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Shrutayudha

2026-05-08T03:06:36Z

AnkuMalik: Added first data first draft

{{Infobox character
| name = Shrutayudha/Shrutayu
| image =
| caption =
| info-hdr = Information
| weapon = [[Gada (mace)|Gada]]
| spouse = Sakrayani
| children = [[Characters in the Mahabharata#Sakradeva|Sakradeva]]
| family = [[Varuna]] and Parnasa (parents)
| nickname = Shrutayu
}}
'''Śrutāyudha''' ([[Devanagari]]: श्रुतायुध) is a king of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] mentioned in the Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]]. He is the son of [[Varuna]] and the river goddess Parnasa.

== Magical Mace ==

Srutayudha's mother had wished for a boon from Varuna for his son so that he could not be slayed by anyone in battle. Since he cannot grant immortality, Varuna instead presents a magical mace to Srutayudha by using which he would stay undefeated in battle.

Varuna had also warned about the adverse effects of this weapon if it was used against an unarmed opponent. According to the warning, the Mace would strike back Srutyudha himself if he used it against any unarmed person.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GgCZqN_hAgC&q=Srutayudha&pg=PA266|title=The Mahbharata, A Modern Rendering, Volume 2|publisher=iUniverse|year=2006|isbn=978-0-595-40188-8|location=2021, Pine lake Road, Suite 100, Lincoln, NE68512, United States of America|pages=266}}</ref>

== Kurukshetra War ==
Kalinga is mentioned as siding with [[Hastinapur|Hastinapura]] and the [[Kauravas]] in the [[Kurukshetra War]], presumably siding with the [[Kauravas]]. Srutayudha is mentioned in [[Drona Parva]] as a tiger among men.

On the first day of the war, he confronts [[Iravan]], giving a good fight, but is ultimately defeated.

== The Mace Used in the Battle by Srutayudha ==
On the 14th day of battle, the [[Kambojas|Kamboja]] army division is being assailed by [[Arjuna]] as the latter is attempting to reach the end of [[Dronacharya|Drona's]] ''Padmavyuha''. Rescuing [[Kritavarma]], Srutayudha, from atop his elephant, challenges [[Arjuna]], striking Arjuna with multiple arrows. However, Arjuna counters, snapping Srutayudha's bow. Filled with wrath at Krishna as Srutayudha was [[Jarasandha]] ally, Srutayudha hurls his mace at [[Krishna]] who received that mace. As per the conditions described by [[Varuna]], the mace boomerangs back on Srutayudha killing him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07088.htm|title=Sacred Texts SECTION XCI|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ancientvoice.wikidot.com/mbh:srutayudha|title=Srutayudha|website=www.ancientvoice.wikidot.com|access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Kalinga (India)]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]

Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T21:32:12Z

AnkuMalik: Created new post first draft.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{for|seat by the same name in Karnataka|Khanapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khanapur
| constituency_no = 286
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 286-Khanapur, Maharashtra.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Sangli Lok Sabha constituency|Sangli]]
| district = [[Sangli district|Sangli]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Suhas Babar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =351,802
}}
'''Khanapur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=25 February 2009 }}</ref> It is a segment of [[Sangli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangli Lok Sabha constituency]]. This seat was named 'Khanapur' until 1972. Then its name, and area under it, changed to '[[Khanapur Atpadi Assembly constituency|Khanapur Atpadi]]', from 1978 to 2004. From 2008 onwards it was back to 'Khanapur' only, after the boundaries of constituencies were redrawn again.

There is a vidhan sabha seat by the same name (Khanapur) in [[Khanapur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Karnataka]].

On 31 January 2024, the '''Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency''' seat became vacant upon the death of [[Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] [[Anil Babar]].

