high C = 38.4<br />
| Aug record high C = 37.8<br />
| Sep record high C = 37.4<br />
| Oct record high C = 38.2<br />
| Nov record high C = 35.7<br />
| Dec record high C = 36.2<br />
| year record high C = 46.1<br />
| Jan high C = 31.9<br />
| Feb high C = 34.7<br />
| Mar high C = 38.1<br />
| Apr high C = 40.3<br />
| May high C = 40.8<br />
| Jun high C = 35.6<br />
| Jul high C = 32.4<br />
| Aug high C = 31.7<br />
| Sep high C = 32.1<br />
| Oct high C = 32.6<br />
| Nov high C = 32.0<br />
| Dec high C = 31.4<br />
| year high C = 34.6<br />
| Jan low C = 16.3<br />
| Feb low C = 18.6<br />
| Mar low C = 22.4<br />
| Apr low C = 25.1<br />
| May low C = 25.9<br />
| Jun low C = 23.8<br />
| Jul low C = 22.9<br />
| Aug low C = 22.5<br />
| Sep low C = 22.5<br />
| Oct low C = 21.3<br />
| Nov low C = 18.8<br />
| Dec low C = 16.0<br />
| year low C = 21.4<br />
| Jan record low C = 6.7<br />
| Feb record low C = 9.4<br />
| Mar record low C = 12.8<br />
| Apr record low C = 13.3<br />
| May record low C = 17.8<br />
| Jun record low C = 12.7<br />
| Jul record low C = 17.2<br />
| Aug record low C = 16.4<br />
| Sep record low C = 17.8<br />
| Oct record low C = 10.0<br />
| Nov record low C = 7.8<br />
| Dec record low C = 5.6<br />
| year record low C = 5.6<br />
| rain colour = green<br />
| Jan rain mm = 2.9<br />
| Feb rain mm = 2.4<br />
| Mar rain mm = 6.4<br />
| Apr rain mm = 21.1<br />
| May rain mm = 28.2<br />
| Jun rain mm = 118.4<br />
| Jul rain mm = 132.7<br />
| Aug rain mm = 145.8<br />
| Sep rain mm = 184.3<br />
| Oct rain mm = 98.9<br />
| Nov rain mm = 14.6<br />
| Dec rain mm = 1.6<br />
| year rain mm = 757.4<br />
| Jan rain days = 0.3<br />
| Feb rain days = 0.2<br />
| Mar rain days = 0.6<br />
| Apr rain days = 1.9<br />
| May rain days = 2.3<br />
| Jun rain days = 6.6<br />
| Jul rain days = 9.3<br />
| Aug rain days = 9.2<br />
| Sep rain days = 9.3<br />
| Oct rain days = 5.3<br />
| Nov rain days = 1.3<br />
| Dec rain days = 0.1<br />
| year rain days = 46.3<br />
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| Jan humidity = 34<br />
| Feb humidity = 28<br />
| Mar humidity = 24<br />
| Apr humidity = 27<br />
| May humidity = 30<br />
| Jun humidity = 49<br />
| Jul humidity = 60<br />
| Aug humidity = 62<br />
| Sep humidity = 61<br />
| Oct humidity = 54<br />
| Nov humidity = 46<br />
| Dec humidity = 37<br />
| year humidity = 43<br />
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web<br />
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf<br />
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020<br />
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]<br />
| access-date = 8 April 2024<br />
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals><br />
{{cite web<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf<br />
| archive-date = 5 February 2020<br />
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf<br />
| title = Station: Kalaburagi Climatological Table 1981–2010<br />
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010<br />
| publisher = India Meteorological Department<br />
| date = January 2015<br />
| pages = 299–300<br />
| access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes><br />
{{cite web<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf<br />
| archive-date = 5 February 2020<br />
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf<br />
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)<br />
| publisher = India Meteorological Department<br />
| date = December 2016<br />
| page = M96<br />
| access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref><br />
}}Gulburga has been ranked 33rd best "National Clean Air City" under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024|url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religions in Kalaburagi city (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Karnataka|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=left<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Karnataka|Hinduism]]|darkorange|59.62}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|37.29}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Karnataka|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.52}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Karnataka|Jainism]]|pink|0.40}}<br />
{{bar percent|Others†|black|2.17}}<br />
|caption=Distribution of religions<br /><br />
†<small>Includes [[Sikhs]] (0.2%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (<0.2%).</small><br />
}}<br />
<br />
As of the 2011 Indian census,<ref name="C2" /> Kalaburagi city has a population of 533,587. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Kalaburagi has an average literacy rate of 67%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 70%, while that of females is 30%. In Kalaburagi, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption = Languages of Kalaburgi city (2011)<ref name="languages"/><br />
|label1 = [[Kannada]] |value1 = 55.04 |color1 = darkslateblue<br />
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 35.78 |color2 = green<br />
|label3 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value3 = 3.56 |color3 = red<br />
|label4 = [[Hindi]] |value4 = 2.37 |color4 = orange<br />
|label5 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value5 = 1.20 |color5 = steelblue <br />
|label6 = [[Lambadi]] |value6 = 1.14 |color6 = darkgoldenrod<br />
|label7 = Others |value7 = 0.91 |color7 = grey<br />
}}<br />
At the time of the 2011 census, 55.04% of the population spoke [[Kannada]], 35.78% [[Urdu]], 3.56% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 2.37% [[Hindi]], 1.20% [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 1.14% [[Lambadi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue (Town): Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10255/download/13367/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Government and politics==<br />
Kalaburagi has been home to two ex-[[List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka|chief ministers of Karnataka]], namely [[Veerendra Patil]] (1968–1971, 1988–1992) and [[Dharam Singh]] (2004–2006); both belonged to the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<br />
<br />
Kalaburagi comes under [[Gulbarga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalaburagi Lok Sabha constituency]]. [[Radhakrishna Doddamani]] from [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) is the Member of Parliament (MP) since 2024. Mallikarjun Kharge (born 21 July 1942) is an Indian politician, who is the current president of the Indian National Congress, and Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from Karnataka since 16 February 2021. He was also Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha from 16 February 2021 to 1 October 2022. He was the Former Minister of Railways and Minister of Labour and Employment in the Government of India. Kharge was a Member of Parliament for Gulbarga, Karnataka from 2009 to 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha Result 2019: कर्नाटक की गुलबर्गा सीट पर बीजेपी के उमेश जाधव ने कांग्रेस के मल्लिकार्जुन खड़गे को दी शिकस्त |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/lok-sabha-election/story-karnataka-gulbarga-lok-sabha-election-results-2019-bjp-umesh-jadhav-win-know-all-seats-2544540.html |last=Khushboo |access-date=25 May 2019 |work=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |date=24 May 2019 |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kalaburagi city has two [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies: [[Gulbarga Uttar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Kalaburagi Uttar (North)]] and [[Gulbarga Dakshin (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Kalaburagi Dakshin (South)]]. Both are part of the Kalaburagi Lok Sabha constituency. The MLA for Kalaburagi Uttar is Kaneez Fatima from Indian National Congress, while the MLA for Kalaburagi Dakshin is from Indian National congress (2023).<br />
<br />
=== Municipal finance ===<br />
According to financial data published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalaburagi City Corporation Finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/kalaburagi |publisher=CityFinance Portal, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref> the Kalaburagi City Corporation reported total revenue receipts of ₹140 crore (US$17 million) and total expenditure of ₹196 crore (US$24 million) in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 17.9% of the total revenue, while the corporation received ₹84 crore in grants during the financial year.<br />
<br />
==Culture/Cityscape==<br />
=== Art and architecture ===<br />
[[File:Haft_Gumbad.jpg|thumb|[[Haft Gumbaz]]]]<br />
[[File:Massive_Chor_Gumbaz.jpg|thumb|[[Chor Gumbad]]]]<br />
The largest collection of Islamic art is seen at the domed ceiling and walls are adorned with paintings containing calligraphy designs and floral, flower and plants and geometric patterns inside the 14th-century tomb of Sufi saint Syed Shah Qhabulullah Husayni with natural colours. By religious restrictions, the artist was prohibited from depicting living beings in the interior of tomb, and his imagination was therefore employed either in inventing new designs for religious texts or in adding further delicacy and subtleness to the geometric and floral devices by making the drawings more and more intricate. A small tomb beside the said Sufi's has an excellent work of painted flower plants on the ceiling. Another vacant Shore Gumbad outside the city has delicate designs on its domed ceiling is superb.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}<br />
<br />
The walls and ceiling of the tomb of Sultan Firuz Shah Bahmani can be appreciated which, although monotone, represents faithfully the creepers and floral patterns, the numerous geometric devices and calligraphic styles. The most notable building, however, of this period is the Jama Masjid of Kalaburagi fort, built by a Persian architect named Rafi in 1367 during the reign of Bahmani King [[Mohammed Shah I]].<br />
<br />
The glory of the towns in north Karnataka waned with the decline of the Bahmani dynasty, although Barid Shahi and [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi]] Kings kept up its beauty during their chequered rule. It suffers from pollution through nickel and lead.<br />
<br />
Royal patronage played an important role in the making of Islamic art, as it has in the arts of other cultures. From the 14th century onwards, especially in eastern lands, the books of art provide the best documentation of courtly patronage.<br />
<br />
== Transport ==<br />
===Air===<br />
Kalaburagi has its own airport named [[Kalaburagi Airport|Kalaburagi airport]] which was inaugurated by [[Karnataka]] CM [[B. S. Yediyurappa|Yediyurappa]] on 22 November 2019 and started on the same day.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 November 2019|title=Kalaburagi airport inaugurated by Karnataka CM Yediyurappa; full flight schedule|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/kalaburagi-airport-inaugurated-by-karnataka-cm-yediyurappa-full-flight-schedule/|access-date=1 April 2021|work=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> It is connected with [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]] and [[Tirupati Airport|Tirupati]] by [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]] and [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]].<br />
<br />
Kalaburagi airport has second longest runway in Karnataka after the [[Kempegowda International Airport]] of Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalaburagi airport thrown open to commercial flights |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kalaburagi-greenfield-airport-opened-for-public-use/article30049399.ece |work=The Hindu |date=22 November 201 |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Rail===<br />
[[File:Kalaburagi (Gulbarga) Junction railway station under Solapur Railway Division 06.jpg|left|thumb|Kalaburagi railway station]]<br />
Kalaburagi has a railway station named [[Kalaburagi Junction railway station|Kalaburagi Junction]] which comes under the [[Secunderabad railway division|Secunderabad division]] of [[Indian Railways]]. There are two railway lines that pass through [[Kalaburagi Junction railway station|Kalaburagi]] namely, [[Mumbai–Chennai line]] ([[Solapur–Guntakal section]]) and [[Kalaburagi Junction railway station|Kalaburagi]] - [[Bidar railway station|Bidar]] line.<br />
<br />
[[Kalaburagi Junction railway station|Kalaburagi]] is directly linked through daily trains with [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Chennai]], [[Itarsi Junction railway station|Itarsi Junction]], [[Mysore]], [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]], [[Hubli]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Kochi]], [[Kanyakumari]] etc.<br />
<br />
Kalaburagi is planned to be a part of proposed [[Mumbai–Hyderabad high-speed rail corridor|high-speed rail corridor]] running from [[Mumbai]] to [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-hyderabad-bullet-train-terminal-could-be-at-navi-mumbai-airport/articleshow/79973747.cms|title=Mumbai-Hyderabad bullet train terminal could be at Navi Mumbai airport|publisher=Times of India|date=27 December 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Road ===<br />
Kalaburagi is the headquarter of the [[NEKRTC]] also called as ''Kalyana Karnataka RTC'' bus transport which was founded and started on 15 August 2000 and serves the North-Eastern Districts of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bus staff strike total in Bangalore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bus-staff-strike-total-in-bangalore/article3894009.ece |access-date=6 April 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=14 September 2012 |language=en-IN}}</ref> It also has [[Nrupatunga city bus service]] which serves Kalaburagi urban and [[Sedam]] and is operated by NEKRTC itself.<ref>{{cite web |title=16th Annual Administration Report 2015-16 |url=http://nekrtc.org/pdf/ADM%20REPORT%202015-16%20ENG.pdf |website=nekrtc.org |access-date=6 April 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
The [[Central University of Karnataka]] is located in Kalaburagi. The [[Gulbarga University]], [[Sharnbasva University]], and [[Khaja Bandanawaz University]], are the other universities in the city. It also has an [[Employees' State Insurance|ESIC Medical College.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* ''Muslim Monuments of Gulbarga (A Cultural Study)'' by Dr. Md, Salahuddin Munshi – is about Gulbarga's heritage, and the kingdoms in this era and their significance, for the development as the capital city of the kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dr Md Salahuddin Munshi |title=Dr |publisher=Karnataka Historical Research Society |year=2017 |edition=1st |location=Bengaluru |language=English}}</ref><br />
{{Gulbarga topics}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{commons category|Kalaburagi}}<br />
{{Wikivoyage|Gulbarga}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kalaburagi| ]]<br />
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]<br />
[[Category:Cities in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Taluks in Kalaburagi district]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samidh_Mukerjee&diff=532314Samidh Mukerjee2026-03-23T22:53:39Z<p>Ankushraj: new data...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Mscn|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Samidh Mukerjee<br />
| birth_name = সমিধ মুখার্জি<br />
| birth_place = Kolkata, India<br />
| genre = {{flatlist|<br />
* Filmy<br />
* Bengali film base<br />
* Pop<br />
* Rock<br />
* Bengali remixes and dubstep<br />
* Classical<br />
}}<br />
| occupation = Music director, singer songwriter<br />
| years_active = 2001–present<br />
}}<br />
'''Samidh Mukerjee''' (also spelled Mukerjee, {{langx|bn|সমিধ মুখোপাধ্যায়}}) is an Indian singer, songwriter and composer from [[Kolkata]], India. Mukerjee mainly works on [[Bengali language|Bengali]]- and [[Hindi]]-language films and television shows,.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/No-show-is-complete-without-my-songs/articleshow/10565437.cms?referral=PM|title=No show is complete without my songs|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Samidh-turns-singer/articleshow/9048279.cms?referral=PM#|title=Samidh turns singer|work=The Times of India}}</ref> He is also a part of the Bengali music director's duo '''Samidh'''-[[Rishi Chanda|Rishi]].<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Later in his career Mukerjee composed many popular songs for Bengali and Hindi films. Some of his successful projects as a music composer are ''[[Macho Mustanaa]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Macho-shot-for-75-lakhs/articleshow/11612815.cms?referral=PM|title=Macho shot for 75 lakhs|work=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[Loveria]]'', [[Kranti (2006 film)|''Kranti'']], [[Josh (2010 film)|''Josh'']], [[Dui Prithibi (2010 film)|''Dui Prithibi'']], ''[[Shedin Dekha Hoyechilo]]'', [[100% Love (2012 film)|''100% Love'']],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/It-was-great-working-with-Jeet-Samidh/articleshow/11521713.cms|title=It was great working with Jeet: Samidh|work=The Times of India}}</ref> ''Om Shanti'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/64416112-om-shanti-2012-bangla-movie-music-feat-sizzling-rakhi-sawant-item-number-launch-kol|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231114608/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/64416112-om-shanti-2012-bangla-movie-music-feat-sizzling-rakhi-sawant-item-number-launch-kol|url-status=usurped|archive-date=31 December 2013|title=Om Shanti (2012) Bangla Movie Music Feat. Sizzling Rakhi Sawant Item Number Launch in Kolkata by Bappi Lahiri and Others |work=WBRi Washington Bangla Radio USA}}</ref> ''Majnu'', ''[[Faande Poriya Boga Kaande Re]], Sadak 2'' etc.<br />
<br />
His debut music album<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newswala.com/Entertainment-News/Samidh-Mukerjeecomes-up-with-Amar-Blue-Sunglass-18946.html|title=Samidh Mukerjeecomes up with 'Amar Blue Sunglass'|work=newswala.com}}</ref> ''Amar Blue Sunglass''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Amar-Blue-Sunglass-launched/articleshow/16680977.cms |title=Amar Blue Sunglass launched |work=The Times of India}}</ref> was released in 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121003/jsp/calcutta/story_16046152.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207142116/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121003/jsp/calcutta/story_16046152.jsp |quote=The launch of Amar Blue Sunglass, Samidh Mukherjee’s debut album of songs. |archive-date=7 February 2015 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |access-date=2023-06-09 |title=Launch}}</ref> from Remac Muzik.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Remac-Muzik-launches-three-albums-at-one-go/articleshow/16765990.cms|title=Remac Muzik launches three albums at one go|work=The Times of India}}</ref> ''Amar Blue Sunglass''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121005/jsp/entertainment/story_16053597.jsp#.VMQVT_6UeQ4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207143315/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121005/jsp/entertainment/story_16053597.jsp#.VMQVT_6UeQ4|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 February 2015|title=Music|work=The Telegraph}}</ref> has seven different genres of songs written, composed and sung by Mukerjee himself.<br />
<br />
Singers from Hindi film and music industry like, [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]] and many more sang under Mukerjee's music direction in the film [[Macho Mustanaa]]. Shreya Ghoshal sang the song "Jaane Jaana" from the film ''[[Macho Mustanaa]]'' in Mukerjee's composition. [[Usha Uthup]] also sang in Mukerjee's composition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Usha-Uthap-sings-item-number-for-Samidh/articleshow/13293181.cms?|title=Usha Uthap sings item number for Samidh|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Kalpana Patowary was nominated as Best Female Playback Singer in 12th Tele-Cine Award, Kolkata for Mukerjee's composition "Koka Kola" from Bengali film ''[[Faande Poriya Boga Kaande Re]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/kalpana-patowary-nominated-best-playback-singer-female-12th-tele-cine-awards-kolkata-201|title=Kalpana Patowary nominated for Best Playback Singer Female in 12th Tele Cine Awards, Kolkata 2012|work=Radioandmusic.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Mukerjee appeared as an actor<ref>http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=25&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIKM&mydateHid=26 December 2012&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Kolkata&edname=&articleid=Ar02500&publabel=TOI {{dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> in Bengali film ''[[Loveria]]'', which was released in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/24634313-pooja-bose-soham-raja-chanda-and-samidh-introduce-loveria-2013-valentines-day-bangl#|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213070930/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/24634313-pooja-bose-soham-raja-chanda-and-samidh-introduce-loveria-2013-valentines-day-bangl|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 February 2013|title=Pooja Bose, Soham, Raja Chanda and Samidh Introduce LOVERIA (2013) Valentine's Day Bangla Movie to Kolkata (WBRi Film Preview) |work=WBRi Washington Bangla Radio USA}}</ref><br />
<br />
Mukerjee was featured in a song with [[Rakhi Sawant]] in the Bengali film ''Om Shanti''. The song was composed and sung by Mukerjee himself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Rakhi-Sawant-to-shoot-in-Kolkata/articleshow/11302104.cms|title=Rakhi Sawant to shoot in Kolkata|work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
Apart from acting, Mukerjee participated in the Bangla version<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.com/tv/shows/etv-bangla-115/jhalak-dikhla-ja-bangla-28966.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419122319/http://www.in.com/tv/shows/etv-bangla-115/jhalak-dikhla-ja-bangla-28966.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-04-19|title=Jhalak Dikhla Ja Bangla|work=in.com}}</ref> (regional version) of the dancing reality show (dancing competition) ''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jdjbangla.com/samidh-profile.php|title=JHALAK DIKHLA JAA- BANGLA|work=jdjbangla.com}}</ref> which was aired in [[ETV Bangla]]. Mukerjee was one of the finalists<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Meet-Rimjhim-the-Jhalak-winner/articleshow/19692187.cms#|title=Meet Rimjhim, the Jhalak winner|work=The Times of India}}</ref> of the show.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}<br />
<br />
Mukerjee was last seen in television as a contestant of [[Zee Bangla]]'s ''[[Dance Bangla Dance]]'' Season 8.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/Dance-Bangla-Dance-contestants-to-get-celeb-partners/articleshow/32428346.cms|title=Dance Bangla Dance contestants to get celeb partners|work=The Times of India}}</ref> He was among the finalists of the show.<br />
<br />
Mukerjee recently composed two songs for Pallavi Chatterjee's album ''Folk Sutra''.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
Samidh Mukerjee got [[Fever 104 FM]] Best Music Director Award for the film ''[[Shedin Dekha Hoyechilo]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/62836111-11th-tele-cine-awards-kolkata-celebrates-bengali-film-and-television-creativity|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628210102/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/62836111-11th-tele-cine-awards-kolkata-celebrates-bengali-film-and-television-creativity|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 June 2011|title=11th Tele Cine Awards Kolkata Celebrates Bengali Film and Television Creativity |work=WBRi Washington Bangla Radio USA}}</ref><br />
<br>Samidh Mukerjee was nominated for Best Music Director Award for the film ''[[Loveria]]'' (Tele Cine Awards 2013).{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| style="background:#ffc;"|<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Songs !! Notes !! Language<br />
|- <br />
| 2006 || ''[[Kranti (2006 film)|Kranti]]'' || 1 Songs – Aami Banglar Gaan Gai || Along with [[Jeet Gannguli]], Som, [[Rishi Chanda]], [[Riingo Banerjee]] || Bengali<br />
|- <br />
| 2010 || ''[[Josh (2010 film)|Josh]]'' || "Josh Title Track", "Korbo Na Biye" || Along with [[Jeet Gannguli]], [[Rishi Chanda]] || Bengali<br />
|- <br />
| 2010 || ''[[Dui Prithibi (2010 film)|Dui Prithibi]]'' || "Its Only Pyar", "Pyarelal" || Along with [[Jeet Gannguli]], [[Rishi Chanda]] || Bengali<br />
|- <br />
| 2010 || ''[[Shedin Dekha Hoyechilo]]'' || "Khokababu" || Along with [[Jeet Gannguli]], || Bengali<br />
|- <br />
| 2011 || ''[[Faande Poriya Boga Kaande Re]]'' || "Koka Kola" || Along with [[Jeet Gannguli]] || Bengali<br />
|- <br />
| 2012 || ''Om Shanti'' || "Nila Na Pila Na Lal Gulabi" || Along with [[Rocket Mandal]], [[Rishi Chanda]] || Bengali<br />
|- <br />
| 2012 || ''[[100% Love (2012 film)|100% Love]]'' || "Tumse Pyar Hai Already", "Hiya Jwale Piyar Dorode (Jwalere)", "Yeh Sala Dil Hai" || Along with [[Jeet Gannguli]] || Bengali<br />
|- <br />
| 2012 || ''[[Macho Mustanaa]]'' || "All Songs" || No One || Bengali<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''[[Loveria]]'' || "All Songs" || No One || Bengali<br />
|- <br />
| 2013 || ''Majnu'' || "E Mon Ajkal", "Phokir Mon" || Along with [[Rishi Chanda]], [[Savvy Gupta]] || Bengali<br />
|-<br />
| 2017 || ''Namkeen Girl'' || "Namkeen Girl(Title Track) || No One || Hindi<br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || Boxer || All Songs || No One || Bengali<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || [[Jah Kala]] || All Songs || No One || Bengali<br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || style="background:#ffc; rowspan="2"| [[Sadak 2]] || 3 Songs – Dil Ki Purani Sadak,Purani Sadak (Reprise),Dil Ki Purani (Unplugged) || Urvi, Jeet Gannguli, [[Ankit Tiwari]], [[Suniljeet]] || Hindi<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|Jhor<br />
|2 Songs – Bum (Item song), Oh jane jaan (Love Song)<br />
|No One<br />
|Bengali<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Music album==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| style="background:#ffc;"|<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year !! Title !! Singer !! Compose !! Notes<br />
|- <br />
| 2012 || ''Amar Blue Sunglass'' || "Himself" || "Himself" || Remac Muzik<br />
|- <br />
| 2014 || ''[[Folk Sutra]]'' || "[[Pallavi Chatterjee]]" || "Himself" || [[Purple Leaf Entertainment]]<br />
|- <br />
| 2017 || ''Namkeen Girl'' || ''Himself'' & ''Rani Indrani'' || "Himself" || Eco Music Production<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Television==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| style="background:#ffc;"|<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year !! Show !! Channel !! Year !! Notes<br />
|- <br />
| 2012 || ''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa'' || "[[ETV Bangla]]" || "2013" || <br />
|- <br />
| 2012 || '' [[Dance Bangla Dance]]'' || "[[Zee Bangla]]" || || <br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|Sonar Jalsha Ghar<br />
|Zee Bangla Sonar<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.samidhmukerjee.com Official Website]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukerjee, Samidh}}<br />
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vishnukundina_dynasty&diff=450096Vishnukundina dynasty2026-03-22T14:26:30Z<p>Ankushraj: Page updated with relevant improvements</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian dynasty based in Deccan}}<br />
{{more footnotes needed|date=March 2016}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox country<br />
| conventional_long_name = Vishnukundina dynasty<br />
| common_name = Vishnukundina<br />
| era = [[Middle Kingdoms of India|Classical India]]<br />
| year_start = 420<br />
| year_end = 624<br />
| p1 = Vakataka dynasty<br />
| s1 = Eastern Chalukyas<br />
| s2 = Pallava Dynasty<br />
| image_map = {{South Asia in 500 CE|center|{{center|The Vishnukundinas and neighbouring South Asian polities {{Circa|500 CE}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=26,146 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=063 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112181611/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=063 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}|{{Annotation|125|157|[[File:Rectangle (plain).svg|50px]]}}||none}}<br />
| image_map_caption = <br />
| capital = [[Denduluru]]<br />[[Amaravathi village, Guntur district|Amaravati]]<br />
| common_languages = [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]<br/>[[Prakrit language|Prakrit]]<br />
| religion = [[Hinduism]]<br/>[[Jainism]]<br />
| government_type = Monarchy<br />
| leader1 = [[Govinda Varma I]]<br />
| leader2 = Vikramendra Varma II<br />
| leader3 = Govinda Varma II<br />
| title_leader = Janasraya<br />
| demonym = <br />
| area_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| GDP_PPP = <br />
| GDP_PPP_year = <br />
| HDI = <br />
| HDI_year = <br />
| today = <br />
| image_coat = VishnukundinCastCpr1.jpg<br />
| coa_size = 270px<br />
| symbol_type = {{center|Vishnukundina Empire, 420–674 AD, cast copper, 4.65g, [[Vidarbha]] ([[Maharashtra]]), Bull type.}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Vishnukundina dynasty''' ([[IAST]]: Viṣṇukuṇḍina, sometimes Viṣukuṇḍin) was an Indian dynasty that ruled over parts of present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]] and other parts of southern India between the 5th and 7th centuries. They emerged as an independent power during the reign of Madhava Varma, who conquered coastal Andhra from the [[Salankayana dynasty|Salankayanas]] and established their capital at [[Denduluru]] near [[Eluru]]. Their rule significantly shaped the history of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region. However, their reign ended with the conquest of eastern Deccan by the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] king [[Pulakeshin II]], who appointed his brother, [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana]], as viceroy. Vishnuvardhana later declared independence, founding the [[Eastern Chalukyas|Eastern Chalukya]] dynasty.<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
The dynasty is usually referred to as the Viṣṇukuṇḍins, but the question was reviewed by S. Sankaranarayanan who closely examined the philogical evidence and concluded that Vishṇukuṇḍi was the grammatically correct form of the name.<ref>S. Sankaranarayanan, ''The Vishṇukuṇḍis and their Times: an Epigraphical Study'' (Delhi: Agam Prakashan, 1977), p. 1.</ref> Although this is technically correct, historians continue to use Viṣukuṇḍin because it is well established in the literature, having been used by [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] and [[Dineshchandra Sircar]].<ref>Among many that could be cited, a recent case in Vincent Tournier, “A Tide of Merit: Royal Patrons, Tāmraparṇīya monks, and the Buddha’s Awakening in 5th–6th century Āndhradeśa,” ''Indo-Iranian Journal'' (2018) 61, no.1 (2018), pp. 20-96 https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02436883</ref><br />
<br />
==Origin==<br />
The early rulers of the dynasty migrated from eastern Deccan to the west Deccan in search of employment and under the [[Vakataka]]s they might have attained feudatory status.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vasumati |first=E. |year=1969 |title=Telugu Literature in the Qutub Shahi Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdUUZ2WYurIC&q=Vinukonda+vishnukundinapuram |publisher=Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute |via=Google Books}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the reign of Madhava Varma, they became independent and conquered coastal [[Coastal Andhra|Andhra]] from the [[Salankayana]]s and established their capital at Denduluru<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7J7PqrK4Z0C&q=vishnukundin+Dendulur|title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Society|first1=Andhra Historical Research Society, Rajahmundry|last1=Madras|first2=Andhra Historical Research|last2=Society|date=14 January 2018|publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society.|via=Google Books}}</ref> near [[Eluru]], [[West Godavari district]]. Some modern historians from Telangana suggest that the dynasty initially ruled from Indrapalanagara (in present-day [[Nalgonda district]] of Telangana), and later shifted to [[Denduluru]], and [[Amaravathi, Guntur district|Amaravathi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarma |first=A. Rajeswara |date=2009 |title=Indrapura: The capital city of Vishnukundi dynasty |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147663 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=70 |pages=138–141 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44147663}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Chronology==<br />
The Vishnukundina reign might be fixed between the end of the [[Salankayana]] and the rise of the [[Eastern Chalukya]]n power in 624. Some historians mention Vishnukundinas' reign was from 420 to 624, while some other historians say their reign was from the early 5th century to the 7th century.<br />
<br />
===Govinda Varma I===<br />
<br />
Govinda Varma I took the princely title of Maharaja and his son Madhava Varma I was the founder of the power based on grants from Sriparvata (Nagarjunakonda) and Indrapalagutta.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&q=vishnukundin+founder&pg=PA89|title=Indian History|year=1988|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788184245684|via=Google Books}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Madhava Varma I ===<br />
The reign of Madhava Varma (c. 420 – c. 455). He was the founder of the Vishnukundina power.<br />
<!--Need more information--><br />
<br />
=== Madhava Varma II ===<br />
[[Madhava Varma II]] ({{circa|440|460}}) was the most powerful ruler of Vishnukundina dynasty and his reign was its golden age. Under him the dynasty reached its greatest territorial extent. He married Vakataka Mahadevi, who was the mother of his son Vikramendra Varma I. She may have been the daughter of [[Prithivishena II|Prithvishena II]], who Madhava Varma II married after defeating her father.<ref>{{citation | editor-first=N.|editor-last=Venkataramanayya | title=Report on Epigraphy |publisher=Andhra Pradesh (India) Department of Archaeology and Museums| series=Andhra Pradesh Government Epigraphical Series | year=1966 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FDvlu9kQyAsC | page=87}}</ref> Alternatively, she may have been the daughter or granddaughter of [[Harisena]], married during the height of the latter's rule.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Majumdar | first1=Ramesh Chandra | author-link1=R. C. Majumdar | author-link2=Anant Sadashiv Altekar | last2=Altekar | first2=Anant Sadashiv | title=The Vakataka - Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D. | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House | year=1967 | isbn=978-81-208-0026-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OswUZtL1_CUC&pg=PA122 | page=122 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Spink | first=Walter | author-link=Walter Spink | title=Ajanta: History and Development | publisher=BRILL | year=2018 | isbn=978-90-474-1635-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rqWODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 | page=121 }}</ref><br />
<br />
By the middle of the 5th century, the Vishnukundina dynasty rose to imperial heights. A princess of the then powerful ruling family of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] the [[Vakataka]]s was given in marriage to Madhava Varma's son, Vikramendra Varma.<br />
<br />
This alliance enabled them to extend their influence to the east coast and vanquish the petty chieftains lingering on in that area. Madhava Varma II led his arms against [[Ananda Gotrika]]s who were ruling over [[Guntur]], [[Tenali]] and [[Ongole]], probably enjoying subordinate position under the [[Pallavas]] of [[Kanchipuram]].<br />
<br />
After occupying these areas from the Ananda Gotrikas, Madhava Varma II made Amarapura (modern [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district|Amaravati]]) his capital. Keeping in view the constant threat from the [[Pallava]]s, he created an outpost to check their activities and appointed his son, Deva Varma and after his death the grandson Madhava Varma III as its [[Viceroy]].<br />
<br />
[[File:Undavalli Caves, Vijayawada, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India (2018) 1.jpg|thumb|Undavalli Caves, Vijayawada, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
<br />
Madhava Varma II next turned his attention against the [[Vengi]] kingdom which was under the [[Salankayana]]s. The Vengi region was annexed. The [[Godavari]] tract became part of the Vishnukundina territory. After these conquests the capital might have been shifted to [[Bezwada]] ([[Vijayawada]]), a more central location than Amarapura. These extensive conquests made him the lord of [[Dakshinapatha]] (southern country). After these various conquests Madhava Varma performed many [[Asvamedha]], [[Rajasuya]] and other [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic sacrifices]].<br />
<br />
=== Successors of Madhava Varma II ===<br />
The fortunes of the Vishnukundinas were at a low point during the reign of the next ruler Vikramendra Varma I (508–528). The next two and half decades also experienced the constant strife and dynastic struggles during the reign of Indra Bhattaraka Varma (528–555). Though Indra Bhattaraka could not withstand the hostile Kalinga subordinate, Indra Varma and lost his life in battle. The Vishnukundinas lost their Kalinga possessions north of the Godavari.<br />
<br />
===Vikramendra Varma II===<br />
With the accession of Vikramendra Varma II (555–569), the fortunes of the Vishnukundina family were restored. To have immediate access to the Kalinga region, he shifted his capital from Bezwada to Lenduluru (modem [[Denduluru]] in the [[West Godavari district]]). He repulsed the attack of the [[Pallava]] ruler [[Simhavarman III|Simhavarman]]. He was successful enough to restore the fortunes of the Vishnukundinas in the Kalinga region. His son Govinda Varma II enjoyed a comparatively short period of rule (569–573).<br />
<br />
===Janassraya Madhava Varma IV===<br />
The Vishnukundina empire set about again to imperial expansion and cultural prosperity under its able ruler Janassraya Madhava Varma IV (573–621).<ref>{{cite book |last=Chanda |first=Ratna |title=Kumāradāsa: A Study |year=1990 |publisher=Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar}}</ref> This prudent king spent his early years of rule in consolidating his position in Vengi. The later part of his reign is marked by wars and annexations. In his 37th regnal year, he suppressed the revolt of his subordinate chief the Durjaya Pruthvi Maharaja in Guddadivishya (modern [[Ramachandrapuram, East Godavari|Ramachandrapuram]] in the [[East Godavari]] district).<ref>{{cite book |last=Swaminathan |first=C. R. |title=Janakiharana of Kumaradasa: A Study |year=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref><br />
<br />
Madhava Varma IV had to face the [[Chalukya]]n onslaught in his last years of rule. By about 616, [[Pulakeshin II]] and his brother [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana]] conquered Vengi from the Vishnukundinas and the [[Pithapuram]] area from their subordinate Durjayas. In 621 in his 48th regnal year, Madhava crossed the Godavari probably to oust the Chalukyas from his territories. However, he lost his life on the battlefield. His son Manchana Bhattaraka also might have been expelled by the Chalukyas. Thus the Vishnukundina rule was brought to a close by 624. [[File:East-Hem 600ad.jpg|thumb|Greatly reduced Vishnukundina territory in 600 AD, along with the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] advancing at their border]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramakrishna |first1=G. |last2=Gayathri |first2=N. |last3=Chattopadhyaya |first3=Debiprasad |title=An Encyclopaedia of South Indian Culture |year=1983 |publisher=K.P. Bagchi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Vishnukundina country==<br />
They had three important cities, Indrapalanagara, [[Denduluru]], and [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district|Amaravati]].<br />
<br />
==Administration==<br />
<br />
For administrative convenience, the empire was divided into a number of ''Rashtras'' and ''[[Vishaya]]s''. Inscriptions refer to Palki Rashtra, Karma Rashtra, Guddadi Vishaya, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of The Andhras Upto 1565 AD {{!}} PDF {{!}} Religion And Belief |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/195588971/History-of-the-Andhras-upto-1565-AD |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Madhava Varma III appointed members of the royal family as [[Viceroy]]s for various areas of the kingdom.<br />
<br />
The king was the highest court of appeal in the administrator of justice. The Vishnukundina rulers established various kinds of punishments for various crimes. They were known for their impartial judgment and high sense of justice.<br />
<br />
===Army===<br />
Their army consisted of traditional fourfold divisions:<br />
*Elephants<br />
*Chariots<br />
*Cavalry<br />
*Infantry<br />
<br />
The Hastikosa was the officer-in-charge of elephant forces and the Virakosa was the officer-in-charge of land forces.<br />
These officers also issued grants on behalf of their monarchs.<br />
<br />
===Taxes===<br />
[[File:VishnukundinCastCpr2.jpg|thumb|Vishnukundina Empire, 420–674 AD, Cast Copper, 7.80g, Vidarbha (Maharashtra), Lion type.]]<br />
There may have been well-organized administrative machinery for the collection of land revenue.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}<br />
Agrahara villages enjoyed tax exemptions. Sixteen types of coins of the Vishnukundina rulers have been found by archaeologists.<br />
<br />
==Religion==<br />
All the records of the Vishnukundinas and the kings prior to the Madhava Varma II seem to be patrons of [[Hinduism]].<br />
<br />
From the time of the accession of Madhava Varma II, an aggressive self-assertion{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} of the [[Śrauta|Vedic Hinduism]] occurred. Elaborate Vedic ceremonies like [[Rajasuya]], [[Sarvamedha]], and [[Aswamedha]] were undertaken. The celebration of all these sacrifices represents the traditional spirit of the Brahmanical revival{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}. Some of the rulers referred to themselves as 'Parama Mahesvaras'. The inscriptions refer to their family deity Sri Parvata Swami.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}<br />
<br />
The names of rulers like Madhava Varma and Govinda Varma show their [[Vaishnavite]] leanings. Thus both the [[Hindu]] sects of [[Saivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]] might have received equal patronage from them.<br />
<br />
==Literature==<br />
[[File:1 1149A old telugu language-Vishnu Kundi indravarma sasanam 6th century 1.jpg|thumb|Old Telugu Script – Vishnukundina Indra Varma Sasanam 6th century]]<br />
The Vishnukundinas were also great patrons of learning. They established colleges for Vedic learning. Learned [[Brahmin]]s were encouraged by gifts of lands and colleges were established for the propagation of [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] studies. Indra Bhattaraka established many schools for imparting education on Vedic literature. The performance of several elaborate Vedic ceremonies by Madhava Varma is evidence of the faith of the rulers in [[Śrauta|Vedic Hinduism]] and the popularity of Vedic learning with the people during this period.<br />
<br />
Some of the Vishnukundina kings were credited with authorship of several books. Vikramendra Varma I was described as ''Mahakavi'' – a great poet in a record. Further, an incomplete work on Sanskrit poetics called 'Janasraya Chando Vichiti' was attributed to Madhava Varma IV who bore the title of 'Janasraya'. [[Sanskrit]] enjoyed royal patronage.<br />
<br />
== Art and Architecture ==<br />
Being great devotees of [[Shiva|Siva]], the Vishnukundinas seem to have been responsible for the construction of a number of cave temples dedicated to Siva. The cave structures at Bezwada ([[Vijayawada]]), Mogalrajapuram, [[Undavalli caves]], and Bhairavakonda were dated to this period. Though some of these cave temples were attributed to the [[Pallava]] Mahendra Varman I, the emblems found on the caves and the areas being under the rule of the Vishnukundinas during this period clearly show that these were contributions of the Vishnukundinas. The big four-storeyed cave at Undavalli and the 8 cave temples in Bhairavakonda in [[Nellore district]] show however clear resemblances with the architecture of Pallava Mahendra Varman's period.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{APhistory}}<br />
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}<br />
*[[Vakataka]]<br />
*[[Salankayana]]<br />
*[[Eastern Chalukya]]<br />
*[[History of India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* Durga Prasad, History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D., P. G. PUBLISHERS, GUNTUR (1988)<br />
* South Indian Inscriptions [http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/]<br />
* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1f4m674MGwDo7pQ1IhTgA-CxAi7w&ll=15.884755024376066%2C81.27649050000002&z=7 Map of find-spots of inscriptions] issued by Vishnukundinas and other neighbouring dynasties<br />
* {{commons category-inline|Vishnukundina Empire}}<br />
<br />
{{Medieval Deccan}}<br />
{{Middle kingdoms of India}}<br />
{{Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
{{Telangana}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:History of Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:History of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]<br />
[[Category:420 establishments]]<br />
[[Category:624 disestablishments]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 7th century]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=CG_Power_and_Industrial_Solutions&diff=468733CG Power and Industrial Solutions2026-03-21T21:04:40Z<p>Ankushraj: improve content and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian power and industrial solutions company}}<br />
{{distinguish|Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = CG Power and Industrial Solutions Limited<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_size = 150px<br />
| type = [[Public Company|Public]]<br />
| traded_as = {{BSE|500093}}<br />{{NSE|CGPOWER}}<br />
| foundation = 1937<br />
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| location_country = India<br />
| key_people = <br />
| founders = [[R. E. B. Crompton]] <br /> James Greaves<br />
| industry = Electrical|<br />
| parent = [[Murugappa Group]]<br />
| subsid = G.G. Tronics<br />
| products = Transformers, pump, HT & LT Motors, DC Motors, Railway Signaling|<br />
| revenue = {{INRConvert|14013|c|lk=on}} (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cgglobal.com/pdfs/Aud-FinRes-consolidated_1415.pdf|title=Statement of Consolidated Audired Financial Results for the Quarter and Year Ended 31st March, 2015 |website= cgglobal.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125185447/http://www.cgglobal.com/pdfs/Aud-FinRes-consolidated_1415.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2017}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''CG Power and Industrial Solutions Limited''', also known as '''Crompton Greaves Limited''', is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational company]] engaged in design, manufacturing, and marketing of products related to power generation, transmission, and distribution, as well as rail transportation. The company is based in [[Mumbai]] and has been part of the [[Chennai]]-based [[Murugappa Group]] since 2020, when it was acquired from the [[Avantha Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahaskar|first=Abhijit|date=2020-08-08|title=Murugappa Group led Tube Investments to acquire 56% stake in CG Power|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/murugappa-group-led-tube-investments-to-acquire-56-stake-in-cg-power-for-rs-700-crore-11596870980735.html|access-date=2020-09-16|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> The company was restructured in 2016 following the demerger of its consumer goods business.<ref>{{cite news |title=Crompton Greaves Shares Tank 74% Ex-Demerger |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/crompton-greaves-shares-tank-73-ex-demerger-1287253 |accessdate=10 November 2020 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Col. [[R. E. B. Crompton]] founded R.E.B. Crompton & Company in 1878. The company was merged with F.A. Parkinson in 1927 to form [[Crompton Parkinson]] Ltd. [[Greaves Cotton]] and Company, established by James Greaves in 1859, was appointed as their concessionaire in India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=HERMON-TAYLOR|first=CG|date=January 1975|title=A company view|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb003440|journal=Industrial and Commercial Training|volume=7|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1108/eb003440|issn=0019-7858|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
The company was incorporated on 28 April 1937 as [[Crompton Parkinson|Crompton Parkinson Work Private Limited]]. In 1947, it was acquired by [[Karam Chand Thapar]] of [[Thapar Group]]. The company went public in 1960 and changed its name to Crompton Greaves Limited in 1966.<ref>{{cite news |title=Crompton Greaves seeks shareholders nod to change name |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/ForFQuyiGVzSOn14ak27AO/Crompton-Greaves-seek-shareholders-nod-to-change-name.html |accessdate=10 November 2020 |work=mint |date=23 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=70 companies with pre-1947 roots |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/IvqNiC0KHlZg9ZOXhFbe4O/70-companies-with-pre1947-roots.html |accessdate=10 November 2020 |work=mint |date=17 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The company in [[Cold War]] era collaborated with the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] and the [[Eastern Bloc]] for [[technology transfer]] of new electrical technologies.<br />
<br />
In July 2014, Crompton Greaves Limited announced plans to demerge the company in order to separate its consumer goods business from the power and industrial systems segment.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Merchant |first1=Krishna |title=Crompton Greaves shares discount value unlocking from demerger |url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/reJo8elFAHefGveULo7fnL/Crompton-Greaves-shares-discount-value-unlocking-from-demerg.html |accessdate=10 November 2020 |work=mint |date=20 July 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamat |first1=Vatsala |title=Crompton Greaves improves demerger plan of consumer goods business |url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/ZfQrFG82FvBIVYoe4oeTrM/Crompton-Greaves-improves-demerger-plan-of-consumer-goods-bu.html |accessdate=10 November 2020 |work=mint |date=24 March 2015 |language=en}}</ref> The demerger was completed in 2016 with the listing of [[Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals|Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals Limited]] (CGCEL) and [[Gautam Thapar]] selling his 34% stake in CGCEL to [[Advent International]] and [[Temasek Holdings]] for {{INR}} 2,000 [[crore]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals lists on bourses today, shares up |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/crompton-greaves-consumer-electricals-lists-on-bourses-today-shares-up/254268/ |accessdate=10 November 2020 |work=The Financial Express |date=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dubey |first1=Jyotindra |title=The downfall! How this iconic Delhi business empire went bust |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/the-downfall-how-this-iconic-delhi-business-empire-went-bust/articleshow/71575247.cms |accessdate=10 November 2020 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2017, Crompton Greaves changed its name from Crompton Greaves Limited to CG Power and Industrial Solutions Limited.<ref>{{cite news |title=Crompton Greaves gets shareholders' nod to change name |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/electronics/crompton-greaves-gets-shareholders-nod-to-change-name/articleshow/56780514.cms |accessdate=10 November 2020 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 2019, CG Power and Industrial Solutions reported that its employees had carried out unauthorised transactions resulting in an "understatement of the company's liabilities" by thousands of crores in the previous financial year.<ref>{{cite news |title=CG Power reports massive fraud |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/cg-power-reports-huge-financial-fraud/article29184226.ece |accessdate=10 November 2020 |work=Business Line |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamat |first1=Vatsala |title=For CG Power, the trouble started long before it reported serious lapses |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/mark-to-market/for-cg-power-stock-trouble-started-long-before-it-reported-serious-lapses-1566372469087.html |accessdate=10 November 2020 |work=mint |date=21 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2020, [[Murugappa Group]]'s [[Tube Investments of India Limited|Tube Investments]] acquired a 56% stake in CG Power and Industrial Solutions for {{INR}} 700 crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahaskar |first1=Abhijit |title=Murugappa Group led Tube Investments to acquire 56% stake in CG Power |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/murugappa-group-led-tube-investments-to-acquire-56-stake-in-cg-power-for-rs-700-crore-11596870980735.html |accessdate=10 November 2020 |work=mint |date=8 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Products and services==<br />
*'''MV Switchgear'''<br />
**VCB, PCVCB, GIS & RMU, all Rail Transportation Equipments like Traction Motors, Converters, cubicles, Relays, Point machines etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cgglobal.com/frontend/Crompton.aspx?cnl1=KV1SpKMjSGM= |title=Products and Services |access-date=6 January 2012 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125010531/http://www.cgglobal.com/frontend/Crompton.aspx?cnl1=KV1SpKMjSGM= |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
* Received [[National Architectural Accrediting Board|NABL accreditation]] for 5 of its labs & 1 calibration lab.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cgglobal.com/frontend/finalnonproduct.aspx?cnl2=3G3ss5YkJ3g= |title=Awards|access-date=22 December 2011 |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314021327/http://www.cgglobal.com/frontend/finalnonproduct.aspx?cnl2=3G3ss5YkJ3g= |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.cgglobal.com/index.aspx Crompton Greaves Global] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423091146/http://www.cgglobal.com/index.aspx |date=23 April 2022 }}<br />
<br />
{{Nifty 200 companies}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Electrical engineering companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Murugappa Group]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1878]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1937]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Delhi&diff=460113New Delhi2026-03-20T13:50:44Z<p>Ankushraj: brief expanded layout to improve readability and improved wording as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Capital city of India}}<br />
{{About|the capital of India, within the union territory of [[Delhi]]}}<br />
{{Protection padlock|small=yes}}<br />
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --><br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = New Delhi<br />
| native_name = ''Naī Dillī''<!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. --><br />
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| image_seal = Seal of the New Delhi Municipal Council.svg<br />
| image_skyline = {{multiple image<br />
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| image1 = Forecourt, Rashtrapati Bhavan - 1.jpg<br />
| caption1 = [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi]]<br />
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| image3 = Bharat Mandapam Morning View.jpg<br />
| caption3 = [[Bharat Mandapam]]<br />
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| caption4 = [[Life Insurance Corporation|LIC]], [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]]<br />
| image5 = Skyline of Cannaught Place, New Delhi.jpg<br />
| caption5 = Skyline of [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]]<br />
| image6 = Kartavya Path in the evening in New Delhi 01.jpg<br />
| caption6 = [[Rajpath]]<br />
| image7 = Delhi, India, India Gate.jpg<br />
| image7_size = 100px<br />
| caption7= [[India Gate]]<br />
| image8 = Amar Chakra, National War Memorial, New Delhi.jpg<br />
| caption8 = [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]]<br />
}}<br />
| image_flag = Flag of New Delhi.svg<br />
| mapframe = <br />
| mapframe-zoom = <br />
| mapframe-wikidata = <br />
| image_map = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India#South Asia#Asia<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India##Location in Asia<br />
| pushpin_mapsize = <br />
| pushpin_relief = yes<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|type:city_region:IN-DL|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]<br />
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Delhi Capital Territory.svg}} [[Delhi]]<br />
| established_title = Established<br />
| established_date = 12 December 1911<br />
| established_title1 = Inaugurated<br />
| established_date1 = 13 February 1931<br />
| motto = {{force singular}} ''Śrama ēva jayatē''<br /><small>Labour is victory</small><br />
| government_type = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]]<br />
| governing_body = [[New Delhi Municipal Council]]<br />
| leader_title1 = [[Chairman]]<br />
| leader_name1 = Amit Yadav, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| total_type = [[Capital city]]<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --><br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Delhi Info">{{Cite web |title=About Delhi |url=https://www.ndmc.gov.in/ndmc/act.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612173307/https://www.ndmc.gov.in/ndmc/act.aspx |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=26 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Amanda Briney |title=Geographic Facts About New Delhi, India |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/geography-of-new-delhi-1435049 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428182823/https://www.thoughtco.com/geography-of-new-delhi-1435049 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=ThoughtCo.com Education}}</ref><br />
| area_total_km2 = 42.7<br />
| area_rank = [[List of districts of Delhi|10]]<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Delhi topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-vr257/New-Delhi/ |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=Topographic maps |language=en}}</ref><br />
| elevation_m = 230<br />
| population_total = 249,998<!--DO NOT CHANGE IT WITH DATA ABOUT WHOLE DELHI METROPOLIS--><br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011city">{{Cite web |title=Provisional Population Totals. Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226064110/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf%20 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |publisher=Census of India 2011 |access-date=12 December 2021}}</ref><br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_blank1_title = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]] (2018; includes entire urban Delhi + part of [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]])<br />
| population_blank1 = 28,514,000<br />
| population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2018">{{Cite web |title=The World's Cities in 2018 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183632/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=2 September 2021 |publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref><br />
| demographics1_title2 = Regional<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[Haryanvi]] (Deswali)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Haryanvi |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/39/32/25/39322561837182664281680018892812535354/JLSR2024_011.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Haryanvi Language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/haryanvi.htm}}</ref><br />
| population_rank = [[List of districts of Delhi|11]]<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_note = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +05:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 110001, 121003, 1220xx, 201313 (New Delhi)<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Delhi |url=https://indiapincodes.net/Delhi/New-delhi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817045800/https://indiapincodes.net/Delhi/New-delhi/ |archive-date=17 August 2022 |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=indiapincodes.net}}</ref><br />
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-11]]<br />
| registration_plate = DL-2X<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[International Airport]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]<br />
| blank2_info_sec2 = <br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}<br />{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}<br />{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}<br />{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}<br />{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}<br />{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}<br />{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Airport Express|croute}}<br />{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}<br />{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Grey|croute}}<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Delhi Metro|Metro line(s)]]<br />
| leader_title = [[Mayor of Delhi]]<br />
| leader_name = [[Raja Iqbal Singh]]<br />
| area_total_sq_mi = 16.49<br />
| founder = [[George V]]<br />
| elevation_ft = 754.59<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[New Delhi Assembly constituency|New Delhi]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| native_name_lang = ISO 15919<br />
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name4 = [[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]<br />
| website = {{official URL}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''New Delhi'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=NewDelhi1.ogg|ˈ|nj|uː|_|ˈ|d|ɛ|.|l|i}};<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THE STRESS – IT IS IN ACCORDANCE WITH WHAT LPD AND CEPD SAY --><ref>{{Citation |last=Wells |first=John C. |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |year=2008 |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}; {{citation |last=Roach |first=Peter |year=2011 |title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary |edition=18th |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-15253-2}}</ref> {{Indic Transl|hi|Naī Dillī}}}} is the [[capital city]] of [[India]] and a part of the [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]] (NCT). New Delhi is the seat of all three branches of the [[Government of India]], hosting the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] (Presidential Palace), [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Sansad Bhavan]] (Parliament House), and the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]. New Delhi is a [[Municipal governance in India|municipality]] within the NCT, administered by the [[New Delhi Municipal Council]] (NDMC), which covers mostly [[Lutyens' Delhi]] and a few adjacent areas. The municipal area is part of a larger [[List of districts in India|administrative district]], the [[New Delhi district]].<br />
<br />
Although colloquially ''Delhi'' and ''New Delhi'' are used interchangeably to refer to the National Capital Territory of Delhi, both are distinct entities, with the municipality and the New Delhi district forming a relatively small part within the [[megacity]] of Delhi. The [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] is an even larger entity, comprising the entire NCT along with adjoining districts in the two neighbouring states forming a continuously built-up area with it, including [[Ghaziabad]], [[Noida]], [[Greater Noida]], [[Meerut]], [[YEIDA City]], [[Gurgaon]], and [[Faridabad]].<br />