==Overview==
Khanapur constituency is one of the eight Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Sangli district]]. It comprises the entire Khanapur and Atpadi tehsil and part of the Tasgaon tehsil (Visapur Circal) of the district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=275}}</ref>

Khanapur is part of the [[Sangli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangli Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments in this district, namely [[Miraj Assembly constituency|Miraj]], [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli]], [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon]], [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgao-Kavathemahakal]] and [[Jat Assembly constituency|Jat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=278}}</ref>

This constituency comes under drought prone area where every year farmers are facing problems of water. The famous grape growing area comes under this zone.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Deshmukh Dattajirao Bhausaheb || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| Bhingardeve Laxman Babaji
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="3" | Sampatrao Sitaram Mane
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Sadashivrao Hanmantrao Patil
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan="2" | [[Anil Babar]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Suhas Babar]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Khanapur">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Khanapur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13286.htm |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Suhas Babar]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 153,892 |percentage = 61.33% |change = {{increase}}6.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vaibhavdada Sadashivrao Patil |party = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 75,711 |percentage = 30.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajendra (Anna) Deshmukh |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,958 |percentage = 5.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dadaso Kondiram Chandanshive |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,198 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 769 |percentage = 0.31% |change = {{decrease}}1.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 78,181 |percentage = 31.16% |change = {{increase}}18.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 251,685 |percentage = 71.54% |change = {{increase}}4.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 250,916}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 351,802 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}6.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anil Babar]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 116,974 |percentage = 54.68% |change = {{increase}}21.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadashivrao Hanmantrao Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 90,683 |percentage = 42.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,928 |percentage = 1.37% |change = {{increase}}0.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shravan Shankar Wakshe |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,109 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,291 |percentage = 12.29% |change = {{increase}}3.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 216,876 |percentage = 67.11% |change = {{decrease}}6.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 213,943}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 323,180 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}21.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anil Babar]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 72,849 |percentage = 33.58% |change = {{increase}}32.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sadashivrao Hanmantrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 53,052 |percentage = 24.45% |change = {{decrease}}17.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Gopichand Padalkar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 44,419 |percentage = 20.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abasaheb Alias Amarsinh Narsingrao Deshmukh |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 39,725 |percentage = 18.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash (Appa) Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,090 |percentage = 1.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 992 |percentage = 0.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,797 |percentage = 9.13% |change = {{increase}}7.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 218,092 |percentage = 73.36% |change = {{increase}}5.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 216,945}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 297,271 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sadashivrao Hanmantrao Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 77,965 |percentage = 42.37% |change = {{decrease}}17.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate =[[Anil Babar]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 74,976 |percentage = 40.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate =[[ Gopichand Padalkar]] |party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 19,024 |percentage = 10.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nikam Rajendra Shahaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,161 |percentage = 2.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nikam Ganesh Subarao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 2,745 |percentage = 1.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shashikala Dilip Bhosle |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,086 |percentage = 1.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gorad Vilas Jagannath |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,145 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dattatraya Vithoba Hegade |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,135 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,989 |percentage = 1.62% |change = {{decrease}}17.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 184,063 |percentage = 67.55% |change = {{decrease}}2.28 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 183,996}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 272,496 |ref = |change = {{increase}}187.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}17.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sampatrao Sitaram Mane |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,361 |percentage = 59.45% |change = {{increase}}16.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Sampatrao Govindrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 26,170 |percentage = 40.55% |change = {{increase}}23.35 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,191 |percentage = 18.89% |change = {{increase}}14.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,243 |percentage = 69.83% |change = {{decrease}}8.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,531}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,867 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}16.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sampatrao Sitaram Mane |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,727 |percentage = 42.96% |change = {{decrease}}28.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Y. Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 22,981 |percentage = 38.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. More |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 10,300 |percentage = 17.20% |change = {{decrease}}1.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. B. Bhagat Patil |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 879 |percentage = 1.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,746 |percentage = 4.59% |change = {{decrease}}48.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,410 |percentage = 78.66% |change = {{increase}}17.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,887}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,617 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}28.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sampatrao Sitaram Mane |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,767 |percentage = 71.50% |change = {{increase}}12.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagwan Nanasaheb More |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 7,887 |percentage = 18.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sopana Gopala Patil |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 1,848 |percentage = 4.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balasaheb Babu Bagal |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,673 |percentage = 3.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sivaram Govind Jadhav |party = Independent politician |votes = 853 |percentage = 1.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,880 |percentage = 53.17% |change = {{increase}}41.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,004 |percentage = 61.16% |change = {{increase}}11.19 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,028}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,588 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}30.61 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}39.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Dattajirao Bhausaheb |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,268 |percentage = 32.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhingardeve Laxman Babaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,539 |percentage = 26.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = More Bhagwan Nana Saheb |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,367 |percentage = 20.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhale Pirajirao Tayappa |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 19,479 |percentage = 18.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thorawade Baburao Changdeo |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,343 |percentage = 2.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,901 |percentage = 12.17% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,996 |percentage = 49.97% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,996}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,057 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Khanapur (Vita)]]
* [[Vita, Maharashtra|Vita]]
* [[Khanapur Atpadi Assembly constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|17.26|74.72|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sangli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]

Sardar Samand

2026-05-05T09:18:57Z

AnkuMalik: Added initial details needs work

{{Short description|Lake in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Sardar Samand Lake
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Sardar Samand Lake
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = Sardar Samand, [[Pali district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| coords = {{coord|25|46|12|N|73|19|48|E|region:IN-RJ_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Artificial lake]]
| inflow = Sukri River
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = {{flag|India}}
| length =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands =
| designation =
}}
'''Sardar Samad''' is a lake formed by dam built across the [[Sukri River|Sukri river]] and [[Guhiya River|Guhiya Nala]], which are tributaries of [[Luni River]]. It was built with the cost of around 10,20,823 rupees and was named after the Maharaja of [[Kingdom of Marwar]], [[Sardar Singh of Jodhpur|Sardar Singh]]. Its construction started in 1899 and completed in 1905–06. It is situated in [[Pali district]] [[sojat]] of Rajasthan.{{sfn | Shah | 1982 | p=155}}

==Dam==
The lake is formed by three earthen dams, with total length of 27,252 feet, maximum of height of 31.5 feet and maximum depth is 25.5 feet. The tank was built to irrigate over 18,000 acres of land, after a good rainfall. Catchment area of Sardar Samand is 800 sq. miles and surface area (when full) is 13 sq. miles. Its capacity is, 3500 million cubic feet and length of canals and distributaries is 30 miles.{{sfn | Erskine | 1909 | p=46}}

This lake was under consideration as a seaplane base for the Imperial Airways Karachi-Calcutta route, but due to less water, Rajsamand was given the preference.

==Village==
The village developed around the lake is also known as Sardar Samand. It is under Sojat Tehsil of Pali district. Sardar Samand village Pin code is 306401. Total area of the village is 3,204.10 Hectare. As per 2011 Census, total population of the village is, 1269 and number of houses are 277. Female Population is 48.2%.<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0820_PART_B_DCHB_PALI.pdf 2011 Census]censusindia.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308151809/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0820_PART_B_DCHB_PALI.pdf |date=8 March 2022 }}</ref>

== Afforestation experiment ==
Sardar Samand was the place of experimentation of artificial afforestation in the barren land, by planting cassia auriculate and Prosopis Juliflora in a closed fenced area and the area soon turned different from the surroundings.{{sfn | Howard | 1944 | p=11,15}}

== Irrigation ==
Main purpose of construction of this dam was irrigation. Currently, the lake provides irrigation to over 50,000 farmers when full. From Sardar Samand, there is a 30 km long canal, which stretches up to Bandai, near Rohat.

== Sardar Samand Lake Palace ==
Situated on a hill, the Sardar Samand Lake Palace was commissioned by Maharaja Umaid Singh in 1933. It was designed by the state architect, George Goldstraw. It was built as an Art deco hunting lodge and now turned into a Heritage Hotel. It also houses a vast collection of African trophies.

== Connectivity ==
Under Rajasthan State Highway Developmental Project-2, State Highway 61 connects [[Jodhpur]] to [[Marwar Junction]] and [[Jojawar]] and passes through Sardar Samand, providing better connectivity to the town.<ref name="Dainik Bhaskar 2019">{{cite web | title=जोधपुर से जोजावर तक 119 किलोमीटर लम्बे स्टेट हाईवे का काम शुरू, 304 करोड़ से बनेगा | website=Dainik Bhaskar | date=2019-01-24 | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jodhpur/news/highway-to-connect-jodhpur-to-jojawar-fraight-corridor-work-start-01481064.html | language=hi | access-date=2022-04-21}}</ref>