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The foundation stone of New Delhi, south of central Delhi, was laid by [[George V]] during the [[Visit of King George V to India|Delhi Durbar of 1911]].<ref name="History New Delhi">{{Cite news |last=Lahiri |first=Tripti |date=13 January 2012 |title=New Delhi: One of History's Best-Kept Secrets |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/08/one-of-historys-best-kept-secrets/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210122222/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/08/one-of-historys-best-kept-secrets/ |archive-date=10 December 2019}}</ref> It was designed by [[British Empire|British]] architects [[Edwin Lutyens]] and [[Herbert Baker]]. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931,<ref name="India freedom capital">{{Cite news |last=Stancati |first=Margherita |date=8 December 2011 |title=New Delhi becomes the capital of Independent India |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/12/08/independence-through-a-womans-lens/ |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213140026/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/12/08/independence-through-a-womans-lens/ |archive-date=13 December 2019}}</ref> by [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General]] [[Lord Irwin|Irwin]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
=== Establishment ===<br />
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --><br />
{{see also|Construction of New Delhi}}<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| perrow = 1<br />
| total_width = 250<br />
| caption_align = centre<br />
| align = left<br />
| image1 = Inauguration of New Delhi 1931.jpg<br />
| caption1 = The 1931 postage stamp series celebrated the inauguration of New Delhi as the seat of government. The one [[rupee]] stamp shows [[George V]] with the "Secretariat Building" and Dominion Columns.<br />
}}<br />
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Until December 1911, [[Calcutta]] was the capital of India during [[British Raj|British rule]]. However, it had become the centre of the nationalist movements since the late nineteenth century, which led to the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]] by Viceroy [[Lord Curzon|Curzon]]. This created a massive upsurge in political and religious activity including political assassinations of British officials in Calcutta. The anti-colonial sentiments among the public led to a complete boycott of British goods, which forced the colonial government to reunite Bengal and immediately shift the capital to New Delhi.<ref name="Move From Calcutta">{{Cite news |title=86 years ago New Delhi took over as power capital of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/86-years-ago-new-delhi-took-over-as-power-capital-of-india/articleshow/57133366.cms |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301100517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/86-years-ago-new-delhi-took-over-as-power-capital-of-india/articleshow/57133366.cms |archive-date=1 March 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Old Delhi]] had served as the political centre of several empires of [[History of India|medieval India]] and the [[Delhi Sultanate]], most notably of the [[Mughal Empire]] from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi.<ref name="Delhi Move">{{Cite news |last=Wright |first=Tom |date=11 November 2011 |title=Why Delhi? The Move From Calcutta |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/11/why-delhi-the-move-from-calcutta/ |access-date=16 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727073527/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/11/why-delhi-the-move-from-calcutta/ |archive-date=27 July 2020}}</ref> The [[British Raj|Government of British India]] felt that it would be logistically easier to administer India from Delhi, which is in the centre of [[North India|northern India]].<ref name="Delhi Move" /> The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the [[Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013|Land Acquisition Act, 1894]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Kirar |first=Vanshika |date= |title=The Land Acquisition Act of 1894 and its Impact in the Making of New Delhi (1911-1931) |url=https://scholar-event.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/digital_content/asset/9107/CG_Athenes_.pptx |website= |publisher=[[University of Delhi]] |access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
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During the [[Delhi Durbar]] on 12 December 1911, George V while laying the foundation stone for the viceroy's residence in the [[Coronation Park, Delhi|Coronation Park]], [[Kingsway Camp]], declared that the capital of [[the Raj]] would be shifted from [[Calcutta]] to [[Delhi]].<ref name="Delhi new capital">{{Cite news |last=Wright |first=Tom |date=22 November 2011 |title=In 1911, Rush to Name Delhi as Capital Causes a Crush |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/22/in-1911-rush-to-name-delhi-as-capital-causes-a-crush/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125152453/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/22/in-1911-rush-to-name-delhi-as-capital-causes-a-crush/ |archive-date=25 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="Delhi capital">{{Cite news |date=28 November 2011 |title=Was New Delhi a Death Knell for Calcutta? |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/28/was-new-delhi-a-death-knell-for-calcutta/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130230021/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/28/was-new-delhi-a-death-knell-for-calcutta/ |archive-date=30 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="Hall">{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=P |title=Cities of Tomorrow |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-631-23252-0 |pages=198–206 |author-link=Peter Hall (urbanist)}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?sectionName=IndiaSectionPage&id=5720f679-41cd-4e23-a9eb-c2f6b5d707c8Indiaturns61_Special&Headline=Coronation+park+cries+out+for+help Coronation park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502154207/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?sectionName=IndiaSectionPage&id=5720f679-41cd-4e23-a9eb-c2f6b5d707c8Indiaturns61_Special&Headline=Coronation+park+cries+out+for+help |date=2 May 2011 }} [[Hindustan Times]], 14 August 2008.</ref> Three days later, George V and his consort, [[Mary of Teck|Mary]], laid the foundation stone of New Delhi at Kingsway Camp.<ref name="Delhi formation">{{Cite news |last=Lahiri |first=Tripti |date=20 November 2011 |title=The New Delhis That Might Have Been |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/20/the-new-delhis-that-might-have-been/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123011902/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/20/the-new-delhis-that-might-have-been/ |archive-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> Large parts of New Delhi were planned by [[Edwin Lutyens]], who first visited Delhi in 1912, and [[Herbert Baker]], both leading 20th-century British architects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patwant |first=Singh |year=2002–2003 |title=Sir Edwin and the building |url=http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_article/pg_38-43_new_delhi.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516181731/http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_article/pg_38-43_new_delhi.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2011 |access-date=31 December 2013 |publisher=wmf.org}}</ref> The contract was given to [[Sobha Singh (builder)|Sobha Singh]]. The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad, inside the [[Tughlaqabad Fort]], but this was given up because of the Delhi-Calcutta trunk line that passed through the fort.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} Construction really began after [[World War I]] and was completed by 1931. The gardening and planning of plantations was led by [[A.E.P. Griessen]], and later William Mustoe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bowe |first=Patrick |date=2009 |title=The genius of an artist: William R. Mustoe and the planting of the city of New Delhi and its gardens |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40649671 |url-status=live |journal=Garden History |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=68–79 |issn=0307-1243 |jstor=40649671 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009054323/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40649671 |archive-date=9 October 2021 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> The city that was later dubbed "[[Lutyens' Delhi]]" was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Viceroy Irwin.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 1931 |title=New Delhi: The Inaugural Ceremony |page=12 |work=[[The Times]] |issue=45744 |location=London}}</ref> Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's [[imperialism|imperial aspirations]].<ref name="ya">{{Cite web |title=Yadgaar |url=http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/pdf/yadgaar.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229182030/http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/pdf/yadgaar.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2009 |access-date=18 May 2010 |publisher=[[National Museum, New Delhi]]}}</ref><br />
[[File:New Delhi government block 03-2016 img6.jpg|thumb|The [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Secretariat Building]] houses Ministries of [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance]], [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs]] and [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]]. It also houses the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's office]].]]<br />
Soon Lutyens started considering other places. Indeed, the Delhi Town Planning Committee, set up to plan the new imperial capital, with [[George Swinton]] as chairman, and John A. Brodie and [[Lutyens]] as members, submitted reports for both north and south sites. However, it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high. The central axis of New Delhi, which today faces east at [[India Gate]], was previously meant to be a north–south axis linking the [[Viceroy's House]] at one end with [[Paharganj]] at the other. Eventually, owing to space constraints and the presence of a large number of heritage sites on the north side, the committee settled on the south site.<ref>Chishti, p. 225.</ref> A site atop the [[Raisina Hill]], formerly Raisina Village<ref>{{cite news |last=Dabas |first=Maninder |title=The Jats Who Owned Lutyens' Delhi And A 104 Year Old Wait For Compensation |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/the-jats-who-owned-lutyens-delhi-and-a-104-year-old-wait-for-compensation-274993.html |work=IndiaTimes |date=22 August 2023 |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref><br />
,<ref>{{cite news |title=Wronged by history, 'Raisina' farmers want justice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/wronged-by-history-raisina-farmers-want-justice/articlesshow/9574345.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 August 2011 |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ghosts of Raisina Hill: where are the original inhabitants of Lutyens' Delhi? |url=https://taazakhabarnews.com/ghosts-of-raisina-hill-where-are-the-original-inhabitants-of-lutyens-delhi/ |work=Taazakhabar News |author=Ajit Ujjainkar |date=2025 |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Penniless 'landlords' of Raisina Hill |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/penniless-landlords-of-raisina-hill/article17333053.ece |work=The Hindu |date=20 February 2017 |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref> was chosen for the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]], then known as the Viceroy's House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the [[Purana Qila|Dinapanah]] citadel, which was also considered the site of [[Indraprastha]], the ancient region of Delhi. Subsequently, the foundation stone was shifted from the site of [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1911–1912, where the Coronation Pillar stood, and embedded in the walls of the forecourt of [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|the Secretariat]]. The [[Rajpath]], also known as King's Way, stretched from the [[India Gate]] to the Rashtrapati Bhavan. The Secretariat building, the two blocks of which flank the Rashtrapati Bhavan and houses ministries of the government of India, and the [[Parliament of India|Parliament House]], both designed by Baker, are located at the [[Sansad Marg]] and run parallel to the Rajpath.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
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In the south, land up to [[Safdarjung's Tomb]] was acquired to create what is today known as [[Lutyens' Bungalow Zone]].<ref>Chishti, p. 222.</ref> Before construction could begin on the rocky ridge of [[Raisina Hill]], a circular railway line around the Council House (now [[Parliament of India|Parliament House]]), called the ''Imperial Delhi Railway'', was built to transport construction material and workers for the next twenty years. The last stumbling block was the [[Agra]]-Delhi railway line that cut right through the site earmarked for the hexagonal All-India War Memorial ([[India Gate]]) and Kingsway ([[Rajpath]]), which was a problem because the [[Old Delhi Railway Station]] served the entire city at that time. The line was shifted to run along the [[Yamuna River]], and it began operating in 1924. The [[New Delhi Railway Station]] opened in 1926, with a single platform at [[Ajmeri Gate]] near [[Paharganj]], and was completed in time for the city's inauguration in 1931.<ref name="htlux">{{Cite news |date=21 July 2011 |title=A fine balance of luxury and care |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/A-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/Article1-723880.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214175839/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/a-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/article1-723880.aspx |archive-date=14 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes652023">{{Cite news |date=18 January 2011 |title=When Railways nearly derailed New Delhi |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/When-Railways-nearly-derailed-New-Delhi/Article1-652023.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926091104/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/When-Railways-nearly-derailed-New-Delhi/Article1-652023.aspx |archive-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> As construction of the Viceroy's House (the present Rashtrapati Bhavan), [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Central Secretariat]], [[Sansad Bhavan|Parliament House]], and All-India War Memorial ([[India Gate]]) was winding down, the building of a shopping district and a new plaza, [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]], began in 1929, and was completed by 1933. Named after [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Prince Arthur]], 1st [[Duke of Connaught]] (1850–1942), it was designed by [[Robert Tor Russell]], chief architect to the [[Central Public Works Department|Public Works Department]] (PWD).<ref name="htc">{{Cite news |date=8 February 2011 |title=CP's blueprint: Bath's Crescent |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/CP-s-blueprint-Bath-s-Crescent/Article1-659739.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103040022/http://www.hindustantimes.com/CP-s-blueprint-Bath-s-Crescent/Article1-659739.aspx |archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref><br />
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After the capital of India moved to Delhi, a temporary secretariat building was constructed in a few months in 1912 in [[North Delhi]]. Most of the government offices of the new capital moved here from the 'Old secretariat' in [[Old Delhi]] (the building now houses the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]), a decade before the new capital was inaugurated in 1931. Many employees were brought into the new capital from distant parts of India, including the [[Bengal Presidency]] and [[Madras Presidency]]. Subsequently, housing for them has developed around [[Gole Market]] area in the 1920s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2011 |title=Capital story: Managing a New Delhi |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Capital-story-Managing-a-New-Delhi/Article1-740284.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208125953/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Capital-story-Managing-a-New-Delhi/Article1-740284.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2012}}</ref> Built in the 1940s, to house government employees, with bungalows for senior officials in the nearby Lodi Estate area, [[Lodi Colony]] near historic [[Lodi Gardens]], was the last residential areas built by the [[British Raj]].<ref name="ht">{{Cite news |date=1 September 2011 |title=A tale of two cities |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-tale-of-two-cities/Article1-740282.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702164816/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-tale-of-two-cities/Article1-740282.aspx |archive-date=2 July 2015}}</ref><br />
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=== Post-independence ===<br />
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --><br />
After India gained [[Independence Day (India)|independence]] in 1947, limited autonomy was conferred to New Delhi and was administered by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the [[Government of India]]. In 1966, Delhi was converted into a [[union territory]] and eventually the Chief Commissioner was replaced by a Lieutenant Governor. The [[Constitution of India|Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991]] declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi.<ref name="NCTact">{{Cite web |title=The Constitution (Sixty-Ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821020032/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm |archive-date=21 August 2016 |access-date=8 January 2007 |website=The Constitution (Amendment) Acts, The Constitution of India |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India}}</ref> A system was introduced under which the elected government was given wide powers, excluding law and order which remained with the Central Government. The actual enforcement of the legislation came in 1993.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
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The first major extension of New Delhi outside of [[Lutyens' Delhi]] came in the 1950s when the [[Central Public Works Department]] (CPWD) developed a large area of land southwest of Lutyens' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of [[Chanakyapuri]], where land was allotted for embassies, chanceries, high commissions and residences of ambassadors, around a wide central vista, ''[[Shantipath|Shanti Path]]''.<ref name="urbanv">{{Cite book |last=Viswambhar Nath |title=Urbanization, urban development, and metropolitan cities in India |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-8069-412-7 |pages=248, 251 |chapter=Delhi Before 1947 |access-date=27 October 2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Obd1vEVEPdgC&pg=PA244 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923130930/https://books.google.com/books?id=Obd1vEVEPdgC&pg=PA244 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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== Geography ==<br />
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --><br />
With a total area of {{convert|42.7|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name="Delhi Info" /> the municipality of New Delhi forms a small part of the Delhi metropolitan area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDMC Act |url=http://www.ndmc.gov.in/AboutNDMC/NNDMCAct.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302220220/http://www.ndmc.gov.in/AboutNDMC/NNDMCAct.aspx |archive-date=2 March 2008 |access-date=4 November 2008 |publisher=Ndmc.gov.in}}</ref> Since the city is located on the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]], there is little difference in elevation across the city. New Delhi and surrounding areas were once a part of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravali Range]]; all that is left of those mountains is the [[Delhi Ridge]], which is also called the Lungs of Delhi. While New Delhi lies on the floodplains of the [[Yamuna River]], it is essentially a landlocked city. East of the river is the urban area of [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History - District Shahdara, Government of Delhi |url=https://dmshahdara.delhi.gov.in/about-district/history/ |website=District Shahdara Delhi |access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref><br />
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=== Seismology ===<br />
New Delhi falls under the [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone-IV]], making it vulnerable to earthquakes.<ref name="hazardprofile">{{Cite web |title=Hazard profiles of Indian districts |url=http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519100611/http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2006 |access-date=23 August 2006 |website=National Capacity Building Project in Disaster Management |publisher=[[UNDP]]}}</ref> It lies on several fault lines and thus experiences frequent earthquakes, most of them of mild intensity. There was a spike in the number of earthquakes between 2011 and 2015, most notable being a 5.4 magnitude earthquake in 2015 with its epicentre in [[Nepal]], a 4.7-magnitude earthquake on 25 November 2007, a 4.2-magnitude earthquake on 7 September 2011, a 5.2-magnitude earthquake on 5 March 2012,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Low intensity earthquake felt in Delhi, parts of North India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-low-intensity-earthquake-felt-in-delhi-parts-of-north-india-1658616 |work=DNA India |date=5 March 2012 |access-date=20 March 2026}}</ref> and a swarm of twelve earthquakes, including four of magnitudes 2.5, 2.8, 3.1, and 3.3, on 12 November 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Four earthquakes shake Delhi |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/Four-earthquakes-shake-Delhi-239956 |work=Mid Day |date=12 November 2013 |access-date=20 March 2026}}</ref><br />
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=== Climate ===<br />
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --><br />
{{See also|Climate of Delhi}}<br />
<br />
[[Delhi]] features a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa''), closely bordering a [[hot semi-arid climate]] (Köppen ''BSh''), with hot summers accompanied by frequent [[thunderstorm]]s locally known as andhi, and cool winters that are characterised by [[Fog|dense fog]]. The city's rainfall pattern is heavily influenced by the [[summer monsoon]] entering in late June and continuing till mid-September. Summers are long, extending from mid April to late September, with the monsoon season occurring in the middle of the summer. Winter starts in November and peaks in January. Winters are very mild. The annual mean temperature is around {{convert|25|°C}}; monthly daily mean temperatures range from approximately {{convert|13|to|34|°C|°F|0}}. New Delhi's highest temperature ever recorded is {{convert|49.9|°C}} on 28 May 2024 at [[India Meteorological Department|Met]] Delhi Mungeshpur while the lowest temperature ever recorded is {{convert|-2.2|°C}} on 11 January 1967 at Indira Gandhi International Airport (formerly known as [[Palam Airport]]).<ref name="IMD2">{{Cite web |title=Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010 |url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316064314/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2014 |access-date=16 May 2014 |publisher=India Meteorological Department}}</ref> The average annual rainfall is {{convert|774.4|mm}} and monsoon rainfall from June to September is about {{convert|640.4|mm}}, most of which is during the monsoons in July and August.<ref name="ecosurv1">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 1: Introduction |url=http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113174155/http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/1.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2016 |access-date=21 December 2006 |website=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006 |publisher=Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi |pages=1–7}}</ref><br />
<br />
<div class="centre">{{Delhi weatherbox}}<br />
{| class="wikitable "style="text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"<br />
! colspan="14" |Average Barometric Pressure & Wind Speed of Delhi<br />
|-<br />
!Month<br />
!Jan<br />
!Feb<br />
!Mar<br />
!Apr<br />
!May<br />
!Jun<br />
!Jul<br />
!Aug<br />
!Sep<br />
!Oct<br />
!Nov<br />
!Dec<br />
!Year<br />
|-<br />
|Average [[Atmospheric pressure]] milibars (inHg)<ref name="Barometric Pressure">{{Cite web |title=Average pressure New Delhi, India |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/new-delhi-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614130708/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/new-delhi-climate#pressure |archive-date=14 June 2022 |access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|{{Convert|1017.0|mbar|inHg}}<br />
|{{Convert|1014.5|mbar|inHg}}<br />
|{{Convert|1010.6|mbar|inHg}}<br />
|{{Convert|1005.4|mbar|inHg}}<br />
|{{Convert|1000.5|mbar|inHg}}<br />
|{{Convert|996.7|mbar|inHg}}<br />
|{{Convert|996.9|mbar|inHg}}<br />
|{{Convert|999.4|mbar|inHg}}<br />
|{{Convert|1003.4|mbar|inHg}}<br />
|{{Convert|1009.6|mbar|inHg}}<br />
|{{Convert|1013.6|mbar|inHg}}<br />
|{{Convert|1016.1|mbar|inHg}}<br />
|{{Convert|1007.0|mbar|inHg}}<br />
|-<br />
|Average Wind Speed kilometres per hour (mph)<ref name="Wind Speed2">{{Cite web |title=Average wind speed New Delhi, India |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/new-delhi-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614130708/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/new-delhi-climate#wind |archive-date=14 June 2022 |access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|{{Convert|8.3|km/h|mph}}<br />
|{{Convert|9.4|km/h|mph}}<br />
|{{Convert|9.5|km/h|mph}}<br />
|{{Convert|10.0|km/h|mph}}<br />
|{{Convert|10.2|km/h|mph}}<br />
|{{Convert|10.6|km/h|mph}}<br />
|{{Convert|9.5|km/h|mph}}<br />
|{{Convert|8.8|km/h|mph}}<br />
|{{Convert|8.3|km/h|mph}}<br />
|{{Convert|6.7|km/h|mph}}<br />
|{{Convert|7.6|km/h|mph}}<br />
|{{Convert|7.7|km/h|mph}}<br />
|{{Convert|8.9|km/h|mph}}<br />
|}<br />
{{New Delhi Airport weatherbox}}{{Weather box<br />
| metric first = Y<br />
| single line = Y<br />
| temperature colour =<br />
| location = New Delhi (Ayanagar) 1971–2020, extremes 1967–present<br />
| Jan record high C = 29.7<br />
| Feb record high C = 33.2<br />
| Mar record high C = 40.6<br />
| Apr record high C = 45.0<br />
| May record high C = 47.6<br />
| Jun record high C = 47.0<br />
| Jul record high C = 44.8<br />
| Aug record high C = 42.7<br />
| Sep record high C = 41.0<br />
| Oct record high C = 39.4<br />
| Nov record high C = 36.4<br />
| Dec record high C = 30.2<br />
| year record high C = 47.4<br />
| Jan avg record high C = 25.2<br />
| Feb avg record high C = 29.4<br />
| Mar avg record high C = 36.2<br />
| Apr avg record high C = 42.8<br />
| May avg record high C = 45.9<br />
| Jun avg record high C = 45.6<br />
| Jul avg record high C = 41.5<br />
| Aug avg record high C = 38.3<br />
| Sep avg record high C = 37.2<br />
| Oct avg record high C = 36.2<br />
| Nov avg record high C = 32.2<br />
| Dec avg record high C = 27.7<br />
| year avg record high C = 46.2<br />
| Jan high C = 19.2<br />
| Feb high C = 24.3<br />
| Mar high C = 30.7<br />
| Apr high C = 36.8<br />
| May high C = 41.2<br />
| Jun high C = 40.5<br />
| Jul high C = 35.7<br />
| Aug high C = 34.3<br />
| Sep high C = 34.2<br />
| Oct high C = 33.4<br />
| Nov high C = 28.3<br />
| Dec high C = 22.2<br />
| year high C = 31.7<br />
| Jan low C = 7.7<br />
| Feb low C = 11.0<br />
| Mar low C = 15.4<br />
| Apr low C = 21.0<br />
| May low C = 25.5<br />
| Jun low C = 27.1<br />
| Jul low C = 26.5<br />
| Aug low C = 25.8<br />
| Sep low C = 24.2<br />
| Oct low C = 19.5<br />
| Nov low C = 14.2<br />
| Dec low C = 8.3<br />
| year low C = 18.9<br />
| Jan avg record low C = 3.6<br />
| Feb avg record low C = 6.8<br />
| Mar avg record low C = 10.5<br />
| Apr avg record low C = 16.3<br />
| May avg record low C = 19.7<br />
| Jun avg record low C = 20.6<br />
| Jul avg record low C = 22.8<br />
| Aug avg record low C = 23.1<br />
| Sep avg record low C = 21.5<br />
| Oct avg record low C = 14.5<br />
| Nov avg record low C = 9.8<br />
| Dec avg record low C = 3.2<br />
| year avg record low C = 2.9<br />
| Jan record low C = -1.3<br />
| Feb record low C = 0.0<br />
| Mar record low C = 3.8<br />
| Apr record low C = 8.4<br />
| May record low C = 13.8<br />
| Jun record low C = 18.0<br />
| Jul record low C = 19.8<br />
| Aug record low C = 21.3<br />
| Sep record low C = 14.0<br />
| Oct record low C = 9.4<br />
| Nov record low C = 3.2<br />
| Dec record low C = -0.5<br />
| year record low C = -1.3<br />
| rain colour = green<br />
| Jan rain mm = 18.0<br />
| Feb rain mm = 19.8<br />
| Mar rain mm = 21.6<br />
| Apr rain mm = 10.7<br />
| May rain mm = 31.1<br />
| Jun rain mm = 69.9<br />
| Jul rain mm = 182.2<br />
| Aug rain mm = 188.4<br />
| Sep rain mm = 106.1<br />
| Oct rain mm = 13.8<br />
| Nov rain mm = 2.1<br />
| Dec rain mm = 5.4<br />
| year rain mm =<br />
| Jan rain days = 1.6<br />
| Feb rain days = 1.6<br />
| Mar rain days = 2.1<br />
| Apr rain days = 1.0<br />
| May rain days = 2.8<br />
| Jun rain days = 4.5<br />
| Jul rain days = 8.5<br />
| Aug rain days = 8.6<br />
| Sep rain days = 4.7<br />
| Oct rain days = 0.6<br />
| Nov rain days = 0.3<br />
| Dec rain days = 0.4<br />
| year rain days = 36.7<br />
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| Jan humidity = 64<br />
| Feb humidity = 52<br />
| Mar humidity = 40<br />
| Apr humidity = 26<br />
| May humidity = 24<br />
| Jun humidity = 37<br />
| Jul humidity = 64<br />
| Aug humidity = 68<br />
| Sep humidity = 63<br />
| Oct humidity = 50<br />
| Nov humidity = 52<br />
| Dec humidity = 58<br />
| year humidity = 51<br />
| date = October 2022<br />
| source = India Meteorological Department<ref name="IMDcityrainfall3">{{Cite web |title=Climatological Information – New Delhi (Ayanagar) (42180) |url=https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42180 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013144852/https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42180 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |publisher=India Meteorological Department}}</ref><ref name="IMDcityextremes4">{{Cite web |title=Climatological Tables 1991–2020 |url=https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2023 |access-date=1 January 2023 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |page=279}}</ref> February record high<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Press Bulletin of Delhi for 20 February 2023 |url=https://rmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/press/press.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220170400/https://rmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/press/press.php |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=20 February 2023 |publisher=India Meteorological Department}}</ref><br />
}}{{Weather box<br />
| metric first = Y<br />
| single line = Y<br />
| temperature colour =<br />
| location = New Delhi ([[Delhi Ridge]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1971–present<br />
| Jan record high C = 27.5<br />
| Feb record high C = 34.2<br />
| Mar record high C = 40.9<br />
| Apr record high C = 45.7<br />
| May record high C = 47.5<br />
| Jun record high C = 47.9<br />
| Jul record high C = 42.5<br />
| Aug record high C = 40.4<br />
| Sep record high C = 38.4<br />
| Oct record high C = 38.4<br />
| Nov record high C = 34.2<br />
| Dec record high C = 29.8<br />
| year record high C = 47.9<br />
| Jan avg record high C = 24.4<br />
| Feb avg record high C = 29.6<br />
| Mar avg record high C = 36.4<br />
| Apr avg record high C = 42.8<br />
| May avg record high C = 45.7<br />
| Jun avg record high C = 44.8<br />
| Jul avg record high C = 40.4<br />
| Aug avg record high C = 37.7<br />
| Sep avg record high C = 36.8<br />
| Oct avg record high C = 36.4<br />
| Nov avg record high C = 32.5<br />
| Dec avg record high C = 27.2<br />
| year avg record high C = 45.9<br />
| Jan high C = 19.0<br />
| Feb high C = 24.4<br />
| Mar high C = 31.0<br />
| Apr high C = 37.0<br />
| May high C = 40.7<br />
| Jun high C = 39.8<br />
| Jul high C = 35.1<br />
| Aug high C = 33.9<br />
| Sep high C = 34.0<br />
| Oct high C = 33.4<br />
| Nov high C = 28.0<br />
| Dec high C = 22.5<br />
| year high C = 31.4<br />
| Jan low C = 8.7<br />
| Feb low C = 12.1<br />
| Mar low C = 16.8<br />
| Apr low C = 22.0<br />
| May low C = 25.9<br />
| Jun low C = 27.0<br />
| Jul low C = 26.1<br />
| Aug low C = 25.5<br />
| Sep low C = 24.1<br />
| Oct low C = 20.3<br />
| Nov low C = 15.1<br />
| Dec low C = 9.9<br />
| year low C = 19.2<br />
| Jan avg record low C = 5.4<br />
| Feb avg record low C = 9.0<br />
| Mar avg record low C = 12.0<br />
| Apr avg record low C = 17.4<br />
| May avg record low C = 20.7<br />
| Jun avg record low C = 21.3<br />
| Jul avg record low C = 22.7<br />
| Aug avg record low C = 23.2<br />
| Sep avg record low C = 21.5<br />
| Oct avg record low C = 17.0<br />
| Nov avg record low C = 11.5<br />
| Dec avg record low C = 5.3<br />
| year avg record low C = 4.7<br />
| Jan record low C = 1.5<br />
| Feb record low C = 7.0<br />
| Mar record low C = 10.2<br />
| Apr record low C = 11.6<br />
| May record low C = 14.2<br />
| Jun record low C = 16.7<br />
| Jul record low C = 21.0<br />
| Aug record low C = 21.6<br />
| Sep record low C = 19.0<br />
| Oct record low C = 12.4<br />
| Nov record low C = 9.7<br />
| Dec record low C = 3.5<br />
| year record low C = 1.5<br />
| rain colour = green<br />
| Jan rain mm = 20.1<br />
| Feb rain mm = 19.5<br />
| Mar rain mm = 17.8<br />
| Apr rain mm = 7.6<br />
| May rain mm = 34.0<br />
| Jun rain mm = 60.7<br />
| Jul rain mm = 190.1<br />
| Aug rain mm = 190.2<br />
| Sep rain mm = 119.3<br />
| Oct rain mm = 26.5<br />
| Nov rain mm = 2.1<br />
| Dec rain mm = 6.1<br />
| year rain mm =<br />
| Jan rain days = 1.9<br />
| Feb rain days = 1.5<br />
| Mar rain days = 1.3<br />
| Apr rain days = 1.1<br />
| May rain days = 2.4<br />
| Jun rain days = 3.9<br />
| Jul rain days = 8.3<br />
| Aug rain days = 9.4<br />
| Sep rain days = 5.2<br />
| Oct rain days = 0.5<br />
| Nov rain days = 0.3<br />
| Dec rain days = 0.5<br />
| year rain days = 36.3<br />
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| Jan humidity = 66<br />
| Feb humidity = 54<br />
| Mar humidity = 41<br />
| Apr humidity = 29<br />
| May humidity = 31<br />
| Jun humidity = 44<br />
| Jul humidity = 71<br />
| Aug humidity = 76<br />
| Sep humidity = 68<br />
| Oct humidity = 55<br />
| Nov humidity = 54<br />
| Dec humidity = 62<br />
| year humidity = 55<br />
| date = October 2022<br />
| source = India Meteorological Department<ref name="IMDcityrainfall4">{{Cite web |title=Climatological Information – New Delhi (Ridge) (42184) |url=https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42184 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013182315/https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42184 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |publisher=India Meteorological Department}}</ref><ref name="IMDcityextremes5">{{Cite web |title=Climatological Tables 1991–2020 |url=https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2023 |access-date=1 January 2023 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |page=281}}</ref> February record high<ref name="auto1" /><br />
}}</div><br />
<br />
=== Air quality ===<br />
{{See also|Environmental issues in Delhi|Air pollution in Delhi}}<br />
In [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]'s 2015 annual quality-of-living survey, New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad [[air quality]] and pollution.<ref name="Mercer Quality Air">{{Cite news |date=8 March 2015 |title=2015 Quality of Living Survey |work=[[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]] |url=https://www.uk.mercer.com/newsroom/2015-quality-of-living-survey.html |url-status=dead |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128201250/https://www.uk.mercer.com/newsroom/2015-quality-of-living-survey.html |archive-date=28 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="WSJ New Delhi">{{Cite news |date=8 March 2015 |title=Bad Air Chokes New Delhi's Livability Ranking |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/03/05/bad-air-chokes-new-delhis-livability-ranking/?mod=WSJ_hp_India_EditorsPicks |url-status=live |access-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214025850/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/03/05/bad-air-chokes-new-delhis-livability-ranking/?mod=WSJ_hp_India_EditorsPicks |archive-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] ranked New Delhi as the world's worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organisation tracked around the world.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harris |first=Gardiner |date=8 May 2014 |title=Cities in India Among the Most Polluted, W.H.O. Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/09/world/asia/cities-in-india-among-the-most-polluted-who-says.html |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310104706/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/09/world/asia/cities-in-india-among-the-most-polluted-who-says.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] listed New Delhi as the most polluted city on [[Earth]]<ref name="New Delhi Earth">{{Cite news |date=8 November 2016 |title=New Delhi is the most polluted city on Earth right now |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/07/asia/india-new-delhi-smog-pollution/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816060132/https://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/07/asia/india-new-delhi-smog-pollution/index.html |archive-date=16 August 2021}}</ref> and [[IQAir]] listed New Delhi as the world's most polluted capital city for the second straight year in year 2019.<ref name="New Delhi Earth Pollution2">{{Cite news |date=26 February 2020 |title=New Delhi world's most polluted capital again: Study |language=en |work=www.aljazeera.com |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/26/new-delhi-worlds-most-polluted-capital-again-study |url-status=live |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113043902/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2020/2/26/new-delhi-worlds-most-polluted-capital-again-study |archive-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><br />
[[File:Connaught Place sunset.jpg|thumb|Dense smog at [[Connaught Place, New Delhi]]]]<br />
<br />
In an attempt to lessen [[air pollution]] in New Delhi, which gets worse during the winter, a temporary [[alternate-day travel]] scheme for cars using the odd- and even-numbered licence plates system was announced by the [[Delhi]] government in December 2015. In addition, trucks were to be allowed to enter India's capital only after 11&nbsp;pm, two hours later than the existing restriction.<ref name="Delhi122015">{{Cite news |last=Nida Najar |date=4 December 2015 |title=Delhi to Limit Use of Cars in an Effort to Control Pollution |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/05/world/asia/delhi-announces-pollution-control-measures.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205054942/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/05/world/asia/delhi-announces-pollution-control-measures.html |archive-date=5 December 2015}}</ref> The driving restriction scheme was planned to be implemented as a trial from 1 January 2016 for an initial period of 15 days. The restriction was in force between 8&nbsp;am and 8&nbsp;pm, and traffic was not restricted on Sundays.<ref name="dnaindia2153471">{{Cite news |date=8 December 2015 |title=Have taken note of odd-even formula of plying of vehicles: Delhi Police |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-have-taken-note-of-odd-even-formula-of-plying-of-vehicles-delhi-police-2153471 |url-status=live |access-date=9 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194904/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-have-taken-note-of-odd-even-formula-of-plying-of-vehicles-delhi-police-2153471 |archive-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> Public transportation service was increased during the restriction period.<ref name=Delhi122015 /><br />
<br />
On 16 December 2015, the [[Supreme Court of India]] mandated several restrictions on Delhi's transportation system to curb pollution. Among the measures, the court ordered to stop registrations of diesel cars and sport utility vehicles with an engine capacity of 2,000 cc and over until 31 March 2016. The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to [[compressed natural gas]] by 1 March 2016. Transportation vehicles that are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital.<ref name="20151217nytimes">{{Cite news |last=Nida Najar |date=16 December 2015 |title=India, choking on pollution, Restricts Vehicle Use in Delhi |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/world/asia/india-choking-on-pollution-restricts-vehicle-use-in-new-delhi.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218203447/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/world/asia/india-choking-on-pollution-restricts-vehicle-use-in-new-delhi.html |archive-date=18 December 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Analysing real-time vehicle speed data from Uber Delhi revealed that during the odd-even program, average speeds went up by a statistically significant 5.4 per cent (2.8 standard deviations from normal). This means vehicles have less idling time in traffic and vehicle engines would run closer to minimum fuel consumption.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2016 |title=Yes, Delhi, it worked |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/odd-even-policy-delhi-pollution-yes-delhi-it-worked/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929111947/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/odd-even-policy-delhi-pollution-yes-delhi-it-worked/ |archive-date=29 September 2021 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> In bordering areas, PM 2.5 levels were recorded more than 400 (ug/m3) while in inner areas in Delhi, they were recorded between 150 and 210 on an average.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 January 2016 |title=Odd-even scheme likely to return in Delhi after March; schools, 2nd car among concerns {{pipe}} Delhi News |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Odd-even-scheme-likely-to-return-in-Delhi-after-March-schools-2nd-car-among-concerns/articleshow/50629135.cms |url-status=live |access-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225090820/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Odd-even-scheme-likely-to-return-in-Delhi-after-March-schools-2nd-car-among-concerns/articleshow/50629135.cms |archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> However, the sub-city of [[Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka]], located in the southwest district, has a substantially low level of air pollution. At [[Netaji Subhas University of Technology|NSUT]], located in Sector 3, Dwarka, pollution levels were as low as 93 PPM.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}<br />
<br />
On 7 November 2017, the [[Indian Medical Association]] declared a public health emergency due to high pollution levels.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Safi |first=Michael |date=7 November 2017 |title=Delhi doctors declare pollution emergency as smog chokes city |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/07/delhi-india-declares-pollution-emergency-as-smog-chokes-city |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029001236/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/07/delhi-india-declares-pollution-emergency-as-smog-chokes-city |archive-date=29 October 2021 |access-date=27 January 2019 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> The highest being in the [[Punjabi Bagh]] district with an [[air quality index]] of 999 and in the [[Rama Krishna Puram|RK Puram]] district with an index of 852. The lowest index recorded was in the [[Anand Vihar]] district with an index of 319.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2017 |title=Delhi air pollution: Public health emergency declared; people advised not to venture outside |url=https://zeenews.india.com/delhi/delhi-air-pollution-public-health-emergency-declared-people-advised-not-to-venture-outside-2054928.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109012213/https://zeenews.india.com/delhi/delhi-air-pollution-public-health-emergency-declared-people-advised-not-to-venture-outside-2054928.html |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> Levels of PM2.5 were recorded at 710&nbsp;μg/m<sup>3</sup>, more than 11 times the [[World Health Organization]]'s safe limit.<ref name="auto" /><br />
<br />
In a 2018 study, New Delhi was found to be the most polluted capital out of 61 capital cities around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2019 |title=New Delhi is world's most polluted capital |url=https://epaper.dawn.com/DetailNews.php?StoryText=06_03_2019_012_004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224234035/https://epaper.dawn.com/DetailNews.php?StoryText=06_03_2019_012_004 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=6 March 2019 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> In December 2019, [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]], in partnership with the [[McKelvey School of Engineering]] of [[Washington University in St. Louis]], launched the Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility to study air pollution in New Delhi, among other Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2019 |title=McKelvey Engineering, IIT Bombay partner to study air pollution {{!}} The Source {{!}} Washington University in St. Louis |url=https://source.wustl.edu/2019/12/new-partnership-brings-together-mckelvey-iit-bombay-to-study-air-pollution/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529072244/https://source.wustl.edu/2019/12/new-partnership-brings-together-mckelvey-iit-bombay-to-study-air-pollution/ |archive-date=29 May 2021 |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=The Source |language=en-US}}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]], the water quality of the [[Yamuna]] and [[Ganges]] river basins have improved as industries are closed due to the lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2020 |title=Lockdown makes Ganga water significantly cleaner |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lockdown-makes-ganga-water-significantly-cleaner-11586022134242.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813030621/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lockdown-makes-ganga-water-significantly-cleaner-11586022134242.html |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=22 April 2020 |publisher=LiveMint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Naqvi |first1=Haider |last2=Kumar |first2=Sudhir |date=4 April 2020 |title=Lockdown does what decades of schemes couldn't: Clean Ganga |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/anxiety-more-time-to-study-for-40k-students-stranded-in-kota/story-LgCluBkrFEITG9qyX16IEI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411122442/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/anxiety-more-time-to-study-for-40k-students-stranded-in-kota/story-LgCluBkrFEITG9qyX16IEI.html |archive-date=11 April 2021 |access-date=22 April 2020 |publisher=HT Digital Streams Ltd.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2020 |title=India's coronavirus lockdown reveals fresh air, cleaner rivers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-lockdown-india-fresh-air-clean-rivers-1669726-2020-04-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411122442/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-lockdown-india-fresh-air-clean-rivers-1669726-2020-04-22 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |access-date=22 April 2020 |publisher=Living Media India Ltd.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Babu |first=Nikhil |date=14 April 2020 |title=Yamuna cleaner due to lockdown |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/yamuna-cleaner-due-to-lockdown/article31342401.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411122442/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/yamuna-cleaner-due-to-lockdown/article31342401.ece |archive-date=11 April 2021 |access-date=22 April 2020 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The air quality has also significantly improved during the lockdown.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The silver lining: air pollution dips amid the lockdown |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/the-silver-lining-air-pollution-dips-amid-the-lockdown-1671422-2020-04-26 |url-status=live |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411122443/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/the-silver-lining-air-pollution-dips-amid-the-lockdown-1671422-2020-04-26 |archive-date=11 April 2021}}</ref><br />
On 5 November 2020, New Delhi recorded its most toxic day in a year, as the concentration of poisonous PM2.5 particles was recorded at 14 times the WHO's safe limit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's capital New Delhi suffers most toxic air in a year |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/5/indias-capital-new-delhi-suffers-most-toxic-air-in-a-year |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116030854/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/5/indias-capital-new-delhi-suffers-most-toxic-air-in-a-year |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Typically, November is the month with the worst air quality.<ref>https://www.aqi.in: [https://www.aqi.in/dashboard/india/delhi/new-delhi Annual Air Quality Changes] (11 November 2025)</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:2015 Air pollution in New Delhi (AQI).svg|thumb|upright=4.1|centre|2015 Air pollution in New Delhi (PM2.5 AQI)<br />
{{Columns-start}}<br />
{{legend|#7e0023| Hazardous }}<br />
{{legend|#9900ac| Very Unhealthy }}<br />
{{legend|#ff0000| Unhealthy}}<br />
{{Column}}<br />
{{legend|#ff7e00| Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups}}<br />
{{legend|#ffff00| Moderate }}<br />
{{legend|#00e400| Good}}<br />
{{Columns-end}}<br />
]]<br />
{| class="wikitable center" <br />
!Month<br />
!January<br />
!February<br />
!March<br />
!April<br />
!May<br />
!June<br />
!July<br />
!August<br />
!September<br />
!October<br />
!November<br />
!December<br />
|-<br />
|Average [[Air quality index]]<br />
| style="background: #f90; colour: black" |201–300<br />
(Poor)<br />
| style="background: #f90; colour: black" |201–300<br />
(Poor)<br />
| style="background: #ff0; colour: black" |101–200<br />
(Moderate)<br />
| style="background: #ff0; colour: black" |101–200<br />
(Moderate)<br />
| style="background: #ff0; colour: black" |101–200<br />
(Moderate)<br />
| style="background: #ff0; colour: black" |101–200<br />
(Moderate)<br />
| style="background: #6c0; colour: black" |51–100<br />
(Satisfactory)<br />
| style="background: #6c0; colour: black" |51–100<br />
(Satisfactory)<br />
| style="background: #6c0; colour: black" |51–100<br />
(Satisfactory)<br />
| style="background:brown; colour: black" |401–500<br />
(Severe)<br />
| style="background:brown; colour: black" |401–500<br />
(Severe)<br />
| style="background:red; colour: black" |301–400<br />
(Very Poor)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the district or the entire NCT. --><br />
As of 2011, the New Delhi Municipal Council area has a population of 249,998.<ref name=2011city /> [[Hindi]] is the most widely spoken language in New Delhi and the [[lingua franca]] of the city. English is primarily used as the formal language by business and government institutes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2019 |title=Know about Delhi Fast Facts, Area, population, Geographical Location, Languages |url=https://www.delhicapital.com/about-delhi/fast-facts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926054706/https://www.delhicapital.com/about-delhi/fast-facts.html |archive-date=26 September 2021 |access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref> New Delhi has a literacy rate of 89.38% according to 2011 census, which is the highest in Delhi.<ref name="Cities1Lakhandabove">{{Cite web |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=26 March 2012 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Historical population<br />
| source = [[Government of India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Census Tables |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302113812/https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|1931 | 73653<br />
|1941 | 93733<br />
|1951 | 276314<br />
|1961 | 261545<br />
|1971 | 301801<br />
|1981 | 273036<br />
|1991 | 301297<br />
|2001 | 302363<br />
|2011 | 257803<br />
|align = right<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Religion ===<br />
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --><br />
{{bar box|width = 300px<br />
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"<br />
|title=Religion in New Delhi (NDMC)<!--NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH "RELIGION IN NCT OF DELHI" OR "RELIGION IN NEW DELHI DISTRICT".--><ref name="Religion PCA 2011" /><br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=right<br />
|bars=<br />
<!--THESE FIGURES ARE FOR THE CITY LIMITS GOVERNED BY '''NDMC'''. DON'T CONFUSE THESE WITH FIGURES OF '''NEW DELHI DISTRICT''' OR THOSE OF '''NCT OF DELHI'''--><br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|89.82}}<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS PROPORTION OF HINDUISM IN AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC AND NOT THAT OF ENTIRE NCT OF DELHI.--><br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|4.50}}<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS PROPORTION OF ISLAM IN AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC AND NOT THAT OF ENTIRE NCT OF DELHI.--><br />
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|Blue|2.93}}<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS PROPORTION OF CHRISTIANITY IN AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC AND NOT THAT OF ENTIRE NCT OF DELHI.--><br />
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|#FFFF00|1.97}}<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS PROPORTION OF SIKHISM IN AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC AND NOT THAT OF ENTIRE NCT OF DELHI.--><br />
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|#9955BB|0.42}}<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS PROPORTION OF JAINISM IN AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC AND NOT THAT OF ENTIRE NCT OF DELHI.--><br />
{{bar percent|Others|#808080|0.36}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
According to 2011 census, [[Hinduism]] is the religion of 89.8%<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS PROPORTION OF HINDUISM IN AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC AND NOT THAT OF ENTIRE NCT OF DELHI. AS PER 2011 CENSUS, THE PROPORTION OF HINDUISM IS 89.8% FOR NDMC AND 81.68% FOR ENTIRE NCT.--> of New Delhi's population.<ref name="Religion PCA 2011" /> There are also communities of [[Muslim]]s (4.5%<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THE PROPORTION OF ISLAM IN NEW DELHI (AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC) IS 4.5%. HOWEVER, THIS PROPORTION IS 12.9% FOR WHOLE NCT OF DELHI.-->), [[Christians]] (2.9%), [[Sikh]]s (2.0%), [[Jain]]s (0.4%).<ref name="Religion PCA 2011">{{Cite web |title=Religion PCA |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_pca/RL-0700.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707231710/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_pca/RL-0700.xlsx |archive-date=7 July 2016 |access-date=8 July 2016 |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Government of India}} '''In the downloaded Excel file, scroll down to ''row number 56'' which mentions religious data for NDMC'''.</ref> Other religious groups include [[Parsi people|Parsis]], [[Buddhist]]s, and [[Jew]]s.<ref name="Lonelyplanet">{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Data on Religion |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514045222/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |archive-date=14 May 2007 |access-date=16 May 2006 |publisher=Census of India 2001 |page=1}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<gallery caption="Religious buildings in New Delhi" mode="packed" heights="160"><br />
Sacred Heart Cathedral (New Delhi) sky adj.jpg|[[Sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi|Sacred Heart Cathedral]], designed by [[Henry Medd]] based on Italian architecture<br />
Gurudwara Bangla Sahib in New Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg|[[Gurudwara Bangla Sahib]],<br />a Sikh Gurdwara<br />
Laxminarayan Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg|[[Laxminarayan Temple]],<br />a Hindu Mandir<br />
Purana Qila -New Delhi -Delhi -DSC 0002.jpg|[[Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque]] inside [[Purana Qila|Old Fort]], <br />a mosque<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Government ==<br />
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --><br />
{{Main|New Delhi Municipal Council|Government of Delhi|Delhi Police}}<br />
<br />
The national capital of India, New Delhi is jointly administered by both the Central [[Government of India]] and the local [[Government of Delhi]], it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi.<br />
[[File:Three Municipalities of Delhi as of 2022.png|thumb|Municipalities of Delhi]]<br />
[[File:Dehli districts.png|thumb|The district of New Delhi within the NCT]]<br />
New Delhi is administered through a municipal government, known as the [[New Delhi Municipal Council]] (NDMC). The other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi are administered by the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] and [[Delhi Cantonment Board]]. {{As of|2015}}, the government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes a chairperson, three members of New Delhi's Legislative Assembly, two members nominated by the [[Chief Minister of Delhi|Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi]] and five members nominated by the central government.<br />
<br />
The districts of the NCT were redrawn in 2012 and include a district called New Delhi, albeit with different borders than the municipality. The [[New Delhi district]] includes not only the area of the municipality of the same name but also encompasses the Delhi Cantonment and parts of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi area.<br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --><br />
{{See also|Category:Companies based in New Delhi|label 1=Companies in New Delhi}}<br />
New Delhi is the largest commercial city in northern India. It has an estimated net [[State Domestic Product]] (FY 2010) of {{INRConvert|1595|b}} in nominal terms and ~{{INRConvert|6800|b}} in [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] terms.<ref name="indgovdotin">{{Cite web |title=Government of NCT of Delhi |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=32 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510144310/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=32 |archive-date=10 May 2012 |access-date=14 June 2012 |publisher=Indian Government}}</ref> {{As of|2013}}, the per capita income of Delhi was Rs. 230000, second highest in India after Goa. GSDP in Delhi at the prices for 2012–13 is estimated at Rs 3.88&nbsp;trillion ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]) against Rs 3.11&nbsp;trillion ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]) in 2011–12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi's per capita income highest in country |url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/cdae30804f9d52d88385c7fb6b929e93/newpaper+clip.PDF?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-1585547974&CACHEID=cdae30804f9d52d88385c7fb6b929e93 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205427/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/cdae30804f9d52d88385c7fb6b929e93/newpaper+clip.PDF?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-1585547974&CACHEID=cdae30804f9d52d88385c7fb6b929e93 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=28 October 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]], one of [[North India]]'s largest commercial and financial centres, is located in the northern part of New Delhi. Adjoining areas such as [[Barakhamba Road]], ITO are also major commercial centres. The government and quasi-government sector was the primary employer in New Delhi. The city's service sector has expanded due in part to the large skilled English-speaking workforce that has attracted many multinational companies. Key service industries include information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media, and tourism.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
[[File:Skyline at Rajiv Chowk.JPG|thumb|700px|{{centre|[[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] in Delhi is an important economic hub of the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]].}}|alt=A view of a road at Connaught Place showing busy traffic]]<br />
<br />
The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39, but overall the capital is ranked at 37, above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg.<ref name="Wealth Report New Delhi Economy">{{Cite news |date=21 April 2011 |title=New Delhi: Overall rank 37; Economic activity rank 39 by 2011 Wealth Report |publisher=Rediff Business |url=https://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-new-delhi-mumbai-in-top-global-cities-index/20110421.htm |url-status=live |access-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926054654/https://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-new-delhi-mumbai-in-top-global-cities-index/20110421.htm |archive-date=26 September 2021}}</ref> New Delhi, with Beijing, shares the top position as the most targeted emerging markets retail destination among Asia-Pacific markets.<ref name="New Delhi global retail">{{Cite news |date=9 May 2013 |title=New Delhi is now among global retail hotspots |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/WorldEconomy/New-Delhi-is-now-among-global-retail-hotspots/Article1-1057665.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=12 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511135751/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/WorldEconomy/New-Delhi-is-now-among-global-retail-hotspots/Article1-1057665.aspx |archive-date=11 May 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
The government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi does not release any economic figures specifically for New Delhi but publishes an official economic report on the whole of Delhi annually. According to the ''Economic Survey of Delhi'', the metropolis has a net [[State Domestic Product]] (SDP) of [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 830.85&nbsp;billion (for the year 2004–05)<ref name="ecosurv2">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 2: State Income |url=http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614085129/http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/2.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2007 |access-date=21 December 2006 |website=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006 |publisher=Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi |pages=8–16}}</ref> and a per capita income of Rs. 53,976 ($1,200).<ref name=ecosurv2 /> In the year 2008–09 New Delhi had a per capita Income of Rs. {{formatnum:116886}} ($2,595). It grew by 16.2% to reach Rs. {{formatnum:135814}} ($3,018) in 2009–10 fiscal. New Delhi's per capita GDP (at PPP) was at $6,860 during 2009–10 fiscal, making it one of the richest cities in India. The [[Tertiary sector of industry|tertiary sector]] contributes 78.4% of Delhi's gross SDP followed by [[Secondary sector of industry|secondary]] and [[Primary sector of industry|primary]] sectors with 20.2% and 1.4% contribution respectively.<ref name=ecosurv2 /><br />
<br />
The gross state domestic product (GSDP) of Delhi at prices for the year 2011–12 has been estimated at Rs 3.13&nbsp;trillion ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]), which is an increase of 18.7 per cent over the previous fiscal.<ref name="indianexpress942442">{{Cite web |title=Delhi's GDP at Rs 3 lakh cr for 2011–12 – Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/delhis-gdp-at-rs-3-lakh-cr-for-201112/942442 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006142337/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/delhis-gdp-at-rs-3-lakh-cr-for-201112/942442 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |access-date=8 February 2020 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Culture ==<br />
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --><br />
New Delhi is a cosmopolitan city due to the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural presence of the vast [[Indian bureaucracy]] and political system. The city's capital status has amplified the importance of national events and holidays. National events such as [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]], [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] and ''[[Gandhi Jayanti]]'' (Gandhi's birthday) are celebrated with great enthusiasm in New Delhi and the rest of India. On India's Independence Day (15 August), the [[prime minister of India]] addresses the nation from the [[Red Fort]]. Most [[wikt:Delhiite#Noun|Delhiites]] celebrate the day by flying kites, which are considered a symbol of freedom.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} The [[Republic Day Parade]] is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural diversity and military might.<ref name="repmil">{{Cite web |last=Ray Choudhury |first=Ray Choudhury |date=28 January 2002 |title=R-Day parade, an anachronism? |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/article28952306.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224170519/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/article28952306.ece |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=13 January 2007 |website=Business Line}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
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Religious festivals include [[Diwali]] (the festival of light), [[Maha Shivaratri]], [[Teej]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Chhath|Chhath Puja]], [[Mahavir Jayanti]], [[Guru Nanak Jayanti]], [[Holi]], [[Lohri]], [[Eid ul-Fitr]], [[Eid ul-Adha]], [[Easter]], [[Raksha Bandhan]], and [[Christmas]].<ref name="repcul">{{Cite web |title=Fairs & Festivals of Delhi |url=http://www.india-tourism.org/delhi-travel-info/delhi-fairs-festivals.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516122306/http://www.india-tourism.org/delhi-travel-info/delhi-fairs-festivals.html |archive-date=16 May 2008 |access-date=13 January 2007 |website=Delhi Travel |publisher=India Tourism.org}}</ref> The [[Qutub Festival]] is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night, with the [[Qutub Minar]] as the chosen backdrop of the event.<ref name="qutubfest">{{Cite news |last=Tankha |first=Madhur |date=15 December 2005 |title=It's Sufi and rock at Qutub Fest |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/15/stories/2005121503090200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=13 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513084038/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/15/stories/2005121503090200.htm |archive-date=13 May 2006}}</ref> Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, [[International Mango Festival, Delhi|International Mango Festival]] and ''[[Vasant Panchami]]'' (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
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In 2007, the Japanese Buddhist organisation [[Nipponzan Myohoji]] decided to build a [[Peace Pagoda]] in the city containing Buddha relics. It was inaugurated by the [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2007 |title=His Holiness unveils Vishwa Shanti Stupa in Delhi |url=https://tibet.net/his-holiness-unveils-vishwa-shanti-stupa-in-delhi/ |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=Central Tibetan Administration |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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=== Historic sites, museums and gardens ===<br />
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --><br />
[[File:India national museum 01.jpg|thumb|right|The [[National Museum, New Delhi|National Museum]] in New Delhi is one of the largest museums in India.]]<br />
New Delhi is home to several historic sites and museums. The National Museum, which began with an exhibition of Indian art and artefacts at the [[Royal Academy]] in London in the winter of 1947–48,<ref name="NMH">{{Cite web |title=History of the National Museum |url=http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328061518/http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/history.html |archive-date=28 March 2010 |access-date=25 January 2011}}</ref> was later at the end was shown at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] in 1949. Later it was to form a permanent National Museum. On 15 August 1949, the National Museum was formally inaugurated and has 200,000 works of art, both of Indian and foreign origin, covering over 5,000 years.<ref name="hindu2011020150">{{Cite news |date=1 February 2011 |title=Delhi- 100 years as the Capital |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2011/02/01/stories/2011020150210200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616135042/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2011/02/01/stories/2011020150210200.htm |archive-date=16 June 2011}}</ref><br />
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The [[India Gate]], which was built in 1931, was inspired by the [[Arc de Triomphe]] in Paris. It is the national monument of India commemorating the 90,000 soldiers of the [[Indian Army]] who died while fighting for the [[British Raj]] in [[World War I]] and the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]. The monument is barricaded now with entry to the inside arch restricted.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
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The [[Rajpath]], which was built similar to the [[Champs-Élysées]] in Paris, is the ceremonial boulevard for the [[Republic of India]], located in New Delhi. The annual [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]] takes place here on 26 January. The Beating retreat takes place here two days later.<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Republic Day Celebration 2025 - Celebrations |url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/republic-day-celebration/celebrations.php |website=india.gov.in |location= |publisher= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260110092255/https://knowindia.india.gov.in/republic-day-celebration/celebrations.php |archive-date=10 January 2026 |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Gandhi Memorial.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]], the final resting place of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]]]<br />
[[Gandhi Smriti]] in New Delhi is the location where [[Mahatma Gandhi]] spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated on 30 January 1948. [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]] is the place where Gandhi was cremated on 31 January 1948 after his [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|assassination]] and his ashes were buried and make it a final resting place beside the sanctity of the Yamuna River. The Raj Ghat in the shape of the large square platform with black marble was designed by architect Vanu Bhuta.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
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[[Jantar Mantar (Delhi)|Jantar Mantar]] located in [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] was built by [[Maharaja]] [[Jai Singh II]] of [[Jaipur]]. It consists of 13 architectural [[astronomical|astronomy]] instruments. The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables, and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and planets.<ref>{{cite web |last=Perlis |first=Barry |date= |title=Architecture in the Service of Science - The Astronomical Observatories of Jai Singh II |url=https://www.jantarmantar.org/resources/Articles/Architecture_Science_web.pdf |website=jantarmantar.org |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher= |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |year=2010 |title=Nomination of The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur for inclusion on World Heritage List |url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1338.pdf |website= |location= |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref><br />
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New Delhi is home to Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], [[National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi|National Museum of Natural History]], [[National Rail Museum, New Delhi|National Rail Museum]], [[National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, New Delhi|National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum]], [[National Philatelic Museum, New Delhi|National Philatelic Museum]], [[Nehru Planetarium]], [[Shankar's International Dolls Museum]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2012 |title=Complete list of Museums in city of New Delhi and Union Territory of Delhi |publisher=Government of Delhi, India |url=http://delhigovt.nic.in/museum.asp#15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409153505/http://delhigovt.nic.in/museum.asp |archive-date=9 April 2012}}</ref> and the Supreme Court of India Museum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2012 |title=Supreme Court of India – Museum |publisher=[[Supreme Court of India]] |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/supct/scm/scimuseum_publish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121026/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/supct/scm/scimuseum_publish.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><br />
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In the coming years, a new [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] and Museum will be constructed in New Delhi<ref name="indianexpress991366">{{Cite news |date=19 October 2012 |title=National War Memorial and National War Memorial Museum to come up at India Gate at New Delhi, India |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/national-war-memorial-to-come-up-at-india-gate/991366 |url-status=live |access-date=19 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117011658/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/national-war-memorial-to-come-up-at-india-gate/991366 |archive-date=17 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="ndtv256172">{{Cite news |date=19 October 2012 |title=Finally, plans for National War Memorial approved: Defence Minister of India |publisher=[[NDTV]] |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/finally-plans-for-national-war-memorial-approved-defence-minister-256172 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213195528/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/finally-plans-for-national-war-memorial-approved-defence-minister-256172 |archive-date=13 December 2013}}</ref> for {{INRConvert|4000|m|nolink=yes}}.<ref name="indiatimes40615307">{{Cite news |date=24 August 2014 |title=National War Memorial finalized at India Gate complex |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/National-War-Memorial-finalized-at-India-Gate-complex/articleshow/40615307.cms |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121075035/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/National-War-Memorial-finalized-at-India-Gate-complex/articleshow/40615307.cms |archive-date=21 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="ndtv556994">{{Cite news |date=12 July 2014 |title=National War Memorial: What It Could Look Like |publisher=[[NDTV]] |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/national-war-memorial-what-it-could-look-like-556994 |url-status=live |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819052811/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/national-war-memorial-what-it-could-look-like-556994 |archive-date=19 August 2014}}</ref><br />
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New Delhi is particularly renowned for its beautifully landscaped gardens that can look quite stunning in spring. The largest of these include [[Buddha Jayanti Park]] and the historic [[Lodi Gardens]]. In addition, there are the gardens in the Presidential Estate, the gardens along the Rajpath and India Gate, the gardens along Shanti Path, the Rose Garden, Nehru Park and the Railway Garden in Chanakya Puri. Also of note is the garden adjacent to the Jangpura Metro Station near the Defence Colony Flyover, as are the roundabout and neighbourhood gardens throughout the city.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
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The [[New Delhi Municipal Council]] (NDMC) area was declared the cleanest in North India, based on solid waste management, access to sanitation and other parameters of cleanliness, under the zone-wise Swachh Survekshan 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Alok K. N. |date=5 May 2017 |title=New Delhi cleanest in north: Swachh survey |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/new-delhi-cleanest-in-north-swachh-survey/articleshow/58527079.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118153903/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/new-delhi-cleanest-in-north-swachh-survey/articleshow/58527079.cms |archive-date=18 November 2021}}</ref><br />
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== Cityscape ==<br />
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --><br />
[[File:Rashtrapati Bhavan (Dehli).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] is the official residence of the [[President of India]].]]<br />
Much of New Delhi, planned by the leading 20th-century British architect [[Edwin Lutyens]], was laid out to be the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's imperial ambitions. New Delhi is structured around two central [[promenade]]s called the [[Rajpath]] and the [[Janpath]]. The Rajpath, or King's Way, stretches from the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] to the [[India Gate]]. The [[Janpath]] ({{langx|hi|राजपथ|lit=Path of the People|links=no}}), formerly Queen's Way, begins at [[Connaught Circus]] and cuts the Rajpath at right angles. Nineteen foreign embassies are located on the nearby Shantipath ({{langx|hi|शांतिपथ|lit=Path of Peace|links=no}}), making it the largest diplomatic enclave in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassies in Delhi, Embassies Address, Contacts, E-Mail, Delhi Embassies |url=https://www.delhionline.in/city-guide/embassies-in-delhi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506131932/https://www.delhionline.in/city-guide/embassies-in-delhi/ |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=4 November 2008 |publisher=Delhionline.in}}</ref><br />
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At the heart of the city is the Rashtrapati Bhavan (formerly known as Viceroy's House) which sits atop [[Raisina Hill]]. The Secretariat, which houses ministries of the government of India, flanks out of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. The Parliament House, designed by Herbert Baker, is located at the Sansad Marg, which runs parallel to the Rajpath. [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] is a large, circular commercial area in New Delhi, modelled after the [[Royal Crescent]] in England. Twelve separate roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place, one of them being the Janpath.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
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=== Architecture ===<br />
{{See also|Central Vista Redevelopment Project}}<br />
The New Delhi town plan, like its architecture, was chosen with one single chief consideration: to be a symbol of British power and supremacy.<ref name="Millennium New Delhi">{{Cite book |title=The Millennium Book on New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press, US |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-565445-5}}</ref><ref name="New Delhi birth controversy">{{Cite web |title=New Delhi's controversial birth |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-delhis-controversial-birth-566998 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227143415/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-delhis-controversial-birth-566998 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=10 March 2012 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> All other decisions were subordinate to this, and it was this framework that dictated the choice and application of symbology and influences from both Hindu and Islamic architecture.<ref name="Millennium New Delhi" /><br />
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It took about 20 years to build the city from 1911.<ref name="Construction New Delhi">{{Cite news |date=30 January 2012 |title=The Building of New Delhi |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/16/the-building-of-new-delhi/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804131621/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/16/the-building-of-new-delhi/ |archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> Many elements of New Delhi architecture borrow from indigenous sources; however, they fit into a British Classical/[[Palladian architecture|Palladian]] tradition. The fact that there were any indigenous features in the design was due to the persistence and urging of both the Viceroy [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Hardinge]] and historians like [[Ernest Binfield Havell|E.B. Havell]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
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In the year 2019, [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] and [[Government of India]] introduced the Central Vista redevelopment project proposing the redevelopment of over {{Convert|440|ha}},<ref name="Central Vista ND">{{Cite news |date=21 November 2020 |title=Diversity, efficiency, flexibility: The brief for redeveloping New Delhi's Central Vista |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/central-vista-project-new-delhi-dr-bimal-patel-parliament-prime-minister-office-rajpath-6212011/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123150402/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/central-vista-project-new-delhi-dr-bimal-patel-parliament-prime-minister-office-rajpath-6212011/ |archive-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> costing {{INRConvert|20000|c|lk=on|year=2020}}.<ref name="Central Vista ND2">{{Cite news |date=21 November 2020 |title=Centre to SC: Rs 20,000 Crore Central Vista project saves money, not wastes it |work=[[National Herald]] |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/centre-to-sc-rs-20000-crore-central-vista-project-saves-money-not-wastes-it |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414224840/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/centre-to-sc-rs-20000-crore-central-vista-project-saves-money-not-wastes-it |archive-date=14 April 2021}}</ref><br />
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== Transport ==<br />
{{Main|Transport in Delhi}}<br />
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{{Multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| direction = vertical<br />
| width = <br />
| image1 = <br />
| alt1 = Shown here is the check-in counter at Terminal 2 of the airport.<br />
| caption1 = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]'s new terminal. It is the busiest and the largest airport in South Asia.<ref name="19860502airport-delhi">{{Cite web |date=2 May 1986 |title=Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI) |url=http://airport-delhi.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313040432/http://airport-delhi.com/ |archive-date=13 March 2016 |access-date=7 September 2009 |publisher=Airport-delhi.com}}</ref> Shown here is the check-in counter at Terminal 3 of the airport.|<br />
| image3 = Sculpture of hasta mudras at Indira Gandhi International Airport.jpg|<br />
| caption3 = Indira Gandhi International Airport|<br />
| image4 = |<br />
| caption4 = <br />
| alt4 = <br />
| image5 = Delhi Faridabad Skyway.png|<br />
| caption5 = A view of [[Delhi Faridabad Skyway]]<br />
| alt5 = A view of [[Delhi Faridabad Skyway]]<br />
| image6 = Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway.jpg<br />
| caption6 = The [[Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway]], connecting Delhi to the Indira Gandhi International Airport<br />
| alt6 = The Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway<br />
| image7 = Delhi Noida Direct flyway (Uttar Pradesh - 2011-06-18).jpg|<br />
| caption7 = The Delhi Noida Direct Flyway (DND Flyway)<br />
| alt7 = A Delhi underground metro station<br />
}}<br />
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=== Air ===<br />
[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], situated to the [[South West Delhi|southwest of Delhi]], is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2012–13, the airport was used by more than 35&nbsp;million passengers,{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} making it one of the busiest airports in South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost {{INRConvert|96.8|b}} to construct between 2007 and 2010, handles an additional 37&nbsp;million passengers annually.<ref name="20070218dailytimes">{{Cite web |date=18 February 2007 |title=India begins $1.94b Delhi airport revamp |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\02\18\story_18-2-2007_pg5_24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116121748/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C02%5C18%5Cstory_18-2-2007_pg5_24 |archive-date=16 January 2009 |access-date=3 November 2008 |website=Daily Times |location=Pakistan}}</ref><br />
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The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two [[de Havilland Moth]] aircraft named ''Delhi'' and ''Roshanara'', was based at ''[[Safdarjung Airport]]'' which started operations in 1929, when it was the Delhi's only airport and the second in India.<ref name="mecca">{{Cite news |date=23 September 2011 |title=Mecca for young aviators |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mecca-for-young-aviators/Article1-749072.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715193135/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mecca-for-young-aviators/Article1-749072.aspx |archive-date=15 July 2015}}</ref> The airport functioned until 2001; however, in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following [[9/11|the New York attacks in September 2001]]. Since then, the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses,<ref name="mecca" /> and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister.<ref name="indiatimes29413456">{{Cite news |date=13 April 2011 |title=Ministries in row over Safdarjung Airport land |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Ministries-in-row-over-Safdarjung-Airport-land/articleshow/7964868.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127185501/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-13/delhi/29413456_1_ud-ministry-safdarjung-airport-aviation-ministry |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref><br />
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In 2010, Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA) was conferred the fourth best airport award in the world in the 15–25&nbsp;million category, and ''Best Improved Airport'' in the Asia-Pacific Region by [[Airports Council International]].<ref name="archive2012051220">{{Cite web |date=16 February 2012 |title=ACI Airport Service Quality Awards 2009, Asia Pacific airports sweep top places in worldwide awards |url=http://www.aci.aero/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-7-46%255E35015_666_2__ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512200746/http://www.aci.aero/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-7-46%255E35015_666_2__ |archive-date=12 May 2012 |access-date=1 January 2023}}</ref> The airport was rated as the ''Best airport in the world'' in the 25–40&nbsp;million passengers category in 2015, by Airports Council International.<ref name="bestairport">{{Cite web |date=29 February 2016 |title=ASQ Testimonials |url=https://aci.aero/news/2016/02/29/airports-council-international-announces-2015-airport-service-quality-award-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123160310/https://aci.aero/2016/02/29/airports-council-international-announces-2015-airport-service-quality-award-winners/ |archive-date=23 November 2021 |access-date=19 January 2017 |website=www.aci.aero}}</ref> Delhi Airport also bags two awards for ''The Best Airport in Central Asia/India'' and ''Best Airport Staff in Central Asia/India'' at the [[Skytrax]] World Airport Awards 2015.<ref name="The Economic Times">{{Cite web |date=17 March 2015 |title=Delhi's Indira Gandhi International Airport bags two international awards in Paris |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/delhis-indira-gandhi-international-airport-bags-two-international-awards-in-paris/articleshow/46587892.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117230236/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/delhis-indira-gandhi-international-airport-bags-two-international-awards-in-paris/articleshow/46587892.cms |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=17 March 2015 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><br />
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A second airport, [[Noida International Airport]], is currently being built in Jewar.<br />
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=== Road ===<br />
New Delhi has one of India's largest bus transport systems. Buses are operated by the state-owned [[Delhi Transport Corporation]] (DTC), which owns the largest fleet of [[compressed natural gas]] (CNG)-fueled buses in the world and Delhi Transit. Personal vehicles especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on New Delhi roads. New Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India. Taxis and Auto Rickshaws also ply on New Delhi roads in large numbers. New Delhi has one of the highest road density in India and average vehicle speed is around {{cvt|15–20|km/h}} in peak hours in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2016 |title=Capital chaos: Delhi's traffic has slowed down and doubled time spent on roads |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/capital-chaos-delhi-s-traffic-has-slowed-down-and-doubled-time-spent-on-roads/story-ZTp1UviD50hOXvdZpGs8FN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117230239/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/capital-chaos-delhi-s-traffic-has-slowed-down-and-doubled-time-spent-on-roads/story-ZTp1UviD50hOXvdZpGs8FN.html |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><br />
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Some roads and expressways serve as important pillars of New Delhi's road infrastructure:<br />
* Inner [[Ring Road]] is one of the most important "state highways" in New Delhi. It is a {{Convert|51|km|abbr=on}} long circular road, which connects important areas in New Delhi. Owing to more than 2 dozen grade-separators/flyovers, the road is almost signal-free.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
* Outer [[Ring Road]] is another major artery in New Delhi that links far-flung areas of Delhi.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
* The Delhi Noida Direct Flyway ([[DND Flyway]]) is an eight-laned access controlled tolled expressway which connects New Delhi and Delhi to [[Noida]] (an important satellite city of [[Uttar Pradesh]]). The acronym DND stands for "Delhi-Noida Direct".{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
* 'The [[Delhi Gurgaon Expressway]] is a {{Convert|28|km|abbr=on}} expressway connecting New Delhi to [[Gurgaon]], an important satellite city of [[Haryana]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
* The [[Delhi Faridabad Skyway]] is controlled tolled expressway which connects New Delhi to [[Faridabad]], an important satellite city of [[Haryana]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
<br />
==== National Highways ====<br />
New Delhi is connected by road to the rest of India through National highways:{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
* [[National Highway 19 (India)]] (old number: NH 2), commonly referred to as Delhi-Kolkata Road is a busy Indian National Highway that runs through the states of Delhi, [[Haryana]], Uttar Pradesh, [[Bihar]], Jharkhand, and [[West Bengal]].<br />
* [[National Highway 44 (India)]] is a National Highway that connects Srinagar with Kanyakumari and passes through Delhi.<br />
* [[National Highway 48 (India)]] is a National Highway that connects New Delhi with [[Chennai]].<br />
* [[National Highway 9 (India)]] is a National Highway that connects [[Malout]] in Punjab to [[Pithoragarh]] in Uttarakhand and passes through Delhi.<br />
<br />
=== Railway ===<br />
[[File:Gare-New-Delhi-intérieur.JPG|thumb|New Delhi railway station]]<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#ffd750;"| Station Name<br />
! style="background:#ffd750;"| Station Code<br />
! style="background:#ffd750;"| Railway Zone<br />
! style="background:#ffd750;"| Total Platforms<br />
|-<br />
| [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| NDLS<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 16<br />
|-<br />
| [[Delhi Junction railway station|Delhi Junction]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DLI<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 16<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| NZM<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 9<br />
|-<br />
| [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar Terminal]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| ANVT<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7<br />
|-<br />
| [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station|Delhi Sarai Rohilla]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DEE<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7<br />
|}<br />
<br />
New Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the [[Northern Railway (India)|Northern Railway]]. The five main railway stations are [[New Delhi railway station]], [[Old Delhi Railway Station|Delhi Junction]], [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station]], [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar Terminal]] and [[Sarai Rohilla]].<ref name="ecosurv12">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 12: Transport |url=http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/12.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116044119/http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/12.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2007 |access-date=21 December 2006 |website=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006 |publisher=Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi |pages=130–146}}</ref> The [[Delhi Ring Railway]], a {{Convert|35|km|abbr=|adj=on}} circular railway network in Delhi that runs parallel to the [[Inner Ring Road, Delhi|Ring Road]], is a part of Delhi's suburban railway services.<ref name="Indian Express">{{Cite news |date=22 February 2011 |title=Changing Delhi map makes Ring Railway redundant |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/changing-delhi-map-makes-ring-railway-redundant/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117230239/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/changing-delhi-map-makes-ring-railway-redundant/ |archive-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Metro ===<br />
{{Main|Delhi Metro}}<br />
<br />
[[File:DelhiMetroBlueLineBombardier.jpg|thumb|The [[Delhi Metro]]]]<br />
The [[Delhi Metro]] is a rapid transit system serving Delhi, [[Faridabad]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Gurgaon]] and [[Noida]] in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the world's 12th largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi Metro was India's first modern public transportation system, which had revolutionised travel by providing a fast, reliable, safe, and comfortable means of transport. Presently, the network consists of [[#Network|10 colour-coded lines]]<ref name="present network">{{Cite web |title=Present Network |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/present-network |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102184258/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/present-network |archive-date=2 January 2023 |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref> serving [[List of Delhi Metro stations|255 stations]]{{efn|name=fn1|Transfer stations are counted more than once. There are 24 transfer stations. If transfer stations are counted only once, the result will be 230 stations. [[Ashok Park Main metro station|Ashok Park Main]] station, where the two diverging branches of [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]] share tracks/platforms, is anyway counted as a single station. Stations of [[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)|Noida Metro]] and [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] are not counted. If stations of [[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)|Noida Metro]] and [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] are counted, the result will be 286 stations<ref name="route map">{{Cite web |title=Route map |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/network_map |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503094904/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/network_map |archive-date=3 May 2022 |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref><ref name="present network" /><ref name="introduction">{{Cite web |title=Introduction {{!}} DMRC |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/introduction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416024331/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/introduction |archive-date=16 April 2022 |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref>}} with a total length of {{convert|348.12|km|abbr=}}.{{efn|name=fn2|The total length of Delhi Metro is {{convert|348.12|km}}. The operations & maintenance of [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] and [[Noida Metro]] is currently undertaken by [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]], so the total length operated by DMRC is {{convert|390.14|km}}.<ref name="route map" /><ref name="introduction" />}} The network has now crossed the boundaries of Delhi to reach Ghaziabad and Noida in Uttar Pradesh, and Faridabad and Gurgaon in Haryana. All stations have escalators, elevators, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge. According to a study, Delhi Metro has helped in removing about 390,000 vehicles from the streets of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Delhi Metro helps keep 3.9 lakh vehicles off roads in 2014 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/delhi-metro-helps-keep-3-9-lakh-vehicles-off-roads-in-2014/articleshow/45717584.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117230443/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/delhi-metro-helps-keep-3-9-lakh-vehicles-off-roads-in-2014/articleshow/45717584.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (DMRC), a state-owned company with equal equity participation from the Government of India and the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. However, the organisation is under administrative control of the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besides the construction and operation of the Delhi metro, DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail and high-speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad. The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by [[E. Sreedharan]], the managing director of DMRC and popularly known as the "Metro Man" of India. He famously resigned<ref>{{Cite web |title=E Sreedharan resigns as Delhi Metro chief |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/e-sreedharan-resigns-as-delhi-metro-chief-397775 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117230236/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/e-sreedharan-resigns-as-delhi-metro-chief-397775 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=17 July 2020 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> from DMRC, taking moral responsibility for a metro bridge collapse<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2009 |title=Under-construction Delhi Metro bridge collapses, 5 killed |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/under-construction-delhi-metro-bridge-collapses-5-killed-109071200064_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117230242/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/under-construction-delhi-metro-bridge-collapses-5-killed-109071200064_1.html |archive-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> which took five lives. Sreedharan was awarded with the [[Legion of Honour]] by the French government for his contribution to Delhi Metro.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 April 2012 |title=Delhi Metro chief E Sreedharan honoured with Chevalierde la Legion d'honneur by French govt |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/signposts/story/20051205-delhi-metro-chief-e-sreedharan-honoured-with-chevalierde-la-legion-dhonneur-786471-2005-12-04 |work=India Today |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Sports ==<br />
[[File:Commonwealth-Games-2010-Opening-Ceremony.jpg|thumb|The [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] opening ceremony at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]. In the foreground, there is an [[aerostat]].]]<br />
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --><br />
The city hosted the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] and annually hosts [[Delhi Half Marathon]] foot-race. The city has previously hosted the [[1951 Asian Games]] and the [[1982 Asian Games]]. New Delhi was interested<ref name="yahoo20100625">{{Cite news |date=26 June 2010 |title=India Reportedly Keen To Bid For 2a019 ASIAD |work=Yahoo! News Malaysia |agency=Bernama |url=http://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/bnm/20100625/tsp-sports-asian-games-cc21d00.html |access-date=27 June 2010}}{{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> in bidding for the [[2019 Asian Games]] but was turned down by the government on 2 August 2010 amid allegations of corruption in 2010 Commonwealth Games.<ref name="20100802ndtv">{{Cite news |date=2 August 2010 |title=Indian government says no to bid for 2019 Asian Games |work=NDTV India |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/sports/government-says-no-to-bid-for-2019-asian-games-sources-41508 |url-status=dead |access-date=2 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805000601/http://www.ndtv.com/article/sports/government-says-no-to-bid-for-2019-asian-games-sources-41508 |archive-date=5 August 2010}}</ref> The city also had a bid to host the [[1992 Summer Olympics]], but withdrew in March 1986, seven months before the host selection.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2023 |title=Philip Barker: An Olympic passage to India 40 years ago |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1141451/an-olympic-passage-to-india-40-years-ago |access-date=27 May 2024 |website=www.insidethegames.biz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=L. A. Times |date=1 March 1986 |title=New Delhi withdrew its candidacy for the... |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-03-01-sp-13231-story.html |access-date=27 May 2024 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --><br />
Major sporting venues in New Delhi include the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[Indira Gandhi Arena|Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium]], [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex]], [[Dhyan Chand National Stadium]] and [[Siri Fort Sports Complex]]. <!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Club !! Sport !! League !! Venue !! Span<br />
|-<br />
| [[Delhi Capitals]]<br />
| [[Cricket]]<br />
| [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]<br />
| [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]]<br />
| 2008–present<br />
|-<br />
| [[Delhi Wizards]]<br />
| [[Field hockey]]<br />
| [[World Series Hockey|WSH]]<br />
| [[Dhyan Chand National Stadium]]<br />
| 2011–present<br />
|-<br />
| [[Delhi Waveriders]]<br />
| [[Field hockey]]<br />
| [[Hockey India League|HIL]]<br />
|[[Dhyan Chand National Stadium]]<br />
| 2013–present<br />
|-<br />
| [[SC Delhi]]<br />
| [[Association football|Football]]<br />
| [[Indian Super League|ISL]]<br />
| [[Ambedkar Stadium]]<br />
| 2025–present<br />
|-<br />
| [[Delhi FC]]<br />
| [[Association football|Football]]<br />
| [[I-League]]<br />
| [[Ambedkar Stadium]]<br />
| 1994–present<br />
|-<br />
| [[Delhi Dashers]]<br />
| [[Badminton]]<br />
| [[Premier Badminton League|PBL]]<br />
| [[Siri Fort Sports Complex|DDA Badminton and Squash Stadium]]<br />
| 2015–2019<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dabang Delhi]]<br />
| [[Kabaddi]]<br />
| [[Pro Kabaddi League|PKL]]<br />
| [[Thyagaraj Sports Complex]]<br />
| 2014–present<br />
|-<br />
| [[Indian Aces]]<br />
| [[Tennis]]<br />
| [[International Premier Tennis League|IPTL]]<br />
| [[Indira Gandhi Arena]]<br />
| 2014–present<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pro Wrestling League|Dilli Veer]]<br />
| [[Wrestling]]<br />
| [[Pro Wrestling League|PWL]]<br />
| [[Indira Gandhi Arena|K. D. Jadhav Wrestling Stadium]]<br />
| 2015–present<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== International relations and organisations ==<br />
{{Main|Declaration of Delhi|}}<br />
<br />
{{See also|List of diplomatic missions in India}}<br />
<br />
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --><br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| caption_align = centre<br />
| image1 = Dmitry Medvedev BRICS summit 2012-25.jpeg<br />
| width1 = 275<br />
| caption1 = 4th BRICS Summit in New Delhi in 2012<br />
| image2 = Delegates at plenary session of ILO Delhi conference.jpg<br />
| width2 = 200<br />
| caption2 = First plenary session of the Asian Regional Conference of the [[International Labour Organization|ILO]] in New Delhi, October 1947<br />
| footer = <br />
| footer_align = centre<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The city is home to numerous international organisations. The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the [[UNESCAP]] servicing the Asia-Pacific region is headquartered in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the UNESCAP |url=http://www.apctt.org/about_us/aboutus.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813064613/http://apctt.org/about_us/aboutus.html |archive-date=13 August 2013 |publisher=Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology, [[UNESCAP]]}}</ref> New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the [[UNDP]], [[UNODC]], [[UNESCO]], [[UNICEF]], [[WFP]], [[United Nations Office at Vienna|UNV]], [[UNCTAD]], [[FAO]], [[UNFPA]], [[WHO]], [[World Bank]], [[International Labour Organization|ILO]], [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], [[UNIFEM]], [[International Finance Corporation|IFC]] and [[UNAIDS]]. [[UNHCR Representation in India]] is also located in the city.<br />
<br />
New Delhi [[List of diplomatic missions in India|hosts]] 145 foreign embassies and high commissions.<br />
<br />
=== Summits, conferences and conventions ===<br />
[[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development#Meetings|hosted its second meeting conference]] in the year 1968 at New Delhi.<br />
<br />
New Delhi hosted the [[NAM Summit|7th NAM Summit]] in 1983, [[2012 BRICS summit|4th BRICS Summit]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plans for the BRICS Delhi Summit: March 29, 2012 |url=http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/plans/brics-plans-120110.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612085848/http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/plans/brics-plans-120110.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=16 January 2012 |publisher=brics.utoronto.ca}}</ref> in 2012, [[IBSA Dialogue Forum|IBSA Summit]] in 2015,<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 2014 |title=India to host IBSA Summit 2015 in New Delhi |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-to-host-ibsa-summit-2015-in-new-delhi-114071700779_1.html |url-status=dead |access-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224144805/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-to-host-ibsa-summit-2015-in-new-delhi-114071700779_1.html |archive-date=24 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="thehindu6221253">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Mahim Pratap |date=17 July 2014 |title=India to host IBSA Summit next year |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/India-to-host-IBSA-Summit-next-year/article11269923.ece |url-status=live |access-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225162107/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/India-to-host-IBSA-Summit-next-year/article11269923.ece |archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> and 5th [[Global Conference on CyberSpace]] in 2017.<ref name="India GCCS 2017">{{Cite web |title=India to Host Global Conference on Cyber Space 2017 – World's Largest Conference on Cyber Space |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=168850 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216073814/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=168850 |archive-date=16 December 2018 |access-date=25 July 2017 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name="India GCCS 2017 ET">{{Cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Surabhi |date=21 July 2017 |title=PM Narendra Modi to inaugurate Global Conference on Cyber Space |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/pm-narendra-modi-to-inaugurate-global-conference-on-cyber-space/articleshow/59701561.cms |url-status=live |access-date=25 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224055757/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/pm-narendra-modi-to-inaugurate-global-conference-on-cyber-space/articleshow/59701561.cms |archive-date=24 February 2021}}</ref> India has also host the [[G20]] summit in 2023 in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy |date=2 December 2018 |title=India to host G20 summit in 2022 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-to-host-g20-summit-in-2022/articleshow/66900904.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108104757/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-to-host-g20-summit-in-2022/articleshow/66900904.cms |archive-date=8 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Sister cities ===<br />
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in India}}<br />
* [[Moscow]], Russia<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 2012 |title=Moscow and New Delhi twin cities strengthen friendly ties |url=http://rusembindia.com/embassy-news/5112-moscow-and-new-delhi-twin-cities-strengthen-friendly-ties |url-status=dead |access-date=3 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008154517/http://rusembindia.com/embassy-news/5112-moscow-and-new-delhi-twin-cities-strengthen-friendly-ties |archive-date=8 October 2016}}</ref><br />
* [[Beijing]], China (2013)<ref name="ipcs">{{Cite web |last=Rajan |first=DS |date=27 October 2013 |title=India & China: An Assessment of October 2013 Agreements |url=http://www.ipcs.org/article/india/india-china-an-assessment-of-october-2013-agreements-mou-on-4152.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117222343/http://www.ipcs.org/article/india/india-china-an-assessment-of-october-2013-agreements-mou-on-4152.html |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=4 February 2015 |website=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation]]<br />
* [[Urban Health Resource Centre]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Bardiar, Nilendra |title=Urban, Cultural, Economic and Social Transformation: History of New Delhi 1947–65 |publisher=Ruby Press & Co. |year=2014 |isbn=978-93-82395-49-2 |location=New Delhi}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Byron, Robert |title=Architectural Review, New Delhi |edition=2nd |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1997 |isbn=978-8120612860 |location=London |pages=36 pages}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Byron |first=Robert |url=https://archive.org/stream/NewDelhiByRobertByron/New%20Delhi%20by%20Robert%20Byron#page/n1/mode/2up |title=New Delhi |publisher=[[The Architectural Review]], Westminster |year=1931 |author-link=Robert Byron (travel writer)}}<br />
* Johnson, David A. "A British Empire for the twentieth century: the inauguration of New Delhi, 1931", ''Urban History'', Dec 2008, Vol. 35 Issue 3, pp.&nbsp;462–487.<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Kapoor |first1=Pramod |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAAhQwAACAAJ |title=New Delhi: Making of a Capital |last2=Malvika Singh |last3=Rudrangshu Mukherjee |publisher=Lustre Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-7436-574-3}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Pushpam |date=February 2009 |title=Assessment of Economic Drivers of Land Use Change in Urban Ecosystems of Delhi, India |journal=[[Ambio]] |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=35–39 |doi=10.1579/0044-7447-38.1.35 |pmid=19260345 |bibcode=2009Ambio..38...35K |s2cid=45773128}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Pothen, Nayantara |title=Glittering Decades New Delhi in Love and War |publisher=Penguin |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-670-08600-9}} 288 pages.<br />
* Ridley, Jane. "Edwin Lutyens, New Delhi, and the Architecture of Imperialism", ''Journal of Imperial & Commonwealth History,'' May 1998, Vol. 26 Issue 2, pp.&nbsp;67–83.<br />
* Sonne, Wolfgang (2003). ''Representing the State: Capital City Planning in the Early Twentieth Century''. 367pp; compares New Delhi, Canberra, Washington & Berlin.<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Volwahsen, Andreas |title=Imperial Delhi: The British Capital of the Indian Empire |publisher=Prestel Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-7913-2788-4 |pages=320 pages}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
{{Commons and category|New Delhi}}<br />
* [https://www.delhi.gov.in/ New Delhi Government Portal]<br />
* [https://www.ndmc.gov.in/ New Delhi Municipal Council]<br />
* [https://delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/index.jsp Official website of Delhi Tourism]<br />
<br />
{{Geographic location<br />
|Centre=New Delhi district<br />
|North=[[Central Delhi district]]<br />
|Northeast=<br />
|East=[[East Delhi district]]<br />
|Southeast=[[South East Delhi district]]<br />
|South=[[South Delhi district]]<br />
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|West=[[South West Delhi district]]<br />
|Northwest=<br />
}}<br />
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[[Category:1911 establishments in British India]]<br />
[[Category:1911 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Capital cities in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in New Delhi district]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi|.]]<br />
[[Category:Indian capital cities|N]]<br />
[[Category:Indian union territory capitals]]<!--National Capital Territory of Delhi--><br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:New Delhi district|.]]<br />
[[Category:North India]]<br />
[[Category:Planned capital cities]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places established in 1911]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embassy_of_India,_Kathmandu&diff=498435Embassy of India, Kathmandu2026-03-20T10:02:59Z<p>Ankushraj: created initial page w/ refs!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Diplomatic mission of India to Nepal}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox diplomatic mission<br />
| name = Embassy of India, Kathmandu<br />
| address = Kapurdhara Marg 336, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|27.7214932|85.3156914|type:landmark_scale:2500|display=it}}<br />
| ambassador = Naveen Srivastava<br />
| jurisdiction = {{NEP}}<br />
| website = {{official website|https://www.indembkathmandu.gov.in}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Embassy of India in Kathmandu''' is the [[diplomatic mission]] of the [[Republic of India]] to the [[Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embassy of India, Kathmandu, Nepal|url=https://www.indembkathmandu.gov.in/|access-date=2021-07-29|website=www.indembkathmandu.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian embassy in Nepal congratulates Deuba on taking charge as Nepal's PM|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/indian-embassy-in-nepal-congratulates-deuba-on-taking-charge-as-nepals-pm20210714160552/|access-date=2021-07-29|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Ambassador ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+List of Ambassadors to Nepal<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embassy of India, Kathmandu, Nepal : Previous Ambassadors|url=https://www.indembkathmandu.gov.in/page/previous-ambassadors/|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.indembkathmandu.gov.in}}</ref><br />
!Sr. No. <br />
!Name of the Ambassador <br />
!Date of joining <br />
!Date of relinquishment <br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Sardar Surjit Singh Majithia|Surijit Singh Majithia]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-11-06|title=Once upon a time in Kathmandu|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/once-upon-a-time-in-kathmandu/|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
|1947<br />
|1949<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh|C. P. Narayan Singh]]<br />
|1949<br />
|1952<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|B.K Gokhale<br />
|1952<br />
|1954<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Bhagwan Sahay]]<br />
|1954<br />
|1959<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|Harishwar Dayal<br />
|1 February 1960<br />
|19 May 1964<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|Shriman Narayan<br />
|20 November 1964<br />
|17 December 1967<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Raj Bahadur]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raj Bahadur, Members Bioprofile|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/941.htm|access-date=2021-07-30|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref><br />
|5 January 1968<br />
|22 January 1971<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Lallan Prasad Singh|L. P. Singh]]<br />
|22 January 1971<br />
|5 September 1973<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|[[Maharaja Krishna Rasgotra|M. K. Rasgotra]]<br />
|8 December 1973<br />
|17 October 1976<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|N. B. Menon <br />
|28 November 1976<br />
|31 March 1979<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|N. P. Jain<br />
|30 June 1979<br />
|28 July 1982<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|[[Harish Chandra Sarin|H. C. Sarin]]<br />
|30 January 1983<br />
|31 January 1986<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|A. R. Deo<br />
|24 February 1986<br />
|31 December 1989<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|[[Srinivas Kumar Sinha|S. K. Sinha]]<br />
|20 February 1990<br />
|2 January 1991<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|[[Bimal Prasad]]<br />
|20 January 1991<br />
|31 January 1995<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|K. V. Rajan<br />
|15 March 1995<br />
|13 June 2000<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|Deb Mukherji<br />
|14 June 2000<br />
|30 November 2001<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|[[Indu Prakash Singh|I. P. Singh]]<br />
|1 December 2001<br />
|17 August 2002<br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
|[[Shyam Saran]]<br />
|31 October 2002<br />
|25 July 2004<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
|[[Shiv Shankar Mukherjee|S. S. Mukherjee]]<br />
|6 October 2004<br />
|23 April 2008<br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
|[[Rakesh Sood]]<br />
|25 April 2008<br />
|11 August 2011<br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|[[Jayant Prasad]]<br />
|25 August 2011<br />
|25 August 2013<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
|Ranjit Rae<br />
|2 September 2013<br />
|28 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
|[[Manjeev Singh Puri]]<br />
|25 March 2017<br />
|31 December 2019<br />
|-<br />
|25<br />
|[[Vinay Mohan Kwatra]]<br />
|1 March 2020<br />
|16 April 2022<br />
|-<br />
|26<br />
|Naveen Srivastava<br />
|25 June 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of India, Kathmandu, Nepal : Ambassador Profile |url=https://www.indembkathmandu.gov.in/page/amb-profile/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.indembkathmandu.gov.in}}</ref><br />
|''Incumbent''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Swami Vivekananda Cultural Centre ==<br />
<br />
The embassy operates the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]]'s Swami Vivekananda Cultural Centre in Kathmandu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda Cultural Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal {{!}} Indian Council for Cultural Relations|url=https://www.iccr.gov.in/indianculturalcenter/swami-vivekananda-cultural-centre-kathmandu-nepal|access-date=2021-07-29|website=www.iccr.gov.in}}</ref> It was established in 2008 to promote cultural ties between India and Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embassy of India, Kathmandu, Nepal : About ICCR in Nepal (Swami Vivekananda Cultural Centre)|url=https://www.indembkathmandu.gov.in/page/about-indian-cultural-centre/|access-date=2021-07-29|website=www.indembkathmandu.gov.in|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729090650/https://www.indembkathmandu.gov.in/page/about-indian-cultural-centre/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== B. P. Koirala India - Nepal Foundation ==<br />
<br />
The B. P. Koirala India - Nepal Foundation (BPKF) is affiliated with the Indian Embassy in Kathmandu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About B. P. Koirala Foundation (Embassy of India, Kathmandu, Nepal)|url=https://www.indembkathmandu.gov.in/page/about-b-p-koirala-foundation/|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.indembkathmandu.gov.in|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730103806/https://www.indembkathmandu.gov.in/page/about-b-p-koirala-foundation/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was established in 1991 in the memory of [[B. P. Koirala]] to promote cultural exchanges between India and Nepal. The office of the foundation is located inside the Embassy of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us,B. P. Koirala India - Nepal Foundation|url=https://www.bpkf.org.np/about-us|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.bpkf.org.np}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Nepal Bharat Library ==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Nepal Bharat Library}}<br />
Nepal Bharat Library or more generally called the ''Indian Library'' is run by the [[India–Nepal relations|Indian Embassy]] in [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]]. The library was called ''Nepal-Bharat Sanskritik Kendra'' until 2005. The library was established in 1951 after India set up the diplomatic relations with Nepal on 13 June 1947 with the aim of enhancing and strengthening cultural relations and information exchange between India and Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Timalsina| first = Saroj Kumar| title = Nepal India Relations: People to People Contact}}</ref> It is the first foreign library in Nepal.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Nepal–India relations]]<br />
* [[Foreign relations of India]]<br />
* [[Foreign relations of Nepal]]<br />
* [[List of diplomatic missions in Nepal]]<br />
* [[List of diplomatic missions of India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[https://www.indembkathmandu.gov.in/ Official website]<br />
<br />
{{Diplomatic missions in Nepal}}<br />
{{Diplomatic missions of India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Embassy of India, Kathmandu}}<br />
[[Category:Diplomatic missions of India]]<br />
[[Category:Diplomatic missions in Kathmandu]]<br />
[[Category:Diplomatic missions in Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:India–Nepal relations]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kottayam_Orthodox_Diocese&diff=510656Kottayam Orthodox Diocese2026-03-17T16:20:19Z<p>Ankushraj: creating basic pg more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Diocese of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox diocese<br />
|jurisdiction =<br />
|name = Diocese of Kottayam <br />
|image = Malankara Emblem.png<br />
|imagewidth = <br />
|alt = <br />
|caption = '''Catholicate Emblem'''<br />
|country = [[India]]<br />
|headquarters = Mar Kuriakose Dayara, Pothenpuram PO, Pampady, Kottayam Dist., Kerala, India - 686 502<br />
|coordinates = <br />
|denomination =<br />
|border = Orthodox<br />
|territory = [[Kottayam]]<br />
|metropolitan = H. G. [[Yuhanon Mar Dioscoros]]<br />
|established = 1876, by [[Ignatius Peter IV]]<br />
|website = [https://www.mosckottayam.com/ Kottayam Diocese]<br />
|first_incumbent = Kadavil [[Athanasius Paulose Kadavil|Paulose Mar Athanasios]]<br />
|diocese = Kottayam Diocese<br />
|rite = [[Malankara Rite]]<br />
|bishop = <br />
|parent_church = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kottayam Diocese''' is one of the 32 dioceses of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]. The diocese was created in Mulanthuruthy Synod in 1876.<ref name="mosc.in">{{cite web|title=Diocese of Kottayam|url=http://mosc.in/dioceses/diocese-of-kottayam|website=mosc.in|publisher=[[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Kottayam is one of the seven dioceses created after the Mulanthuruthi Christian association (synod) conducted under the leadership of [[Ignatius Peter IV]], [[Patriarch of Antioch]] in 1876. Others are Kollam, Kandanadu, Angamali, Niranam, Thumpamon, Kochi.<ref name="Encyclopedia">{{cite book|title=Malankara Orthodox Church Encyclopedia (Malayalam)|publisher=[[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam]]|pages=270–271|edition=1993}}</ref><br />
In initial time there were 20 churches in the diocese. Kadavil Paulose Mar Athanasios was the first Metropolitan. After this, Paulose Mar Evanios, later [[Baselios Paulose I]] become Metropolitan. Then, Geevarghese Mar Pilaxinos, later [[Baselios Geevarghese I]], [[Vattaserill Mar Dionysius]] led the diocese. Kuriakos Mar Gregorios (Pampadi Thirumeni) led the diocese in the period of 1929–1965. In this time Pampady Daira become head office. Paret Mathews Mar Ivanios was appointed as Assistant Metropolitan in 1954 and as Metropolitan from 1965 to 1980.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> Joseph Mar Pacomios, Yuhanon Mar Athanasios led the diocese as assistant Metropolitans.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/><br />
In 1982 Kottayam diocese was divided into Kottayam, [[Kottayam Central Orthodox Diocese|Kottayam Central]] and [[Idukki Orthodox Diocese|Idukki]] dioceses. In 1985 August, Geevarghese Mar Evanios become Metropolitan. In 1987, head office shifted to Kuriakos Mar Gregorios Centre. In 1992, there were 6 chapels, 70 parishes and one cathedral in the diocese.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/><br />
<br />
==Now==<br />
<br />
Now, H.H Yuhanon Mar Dioscoros serving as the metropolitan bishop of Kottayam diocese. The head office of Kottayam diocese is situated in Kuriakose Mar Gregorios Centre, MD Seminary, Kottayam. There are numerous institutes work under this diocese.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} Pampadi Kuriakose Dayara, MGM Abhaya Bhavan, MGM Bala Bhavan, Mar Ivanios ITC, BMM English Medium school etc. are some of them. Some colleges of Malankara Church is in the boundary of this diocese.<ref name="mosc.in"/><br />
<br />
==Diocesan Metropolitans ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="background-color: #7F1734; color: white;" | Kottayam Orthodox Diocesan Metropolitan<br />
|-<br />
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 15%;" | From<br />
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 15%;" | Until<br />
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 35%;" | Metropolitan<br />
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 35%;" | Notes<br />
<br />
|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 03-Dec-1876<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 02-Nov-1907<br />
| Kadavil [[Athanasius Paulose Kadavil|Paulose Mar Athanasios]]<br />
| 1st Metropolitan of the diocese<br />