==Bird watching==
Sardar Samand is also known for sightings of migratory birds like Greater Flamingos, Great White Pelicans, Bar-headed Geese, Kurjan (Demoiselle cranes) and other species of ducks and geese.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.patrika.com/jodhpur-news/hunting-birds-knock-after-kurjan-in-marwar-6483195/ | title=मारवाड़ में कुरजां के बाद शिकारी पक्षियों की दस्तक | Hunting birds knock after Kurjan in Marwar | date=26 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/demand-to-protect-sardar-samand-lake/articleshow/56390814.cms | title=Sardar Samand Lake: Demand to protect Sardar Samand Lake | Jaipur News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=7 January 2017 }}</ref>
There are black bucks and other fauna found in its surroundings, which attract bird lovers and wildlife enthusiasts.

==References==
{{reflist}}

* {{cite book | last=Shah | first=P.R. | title=Raj Marwar During British Paramountcy: A Study in Problems and Policies Up to 1923 | publisher=Sharda Publishing House | year=1982 | isbn=978-0-7855-1985-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGseAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2022-04-20}}
* {{cite book | last=Howard | first=H. | title=Note on a Tour in Jodhpur State | year=1944 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwoMcgAACAAJ | access-date=2022-04-20}}
* {{cite book | last=Erskine | first=K.D. | title=The Western Rajputana States Residency and the Bikaner Agency: Text | publisher=Pioneer Press | series=Gazetteer of India | year=1909 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2vgZwEACAAJ | access-date=2022-04-20}}

== External links ==

* [https://sardarsamand.jodhanaheritage.com/ Sardar Samand Lake Palace]

[[Category:Lakes of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Artificial lakes of India]]
[[Category:Villages in Pali district]]

2004 Indian general election in Uttaranchal

2026-05-03T01:24:48Z

AnkuMalik: New some article v1

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Election
| election_name = 2004 Indian general election in Uttaranchal
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| previous_election = 1999 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh
| previous_year = 1999 (UP)
| next_election = 2009 Indian general election in Uttarakhand
| next_year = 2009
| election_date = 10 May 2004
| seats_for_election = 5 seats
| turnout = '''48.07%'''

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lotus flower symbol.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| last_election1 =
| seats1 = '''3'''
| popular_vote1 = '''10,95,316'''
| percentage1 = '''40.98%'''
| swing1 = New

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg||bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Congress|INC+]] (post poll [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]])
| last_election2 =
| seats2 = 1
| popular_vote2 = 10,24,062
| percentage2 = 38.31%
| swing2 = New

| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|bSize=115|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=08|oTop=0}}
| party3 = Samajwadi Party
| alliance3 = [[SP+ (2004)|SP+]]
| last_election3 =
| seats3 = 1
| popular_vote3 = 2,12,085
| percentage3 = 7.93%
| swing3 = New
| map_image = Uttarakhand in India.png
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption = [[Uttaranchal]]
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}

The [[2004 Indian general election]] in [[Uttaranchal]], occurred for 5 seats in the state. 3 seats were won by the Bharatiya Janata Party, 1 seat by Indian National Congress and 1 seat by Samajwadi Party<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Uttarakhand 2004 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha/2004/uttarakhand/14/www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha/2004/uttarakhand/14/56 |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>.

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Event
!Date
|-
| Date for Nominations
| 16 April 2004
|-
| Last Date for filing Nominations
| 23 April 2004
|-
| Date for scrutiny of nominations
| 24 April 2004
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of candidatures
| 26 April 2004
|-
| Date of poll
| '''10 May 2004'''
|-
| Date of counting
| '''13 May 2004'''
|}

== Parties and alliances ==

==={{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[B. C. Khanduri]]
|5
|}

==={{legend2|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|[[United Progressive Alliance]]}}===

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Harish Rawat]]
|5
|-
|}

==Results by Party==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Party Name
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 10,95,316
| 40.98
| {{increase}} 1.36
| 5
| 3
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 10,24,062
| 38.31
| {{increase}} 0.17
| 5
| 1
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| 2,12,085
| 7.93
| {{increase}} 1.75
| 5
| 1
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| 1,80,885
| 6.77
| {{decrease}} 5.60
| 3
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}
| colspan="3"|[[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal|UKKD]]
| 43,899
| 1.64
| {{increase}} 1.13
| 4
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | Others
| 40,530
| 1.51
| {{steady}}
| 14
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 76,094
| 2.85
| {{increase}} 1.32
| 18
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 26,72,871
! 100%
! -
! 54
! 5
! -
|}

==Elected MPs==
Following is the list of elected [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|MPs]] from Uttaranchal.