<br />
|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | Unknown<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 02-May-1913<br />
| Paulose Mar Ivanios<br />(Later [[Baselios Paulose I]])<br />
| 2nd Metropolitan of the diocese<br />
<br />
|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 1913<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 17-Dec-1928<br />
| Geevarghese Mar Philoxenos<br />(Later [[Baselios Geevarghese I]])<br />
| 3rd Metropolitan of the diocese<br />
<br />
|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 17-Dec-1928<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 1929<br />
| [[Dionysius Vattasseril|Geevarghese Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril]] (Dionysius VI)<br />
| 4th Metropolitan of the diocese, Ruled as Malankara Metropolitan<br />
<br />
|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 16-Feb-1929<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 05-Apr-1965<br />
| Kuriakose Mar Gregorios<br />
| 5th Metropolitan of the diocese<br />
<br />
|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 1965<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 31-Aug-1980<br />
| Paret Mathews Mar Ivanios<br />
| 6th Metropolitan of the diocese<br />
<br />
|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 31-Aug-1980<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | Aug-1985<br />
| [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews I]] Catholicos<br />
| 7th Metropolitan of the diocese, Ruled as Malankara Metropolitan<br />
<br />
|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | Aug-1985<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 12-Apr-2013<br />
| Geevarghese Mar Ivanios<br />
| 8th Metropolitan of the diocese<br />
<br />
|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 12-Apr-2013<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 12-Jul-2021<br />
| [[Baselios Marthoma Paulose II]] Catholicos<br />
| 9th Metropolitan of the diocese, Ruled as Malankara Metropolitan<br />
<br />
|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 15-Oct-2021<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 03-Nov-2022<br />
| [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III]] Catholicos<br />
| 10th Metropolitan of the diocese, Ruled as Malankara Metropolitan<br />
<br />
|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 03-Nov-2022<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | Incumbent<br />
| [[Yuhanon Mar Diascoros]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalpana No. 344/2022 Appointments of Bishops|url=https://mosc.in/uploads/2022/01/Kalpana-344-2022-1.pdf|access-date=2 November 2024 |work=mosc.in|language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
| 11th Metropolitan of the diocese<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="background-color: #7F1734; color: white;" | Assistant Metropolitan<br />
|-<br />
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 15%;" | From<br />
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 15%;" | Until<br />
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 35%;" | Metropolitan<br />
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 35%;" | Notes<br />
<br />
|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 1954<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 1965<br />
| Paret Mathews Mar Ivanios<br />
| Assistant metropolitan<br />
<br />
|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 1975<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | Unknown<br />
| Joseph Mar Pacomios<br />
| Assistant metropolitan<br />
<br />
|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 1978<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 12-Oct-1980<br />
| [[St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Kottayam| Yuhanon Mar Athanasios OIC]][https://varikkattukudumbam.com/branches/]<br />
| Assistant metropolitan<br />
<br />
|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 2013<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 03-Nov-2022<br />
| Yuhanon Mar Diascoros<br />
| Assistant metropolitan<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Parishes==<br />
{{div col}}<br />
* Amayannoor Kazhunnuvalam Methranchery St.Thomas Orthodox Church<br />
* Amayannoor Karattukunnel St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Areeparambu St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Anicadu Mar Gregorios Orthodox Church<br />
* Changnasherry St.Thomas Orthodox Church<br />
* Chingavanam St.Johns mission Orthodox Church<br />
* Chenamkary St.Thomas Orthodox Church<br />
* Cheeranchira St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Ettumanoor St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Kangazha St.Thomas Orthodox Church<br />
* Kangazha Chettedom St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Kannukuzhy St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Kallunkathra Manalel St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Kanam St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Kanam St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Kurichy St.Marys and St.Johns Orthodox Church<br />
* Kurichy St.peters and St.pauls Orthodox Church<br />
* Kanam Vetuvelil St.Thomas Orthodox Church<br />
* Kumarakom St.Johns Orthodox Church<br />
* Kuppapuram St.Thomas Orthodox Church<br />
* Kooroppada St.Johns Orthodox Church<br />
* Koottickal St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Kumaramkode Mar Gregorios<br />
* Kolladu St.Pauls Orthodox Church<br />
* Kothala Sehion Orthodox Church<br />
* Meenadom North St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Meenadom Vadakke St.Johns Orthodox Church<br />
* Meenadom Kizhakke St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Meenadom St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Meenadom St.Thomas Orthodox Church<br />
* Mundathanam St.Johns Orthodox Church<br />
* Mundakayam St.Thomas Orthodox Church<br />
* Moolavattom St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Njaliyakuzhy Mar Gregorios Orthodox Church<br />
* Nalumnakkal Mar Gregorios Orthodox Church<br />
* Neelimangalam Mar Gregorios Catholicate center (Neelimangalam St.Marys Orthodox Church)<br />
* Nedumavu St.pauls Orthodox Church<br />
* Olassa St.Johns Orthodox Church<br />
* Pariyaram Mar Aprem Orthodox Church<br />
* Pariyaram St.Thomas Orthodox Church<br />
* Pariyaram St.Peters Orthodox Church<br />
* Pallom karamoodu St.Marys Sehion Orthodox Church<br />
* Pallom St.pauls Orthodox Church<br />
* Pampady St.Johns Orthodox Cheriyapali<br />
* Pampady St.Johns Orthodox Cathedral<br />
* Pathamuttom Sleeba Orthodox Church<br />
* Pangada St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Parathode St George Catholicate center (St.George Gracy Memorial Orthodox Church)<br />
* Parampuzha St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Pachira Thabore St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Pala St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Puthupally St.George Orthodox Valiyapali<br />
* Puthupally Nilackal Orthodox Church<br />
* Pongamthanam St.Thomas Orthodox Church<br />
* Ponkunnam St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* South Pampady St.Thomas Orthodox Valiyapali<br />
* Thiruvarppu Marthasmuni Orthodox Church<br />
* Thrikkothamangalam St.James Orthodox Church<br />
* Thengana St.Thomas Orthodox Church<br />
* Thottakadu St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Vadekanmanoor St.Thomas Orthodox Church<br />
* Vakathanam St.Johns Orthodox Valiyapali<br />
* Vakathanam Jerusalem St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Vakathanam St.peters and St.pauls Mission Orthodox Church<br />
* Vakathanam Puthenchantha St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Vakathanam Vettikunel St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Vakathanam Puthenchantha St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Vazhoor St.peters Orthodox Church<br />
* Vellukutta St.Thomas Orthodox Church<br />
* Velloor St.Thomas Orthodox Church, [[Pampady]]<br />
* Vettikkunnel St.George Orthodox Church, [[Kottayam]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/ Website of Malankara Orthodox Church]<br />
*[https://www.mosckottayam.com/ Website of Kottayam Diocese of Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]<br />
<br />
{{Dioceses of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church dioceses]]<br />
[[Category:1876 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Dioceses established in the 19th century]]<br />
[[Category:Oriental Orthodox dioceses in India]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_October_(malware)&diff=445153Red October (malware)2026-03-15T23:32:12Z<p>Ankushraj: small fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Cyberespionage malware}}<br />
'''Operation Red October''' or '''Red October''' was a [[cyberespionage]] [[malware]] [[Computer program|program]] discovered in October 2012 and uncovered in January 2013 by Russian firm [[Kaspersky Lab]]. The malware was reportedly operating worldwide for up to five years prior to discovery, transmitting information ranging from diplomatic secrets to personal information, including from mobile devices. <br />
The primary vectors used to install the malware were emails containing attached documents that exploited vulnerabilities in [[Microsoft Word]] and [[Microsoft Excel|Excel]].<ref name=McAllister>{{cite news | first = Neil | last = McAllister | publisher = [[The Register]] | title = Surprised? Old Java exploit helped spread Red October spyware | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/01/16/red_october_java_connection | date = 16 Jan 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | publisher = [[Kaspersky Lab]] | title = The "Red October" Campaign – An Advanced Cyber Espionage Network Targeting Diplomatic and Government Agencies | url = https://www.securelist.com/en/blog/785/The_Red_October_Campaign_An_Advanced_Cyber_Espionage_Network_Targeting_Diplomatic_and_Government_Agencies | date = 3 Mar 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115005904/https://www.securelist.com/en/blog/785/The_Red_October_Campaign_An_Advanced_Cyber_Espionage_Network_Targeting_Diplomatic_and_Government_Agencies|archive-date=2013-01-15|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
Later, a webpage was found that exploited a known vulnerability in the Java browser plugin.<ref name=McAllister /><ref>{{cite news | first = Dan | last = Goodin | publisher = [[Ars Technica]] | title = Red October relied on Java exploit to infect PCs | url = https://arstechnica.com/security/2013/01/massive-espionage-malware-relied-on-java-exploit-to-infect-pcs | date = 15 Jan 2013}}</ref><br />
Red October was termed an advanced cyberespionage campaign intended to target diplomatic, governmental and scientific research organizations worldwide.<br />
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A [https://s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/euobs-media/97b802870897fd63703ecd3497e43286.png map] of the extent of the operation was released by the [[Kaspersky Lab]] – the "Moscow-based antivirus firm that uncovered the campaign."<ref name="wired"/><br />
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After being revealed, domain registrars and hosting companies shut down as many as 60 domains, used by the virus creators to receive information. The attackers, themselves, shut down their end of the operation, as well.{{Citation needed|date=August 2016}}<br />
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The perpetrator of the operation has not been conclusively determined but it appeared to have been in operation on some level since May 2007 at the latest. According to Kaspersky Lab, Russian slang words were found in the code which would be "generally unknown to non-native Russian speakers." However, the program also appeared to be built on existing exploits developed by Chinese [[hackers]] and previously used against [[Tibetan independence movement|Tibetan activists]].<ref name="wired">{{cite magazine |last1=Zetter |first1=Kim |title=Cybersleuths Uncover 5-Year Spy Operation Targeting Governments, Others |url=https://www.wired.com/2013/01/red-october-spy-campaign/ |access-date=25 January 2023 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=January 14, 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Operation Red October Cyber Breaches<ref name="wired"/><br />
|-<br />
! Country !! Government !! Embassy (Diplomatic) !! Military !! Nuclear / Energy Research !! Aerospace !! Oil & Gas Industry !! Trade and Commerce !! Research Institutions!! Unknown Victims<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| United States}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Russia}} || No || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || No || No || Yes || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Belarus}} || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes || No || Yes || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Kazakhstan}} || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| United Arab Emirates}} || Yes || Yes || No || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Azerbaijan}} || No || Yes || No || Yes || No || Yes || No || Yes || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Turkmenistan}} || Yes || No || No || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Afghanistan}} || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Moldova}} || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| France}} || No || Yes || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Spain}} || Yes || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Armenia}} || Yes || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Cyprus}} || Yes || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Iraq}} || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Brunei}} || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Luxembourg}} || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| India}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Uganda}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Pakistan}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Oman}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Saudi Arabia}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Italy}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Portugal}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Morocco}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Israel}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Jordan}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Greece}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Ireland}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Belgium}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Germany}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Hungary}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Mauritania}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Congo}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| South Africa}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Botswana}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Mozambique}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Tanzania}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Kenya}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Lithuania}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Latvia}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Turkey}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Iran}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Uzbekistan}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Kuwait}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Switzerland}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Lebanon}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Austria}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Georgia (country)|name=Georgia}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Bosnia & Herzegovina}} || No || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || No || No<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Serbia}} || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || Yes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Finland}} || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || Yes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Czech Republic}} || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || Yes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Slovakia}} || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || Yes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Macedonia}} || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || Yes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Albania}} || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || Yes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Mali}} || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || Yes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Australia}} || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || Yes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Chile}} || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || Yes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Brazil}} || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || Yes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Ethiopia}} || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || Yes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Bulgaria}} || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || Yes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Bahrain}} || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || Yes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Slovakia}} || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || No || Yes<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.kaspersky.com/about/news/virus/2013/Kaspersky_Lab_Identifies_Operation_Red_October_an_Advanced_Cyber_Espionage_Campaign_Targeting_Diplomatic_and_Government_Institutions_Worldwide Info at kaspersky.com]<br />
<br />
{{Hacking in the 2010s}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Spyware]]<br />
[[Category:Hacking in the 2010s]]<br />
[[Category:Espionage in Russia]]<br />
[[Category:Cybercrime in India]]<br />
[[Category:2012 in computing]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahavira&diff=450981Mahavira2026-03-10T09:31:11Z<p>Ankushraj: General improvements to article content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian spiritual leader and the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism}}<br />
{{hatnote|This article is about the 24th tirthankara of Jainism. For other topics, see [[Mahavira (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}} <br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}} <br />
{{Infobox religious biography<br />
| image = Mahavira sculpture.jpg<br />
| caption = An 11th century CE sculpture of Tirthankar Mahavira seated in meditation on a lion throne<br />
| other_names = ''Vira'', ''Ativira'', ''Sanmatinatha'' {{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=25}}{{Sfn|Davidson|Gitlitz|2002|p=267}}{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=38}}{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=9}}{{sfn|Hubbard|1807|p=310}}{{sfn|Tandon|2002|p=45}}<br />
| father = [[Siddhartha of Kundagrama|Siddhārtha]]<br />
| mother = [[Triśalā]]<br />
| religion = [[Jainism]] <br> (as Vardhamāna)<br />
| predecessor = [[Pārśvanātha]]<br />
| birth_date = {{circa|599 BCE}} (traditional){{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}}<br>uncertain, possibly {{circa}} 6th or early 5th century BCE (historical){{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}}{{sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=144}}{{sfn|Shah|1999}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=549}}{{refn|group=note|name="dating"}}<br />
| birth_place = Kshatriyakund{{sfn|Krüger|2024|p=281}}{{sfn|Shah|1999}} / [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Kundagrāma]]{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=25}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=682}}<br>[[Nāya|Nāya Republic]], [[Vajjika League]] (near present-day [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], [[Bihar]], India)<br />
| death_date = 527 BCE (Śvetāmbara trad. dating), 510 BCE (Digambara trad. dating){{sfn|Bowker}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}}{{sfn|Brodd|Little|Nystrom|2015|p=146}}{{sfn|Kruger|2024b|p=278}}{{refn|group=note|name="Jain_dates"}}<br>uncertain, possibly {{circa}} late 5th century BCE (historical){{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}}{{sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=144}}{{sfn|Shah|1999}}{{refn|group=note|name="dating"}} <br> [[Pawapuri]], [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Haryanka dynasty|Haryanka Empire]] (present-day [[Nalanda district]], Bihar, India)<br />
| birthname = Vardhamāna<br />
| dynasty = [[Nāya|Nāya/Nātha]]<br />
| successor = [[Bimbisara#Traditional accounts|Mahāpadma / Padmanābha]] <br> (first [[Tirthankara]] of the ascending next half or Utsarpiṇī of [[Jain cosmology#Time cycle|time-cycle]]) {{Sfn|Dundas|2002|p=276}}<br />
| date = <br />
| spouse = Yaśodā (Śvetāmbara) <br> Unmarried (Digambara)<br />
| children = 1 (Śvetāmbara)<br> none (Digambara)<br />
| disciples = [[Gautama Swami]]<br>[[Sudharmaswami|Sudharma Swami]]<br><br />
Agnibhūti Gautama<br><br />
Vāyubhūti Gautama<br><br />
Ārya Vyakta Svāmi<br><br />
Mandita Svāmi<br><br />
Mauryaputta Svāmi<br><br />
Akampita Svāmi<br><br />
Acalbhrātā Svāmi<br><br />
Metarya Svāmi<br><br />
Prabhāsa Svāmi<br />
| background = light grey<br />
}}<br />
{{Jainism}}<br />
<br />
'''Mahavira''' ({{IAST|Mahāvīra}}), also known by his birth name '''Vardhamana''' ({{IAST|Vardhamāna}}), was an Indian religious reformer and spiritual leader, considered by [[Jainism|Jains]] to be the 24th and final ''[[Tirthankara]]'' (Supreme Preacher) in the current time cycle of [[Jain cosmology]]. He is believed by historians to have lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE,{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=24–25}}{{sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=144}}{{refn|group=note|name="dating"}} reviving and reforming an earlier Jain or proto-Jain community{{refn|group=note|name="reformer"}} which had likely been led by [[Pārśvanātha]], whom Jains consider to be Mahavira's predecessor.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30-31}}{{sfn|Basham|1951|p=108}}{{sfn|Heehs|2002|p=90}} Although the dates of Mahavira's life are uncertain and historically reliable information is scarce,{{refn|group=note|name="uncertain"}} and traditional accounts vary by [[Jain schools and branches|sectarian traditions]], the historicity of Mahavira is well-established and not in dispute among scholars.{{sfn|Rospatt}}{{sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=144}}<br />
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According to traditional legends and [[hagiography|hagiographies]], Mahavira was born in 599 BCE to a ruling [[Jain|royal kshatriya Jain]] family of the [[Nāya]] tribe in what is now [[Bihar]] in [[India]].<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |title=Jainism: Mahāvīra – early life |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/jainism/history/mahavira.shtml |access-date=5 October 2025 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=32-33}} According to traditional sources like the [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]], the Nāyas were followers of [[Parshvanatha]], Mahavira's predecessor.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=32}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=30}} Mahavira abandoned all worldly possessions at the age of about 30 and left home in pursuit of spiritual awakening, becoming an [[asceticism|ascetic]]. Mahavira practiced intense meditation and severe austerities for twelve and a half years, after which he attained ''[[Kevala Jnana]]'' (omniscience). He preached for 30 years and attained ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'' (liberation) when he died.<br />
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Mahavira taught attainment of ''samyak darshan'' or [[self realization]] (''atma-anubhuti'') through the practice of ''bhedvijnāna'', which involves positioning oneself as a pure soul, separate from body, mind and emotions, and being aware of the soul's true nature; and to remain grounded and steadfast in soul's unchanging essence during varying auspicious or inauspicious external circumstances. He also preached that the observance of the vows of ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|ahimsa]]'' (non-violence), ''[[satya]]'' (truth), ''[[asteya]]'' (non-stealing), ''[[brahmacharya]]'' (chastity), and ''[[aparigraha]]'' (non-attachment) are necessary for spiritual liberation. He taught the principles of ''[[Anekantavada]]'' (many-sided reality): ''[[Anekantavada#Syādvāda|syadvada]]'' and ''[[Anekantavada#Nayavāda|nayavada]]''. Mahavira's teachings were compiled by [[Indrabhuti Gautama]] (his chief disciple) as the [[Jain Agamas]]. The texts, transmitted [[oral tradition|orally]] by Jain monks, are believed to have been largely lost by about the 1st century CE.<br />
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Mahavira is usually depicted in a [[Lotus position|sitting]] or [[Kayotsarga|standing]] meditative posture, with the symbol of a lion beneath him. His earliest iconography is from archaeological sites in the [[North India]]n city of [[Mathura]], and is dated from between the 1st century BCE and the 2nd century CE. His birth is celebrated as [[Mahavira Janma Kalyanaka]] while his ''[[nirvana]]'' (liberation) and attainment of [[Kevala jnana]] (omniscience) by [[Gautama Swami]] are observed by Jains as [[Diwali (Jainism)|Diwali]].{{sfn|Singh|Mishra|2005}}<br />
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==Historical Mahavira==<br />
[[File:Gana Sanghas (c. 500 BCE).jpg|thumb|The Gaṇasaṅghas (tribal republics) at the time of Mahavira]]<br />
Although it is universally accepted by scholars of Jainism that Mahavira lived in ancient India, the year of his birth and additional information of his life are "uncertain and debatable."{{sfn|Potter|2007|pp=35–36}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=24–25}}<br />
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===Dating===<br />
[[File:Kizil Caves 80.jpg|thumb|Painting of Mahavira among the [[Six Heretical Teachers]] in [[Kizil Caves]], [[Xinjiang]], [[China]], 4th century CE]]<br />
<br />
====Traditional Jain-accounts====<br />
The [[Digambara]] and [[Śvetāmbara]] sects give different accounts of Mahavira's life.{{sfn|Bowker}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}} They agree that Mahavira was born in 599{{nbsp}}BCE,{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=549}}{{sfn|Dowling|Scarlett|2006|p=225}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=313}} but according to the Śvetāmbaras he died in 527 BCE, while the Digambaras believe that he died in 510 BCE.{{sfn|Bowker}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}}{{sfn|Brodd|Little|Nystrom|2015|p=146}}{{sfn|Kruger|2024b|p=278}}{{refn|group=note|name="Jain_dates"|<br>*{{harvtxt|Brodd|Little|Nystrom|2015|p=146}}: "The two sects posit different dates for the death of Mahavira (527 BCE for Shvetambara, 510 BCE for Digambaras)."<br>{{harvtxt|Kruger|2024b|p=278}}: ""According to Shvetambara calculation Mahavira was born in 599 BCE and died 527 BCE at the age of 72 years. This calculation is based on a statement at the end of the Jina legend in the [[Kalpa Sūtra|Kalpasutra]], claiming that 980 or 993 had passed since the death of Mahavira. Contrary to Shvetambara tradition, the Digambaras date the salvation of Mahavira to 510 BCE."}}<br />
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Rapson notes that "The Jains themselves have preserved chronological records concerning Mahavira and the succeeding pontiffs of the Jain church, which may have been begun at a comparatively early date. But it seems quite clear that, at the time when these lists were put into their present form, the real date of Mahavira had already either been forgotten or was at least doubtful."{{sfn|Rapson|1922|p=155}}<br />
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The Jain-tradition accepts the ''[[Vira Nirvana Samvat]]'' chronology, which starts in 527{{nbsp}}BCE.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}} The ''Vira Nirvana Samvat'' is based on the ''[[Vikram Samvat]]'', which dates from the medieaval period,{{refn|group=note|name="Vikram Samvat"}} and starts in 57 or 58 BCE, to which 470 years are added, giving 527 or 528 BCE.{{sfn|Rapson|1922|p=155}} According to Rapson, this calculation is based on "a list of kings and dynasties, who are supposed to have reigned between 528 and 58 BC[E]," and is not reliable, "as it confuses rulers of Ujjain, Magadha, and other kingdoms; and some of these may perhaps have been contemporary, and not successive as they are represented."{{sfn|Rapson|1922|p=155}}{{refn|group=note|name="Viraya_Bhagavate"|In 1912, historian [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|G.H Ojha]] discovered an [[Barli Inscription]] in [[Prakrit]] language. According to him, the inscription contains the line "Viraya Bhagavate chaturasiti vase", interpreted by him as "year 84 of the [[Vira Nirvana Samvat]]." Following the Vira Nirvana Samvat, Ojha dated the inscription to 443 BCE ({{harvnb|Bharatkalyan}}, {{harvnb|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=152}}, {{harvnb|Goyal|2005|p=105}}, {{harvnb|Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|1978}}). However, the line could also be a reference to the 84 Mahasiddhas ({{harvnb|Bharatkalyan}}), and [[palaeography|palaeographic]] analysis dates the inscription to the 2nd-1st century BCE. {{harvtxt|Swarajya Prakash Gupta|K. S. Ramachandran|1979|p=106}}: "The Barli inscription, which was placed by Ojha in fifth century B.C., can really be assigned to the first century B.C., on paleographic grounds." See also {{harv|Goyala|2006}}, and ({{harvnb|Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|1978}}: "On palaeographic grounds [the Barli inscription] has to be placed after the [[Heliodorus pillar|Besnagar inscription of Heliodorus]] and is possibly later than the [[Hathibada Ghosundi inscriptions|Ghosundi inscription]]"). [[D. C. Sircar]] and S. R. Goyal question the link with the Vira Nirvana Samvat, noting that the desigantion of this era under this name first appeared in the early medieval period, and most probably did not exist in the century following the death of Mahavira ({{harvnb|Goyal|2005|p=22}}). {{harvtxt|Goyal|2005|p=3}}: "The belief that the Barli inscription is dated in the 84th year of the Mahavlra Era and thus belongs to the fifth century B.C. is rightly regarded as baseless, for no such era was in existence in that period."}}<br />
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The 12th-century Jain scholar [[Hemachandra]] placed Mahavira in the 6th-5th{{nbsp}}century BCE.{{sfn|Rapson|1922|p=155–156}}{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=69–70, 587–588}}<br />
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====Scholarly datings====<br />
There has been considerable scholarly debate on Mahavira's dates since th 19th century, and various dates have been proposed.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}} While traditional accounts adhere to the timeline that places his birth in 599 BCE and his nirvana in 527 BCE or 510 BCE, "[s]ome scholars believe this date to be as much as 100 years early."{{sfn|Shah|1999}}<br />
<br />
On the basis of chronologies in Hemachandra's [[Pariśiṣṭaparvan]], some historians have dated Mahavira's birth to 549 BCE, and his death to 477 or ca. 468-467 BCE.{{sfn|Rapson|1922|p=156}}{{sfn|Dhaky|1997|p=11}}{{sfn|Bowker}}<ref>World Religions Reference Library, [https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/philosophy-and-religion/buddhism-biographies/mahavira Mahavira]</ref><br />
<br />
Ultimately, Mahavira's dates depend on the dates for [[the Buddha]], who was a (slightly later) contemporary of Mahavira,{{refn|group=note| The Buddha was younger than Mahavira and "might have attained nirvana a few years later."{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|pp=84–88}}}} which is supported by Buddhist texts.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}}{{sfn|Taliaferro|Marty|2010|p=126}} They both lived during the reigns of the kings [[Bimbisara]] and [[Ajatashatru]] of [[Magadha]].{{refn|group=note|Both Mahavira and the Buddha were proponents of the [[Śramaṇa]] movements, which became popular in [[Greater Magadha]] at the end of the [[Vedic Period]] and during the [[Second Urbanisation]] of the [[Mahajanapada]] period, greatly impacting the course of Indian religious history.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=14-16}}}} Historians who accept the "Short Chronology" for Gautama Buddha's lifetime (ca. 480-400 BCE), argue that the traditional dates for Mahavira also are too early, by as much as one century, since Mahavira and Buddha were contemporaries.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}}{{sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=144}}{{sfn|Shah|1999}}<ref name="BBC_late-_dating">{{cite web |title=Mahavira |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/jainism/history/mahavira.shtml |website=BBC Religion |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Dundas suggests that Mahavira may have died "around 425 BCE, or a few years after",{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}} and [[Jeffery D. Long|Long]] suggests "c.499-427 BCE" as his approximate lifespan.{{sfn|Long|2020|p=206}}<br />
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=== Role in Jainism <span class="anchor" id="Ascetic lineage"></span>===<br />
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====Jain-accounts: successor====<br />
Jains believe that the 23 previous ''tirthankaras'' also espoused Jainism.{{Sfn|Wiley|2009|pp=5–7}} Mahavira is placed in Parshvanatha's lineage as his spiritual successor and ultimate leader of shraman sangha.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–33}} According to Dundas, Jains believe that the lineage of Parshvanatha influenced Mahavira. Parshvanatha, as the one who "removes obstacles and has the capacity to save", is a popular icon; his image is the focus of Jain temple devotion.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–33}} Of the 24 ''tirthankaras'', Jain iconography has celebrated Mahavira and Parshvanatha the most; sculptures discovered at the [[Mathura]] archaeological site have been dated to the 1st{{nbsp}}century BCE.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–33}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=9–11}}{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=25–32, 120–122, 166–171, 189–192}}<br />
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According to Jain tradition, [[Parshvanatha]] was a [[tirthankara]] born 273 years before Mahavira, which would mean he lived in about the 9th or 8th century BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Asim Kumar |title=A comprehensive history of Jainism, 1 (2nd rev. ed.) |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=81-215-0931-9 |location=New Delhi |pages=15}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Tähtinen |first=Unto |title=Ahimsa. Non-Violence in Indian Tradition |year=1976 |publisher=Rider |location=London |pages=132}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |title=The Jains (Second ed.) |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-415-26605-X |location=London and New York City |pages=14, 19, 30 |orig-year=1992 |ref={{SfnRef|NIL|2999}} }}</ref> However, "some scholars have suggested that Pārśvanātha and Mahāvīra were actually closer in time than the tradition claims",{{sfn|Long|2009|p=212}} and that "Pārśva could not have started his ascetic career before the beginning of the sixth century BC" and "may have passed away only a few decades before Vardhamāna [i.e., Mahāvīra] had started his preaching career".{{sfn|Dhaky|1997|pp=1-9}}<br />
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====Scholarly accounts: reformer====<br />
Mahavira is believed by historians to have revived and reformed an earlier Jain or proto-Jain community{{refn|group=note|name="reformer"}} which had likely been led by [[Pārśvanātha]], whom Jains consider to be Mahavira's predecessor.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30-31}}{{sfn|Basham|1951|p=108}}{{sfn|Heehs|2002|p=90}} According to [[Moriz Winternitz]], Mahavira may be considered a reformer of an existing Jain sect known as ''[[Jainism#Political history|Niganthas]]'' (fetter-less) which was mentioned in early Buddhist texts.{{sfn|Winternitz|1993|p=408}}<br />
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===Birthplace===<br />
According to both secterian text ''[[Uttarapurana]]'' and ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]'', Mahavira was born in [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Kundagrama]] in the [[Kingdom of the Videhas]].{{sfn|Pannalal Jain|2015|p=460}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=25}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=682}} Kundagrama is said to be located in present-day Bihar, India,{{citation needed|date=October 2025}} although the exact location of Kundagrama within Bihar remains a subject of dispute.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=25}}{{sfn|Potter|2007|pp=35–36}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhary |first=Pranava K. |title=Row over Mahavira's birthplace |date=14 October 2003 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Row-over-Mahaviras-birthplace/articleshow/232215.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103113728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Row-over-Mahaviras-birthplace/articleshow/232215.cms |place=[[Patna]] |access-date=3 November 2017 |archive-date=3 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Kundagrama was identified by JP Sharma as a suburb of the city of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], and because of this, some sources refer to him as ''Vesālie''.<ref name=Sharma1968>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=JP |title=Republics in Ancient India |chapter= The Nāyas |date=1968 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004642744 |pages=159–166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=msBCEQAAQBAJ&q=Republics+in+Ancient+India+brill}}</ref><br />
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Another potential location of Kundagrāma is the village of Basu Kund, about {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=off}} north of [[Patna]] (the capital of Bihar).{{sfn|Taliaferro|Marty|2010|p=126}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=29}}<br />
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===Life-course===<br />
Mahavira renounced his material wealth and left home when he was twenty-eight, by some accounts,{{which|date=October 2025}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=549}} thirty by others{{which|date=October 2025}},{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=3}} lived an ascetic life for twelve and a half years in which he did not even sit for a time, attained Kevalgyana and then preached Dharma for thirty years.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=549}} Where he preached has been a subject of disagreement between the two major traditions of Jainism: [[Śvētāmbara]] and [[Digambara]].{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=25}} The place of his nirvana, [[Pawapuri|Pavapuri]] in present-day Bihar, is a pilgrimage site for Jains.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=549}}<br />
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==Life according to Jain tradition <span class="anchor" id="Biography per Jain traditions"></span>==<br />
{{see also|Panch Kalyanaka}}<br />
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===Sources <span class="anchor" id="Sources"></span>===<br />
[[File:Kalpasutra Mahavira Nirvana.jpg|thumb|alt=Old illustrated manuscript|[[Folio]] from the ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]'', 15th century]]<br />
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[[Yativṛṣabha]]'s ''[[Tiloya Panatti|Tiloya-paṇṇatti]]'' recounts nearly all the events of Mahavira's life in a form convenient for memorisation.{{sfn|Jain|Upadhye|2000|p=45}} Jinasena's ''Mahapurana'' (which includes the ''[[Ādi purāṇa]]'' and ''[[Uttarapurana|Uttara-purāṇa]]'') was completed by his disciple, Gunabhadra, in the 8th{{nbsp}}century. In the ''Uttara-purāṇa'', Mahavira's life is described in three ''parvans'', or sections, (74–76) and 1,818 verses.{{sfn|Jain|Upadhye|2000|p=46}}<br />
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''Vardhamacharitra'' is a [[Sanskrit]] [[kāvya]] poem, written by [[Asaga]] in 853 CE, which narrates the life of Mahavira.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=59}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=19}}{{sfn|Jain|Upadhye|2000|p=47}}<br />
The ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]'' is a collection of biographies of ''tirthankaras'', notably Parshvanatha and Mahavira. ''[[Samavayanga Sutra]]'' is a collection of Mahavira's teachings, and the ''[[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]]'' recounts his asceticism.<br />
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===Tirthankaras===<br />
According to [[Jain cosmology]], 24 ''Tirthankaras'' have appeared on earth; Mahavira is the last ''tirthankara'' of ''[[Avasarpiṇī]]'' (the present [[Jain cosmology#Time cycle|time cycle]]).{{refn|group=note|Heinrich Zimmer: "The cycle of time continually revolves, according to the Jainas. The present "descending" (''avasarpini'') period was preceded and will be followed by an "ascending" (''utsarpini''). Sarpini suggests the creeping movement of a "serpent" (''sarpin''); ava- means "down" and ut- means up."{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=224}}}}{{sfn|Jain|Upadhye|2000|p=54}} A ''tirthankara'' ([[Ford (crossing)|ford]]-maker, saviour or spiritual teacher) signifies the founding of a ''[[Tirtha (Jainism)|tirtha]]'', a passage across the sea of [[Saṃsāra (Jainism)|birth-and-death cycles]].{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=181}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|pp=312–313}}<ref name="britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title= Tirthankara {{!}} Definition, Names, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596895/Tirthankar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015033744/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596895/Tirthankara |archive-date=October 15, 2013 |access-date=October 15, 2013 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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===Previous births===<br />
Mahavira's previous births are recounted in Jain texts such as the ''Mahapurana'' and ''Tri-shashti-shalaka-purusha-charitra''. Although a soul undergoes countless reincarnations in the transmigratory cycle of ''[[Saṃsāra (Jainism)|saṃsāra]]'', the birth of a ''tirthankara'' is reckoned from the time he determines the [[Causes of karma in Jainism|causes of karma]] and pursues [[ratnatraya]]. Jain texts describe Mahavira's 26 births before his incarnation as a ''tirthankara''.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=327}} According to the texts, he was born as [[Marichi]] (the son of [[Bharata Chakravartin]]) in a previous life.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=21}}<br />
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===Birth===<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| image1 = Detail of a leaf with the birth of mahavira.jpg<br />
| caption1 = The birth of Mahavira, from the ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]'' (c.{{nbsp}}1375–1400 CE)<br />
| width1 = 150<br />
| image2 = Bhagwan Mahaveer.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Mahavira, Kshatriyakund (birthplace in Śvetāmbara tradition)<br />
| width2 = 125<br />
}}<br />
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Tirthankara Mahavira was born in Kundagrāma into the royal [[Jain]] family of King [[Siddhartha of Kundagrama|Siddhartha]] of the [[Nāya|Nāya tribe]] and Queen [[Trishala]] of the [[Licchavis of Vaishali|Licchavi republic]].<ref name="BBC"/>{{sfn|Sunavala|2014|p=52}}{{refn|group=note|Trishala was the sister of [[King Chetaka]] of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] in ancient India.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=29}}}} The Nāyas were kshatriyas and saw themselves as being related to the [[Videha]]s. The [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]] informs us that:<ref name= Sharma1968 /><br />
{{blockquote|''Mahavira was a Naya, the son of a Naya-Khattiya: the moon of the clan of the Nayas: a Videha, the son of Videhadatta, native of Videha (Videha-jacce); a prince of Videha (Videha-kūmāle), who had lived 30 years in Videha when his parents passed away.''|author=|title=|source=}}<br />
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According to Jains, Mahavira was born in 599{{nbsp}}BCE. His birth date falls on the thirteenth day of the rising moon in the month of [[Chaitra]] in the ''[[Vira Nirvana Samvat]]'' [[calendar era]].{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=549}}{{sfn|Dowling|Scarlett|2006|p=225}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=313}} It falls in March or April of the [[Gregorian calendar]], and is celebrated by Jains as [[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]].{{sfn|Gupta|Gupta|2006|p=1001}}<br />
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Kshatriyakund (the place of Mahavira's birth) is traditionally believed to be near Vaishali, an ancient town on the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. Its location in present-day Bihar is unclear, partly because of migrations from ancient Bihar for economic and political reasons.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=25}} According to the "Universal History" in Jain texts, Mahavira underwent many rebirths (total 27 births) before his birth in the 6th-century BCE. They included a denizen of hell, a lion, and a god (''[[Deva (Jainism)|deva]]'') in a heavenly realm just before his last birth as the 24th ''tirthankara''.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=21}} Svetambara texts state that his embryo first formed in a Bamana woman before it was transferred by Hari-Naigamesin (the divine commander of Indra's army) to the womb of Trishala, Siddhartha's wife.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=21, 26}}{{sfn|Mills|Claus|Diamond|2003|pp=320, note: Indra is referred to as Sakra in some Indian texts.}}{{refn|group=note|This mythology has similarities with those found in the mythical texts of the [[Vaishnavism]] tradition of Hinduism.{{sfn|Olivelle|2006|pp=397 footnote 4}}}} The embryo-transfer legend is not believed by adherents of the Digambara tradition.{{sfn|Mills|Claus|Diamond|2003|p=320}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=22}}{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=19}}<br />
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Jain texts state that after Mahavira was born, the god [[Indra]] came from the heavens along with 56 ''digkumaries'', anointed him, and performed his ''[[abhisheka]]'' (consecration) on [[Mount Meru]].{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=21}} These events, illustrated in a number of Jain temples, play a part in modern Jain temple rituals.{{sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|pp=5–9}} Although the ''Kalpa Sūtra'' accounts of Mahavira's birth legends are recited by Svetambara Jains during the annual ''[[Paryushana]]'' festival, the same festival is observed by the Digambaras without the recitation.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=284}}<br />
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===Early life===<br />
Mahavira grew up as a prince. According to the second chapter of the Śvētāmbara text [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]], his parents were lay devotees of [[Parshvanatha]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=32}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=30}} The ''Handbook of Indian History'' notes that the ''Kalpasutra'' narrates Pārśva’s liberation 250 years before Mahavira, and mentions that Buddhist literature contains reference to disciples of Parsva in the lifetime of the Buddha.<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Indian History |editor-last=Vemsani |editor-first=Lavanya|publisher=Springer|year=2024|pages=278–281 |isbn=978-981-97-6207-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfcyEQAAQBAJ}}</ref><br />
Jain traditions differ about whether Mahavira married.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=22}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=99, Quote: "According to the Digambara sect, Mahavira did not marry, while the Svetambaras hold a contrary belief."}} The Digambara tradition believes that his parents wanted him to marry Yashoda, but he refused to marry.{{sfn|Shanti Lal Jain|1998|p=51}}{{refn|group=note|On this [[Champat Rai Jain]] wrote: ""Of the two versions of Mahavira's life — the Swetambara and the Digambara— it is obvious that only one can be true: either Mahavira married, or he did not marry. If Mahavira married, why should the Digambaras deny it? There is absolutely no reason for such a denial. The Digambaras acknowledge that nineteen out of the twenty-four ''tirthamkaras'' married and had children. If Mahavira also married it would make no difference. There is thus no reason whatsoever for the Digambaras to deny a simple incident like this. But there may be a reason for the Swetambaras making the assertion; the desire to ante-date their own origin. As a matter of fact their own books contain clear refutation of the statement that Mahavira had married. In the Samavayanga Sutra (Hyderabad edition) it is definitely stated that nineteen ''tirthankaras'' lived as householders, that is, all the twenty-four excepting Shri Mahavira, Parashva, Nemi, Mallinath and Vaspujya."{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1939|p=97}}}} The Śvētāmbara tradition believes that he was married to Yashoda at a young age and had one daughter, Priyadarshana,{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=29}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=21}} also called Anojja.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=188}}<br />
<br />
Jain texts portray Mahavira as tall; his height was given as 7 ''hastas'' or four [[cubit]]s (6 [[Foot (unit)|feet]]) in the ''Aupapatika Sutra''.{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=95}} According to Jain texts, he was the shortest of the twenty-four ''tirthankaras''; earlier ''arihants'' were believed to have been taller, with [[Neminatha]] or Aristanemi —the 22nd ''tirthankara'', who lived for 1,000 years—said to have been sixty-five cubits (98{{nbsp}}feet) in height.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=16}}<br />
<br />
===Renunciation===<br />
{{see also|Jain monasticism}}<br />
[[File:Mahavir Swami giving alms to a brahmin.jpg|thumb|150px|Tirthankar Mahavir giving his half garment to a brahmin as alms]]<br />
<br />
At age thirty, Mahavira abandoned royal life and left his home and family to live an ascetic life in the pursuit of spiritual awakening.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=224}}{{sfn|George|2008|p=319}}{{sfn|Jacobi|1964|p=269}} He undertook severe fasts and bodily mortifications,{{Sfn|Wiley|2009|pp=5–7}} meditated under the [[Ashoka tree]], and discarded his clothes.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=224}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=30}} The ''Ācārāṅga Sūtra'' has a graphic description of his hardships and self-mortification.{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=74}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=27}} According to the ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]'', Mahavira spent the first forty-two monsoons of his life in Astikagrama, [[Champapuri]], Prstichampa, Vaishali, Vanijagrama, [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]], [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]], Bhadrika, Alabhika, Panitabhumi, [[Shravasti]], and [[Pawapuri]].{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=327}} He is said to have lived in [[Rajagriha]] during the rainy season of the forty-first year of his ascetic life, which is traditionally dated to 491{{nbsp}}BCE.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=79}}<br />
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===Omniscience===<br />
{{see also|Samavasarana}}<br />
[[File:Lord Mahavira Omniscience.jpg|thumb|Lord [[Mahavir]] attaining omniscience in ''shukla dhyana'', the highest and purest level of meditation]]<br />
According to traditional accounts, Mahavira achieved [[Kevala Jnana]] (omniscience, or infinite knowledge) under a [[Shorea robusta|Sāla tree]] on the bank of the River Rijuvalika near Jrimbhikagrama at age 43 after twelve years of rigorous penance.{{sfn|George|2008|p=319}}{{sfn|Jain|Upadhye|2000|p=30}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|pp=30, 327}} The details of the event are described in the Jain ''Uttar-purāņa'' and ''Harivamśa-purāņa'' texts.{{sfn|Jain|Upadhye|2000|p=31}} The ''Ācārāṅga Sūtra'' describes Mahavira as all-seeing. The ''[[Sutrakritanga]]'' expands it to all-knowing, and describes his other qualities.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=25}} Jains believe that Mahavira had a most auspicious body (''paramaudārika śarīra'') and was free from eighteen imperfections when he attained omniscience.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2016b|p=5}} According to the Śvētāmbara, he traveled throughout India to teach his philosophy for thirty years after attaining omniscience.{{sfn|George|2008|p=319}} However, the Digambara believe that he remained in his [[Samavasarana]] and delivered sermons to his followers.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=314}}<br />
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===Disciples===<br />
[[File:Samosarana Mahaviras enlightenment.jpg|thumb|[Top illustration] Mahavira attains [[Kevala Jnana|kevala jñāna (complete knowledge)]]; [Bottom] a [[Samavasarana|samosarana]] (divine preaching hall). Folio 60 from Kalpasutra series, loose leaf manuscript, Patan, Gujarat. {{Circa|1472}}.]]<br />
Jain texts document eleven Brahmanas as Mahavira's first disciples, traditionally known as the eleven ''Ganadharas''.{{Sfn|Wiley|2009|p=6}} [[Indrabhuti Gautama]] is believed to have been their leader,{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=314}} the others were named: Agnibhuti, Vayubhuti, Akampita, Arya Vyakta, [[Sudharman]], Manditaputra, Mauryaputra, Acalabhraataa, Metraya, and Prabhasa. The ''Ganadharas'' are believed to have remembered and to have verbally transmitted Mahavira's teachings after his death. His teachings became known as ''Gani-Pidaga'', or the Jain ''Agamas''.{{Sfn|Wiley|2009|pp=6–8, 26}} According to ''Kalpa Sutra'', Mahavira had 14,000 ''[[Muni (Jainism)|sadhus]]'' (male ascetic devotees), 36,000 ''[[sadhvis]]'' (female ascetics), 159,000 ''[[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|sravakas]]'' (male lay followers), and 318,000 ''sravikas'' (female lay followers).{{sfn|Heehs|2002|p=90}}{{sfn|George|2008|p=326}}{{sfn|Cort|2001|p=47}} Jain tradition mentions Srenika and Kunika of [[Haryanka dynasty]] (popularly known as [[Bimbisara]] and [[Ajatashatru]]) and [[Chetaka]] of [[Videha]] as his royal followers.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=327}}{{sfn|Caillat|Balbir|2008|p=88}} Mahavira initiated his [[mendicant]]s with the ''[[Ethics of Jainism|mahavratas]]'' (Five Vows).{{Sfn|Wiley|2009|p=6}} He delivered fifty-five ''[[pravachan]]a'' (recitations) and a set of lectures (''[[Uttaraadhyayana-sutra]]'').{{sfn|George|2008|p=319}} Chandana is believed to be the leader of female monastic order.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=44}}<br />
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=== Nirvana and moksha <span class="anchor" id="Nirvāṇa, Moksha"></span>===<br />
[[File:Pawapuri - 001 Temple marking Mahavira's Passing (9243092471).jpg|thumb|alt=Large, white temple on the water|Lord Mahavira's [[Jal Mandir]] (water temple) in [[Pawapuri]], [[Bihar]], India]]<br />
[[File:MahaviraSwamiPawapuri.jpg|thumb|The "Charan Paduka" or foot impression of Mahavira at [[Jal Mandir]] ]]<br />
<br />
According to Jain texts, Mahavira's [[nirvana]] (death){{refn|group=note|Not to be confused with ''kevalajnana'' (omniscience).{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|pp=29–31, 205–206: "At the end of almost thirty years of preaching, he died in the chancellory of King Hastipala of Pavapuri and attained Nirvana."}}}} occurred in the town of [[Pawapuri]] in present-day [[Bihar]].{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=222}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=22–24}}{{sfn|Melton|Baumann|2010|p=897}} His life as a spiritual light and the night of his nirvana are commemorated by Jains as [[Diwali (Jainism)|Diwali]] at the same time that Hindus celebrate it.{{sfn|Melton|Baumann|2010|p=897}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=549–550}} His chief disciple, Gautama, is said to have attained omniscience the night that Mahavira achieved nirvana from Pawapuri.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=39}}<br />
<br />
Accounts of Mahavira's nirvana vary among Jain texts, with some describing a simple nirvana and others recounting grandiose celebrations attended by gods and kings. According to the [[Jinasena]]'s ''[[Mahapurana (Jainism)|Mahapurana]]'', [[Deva (Jainism)|heavenly beings]] arrived to perform his funeral rites. The ''[[Pravachanasara]]'' of Digambara tradition says that only the nails and hair of ''tirthankaras'' are left behind; the rest of the body dissolves in the air like [[camphor]].{{sfn|Pramansagar|2008|pp=38–39}} In some texts Mahavira is described, at age 72, as delivering his final preaching over a six-day period to a large group of people.{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} The crowd falls asleep, awakening to find that he has disappeared (leaving only his nails and hair, which his followers cremate).{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=328}}<br />
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The Jain Śvētāmbara tradition believes that Mahavira's nirvana occurred in 527 BCE, and the Digambara tradition holds that date of 510 BCE.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}} In both traditions, his [[jiva]] (soul) is believed to abide in ''[[Siddhashila]]'' (the home of liberated souls).{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=549–550}} Mahavira's [[Jal Mandir]] stands at the place where he is said to have attained nirvana (''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Destinations : Pawapuri |url=http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/Pawapuri.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722042619/http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/Pawapuri.htm |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=23 July 2015 |publisher=[[Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation]] |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Artworks in Jain temples and texts depict his final liberation and cremation, sometimes shown symbolically as a small pyre of sandalwood and a piece of burning camphor.{{sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|pp=14, 29–30}}<br />
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==Teachings==<br />
{{Main|Jain philosophy}}<br />
Colonial-era Indologists considered Jainism (and Mahavira's followers) a sect of [[Buddhism]] because of superficial similarities in iconography and meditative and ascetic practices.{{sfn|Winternitz|1993|p=408}} As scholarship progressed, differences between the teachings of Mahavira and the Buddha were found so divergent that the religions were acknowledged as separate.{{sfn|Winternitz|1993|pp=408–409}} Mahavira, says Moriz Winternitz, taught a "very elaborate belief in the soul" (unlike the Buddhists, who denied such elaboration). His ascetic teachings have a higher order of magnitude than those of Buddhism or Hinduism, and his emphasis on [[ahimsa]] (non-violence) is greater than that in other Indian religions.{{sfn|Winternitz|1993|pp=408–409}}<br />
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=== Agamas <span class="anchor" id="Jain ''Agamas''"></span>===<br />
{{Main|Jain Agamas}}<br />
{{see also|Jain councils}}<br />
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Mahavira's teachings were compiled by [[Indrabhuti Gautama|Gautama Swami]], his ''[[Ganadhara]]'' (chief disciple).{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=225}} The canonical scriptures are in twelve parts.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=xi}} Mahavira's teachings were gradually lost after about 300{{nbsp}}BCE, according to Jain tradition, when a severe famine in the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] kingdom dispersed the Jain monks. Attempts were made by later monks to gather, recite the canon, and re-establish it.{{Sfn|Wiley|2009|pp=6–8}} These efforts identified differences in recitations of Mahavira's teachings, and an attempt was made in the 5th{{nbsp}}century CE to reconcile the differences.{{Sfn|Wiley|2009|pp=6–8}} The reconciliation efforts failed, with Svetambara and Digambara Jain traditions holding their own incomplete, somewhat-different versions of Mahavira's teachings. In the early centuries of the common era, Jain texts containing Mahavira's teachings were written in [[palm-leaf manuscript]]s.{{Sfn|Wiley|2009|pp=6–8, 26}} According to the Digambaras, ''[[Acharya (Jainism)|Āchārya]]'' Bhutabali was the last ascetic with partial knowledge of the original canon. Later, some learned ''achāryas'' restored, compiled, and wrote down the teachings of Mahavira which were the subjects of the ''Agamas''.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=xii}} ''Āchārya'' Dharasena, in the 1st{{nbsp}}century CE, guided the ''Āchāryas'' Pushpadant and Bhutabali as they wrote down the teachings. The two ''Āchāryas'' wrote ''[[Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama]]'', among the oldest-known Digambara texts, on palm leaves.<br />
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===Five Vows===<br />
{{Main|Ethics of Jainism}}<br />
[[File:Five Vows.jpg|150px|thumbnail|alt=Tan stone relief of the Jain swastika and its five vows|The [[Jain symbols#Swastika|swastika]] and five vows]]<br />
The Jain Agamas enumerate five [[vrata]]s (vows) which ascetics and householders must observe.{{sfn|Sangave|2006|p=67}} These ethical principles were preached by Mahavira:{{sfn|George|2008|p=319}}{{sfn|Shah|1999}}<br />
# ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|Ahimsa]]'' (Non-violence or non-injury): Mahavira taught that every living being has sanctity and dignity which should be respected as one expects one's own sanctity and dignity to be respected. ''Ahimsa'', Jainism's first and most important vow, applies to actions, speech, and thought.<ref name=pkshah5v/> When Mahavira revived the Jain community, ''ahimsa'' was already an established, strictly observed rule. The followers of [[Parshvanatha]] vowed to observe ''ahimsa''; this obligation was part of their ''caujjama dhamma'' (Fourfold Restraint).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=Śrīrāma |title=A history of Indian Buddhism |publisher=Kusumanjali Prakashan |year=1987 |location=Meerut |pages=83, 84, 85, 103}}</ref><br />
# ''[[Satya#Jainism|Satya]]'' (truthfulness): Applies to oneself and others.<ref name=pkshah5v/><br />
# ''[[Asteya]]'' (non-stealing): Not "taking anything that has not been given"{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=68}}<br />
# ''[[Brahmacharya#Brahmacharya in Jainism|Brahmacharya]]'' (chastity): Abstinence from sex and sensual pleasures for monks, and faithfulness to one's partner for householders<ref name="pkshah5v">{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Pravin K. |title=Five Great Vows (Maha-vratas) of Jainism |url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/5greatvows.htm |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231033127/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/5greatvows.htm |publisher=[[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences]], [[Harvard University]]|archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=31 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=101–102}}<br />
# ''[[Aparigraha]]'' (non-attachment): For lay people, an attitude of non-attachment to property or worldly possessions; for mendicants, not owning anything{{sfn|Long|2009|p=109}}<br />
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The goal of these principles is to achieve spiritual peace, a better rebirth, or (ultimately) liberation.{{sfn|Cort|2001|pp=26–27}}{{sfn|Appleton|2014|pp=20–45}}{{sfn|Adams|2011|p=22}} According to Chakravarthi, these teachings help improve a person's quality of life.{{sfn|Chakravarthi|2003|pp=3–22}} However, [[Paul Dundas]] writes that Mahavira's emphasis on non-violence and restraint has been interpreted by some Jain scholars to "not be driven by merit from giving or compassion to other creatures, nor a duty to rescue all creatures" but by "continual self discipline": a cleansing of the soul which leads to spiritual development and release.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=88–89, 257–258}}<br />
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Mahavira is best remembered in the Indian traditions for his teaching that ''ahimsa'' is the supreme moral virtue.{{sfn|George|2008|p=319}}{{sfn|Jain|Jain|2002|p=13}} He taught that ''ahimsa'' covers all living beings,{{sfn|Titze|1998|p=4}} and injuring any being in any form creates bad [[Karma in Jainism|karma]] (which affects one's rebirth, future well-being, and suffering).{{sfn|Taylor|2008|pp=892–894}} According to [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Mahavira was the greatest authority on ''ahimsa''.{{sfn|Pandey|1998|p=50}}{{sfn|Nanda|1997|p=44}}<ref name="fhe">{{Cite web |title=Great Men's view on Jainism |url=https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/quote/greatmen.htm |publisher=[[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences]], [[Harvard University]] |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516085244/https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/quote/greatmen.htm |quote=Jainism Literature Center |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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===Soul===<br />
{{main|Jīva (Jainism)}}<br />
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Mahavira taught that the soul exists. There is no soul (or self) in Buddhism, and its teachings are based on the concept of [[anatta]] (non-self).<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Anatta {{!}} Buddhism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210185046/https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta |quote=Anatta .. in Buddhism, the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent, underlying .. soul. The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman (“the self”). |archive-date=10 December 2015 |access-date=10 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Collins|1994|p=64}}{{sfn|Nagel|2000|p=33}} Mahavira taught that the soul is [[dravya]] (substantial), eternal, and yet temporary.{{sfn|Charitrapragya|2004|pp=75–76}}<br />
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To Mahavira, the metaphysical nature of the universe consists of ''dravya'', ''jiva'', and ''[[ajiva]]'' (inanimate objects).{{sfn|Caillat|Balbir|2008|p=88}} The ''jiva'' is bound to ''[[Saṃsāra (Jainism)|saṃsāra]]'' (transmigration) because of [[Karma in Jainism|karma]] (the effects of one's actions).{{sfn|Caillat|Balbir|2008|p=88}} Karma, in Jainism, includes actions and intent; it colors the soul (''[[lesya]]''), affecting how, where, and as what a soul is reborn after death.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=99–103}}<br />
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According to Mahavira, there is no [[creator deity]] and existence has neither beginning nor end. Deities and demons however exist in Jainism, whose ''jivas'' are a part of the same cycle of birth and death.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=90–99}} The goal of spiritual practice is to liberate the ''jiva'' from its karmic accumulation and enter the realm of the [[siddha]]s, souls who are liberated from rebirth.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=91–92, 104–105}} Enlightenment, to Mahavira, is the consequence of self awareness, self-cultivation and restraint from materialism.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=88–89, 257–258}}<br />
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===''Anekantavada''===<br />
{{Main|Anekantavada}}<br />
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Mahavira taught the doctrine of ''anekantavada'' (many-sided reality).{{sfn|Charitrapragya|2004|pp=75–79}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=229–231}}{{sfn|Sharma|Khanna|2013|p=18}} Although the word does not appear in the earliest Jain literature or the Agamas, the doctrine is illustrated in Mahavira's answers to questions posed by his followers.{{sfn|Charitrapragya|2004|pp=75–79}} Truth and reality are complex, and have a number of aspects. Reality can be experienced, but it is impossible to express it fully with language alone; human attempts to communicate are ''nayas'' ("partial expression[s] of the truth").{{sfn|Charitrapragya|2004|pp=75–79}} Language itself is not truth, but a means of expressing it. From truth, according to Mahavira, language returns—not the other way around.{{sfn|Charitrapragya|2004|pp=75–79}}<ref name="iepmahav">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Webb |first=Mark Owen |title=Jain Philosophy |date=14 November 2003 |url=https://iep.utm.edu/jain/ |encyclopedia=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528030933/https://iep.utm.edu/jain/ |access-date=3 November 2017 |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> One can experience the "truth" of a taste, but cannot fully express that taste through language. Any attempt to express the experience is ''syāt'': valid "in some respect", but still a "perhaps, just one perspective, incomplete".<ref name="iepmahav" /> Spiritual truths are also complex, with multiple aspects, and language cannot express their plurality; however, they can be experienced through effort and appropriate karma.{{sfn|Charitrapragya|2004|pp=75–79}}<br />
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The Jain Agamas suggest that Mahavira's approach to answering [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]], philosophical questions was a "qualified yes" (''syāt''). A version of this doctrine is also found in the [[Ajivika]] school of ancient Indian philosophy.{{sfn|Matilal|1990|pp=301–305}}{{sfn|Balcerowicz|2015|pp=205–218}}<br />
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According to Dundas, the ''anekantavada'' doctrine has been interpreted by many Jains as "promot[ing] a universal [[religious tolerance]] ... plurality ... [and a] ... benign attitude to other [ethical, religious] positions"; however, this misreads Jain historical texts and Mahavira's teachings.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=232–234}} Mahavira's "many pointedness, multiple perspective" teachings are a doctrine about the nature of reality and human existence, not about tolerating religious positions such as sacrificing animals (or killing them for food) or violence against nonbelievers (or any other living being) as "perhaps right".{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=232–234}} The five vows for Jain monks and nuns are strict requirements, with no "perhaps".{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=98–106}} Mahavira's Jainism co-existed with Buddhism and Hinduism beyond the renunciant Jain communities, but each religion was "highly critical of the knowledge systems and ideologies of their rivals".{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=233}}<br />
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===Gender===<br />
A historically contentious view in Jainism is partially attributed to Mahavira and his ascetic life; he did not wear clothing, as a sign of renunciation (the fifth vow, ''aparigraha''). It was disputed whether a female mendicant (''sadhvi'') could achieve the spiritual liberation like a male mendicant (''sadhu'') through asceticism.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=36–37}}{{sfn|Harvey|2014|pp=182–183}}<br />
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The digambar sect (the sky-clad, naked mendicant order) believed that a woman is unable to fully practice asceticism and cannot achieve spiritual liberation because of her gender; she can, at best, live an ethical life so she is reborn as a man.{{refn|group=note|According to Melton and Baumann, the Digambaras state that "women's physical and emotional character makes it impossible for them to genuinely engage in the intense [ascetic] path necessary for spiritual purification. (...) Only by being reborn as a man can a woman engage in the ascetic path. Later Digambara secondary arguments appealed to human physiology in order to exclude women from the path: by their very biological basis, women constantly generate and destroy (and therefore harm) life forms within their sexual organs. Svetambara oppose this view by appealing to scriptures."{{sfn|Melton|Baumann|2010|p=1396}}}}<br />
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Mahavira had preached about men and women equality. The Svetambaras have interpreted Mahavira's teaching as encouraging both sexes to pursue a mendicant, ascetic life with the possibility of ''moksha'' (''kaivalya'', spiritual liberation).{{sfn|Arvind Sharma|1994|pp=135–138}}{{sfn|Harvey|2014|pp=182–183}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=55–59}}<br />
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===Rebirth and realms of existence===<br />
{{main|Saṃsāra (Jainism)}}<br />
Rebirth and realms of existence are fundamental teachings of Mahavira. According to the [[Acaranga Sutra]], Mahavira believed that life existed in myriad forms which included animals, plants, insects, bodies of water, fire, and wind.{{sfn|Taylor|2008|pp=892–894}}{{sfn|Chapelle|2011|pp=263–270}} He taught that a monk should avoid touching or disturbing any of them (including plants) and never swim, light (or extinguish) a fire, or wave their arms in the air; such actions might injure other beings living in those states of matter.{{sfn|Taylor|2008|pp=892–894}}<br />
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Mahavira preached that the nature of existence is cyclic, and the soul is reborn after death in one of the ''[[Trilok (Jainism)|trilok]]''{{snd}}the heavenly, hellish, or earthly realms of existence and suffering.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=41–42, 90–93}} Humans are reborn, depending on one's [[karma]] (actions) as a human, animal, element, microbe, or other form, on earth or in a heavenly (or hellish) realm.{{sfn|Taylor|2008|pp=892–894}}{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=179–181}}{{sfn|Gorski|2008|pp=125–128}} Nothing is permanent; everyone (including gods, demons and earthly beings) dies and is reborn, based on their actions in their previous life. ''[[Arihant (Jainism)|Jinas]]'' who have reached [[Kevala Jnana]] ([[omniscience]]) are not reborn;{{sfn|Taylor|2008|pp=892–894}} they enter the ''siddhaloka'', the "realm of the perfected ones".{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=179–181}}<br />
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==Iconography and presentations==<br />
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=== Names and epithets <span class="anchor" id="Titles & Names"></span>===<br />
[[File:Bhagwan Mahavir.png|thumb|300px|Rendering of the Idol of Lord Mahavira in [[lotus posture]] depicted in Svetambar iconography at ''[[Rakesh Jhaveri|Shri Dharampur Tirth]]'', [[Valsad]].]]<br />
Surviving early Jain and Buddhist literature uses several names (or [[epithet]]s) for Mahavira, including ''Nayaputta'', ''Muni'', ''Samana'', ''Nigantha'', ''Bamaṇa'', and ''Bhagavan''.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=25}} In early Buddhist ''[[sutra]]s'', he is referred to as ''Araha'' ("worthy") and ''Veyavi'' (derived from "Vedas", but meaning "wise").{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=25–26}} He is known as ''[[Sramana]]'' in the ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]'', "devoid of love and hate".{{sfn|Heehs|2002|p=93}}<br />
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According to later Jain texts, Mahavira's childhood name was ''Vardhamāna'' ("the one who grows") because of the kingdom's prosperity at the time of his birth.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=32}} According to the ''Kalpa Sūtra'', he was called Mahavira ("the great hero") by the gods in the ''Kalpa Sūtra'' because he remained steadfast in the midst of dangers, fears, hardships and calamities.{{sfn|Heehs|2002|p=93}} He is also known as a ''[[tirthankara]]''.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=223}}<br />
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=== Iconography ===<br />
[[File:Mahavira Bruxelles 02 10 2011.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Mahavira iconography is distinguished by a lion stamped (or carved) beneath his feet; a [[Shrivatsa#In Jainism|Shrivatsa]] is on his chest.]]<br />
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Mahavira is usually depicted in a sitting (or standing) meditative pose, with a lion symbol beneath him;{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=192}} each ''tīrthankara'' has a distinct emblem, which allows worshippers to distinguish similar idols.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=225}} Mahavira's lion emblem is usually carved below his legs. Like all ''tirthankaras'', he is depicted with a ''[[Shrivatsa|Shrivatsa in Shetamber tradition]]''.{{refn|group=note|A special symbol that marks the chest of a ''tirthankara''.}} The yoga pose is very common in Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. Each tradition has had a distinctive auspicious chest mark that allows devotees to identify a meditating statue to symbolic icon for their theology. There are several ''srivasta'' found in ancient and medieval Jain art works, and these are not found on Buddhist or Hindu art works.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|pp=426–428}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/j/jainism-jinas-and-other-deities/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526074318/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/j/jainism-jinas-and-other-deities/|title=Jainism: Jinas and Other Deities|publisher=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]]|archive-date=May 26, 2017|access-date=November 26, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> and downcast eyes in digamber tradition while in Shetamber tradition it is wide open.<br />
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Mahavira's earliest iconography is from archaeological sites in the [[north India]]n city of [[Mathura]], dated from the 1st{{nbsp}}century BCE to the 2nd{{nbsp}}century CE.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|pp=15–17}}{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=273–275}} The ''srivatsa'' mark on his chest and his ''dhyana-mudra'' posture appears in [[Kushana Empire]]-era artwork. Differences in Mahavira's depiction between the Digambara and Svetambara traditions appear in the late 5th{{nbsp}}century CE.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|pp=15–17}} According to John Cort, the earliest archaeological evidence of Jina iconography with inscriptions precedes its datable texts by over 250 years.{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=48–49}}<br />
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Many images of Mahavira have been dated to the 12th century and earlier;{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=193}} an ancient sculpture was found in a cave in Sundarajapuram, [[Theni district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. K.&nbsp;Ajithadoss, a Jain scholar in Chennai, dated it to the 9th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saju |first=M. T. |title=Ancient Mahavira sculpture found in cave near Theni |date=3 October 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Ancient-Mahavira-sculpture-found-in-cave-near-Theni/articleshow/49200451.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722211043/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Ancient-Mahavira-sculpture-found-in-cave-near-Theni/articleshow/49200451.cms |place=Chennai|archive-date=22 July 2016 |access-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[Jivantasvami]] represents Mahavira as a princely state. The Jina is represented as standing in the [[kayotsarga]] pose wearing crown and ornaments.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=15}}<br />
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<gallery perrow="7"><br />
File:Osian_17-67.jpg|[[Jivantasvami]] image of a [[Tirthankara]] carved on ''Torana'' in [[Mahavira Jain temple, Osian]]<br />
File:Vardhaman Keezhakuyilkudi.jpg|alt=See caption|Rock-cut sculpture of Mahavira in [[Samanar Hills]], [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
File:Solitary Jina Kalugumalai.jpg|Rock-cut sculpture of Mahavira in [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]], 8th century<br />
File:Mahavira Pratimaji.jpg|alt=See caption|Tallest known image of the seated Mahavira, Patnaganj<br />
File:Mahaveer.jpg|alt=See caption|Four-sided sculpture of Mahavira in [[Kankali Tila]], [[Mathura]]<br />
File:Tirthankaras.jpg|alt=Two nude statues|''Tirthankaras'' [[Rishabhanatha]] ''(left)'' and Mahavira, 11th century ([[British Museum]])<br />
File:Mahavira Seattle 01.JPG|alt=Mahavira, seated|Temple relief of Mahavira, 14th century ([[Seattle Asian Art Museum]])<br />
File:Thirakoil-mahaaveerar.JPG|alt=See caption|Relief of Mahavira in [[Thirakoil]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
File:Ahinsa_Sthal.jpg|16-foot, 2-inch stone statue of Mahavira in [[Ahinsa Sthal]], [[Mehrauli]], [[New Delhi]]{{sfn|Titze|1998|p=266}}|alt=Large outdoor statue of Mahavira, with a seated worshipper for scale<br />
File:Ellora Cave 32 si0339.jpg|alt=See caption|Mahavira statue in Cave 32 of the [[Ellora Caves]]<br />
</gallery><br />
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===Temples===<br />
Along with [[Rishabhanath]], [[Parshvanath]], [[Neminath]], and [[Shantinath]]; '''Mahavira''' is one of the five ''tirthankaras'' that attract the most devotional worship among the Jains.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=40}} Various Jain temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism. [[Pawapuri]], for example, is a hilly part of southern Bihar, which is believed to have been a place where 23 out of 24 ''tirthankaras'' preached, along with Rishabha.{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=133}}{{sfn|Titze|1998|p=207}} According to [[John E. Cort|John Cort]], the [[Mahavira Jain temple, Osian|Mahavira temple]] in [[Osian, Jodhpur]], Rajasthan is the oldest surviving Jain temple in western India; it was built in the late 8th{{nbsp}}century.{{sfn|Cort|1998|p=112}} Important Mahavira temple complexes include [[Jal Mandir]] in Pawapuri, [[Trilokyanatha Temple]], [[Aihole#Meguti hill|Meguti Jain Temple]], [[Kumbharia Mahavira Temple]], [[Sankighatta]], [[Muchhal Mahavir Temple]], [[Bhandavapur Jain Tirth]], [[Dimapur Jain Temple]], and [[Jain temple, Kundalpur (Bihar)|Jain temple, Kundalpur]]<br />
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<gallery><br />
File:Dharmachakra, lord mahaviras temple.jpg|alt=Dharmachakra temple|Dharmachakra temple in [[Gajpanth]]<br />
File:Shri Mahaveerji temple.jpg|[[Shri Mahavirji]]<br />
File:Jain Temple -02 by Jain Center of Greater Phoenix (JCGP).jpg|[[Jain Center of Greater Phoenix]]<br />
File:Jain Temple Oshwal Centre Pottersbar Hertfordshire UK ground.jpg|Jain temple, [[Potters Bar]]<br />
File:Tirumalai jaintemple 4.jpg|Jain temple in Tirumalai<br />
File:HBPA N 930 Meguti Jain temple Aihole (cropped).jpg|Meguti Jain temple, 5th—6th century<br />
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=== Worship <span class="anchor" id="Adoration"></span>===<br />
[[File:Adoration of the Jaina Tirthankara, Mahavira (6124596033).jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|Mahavira worship in a manuscript c.{{nbsp}}1825]]<br />
[[Samantabhadra (Jain monk)|Samantabhadra's]] ''Svayambhustotra'' praises the twenty-four ''tirthankaras'', and its eight [[shloka]]s (songs) adore Mahavira.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|pp=164–169}} One such ''shloka'' reads:{{blockquote|O Lord Jina! Your doctrine that expounds essential attributes required of a potential aspirant to cross over the ocean of worldly existence (''[[Saṃsāra (Jainism)|Saṃsāra]]'') reigns supreme even in this strife-ridden spoke of time (''Pancham Kaal''). Accomplished sages who have invalidated the so-called deities that are famous in the world, and have made ineffective the whip of all blemishes, adore your doctrine.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|p=165}}}} Samantabhadra's ''Yuktyanusasana'' is a 64-verse poem which also praises Mahavira.{{sfn|Gokulchandra Jain|2015|p=84}}<br />
<br />
===Festivals===<br />
Two major annual Jain festivals associated with Mahavira are [[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]] and [[Diwali (Jainism)|Diwali]]. During [[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]], Jains celebrate Mahavira's birth as the 24th and last ''tirthankara'' of ''[[avasarpiṇī]]'' (the current time cycle).{{sfn|Gupta|Gupta|2006|p=1001}} During Mahavir Janma Kalyanak, the five auspicious events of Mahavira's life are re-enacted.{{sfn|George|2008|p=394}} Diwali commemorates the anniversary of Mahavira's ''[[Nirvana (Jainism)|nirvana]]'', and is celebrated at the same time as the [[Diwali|Hindu festival]]. Diwali marks the New Year for Jains.{{sfn|Bhalla|2005|p=13}} Jains celebrate ''Mahavir Janma Kalyanak'' every year on the 13th day of the [[Indian national calendar|Indian Calendar]] month of [[Chaitra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-17 |title=Mahavir Jayanti {{!}} What, When, Why & How To Celebrate Mahavir Swami Jayanti |url=https://www.allindianfestivals.in/mahavir-jayanti/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
Mahavira's legacy is the systematic codification of [[Jain philosophy]] and the establishment of the ''chaturvidha sangha'' (four-fold order) of monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=150}} This structure, which provides a path for both ascetics and lay followers, enabled Jainism to be preserved as a living tradition. His teachings, particularly the cardinal vow of ''Ahimsa'' (non-violence), had a lasting influence on Indian culture.<br />
<br />
[[Michael H. Hart]] ranked him 100th in his 1978 book, “[[The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History]]”, below the [[The Buddha|Buddha]] (ranked 4th) and [[Ashoka]] (ranked 53rd).<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1980 |title=The 100: A ranking of the most influential persons in history |url=https://www.academia.edu/41045298 |journal=Business Horizons |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=91–92 |doi=10.1016/0007-6813(80)90119-6 |issn=0007-6813}}</ref> According to Pantheon's 2024 Historical Popularity Index (HPI), Mahavira is ranked 19th among the most famous Indian people of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dhammabharat.com/famous-personalities-of-india-2024/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=www.dhammabharat.com |title=Top 30 Most Famous Personalities of India of All Time (2024) – Dhamma Bharat |date=30 July 2024 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Mahavira's teachings were influential. According to [[Rabindranath Tagore]],<br />
{{blockquote|Mahavira proclaimed in India that religion is a reality and not a mere social convention. It is really true that salvation can not be had by merely observing external ceremonies. Religion cannot make any difference between man and man.|Rabindranath Tagore{{sfn|Nanda|1997|p=44}}<ref name=fhe/>}}<br />
<br />
An event associated with the 2,500th anniversary of Mahavira's ''nirvana'' was held in 1974:{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=31}}<br />
{{blockquote|Probably few people in the West are aware that during this Anniversary year for the first time in their long history, the [[Jain monasticism|mendicants]] of the ''Śvētāmbara'', ''Digambara'' and ''[[Sthānakavāsī]]'' sects assembled on the same platform, agreed upon a common flag ([[Jain flag|Jaina ''dhvaja'']]) and emblem (''pratīka''); and resolved to bring about the unity of the community. For the duration of the year four ''dharma cakras'', a wheel mounted on a chariot as an ancient symbol of the ''samavasaraṇa'' (Holy Assembly) of ''tīrthaṅkara'' Mahavira traversed to all the major cities of India, winning legal sanctions from various state governments against the slaughter of animals for sacrifice or other religious purposes, a campaign which has been a major preoccupation of the Jainas throughout their history.|[[Padmanabh Jaini]]}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
{{Portal|Religion}}<br />
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
* [[Jivantasvami]]<br />
* [[Parshwanatha]]<br />
* [[Arihant (Jainism)]]<br />
* [[Jain iconography]]<br />
* [[Bardhaman]] (city named after Mahavir Swami)<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|group=note|2|refs=<br />
<!-- D --><br />
<!-- "dating" --><br />
{{refn|group=note|name="dating"|A number of historians, who now favor the "[[Short chronology of the Buddha|Short Chronology]]" for Gautama Buddha's lifetime (ca. 480-400 BCE), argue that the traditional dates for Mahavira also are too early, by as much as one century, since Mahavira and Buddha were contemporaries ({{harvnb|Dundas|2002|p=24}}, {{harvnb|Kuiper|2010|p=144}}, {{harvnb|Shah|1999}}).}}<br />
<!-- R --><br />
<!-- "reformer" --><br />
{{refn|group=note|name="reformer"|The traditional Jaina perspective regards Jainism as eternal [[dharma]] without a founder, whereas history of religion scholars seek to consider Jainism in historical context as a [[Śramaṇa]] movement emerging and gradually evolving during the late [[Vedic Period]] and during the [[Second Urbanisation]] of the [[Mahajanapada]] period ({{harvnb|Dundas|2002|pp=12–13}}, {{harvnb|Long|2009|p=30}}). Although some non-Jains have referred to Mahavira as the "founder" of Jainism ({{harvnb|Doniger|1999|p=549}}), most historians believe that his role likely was part of a much older religious current. Some historians have spoken of Jainism as continuously existing since prior to Mahavira's reforms, ({{harvnb|von Glasenapp|1999|p=24}}; {{harvnb|Zimmer|1953|pp=182–183}}: "[T]here must be some truth in the Jaina tradition of the great antiquity of their religion. At least with respect to Pārśva [...] we have grounds for believing that actually lived and taught, and was a Jaina.") while some use the term "proto-Jain" for the earlier period:<br />
* {{harvtxt|Basham|1951|pp=108–109}}: "Jainism [...] was but a development of the older proto-Jainism of Pārśva", with "a looser group of ascetics", "clothed proto-Jainas".<br />
* {{harvtxt|Long|2020|p=206}}: "Jainism [...] is traced, in its current form, to Mahāvīra [...], although [...] there is some evidence that Mahāvīra's teaching is a continuation of an earlier, proto-Jain tradition."<br />
* {{harvtxt|Moore|1977|p=137}}: "[Mahavira's] predecessor Parshvanatha may have been an historical proto-Jain leader about 200 years earlier."<br />
* {{harvtxt|Dundas|2002|p=32}}: "It is impossible to be certain about the relationship between Mahāvīra and Pārśva and in actuality the chronological distance between the two teachers. [...] [E]arly Jainism coalesced out of an interaction between the cosmological ideas of Pārśva and a more rigorous form of [[wikt:orthopraxy|orthopraxy]] advocated by Mahāvīra."}}<br />
<!-- U --><br />
<!-- "uncertain" --><br />
{{refn|group=note|name="uncertain"|Uncertain historical details:<br />
* {{harvtxt|Dundas|2002|pp=22, 24–25}}: "It is fruitless to attempt to locate a historical Mahāvīra outside the parameters of the texts which describe him. Even such a basic question as when he lived is not certain. [...] Equally problematic is the question of Mahāvīra's birthplace [...] [His biography] expanded and evolved over a long period of time." <br />
* {{harvtxt|Long|2009|pp=31–32}}: "Our knowledge of the life of Mahāvīra is dependent upon texts written down many years after the events they describe". Although it "can be said with confidence" that Mahāvīra existed, "this still leaves us with relatively little to go on in terms of information that would pass the muster of contemporary historical methods. [...] whatever historical truth may be in these scriptures, they are not 'historical' texts in the modern sense, Nor is this their apparent intent, spiritual instruction being their aim"}}<br />
<!-- V --><br />
<!-- "Vikram Samvat" --><br />
{{refn|group=note|name="Vikram Samvat"|The association of the era beginning in 57 BCE with Vikramaditya is not found in any source before the 9th century CE; earlier sources call the era "Kṛṭa" (343 and 371 CE), "Kritaa" (404), "the era of the [[Malavas|Malava tribe]]" (424), or simply "Samvat" ({{harvnb|Agrawal|1989|pp=174–175}}, {{harvnb|Srinivasachariar|1974|pp=94–111}}). The earliest known inscription which calls the era "Vikrama" is from 842. This inscription, from the [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]]a ruler Chandamahasena, was found at [[Dholpur]] and is dated "Vikrama Samvat 898, [[Vaishakha]] [[Shukla paksha|Shukla]] 2, Chanda" (20 April 842). The earliest known inscription which associates the era with a king called Vikramaditya is dated 971, and the earliest literary work connecting the era to Vikramaditya is ''Subhashita-Ratna-Sandoha'' (993–994) by the Jain author Amitagati ({{harvnb|Srinivasachariar|1974|pp=94–111}}).}}<br />
<!-- "Viraya_Bhagavate" --><br />
}}<br />
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<br />
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[[Category:Founders of religions]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chepauk_Palace&diff=446523Chepauk Palace2026-03-07T06:21:24Z<p>Ankushraj: fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Official residence of the Nawab of Arcot}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox building<br />
| name = Chepauk Palace<br />
| location = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br />
| building_type = [[Palace]]<br />
| image = File:Chepauk Palace, the heritage building and former official residence of the Nawab of Arcot in Chennai 06.jpg<br />
| caption = Chepauk Palace, c. 2006<br />
| architectural_style = [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]]<br />
| completion_date = 1768<br />
}}<br />
'''Chepauk Palace''' was the official residence of the [[Nawab of Arcot]] from 1768 to 1855. It is situated in the neighbourhood of [[Chepauk]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]], and is constructed in the [[Indo-Saracenic]] style of architecture.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
After the [[Carnatic Wars]] Nawab [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]] of the [[Carnatic Sultanate]], an ally of the British and was dependent on Company troops for his protection. So, in 1764, he thought of constructing a palace for himself within the ramparts of [[Fort St George]].<ref name="srinivasacharip181">{{cite book | title=History of the city of Madras written for the Tercentenary Celebration Committee| first=C. S.|last=Srinivasachari| year=1939| page=181| publisher=P. Varadachary & Co.|place=Madras}}</ref> However, due to space constraints, Wallajah was forced to abandon his plans and instead constructed a palace at [[Chepauk]], a few miles to the south of the fort.<ref name="srinivasacharip181" /><br />
<br />
Known for its intricate carvings, wide arches, red brick walls and lime mortar, Chepauk Palace was built by the engineer [[Paul Benfield]], who completed it in 1768. It was one of the first buildings in India to be built in the [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture|Indo-Saracenic]] style. According to historian [[S. Muthiah]]: "Paul Benfield, an [[East India Company]] engineer turned contractor, made buildings to last, a reputation that made him rich."<ref name=ramkumar-pratiksha>{{cite news |last=Ramkumar |first=Pratiksha |date=21 Sep 2013 |title=Once crown of Chennai, Chepauk Palace now falling to pieces |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Once-crown-of-Chennai-Chepauk-Palace-now-falling-to-pieces/articleshow/22832940.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204012909/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Once-crown-of-Chennai-Chepauk-Palace-now-falling-to-pieces/articleshow/22832940.cms# |archive-date=4 February 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
When the principality of Carnatic was abolished in 1855 as per the [[Doctrine of Lapse]], the Chepauk Palace was brought to auction to pay off the Nawab's debts and was eventually purchased by the Madras government.<ref name="srinivasacharip243">{{cite book | title=History of the city of Madras written for the Tercentenary Celebration Committee| first=C. S.|last=Srinivasachari| year=1939| page=243| publisher=P. Varadachary & Co.|place=Madras}}</ref> The palace functioned as the office of the revenue board and the [[Public Works Department]] (PWD) Secretariat.<ref name="srinivasacharip243" /><br />
<br />
The palace comprises two blocks, namely, Kalas Mahal and Humayun Mahal. Kalas Mahal was the official residence of the Nawabs from 1768 to 1855.<ref name="Hindu_AnIconicStructure">{{Cite news <br />
| last = Lakshmi <br />
| first = K. <br />
| title = Chepauk Palace, an iconic structure<br />
| newspaper = The Hindu<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| publisher = The Hindu<br />
| date = 22 August 2017<br />
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chepauk-palace-an-iconic-structure/article19536184.ece<br />
| access-date = 1 October 2017}}</ref> Humayun Mahal, the northern block, was virtually rebuilt between 1868 and 1871 by [[Robert Chisholm (architect)|Robert Chisholm]] when assigned the work of creating a new records office and building for the [[Department of Revenue (Tamil Nadu)|Revenue Board]] by Governor [[Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier|Lord Napier]].<ref name="muthiah">{{cite book | title=[[Madras Rediscovered]]| last=Muthiah| first=S.| year=2004| author-link=S. Muthiah| publisher=East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd| isbn=81-88661-24-4|pages=166–168}}</ref><ref name=muthiah-s>{{cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S |author-link=S. Muthiah |date=17 Feb 2013 |title=The Mahals of Chepauk |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-mahals-of-chepauk/article4424925.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629165338/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-mahals-of-chepauk/article4424925.ece# |archive-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
Originally Humayun Mahal had been single story<ref name=muthiah-s/> with the Diwan-e-Khana Durbar Hall<ref name=ramkumar-pratiksha/> in its middle over which there was a dome. To transform Humayun Mahal, Chisholm removed the tower, added a first floor and Madras terraced roof. He also added a facade that matched the Khalsa Mahal, which can be seen from the [[Wallajah Road, Chennai|Wallajah Road]]. To compensate for removing the dome he also added a new eastern entrance, also in the style of the Khalsa Mahal, that faces the beach. Rather than being part of the Humayun Mahal, this new entrance was built as a square block in front of the Mahal and was called the Records Office.<ref name=muthiah-s/><br />
<br />
In 1859, the former Survey School became the Civil Engineering College and moved into part of Kalasa Mahal.<ref name=umadras-history>{{cite book |last=University of Madras |author-link=University of Madras |date=1957 |title=History of Higher Education in South India, Vol. II, University of Madras 1857-1957 Affiliated Institutions |url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/26034/GIPE-081830.pdf |location=Madras |publisher=University of Madras |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921124931/http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/26034/GIPE-081830.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|246}} The college was renamed [[College of Engineering, Guindy|College of Engineering]] in 1861.<ref name=ceg-history>{{cite web |url=http://ceg.annauniv.edu/history.html |title=College of Engineering, Guindy, History |website=Anna University |access-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923143552/http://ceg.annauniv.edu/history.html# |archive-date=23 September 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 1862 the accommodation for the college was extended to a part of the lower floor and the whole of the upper floor. The Government Carnatic Agent occupied the remainder of the lower floor.<ref name=umadras-history/>{{rp|247}}<br />
<br />
<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4"><br />
File:Chepauk Palace.jpg|Chepauk Palace in Chennai, c. 1905<br />
File:Chepauk Palace, Madras - Tucks Oilette (1907).jpg|Chepauk Palace, Madras - Tucks Oilette (1907)<ref name=Tucks1>{{cite web|title=Madras Series I: Chepauk Palace|url=http://www.tuckdb.org/postcards/84466|website=TuckDB.org|access-date=24 January 2015|date=1911|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107001904/https://tuckdb.org/items/84466|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
File:ChepaukPalace1.jpg|A panoramic view of Chepauk Palace<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
In 1904, a committee considering the re-organisation of the College recommended that it be moved to Guindy.<ref name=umadras-history/>{{rp|247}} This move finally occurred in 1923.<ref name=peer-mohamed>{{cite book |last=Peer Mohamed |first=K.R. |date=1996 |title=History of Progress of Education in Madras City (1854-1947) |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/103144?mode=full |location=Chennai |publisher=University of Madras |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921133856/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/103144?mode=full |archive-date=2017-09-21 |url-status=live |page=Ch V, p 182}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2010, a roof collapsed in the Humayun Mahal and as of 2013 the [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|Public Works Department]], which was charged with the palace's maintenance, had not cleared the debris. Also in 2010, following an inspection, the building was declared not fit for occupation as it was structurally unstable. Commenting on this in 2013 an engineer said "We realised that it was beyond restoration."<ref name=ramkumar-pratiksha/> In 2012, a fire, which killed a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services|fire service]],<ref name=kumar-gp/> gutted the Khalsa Mahal.<ref name=muthiah-s/> [[K. V. Ramalingam]], Public Works Department minister, said that as only the walls remained the building would have to be demolished. A descendant of the Nawab Wallajah, Nawab [[Muhammed Abdul Ali]], called on [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]] [[Jayalalithaa]] to restore Chepauk Palace.<ref name=kumar-gp>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=G Pramod |date=18 Jan 2012 |title=Chennai outraged: 224-year-old Chepauk palace gutted in fire |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/chennai-outraged-224-year-old-chepauk-palace-gutted-in-fire-186727.html |work=FIRSTPOST |access-date=21 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119190056/http://www.firstpost.com/india/chennai-outraged-224-year-old-chepauk-palace-gutted-in-fire-186727.html# |archive-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Until the southern building, Khalsa Mahal, was gutted by fire, it had remained virtually as it was first built. It had at the west and south minareted entrances and was a handsome two-story building.<ref name=muthiah-s/><br />
<br />
In 2013, there was a further roof collapse in the Humayun Mahal.<ref name=ramkumar-pratiksha/> In 2017, Kalas Mahal was restored and will be the home of the [[National Green Tribunal Act|National Green Tribunal]], Southern Bench. Also in 2017 the PWD started the process of restoring Humayun Mahal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=K. |date=22 Aug 2017 |title=Chepauk Palace, an iconic structure |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chepauk-palace-an-iconic-structure/article19536184.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822050852/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chepauk-palace-an-iconic-structure/article19536184.ece# |archive-date=22 August 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Architecture ==<br />
The Chepauk Palace comprises two blocks—the northern block is known as Kalas Mahal while the southern block is known as Humayun Mahal.<ref name="srinivasacharip181" /> The palace is built over an area of 117 acres and is surrounded by a wall.<ref name="srinivasacharip181" /> The Humayun Mahal is spread over 66,000 square feet and has ventilators on the terrace and a connecting corridor to the Kalas Mahal.<ref name="Hindu_3BuildingsToRiseFromRuins">{{cite news<br />
| last = K. <br />
| first = Lakshmi <br />
| title = 3 historic buildings to rise from the ruins <br />
| newspaper = The Hindu<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| pages = 2<br />
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons <br />
| date = 13 December 2017<br />
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/3-historic-buildings-to-rise-from-the-ruins/article21560245.ece<br />
| access-date = 17 December 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2017, the Public Works Department submitted a proposal to the tourism department to restore Humayun Mahal at a cost of {{INR}} 380 million.<ref name="Hindu_3BuildingsToRiseFromRuins"/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|India}}<br />
* [[Architecture of Chennai]]<br />
* [[Heritage structures in Chennai]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Chennai Topics}}<br />
{{coord|13.063363|80.281713|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Palaces in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Heritage sites in Chennai]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Gammat&diff=506726Just Gammat2026-03-04T09:44:38Z<p>Ankushraj: creating basic stub w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2015 Indian film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Just Gammat<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| director = Milind Arun Kavade<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| producer = Seema Shrivastav<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Sanjay Narvekar]]<br />
*[[Jitendra Joshi]]<br />
*[[Smita Gondkar]]<br />
*Aditi Sarangdhar<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Samla Bhaskar<br />
| editing = <br />
| music = [[Nitin Kumar Gupta]]<br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|03|28}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Just Gammat''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] film directed by Milind Arun Kavade and produced by Seema Shrivastav. The film stars [[Sanjay Narvekar]], [[Jitendra Joshi]], [[Smita Gondkar]] and Aditi Sarangdhar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2013 |title= Milind's dog to make its acting debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/milinds-dog-to-make-its-acting-debut/articleshow/21051718.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130115639/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/milinds-dog-to-make-its-acting-debut/articleshow/21051718.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=30 November 2022 |access-date=30 November 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English <br />
}}</ref> Music by [[Nitin Kumar Gupta]]. The film was released on 28 March 2015.<br />
<br />
== Synopsis ==<br />
Two friends cross paths after a long time and decide to get drunk together. In their drunken stupor, they plan to kill each other's wives but face hilarious challenges in their quest<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Sanjay Narvekar]] as Mohan<br />
* [[Jitendra Joshi]] as Ashok <br />
* [[Smita Gondkar]] as Meera<br />
* Aditi Sarangdhar<br />
* Atul todankar<br />
* Deepak Shirke<br />
* Vijay Patkar<br />
* Aarti Solanki<br />
* Jaywant Wadkar<br />
* Arun Kadam<br />
* Sanjay Kulkarni<br />
* [[Heena Panchal]] as special appearance<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2013 |title= Heena Panchal grooves with Sanjay Narvekar in 'Gammat' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/heena-panchal-grooves-with-sanjay-narvekar-in-gammat/articleshow/25657043.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130120220/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/heena-panchal-grooves-with-sanjay-narvekar-in-gammat/articleshow/25657043.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=30 November 2022 |access-date=30 November 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English <br />
}}</ref><br />
*Vipul Deshpande<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Just Gammat<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = Nitin Kumar Gupta<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 2015<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2015 |title= Rahul Roy's Marathi connect |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/rahul-roys-marathi-connect/articleshow/46313274.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130124103/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/rahul-roys-marathi-connect/articleshow/46313274.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=30 November 2022 |access-date=30 November 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English <br />
}}</ref><br />
| recorded = 2015<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 25:01<br />
| language = Marathi <br />
| label = <br />
| producer = <br />
| prev_title = <br />
| prev_year = 2014<br />
| year = 2016<br />
| next_title = <br />
| next_year = 2015<br />
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio<br />
|{{YouTube|y6jupfi33k8| Just Gammat – Full Album}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 14:29<br />
| title1 = Bewda Bewda<br />
| extra1 = Nitin Kumar Gupta, Praveen Duth Stephen<br />
| length1 = 4:00<br />
| title2 = Tujha Bina<br />
| extra2 = [[Swapnil Bandodkar]]<br />
| length2 = 3:49<br />
| title3 = Gammat Gammat<br />
| extra3 = [[Avadhoot Gupte]]<br />
| length3 = 3:21<br />
| title4 = Bewda Overload (N.R.G. Remix)<br />
| extra4 = Indrani Sharma, Nitin Kumar Gupta, Praveen Duth Stephen<br />
| length4 = 3:59<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Critical response ==<br />
Just Gammat film received negative reviews from critics. A reviewer from [[The Times of India]] gave the film a rating of 2/5 and wrote "If you are looking for strong content and powerful performances, this is definitely not your cup of tea. Watch it if you have to".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2016 |title= JUST GAMMAT MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/just-gammat/movie-review/46725885.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130122437/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/just-gammat/movie-review/46725885.cms |archive-date=30 November 2022 |access-date=30 November 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English <br />
}}</ref> Ganesh Matkari of [[Pune Mirror]] wrote "The screenplay is senseless, dialogues unfunny and situations unbelievable. I know that any film needs some suspension of disbelief on part of the audience".<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2015 |title= Film Reviews: Strangers in a bar |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-reviews-strangers-in-a-bar/cid5089291.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130122931/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-reviews-strangers-in-a-bar/cid5089291.htm |archive-date=30 November 2022 |access-date=30 November 2022 |website= [[Pune Mirror]] |language=English <br />
}}</ref> A reviewer from [[Loksatta]] wrote "While writing the four main characters, no attempt has been made to give personality to the characters, which are necessary to impress the audience".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2015 |title= गंमत प्रेक्षकांची |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/just-gammat-movie-review-1086582/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130123539/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/just-gammat-movie-review-1086582/ |archive-date=30 November 2022 |access-date=30 November 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi <br />
}}</ref> A Reviewer of [[Zee Talkies]] wrote "Good art work, a tasteful background score and sound design by Santosh Phutane, Salil Amrute and Anil Nikam, respectively, are the plus points of this film. ‘Just Gammat’ therefore turned out to be an average entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2023 |title= Just Gammat Movie Review |url=http://www.zeetalkies.com/reviews/just-gammat-movie-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103163241/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/http://www.zeetalkies.com/reviews/just-gammat-movie-review.html |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website= [[Zee Talkies]] |language=English <br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt6272758}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/just_gammat}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2015 films]]<br />
[[Category:2015 Marathi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lovers_(2014_film)&diff=513677Lovers (2014 film)2026-03-03T21:52:10Z<p>Ankushraj: started a data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2014 Indian Telugu-language film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = <br />
| image = Lovers Telugu film poster.jpg<br />
| alt = Film poster<br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = Harinath<br />
| screenplay = [[Maruthi]]<br />
| story = Harinath<br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = B. Mahendra Babu<br />Naga Vamsi<br>[[Maruthi]] ('''presenter''')<br />
| starring = [[Sumanth Ashwin]]<br />[[Nanditha Raj|Nanditha]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = V. Malhar Bhatt Joshi<br />
| editing = S. B. Uddhav<br />
| music = Jeevan Babu<br />
| studio = Maya Bazar Movies<br/>[[Maruthi|Maruthi Talkies]]<!-- or: | production_companies = --><br />
| distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --><br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|8|15}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = ₹7.8 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2014 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2014/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Lovers''''' is a 2014 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film directed by Harinath and starring [[Sumanth Ashwin]] and [[Nanditha Raj|Nanditha]]. The film was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sumanth-ashwin-thrilled-with-lovers-success/articleshow/40373955.cms|title=Sumanth Ashwin thrilled with Lovers success|date=15 January 2017|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=13 November 2022|archive-date=3 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903145009/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sumanth-ashwin-thrilled-with-lovers-success/articleshow/40373955.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was inspired by the 2012 Tamil film ''[[Leelai]]''.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
<br />
Siddhu, portrayed by Sumanth Ashwin, is a college student seeking romantic companionship. His relationships with Geetha (Tejaswini) and Soumya (Shamili) end in heartbreak, with Chitra Subramanyam (Nanditha) being the common factor. Unaware of Chitra's role, Siddhu desires revenge.<br />
<br />
In an unexpected turn, Siddhu falls for a mysterious woman who turns out to be Chitra. The story explores their intertwined destinies and whether they can overcome their past grievances to find love."<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*[[Sumanth Ashwin]] as Siddhu <br />
*[[Nanditha Raj|Nanditha]] as Chitra Subramanyam<br />
*[[Tejaswi Madivada]] as Geetha<br />
*[[Varshini Sounderajan]] as Soumya<br />
*[[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as Suresh<br />
*[[Chandini Tamilarasan|Chandini]] as Soumya<br />
*[[M. S. Narayana]]<br />
*Sai Kumar Pampana as Suresh<br />
*[[Duvvasi Mohan]]<br />
*Anitha Chowdary<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music is composed by J. B.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/audio-lovers.html|title=Lovers music launch|date=4 July 2014|language=te|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=31 October 2022|archive-date=31 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031035056/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/audio-lovers.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that "The film is worth a watch just for Saptagiri’s histrionics".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140816/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-lovers-no-chemistry-between-%E2%80%98lovers%E2%80%99|title=Movie Review 'Lovers': No chemistry between 'Lovers'|first=Suresh|last=Kavirayani|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=16 August 2014|access-date=31 October 2022|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730055034/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140816/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-lovers-no-chemistry-between-%E2%80%98lovers%E2%80%99|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' opined that "The story isnt as striking as the performances. Watch it for Saptagiri's comedy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/lovers/movie-review/40316179.cms|title=Lovers Movie Review|date=15 August 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 October 2022|archive-date=3 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903145012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/lovers/movie-review/40316179.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "Plus points are spicy dialogues and entertainment provided by Saptagiri and Sai Kumar Pampana. A better handling of romance/emotions coupled with an arresting screenplay in second half is needed for an impressive output".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/lovers.html|title=Lovers jeevi review|last=Jeevi|date=15 August 2014|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=31 October 2022|archive-date=3 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903144937/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/lovers.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Mallemala Entertainments|123Telugu]]'' said that "On the whole, Lovers clicks only because of the entertaining second half, and Sapathagiri’s hilarious comedy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/lovers-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Review : Lovers – Saptagiri's show all the way|date=15 August 2014|work=[[Mallemala Entertainments|123Telugu]]|access-date=31 October 2022|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429085354/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/lovers-telugu-movie-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malayaalamaasam_Chingam_Onninu&diff=461025Malayaalamaasam Chingam Onninu2026-03-03T21:19:48Z<p>Ankushraj: add section per sources and improved wording for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Malayala Masom Chingam Onnu<br />
| image =<br />
| caption =<br />
| director = [[Nissar (director)|Nissar]]<br />
| producer = Khader Nazir, Pawankumar, Ajith<br />
| writer = A. R. Mukesh<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| starring =[[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]]<br> [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]]<br>[[Biju Menon]] <br>Harisri Ashokan<br>Sainedeen<br>Rajan P. Dev<br>Rudra<br>Shabnam<br>Kalpana<br>Philomina, etc.<br />
| music = [[Raveendran]]<br />
| cinematography = Venugopal<br />
| editing = G. Murali<br />
| studio = Ankith & Jisna Movies<br />
| distributor = Ankith & Jisna Movies<br />
| released = {{Film date|1996|11|9|df=y}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Malayalam]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Malayala Masom Chingam Onnu''''' ({{Translation| [[Malayalam calendar|Malayalam Calendar:]] first of [[Chingam]]}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed and produced by [[Nissar (director)|Nissar]]. The film stars [[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Biju Menon]] and [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Raveendran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2912|title=Malayala Maasam Chingam Onninu|accessdate=2014-10-27|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?499|title=Malayala Maasam Chingam Onninu|accessdate=2014-10-27|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/malayala-masom-chingam-onnu-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027162814/http://spicyonion.com/title/malayala-masom-chingam-onnu-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 October 2014|title=Malayala Masom Chingam Onnu|accessdate=2014-10-27|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The Plot revolves around Appu, his wife Renuka, Renuka's friend Dr. Prasad. Appu is a scrap dealer for whom Kochuraman works. Renuka wants her husband to dress in a modern and stylish way according to new trends while Appu is the exact opposite. Preman is the neighbor of Appu and he is a photographer. Despite being a womanizer, he is married to Rukmini/Rukku who has stammering. Rukmini's father is skeptical at first on his daughter's marriage to a womanizer but marries her to Preman thinking that her daughter would not get a good groom since she has stammering. One day Dr. Prasad unexpectedly pays a visit to Renuka while Appu is at work. Preman parks his car in Appu's house due to lack of availability of parking space. On the day Prasad pays a visit, Preman enters to get his car and Renuka introduces Preman as her husband to Dr. Prasad. Preman plays along and when Prasad notices a picture of Renuka and Appu, Preman lies that Appu is her brother. Appu is unknown of these events. As the lie gets repeated more than once, Preman blackmails Renuka for sexual favours threatening to expose her lie. Whilst these, the pregnant Rukmini suffers a miscarriage which shatters Preman and he decides to turn a new leaf. Renuka attempts suicide on blackmail of Preman but survives. Riddled by fate, Preman leaves his womanizing tendencies turning into a faithful husband and Renuka leaves her attempt for modernizing her husband turning into a faithful wife.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]] as Appu<br />
*[[Dileep]] as Preman, The main Antagonist <br />
*[[Rudra (actress)|Rudra]] as Renuka, Appu's wife <br />
*[[Biju Menon]] as Dr. Prasad<br />
*[[A. C. Zainuddin]] as Shersaab<br />
*[[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Rukmini/Rukku preman's wife <br />
*Manu Raj<br />
*[[Rajan P. Dev]]<br />
*[[Harishree Ashokan]] as Kochuraman<br />
*[[Philomina]]<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music was composed by [[Raveendran]] and the lyrics were written by [[Gireesh Puthenchery]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || "Aakaasham" || [[K. G. Markose]] || [[Gireesh Puthenchery]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 2 || "Aakaasham" (F) || [[K. S. Chithra]] || Gireesh Puthenchery ||<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || "Aaro Thinkathidambo" (D) || [[K. J. Yesudas]], Sindhu Premkumar || Gireesh Puthenchery || <br />
|-<br />
| 4 || "Aaro Thinklathidambo" || K. J. Yesudas || Gireesh Puthenchery || <br />
|-<br />
| 5 || "Kaalam Kalikaalam" || [[Ambili (singer)|Ambili]], [[Krishnachandran]], Natesh Shankar || Gireesh Puthenchery || <br />
|-<br />
| 6 || "Kunjikkuyil" || [[Biju Narayanan]] || Gireesh Puthenchery || <br />
|-<br />
| 7 || "Vilolayaay" || K. J. Yesudas || Gireesh Puthenchery || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0275493|Malayala Masom Chingam Onnu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1996 films]]<br />
[[Category:1996 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Nissar]]<br />
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_period&diff=476396Anuradhapura period2026-03-03T02:41:49Z<p>Ankushraj: added info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Period in the history of Sri Lanka during the Anuradhapura Kingdom (377 BC-1017 AD)}}<br />
{{Being merged to|Anuradhapura kingdom|discuss=Talk:Anuradhapura Kingdom#Merge proposal|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox historical era<br />
| name = Anuradhapura period<br />
| start = 377 BCE<br />
| end = 1017<br />
| image = File:British Museum Asia 45 (cropped).jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Gilded bronze statue of the Bodhisattva [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]], dated to the 8th century, found in the eastern coast of Sri Lanka<br />
| before = [[Early kingdoms period|Pre Anuradhapura period]]<br />
| including = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Early Anuradhapura period]]<br />
* [[Middle Anuradhapura period]]<br />
* [[Late Anuradhapura period]]}}<br />
| after = [[Polonnaruwa period]]<br />
| monarch = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[House of Vijaya]]<br />
* [[The Five Dravidians]]<br />
* [[House of Lambakanna I]]<br />
* [[The Six Dravidians]]<br />
* [[House of Moriya]]<br />
* [[House of Lambakanna II]]}}<br />
| leaders = <br />
}}<br />
{{Main|History of Sri Lanka|Anuradhapura Kingdom}}<br />
{{History of Sri Lanka}}<br />
The '''Anuradhapura period''' was a period in the history of Sri Lanka of the [[Anuradhapura Kingdom]] from 377 BCE to 1017 CE. The period begins when [[Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura|Pandukabhaya]], [[Kingdom of Upatissa Nuwara|King of Upatissa Nuwara]] moved the administration to [[Anuradhapura]], becoming the kingdom's first monarch. Anuradhapura is heralded as an ancient cosmopolitan citadel with diverse populations.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Periodization of Sri Lanka history:<br />
{{Smalldiv|{{Sri Lankan history overview}}}}<br />
<br />
==Political history==<br />
===Early Anuradhapura period (377 BCE – 463 CE)===<br />
[[Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura|Pandukabhaya]] (437–367 BCE), king of Upatissa Nuwara was the first monarch of the Anuradhapura Kingdom and 6th over all of the island of Sri Lanka since the arrival of [[Vijaya of Sri Lanka|Vijaya]]. He reigned from 437 BC to 367 BCE. According to many historians and scholars, he was the first truly Sri Lankan king since the arrival of Vijaya and the ruler who ended the conflict between the Sinha clan and the local communities, reorganizing the populace.<br />
<br />
[[Ellalan|Elara]] (205–161 BCE), a [[Tamil People|Tamil]] King of [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] origin, ruled "Pihiti Rata"- the region of Sri Lanka north of the [[Mahaweli]] - after defeating King [[Asela of Sri Lanka|Asela]]. During Elara's time, [[Kelani Tissa]] was a sub-king of [[Maya Rata]] in the southwest and [[Kavan Tissa]] was a regional sub-king of [[Ruhuna]] in the southeast. Kavan Tissa constructed [[Tissa Maha Vihara]], [[Dighavapi Tank]] and numerous shrines in Seruvila. His eldest son, [[Dutthagamani of Sri Lanka|Dutugemunu]] (161–137 BCE), at the age of 25&nbsp;defeated the South Indian Tamil Invader Elara, then over 64 years of age, in single combat, as described in the [[Mahavamsa]]. Dutugemunu is often depicted as a Sinhalese "Asoka". [[Ruwanwelisaya]], which he constructed, is a dagaba of pyramid-like proportions and stands as an engineering marvel of its time<br />
<br />
[[Pulahatta]] (or Pulahatha) was deposed by [[Bahiya]], who in turn was deposed by [[Panaya Mara]], followed by [[Pilaya Mara]], and later murdered by [[Dathiya]] in 88 BCE,&nbsp; until [[Vattagamani Abhaya of Sri Lanka|Valagamba]] finally deposed him, bringing an end to Tamil rule. Valagamba I (89–77) BCE&nbsp;restored the [[House of Vijaya|Dutugamunu dynasty]]. During his reign, doctrinal disputes arose between the Mahavihara ([[Theravada]]) &nbsp;and Abhayagiri (pro-[[Mahayana]]) traditions. The [[Tripitaka]] was committed to writing in [[Pali]] at [[Aluvihara]], [[Matale]]. [[Chora Naga of Anuradhapura|Chora Naga]] (also known as Mahanaga) reigned from 63–51 BCE and was allegedly poisoned by his consort Anula. [[Queen Anula]] (48–44 BCE),&nbsp; widow of Chora Naga and later [[Kuda Tissa of Anuradhapura|Kuda Tissa]], became the first queen to rule Sri Lanka. She gained notoriety for having multiple lovers, many of whom were reportedly poisoned by her. Queen Anula was eventually killed by Kuttakanna Tissa. Vasabha (67–111 CE) is noted for the&nbsp;[[Vallipuram]] gold plate, fortifying [[Anuradhapura]], constructing eleven tanks, and issuing several edicts. [[Gajabahu I of Sri Lanka|Gajabahu I]] (114–136 CE)&nbsp; invaded the [[Chola kingdom]] bringing back captives and recovering the sacred [[tooth relic|Tooth Relic]] of the Buddha.<br />
<br />
[[Mahasena of Sri Lanka|Mahasena]] (274–301 CE)&nbsp;initially persecuted the [[Theravada]] Mahāvihāra, allowing [[Mahayana]] influence to rise, though he later reconciled wirh the Mahāvihāra. Pandu (429 CE) was the first of seven Pandyan rulers, ending with Pithya in 455 CE. [[Dhatusena of Sri Lanka|Dhatusena]] (459–477 CE), his uncle, oversaw the composition of the Mahavamsa by Mahanama, and constructed Kalaweva. His son [[Kashyapa I of Sri Lanka|Kashyapa]] (477–495 CE), built the renowned [[Sigiriya]] rock palace where some 700 rock inscriptions offer a glimpse into ancient [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] life and language.<br />