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Tehri Garhwal]]
|[[Manabendra Shah]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|267,395
|47.63
|[[Vijay Bahuguna]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|249,949
|44.52
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|17,446
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|3.11
|-

!2
|[[Pauri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Garhwal]]
|[[B. C. Khanduri]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|257,726
|51.21
|[[Tejpal Singh Rawat]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|206,764
|41.09
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|50,962
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|10.13
|-

!3
|[[Almora Lok Sabha constituency|Almora]]
|[[Bachi Singh Rawat]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|225,742
|44.68
|Renuka Rawat
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|215,690
|42.69
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|10,052
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1.99
|-

!4
|[[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Nainital]]
|[[K. C. Singh Baba]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|275,658
|44.70
|Vijay Bansal
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|226,474
|36.73
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|49,184
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7.98
|-

!5
|[[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Hardwar (SC)]]
|[[Rajendra Kumar Badi]]
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|157,331
|32.35
|Dr. Bhagwandass
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|119,672
|24.61
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|37,659
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|7.74
|-
|}

== Assembly Segment wise lead ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Assembly segments
!Position in Assembly (as of 2007 election)
|-
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|40
|35
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress]]
|22
|21
|-
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
! [[Samajwadi Party]]
|4
|0
|-
| bgcolor=#0000FF|
! [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|4
|8
|-
|bgcolor=#FAF8FA|
! Others
|0
|6
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!colspan=2|70
|}

==By-election==
By-elections were held in 2007 for [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal]] constituency on the death of Elected MP [[Manabendra Shah]] and for [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal]] constituency as Elected MP [[B. C. Khanduri]] became the [[Chief Minister of Uttaranchal]].

In the election for Tehri Garhwal constituency, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Vijay Bahuguna]] defeated [[Manujendra Shah]], son of Manabendra Shah by margin of over 22,000.

In the election for Garhwal constituency, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Tejpal Singh Rawat]] defeated [[Satpal Maharaj]].

== See also ==

* [[Elections in Uttarakhand]]
* [[Politics of Uttarakhand]]
* [[2004 Indian general election]]
* [[14th Lok Sabha]]
* [[List of members of the 14th Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Uttarakhand elections}}
{{14th LS members from Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:2004 Indian general election by state or union territory|Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Uttarakhand]]

Vinod Chaturvedi

2026-04-29T19:56:33Z

AnkuMalik: Added first post v1

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vinod Chaturvedi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|04|23}}
| birth_place = [[Jalaun]], Uttar Pradesh
| constituency = [[Kalpi Assembly constituency|Kalpi]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = Narendra Pal Singh
| successor =
| children = 4
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| profession = Politician
| education = Master of Arts
| alma_mater = Dayanand Vedic College
}}
'''Vinod Chaturvedi''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Kalpi Assembly constituency]] of [[Jalaun district]].<ref name="upla">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18220/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in |access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/vinod-chaturvedi |title=Vinod Chaturvedi |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=prsindia.org |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://samajwadiparty.in/members-of-vidhan-sabha |title=Members Of the Vidhan Sabha |website=samajwadiparty.in |publisher=[[Samajwadi Party]] |access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==

Vinod Chaturvedi was born on 23 April 1955 in [[Jalaun]], Uttar Pradesh, to a [[Hindu]] family of Gajadhar Prasad Chaturvedi.<ref name="upla"/> He married Kamla Chaturvedi on 5 January 1956, and they had four children.<ref name="upla"/>

== Education==

Vinod Chaturvedi completed his post-graduation with a Master of Arts at Dayanand Vedic College in [[Orai]], Jalaun, in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=1698 |title=Vinod Chaturvedi(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- KALPI(JALAUN) |website=myneta.info |access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref>

==Posts held==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Ref
|-
| 01 || 2007 || 2012 || Member, 15th Uttar Pradesh Assembly ||<ref name="upla"/>
|-
| 02 || 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="upla"/>
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Kalpi Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaturvedi, Vindo}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Jalaun district]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Her – Chapter 1