<br />
====Arrival of Buddhism and the sacred Tooth Relic====<br />
[[Devanampiya Tissa of Sri Lanka|Devanampiya Tissa]] (250–210 BCE), a [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] King of the [[Maurya]] lineage, played a pivotal role in introducing Buddhism to Sri Lanka. His links with Emperor [[Asoka]] facilitated the arrival of [[Mahinda (buddhist monk)|Mahinda]], son of Asoka in 247 BCE to spread the teachings of the Buddha. [[Sangamitta]], Mahinda's sister, brought a [[Bodhi]] sapling to the island via Jambukola (Sambiliturei). [[Sangamitta]]'s son Samanera Sumana also accompanied them to aid in propagating [[Buddhism]], following the [[Third Buddhist Council]], upon the recommendation of [[Moggaliputta-Tissa]] (Ashoka's spiritual teacher). They were further accompanied by Bhankuka, a lay disciple and maternal grandson of [[Mahinda (buddhist monk)|Mahinda]]'s aunt.<br />
<br />
However, historical evidence does not confirm that Emperor Ashoka had a son named Mahinda (or by any other name) or a daughter named Sangamitta. King Devanampiya Tissa’s reign was crucial for the establishment of [[Theravada Buddhism]] in Sri Lanka and had a lasting impact on the island’s religious and cultural history.<br />
<br />
===Middle Anuradhapura period (463–691)===<br />
<br />
===Late Anuradhapura period (691–1017)===<br />
====Lambakanna====<br />
[[Manavanna of Anuradhapura|Manavanna]] (684–718 CE)&nbsp;seized the throne with the support of the [[Pallava]]s, introducing Pallava patronage that lasted for three centuries. By the 9th century, however, the [[Pandyan]] ascendancy in southern India led to the sacking of Anuradhapura. In response, the Sinhalese mounted a counter-invasion using a rival Pandya prince, ultimately sacking [[Madurai]] itself. [[Mahinda V of Sri Lanka|Mahinda V]] (982–1029CE)&nbsp;was the last Sinhalese monarch of Anuradhapura. He fled to [[Principality of Ruhuna|Ruhuna]], but in 1017, the Cholas captured him and took him to India, where he died in captivity.<br />
<br />
====Demise====<br />
In 993 CE, the Chola Emperor [[Rajaraja I]] invaded Sri Lanka, forcing the then Sri Lankan ruler Mahinda V to flee to the south of the country.{{sfn|Siriweera|2004|p=44}} The Mahavamsa describes the rule of Mahinda V as weak, and the country was suffering from poverty by this time. It further mentions that his army rose against him due to lack of wages.{{sfn|Wijesooriya|2006|p=114}} Taking advantage of this situation, [[Rajendra I]], son of Rajaraja I, launched a large invasion in 1017. Mahinda V was captured and taken to India, and the Cholas sacked the city of Anuradhapura. They moved the capital to [[Polonnaruwa]] and subsequent Sri Lankan rulers who came into power after the Chola reign continued to use Polonnaruwa as the capital, thus ending the Anuradhapura Kingdom.{{sfn|Siriweera|2004|p=44}}<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
===Arrival of Tamils===<br />
[[Potsherds]] bearing [[Tamil-Brahmi|early Tamil writing]] dating back to the 5th century BCE have been discovered across Sri Lanka, from [[Poonagari|Poonakari]] in [[Jaffna]] in the north to [[Tissamaharama Tamil Brahmi inscription|Tissamaharama]] in the south. These inscriptions include clan names such as "Vela," which is related to the [[Velirs|velir]] of [[ancient Tamil country]].{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|p=48}} [[Epigraphic]] evidence also indicates that people identified themselves as Damelas or Damedas - the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] [[Prakrit]] word for Tamil people - in [[Anuradhapura]], the capital of [[Rajarata]], as well as in other parts of the island as early as the 2nd century BCE.{{sfn|Indrapala|2007|p=157}} Excavations in the area of Tissamaharama in southern Sri Lanka have unearthed locally issued coins, produced between the 2nd century BC and the 2nd century CE, some of which carry local Tamil personal names written in early Tamil characters,{{sfn|Mahadevan|2000|p=152–154}} which suggest that Tamils were present and actively involved in trade along the southern coast of Sri Lanka by the late classical period.{{sfn|Bopearachchi|2004|p=546–549}} Other ancient inscriptions from the period reference a Tamil merchant,{{NoteTag|"Dameda vanija gahapati Vishaka"}} the Tamil householder residing in Ilubharata{{NoteTag|"Ilu bhartechi Dameda karite Dameda gahapatikana"}} and a Tamil sailor named Karava.{{NoteTag|"Dameda navika karava"}} Two of the five ancient inscriptions referring to the Damedas (Tamils) are in Periya Pullyakulam in the [[Vavuniya District]], one is in Seruvavila district in [[Trincomalee District]], one is in Kuduvil in [[Amparai District]] and one is in [[Anuradhapura]]. Literary sources also mention Tamil rulers bringing horses to the island in water craft in the second century BCE, most likely arriving at [[Kudiramalai]]. Historical records establish that Tamil kingdoms in modern India were closely involved in the island's affairs from about the 2nd century BCE.{{sfn|De Silva|1981|p=30–32}}<br />
<br />
==Technology==<br />
{{Main|Ancient constructions of Sri Lanka|Irrigation works in ancient Sri Lanka}}<br />
<br />
The irrigation works of ancient [[Sri Lanka]] which began around 300 BC during the reign of King [[Pandukabhaya]] and continued to be developed over the next thousand years, ranked among the most complex [[irrigation system]]s of the [[ancient world]]. In addition to the underground [[canal]]s, the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] were the first to construct entirely artificial reservoirs and [[dams]] for water storage. The system was extensively restored and further extended during the reign of King [[Parākramabāhu]].<br />
<br />
==Monarchs==<br />
The [[House of Vijaya]], [[The Five Dravidians]], [[House of Lambakanna I]], [[The Six Dravidians]], [[House of Moriya]] and the [[House of Lambakanna II]] collectively produced 122 monarchs who ruled during this period.<br />
<br />
==Timeline==<br />
{{Simple Horizontal timeline<br />
<br />
|from = -400<br />
|to = 1300<br />
|inc = 100<br />
|width =<br />
<br />
|axis-negativeFmt =%s BCE<br />
|axis-positiveFmt =%s CE<br />
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|row1 = timeline<br />
|row1-style = styleDefault<br />
|row1-1-to = -377<br />
|row1-2-to = 66<br />
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|row1-3-text = Vijayan era (377 BCE–66)<br />
<br />
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|row2-2-to = 436<br />
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|row2-3-text = Lambakanna I era (66–436)<br />
<br />
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|row3-1-to = 463<br />
|row3-2-to = 691<br />
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|row3-3-text = Moriya era (463– 691)<br />
<br />
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|row4-2-to = 1017<br />
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|row4-3-text = Lambakanna II era (691–1017)<br />
<br />
|row5 = scale<br />
|caption = Anuradhapura period<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Events===<br />
* 377 BCE: The [[Anuradhapura Kingdom]] is founded by [[Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura|Pandukabhaya]]<br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
{{Main|Anuradhapura period in popular culture}}<br />
<br />
* [[The God King]], 1974 English and Sinhala historical film<br />
* [[Aba (film)|Aba]], 2008 Sinhalese historical film<br />
* [[Mahindagamanaya]], 2011 Sinhalese historical film<br />
* [[Aloko Udapadi]], 2012 Sinhalese historical film<br />
* [[Siri Daladagamanaya]], 2014 Sinhalese historical film<br />
* [[Maharaja Gemunu]], 2015 Sinhalese historical film<br />
* [[Mahaviru Pandu]], 2020 Sinhalese drama by [[Hiru TV]] <br />
* [[Asirimath Dalandagamanaya]], 2022 Sinhalese drama by [[Hiru TV]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Sinhala Kingdom]]<br />
* [[List of Sinhalese monarchs]]<br />
* [[Architecture of ancient Sri Lanka]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{NoteFoot}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{Cite book| last = De Silva|first= K. M. | title = A history of Sri Lanka| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dByI_qil26YC | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | year = 1981 | isbn = 978-0-520-04320-6 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Mahadevan |first1=Iravatham |title=Early Tamil epigraphy from the earliest times to the sixth century A.D. |date=2003 |publisher=Cre-A |isbn=9780674012271}}<br />
*von Schroeder, Ulrich. 1990. ''Buddhist Sculptures of Sri Lanka''. 752 pages with 1610 illustrations. Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. {{ISBN|962-7049-05-0}}<br />
*von Schroeder, Ulrich. 1992. ''The Golden Age of Sculpture in Sri Lanka''. [Catalogue of the exhibition held at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Washington, D. C., 1 November 1992 – 26 September 1993]. 160 pages with 64 illustrations. Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. {{ISBN|962-7049-06-9}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Bandaranayake|first=Senake|title=Sigiriya|publisher=Central Cultural Fund|year=2007|isbn=978-955-613-111-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/sigiriyacitypala0000band}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Bopearachchi|first=Osmund|chapter=Ancient Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu|editor1-last=Chevillard|editor1-first=Jean-Luc|editor2-last=Wilden|editor2-first=Eva|title=South-Indian Horizons: Felicitation Volume for François Gros on the occasion of his 70th birthday|year=2004|publisher=Institut Français de Pondichéry / École Française d'Extrême-Orient|place=Pondicherry|series=Publications du Département d'Indologie – 94|isbn=978-2-85539-630-9|issn=0073-8352|pages=546–549}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Indrapala|first=K.|author-link=K. Indrapala|title=The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE|publisher=Vijitha Yapa|year=2007|location=Colombo|isbn=978-955-1266-72-1}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Lokubandara|first=W. J. M.|title=The Mistique of Sigiriya&nbsp;— Whispers of the Mirror Wall|publisher=Godage International Publishers|year=2007|isbn=978-955-30-0610-3}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Mendis|first=Ranjan Chinthaka|title=The Story of Anuradhapura|publisher=Lakshmi Mendis|year=1999|isbn=978-955-96704-0-7}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Perera|first=Lakshman S.|title=The Institutions of Ancient Ceylon from Inscriptions|publisher=International Centre for Ethnic Studies|year=2001|volume=1|isbn=978-955-580-055-6}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Rambukwelle|first=P. B.|title=Commentary on Sinhala Kingship&nbsp;— Vijaya to Kalinga Magha|publisher=Sridevi Printers|year=1993|isbn=978-955-95565-0-3}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Siriweera|first=W. I.|title=History of Sri Lanka|publisher=Dayawansa Jayakodi & Company|year=2004|isbn=978-955-551-257-2}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Siriweera|first=W. I.|title=A Study of the Economic History of Pre Modern Sri Lanka|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|year=1994|isbn=978-0-7069-7621-2|pages=44–45}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Wijesooriya|first=S.|title=A Concise Sinhala Mahavamsa|publisher=Participatory Development Forum|year=2006|isbn=978-955-9140-31-3}}<br />
* {{cite journal|last1=Paranavithana|first1=Senarath|title=Two Royal Titles of the Early Sinhalese, and the Origin of Kingship in Ancient Ceylon|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|date=July 1936|volume=68 |issue=3|pages=443–462 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X0007725X }}<br />
* {{cite journal|last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan|date=March 2000|title=Ancient Tamil Coins from Sri Lanka|journal=Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies|volume=XVII|issue=2|pages=147–156}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
{{Main|Bibliography of Sri Lanka}}<br />
<br />
{{S-start}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Early kingdoms period|Pre Anuradhapura period]]}} <br />
{{s-ttl|title=Anuradhapura period<br>of [[History of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan history]]|years=377 BC–1017}} <br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Chola occupation of Anuradhapura]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Anuradhapura period}}<br />
{{History of Sri Lanka bar}}<br />
{{Sri Lanka topics}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Sri Lanka}}<br />
[[Category:Anuradhapura period]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Sri Lanka]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_leaders_of_the_opposition_in_the_Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Council&diff=513061List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council2026-02-26T08:08:08Z<p>Ankushraj: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Leader of the Official Opposition in the Legislative Council of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
{{For|Vidhan Sabha|List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox political post<br />
| post = Leader of the Opposition<br />
| body = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]<br />
| insignia = Seal of Uttar Pradesh.svg<br />
| insigniasize = 125px<br />
| insigniacaption = [[Uttar Pradesh Government|Seal of Uttar Pradesh Government]]<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| incumbent = [[Lal Bihari Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Lal Bihari Yadav]]<br />
| incumbentsince = 22 July 2024<br />
| style = [[The Honourable]]<br />
| status = Leader of the opposition alliance or the main opposition party which is not in government<br />
| type = [[Leader of the Opposition]]<br />
| termlength = 6 years<br />''Till the retirement of the member''<br />
| appointer = Chairperson of the Legislative Council<br />
| reports_to = Vidhan Parishad<br />
| residence = [[Lucknow]]<br />
| formation = {{start date and years ago|df=yes|1954|09|30}}<br />
| inaugural = Kunwar Guru Narayan<br />
| website = [https://www.vidhanparishadproceedings.up.gov.in/government/page/honorable-leader-of-legislative-louncil-list-of-pposition-party]<br />
| native_name = '''उत्तर प्रदेश विधान परिषद् के माननीय नेता प्रतिपक्ष / नेता विरोधी दल'''<br />
| member_of = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]<br />
| nominator = Members of the Official Opposition of the Legislative Council<br />
| seat = [[Vidhan Bhawan, Lucknow]]<br />
| deputy = [[Mohammad Jasmir Ansari]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''leader of the opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council''' is the politician who leads the official opposition in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]].<br />
<br />
== Eligibility ==<br />
[[Official Opposition]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2010 |title=The Salary And Allowances Of Leaders Of Opposition In Parliament Act, 1977 And Rules Made Thereunder |url=http://mpa.nic.in/actopp.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116211914/http://mpa.nic.in/actopp.htm |archive-date=16 January 2010}}</ref> is a term used in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] to designate the political party which has secured the second largest number of seats in the council. In order to get formal recognition, the party must have at least [[Quorum#India|10% of total membership of the Legislative Council]]. A single party has to meet the 10% seat criterion, not an alliance. Many of the Indian [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|state legislatures]] also follow this 10% rule while the rest prefer single largest opposition party according to the rules of their respective houses.<br />
<br />
== Role ==<br />
The opposition's main role is to question the government of the day and hold them accountable to the public. The opposition is equally responsible in upholding the best interests of the people of the country. They have to ensure that the Government does not take any steps, which might have negative effects on the people of the country.<ref>http://www.elections.in/political-corner/role-opposition-party-parliament/ Role of Leader of Opposition in India</ref><br />
<br />
The role of the opposition in legislature is basically to check the excesses of the ruling or dominant party, and not to be totally antagonistic. There are actions of the ruling party which may be beneficial to the masses and opposition is expected to support such steps.<ref>http://www.politicalsciencenotes.com/parliament/opposition/role-of-opposition-in-parliament-india/976 Role of Opposition in Parliament of India</ref><br />
<br />
In legislature, opposition party has a major role and must act to discourage the party in power from acting against the interests of the country and the common man. They are expected to alert the population and the Government on the content of any bill, which is not in the best interests of the country.{{citation needed|date= November 2023}}<br />
<br />
== List of leaders of the opposition of Uttar Pradesh ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
!No<br />
!Portrait<br />
!Name<br />
!Constituency<br />
! colspan="3" |Tenure<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Vidhanparishad |url=http://www.upvidhanparishad.nic.in/neta%20virodhi%20dal.htm |access-date= |website=www.upvidhanparishad.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Honorable Leader of the House in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council |url=https://www.vidhanparishadproceedings.up.gov.in/government/page/honorable-leader-of-legislative-louncil-list-of-pposition-party |website=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|[[Kunwar Guru Narayan]]<br />
|<br />
|30 September 1954<br />
|17 May 1959<br />
|{{Ayd|30 september 1954|17 may 1959}}<br />
|Progressive Parliament<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Progressive Parliament}}" |<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|[[Abdul Jaleel Faridi]]<br />
|<br />
|12 August 1959<br />
|28 March 1960<br />
|{{Ayd|12 august 1959|28 march 1960}}<br />
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |'''''Vacant since no opposition party had 10% seats'''''<br />
|28 March 1960<br />
|14 April 1967<br />
|{{Ayd|28 march 1960|14 april 1967}}<br />
| colspan="1" |''N/A''<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|[[Hukum Singh Visen]]<br />
|<br />
|14 April 1967<br />
|17 April 1971<br />
|{{Ayd|14 april 1967|17 april 1971}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|[[Kailash Prakash]]<br />
|<br />
|3 January 1972<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Indian National Congress (O)]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (O)}}" |<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
|[[Ram Gopal Yadav|Ram Gopal]]<br />
|<br />
|20 June 1974<br />
|8 August 1974<br />
|{{Ayd|20 june 1974|8 august 1974}}<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]<br />
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|<br />
|[[Brahm Dutt]]<br />
|<br />
|14 January 1975<br />
|18 February 1975<br />
|{{Ayd|14 january 1975|18 february 1975}}<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|<br />
|[[Gauri Shankar Rai]]<br />
|<br />
|18 February 1975<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|(6)<br />
|<br />
|Brahm Dutt<br />
|<br />
|30 March 1976<br />
|4 February 1977<br />
|{{Ayd|30 march 1976|4 february 1977}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Lok Dal]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}" |<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|<br />
|[[Harikishan Srivastva]]<br />
|<br />
|17 March 1977<br />
|11 July 1977<br />
|{{Ayd|17 march 1977|11 july 1977}}<br />
|-<br />
|(6)<br />
|<br />
|Brahm Dutt<br />
|<br />
|12 July 1977<br />
|5 May 1980<br />
|{{Ayd|12 july 1977|5 may 1980}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|[[File:Mahipal Shastri (cropped).jpg|101x101px]]<br />
|[[Mahipal Shastri]]<br />
|<br />
|3 July 1980<br />
|26 April 1982<br />
|{{Ayd|3 july 1980|26 april 1982}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Lokdal]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Lokdal}}" |<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|[[File:Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Shri.Mulayam Singh Yadav, addressing at the National Development Council, New Delhi on December 9, 2006 (cropped).jpg|90x90px]]<br />
|[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]<br />
|<br />
|26 June 1982<br />
|8 November 1984<br />
|{{Ayd|26 june 1982|8 november 1984}}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |'''''Vacant since no opposition party had 10% seats'''''<br />
|8 November 1984<br />
|13 June 1990<br />
|{{Ayd|8 november 1984|13 june 1990}}<br />
| colspan="1" |''N/A''<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|<br />
|[[Ammar Rizvi]]<br />
|<br />
|13 June 1990<br />
|6 July 1992<br />
|{{Ayd|13 june 1990|6 july 1992}}<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|<br />
|[[Sushila Rohatgi]]<br />
|<br />
|27 July 1992<br />
|5 May 1994<br />
|{{Ayd|27 july 1992|5 may 1994}}<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|<br />
|[[Maharani Dohre]]<br />
|<br />
|23 August 1994<br />
|2 June 1995<br />
|{{Ayd|23 august 1994|2 june 1995}}<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|<br />
|[[Rama Shankar Kaushik]]<br />
|<br />
|3 June 1995<br />
|6 March 1996<br />
|{{Ayd|3 june 1995|6 march 1996}}<br />
|[[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|<br />
|[[Om Prakash Sharma (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Om Prakash Sharma]]<br />
|[[Meerut Teachers constituency|Meerut Teachers]]<br />
|25 April 1997<br />
|22 January 1998<br />
|{{Ayd|25 april 1997|22 january 1998}}<br />
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|<br />
|[[Ahmed Hasan (politician)]]<br />
|MLA's<br />
|23 January 1998<br />
|29 August 2003<br />
|{{Ayd|23 january 1998|29 august 2003}}<br />
|[[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|<br />
|[[Naipal Singh]]<br />
|Bareilly–Moradabad Graduates<br />
|3 September 2003<br />
|19 May 2007<br />
|{{Ayd|3 september 2003|19 may 2007}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|<br />
|[[Ahmed Hasan]]<br />
|MLA's<br />
|19 May 2007<br />
|16 March 2012<br />
|{{Ayd|19 may 2007|16 march 2012}}<br />
|[[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |<br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
|<br />
|[[Nasimuddin Siddiqui]]<br />
|MLA's<br />
|16 March 2012<br />
|28 March 2017<br />
|{{Ayd|16 march 2012|28 march 2017}}<br />
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |<br />
|-<br />
|(16)<br />
|<br />
|Ahmed Hasan<br />
|MLA's<br />
|28 March 2017<br />
|20 February 2022<br />
|{{Ayd|28 march 2017|20 february 2022}}<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
|<br />
|[[Sanjay Lathar]]<br />
|Nominated<br />
|28 March 2022<br />
|26 May 2022<br />
|{{Ayd|28 march 2022|26 may 2022}}<br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
|<br />
|[[Lal Bihari Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Lal Bihari Yadav]]<br />
|Varanasi Teachhers<br />
|26 May 2022<br />
|6 July 2022<br />
|{{Ayd|26 may 2022|6 july 2022}}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |'''''Vacant since no opposition party has 10% seats'''''<ref>{{Cite web |title=SP loses Leader of Opposition post in UP Legislative Council |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2022/07/08/des30-up-council-lop.html |access-date= |website=The Week |language=}}</ref><br />
|6 July 2022<br />
|22 July 2024<br />
|{{Ayd|6 july 2022|22 July 2024}}<br />
| colspan="1" |''N/A''<br />
|-<br />
|(21)<br />
|<br />
|[[Lal Bihari Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Lal Bihari Yadav]]<br />
|Varanasi Teachhers<br />
|22 July 2024<br />
|''present''<br />
|{{Ayd|22 july 2024}}<br />
| rowspan="1" |[[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Statistics==<br />
{{empty section|date=December 2025}} == Deputy leaders==<br />
{{empty section|date=December 2025}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Current Indian opposition leaders}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council| ]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of leaders of the opposition of Indian states and territories|U]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shambhavi_Singh&diff=534464Shambhavi Singh2026-02-24T09:35:38Z<p>Ankushraj: new a bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian painter and printmaker}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|section=| <br />
{{promotional |date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Resume-like|date=May 2025}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox artist<br />
| name = Shambhavi Singh<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1967}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Patna|Patna, Bihar]], India<br />
| known_for = Painting, [[printmaking]], [[installation art]]<br />
| notable_works = ''Bhoomi'' (2020)<br />
| movement = Contemporary art<br />
| alma_mater = College of Fine Arts and Crafts, Patna; [[College of Art, Delhi|Delhi College of Art]]<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
'''Shambhavi Singh''' (born 1967) is a painter, printmaker, and installation artist currently based in New Delhi, India. Her artistic practice encompasses a diverse range of processes and media, but her work is predominantly non-figurative, focusing on the relationship between humans and nature, as well as the social and metaphysical conditions of the agricultural worker.<br />
<br />
== Life and career ==<br />
<br />
Born in [[Patna]], the capital of the Indian state of [[Bihar]], Singh has said that visiting her grandparents in the countryside sparked her interest in nature and influenced her artistic direction.<ref>Sahar Zaman, "The Dark Horse at MoMA", ''Tehelka'', March 2012.</ref> Singh attended the [[Patna University#College of Arts and Crafts|College of Fine Arts and Crafts, Patna]], in the 1980s, alongside her contemporary, [[Subodh Gupta]].<ref>Sonal Shah, "Peach train", ''Time Out New Delhi'', May – June 2008.</ref> She moved to New Delhi in 1990, earning a Master's in Fine Arts from the [[College of Art, Delhi|Delhi College of Art]], and she has continued to live and work in the capital for the majority of her two-decade career, despite frequent travel.<ref name="ParomitaChakrabarti">Paromita Chakrabarti, "Taking Seed at MoMA," ''The Indian Express'', May 2012.</ref> In 1997, Singh traveled to the Netherlands to participate in a project at the [[Tropenmuseum]] in Amsterdam, where she began to take an interest in issues of migration and migrant labor.<ref>Minhazz Majumdar, "Shambhavi Singh," ''Art & Deal'', January 2010.</ref> In 2000-2001, she was an artist-in-residence at Greatmore Studios, in [[Cape Town]], South Africa, which she has said prompted a deeper engagement with the philosophy of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], but also to an invitation to participate in ''Holland South Africa Line (HSAL)'', an international exchange project with Dutch artists held in the [[William Fehr#The William Fehr Collection|William Fehr Collection]], in the [[Castle of Good Hope]].<ref>"Nocturnal Geometry," ''Art India'', 2001.</ref> In 2010, Singh was invited to be an artist-in-residence at [[STPI - Creative Workshop & Gallery]] in Singapore.<ref name="ShambhaviSingh2011">{{cite book|author1=Shambhavi|author2=Shambhavi Singh|author3=Sanjog Sharan|title=Lonely Furrow: Shambhavi : 13 August to 10 September 2011, STPI Creative Workshop & Gallery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xh9cMwEACAAJ|accessdate=2 July 2013|year=2011|publisher=Singapore Tyler Print Institute|isbn=978-981-08-9206-7}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Work ==<br />
<br />
Despite her extensive international travel, Singh continues to ground her work in her upbringing in Bihar, which she said "nurtured and evolved [her] creative language."<ref name="ParomitaChakrabarti" /><ref name="Publishing2008">{{cite book|author=Outlook Publishing|title=Outlook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA49|accessdate=2 July 2013|date=2008-05-20<!-- - 2008-05-26-->|publisher=Outlook Publishing|pages=49–}}</ref> Singh has stated that her experiences abroad strengthened her interest in the relationship between nature and humanity – it was while traveling, for example, that she began to become aware of the history of migration, as well as the plight of migrant laborers.<ref>"Shambhavi Singh", ''Design Today'', October 2011.</ref> Although Singh, who has worked in paint, printmaking, sculpture, video installation, and other new media, uses largely non-figurative and non-narrative modes of expression, her work often references themes related to agriculture and rural labor.<ref>Minhazz Majumdar, "Shambhavi Singh", ''Sculpture'', October 2011.</ref> Singh's work has been exhibited in India, South Africa, Australia, New York, and the Netherlands, where she was associated with the Foundation of Indian Artists, Amsterdam. She is represented by [[Talwar Gallery]], which has exhibited her work in New York and New Delhi.<ref>{{cite book|title=Art and AsiaPacific Quarterly Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vjc0AQAAIAAJ|accessdate=2 July 2013|year=2009|publisher=Fine Arts Press}}</ref> Recently, Singh's work was added to the collection of the [[Museum of Modern Art|Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)]] in New York. Additionally, Shambhavi's work was displayed in a solo exhibition named ''Bhoomi'' from January 25- February 24 in the year of 2020, in Gallery Escape, located in New Delhi, India.<ref name="galleryespace.com">{{Cite web|title=Gallery Espace — Shambhavi {{!}} Bhoomi|url=https://www.galleryespace.com/exhibition-espace/shambhavi-bhoomi/|access-date=2021-12-04|website=Gallery Espace|date=4 February 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> The exhibition ''Bhoomi'' explored themes of rural life, tools of agriculture, and the environmental and structural elements of the countryside, according to the gallery’s description.<ref name="galleryespace.com"/><br />
<br />
== Residencies & Workshops ==<br />
<br />
*2010: [[STPI - Creative Workshop & Gallery]]<ref>[http://www.stpi.com.sg/artist_shambhavi.php Singapore Tyler Print Institute] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205044612/http://www.stpi.com.sg/artist_shambhavi.php |date=5 December 2013 }}</ref><br />
*2001-2004: Greatmore Studios, Cape Town, South Africa, with participation in ''Holland South Africa Line (HSAL)'', at The [[Castle of Good Hope]], [[William Fehr#The William Fehr Collection|William Fehr Collection]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.akka.nl/hsal/docs/index_exhibitions.html |title=''Holland South Africa Line (HSAL)'' |access-date=13 June 2013 |archive-date=22 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622184114/http://www.akka.nl/hsal/docs/index_exhibitions.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
*2002: KHOJ International Workshop, Mysore and Bangalore, India<ref>[http://khojworkshop.org/~khoj/project/1357 KHOJ International Workshop] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130703021957/http://khojworkshop.org/~khoj/project/1357 |date=3 July 2013 }}</ref><br />
*1998-99: ''The search within'', Art between Implosion and Explosion, Pernegg Monastery, Vienna<br />
*1997: Project on "Kali," [[Tropenmuseum]], Amsterdam, the Netherlands<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://talwargallery.com/wp-content/themes/emptiness/shambhavi-press/2015artforum.pdf Artforum, ''Shambhavi Singh,'' March 2015.]<br />
* [http://talwargallery.com/wp-content/themes/emptiness/shambhavi-press/2015artindia.pdf Art India, ''Perhaps the Plaintive Numbers Flow,'' January 2015.]<br />
* [http://talwargallery.com/lullaby/ Talwar Gallery, ''Lullaby''], exhibition catalogue.<br />
* [http://www.stpi.com.sg/assets/artists/2011/Shambhavi/Shambhavi%20-%20e-catalogue.pdf Singapore Tyler Print Institute, ''Lonely Furrow''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041550/http://www.stpi.com.sg/assets/artists/2011/Shambhavi/Shambhavi%20-%20e-catalogue.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}, exhibition catalogue.<br />
* [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/taking-seed-at-moma/945871/ The Indian Express, ''Taking Seed at MoMA''], May 2012.<br />
* [http://tehelka.com/the-dark-horse-at-moma/ Tehelka, ''The Dark Horse at MoMA''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720044727/http://www.tehelka.com/the-dark-horse-at-moma/ |date=20 July 2013 }}, March 2012.<br />
* [http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/when-art-and-nature-intersect/article2614332.ece The Hindu, ''When art and nature intersect''], November 2011.<br />
* [http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/xHi3Sy2cKH9UttzTmnDH1O/Weekday-Lounge-Exclusive--The-cosmos-in-a-pot.html Livemint, ''The Cosmos in a Pot: Artist Shambhavi Singh Explores Her Inspirations''], May 2008.<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shambhavi}}<br />
[[Category:1966 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian printmakers]]<br />
[[Category:Artists from Patna]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century printmakers]]<br />
[[Category:Women artists from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Indian installation artists]]<br />
[[Category:Painters from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women painters]]<br />
[[Category:Women installation artists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the Netherlands]]<br />
[[Category:Indian expatriates in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Singapore]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women contemporary artists]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shergarh_Wildlife_Sanctuary&diff=534882Shergarh Wildlife Sanctuary2026-02-24T06:42:54Z<p>Ankushraj: new a info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Protected area in Rajasthan, India}}<br />
{{Infobox protected area<br />
| name = Shergarh Wildlife Sanctuary<br />
| iucn_category = IV<br />
| map = India Rajasthan<br />
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India<br />
| relief = yes<br />
| mapframe = Yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 9<br />
| location = Village Shergarh, Baran district, Rajasthan, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|24|42|36|N|76|29|13|E|region:IN-RJ|format=dms}}<br />
| area = {{cvt|81.67|km2}}<br />
| established = 1983<br />
| governing_body = Rajasthan Forest Department<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shergarh Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a protected area in the [[Baran district]] of [[Rajasthan]], India. Notified in 1983 under the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972]], it covers an area of 81.67 km² along the [[Parban River]] on the Vindhyan plateau, approximately 65 km from Baran town.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/forest/en/aboutus/departmental-wings/wildlife/details-of-protected-area-/shergarh-sanctuary-.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Choubey |first=Jitendra |date=2024-04-29 |title=Centre notifies eco zone of Rajasthan wildlife sanctuary |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Apr/29/centre-notifies-eco-zone-of-rajasthan-wildlife-sanctuary |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Negi |first=Sharad Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYFmoOWfmX8C&dq=shergarh+wildlife+sanctuary&pg=PA16 |title=Handbook of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves in India |date=2002 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-128-3 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The sanctuary derives its name from the nearby Shergarh Fort, whose ruins date to around 790 AD and contain medieval Jain and Hindu temples. The surrounding forests were officially notified as Shergarh Wildlife Sanctuary in 1983 by the [[Government of Rajasthan]] to protect the region’s dry deciduous ecosystems and associated wildlife.<ref>{{Cite web |last=indianpanorama |title=Shergarh Wildlife Sanctuary - Wildlife in Rajasthan - Indian Panorama |url=https://www.indianpanorama.in/experiences/nature-wildlife/wildlife/shergarh-wildlife-sanctuary.php |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Indianpanorama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Info About Shergarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan |url=https://www.ranthamborenationalpark.com/shergarh-sanctuary-rajasthan.html |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=ranthambore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hussain |first=Jakkir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHJuEAAAQBAJ&dq=shergarh+wildlife+sanctuary&pg=RA1-PT45 |title=Wildlife Sanctuaries in India |publisher=Bright Zoom |language=en}}</ref><br />
==Geography==<br />
Shergarh Wildlife Sanctuary lies on the Vindhyan plateau in southeastern Rajasthan, encompassing undulating hills and riverine plains. The sanctuary is bisected by seasonal streams that feed into the Parban River, which forms its western boundary. Elevations range from approximately 250 to 400 metres above sea level. The terrain consists of rocky outcrops, gentle slopes, and scattered boulder fields interspersed with flat floodplains. The climate is subtropical semi-arid.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shergarh Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.learnupsc.com/2023/08/shergarh-wildlife-sanctuary.html |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Learn UPSC}}</ref><br />
==Flora and fauna==<br />
The sanctuary comprises tropical dry deciduous forest interspersed with riverine plains. Major tree species include dhok ([[Anogeissus pendula]]), khair ([[Senegalia catechu|Acacia catechu]]), tendu ([[Diospyros melanoxylon]]), and ber ([[Ziziphus mauritiana]]), which form the canopy and provide food and shelter for wildlife.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SHERGARH WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Rajasthan |url=https://arked.in/shergarh-wildlife-sanctuary-rajasthan.html |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=arked.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
Large mammals recorded in the sanctuary include:<br />
* [[Indian leopard|Indian Leopard]] (Panthera pardus fusca)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan News : 2 माह से डरा रहे पैंथर को पकड़ने के लिए 7 घंटे का रेस्क्यू ऑपरेशन चला |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/kota/kota-wildlife-department-rescued-a-panther-in-baran-district-and-left-him-at-shergarh-sanctuary-in-rajasthan/articleshow/90779045.cms |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><br />
* [[Sloth bear]] (Melursus ursinus)<br />
* Striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena)<br />
* [[Chinkara]] (Gazella bennettii)<br />
* [[Sambar deer|Sambar]] (Rusa unicolor)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rai |first=Deepak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85s1EQAAQBAJ&dq=shergarh+wildlife+sanctuary&pg=PA28 |title=SAMBAR |date=2023-01-01 |publisher=Rathore Academic Research Publications, www.rarpublications.com |isbn=978-93-90648-53-5 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Chital]] (Axis axis)<br />
* [[Wild boar]] (Sus scrofa)<br />
<br />
A recent avifaunal survey documented 62 resident and 39 seasonal bird species within the sanctuary, reflecting its importance as habitat for both resident and migratory birds.<ref>{{Cite journal |title= |url=https://www.researchtrend.net/bfij/pdf/A-Study-on-the-Bird-Diversity-of-Shergarh-Wildlife-Sanctuary-District,-Baran,-Rajasthan,-India-Arun-Kumar-Jatav-120.pdf |journal=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=B. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UDS5BAAAQBAJ&dq=shergarh+wildlife+sanctuary&pg=PA47 |title=Faunal Heritage of Rajasthan, India: Conservation and Management of Vertebrates |last2=Kulshreshtha |first2=Seema |last3=Rahmani |first3=Asad R. |date=2013-10-14 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-319-01345-9 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Conservation and management==<br />
Shergarh Wildlife Sanctuary is managed by the Rajasthan Forest Department under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Management activities include anti-poaching patrols, maintenance of waterholes along the Parban River, and periodic wildlife monitoring to ensure the protection of its characteristic dry deciduous habitat.<ref>{{Cite news |title= |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/baran/news/one-arrested-for-hunting-wildlife-in-shergarh-sanctuary-area-two-hunters-fled-from-the-spot-after-seeing-the-team-135040206.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bindra |first=Prerna Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mclDwAAQBAJ&dq=shergarh+wildlife+sanctuary&pg=PT257 |title=The Vanishing: India's Wildlife Crisis |date=2017-06-28 |publisher=Random House Publishers India Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-93-86495-86-0 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1983]]<br />
[[Category:Baran district]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orchha_Wildlife_Sanctuary&diff=523099Orchha Wildlife Sanctuary2026-02-24T02:44:29Z<p>Ankushraj: put up basic data first draft.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unreliable sources|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in India}}<br />
{{Infobox protected area<br />
| name = Orchha Wildlife Sanctuary<br />
| alt_name = <br />
| iucn_category = IV<br />
| image = Orchha (5104701199).jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Orchha Wildlife Sanctuary information center<br />
| image_size = <br />
| map = India Madhya Pradesh#India<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = Map of [[India]]<br />
| map_width = <br />
| relief = 1<br />
| mapframe = Yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 9<br />
| location = [[Niwari district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
| nearest_city = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.35|N|78.64|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| area = {{Convert|46|km2|abbr=on}}<br />
| established = 1994<br />
| visitation_num = <br />
| visitation_year = <br />
| governing_body = Government of Madhya Pradesh<br />
| url =<br />
}}<br />
'''Orchha Wildlife Sanctuary''' also known '''Orchha Nature Reserve''' is a [[Nature reserve|wildlife sanctuary]] located in [[Niwari district]] of the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It was established in 1994.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Orchha Wildlife Sanctuary also known Orchha Nature Reserve is a [[Nature reserve|wildlife sanctuary]] located near [[Orchha]] town in [[Niwari district]] of the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="EEC">{{cite journal |last1=Shrivastava |first1=Vineet K. |last2=Hore |first2=Upamanyu |last3=Kala |first3=Jagdish C. |last4=Srivastava |first4=Arpita |title=A tourists' analysis for ecotourism development inOrchha Wildlife Sanctuary, Central India |journal=Ecology Environment and Conservation |date=2019 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=1745–1751 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341820752}}</ref> The sanctuary is spread over an area of {{Convert|46|km2|abbr=on}} on the banks of the [[Betwa River|Betwa]] and [[Jamni River|Jamni]] rivers.<ref name="Incredible India">{{cite web |title=Orchha Wildlife Sanctuary - Explore Nature in Orchha |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/madhya-pradesh/orchha/orchha-wildlife-sanctuary |website=Incredible India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mandić |first1=Ante |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZOSEAAAQBAJ&dq=orchha+wildlife+sanctuary+environment&pg=PA6 |title=Cultural Sustainable Tourism: Strategic Planning for a Sustainable Development |last2=Castanho |first2=Rui Alexandre |last3=Stankov |first3=Uglješa |date=2022-10-03 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-10800-6 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Orchha Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 1994.<ref name="Incredible India"/><br />
<br />
==Flora and fauna==<br />
The [[tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests]] and Kardhai forests of Orchha Wildlife Sanctuary are home to 42 angiosperms in 23 families including [[teak]], [[anogeissus pendula]], [[adina cordifolia]], [[terminalia arjuna]] etc.<ref name="APS">{{cite journal |last1=Shrivastava |first1=Vineet K. |last2=Hore |first2=Upamanyu |last3=Kala |first3=Jagdish C. |last4=Srivastava |first4=Arpita |title=Preliminary study on flora of Orchha wildlife sanctuary (Madhya Pradesh), India. |journal=Annals of Plant Sciences |date=1 September 2017 |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=1681 |doi=10.21746/aps.2017.9.3 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319441589|doi-access=free }}</ref> Around 200 species of birds, including the [[Indian vulture]], [[woodpecker]], [[kingfisher]], [[black swan]], [[goose]], [[minivet]], [[peafowl]], [[owl]]s including [[Collared scops owl]], and [[jungle bush quail]] can be seen here.<ref name="wildtrails">{{cite web |title=Orchha Wildlife Sanctuary - WildTrails {{!}} The One-Stop Destination for all your Wildlife Holidays |url=https://wildtrails.in/orchha-wildlife-sanctuary/ |website=wildtrails.in |date=23 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Incredible India"/> Many animals including [[deer]], [[nilgai]], [[monkey]]s, [[wild boar]], [[jackal]] and [[sloth bear]] can also be seen in this wildlife sanctuary.<ref>{{cite web |title=Orchha Bird Sanctuary |url=http://www.bundelkhandtourism.mp.gov.in/Explorebundelkhand/view/ZFF1QW5ncW02WTVCS1NwR05udGlzZz09}}</ref><ref name="wildtrails"/> This area was once home to carnivores like [[tiger]]s and panthers also, but these are no longer here now.<ref name="EEC"/> 33 genera of fungi have also been isolated from the wildlife sanctuary.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Richhariya |first1=Jyoti |last2=Dassani |first2=Sippy |last3=Sharma |first3=Tirthesh K. |title=Mycodiversity of Orchha Wildlife Sanctuary (M.P.) India |journal=Flora and Fauna |date=2023 |volume=29 |issue=2 |doi=10.33451/florafauna.v29i2pp203-212 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376239916}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Threats==<br />
In 2024 March, the [[National Green Tribunal]] received complaints that stone crushers and mining quarries were operating illegally in the Orchha Wildlife Sanctuary, an ecologically sensitive area, posing a threat to the survival of the flora and fauna there. The central bench of the NGT appointed a two-member joint committee to examine this complaint and directed the committee to submit a factual and actionable report within six weeks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Daily Court Digest: Major environment orders (March 28, 2024) |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/governance/daily-court-digest-major-environment-orders-march-28-2024--95320 |work=Down To Earth |date=1 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Order of the National Green Tribunal regarding illegal operation of stone crushers and mining quarries units, Niwari district, Madhya Pradesh, 20/03/2024 - India Environment Portal {{!}} News, reports, documents, blogs, data, analysis on environment & development {{!}} India, South Asia |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/476840/order-of-the-national-green-tribunal-regarding-illegal-operation-of-stone-crushers-and-mining-quarries-units-niwari-district-madhya-pradesh-20032024/ |website=www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==To reach here==<br />
The nearest town for Orchha Wildlife Sanctuary is [[Orchha]] and nearest railway station is Orchha and [[Jhansi]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="ITB">{{Cite web |last=Sangeeta |first=Chaubal |date=2010-12-12 |title=Orchha Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.indiatravelblog.com/resources/3201-orchha-wildlife-sanctuary |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=India Travel Blog |language=en}}</ref> The nearest airport is at [[Gwalior]].<ref name="ITB"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:1994 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1994]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wrong_Side_Raju&diff=545870Wrong Side Raju2026-02-18T06:42:45Z<p>Ankushraj: new data...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2016 Gujarati language thriller film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Wrong Side Raju<br />
| image = Wrong Side Raju poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Mikhil Musale]]<br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Nayan Jain<br />
* [[Vikas Bahl]]<br />
* [[Vikramaditya Motwane]]<br />
* [[Madhu Mantena]]<br />
* [[Anurag Kashyap]]<br />
}}<br />
| writer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Karan Vyas <br />
* [[Mikhil Musale]]<br />
* [[Niren Bhatt]]<br />
}}<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Pratik Gandhi]]<br />
* Kimberley Louisa McBeath<br />
* [[Asif Basra]]<br />
* [[Kavi Shastri]]<br />
* Hetal Puniwala <br />
* [[Siddharth Randeria]]<br />
* Ragi Jani<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[Sachin–Jigar]]<br />
| cinematography = Tribhuvan Babu Sadineni<br />
| editing = Cheragh Todiwala<br />
| studio = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[CineMan Productions]]<br />
* [[Phantom Films]]<br />
}}<br />
| distributor = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[CineMan Productions]]<br />
* [[Phantom Films]]<br />
* Shagun Entertainment {{small|(Overseas Distribution)}}<br />
}}<br />
| released = {{Film date|2016|9|9|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 130 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Gujarati<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Wrong Side Raju''''' (Stylized ''Wrong Side રાજુ'') is a 2016 Indian [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller drama film]] directed by [[Mikhil Musale]]. Starring [[Pratik Gandhi]], Kimberley Louisa McBeath, and [[Asif Basra]], it is inspired by a [[hit and run]] in [[Ahmedabad]] in 2013.<ref name=FP>{{Cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/wrong-side-raju-trailer-evokes-memories-of-2013-vismay-shah-hit-and-run-case-2962618.html |title=Wrong Side Raju trailer: Evokes memories of 2013 Vismay Shah hit-and-run case |date=18 August 2016 |publisher=Firstpost |access-date=18 August 2016 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110170254/https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/wrong-side-raju-trailer-evokes-memories-of-2013-vismay-shah-hit-and-run-case-2962618.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film won [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Gujarati]] at the [[64th National Film Awards]].<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film begins with a [[random checkpoint|checkpoint]] on the outskirts of [[Ahmedabad]]. Two constables are investigating an elderly man and a speeding car knocks out the checkpoint, killing constables and seriously injuring the man. Some time later, Raju Bambani ([[Pratik Gandhi]]) arrives at the scene, stunned.<br />
<br />
Raju is a driver by day and [[bootleg alcohol|bootlegger]] by night and aims to start his own [[travel agency]] with his mentor, Patil (Ragi Jani). Raju is employed by the former lawyer and industrialist Amitabh Shah ([[Asif Basra]]) and drives around his son, Tanmay ([[Kavi Shastri]]). Raju's sister teaches Tanmay's friend, Shaily (Kimberley Louisa McBeath), [[Garba (dance)|Garba]]. Raju acts as a guide for her and shows her around in the city and falls in love with her. While driving Tanmay around, Raju also learns about sour relationship between Tanmay and his father and Tanmay's problem with his business partner, Mark. When Tanmay finds out about Raju's growing closeness with Shaily, he pulls out of his [[guarantee]] for the loan that Raju required for his travel agency. During [[Navratri]], Shaily goes to Garba with Raju and learning about this Tanmay asks Shaily to drive away with him and if she doesn't comply he threatens that he'll ruin Raju's future. Shaily reluctantly complies, Raju follows them on his scooter. The car eventually meets the accident and Raju arrives at the scene some time later.<br />
<br />
The next day, the police begins the investigation in the case and finds Raju's scooter near the scene of the accident, including the illegal liquor bottles he's carrying. The police threatens to file a case against Raju for Prevention of Anti-Social Activities (PASA), unless he co-operates in hit and run case, but Raju claims ignorance about the event as he arrived at the scene late. The police inspector asks for a bribe of {{INR}}15 lakhs to ignore PASA case against him. Raju also finds out that the elderly man injured during the accident is one of his regular customers, Pritam Parikh (Kenneth Desai). Raju and Patil manage to gather bribe amount to get rid of PASA case against him. During the investigation, police find CCTV footage, showing Tanmay driving the car minutes before the accident. Amitabh Shah offers the bribe of 2 crores to frame Raju instead for the crime, he also succumbs to threats allegedly from Tanmay's business partner, Mark and gives him {{INR}}50&nbsp;million. When the case reaches the court, Pritam Parikh's son Parth Parikh agrees to fight the case for Raju. Parth highlights the shoddy investigation and conspiracy to frame Raju. The court dismisses chargesheet against Raju and asks the police to reinvestigate the case and file the chargesheet again, summoning Tanmay, who is missing since the accident.<br />
<br />
After the acquittal, Raju confides in Parth about the events of the night. Raju reveals that when he reached the site of the accident, it was in fact Shaily who was driving the car and Tanmay had died during the car crash. To save Shaily, she's asked to leave the country; they get rid of Tanmay's body and threaten his father as Mark to create the impression that he has absconded. Raju defends himself saying he took the actions to save himself. Raju reunites with Shaily in [[Paris]].<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Pratik Gandhi]] as Raju Bambani<br />
* Kimberley Louisa McBeath as Shaily Asher<br />
* [[Asif Basra]] as Amitabh Shah<br />
* [[Kavi Shastri]] as Tanmay Shah<br />
* Hetal Puniwala as Parth Parikh<br />
* Ragi Jani as Patil<br />
* Makarand Shukla as Abhijat Shah<br />
* Alok Gagdekar as Makvana<br />
* Jayesh More as Inspector Gohil<br />
* [[Siddharth Randeria]] as Mehta <br />
*Kenneth Desai as Pritam Parikh<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
===Development===<br />
The film is inspired by a [[hit and run]] case which happened in [[Ahmedabad]] in 2013.<ref name=FP/> After finishing the script in 2015, CineMan Productions approached Phantom Films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thereel.scroll.in/815941/gujarati-movie-wrong-side-raju-makes-all-the-right-choices |title=Gujarati movie 'Wrong Side Raju' makes all the right choices |date=8 September 2016 |access-date=21 September 2016 |archive-date=23 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923024058/http://thereel.scroll.in/815941/gujarati-movie-wrong-side-raju-makes-all-the-right-choices |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2016, [[Abhishek Jain]] announced that his production house Cineman Productions will co-produce three Gujarati films with [[Phantom Films]], which would be directed by [[Mikhil Musale]], a co-founder of CineMan Productions. Musale had earlier worked as an [[assistant director]] to Jain in ''[[Kevi Rite Jaish]]'' and ''[[Bey Yaar]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/cineman-and-phantom-films-to-co-produce-three-gujarati-films/ |title=Cineman and Phantom Films to co-produce three Gujarati films |date=11 February 2016 |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827190634/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/cineman-and-phantom-films-to-co-produce-three-gujarati-films/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The initial draft of the film was written by Musale and Karan Vyas, later [[Niren Bhatt]] was hired, who had earlier worked with CineMan's previous film, ''[[Bey Yaar]]''.<ref name="mug making">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UIA4-HgKKMM|title=Wrong Side Raju – The Making {{pipe}} Abhishek Jain {{pipe}} Pratik Gandhi {{pipe}} Mikhil Musale|date=26 August 2016|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=26 August 2016|archive-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028221630/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UIA4-HgKKMM|url-status=live}}</ref> The production of the film started in February 2016.<ref name="dnam">{{cite web |title=Cineman & Phantom collaborate for a Gujarati film |website=[[Daily News & Analysis|DNA]] |url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/dna_english_news_and_features/Cineman------%26------Phantom-collaborate-for-a/DNAHM97386 |access-date=19 August 2016 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028221723/https://dnasyndication.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 13 August 2016, the film was officially announced and titled ''Wrong Side Raju''.<br />
<br />
===Filming===<br />
The film is set and shot in [[Ahmedabad]] and was shot in 60 locations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SEjsmZdQ-B8|title=Wrong Side Raju Trailer Launch full Event {{pipe}} Anurag Kashyap {{pipe}} Abhishek Jain {{pipe}} Mikhil {{pipe}} Amit|date=19 August 2016|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=26 August 2016|archive-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028221756/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SEjsmZdQ-B8|url-status=live}}</ref> Parts of the film were shot in H.L. College of Commerce and [[Gujarat National Law University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=uMfSFCWkGD61xc5/O3dPulsFr01/SD9QeR6zW00VXuteYeGA= |title=ICCR officer Makrand Shukla to act in a Gujarati flick |date=4 May 2016 |first=Janvi |last=Sonaiya |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028221732/https://dnasyndication.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Wrong Side Raju<br />
| type = [[Soundtrack]]<br />
| artist = [[Sachin–Jigar]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2016|8|29}}<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 25:46<br />
| label = [[Zee Music Company|Zee Music Gujarati]]<br />
| producer =<br />
| prev_title = [[A Flying Jatt]]<br />
| prev_year = 2016<br />
| next_title = [[Carry On Kesar]]<br />
| next_year = 2016<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Sachin–Jigar]] composed the music for the film and lyrics were written by [[Niren Bhatt]]. The first song of the film, ''Satrangi Re'' was released on 23 August 2016 on [[Red FM 93.5]]. The song was sung by [[Arijit Singh]], the first [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] song sung by him. The song received positive reviews and amassed more than a million views on [[YouTube]] within 24 hours.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/wrong-side-raju-song-satrangi-re-arijit-singhs-first-gujarati-song-will-make-you-fall-in-love-with-him-again-1433316/ |title=Wrong Side Raju song Satrangi Re: Arijit Singh's first Gujarati song will make you fall in love with him again! |date=25 August 2016 |work=[[India.com]] |access-date=26 August 2016 |archive-date=26 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826201754/http://www.india.com/showbiz/wrong-side-raju-song-satrangi-re-arijit-singhs-first-gujarati-song-will-make-you-fall-in-love-with-him-again-1433316/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/satrangi-re/article9119537.ece |title='Satrangi Re' |date=18 September 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=18 September 2016 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028222258/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/%E2%80%98Satrangi-Re%E2%80%99/article14985577.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> When Sachin–Jigar approached [[Vishal Dadlani]] he said it was his ambition to sing a song in all Indian languages and agreed to sing for the movie.<ref name="music making">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fcq6bRxmmVc|title=Wrong Side Raju – Making of Music {{pipe}} Pratik Gandhi & Kimberley Louisa Mcbeath {{pipe}} Sachin-Jigar|date=2 September 2016|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=3 September 2016|archive-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906035745/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fcq6bRxmmVc&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> The soundtrack of the film was released on 29 August 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNuSbbBaevc|title=Wrong Side Raju – Full Movie Audio Jukebox {{pipe}} Pratik Gandhi & Kimberley Louisa Mcbeath {{pipe}} Sachin-Jigar|date=29 August 2016|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-date=30 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830045935/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNuSbbBaevc&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gaana.com/album/wrong-side-raju |title=Wrong Side Raju on Gaana.com |access-date=18 September 2016 |publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |archive-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918233419/http://gaana.com/album/wrong-side-raju |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Music review website Milliblog! gave a mixed review and called the album "functional".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://milliblog.com/2016/08/30/wrong-side-raju-music-review-gujarati-sachin-jigar/ |title=Wrong Side Raju (Music review), Gujarati – Sachin-Jigar |date=30 August 2016 |publisher=Milliblog |access-date=30 August 2016 |archive-date=2 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902184240/http://milliblog.com/2016/08/30/wrong-side-raju-music-review-gujarati-sachin-jigar/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| total_length = <br />
| headline = Track list<br />
| all_music = <br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Satrangi Re<br />
| extra1 = {{nowrap|[[Arijit Singh]], Dawn Cordo}}<br />
| length1 = 3:39<br />
| title2 = Gori Radha ne Kalo Kaan<br />
| lyrics2 = <br />
| extra2 =[[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]<br />
| length2 = 5:08<br />
| title3 = Zindabad Re<br />
| extra3 = [[Vishal Dadlani]]<br />
| length3 = 3:34<br />
| title4 = Katputhla<br />
| extra4 =[[Keerthi Sagathia]], [[Jasleen Royal]]<br />
| length4 = 4:23<br />
| title5 = Amdavad Re<br />
| extra5 = [[Vishal Dadlani]]<br />
| length5 = 3:36<br />
| title6= Gori Radha ne Kalo Kaan<br />
| lyrics6 = <br />
| extra6 = [[Kirtidan Gadhvi]]<br />
| length6 = 5:26<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
The film was released on 9 September 2016 in India.<ref name="trailer">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=om_SW2jgq-s|title=Wrong Side Raju {{pipe}} Official Trailer {{pipe}} Abhishek Jain {{pipe}} Anurag Kashyap {{pipe}} Pratik Gandhi|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=17 August 2016|work=Cineman Productions|access-date=17 August 2016|archive-date=17 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817143211/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=om_SW2jgq-s&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was subsequently released in United States on 16 September 2016, Canada on 6 November 2016 and Australia on 11 November 2016 as limited release by Shagun Entertainment and United Kingdom on 12 November 2016.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} The film was shown at ''The Vancouver International South Asian Film Festival''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.straight.com/movies/835906/vancouver-enjoys-bounty-weekend-film-festivals |title=Vancouver enjoys bounty of weekend film festivals |date=26 November 2016 |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=29 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129021317/http://www.straight.com/movies/835906/vancouver-enjoys-bounty-weekend-film-festivals |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
===Critical reception===<br />
''[[The Times of India]]'' reviewed positively saying, "Overall, a great effort by the entire team and it seems that the future of Gujarati cinema surely lies in the hands of those who are ready to break away from the mould and make content driven films."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Gujarati/Movie-Reviews/Wrong-Side-Raju-Movie-Review/articleshow/54265439.cms |title=Wrong Side Raju Movie Review |date=9 September 2016 |publisher=[[Times of India]] |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915081635/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-reviews/Wrong-Side-Raju-Movie-Review/articleshow/54265439.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> BuddyBits also reviewed positively saying it to be the right turn of Gujarati cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://buddybits.com/2016/09/wrong-side-raju-review/|title=Movie Review: Wrong Side Raju {{!}} BuddyBits|last=Jariwala|first=Nishit|website=buddybits.com|access-date=3 October 2016|archive-date=1 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001141802/http://buddybits.com/2016/09/wrong-side-raju-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Livemint]]'' gave a mixed review said, "''Wrong Side Raju'' is a first in Gujarati cinema in many ways, but it has to up its game to make its presence felt among the vibrant, new regional cinemas of the country."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/IgxG8RLSvbw9GaoCzhe5xO/Film-review-Wrong-Side-Raju.html |title=Film review: Wrong Side Raju |author=Sankayan Ghosh |date=9 September 2016 |publisher=[[Livemint]] |access-date=9 September 2016 |archive-date=9 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909205147/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/IgxG8RLSvbw9GaoCzhe5xO/Film-review-Wrong-Side-Raju.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' reviewed it negatively and said, "The Phantom backing might make cinema buffs beyond Gujarat curious about the film, but barring a few good songs by Sachin-Jigar, there is not much more to make you curious enough to watch it."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-mumbai/not-quite-on-the-right-track/article9088785.ece |title=Not quite on the right track |date=9 September 2016 |author=[[Namrata Joshi]] |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 September 2016 |archive-date=20 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920214417/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-mumbai/not-quite-on-the-right-track/article9088785.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Award<br />
! Category<br />
! Recipients<br />
! Result<br />
! {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5"|2017<br />
| [[64th National Film Awards]]<br />
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Gujarati|Best Feature Film in Gujarati]]<br />
| [[Mikhil Musale]] & [[CineMan Productions]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/64th-national-awards-sonam-kapoor-starrer-neerja-wins-best-hindi-feature-film-akshay-kumar-declared-best-actor/articleshow/58062574.cms |title=64th National Film Awards Winners: Sonam Kapoor starrer 'Neerja' wins Best Hindi Feature Film, Akshay Kumar declared Best Actor |date=7 April 2017 |access-date=7 April 2017 |archive-date=8 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408043646/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/64th-national-awards-sonam-kapoor-starrer-neerja-wins-best-hindi-feature-film-akshay-kumar-declared-best-actor/articleshow/58062574.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4"|16th Annual Transmedia Gujarati Screen and Stage awards<br />
| Best Film<br />
| ''Wrong Side Raju''<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| rowspan="4"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gujaratimovies.co.in/2017/02/07/%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE-%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80-%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D/ |title=16th Annual Transmedia Gujarati Screen & Stage awards |date=8 February 2017 |access-date=8 February 2017 |archive-date=8 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208144341/https://gujaratimovies.co.in/2017/02/07/%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE-%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80-%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gujaratimovies.co.in/2017/02/26/%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE-%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8-%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%A8/ |title=ટ્રાન્સમીડીયા સ્ક્રીન એન્ડ સ્ટેજ એવોર્ડ્ઝ ૨૦૧૬ ના વિજેતાઓ |date=26 February 2017 |access-date=26 February 2017 |archive-date=25 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025190038/https://gujaratimovies.co.in/2017/02/26/%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE-%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8-%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%A8/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Best Director<br />
| [[Mikhil Musale]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Actor<br />
| [[Pratik Gandhi]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Editor<br />
| Cheragh Todiwala<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|5979920}}<br />
<br />
{{Anurag Kashyap}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Films set in Ahmedabad]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Paris]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Ahmedabad]]<br />
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian legal films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:National Film Award (India) winners]]<br />
[[Category:2010s Gujarati-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 films]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aristo_Suresh&diff=487431Aristo Suresh2026-02-06T05:48:19Z<p>Ankushraj: Started The Article W/ Infobox.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1969)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = V. Suresh Thampanoor<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|8|9}}<br />
| birth_place = Thampanoor<br />
| other_names = Aristo Suresh<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = Film Actor, Singer, lyricist and Poet<br />
| years_active = 2015–present<br />
| children = <br />
| spouse = <br />
}}<br />
'''V. Suresh Thampanoor''', commonly known as '''Aristo Suresh''' is a singer, film actor, and lyricist, who works in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref name="cinetrooth">{{cite news |title=Suresh Thampanoor |url=http://cinetrooth.in/2016/02/15/aristo-suresh-actor-profile-and-biography/ |work=cinetrooth }}</ref> He was a finalist of the first season of [[Bigg Boss Malayalam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam: Pearle Maaney to be winner, Sabumon runner-up in Mohanlal's show [Poll] |author=Nirmal Narayanan |date=29 September 2018 |work=International Business Times |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-malayalam-pearle-maaney-be-winner-sabumon-runner-mohanlals-show-poll-781827}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Suresh hails from Aristo, a junction in [[Thampanoor]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]. His [[family]] consists of father, mother and five sisters. For leisure he writes poems and folk songs and is popular for his knack for rhythm.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sulk not darling, I am but a poor old khiladi!|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/suresh-thampanoor-actor-in-action-hero-biju-.html|access-date=2 May 2018|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Acting career==<br />
Suresh made his acting debut in the 2016 Malayalam film [[Action Hero Biju]] directed by [[Abrid Shine]]. He sang the popular song ‘Muthe Ponne Pinangallee’ in his debut film which became popular on social media platforms for its fun yet simple rhythm and beat, song being entirely composed and written by him. After the song and the movie both blew up, he gained popularity.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/suresh-thampanoors-rise-to-stardom/article8285358.ece thehindu.com]</ref> In 2018, he joined the controversial TV show Bigg Boss Malayalam as one of the contestants.,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/a-look-at-the-strengths-and-weaknesses-of-bigg-boss-malayalam-finalist-aristo-suresh/articleshow/66007339.cms |title=A look at the strengths and weaknesses of Bigg Boss Malayalam finalist Aristo Suresh - Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://behindtalkies.com/v-suresh-thampanoor/|title = Aristo Suresh wiki, Profile, Age, Songs, Movie, Images, Photos|date = 24 June 2018}}</ref> he acted the role of Pillai achan in ''Avarodoppam Aliyum Achayanum'' (Onam Special TV series on Asianet), has also done a role in Pathalam Dairies telecasted on Surya TV and also acted in TV series Ennum Sammatham on Mazhavil Manorama and Koodevide in Asianet. He has also acted in web series Kanimagalam Kovilakam and prakashante pennukanal.<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || ''[[Action Hero Biju]]'' || Drunkard ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2017 || ''[[Sakhavu (2017 film)|Sakhavu]]'' || Janaki's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]]'' || Auto Driver ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 2018 || ''[[Poomaram]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kuttanadan Marpappa]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Parole (2018 film)|Parole]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Cuban Colony]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2019 || ''[[Ittymaani: Made in China]]'' || Kapyar Pranchi ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-19 |title=Watch: Mohanlal and KPAC Lalitha speak Mandarin in 'Ittymaani Made in China' teaser |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-mohanlal-and-kpac-lalitha-speak-mandarin-ittymaani-made-china-teaser-107439 |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Moonam Pralayam]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=A relief camp becomes a microcosm in flood-based film, Moonnaam Pralayam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/aug/01/a-relief-camp-becomes-a-microcosm-in-flood-based-film-moonnaam-pralayam-13361.html |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Prathi Poovankozhi]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''[[Pookkaalam]]'' || Xavier ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's a wrap for Pookkaalam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/dec/16/its-a-wrap-for-pookkaalam-37807.html |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=16 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kolaambi]]'' || Aampli Naanu ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nithya Menen-starrer Kolaambi's trailer is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/24/nithya-menen-starrer-kolaambis-trailer-is-here-41494.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=24 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Laika'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laika to release this Friday |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/28/laika-to-release-this-friday-41641.html |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=28 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2024 || ''[[Vayasethrayaayi? Muppathiee..!!]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2025 || ''Mr Bengali: The Real Hero'' || ||Debut film as lead role<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|7931828}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Suresh, Aristo}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language lyricists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:1969 births]]<br />
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) contestants]]<br />
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]<br />
<br />
{{India-film-actor-1960s-stub}}</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flip_(TV_series)&diff=499215Flip (TV series)2026-02-01T18:36:07Z<p>Ankushraj: created first article more to come</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Flip (TV series).jpg<br />
| caption = Promotional poster<br />
| genre = Thriller<br />
| creator = [[Bejoy Nambiar]]<br />
| developer = <br />
| writer = Bejoy Nambiar <br /> Radhika Malhotra <br /> Aparna Nadig<br />
| story = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| director = Bejoy Nambiar<br /> Aman Sachdeva<br />
| creative_director = <br />
| starring = [[Ranvir Shorey]]<br /> [[Shruti Marathe]] <br /> [[Arjun Mathur]]<br />[[Shweta Basu Prasad]]<br />[[Shweta Gulati]]<br />Pallavi Batra<br />Sarang Sathaye<br />[[Jim Sarbh]]<br />[[Viraf Patel]]<br />[[Sandeepa Dhar]]<br /> [[Sheetal Menon]]<br /> [[Naman Shaw]]<br />
| composer = Gaurav Godkhindi<br /> [[Govind Vasantha]]<br /> Ashu <br /> Varun Sunil<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 4<br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| producer = <br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editor = Ashish Suryavanshi <br /> Farooq Hundekar<br /> Priyank Prem Kumar<br />
| camera = [[Jay Oza]]<br /> Viraj Singh<br />Srijit Basu<br /> Yamini Yagnamurthy<br />
| runtime = <br />
| company = <br />
| network = [[Eros Now]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|3|23}}<br />
| last_aired = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Flip''''' is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language anthology thriller miniseries directed by [[Bejoy Nambiar]] and Aman Sachdeva starring an [[ensemble cast]] featuring [[Ranvir Shorey]] and [[Jim Sarbh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/bejoy-nambiar-on-making-digital-debut-with-flip-it-s-very-liberating-1475406-2019-03-11|title=Bejoy Nambiar on making digital debut with Flip: It's very liberating|date=March 11, 2019|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/jim-sarbh-on-bejoy-nambiar-web-series-flip-5640116/|title=Jim Sarbh on Bejoy Nambiar’s web series Flip: I enjoyed being the responder and not the provoker|date=March 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-flip-turns-your-world-upside-down-2732779|title='Flip' turns your world upside down|website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bejoy-nambiar-anthology-series-flip-5650625/|title=People do take advantage of creative freedom digital medium offers: Bejoy Nambiar|date=March 30, 2019|work=Indian Express}}</ref> The series was released to negative reviews.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
===The Hunt===<br />
*[[Sheetal Menon]] as Reza<br />
*[[Naman Shaw]] as Parth<br />
*[[Rii Sen]] as Rosh<br />
*[[Aditi Vasudev]] as Esta<br />
*Isha Asmin as Sita<br />
*Harry Alag as Harry<br />
<br />
===Bully===<br />
*[[Ranvir Shorey]] as Raghu <br />
*Kartik Krishnan<br />
*[[Shruti Marathe]] as Radhika<br />
<br />
===Massage===<br />
*[[Jim Sarbh]] as Keke<br />
*[[Sandeepa Dhar]] as Firdaus<br />
*[[Viraf Patel]] as Navzar<br />
<br />
===Happy Birthday===<br />
*[[Arjun Mathur]] as Shiv<br />
*[[Shweta Gulati]] as Anvita<br />
*Pallavi Batra as Shweta<br />
<br />
==Episodes==<br />
{{Episode table |season= |title= |director=|airdate=|episodes=<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 1<br />
|Title = The Hunt<br />
|DirectedBy = [[Bejoy Nambiar]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|3|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = <br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 2<br />
|Title = Bully<br />
|DirectedBy = Bejoy Nambiar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|3|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = <br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 3<br />
|Title = Massage<br />
|DirectedBy = Bejoy Nambiar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|3|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = <br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 4<br />
|Title = Happy Birthday<br />
|DirectedBy = Aman Sachdeva <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|3|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
A critic from ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote, "There’s a strong cast, some interesting narrative techniques and engaging stories, but nothing stands out. The promised twists for each storyline aren’t as shocking as the creators would have you believe".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/917598/four-wild-journeys-come-to-tame-conclusions-in-web-series-flip|title=Four wild journeys come to tame conclusions in web series ‘Flip’|first=Soumya|last=Rao|date=March 28, 2019|website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/streaming-reviews/flip-review-all-style-and-little-substance|title=Flip Review: All Style And Little Substance|first=Rahul|last=Desai|date=March 27, 2019|website=www.filmcompanion.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/flip-review-bejoy-nambiar-s-web-series-shows-you-the-indian-black-mirror-1489580-2019-03-29|title=Flip review: Bejoy Nambiar's web series shows you the Indian Black Mirror|first=Parmita|last=Uniyal|date=March 29, 2019|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/flip-review-bejoy-nambiar-brings-together-four-edgy-and-engaging-stories-in-this-web-anthology-6363111.html|title=Flip review: Bejoy Nambiar brings together four edgy and engaging stories in this web anthology-Entertainment News , Firstpost|date=April 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/tv/flip-review-jim-sarbh-ranvir-shorey-bring-a-twist-in-the-tale-1.62962840|title=‘Flip’ review: Jim Sarbh, Ranvir Shorey bring a twist in the tale|first=Subhash K. |last=Jha|work=IANS|date=June 3, 2019|via=Gulf News}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|9861342}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian anthology television series]]<br />
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Freer_Andrews&diff=452925Charles Freer Andrews2026-01-30T17:26:58Z<p>Ankushraj: general cleanup references for consistency and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Christian missionary and social reformer in India (1871–1940)}}<br />
{{Redirect|Charlie Andrews|the Heroes character|Charlie Andrews (Heroes)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Charles Freer Andrews<br />
| image = Charles Freer Andrews 1971 stamp of India.jpg<br />
| caption = Charles Freer Andrews 1971 stamp of India<br />
| birth_date = {{birth-date|12 February 1871}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Northumberland]], England<br />
| death_date = {{d-da|5 April 1940|12 February 1871}}<br />
| death_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Pembroke College, Cambridge]]<br />
| occupation = [[Church of England|Anglican]] priest, missionary, educator, social reformer<br />
| known_for = {{hlist|[[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] activism and friendship with [[Mahatma Gandhi]]}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Charles Freer Andrews''' (12 February 1871 – 5 April 1940) was an [[Church of England|Anglican]] priest and Christian missionary, educator and social reformer, and an activist for [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]]. He became a close friend of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and identified with the Indian liberation struggle. He was instrumental in persuading Gandhi to return to India from South Africa, where Gandhi had been a leading light in the campaign for Indian civil rights.<br />
<br />
Andrews was affectionately dubbed ''Christ's Faithful Apostle'' by Gandhi, based on his initials, C.&nbsp;F.&nbsp;A. For his contributions to the Indian independence movement, Gandhi and his students at [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]], named him ''[[Honorary titles of Indian leaders|Deenabandhu]]'', or "Friend of the Poor".<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Charles Freer Andrews was born on 12 February 1871 at 14 Brunel Terrace, [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Northumberland]], United Kingdom. His father, John Edwin Andrews, was the "Angel" ([[Catholic Apostolic Church#Bishops|bishop]]) of the [[Catholic Apostolic Church]] in [[Birmingham]]. Charles was one of 14 children. The family had suffered financial misfortune because of the duplicity of a friend, and had to work hard to make ends meet. Andrews was a student at [[King Edward's School, Birmingham]], and afterwards read ''[[Classics]]'' at [[Pembroke College, Cambridge]],<ref>{{acad|id=ANDS890CF|name=Andrews, Charles Freer}}</ref> ultimately being awarded the Carus Greek Testament Prize in 1895.<ref>[https://britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18951123/017/0003 British Newspaper Archive] (subscription required)</ref> During this period, he moved away from his family's church and was accepted for ordination in the [[Church of England]].<br />
<br />
In 1896, Andrews became a [[deacon]] and took over the Pembroke College Mission in south [[London]]. A year later, he was made a priest and became Vice-Principal of [[Westcott House, Cambridge|Westcott House]] Theological College in Cambridge.<br />
<br />
In 1899, Andrews was elected as a fellow at Pembroke College, Cambridge.<ref>[https://britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18991211/055/0009 "University Intelligence"] British Newspaper Archive, London ''[[Evening Standard]]'', 11 December 1899</ref><br />
<br />
==In India==<br />
{{See also|Indian independence movement}}<br />
[[File:C.F. Andrews, Anglican priest.JPG|thumb|The bust of C.F. Andrews over his grave, in Lower Circular Road Christian Cemetery – [[Kolkata]] (earlier [[Calcutta]])]]<br />
Andrews had been involved in the [[Christian Social Union (UK)|Christian Social Union]] since university, and was interested in exploring the relationship between a commitment to the [[Gospel]] and a commitment to justice, through which he was attracted to struggles for justice throughout the [[British Empire]], especially in [[British Raj|India]].<br />
<br />
In 1906, he stood in as principal of the Lawrence Asylum (later school) in Sanawar.<br />
<br />
In 1904, he joined the [[Cambridge Mission to Delhi]] and arrived there to teach philosophy at [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]], where he grew close to many of his Indian colleagues and students. Increasingly dismayed by the racist behaviour and treatment of Indians by some British officials and civilians, he supported Indian political aspirations, and wrote a letter to the ''[[Civil and Military Gazette]]'' newspaper in 1906 voicing these sentiments. Andrews soon became involved in the activities of the [[Indian National Congress]], and he helped to resolve the 1913 cotton workers' strike in [[Madras]].<br />
<br />
==With Gandhi in South Africa==<br />
Known for his persuasiveness, intellect and moral rectitude, Andrews was asked by senior Indian political leader [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] to visit South Africa and help the Indian community there to resolve their political disputes with the Government. Arriving in January 1914, he met the 44-year-old [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] lawyer, [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas Gandhi]], who was leading the Indian community's efforts against the [[racial discrimination]] and police legislation that infringed their civil liberties. Andrews was deeply impressed with Gandhi's knowledge of [[Christian values]] and his espousal of the concept of [[ahimsa]] ([[nonviolence]]) – something that Gandhi mixed with inspiration from elements of [[Christian anarchism]].<br />
<br />
Andrews served as Gandhi's aide in his negotiations with [[Jan Smuts|General Jan Smuts]] and was responsible for finalizing some of the finer details of their interactions.<ref>[[Ramachandra Guha|Guha, Ramachandra]], ''[[Gandhi Before India]]'', Knopf; F., 2013, pp. 505-506.</ref><br />
<br />
Following the advice of several Indian Congress leaders and of Principal [[S. K. Rudra|Susil Kumar Rudra]], of St. Stephen's College, Andrews was instrumental in persuading Gandhi to return to India with him in 1915.<br />
<br />
==Tagore==<br />
In 1918, Andrews disagreed with Gandhi's attempts to recruit combatants for [[World War I]], believing that this was inconsistent with their views on nonviolence. In ''Mahatma Gandhi's Ideas'', Andrews wrote about Gandhi's recruitment campaign: "Personally I have never been able to reconcile this with his own conduct in other respects, and it is one of the points where I have found myself in painful disagreement."<ref>{{cite book|author=Andrews, C.F.|year=1930|title=Mahatma Gandhi's Ideas|publisher=Macmillan|page=133|quote=The Teaching of Ahimsa}}</ref><br />
<br />
Andrews was elected President of the ''All India Trade Union'' in 1925 and 1927.<br />
<br />
Andrews developed a [[Interreligious dialogue|dialogue]] between [[Christianity|Christians]] and [[Hinduism|Hindus]]. He spent a lot of time at [[Santiniketan]] in conversation with the poet and philosopher [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. He also supported the movement to ban the ‘untouchability of outcasts’. In 1919 he joined the famous [[Vaikom Satyagraha]], and in 1933 assisted [[B.R. Ambedkar]] in formulating the demands of the ''Dalits''.<br />
<br />
He and [[Agatha Harrison]] arranged for Gandhi's visit to the UK.<ref name=help>[http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/agatha-harrison Agatha Harrison], Open University, Retrieved 20 March 2017</ref> He accompanied Gandhi to the second [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conference]] in [[London]], helping him to negotiate with the British government on matters of Indian autonomy and devolution.<br />
<br />
== In Fiji ==<br />
When the news reached India, through the writings of Christian missionaries [[J. W. Burton]], [[Hannah Dudley]], and [[R. Piper]]{{who|date=October 2018}} and a returned indentured labourer, [[Totaram Sanadhya]], of the mistreatment of Indian indentured labourers in [[Fiji]], the [[Government of India|Indian Government]] in September 1915 sent Andrews and [[William W. Pearson]] to make inquiries. The two visited numerous plantations and interviewed indentured labourers, overseers and Government officials and on their return to India also interviewed returned labourers. In their "Report on Indentured Labour in Fiji" Andrews and Pearson highlighted the ills of the indenture system; which led to the end of further transportation of Indian labour to the [[United Kingdom|British]] colonies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report on indentured labour in Fiji : an independent enquiry |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-506079796 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Trove |language=en}}</ref> In 1917 Andrews made a second visit to Fiji, and although he reported some improvements, was still appalled at the moral degradation of indentured labourers. He called for an immediate end to indenture; and the system of Indian indentured labour was formally abolished in 1920.<br />
<br />
In 1936, while on a visit to Australia and New Zealand, Andrews was invited to and visited Fiji again. The ex-indentured labourers and their descendants wanted him to help them overcome a new type of ''[[slavery]]'', by which they were bound to the [[Colonial Sugar Refining Company (Fiji)|Colonial Sugar Refining Company]], which controlled all aspects of their lives. Andrews, however, was delighted with the improvements in conditions since his last visit, and asked [[Indo-Fijians|Fiji Indians]] to "remember that Fiji belonged to the Fijians and they were there as guests."<br />
<br />
==Later life==<br />
About this time Gandhi reasoned with Andrews that it was probably best for sympathetic Britons like himself to leave the freedom struggle to Indians. Accordingly, from 1935 onwards Andrews began to spend more time in Britain, teaching young people all over the country about Christ's call to [[Disciple (Christianity)#Radical discipleship|radical discipleship]]. Gandhi's affectionate nickname for Andrews was ''Christ's Faithful Apostle'', based on the initials of his name, "C.F.A". He was widely known as Gandhi's closest friend and was perhaps the only major figure to address Gandhi by his first name, Mohan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/his-faith-our-faith/story-sdpOimN69y2gTuSJs1SltI.html|title=His faith, our faith|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 January 2008|author=Guha, Ramachandra}}</ref><br />
<br />
Charles Andrews died on 5 April 1940, during a visit to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], and is buried in the Christian burial ground of [[Lower Circular Road cemetery]], Calcutta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110109/jsp/calcutta/story_13411918.jsp|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171019213538/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110109/jsp/calcutta/story_13411918.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2017|title=A love-hate relationship with Calcutta|work=Telegraph India|author=Lahiri, Samhita Chakraborty |date=9 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090228/jsp/opinion/story_10594967.jsp|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171019213546/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1090228/jsp/opinion/story_10594967.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2017|title=Searching for Charlie|work=Telegraph India|author=Guha, Ramachandra |date=28 February 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Commemoration==<br />
<br />
In 1948, [[Joseph John (minister)|Joseph John]], pastor in [[Katpadi]], was so inspired by Gandhi's and Andrews‘ ideas, that he left his ministry to serve the poor and [[Caste system in India|casteless]] in a remote area in [[Chittoor district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and founded a village/ Rural Life Centre, which he called Deenabandupuram.<br />
<br />
Andrews was a major character, portrayed by British actor [[Ian Charleson]], in the 1982 film, ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'', by [[Richard Attenborough]]. He is [[Calendar of saints|honored]] with a Lesser Feast on the [[Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)|liturgical calendar]] of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church in the United States of America]] on [[February 12]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Holy Women, Holy Men Celebrating the Saints|url=https://diobeth.typepad.com/files/holy-women-holy-men.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Charles Freer Andrews|url=http://satucket.com/lectionary/cf_andrews.htm|access-date=2021-04-10|website=satucket.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1971, India issued a commemorative postage stamp to mark the birth centenary of Andrews.<br />
<br />
In 2024, it was announced that [[Newcastle City Council]] plans to install a plaque at 14 Brunel Terrace, the birthplace of Andrews, to commemorate his life.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=edanderson101|number=1763519125660254682|title=Wonderful to see such a positive response to the announcement that Newcastle City Council will be putting up a plaque to C.F. Andrews}} {{better source|date=April 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
<br />
Andrews is widely commemorated and respected in India. Several colleges and hospitals, across India, have been named after him. <br />
<br />
* '''[[Dinabandhu Andrews College]]:''' The Dinabandhu Andrews College located in [[Garia]], south [[Kolkata]] was constituted with an aim of disseminating higher education to a huge number of children of the displaced persons from erstwhile [[East Pakistan]], presently [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dacollege.org/about.html |title=Dinabandhu Andrews College |access-date=19 December 2010 |archive-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209212600/https://www.dacollege.org/about.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* '''[[Dinabandhu Institution]]:''' Dinabandhu Institution, also known as Shibpur Dinobundhoo Institution, established in 1948, is an undergraduate college in [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]]. It is affiliated to the [[University of Calcutta]]<br />
<br />
* '''[[Dinabandhu Andrews Institute of Technology and Management (DAITM)]]:''' Established in 2002. Affiliated to [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology|MAKAUT]]. Offers UG and PG courses in Management and Technology <ref>{{cite web |title=Dinabandhu Andrews Institute of Technology and Management |url=https://www.daitm.org.in/ |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Deenabandhu Hospital:''' Located in Thachampara, [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]]<br />
<br />
==Publications==<br />
* ''Hakim Ajmal Khan A sketch of his life and career. Madras: G. A. Natesan.'' (1922)<br />
* ''The Relation of Christianity to the Conflict between Capital and Labour'' (1896)<br />
* ''The Renaissance in India: its Missionary Aspect'' (1912)<br />
* {{cite book |url=http://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/fundamental_workdetail/NS0xMDQ= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131130110336/http://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/fundamental_workdetail/NS0xMDQ= |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 November 2013 |title=Non-Co-Operation |location=Madras |publisher=Ganesh & Co. |year=1920 }}<br />
* ''Christ and Labour'' (1923)<br />
* ''Mahatma Gandhi His Life and Works'' (1930) republished by Starlight Paths Publishing (2007) with a foreword by [[Arun Gandhi]]<br />
* ''What I Owe to Christ'' (1932)<br />
* ''The Sermon on the Mount'' (1942)<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Delhi Brotherhood Society]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* D. O'Connor, ''Gospel, raj and swaraj: the missionary years of C. F. Andrews 1904–14'' (1990)<br />
* H. Tinker, ''The Ordeal of Love: C. F. Andrews and India'' (1979)<br />
* Deenabhandu Andrews Centenary Committee, ''Centenary Volume C. F. Andrews 1871–1971'' (1972)<br />
* P. C. Roy Chaudhuri, ''C. F. Andrews his life and times'' (1971)<br />
* K. L. Seshagiri Rao, ''Mahatma Gandhi and C. F. Andrews: a study in Hindu-Christian dialogue'' (1969) <br />
* [[Banarsidas Chaturvedi]] & [[Marjorie Sykes]], ''Charles Freer Andrews: a Narrative'' (1949)<br />
* J. S. Hoyland, ''The Man India Loved: C. F. Andrews'' [1944]<br />
* N. Macnicol, ''C. F. Andrews Friend of India'' (1944)<br />
* J. S. Hoyland, ''C. F. Andrews : minister of reconciliation'' (London, Allenson, [1940])<br />
* David McI Gracie, ''Gandhi and Charlie: The story of a Friendship'' (1989)<br />
* [[Susan Visvanathan|Visvanathan, Susan]], "S K Rudra, C F Andrews and M K Gandhi: Friendship, Dialogue and Interiority in the Question of Indian Nationalism", Economic and Political Weekly, Vol – XXXVII No. 34, 24 August 2002<br />
* Visvanathan, Susan.2007. Friendship, Interiority and Mysticism: Essays in Dialogue. New Delhi:Orient BlackSwan<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Charles Freer Andrews}}<br />
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Charles Freer Andrews |sopt=t}}<br />
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/cf-andrews Charles Freer Andrews materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]<br />
{{Gandhi|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Subject bar|portal1=Christianity|portal2=Biography|portal3=England|portal4=Saints|commons=yes|commons-search=Category:Charles Freer Andrews|s=yes|s-search=Author:Charles Freer Andrews|d=yes|d-search=Q9291837}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Andrews, C. F.}}<br />
[[Category:1871 births]]<br />
[[Category:1940 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Westcott House, Cambridge]]<br />
[[Category:Anglican pacifists]]<br />
[[Category:Anglican saints]]<br />
[[Category:Anglican socialists]]<br />
[[Category:British expatriates in Fiji]]<br />
[[Category:British people in British India]]<br />
[[Category:Christian radicals]]<br />
[[Category:English Christian pacifists]]<br />
[[Category:English Christian socialists]]<br />
[[Category:English social reformers]]<br />
[[Category:Staff of Westcott House, Cambridge]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Visva-Bharati University]]<br />
[[Category:People associated with Santiniketan]]<br />
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jharkhand_Party_(Naren)&diff=506195Jharkhand Party (Naren)2026-01-25T18:10:05Z<p>Ankushraj: creating initial post nd citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description| Political party in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian Political Party<br />
| party_name = Jharkhand Party (Naren) <br />
| party_logo = Jharkhand Party Naren.jpg <br />
| colorcode = {{party color|Jharkhand Party (Naren)}}<br />
| founder = [[Naren Hansda]]<br />
| leader = [[Chunibala Hansda]]<br />
| secretary = <br />
| loksabha_leader = <br />
| rajyasabha_leader = <br />
| foundation = <br />
| dissolution = <br />
| merged = <br />
| split = [[Jharkhand Party]]<br />
| eci = registered unrecognized party<br />
| alliance = {{ubl|[[Trinamool Congress|TMC+]] (2011–2016, 2021-present)|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (2006)|[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] (2011–2016)|[[Indian National Congress|Congress Alliance]] (1998–2001)}}<br />
| position =<br />
| loksabha_seats = <br />
| rajyasabha_seats = <br />
| youth = <br />
|ideology = {{ubl|[[Adivasi|Indigenous rights]]|[[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]}}<br />
| colours = {{Color box|{{party color|Jharkhand Party (Naren)}}}} Red<br />
| headquarters = Jhagranpur, West Bengal<br />
| publication = <br />
| symbol = <br />
| website = <br />
|abbreviation = JKP(N) <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jharkhand Party (Naren)''' was a regional political party in the [[Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It was founded in the late 1990s by [[Naren Hansda]], breaking away from the [[Jharkhand Party]].<br />
<br />
[[Naren Hansda]] served as a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Binpur Assembly constituency|Binpur]] from 1991 to 1999. His wife, [[Chunibala Hansda]] represented the same constituency from 2006 to 2011, and is currently the leader of JKP(N).<ref>{{cite web| url =https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/25wb.htm<br />
|title = Trinamul takes a beating in WB by-polls|date= 25 February 2000|accessdate=8 January 2020|website=rediff.com}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | accessdate = 19 October 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
[[Naren Hansda]] was elected as a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] as a [[Jharkhand Party]] candidate from [[Binpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Binpur]] in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | accessdate = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Later, he quit [[Jharkhand Party]] and founded Jharkhand Party (Naren). He was elected as a member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly as a Jharkhand Party candidate from [[Binpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Binpur]] in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | accessdate = 1 November 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
Hansda died on 25 June 1999.<ref name=a>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/district/midnapore/ম-ল-য়-নর-ন-হ-সদ-র-ন-ম-মঞ-চ-ঘ-র-জল-পন-1.296800|title=মেলায় নরেন হাঁসদার নামে মঞ্চ ঘিরে জল্পনা|date=30 January 2016|accessdate=8 January 2020|language=bn|website=Anandabazar Patrika<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Hansda's wife [[Chunibala Hansda]] is a former member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]], and their daughter [[Birbaha Hansda]] is an Indian politician who currently serves as Cabinet Minister in the Government of West Bengal and is a former actress in [[Santali film]] industry.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://web.dailyjanakantha.com/details/article/336473/পার্বতীপুরে-ভারতীয়-চলচ্চিত্র-অভিনেত্রী-বীরবাহা-হাঁসদা/<br />
|title=পার্বতীপুরে ভারতীয় চলচ্চিত্র অভিনেত্রী বীরবাহা হাঁসদা<br />
|date=25 March 2018<br />
|accessdate=8 January 2020<br />
|language=bn<br />
|website=Janakantha<br />
}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Chunibala Hansda]] was elected as a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Binpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Binpur]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/25wb.htm<br />
|title = Trinamul takes a beating in WB by-polls|date= 25 February 2000|accessdate=8 January 2020|website=rediff.com}}</ref> Later, she was also elected from this constituency in 2006.<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | accessdate = 19 October 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Electoral history ==<br />
<br />
=== Indian general elections ===<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2025}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Alliance<br />
! Seats <br/>contested<br />
! Seats <br/>won<br />
! Total <br/>votes<br />
! Vote <br/>%<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
| ''none''<br />
| 2<br />
| 0<br />
|94,655 <br />
|0.3%<br />
|-<br />
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress Alliance]]<br />
| 2<br />
| 0 <br />
| 1,81,018 <br />
| 0.5%<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress Alliance]]<br />
| 2<br />
| 0<br />
| 1,01,441 <br />
| 0.3%<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
|''none''<br />
| 3<br />
| 0<br />
| 67,782 <br />
| 0.2%<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
| ''none''<br />
| 2<br />
| 0 <br />
|61,307 <br />
| 0.1%<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
| ''none''<br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
| 7,608 <br />
| 0%<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
| ''none''<br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
| 11,204 <br />
| 0%<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|colspan="5"| ''did not contest''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== West Bengal Legislative Assembly ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Assembly <br/>Election<br />
! Alliance<br />
! Seats <br/>contested<br />
! Seats <br/>won<br />
! Total <br/>votes<br />
! Votes %<br />
! {{Ref.}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
| ''none''<br />
| 8<br />
| 1<br />
|1,45,503 <br />
|0.4%<br />
| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/Stat_rep_WB_1996.pdf | title=Election Commission of India : Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to The Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | website=eci.nic.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
| ''none''<br />
| 3<br />
| 0<br />
|7,549 <br />
|0.0%<br />
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_rep_WB_2001.pdf | title=Election Commission of India : Statistical Report on General Election, 2001 to The Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | website=eci.nic.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
| [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br />
| 4<br />
| 1<br />
|1,01,490 <br />
|0.3%<br />
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/Stat_rep_WB_2006.pdf | title=Election Commission of India : Statistical Report on General Election, 2006 to The Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | website=eci.nic.in}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
| [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]<br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
|53,118 <br />
|0.1%<br />
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2011/Stat_rep_WB_2011.pdf | title=Election Commission of India : Statistical Report on General Election, 2011 to The Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | website=eci.nic.in}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
| ''none''<br />
| 2<br />
| 0<br />
|51,099 <br />
|0.1% <br />
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2016/Stat_rep_WB_2016.pdf | title=Election Commission of India : Statistical Report on General Election, 2016 to The Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | website=eci.nic.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
|colspan="6"| ''did not contest''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Political parties in West Bengal]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Army_Armoured_Corps&diff=460566Indian Army Armoured Corps2026-01-20T15:10:11Z<p>Ankushraj: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Armoured warfare arm of the Indian Army}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox military unit<br />
|unit_name= Indian Army Armoured Corps<br />
|image=[[File:Indian Armoured Corps Insignia (India).svg|100px]]<br /><br />
Symbol of Indian Armoured Corps<br />
|caption=<br />
|dates= 1941 - Present<br />
|country={{flag|India}}<br />
|allegiance= <br />
|branch= {{army|India}}<br />
|role=[[Armoured Corps]]<br />
|size=67 Armoured regiments<ref name="The Quint 2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/world/pak-procuring-600-battle-tanks-to-boost-combat-capability-sources|title=Pak procuring 600 battle tanks to boost combat capability |author=Press Trust of India|website=The Quint|date=31 December 2018|access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
The '''Indian Army Armoured Corps''' is one of the [[combat arms]] of the [[Indian Army]]. Tracing its origins from the first regiment formed in 1776, the present corps was formed in 1947 from two-thirds of the personnel and assets of the [[British Indian Army]]'s [[British Indian Armoured Corps|Indian Armoured Corps]]. It currently consists of 67 armoured regiments, including the [[President's Bodyguard]].<ref name="The Quint 2018"/> <br />
[[File:Indian Lancers near Vraignes 1917.jpg|thumb|305x305px|9th Hodson's Horse (Bengal Lancers), Indian Army, near Vraignes, France, April 1917.]]<br />
<br />
== Centre and School ==<br />
<br />
The Armoured Corps Centre and School (ACC&S) is located in [[Ahmednagar]] (now Ahilya Nagar), Maharashtra. In 1921, six Armoured Car companies arrived and in 1924 the Royal Tank Corps School was established at Ahmednagar to train the personnel of the Royal Tank Corps. This school was the forerunner of the Fighting Vehicle School, which began to impart driving & maintenance training. The Fighting Vehicle School along with the Machine Gun School, the training regiments, the recruit training centre, Armoured Corps Depot and Armoured Corps Records were amalgamated to form the present school and centre in 1948.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.185.107/html_docs/AhmednagarCity.htm|title=Ahmednagar District|date=|access-date=2021-02-07}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Armour Day==<br />
<br />
The Armoured Corps of Indian Army celebrates 'Armour Day' on 1 May. It was on this day in 1938 that [[14th Prince of Wales's Own Scinde Horse|Scinde Horse]] became the first regiment to dismount from their horses and move to tanks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/armoured-corps-centre-school-ahmednagar-celebrate-78th-armour-day-2783170/|title=Armoured Corps Centre & School, Ahmednagar celebrate 78th Armour Day|date=2016-05-04|access-date=2021-02-07}}</ref> The first equipment inducted were Vickers Light Tanks and Chevrolet Armoured Cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2019/may01-19/h9.htm|title=Armoured Corps Centre and School Celebrates Armoured Corps Day|date=2019-05-01|access-date=2021-02-07}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Naming Convention of the Armoured Regiments==<br />
<br />
The naming of the regiments reflects its historical origins. The terms ''Cavalry'', ''Horse'' and ''Lancers'', which have been dispensed with in the case of units raised post-independence, are historical legacies from the raising and renaming of these units when part of the [[East India Company]]'s army and/or later the [[British Indian Army]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}<br />
<br />
==Composition of an Armoured Regiment==<br />
<br />
An armoured corps regiment is commanded by a [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] ranked officer, who is known as the Commandant of the Unit. An armoured regiment comprises 3 ''Sabre Squadrons'' and a ''Headquarter Squadron''. Each squadron is commanded by a [[Major (rank)|Major]] ranked officer. He holds the appointment of a Squadron Commander.<ref name="ABP">{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/know-the-indian-army-a-glance-into-the-armoured-corps-regiments-1278359|title=Know The Indian Army: Hailed As 'King Of Battlefield', The Armoured Corps Packs A Punch With Lethal Tank Fire|date=2020-06-06|access-date=2021-02-07}}</ref><br />
<br />
An Armoured Regiment has around 45 to 50 tanks in all. Each Sabre Squadron consists of 14-15 tanks and one Armoured Recovery Vehicle. 3 tanks are assigned to the Headquarter Squadron, including that of the commandant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/units/3-armoured-regiment-toe.html|title=Armoured Regiment Structure|date=2016-10-12|access-date=2021-02-07|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121005621/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/units/3-armoured-regiment-toe.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Each squadron consists of four ''troops'', each consisting of 3 tanks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/strike-corps-reorientation-comes-for-ladakh-but-army-needs-larger-restructuring/584936/|title=Strike Corps reorientation comes for Ladakh but Army needs larger restructuring|date=2021-01-14|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Black Beret==<br />
<br />
The officers and troops of Armoured Corps regiments wear the [[Black beret|Black Berets]] as opposed to the rifle green and blue coloured berets which are worn by the regiments of other arms and services respectively. The Black Beret gives the Tankman a distinct identity of their own within the Army fold.<ref name="ABP"/><br />
<br />
== Equipment ==<br />
The Armoured Corps of the Indian Army is currently equipped with the following tanks-<br />
<br />
* [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun MBT]] – Mk.1 variant in use and Mk.1A under order.<br />
* [[T-90]] – M and S variants with [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] made upgrades.<br />
* [[T-72]] – M1 variant with upgrades namely Ajeya MK1/MK2 and Combat Improved Ajeya.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Arjun MK1.webm|Arjun MK1 firing on the move at Pokaran Field Firing Range.<br />
File:Indian Armoured Corps in the Middle East 1944.jpg|Indian Armoured Corps in a [[Lend-Lease Sherman tanks|Sherman III]] tank in the Middle East, March 1944.<br />
File:The War in the Far East- the Burma Campaign 1941-1945 IND4650.jpg|A [[Sherman tank]] of the Indian Armoured Corps on the road to [[Rangoon]], [[Burma Campaign]].<br />
File:Vijayanta Vickers MBT. (49141256562).jpg|The [[Vijayanta]] - [[main battle tank]] of the Indian Army between 1965 and the early 2000s.<br />
File:Indian Army Armoured Corps.jpg|Tanks of the Indian Army Armoured Corps and [[BMP-2]] IFVs during a training exercise in 2006.<br />
File:Arjun MK1A field trials.jpg|MBT Arjun MK1A<br />
File:Arjun MBT bump track test.JPG|MBT Arjun MK1<br />
File:Indian Army T-90.jpg| T-90 tank<br />
File:Indian Army T-72 image1.jpg| T-72 tank<br />
File:Armoured Corps Centre and School.jpg|Armoured Corps Centre and School, Ahmednagar<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==List of regiments==<br />
<br />
The list of regiments forming part of the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army is as follows. This list is as per unit serial number but not as per the order of precedence of the Indian Army. In that list, The President's Bodyguard is first, but is followed by 16 Light Cavalry, 7 Light Cavalry, 8 Cavalry and 1st Horse. As a matter of tradition, each Armoured Regiment has its own "Colonel of the Regiment", an honorary post for a senior officer who oversees the regimental issues concerning the unit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-armoured-corps-of-indian-army-celebrates-its-82nd-armour-day-gen-mm-naravane-extends-wishes-2823247|title=Armoured Corps of Indian Army celebrates its 82nd Armour Day; Gen MM Naravane extends wishes|date=2020-05-01|access-date=2021-02-07}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 160px;"|Name <br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;"|Other Name(s)<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 120px;"|Raising Date<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 120px;"|Raising Commander<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 40px;"|Raising Location<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 120px;"|References and notes<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 10px;"|Tank<br />
|-<br />
|[[President's Bodyguard (India)|President's Bodyguard]]<br />
|Rashtrapati Angrakshak<br />
|1773<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Horse<br />
|-<br />
|[[Skinner's Horse|1st Horse]]<br />
|Skinner's Horse, The Yellow Boys <br />
|23 February 1803<br />
|[[James Skinner (East India Company officer)|Col James Skinner]]<br />
|[[Hansi]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/skinners-horse.htm |title=1st Horse / Skinner's Horse |author=John Pike |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |access-date=11 June 2020}}</ref><br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)|2nd Lancers]]<br />
|Gardner's Horse<br />
|1809<br />
|[[William Linnæus Gardner|Lt Col William Gardner]]<br />
|[[Farrukhabad]], [[Mainpuri]]<br />
|<ref name="RTR">{{cite web |url=https://www.royaltankregiment.com/en-GB/2ndlancers.aspx |title=2nd Lancers |date=2011 |publisher=The Royal Tank Regiment Association |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404024127/https://www.royaltankregiment.com/en-GB/2ndlancers.aspx|archive-date=4 April 2011}}</ref><br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[3rd Cavalry (India)|3rd Cavalry]] <br />
|<br />
|1822<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>[http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/3RD%20CAVALRY History of the 3rd Cavalry].</ref><br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[4 Horse|4th Horse]]<br />
|Hodson's Horse, Flamingoes<br />
|1857<br />
|[[Brevet (military)|Bvt]] Maj [[William Stephen Raikes Hodson|WSR Hodson]]<br />
|[[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/indiancavalry/hodsons.htm|title=Hodson's Horse in 'British Empire'|date=|access-date=2021-04-25}}</ref><br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[5th Armoured Regiment]]**<br />
|<br />
|1 December 1983<br />
|Lt Col JPS Hanspal<br />
|[[Jodhpur]]<br />
|<ref name="BR">[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Armoured.html Web-page on "armoured Corps" at ''Bharat Rakshak''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719090458/http://bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Armoured.html |date=19 July 2014 }}, accessed December 2009.</ref><ref>Globalsecurity.org, [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/5-ar.htm 5 Armoured Regiment], accessed 23 July 2010</ref><br />
|T-90<br />
|-<br />
|[[6th Lancers (India)|6th Lancers]]***<br />
|<br />
|1 February 1984<br />
|Lt Col RS Deol, SM<br />
|[[Nabha]]<br />
|<br />
|T-90<br />
|-<br />
|[[7th Light Cavalry]]<br />
|3rd Madras Lancers, 28th Light Cavalry<br />
|1784<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[8th Light Cavalry]]<br />
|Gordon's Horse<br />
|23 October 1787<br />
|Maj Henry Darley<br />
|[[Arcot, Tamil Nadu|Arcot]]<br />
|<br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[9th Deccan Horse|9th Horse]]<br />
|The Deccan Horse<br />
|1790<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[10th Armoured Regiment (India)|10th Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|16 April 1984<br />
|Lt Col Kulwant Singh<br />
|[[Ahmednagar]]<br />
|<br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[11th Armoured Regiment (India)|11th Armoured Regiment]]<br />
| The Double First, Sprocket Power Risala<br />
|7 May 1984<br />
|Lt Col Harjeet Singh Lamba <br />
|[[Jammu|Kaluchak]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[12th Armoured Regiment (India)|12th Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|Barsinghas<br />
|1 October 1984<br />
|Lt Col LR Vaid<br />
|[[Kapurthala]]<br />
|<br />
|T-90<br />
|-<br />
|[[13th Armoured Regiment (India)|13th Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|Triskaideca, Nightstrikers<br />
|21 December 1984<br />
|Lt Col Balram Singh Mehta<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<br />
|T-90<br />
|-<br />
|[[14th Prince of Wales's Own Scinde Horse|14th Horse]]<br />
|The Scinde Horse, Jacob's Horse<br />
|8 August 1839<br />
|Capt W Ward<br />
|[[Hyderabad, Sindh]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=|first1=|title=Record book of The Scinde Irregular Horse, Volume 1|date=1856|publisher= Smith, Elder and Co, London|isbn=|page=}}</ref><br />
|T-90<br />
|-<br />
|[[15th Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|1 March 1985<br />
|Lt Col MD Law<br />
|[[Pathankot|Mamun]]<br />
|<br />
|T-90<br />
|-<br />
|[[16th Light Cavalry]]<br />
|<br />
|1776<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[The Poona Horse|17th Horse]]<br />
|The Poona Horse, Fakr-e-Hind<br />
|15 July 1817<br />
|<br />
|[[Shirur, Maharashtra|Sirur]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/the-poona-horse-regiment-completes-200-years-of-epic-journey-1725889|title=The Poona Horse Regiment Completes 200 Years Of Epic Journey|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref><br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[18 Cavalry|18th Cavalry]]<br />
|<br />
|31 January 1842<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137404|title=Standard presented to 18 CAVALRY by the Chief of the Army Staff|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/army-chief-presents-president-s-standard-to-18-cavalry-in-amritsar/story-VslwnoAaZvSdxQp9AihtzI.html|title=Army chief presents President's Standard to 18 Cavalry in Amritsar|date=2016-03-08|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=2017-10-23|language=en}}</ref><br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[19th Armoured Regiment (India)|19th Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|Invincibles<br />
|25 March 1985<br />
|<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<br />
|T-90<br />
|-<br />
|[[20 Lancers (India)|20th Lancers]]<br />
|<br />
|1857/1858; Re-raised 10 July 1956<br />
|Lt Col Umrao Singh<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[21st King George V's Own Horse|21st Horse]]<br />
|Central India Horse, Mayne's Horse, Beatson's Horse<br />
|1857<br />
|Capt Henry Otway Mayne<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/henry-otway-mayne|title= Henry Otway Mayne|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/palehorse/maynehenry.htm|title= Henry Mayne 1819 - 1861|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[41st Armoured Regiment (India)|41st Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|1 July 1980<br />
|Lt Col JP Singh<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<ref name="BR" /><br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[42nd Armoured Regiment (India)|42nd Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|1 January 1981<br />
|Lt Col Ranjit Talwar <br />
|[[Babina, Uttar Pradesh|Babina]]<br />
|<ref name="BR" /><br />
|T-90<br />
|-<br />
|[[43rd Armoured Regiment (India)|43rd Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|Charioteers<br />
|1981<br />
|Lt Col BM Kapur<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<ref name="BR"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138051|title=Standards presented to 75 Armoured Regiment and 43 Armoured Regiment by the Chief of Army Staff|date=16 March 2016|website=Press hip Bureau|access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref><br />
|Arjun Mk1<br />
|-<br />
|[[44th Armoured Regiment (India)|44th Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|15 December 1981<br />
|Lt Col DS Dhillon<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<ref name="BR" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-and-current-affairs/story/presidents-standards-presented-to-44-armoured-regiment-at-suratgarh-military-station-242323-2015-02-27|title=President's Standards presented to 44 Armoured Regiment at Suratgarh Military Station: Listicles: Microfacts|website=indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=2017-10-23|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222050746/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/presidents-standards-presented-to-44-armoured-regiment-at-suratgarh-military-station/1/421409.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-44-armoured-regiment-gets-president-s-standards-2064106|title=44 Armoured Regiment gets President's Standards {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2015-02-25|work=dna|access-date=2017-10-23|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[45th Cavalry (India)|45th Cavalry]] <br />
|Paintalis Risala<br />
|16 May 1965<br />
|Lt Col SK Candade<br />
|New Delhi<br />
|<ref name="BR"/><br />
|T-90<br />
|-<br />
|[[46th Armoured Regiment (India)|46th Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|Thunderbolts<br />
|1 July 1982<br />
|Lt Col Prithpal Singh Sandhu<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<ref name="BR"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/10/17/standard-presentation-46-armoured-regiment-president-patil-1224252300.html|title=Standard presentation to 46-Armoured Regiment by President Patil|work=www.oneindia.com|access-date=2017-10-23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/honour-for-46-armoured-regiment/374786/|title=Honour for 46 Armoured Regiment - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref><br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[47th Armoured Regiment (India)|47th Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|Penetrators<br />
|15 November 1982<br />
|Lt Col Tejvir Singh Sirohi<br />
|Babina<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/army-chief-presents-standard-to-47-armoured-regiment/485128.html|title=Army Chief presents Standard to 47 Armoured Regiment|work=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=23 October 2017|archive-date=24 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124115156/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/army-chief-presents-standard-to-47-armoured-regiment/485128.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/presidents-standard-47th-armoured-regiment-sunjwan-military-station-general-bipin-rawat-jammu-and/110426|title=General Bipin Rawat presented President's Standard to 47th Armoured Regiment |date=21 October 2017 |work=TimesNow|access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref><br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[48th Armoured Regiment (India)|48th Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|1 December 1982<br />
|Lt Col DS Dhadwal<br />
|[[Meerut]]<br />
|<br />
|T-90<br />
|-<br />
|[[49th Armoured Regiment (India)|49th Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|1 October 1983<br />
|Lt Col JPS Nakai<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[50th Armoured Regiment (India)|50 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|Fear Naught<br />
|July 1989<br />
|Lt Col AK Bhatia<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/standards-presented-to-50-armoured-regiment-and-84-armoured-regiment-by-114110500934_1.html|title=Standards Presented to 50 Armoured Regiment and 84 Armoured Regiment by the Chief of Army Staff on 05 Nov 2014|last=Delhi|date=2014-11-05|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=111102|title=Standards Presented to 50 Armoured Regiment and 84 Armoured Regiment by the Chief of Army Staff on 05 Nov 2014|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref><br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[51st Armoured Regiment (India)|51 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|The Unicorn<br />
|15 July 1989<br />
|Lt Col RS Gill<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[52nd Armoured Regiment (India)|52 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|1 February 1994<br />
|Col Jugvir Singh<br />
|[[Roorkee]]<br />
|<br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[53rd Armoured Regiment (India)|53 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|Falcons<br />
|1 April 2002<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040402/punjab1.htm#15|title=Armoured regiment celebrates Raising Day|date=2004-04-02|access-date=2021-05-04}}</ref> <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[54th Armoured Regiment (India)|54 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|1 July 2010<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-captain-bhanghoo-from-panchkula-to-lead-republic-day-tank-contingent-at-rajpath/articleshow/80437305.cms|title= Haryana: Captain Bhanghoo from Panchkula to lead Republic Day Tank Contingent at Rajpath|website= [[The Times of India]]|date=2021-01-24|access-date=2021-01-26}}</ref> <br />
|T-90<br />
|-<br />
|[[55th Armoured Regiment (India)|55 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|T-90<br />
|-<br />
|[[56th Armoured Regiment (India)|56 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|Lionhearts<br />
|1 October 2011<br />
|Col Anuj Kalia<br />
|Ahilyanagar<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2021/5/2/Armoured-Day.amp.html|title=Indian Tankmen and their beasts: Remembering the hero of Basantar on Armoured Day|date=2021-05-02|access-date=2021-05-04}}</ref> <br />
|T-90<br />
|-<br />
|[[57 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[58th Armoured Regiment (India)|58 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|Awwal Atthawan, The Patiala Risala<br />
|1 October 2014<br />
|<br />
|[[Patiala]]<br />
|<br />
|T-90<br />
|-<br />
|[[59 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[60th Armoured Regiment (India)|60 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|Panthers<br />
|2019<br />
|<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/IaSouthern/status/1389871020916367360/photo/1|title=Southern Command tweet on 60 Armd|date=2021-05-05|access-date=2021-05-13}}</ref><br />
|T-90<br />
|-<br />
|[[61st Cavalry Regiment (India)|61 Cavalry]]<br />
|<br />
|1 October 1953<br />
|Lt Col Phulel Singh<br />
|[[Gwalior]]<br />
|<br />
|Horse<br />
|-<br />
|[[62nd Cavalry Regiment (India)|62 Cavalry]]<br />
|<br />
|31 March 1957<br />
|Lt Col RS Butalia<br />
|[[Ambala]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/03/31/62-cavalry-celebrates-its-golden-jubilee.-1143812202.html|title=62 Cavalry celebrates its Golden Jubilee.|work=www.oneindia.com|access-date=2017-10-23|language=en}}</ref><br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[63 Cavalry]]<br />
|Tresath<br />
|2 January 1957<br />
|Lt Col Harmandar Singh<br />
|[[Alwar]]<br />
|<br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[64 Cavalry]]<br />
|<br />
|31 March 1966<br />
|Lt Col Trevor Lancelot Perry<br />
|[[Babina, Uttar Pradesh|Babina]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[65th Armoured Regiment (India)|65 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|1 September 1966<br />
|Lt Col KK Kaul<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[66th Armoured Regiment (India)|66 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|1 September 1966<br />
|Lt Col Narinder Singh<br />
| rowspan="3" |Ahmednagar<br />
|<br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[67 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|15 September 1967<br />
|Lt Col Niranjan Singh Cheema<br />
|<br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[68th Armoured Regiment (India)|68 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|Gladiators<br />
|1 March 1968<br />
|Lt Col RN Thumby<br />
|<br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[69th Armoured Regiment (India)|69 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|1 October 1968 <br />
|<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031202/haryana.htm|title= Steps afoot to modernise forces, says Kalam in 'The Tribune'|date=2003-12-02|access-date=2020-12-26}}</ref><br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[70th Armoured Regiment (India)|70 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|11 February 1968<br />
|Lt Col R Christian<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|Raised as 70 Guided Missile Regiment<br />
|T-90<br />
|-<br />
|[[71st Armoured Regiment (India)|71 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|1 January 1971<br />
|Lt Col BS Chimni<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<br />
|T-90<br />
|-<br />
|[[72nd Armoured Regiment (India)|72 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|The Chhamb Knights, The Little Giants<br />
|1 July 1971<br />
|Lt Col Inderjit Chopra<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|Youngest armoured regiment of the Indian army to be blooded in war.<br />
|[[T-90]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[73rd Armoured Regiment (India)|73 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|The Desert Rats<br />
|3 December 1971<br />
|Lt Col KM Dhody<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<br />
|[[T-90]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[74th Armoured Regiment (India)|74 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|Desert Hawks<br />
|1 June 1972 <br />
|Lt Col KS Khajuria<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<br />
|[[T-90]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[75th Armoured Regiment (India)|75 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|12 March 1972<br />
|Lt Col Vijai Singh<br />
|Sakna <br />
|Only regiment to be raised on foreign soil<ref name="ColRegt">[http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2001/raug2001/04082001/r040820011.html Lt Gen Kamal Davar takes over as director general mechanised forces], 4 August 2001.</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
|Arjun Mk1<br />
|-<br />
|[[76th Armoured Regiment (India)|76 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|21 March 1985<br />
|<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[77th Armoured Regiment (India)|77 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|सशस्त्र शौर्य पराक्रम<br />
|1 February 2021<br />
|<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[81st Armoured Regiment (India)|81 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
| 1 October 1973<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[82nd Armoured Regiment (India)|82 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|Toofan-e-Hind<br />
|1 October 1975<br />
|Lt Col Moti Lal Dhar<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[83rd Armoured Regiment (India)|83 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|83 Kavachit Risala / One for al l- All for one<br />
|1 January 1976<br />
|Lt Col Ashok Johar<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url= http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2010/nov01-10/h6.htm|title=Sainik Samachar Nov 2010|date=2010-11-01|access-date=2020-10-31}}</ref><br />
|T-90<br />
|-<br />
|[[84 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|1 July 1976<br />
|Lt Col Tarif Singh Dhiyia<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/standards-presented-to-50-armoured-regiment-and-84-armoured-regiment-by-114110500934_1.html|title=Standards Presented to 50 Armoured Regiment and 84 Armoured Regiment by the Chief of Army Staff on 05 Nov 2014|last=Delhi|date=2014-11-05|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[85th Armoured Regiment (India)|85 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|1 October 1976<br />
|Lt Col DP Singh<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/army-chief-presents-standards-to-85-armoured-regiment/article2502344.ece|title=Army Chief presents standards to 85 Armoured Regiment|date=2011-10-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-10-23|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[86th Armoured Regiment (India)|86 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|Chhiassi<br />
|1 March 1977<br />
|Lt Col NS Malik<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<ref name="ColRegt" /><br />
|T-90<br />
|-<br />
|[[87th Armoured Regiment (India)|87 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|Lightning Streaks Regiment <br />
|1 July 1979<br />
|Lt Col DD Singh <br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-president-standards-conferred-on-three-armoured-regiments-2565409|title= President Standards conferred on three armoured regiments in 'DNA India'|date=2017-12-06|access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref> <br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[88th Armoured Regiment (India)|88 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|September 1979<br />
|Lt Col Iesh Rikhy<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041126/haryana.htm|title=Regiment celebrates silver jubilee in 'The Tribune'|date=2004-11-26|access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref><br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[89th Armoured Regiment (India)|89 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|1 February 1980<br />
|Lt Col KL Bakshi<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<ref>{{Cite periodical |periodical=Vayu Aerospace and Defence |date=28 Feb 2014 |url=http://www.pressreader.com/india/vayu-aerospace-and-defence/20140228/281595238615205|title=INS Vikramaditya arrives in india |via=PressReader |access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref><br />
|T-72<br />
|-<br />
|[[90 Armoured Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|15 August 1979<br />
|Lt Col Manjit Singh Sawhney<br />
|Pawan Da Chak<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<nowiki>**</nowiki> The original [[5th King Edward's Own Probyn's Horse|5th Horse (Probyn's Horse)]] was transferred to Pakistan in 1947.<br />
<br />
<nowiki>***</nowiki> Original [[6th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers (Watson's Horse)|6th Lancers (Watson's Horse)]] was transferred to Pakistan in 1947.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*Cavalry Officers Association [2000]. ''Valour Honour Tradition (Vignettes of the Indian Armored Corps 1773 - 2000.'' Director General Mechanized Forces, Sena Bhawan, New Delhi 110001.<br />
*Maj Gen Gurchan Singh Sandhu, PVSM (1987). ''The Indian Armour- History of the Indian Armoured Corps : 1941 - 1971.'' Vision Books (incorporating Orient Paperbacks), New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-7094-004-4}}.<br />
*Ashok Nath (2009). ''Izzat: Historical Records and Iconography of Indian Cavalry Regiments, 1750 - 2007.'' Centre for Armed Forces Historical Research, United Services Institution of India, New Delhi.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=fmngqz4GqE+zrSNeG3hihg==&ParentID=Lm/2mT6BRBn93ubJeuly/Q==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ== Army official website]<br />
*[https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/units/3-armoured-regiment-toe.html Structure of an Armoured Regiment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121005621/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/units/3-armoured-regiment-toe.html |date=21 January 2021 }}<br />
<br />
{{Indian_Army_Arms_and_Services}}<br />
{{Indian Army Armoured Corps |state=expanded}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Administrative corps of the Indian Army]]<br />
[[Category:Nationstate armoured warfare branches]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1947]]<br />
[[Category:Ahmednagar]]<br />
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamalika_Guha_Thakurta&diff=457573Kamalika Guha Thakurta2026-01-17T18:40:47Z<p>Ankushraj: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian television actress}}<br />
'''Kamalika Guha Thakurta''' (born 8 November 1964) is an Indian television actress who hails from [[West Bengal]]. She made her debut with ''[[Mujhe Chaand Chahiye]]'' and found success with ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''.<ref name="it">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/actor/kamalikaguha.htm |title=It's useless to compete with very young girls who are playing protagonist roles in most serials today|work=Indian Television Dot Com |publisher=indiantelevision.com|date=2 July 2003|accessdate=21 March 2016}}</ref> She also played the role of Sumitra in [[Vishnu Puran (TV series)|''Vishnu Puran (TV series)'']].<br />
<br />
In ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]'', she plays the role of Guru Maa, who lives in a [[mandir]], worships [[Kali|Maa kali]], and plans to get rid of the [[Ichchhadhari Nag|Naagin]] (Shivanya, Mother of Mahanagrani Shivangi)<br />
<br />
She has also appeared on stage in 2014, with a part in ''Emotional Creature'', a series of monologues written by [[Eve Ensler]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140905/jsp/t2/story_18802384.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004112703/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140905/jsp/t2/story_18802384.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2014|title=Stage|date=5 September 2014|work=The Telegraph|access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== TV serials ==<br />
<br />
*In ''[[Mujhe Chaand Chahiye]]'' as Divya<ref name="it"/> <br />
*In ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby|Baa Bahoo aur Baby]]'' as Anish's Mom<ref name="it"/><br />
*In ''[[Kashti (TV series)|Kashti]]''<ref name="it"/><br />
*In ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' as Gayatri Jamnadas Virani<ref name="it"/><br />
*In ''[[Vishnu Puran (TV series)]]'' as Sumitra<br />
*In ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]''<ref name="it"/><br />
*In ''[[Karam Apnaa Apnaa]]'' as Devika<ref name="toi150501"/><br />
*In ''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]'' as Gayatri Dev<ref name="toi150501"/><br />
*In ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as Pramila<br />
*In ''[[Yahaaan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli]]'' as Tejaswini<ref name="toi150501"/><br />
*In ''[[Jhilmil Sitaaron Ka Aangan Hoga]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kamalika-Guha-replaces-Sudha-Chandran-in-Jhilmil-Sitaaron-Ka/articleshow/15494982.cms |title=Kamalika Guha replaces Sudha Chandran in Jhilmil Sitaaron Ka|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 August 2012|accessdate=21 March 2016}}</ref><br />
*In ''[[Zindagi Wins]]'' as Vandita Srinivas<ref name="toi150501">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kamalika-Guha-Thakurta-turns-tantric-for-Jodha-Akbar/articleshow/47112337.cms |title=Kamalika Guha Thakurta turns tantric for 'Jodha Akbar'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date= 1 May 2015|accessdate=21 March 2016}}</ref><br />
* In ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)]]'' as Payal and Nitya's mom<br />
*In ''[[Maharakshak: Devi]]'' as Meena<ref name="toi150501"/><br />
*In ''[[Jodha Akbar (TV series)|Jodha Akbar]]'' as Damayanti, mother of Laboni<ref name="toi150501"/><br />
*In ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]'' as Guru Maa<br />
*In ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' as Mahamaya "Witch"<br />
*In ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' as Gurumaa<br />
*In ''[[Santoshi Maa (TV series)|Santoshi Maa]]'' as Kamini<br />
*In ''[[Durga – Mata Ki Chhaya]]'' as Jogmaya<br />
*In ''[[Qayaamat Se Qayaamat Tak]]'' as Damayanthi<br />
*In ''Adaalat'' - Episode 144<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|0990734}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakurta, Kamalika}}<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:People from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-tv-actor-stub}}</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhavani_(actress)&diff=467175Bhavani (actress)2026-01-13T14:14:45Z<p>Ankushraj: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Bhavani<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = Bhavani in ''[[Uzhaikkum Karangal]]''<br />
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| othername = <br />
| years_active = 1974–present<br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| spouse = [[Reghu Kumar]] (Music director )<br />
| children = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Not to be confused|Bhavana (actress)}}<br />
'''Bhavani''' is an Indian [[film]] and television actress best known for her work in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiancinemagallery.com/malayalam/news/music-director-raghu-kumar-died.html |title=Music Director Raghu Kumar Died |access-date=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226070446/http://www.indiancinemagallery.com/malayalam/news/music-director-raghu-kumar-died.html |archive-date=26 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She was the lead actress in the Telugu film industry.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Born in [[Chennai]] and was married Malayalam producer/music director [[Reghu Kumar]], known for films like ''Thalavattam'' and ''Hello My Dear Wrong Number''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=16213735&programId=1073753760&tabId=11&contentType=EDITORIAL&BV_ID=@@@ |title=Manorama Online &#124; Malayalam News &#124; Latest News &#124; |access-date=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220053834/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/mmonline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=16213735&programId=1073753760&tabId=11&contentType=EDITORIAL&BV_ID=@@@ |archive-date=20 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They had two daughters: Bavitha and Bhavana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://keralaonlinenews.com/music-director-raghu-kumar-malayalam-news-70156.html/ |title=Music composer Raghu Kumar is no more|work=Kerala Online News |access-date=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226044606/http://keralaonlinenews.com/music-director-raghu-kumar-malayalam-news-70156.html/ |archive-date=26 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She made a comeback through the Malayalam film ''[[Thandavam]]''. Currently, she is acting in Tamil serials.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=46716 |title=Music director Raghu Kumar passes away |access-date=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224013014/http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=46716 |archive-date=24 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is a granddaughter of Telugu actress singer Rushyendramani. Her mother tongue is Telugu.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Bhavani's debut film was the [[Kannada]]-language ''[[Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu]]'' (1974), which won her the Best Actress award and in which she shared screen space with legendary actress, mentor and maternal grandmother [[Rushyendramani]], who received the Best Supporting Actress award for the same film. With 75 films in a span of four years to her credit, Bhavani was considered as one of the leading actresses during the 1970s in the Tamil, Kannada, Telugu and [[Malayalam]] film industries. She also has the distinction of acting with veteran actors like [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayan]], and [[Sukumaran]] in Malayalam, [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] and [[Rajinikanth]] in Kannada, [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]], and [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in Tamil, and [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandramohan]], [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], and [[Sreedhar|Sridhar]] in Telugu. She was noted for her performance in the Malayalam movie ''[[Lisa (1978 film)|Lisa]]''. Currently{{when|date=November 2019}} she is busy in TV series doing mother and negative roles.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===Malayalam===<br />
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br />
# ''[[Kalabham]]'' (2006) .... Lakshmi (Lachu)<br />
# ''[[Pauran]]'' (2005) .... Lalithambika <br />
# ''[[Katha (2005 film)|Katha]]'' (2005) .... Nandhan's mother<br />
# ''[[Kerala House Udan Vilpanakku]]'' (2004) .... Dinesh's mother<br />
# ''[[Kanninum Kannadikkum]]'' (2004) .... Abhirami's mother<br />
# ''[[Balettan]]'' (2003) .... Devaki's mother<br />
# ''[[Thandavam]]'' (2002) .... Swaninathan's wife<br />
# ''[[Narendran Makan Jayakanthan Vaka]]'' (2001) .... Vinodhini's mother<br />
# ''[[Muthuchippikal]]'' (1980) .... Devu<br />
# ''[[Saraswatheeyaamam]]'' (1980) .... Shalini<br />
# ''[[Pratheeksha]]'' (1979)<br />
# ''[[Pambaram (film)|Pambaram]]'' (1979).... Geetha<br />
# ''[[Sarppam]]'' (1979) .... Saheera<br />
# ''[[Vaaleduthavan Vaalaal]]'' (1979)<br />
# ''[[Anupallavi (film)|Anupallavi]]'' (1979) .... Malini<br />
# ''[[Mochanam]]'' (1979) .... Jaanu<br />
# ''[[Pareeksha (1979 film)|Pareeksha]]'' (1979)<br />
# ''[[Sarapancharam]]'' (1979) .... Malli<br />
# ''[[Ival Oru Nadodi]]'' (1979)<br />
# ''[[Itha Oru Theeram]]'' (1979) ..... Valsala<br />
# ''[[Maamaankam]]'' (1979) .... Suhara<br />
# ''[[Neelathamara (1979 film)|Neelathamara]]'' (1979) .... Ratnam<br />
# ''[[Choola]]'' (1979)<br />
# ''[[Pichipoo]]'' (1978)<br />
# ''[[Ashtamudikkaayal]]'' (1978)<br />
# ''[[Mattoru Karnan]]'' (1978)<br />
# ''[[Lisa (1978 film)|Lisa]]'' (1978) ... P Lakshmi<br />
# ''[[Ammuvinte Attinkutti]]'' (1978)<br />
# ''[[Sthree Oru Dukham]]'' (1978)<br />
# ''[[Ninakku Njaanum Enikku Neeyum]]'' (1978) .... Lakshmi<br />
# ''[[Kalpavriksham]]'' (1978) .... Sreedevi - Debut in Malayalam<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
===Kannada===<br />
# ''[[Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu]]'' (1974) - Kannada debut<br />
# ''[[Onde Roopa Eradu Guna]]'' (1975)<br />
# ''[[Nagakanye]]'' (1975)<br />
# ''[[Manthra Sakthi]]'' (1975)<br />
# ''[[Koodi Balona]]'' (1975)<br />
# ''[[Kalla Kulla]]'' (1975)<br />
# ''[[Apoorva Kanasu]]'' (1976)<br />
# ''[[Mangalya Bhagya]]'' (1976)<br />
# ''[[Shani Prabhava]]'' (1977)<br />
# ''[[Sri Renukadevi Mahathme]]'' (1977)<br />
# ''[[Sahodarara Savaal]]'' (1977)<br />
# ''[[Bhanasankari]]'' (1977)<br />
# ''[[Vamsha Jyothi]]'' (1978)<br />
<br />
===Tamil===<br />
# ''[[Uzhaikkum Karangal]]'' (1976) as Kumari Pankajam - Debut in Tamil<br />
# ''[[Bhadrakali (film)|Bhadrakali]]'' (1976) as Jayanthi<br />
# ''[[Aasai Manaivi]]'' (1977)<br />
# ''[[Sonnathai Seiven]]'' (1977)<br />
# ''[[Punniya Boomi]]'' (1978)<br />
# ''[[Alli Darbar]]'' (1978) as Lily<br />
# ''[[Varuvan Vadivelan]]'' (1978)<br />
# ''[[Aval Oru Pachaikuzhandhai]]'' (1978)<br />
# ''[[Erattai Manithan]]'' (1982) as Bhavani<br />
# ''[[Sillunu Oru Sandhippu]]'' (2013)<br />
<br />
===Telugu===<br />
# ''[[Vanaja Girija]]'' (1976)<br />
# ''[[Seeta Geeta Daatithe]]'' (1977)...Deepa<br />
# ''[[Sri Madvirata Parvam]]'' (1977)...[[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttara]]<br />
# ''Vammo Vatto O Pellaamo'' (1997)<br />
<br />
==Television==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"<br />
! Year !! Serial !! Channel !! Language !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2000||Vivaahitha||Asianet||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2003||Parvathy||Surya TV||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2005||[[Kadamattathu Kathanar (TV series)|Kadamattathu Kathanaar]]||Asianet||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2005||[[Vasantham]]||Sun TV|| Tamil||<br />
|-<br />
|2005-2006||Selvi||Sun TV||Tamil||<br />
|-<br />
|2008-2010||[[Paarijatham (2008 TV series)|Paarijatham]]||Asianet||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2009-2010||[[Sundarakanda (soap opera)|Sundarakanda]]||Gemini TV||| Telugu||<br />
|-<br />
|2009||[[Kalyanam (2009 TV series)|Kalyanam]]||Sun TV||Tamil||<br />
|-<br />
|2010||[[Abirami (TV series)|Abirami]] ||Kalaignar TV|| Tamil||<br />
|-<br />
|2010||[[Ilavarasi (TV series)|Ilavarasi]] ||Sun TV|| Tamil|| <br />
|-<br />
|2010||[[Mundhanai Mudichu (2010 TV series)|Mundhanai Mudichu]] ||Sun TV||Tamil ||Replaced by Rekha Suresh<br />
|-<br />
|2011||[[Muthaaram]]||Sun TV||Tamil||Replaced by J.Lalitha<br />
|-<br />
|2011-2012||[[Parijatham (2011 TV series)|Paarijatham]]||Vijay TV||Tamil||<br />
|-<br />
|2012-2013||[[Valli (TV series)|Valli]]||Sun TV||Tamil||<br />
|-<br />
|2012-2013||Pokkisham||Kalaingar TV||Tamil||<br />
|-<br />
|2012||Parijata||Star Suvarna||Kannada||<br />
|-<br />
|2013-2014||[[Bhagyadevatha (TV series)|Bhagyadevatha]]||Mazhavil Manorama||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2013-2014||[[Deivamagal]]||Sun TV ||Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
|2014||[[Kalyana Parisu (TV series)|Kalyana Parisu]] ||Sun TV||Tamil||Replaced by Dharini<br />
|-<br />
|2014||Akka Thangai||Kalignar TV|| Tamil||<br />
|-<br />
|2014-2015||[[Andal Azhagar]]||Vijay TV|| Tamil||Replaced by [[Shanthi Williams]]<br />
|-<br />
|2015-2017||Kairasi Kudumbam||Jaya TV|| Tamil||<br />
|-<br />
|2020||Ninne Pelladatha||Zee Telugu||Telugu||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWf7fBZ2SX8<br />
* http://cinidiary.com/peopleinfo.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=2&no_of_displayed_rows=2&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter=B {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130918115101/http://cinidiary.com/peopleinfo.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=2&no_of_displayed_rows=2&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter=B |date=18 September 2013 }}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|1135350}}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141023145350/http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Bhavani Bhavani at MSI]<br />
<br />
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[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
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[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu people]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Hindi_films_of_1985&diff=458871List of Hindi films of 19852025-12-30T04:08:44Z<p>Ankushraj: small corrected references after review also and updated info as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|None}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Bollywood films}}<br />
A list of films produced by the [[Bollywood]] film industry based in [[Mumbai]] in 1985:<br />
<br />
==Top-grossing films==<br />
The top-grossing films at the Indian Box Office in <br />
1985:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! 1985<br/>Rank<br />
! Title<br />
! Cast<br />
|-<br />
|1.<br />
| '''''[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]'''''<br />
|[[Rajiv Kapoor]], [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]], [[Divya Rana]]<br />
|-<br />
|2.<br />
| '''''[[Mard (1985 film)|Mard]]'''''<br />
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Amrita Singh]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Dara Singh]], [[Nirupa Roy]]<br />
|-<br />
|3.<br />
| '''''[[Pyar Jhukta Nahin]]'''''<br />
| [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]], [[Danny Denzongpa]]<br />
|-<br />
|4.<br />
| '''''[[Ghulami]]'''''<br />
| [[Dharmendra]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Smita Patil]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Anita Raj]]<br />
|-<br />
|5.<br />
| '''''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]'''''<br />
| [[Sunny Deol]], [[Dimple Kapadia]]<br />
|-<br />
|6.<br />
| '''''[[Meri Jung]]'''''<br />
| [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], [[Nutan]], [[Amrish Puri]]<br />
|-<br />
|7.<br />
| '''''[[Sanjog (1985 film)|Sanjog]]'''''<br />
| [[Jeetendra]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Vinod Mehra]]<br />
|-<br />
|8.<br />
| '''''[[Geraftaar]]'''''<br />
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], [[Poonam Dhillon]]<br />
|-<br />
|9.<br />
| '''''[[Saagar (film)|Saagar]]'''''<br />
| [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Dimple Kapadia]]<br />
|-<br />
|10.<br />
| '''''[[Adventures of Tarzan]]'''''<br />
| [[Hemant Birje]], [[Kimi Katkar]], [[Dalip Tahil]]<br />
|-<br />
|11.<br />
| '''''[[Masterji]]'''''<br />
| [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Sridevi]], [[Anita Raj]]<br />
|-<br />
|12.<br />
| '''''[[Aandhi-Toofan]]'''''<br />
| [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]]<br />
|-<br />
|13.<br />
| '''''[[Teri Meherbaniyan]]'''''<br />
| [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]], [[Amrish Puri]]<br />
|-<br />
|14.<br />
| '''''[[Bewafai]]'''''<br />
| [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Rajnikanth]], [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]], [[Tina Munim]]<br />
|-<br />
|15.<br />
| '''''[[Pataal Bhairavi]]'''''<br />
| [[Jeetendra]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Dimple Kapadia]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Films==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Sources<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aaj Ka Daur]]'' || [[K. Bapaiah]] || [[Nirupa Roy]], Anwar Ali, [[Shoma Anand]] || Action, Crime, Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aakhir Kyon?]]'' || [[J. Om Prakash]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Tina Munim]], [[Smita Patil]], [[Rakesh Roshan]] || Drama, Family || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aandhi-Toofan]]'' || [[Babbar Subhash]] || [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Meenakshi]], [[Danny Denzongpa]] || Action || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aar Paar (1985 film)|Aar Paar]]'' || [[Shakti Samanta]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Rozina (Bangladeshi actress)|Rozina]], [[Nuton]], [[Utpal Dutt]] || Romance, Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Adventures of Tarzan]]'' || [[Babbar Subhash]] || [[Hemant Birje]], [[Raja Duggal]], [[Kimi Katkar]] || Action, Adventure, Romance || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aghaat]]'' || [[Govind Nihalani]] || [[Om Puri]], [[Gopi]], [[Pankaj Kapur]] || Drama, Crime || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aitbaar]]'' || [[Mukul Anand]] || [[Raj Babbar]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Suresh Oberoi]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Sharat Saxena]] || Thriller ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Alag Alag]]'' || [[Shakti Samanta]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Tina Munim]] || Family, Musical, Romance || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ameer Aadmi Gharib Aadmi]]'' || [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] || [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Rabia Amin]] || Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anantyatra]]'' || [[Jayoo Patwardhan]], [[Nachiket Patwardhan]] || [[Vikas Desai]], [[Rohini Hattangadi]], [[Sudhir Joshi]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ankahee (1985 film)|Ankahee]]'' || [[Amol Palekar]] || [[Anil Chatterjee]], [[Shriram Lagoo]], [[Vinod Mehra]] || Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anokha Modh]]'' || [[Kamal Chandhok]] || Vinay, [[Prerana Khanna]], [[Vyjayanti Chavan]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]'' || [[Rahul Rawail]] || [[Sunny Deol]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Raj Kiran (actor)|Raj Kiran]] || Action || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aurat Pair Ki Juti Nahin Hai]]'' || [[B. K. Adarsh]] || [[Gulshan Grover]], [[Deepti Naval]], [[Marc Zuber]] || Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Awara Baap]]'' || [[Sohanlal Kanwar]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Rajan Sippy]] || Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ba Ki Yaad Mein]]'' || [[Ketan Mehta]] || || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Baadal (1985 film)|Baadal]]'' || [[Anand Sagar]] || [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Poonam Dhillon]] || Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Babu (1985 film)|Babu]]'' || [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Mala Sinha]], [[Rati Agnihotri]] || Drama, Family || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bahu Ki Awaaz]]'' || Shashilal K. Nair || [[Vikas Anand]], [[Bharat Bhushan]], [[B.L. Chopra]] || Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Balidaan (1985 film)|Balidaan]]'' || [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]] || Anuradha, [[Vijay Arora]], [[Asrani]] || Action, Thriller || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bandhan Anjana]]'' || [[Prabhat Roy]] || Chandrashekhar, [[Utpal Dutt]], Mazhar Khan || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bepanaah]]'' || [[Jagdish Sidana]] || [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Poonam Dhillon]] || Drama, Family || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bewafai]]'' || [[R. Thyagarajan (director)|R. Thyagarajan]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], [[Tina Ambani|Tina]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Crime, Drama, Family, Romance || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bhago Bhut Aaya]]'' || [[Krishna Naidu]] || [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Aruna Irani]], [[Deven Verma]] || Fantasy, Action, Adventure || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bhagwan Shri Krishna]]'' || [[Ram Kumar Bohra]] || [[Ajit Bhalla]], [[Kumud Bole]], [[Manher Desai]] || Fantasy, Action, Adventure || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bhavani Junction]]'' || [[Dinesh]] || [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Rati Agnihotri]] || Action, Crime, Thriller || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bond 303]]'' || [[Ravi Tandon]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Tom Alter]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Prem Chopra]] ||Spy Drama || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Chaar Maharathi]]'' || S. Waris Ali || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Tina Munim]], [[Kader Khan]] || Action ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Damul]]'' || Prakash Jha || Annu Kapoor, Sreela Majumdar, [[Deepti Naval]] || Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Debshishu]]'' || Utpalendu Chakrabarty || Sadhu Meher, [[Smita Patil]] || Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dekha Pyar Tumhara]]'' || Virendra Sharma || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Rati Agnihotri]], [[Deven Verma]] || Comedy, Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Do Dilon Ki Dastaan (1985 film)|Do Dilon Ki Dastaan]]'' || [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]] || [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] || Romance || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Durgaa]]'' || [[Shibu Mitra]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Action, Crime || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ek Chitthi Pyar Bhari]]'' || Vijay Sadanah || [[Raj Babbar]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] || Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ek Daku Saher Mein]]'' || [[Kalidas]] || [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Suresh Oberoi]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ek Se Bhale Do]]'' || S.V. Rajendra Singh || [[Rati Agnihotri]], Balwant Dullat, [[Kumar Gaurav]] || Action, Comedy, Drama, Romance || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Faasle]]'' || [[Yash Chopra]] || [[Farooq Sheikh]], [[Deepti Naval]], [[Sunil Dutt]] || Romance ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Geraftaar]]'' || Prayag Raaj || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Poonam Dhillon]], [[Rajinikanth]] || Action, Adventure, Drama, Musical, Family || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ghar Dwaar]]'' || [[Kalpataru]] || [[Tanuja]], [[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]], [[Raj Kiran (actor)|Raj Kiran]] || Drama || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ghulami]]'' || [[J. P. Dutta]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Smita Patil]], [[Anita Raj]], [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] || Action ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gokula (1985 film)|Gokula]]'' || [[Arundhati Devi]] || || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Golimar (1985 film)|Golimar]]'' || || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Haqeeqat (1985 film)|Haqeeqat]]'' || [[T. Rama Rao]] || [[Asrani]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Beena Banerjee]] || Political Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Haveli (1985 film)|Haveli]]'' || [[Keshu Ramsay]] || [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Marc Zuber]], Aaloka || Horror, Crime, Thriller || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hoshiyar]]'' || [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], [[Asrani]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Action || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hum Dono (1985 film)|Hum Dono]]'' || B. S. Glaad || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Reena Roy]] || Comedy, Musical, Romance, Family || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hum Naujawan]]'' || [[Dev Anand]] || [[Dev Anand]], Bunty Behl, [[Richa Sharma (actor)|Richa Sharma]] || Action, Drama, Family || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Insaaf Main Karoonga]]'' || [[Shibu Mitra]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]], [[Tina Munim]] || Crime, Mystery, Thriller || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jaago (1985 film)|Jaago]]'' || || [[Kamal Kapoor]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jaan Ki Baazi]]'' || [[Ajay Kashyap]] || [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Anita Raj]], [[Anuradha Patel]] || Action || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jaanoo]]'' || [[Jainendra Jain (screenwriter)|Jainendra Jain]] || [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Rati Agnihotri]] || || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Janam (1985 film)|Janam]]''||[[Mahesh Bhatt]]||[[Kumar Gaurav]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Anita Kanwar]]||Autobiography||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jawaab]]'' || [[Ravi Tandon]] || [[Vikas Anand]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Abhi Bhattacharya]] || Romance, Thriller || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jhoothi]]'' || [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] || Rekha, [[Raj Babbar]], [[Amol Palekar]] || Comedy || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kabhi Ajnabi The]]'' || || [[Ramesh Deo]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Poonam Dhillon]] || Romance, Sport || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kala Suraj]]'' || Desh Gautam || [[Sulakshana Pandit]], [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kali Basti]]'' || Sudesh Issar || [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Vijayendra Ghatge]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Karishma Kudrat Kaa]]'' || Sunil Hingorani || [[Rati Agnihotri]], [[Urmila Bhatt]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]] || Action || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Karm Yudh]]'' || Swaroop Kumar || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Anita Raj]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Amrish Puri]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Khamosh]]'' || Vidhu Vinod Chopra || [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Amol Palekar]], [[Sudhir Mishra]] || Mystery, Thriller || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Lallu Ram]]'' || Shiv Kumar || [[Urmila Bhatt]], Vyjayanti Chavan, Gajendra Chouhan || Action, Comedy, Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Lava (1985 film)|Lava]]'' ||Ravindra Peepat || [[Raj Babbar]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Asha Parekh]] || Family, Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Lover Boy (1985 film)|Lover Boy]]'' || Shomu Mukerji || [[Rajiv Kapoor]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], [[Anita Raj]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maa Kasam (1985 film)|Maa Kasam]]'' || Shibu Mittra || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], Divya Rana, Ranjeet, [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] ||Action || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maha Shaktimaan]]'' || Swamy V.S.R. || [[Raj Babbar]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], Kim || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mahaguru (1985 film)|Mahaguru]]'' || S. S. Ravichandra || [[Rajinikanthh]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], [[Nirupa Roy]] || Action, Comedy, Crime, Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mahasati Tulsi]]'' || Radhakant || Rajni Bala, Kalpana Divan, Mohan Gokhale || Adventure, Drama, Fantasy, History || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Main Khilona Nahin]]'' || || [[Kaajal Kiran]], [[Jayshree T.]] || || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mard (1985 film)|Mard]]'' || [[Manmohan Desai]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Amrita Singh]], [[Prem Chopra]], Helena Luke, [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Dara Singh]] ||Action ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Massey Sahib]]'' || [[Pradip Krishen]] || Raghuvir Yadav, Barry John, Arundhati Roy ||Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Masterji]]'' || [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Sridevi]], [[Anita Raj]] || Comedy, Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mati Manas]]'' || [[Mani Kaul]] || || Documentary || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Meetha Zehar]]'' || [[Mohinder]] || Padmini Kapila, Bharat Kapoor, Deepak Parashar || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mehak]]'' || Chander Bahl || [[Vijayendra Ghatge]], Deepak Parashar, Shoma Anand || Family || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mera Jawab]]'' || N. S. Raj Bharath || [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mera Damad]]''||[[Partho Ghosh]], [[Salil Choudhury]]||[[Farooq Sheikh]], [[Zarina Wahab]]||Romance||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mera Saathi]]'' || K. Raghavendra Rao || Asrani, [[Bharat Bhushan]], [[Aruna Irani]] || Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Meraa Ghar Mere Bachche]]'' || [[Chander Vohra]] || [[Raj Babbar]], [[Smita Patil]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]] || Drama, Family || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Meri Jung]]'' || [[Subhash Ghai]] || [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], [[Nutan]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Javed Jaffrey]], [[Amrish Puri]] ||Crime Thriller ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Misaal]]'' || [[Mirza Brothers]] || [[Naseeruddin Shah]], Vijayata Pandit, Shahrukh Mirza || Action || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mohabbat (1985 film)|Mohabbat]]'' || [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] || [[Anil Kapoor]], Vijayata Pandit, [[Aruna Irani]] || Romance || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mujhe Kasam Hai]]'' || || [[Kaajal Kiran]], [[Talluri Rameshwari]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Murde Ki Jaan Khatre Mein]]'' || || [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1959)|Kunal Kapoor]], Roma Manik, [[Mehmood Jr.]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nasoor]]'' || [[Ashok Chopra]] || [[Om Puri]], [[Priya Tendulkar]], [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] || Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oonche Log (1985 film)|Oonche Log]]'' || [[Brij]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Salma Agha]], [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] || Drama, Family || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Paapi Sansar]]'' || || [[Surendra Pal]], [[Sadhana Singh]], Nandita Thakur || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Paisa Yeh Paisa]]'' || Sohanlal Kanwar || [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], Bindu, [[Gulshan Grover]], [[Amrish Puri]] || Action, Crime, Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pataal Bhairavi]]'' || [[K. Bapaiah]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Fantasy, Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Paththar]]'' || [[Deepak Bahry]] || [[Om Puri]], [[Anuradha Patel]], [[Deepika]] || Crime || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Patthar Dil]]'' || Surendra Mohan || [[Padmini Kolhapure]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Kader Khan]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Phaansi Ke Baad]]'' || [[Harmesh Malhotra]] || Ajit, Vikas Anand, Bandini || Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Phir Aayee Barsat|Phir Aayee Barsaat]]'' || Jaiprakashk Vinayak || Harindranath Chattopadhyay, [[Saeed Jaffrey]], [[Javed Khan (actor)|Javed Khan]] || Romance || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Piya Milan]]'' || || [[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]], [[Sadhana Singh]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pighalta Aasman]]'' || Shammi || [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Rakhee Gulzar]], [[Rati Agnihotri]] || Comedy, Drama, Romance || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pyaari Bhabhi]]'' || K.C. Agarwal || [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pyar Jhukta Nahin]]'' || Vijay Sadanah || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]], [[Danny Denzongpa]] || Family, Romance || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pyari Behna]]'' || [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]], Tanvi Azmi || Action, Comedy, Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rahi Badal Gaye]]'' || [[Ravi Tandon]] || [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]] || Romance || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ram Tere Kitne Nam]]'' || P. Madhavan || [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Rekha]], [[Prem Chopra]] || Drama, Family || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]'' || [[Raj Kapoor]] || [[Rajiv Kapoor]], [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]], [[Divya Rana]], [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]], [[Sushma Seth]] ||Romance, Drama ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ramkali (1985 film)|Ramkali]]'' || Sham Ralhan || [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Nirupa Roy]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rao Saheb (film)|Rao Saheb]]'' || Vijaya Mehta || Arvind Gadgil, Chandrakant Gokhale, Vasant Ingle || Comedy, Drama ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rehguzar]]'' || || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rusvai]]'' || || [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Raj Babbar]] || Musical || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Saagar (film)|Saagar]]'' || [[Ramesh Sippy]] || [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Saeed Jaffrey]], [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]] ||Romance, Drama ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Saaheb]]'' || [[Anil Ganguly]] || [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Amrita Singh]], [[Raakhee]], [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Deven Verma]] ||Drama ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Saamri]]''||[[Shyam Ramsay]], [[Tulsi Ramsay]]||[[Anirudh Agarwal]], [[Rajan Sippy]], [[Aarti Gupta (actress)|Aarti Gupta]]||Horror ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sajan Tara Sambharna]]'' || [[Abbas Mustan]] || || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sanjhi (1985 film)|Sanjhi]]'' || || [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]], Naina Behl, [[Goga Kapoor]] || Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sanjog (1985 film)|Sanjog]]'' || [[K. Vishwanath]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Vinod Mehra]] || Romance || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sarfarosh (1985 film)|Sarfarosh]]'' ||[[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || Asrani, [[Bharat Bhushan]], Bindu, [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sautela Pati]]'' || B. R. Ishara || Raj Kiran, Devendra Khandelwal, Asha Sachdev || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shiva Ka Insaaf (1985 film)|Shiva Ka Insaaf]]'' || [[Raj N. Sippy]] || Birbal, [[Poonam Dhillon]], [[Gulshan Grover]] ||Superhero || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sitamgar]]''||[[Raj N. Sippy]] ||[[Dharmendra]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Poonam Dhillon]]||Action ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sur Sangam]]'' || [[K. Vishwanath]] || [[Girish Karnad]], [[Jaya Prada]], Sachin || Comedy, Drama, Musical || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Surkhiyaan (The Headlines)]]'' || Ashok Tyagi || [[Arun Bakshi]], Brahm Bhardwaj, [[Krishan Dhawan]] || Action, Crime, Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Tawaif (film)|Tawaif]]'' || [[B. R. Chopra]] || [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Rati Agnihotri]] || Comedy, Drama, Romance, Family || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Telephone (1985 film)|Telephone]]'' || [[Shyam Ramsay]], [[Tulsi Ramsay]] || [[Vikas Anand]], [[Parveen Babi]], Dr. Satish Chopra || Thriller || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Teri Meherbaniyan]]'' || Vijay Reddi || [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Poonam Dhillon]], [[Raj Kiran (actor)|Raj Kiran]] || Action, Crime, Drama, Family || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Teri Pooja Kare Sansaar]]'' || [[Bharat Kapoor]] || || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Trikal]]'' || [[Shyam Benegal]] || Leela Naidu, Neena Gupta, Anita Kanwar || Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Triveni (film)|Triveni]]'' || Rajan Thakur || [[Raj Babbar]], [[Rati Agnihotri]], Purnima || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ulta Seedha]]'' || Subodh Mukerji || [[Raj Babbar]], [[Rati Agnihotri]], [[Deven Verma]] || Comedy || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Uttarayan (1985 film)|Uttarayan]]'' || [[Lekh Tandon]] || || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Wafadaar]]'' || [[Narayana Rao Dasari]], Pilla Srinivas || [[Rajinikanth]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]], Vijayata Pandit ||Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yaadon Ki Kasam]]'' || Vinod Dewan || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] || Action || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yaar Kasam]]'' || K. Prasad || [[Raj Babbar]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Anita Raj]] || || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Yudh (film)|Yudh]]'' ||[[Rajiv Rai]] || [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Tina Munim]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Danny Denzongpa]] ||Action ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Zabardast]]'' || [[Nasir Husain]] || [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Sunny Deol]], [[Jaya Prada]] || Action, Drama || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Zamana (1985 film)|Zamana]]'' || [[Ramesh Talwar]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Poonam Dhillon]] || Action, Crime, Drama, Thriller, Romance || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Zulm Ka Badla]]'' || K. Prasad || [[Ameeta]], Minoo Babbar, Master Bunty || Action, Crime, Drama || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of Hindi films of 1984]]<br />
* [[List of Hindi films of 1986]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Bollywood|horiz}}<br />
{{Indian film list}}<br />
{{1985 films}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.imdb.com/List?year=1985&&language=Hindi&&tv=on&&heading=9;1985;Hindi&&related=9;1985;1985;Hindi;Hindi&&nav=/Sections/Years/1985/include-bylanguage Bollywood films of 1985] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bollywood Films Of 1985}}<br />
[[Category:Lists of Hindi films by year|1985]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of 1985 films by language|Hindi]]<br />
[[Category:1985 in Indian cinema|Films, Bollywood]]</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=V._Chinniah&diff=466983V. Chinniah2025-12-18T07:00:49Z<p>Ankushraj: further updated layout per sources and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=May 2017}}<br />
<br />
'''V. Chinniah''', also spelled '''V. Chinnaiah''', is an Indian politician and was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as a [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (TMC) candidate from [[Thirumayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thirumayam constituency]] in the [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996 election]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=9 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1996 for the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2017-05-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chinniah, V.}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Maanila Congress politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahsan_Adelur_Rahman&diff=458597Ahsan Adelur Rahman2025-12-16T16:21:21Z<p>Ankushraj: corrected article also and corrected details as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Bangladeshi politician (born 1979)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Ahsan Adelur Rahman<br />
| office = Member of 11th [[Jatiya Sangsad]]<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| term_start = 30 December 2018<br />
| term_end = 7 January 2024<br />
| predecessor = [[Shawkat Chowdhury]]<br />
| successor = [[Siddiqul Alam Siddiq]]<br />
| constituency = [[Nilphamari-4]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|1 January 1979}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/contact/contact-an-mp-email-mobile/309-mps-category/mps-of-11th-parliament/3600-constituency-15-11th-en|title = Constituency 15_11th_En}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Kishoreganj Upazila|Kishoreganj]], [[Nilphamari District|Nilphamari]] Bangladesh<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| party = [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]]<br />
| relatives = [[Hussain Mohammad Ershad|HM Ershad]], [[Mozammel Hossain Lalu|MH Lalu]], [[GM Quader]] (uncles)<br/>[[Ziauddin Ahmed Bablu]] (brother-in-law)<br/>[[Saad Ershad]], [[Hossain Mokbul Shahriar]] (cousins)<br />
| father = [[Asadur Rahman]]<br />
| mother = [[Merina Rahman]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ahsan Adelur Rahman''' ({{langx|bn|আহসান আদেলুর রহমান}}), also simply known as '''Adel''' ({{langx|bn|আদেল}}), is a Bangladeshi politician and the former member of parliament for [[Nilphamari-4]]. His maternal uncle is the former President of Bangladesh [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]].<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Ahsan Adelur Rahman was born in 1979 to a [[Bengali Muslim]] family in [[Kishoreganj Upazila|Kishoreganj, Nilphamari]]. His father, [[Asadur Rahman]] was formerly the vice-chancellor of [[Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh]] and the former member of parliament for the [[Nilphamari-4]] constituency. His mother, [[Merina Rahman]], has ancestral roots in [[Dinhata]] (present-day India) and is a politician. Ahsan Adelur Rahman's maternal grandfather, Maqbul Hossain, was a lawyer and served as a minister of the erstwhile [[Cooch Behar State#Maharajas|Maharaja of Cooch Behar]].<ref name=gm-quader-bio>{{Cite web |url=http://gmquader.com/গোলাম-মোহাম্মদ-কাদের-জি-এ/ |script-title=bn:গোলাম মোহাম্মদ কাদের (জি এম কাদের)- এর জীবন বৃত্তান্ত |website=gmquader.com |access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
He completed his [[Master of Business Administration]] degree from the [[Institute of Business Administration, University of Dhaka]].{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}}<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Ahsan Adelur Rahman worked for the [[Dubai Islamic Bank]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]]. On 30 December 2018, he was elected to Parliament from Nilphamari-4 as a Jatiya Party candidate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jatiya Party MPs sworn in to parliament, Ershad to take oath later |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2019/01/03/jatiya-party-mps-sworn-in-to-parliament-ershad-to-take-oath-later |accessdate=6 April 2019 |work=bdnews24.com |archive-date=6 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406211847/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2019/01/03/jatiya-party-mps-sworn-in-to-parliament-ershad-to-take-oath-later |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Unofficial results |url=http://www.newagebd.net/article/60404/unofficial-results |accessdate=6 April 2019 |work=New Age |language=en}}</ref> Adel filed nomination papers for Nilphamari-4 constituency on the nomination of Jatiya Party in the eleventh parliamentary elections held on 30 December 2018. Later he was declared the candidate of the grand alliance.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}} Adel took a symbol of langol and won a landslide victory, obtaining two lakh 36 thousand 9 and 30 votes in the election.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Adelur Rahman, Ahsan}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br />
[[Category:Jatiya Party (Ershad) politicians]]<br />
[[Category:1979 births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Nilphamari District]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Rangpur Division]]<br />
[[Category:Bangladeshi people of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:People from Cooch Behar district]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]<br />
[[Category:Wakil family]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of IBA, University of Dhaka]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{JatiyaParty-politician-stub}}</div>Ankushrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surat_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System&diff=462527Surat Bus Rapid Transit System2025-12-12T04:17:33Z<p>Ankushraj: brief reworked article based on references and updated info to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Public transit system in Gujarat, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox Public transit<br />
| name = Surat BRTS<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = 500px<br />
| locale = [[Surat]], India<br />
| transit_type = [[Bus rapid transit]]<br />
| began_operation = November 2013 (Phase I)<br />
| system_length = {{convert|114|km|mi}} (Phase I & II)<br />
| lines = 15 (Phase I & II)<br />
| stations = 148 <br />
| website = http://my.sitilink.in/<br />
| daily_ridership = 125000<br />
| track_gauge =<br />
<br />
| operator = [[Surat Municipal Corporation]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Surat BRTS''' Or '''Sitilink''' is an integrated [[bus rapid transit]] and public bus transport system for [[Surat]], Gujarat, India. It has been operational since 26 January 2014 by [[Surat Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://cept.ac.in/news/sitilink-surat-brts-starts-trial-runs| title=SITILINK – Surat BRTS Starts Trial Runs| website=CEPT}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/how-surat-got-people-to-ditch-autorickshaw-rides-opt-for-buses/articleshow/61611309.cms| title=How Surat got people to ditch autorickshaw rides, opt for buses| website=The Times of India| date=12 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/Content/Documents/rtiact/Disc_DepartmentWise/brtscell_disclosure.pdf| title=SMC:BRTS Project disclosure 2018| website=Surat Municipal Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/Departments/BRTSCellIntroduction| title=BRTS Surat Project| website=Surat Municipal Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.patrika.com/surat-news/brts-route-launched-today-1024375/| title=बीआरटीएस रूट का लोकार्पण आज| website=Patrika|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.patrika.com/surat-news/and-the-two-began-brts-route-up-to-14-free-1166767/| title=बीआरटीएस के दो और रूट शुरू, 14 तक फ्री| website=Patrika|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.ibef.org/news/surat-gets-best-city-bus-services-award-of-government-of-india-for-attracting-87-of-private-vehicles-and-auto-rickshaw-users| title=Surat gets Best City Bus Services Award of Government of India for attracting 87% of private vehicles and auto rickshaw users| website=Ibeg.Org}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Corridors==<br />
<br />
===Phase 1===<br />
Two corridors of Surat BRTS have been completed in Phase 1.<br />
* '''Corridor 1:''' Udhana Darwaja to Sachin GIDC Naka [{{convert|10.20|km|abbr=on}}]<br />
* '''Corridor 2:''' ONGC Colony – Canal Road – Sarthana Jakat Naka [{{convert|19.70|km|abbr=on}}]<br />
<br />
===Phase 2===<br />
Phase 2 consists of nine corridors, out of which most{{Which|date=October 2025|reason=Its better to say how many out of nine or even name them}} of the corridors have already been completed.<br />
* '''Corridor 3:''' Adajan Patiya to Jahangirpura<br />
* '''Corridor 4:''' Adajan Patiya to Pal R.T.O.<br />
* '''Corridor 5:''' Pal R.T.O. to ONGC Colony<br />
* '''Corridor 6:''' Anuvrat Dwar to St. Thomas School Junction<br />
* '''Corridor 7:''' St. Thomas School Junction to Daksheshwar Mahadev Junction (Connect to Phase-I)<br />
* '''Corridor 8:''' Dindoli Varigruh to Hirabaug/Gajera Circle <br />
* '''Corridor 9:''' Hirabaug to Lake Garden<br />
* '''Corridor 10:''' Gajera Circle to Jahangirpura<br />
* '''Corridor 11:''' Katargam Darwaja to Kosad<br />
<br />
==Routes==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Transit routes <br />
!Route No.<br />
!Route <br />
|-<br />
|'''01'''<br />
|Adajan G.S.R.T.C. → Adajan G.S.R.T.C. (Clockwise)<br />
|-<br />
|'''02'''<br />
|Adajan G.S.R.T.C. → Adajan G.S.R.T.C. (Anti-Clockwise)<br />
|-<br />
|'''11'''<br />
|Udhana Darwaja ↔ Sachin GIDC Naka<br />
|-<br />
|'''12'''<br />
|Sarthana Nature Park ↔ ONGC Colony<br />
|-<br />
|'''13'''<br />
|Jahangirpura Community Hall ↔ Kadodara<br />
|-<br />
|'''14'''<br />
|ONGC Colony ↔ Kosad EWS H2<br />
|-<br />
|'''15AA'''<br />
|Althan Depot Terminal → Amazia Amusement Park → Althan Depot Terminal (Anti-Clockwise)<br />
|-<br />
|'''15CC'''<br />
|Althan Depot Terminal → Amazia Amusement Park → Althan Depot Terminal (Clockwise)<br />
|-<br />
|'''16'''<br />
|Kosad depot ↔ li Varigruh<br />
|-<br />
|'''17E'''<br />
|Kamrej ↔ Sachin GIDC Naka<br />
|-<br />
|'''17'''<br />
|Kamrej ↔ Pal R.T.O.<br />
|-<br />
|'''18'''<br />
|Railway Station ↔ Utran ROB Bridge<br />
|-<br />
|'''19'''<br />
|Railway Station ↔ Kadodara<br />
|-<br />
|'''20'''<br />
|Kosad EWS H2 ↔ Kharwarnagar<br />
|-<br />
|'''21'''<br />
|Jahangirpura ↔ Althan Depot Terminal<br />
|-<br />
|'''22'''<br />
|Sarthana Nature Park ↔ Kosad EWS H2<br />
|-<br />
|'''102'''<br />
|Railway Station ↔ Moti Ved(Katargam)<br />
|-<br />
|'''103'''<br />
|Railway Station ↔ Mota Varachha<br />
|-<br />
|'''104'''<br />
|Railway Station ↔ Vrukshlaxmi Society<br />
|-<br />
|'''105'''<br />
|Railway Station ↔ Chiku Wadi (Pandesara)<br />
|-<br />
|'''106'''<br />
|Railway Station ↔ Abhva Gam<br />
|-<br />
|'''107'''<br />
|Railway Station ↔ Vivekanand College (Jahangirpura)<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|'''109'''<br />
|Railway Station ↔ Kadodara<br />
|-<br />
|'''112'''<br />
|Railway Station ↔ Kosad Gam<br />
|-<br />
|'''116A'''<br />
|Railway Station ↔ Khajod Gam '''(Via SIECC Road)'''<br />
|-<br />
|'''116B'''<br />
|Railway Station ↔ Khajod Gam '''(Via Bhimrad Canal Road)'''<br />
|-<br />
|'''117'''<br />
|Railway Station ↔ Palanpur Gam<br />
|-<br />
|'''118'''<br />
|Railway Station ↔ Sayan<br />
|-<br />
|'''126'''<br />
|Railway Station ↔ V.N.S.G.U. <br />
|-<br />
|'''127'''<br />
|Railway Station ↔ Rander Gam<br />
|-<br />
|'''136'''<br />
|Railway Station ↔ Airport<br />
|-<br />
|'''137'''<br />
|Railway Station ↔ Variav Gam<br />
|-<br />
|'''153'''<br />
|Gopi Talav ↔ Kapodara<br />
|-<br />
|'''202'''<br />
|Chowk ↔ Laxmidham Society<br />
|-<br />
|'''204'''<br />
|Chowk ↔ Godadara<br />
|-<br />
|'''205'''<br />
|Chowk ↔ Unn/Kanakpur/Gabheni Gam<br />
|-<br />
|'''206'''<br />
|Chowk ↔ Dumas (via C.k. pithawala college)<br />
|-<br />
|'''207'''<br />
|Chowk ↔ Vaishnodevi Township<br />
|-<br />
|'''209'''<br />
|Chowk ↔ Vrukshlaxmi Society<br />
|-<br />
|'''212'''<br />
|Chowk ↔ Kosad Gam<br />
|-<br />
|'''216'''<br />
|Chowk ↔ Dumas <br />
|-<br />
|'''217'''<br />
|Makkai Pool ↔ SGM College, Bhesan<br />
|-<br />
|'''226'''<br />
|Kosad Gam ↔ V.N.S.G.U. <br />
|-<br />
|'''254'''<br />
|Katargam ↔ Godadara<br />
|-<br />
|'''305'''<br />
|Unn Industrial Estate ↔ Kharwarnagar<br />
|-<br />
|'''315'''<br />
|Bhestan Garder ↔ Kharwarnagar<br />
|-<br />
|'''402'''<br />
|Puna Canal ↔ Pandit Shyamji Krishna Verma Bridge<br />
|-<br />
|'''403'''<br />
|Amazia Amusement Park ↔ Sarthana Nature Park<br />
|-<br />
|'''410'''<br />
|Mota Varachha → Mini bazaar (Clockwise)<br />
|-<br />
|'''410'''<br />
|Mini bazaar → Mota Varachha (Anti-Clockwise)<br />
|-<br />
|'''504'''<br />
|Amazia Amusement Park ↔ Bhestan Garden<br />
|-<br />
|'''506'''<br />
|Sunrise Vidyalaya ↔ Vesu Gaam <br />
|-<br />
|'''658'''<br />
|Adajan G.S.R.T.C. ↔ Mora Char Rasta<br />
|-<br />
|'''706'''<br />
|V. N. S. G. U. ↔ Jahangirpura<br />
|-<br />
|'''716'''<br />
|Jahangirpura ↔ Vesu VIP Rd Gail Colony<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
*[[Surat Diamond Bourse]]<br />
*[[List of tourist attractions in Surat]]<br />
*[[Surat Railway Station]]<br />
*[[Surat International Airport]]<br />
*[[Surat Metro]]<br />
*[[Surat high-speed railway station]]<br />
*[[Surat Metropolitan Region]]<br />
*[[List of colleges in Surat]]<br />
{{Div col end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Bus rapid transit in India}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Gujarat}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bus rapid transit in India]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Surat]]<br />
[[Category:2013 establishments in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Surat]]</div>Ankushraj