2026-04-26T01:45:31Z

AnkuMalik: Created first details added tags

{{Short description|2023 Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Her – Chapter 1
| image = Her - Chapter 1.jpg
| caption =
| director = Sreedhar Swaraghav
| writer = Sreedhar Swaraghav
| producer = {{ubl|Deepa Sankuratri|Raghu Sankuratri}}
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Ruhani Sharma]]
*Vikas Vasishta
*Jeevan Kumar}}
| cinematography = Vishnu Besi
| editing = Chanakya Reddy Toorupu
| music = Pavan
| studio = {{ubl|Double Up Media Private Limited}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2023|07|21|df=yes}}
| runtime = 103 minutes
}}
'''''Her – Chapter 1''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama Film]] written and directed by Sreedhar Swaraghav.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ruhani-sharmas-her-chapter-1-to-be-released-by-suresh-productions-known-for-drushyam-films-8139055.html |title=Ruhani Sharma's HER- Chapter 1 to be Released by Suresh Productions, Known for Drushyam Films |date=21 June 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919054140/https://www.news18.com/movies/ruhani-sharmas-her-chapter-1-to-be-released-by-suresh-productions-known-for-drushyam-films-8139055.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was produced by Deepa Sankuratri and Raghu Sankuratri under the banner of Double Up Media.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} It features [[Ruhani Sharma]], Vikas Vasishta and Jeevan Kumar in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/her-trailer-telugu-ruhani-sharma-1688310 |title=హీరోయిన్ లుక్కే మార్చేశారుగా.. గన్నుతో ఏకంగా |date=9 July 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919054142/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/her-trailer-telugu-ruhani-sharma-1688310 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released theatrically on 21 July 2023 and started streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 15 September 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/her-chapter-1-movie-streaming-on-amazon-prime-video-ott-platform-from-today-121694756634710.html |title=HER OTT Streaming: సడెన్‍గా ఓటీటీలోకి వచ్చేసిన రుహానీ శర్మ క్రైమ్ థ్రిల్లర్ మూవీ 'హర్' |access-date=15 September 2023 |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919054142/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/her-chapter-1-movie-streaming-on-amazon-prime-video-ott-platform-from-today-121694756634710.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Plot ==
[[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Archana Prasad is commissioned to investigate a double homicide case. The case assumes priority as it involves the rape/murder of a female victim. This seemingly random brutal crime at first soon becomes personal and stirs up her emotional past.

== Cast ==
* [[Ruhani Sharma]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Archana Prasad
* Vikas Vasishta as Seshadri
* Jeevan Kumar as Nataraj
* Abhigya Vuthaluru As Swathi
* [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Anil

== Production ==
The [[principal photography]] of the film started in 2022.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} The teaser of the film was released on 18 January 2023 in the presence of [[Nani (actor)|Nani]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/jan/18/her-chapter-1-teaser-outruhani-sharma-headlines-this-gritty-procedural-drama-38934.html |title=HER Chapter 1 teaser out; Ruhani Sharma headlines this gritty procedural drama |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=18 January 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919054140/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/jan/18/her-chapter-1-teaser-outruhani-sharma-headlines-this-gritty-procedural-drama-38934.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film became an OTT hit <ref>{{Cite web |title=Month of Madhu, Boys of Hostel, Her Chapter 1 and more: Telugu OTT hits this season |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/month-of-madhu-boys-of-hostel-her-chapter-1-and-more-telugu-ott-hits-this-season/b24f379134687 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> topping the streaming charts for about 2 months on Amazon prime India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Her Chapter 1 on OTT: Ruhani Sharma's thriller continues to top streaming charts |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/her-chapter-1-on-ott-ruhani-sharmas-thriller-continues-to-top-streaming-charts/ad90bf57bf355 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>.The film met with mixed to positive critical reviews.<ref>{{cite web |title=Her Chapter 1 on OTT: Ruhani Sharma's thriller continues to top streaming charts |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/her-chapter-1-on-ott-ruhani-sharmas-thriller-continues-to-top-streaming-charts/ad90bf57bf355}}</ref> Abhilasha Cherukuri of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' awarded the film 3.5/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/jul/22/her-movie-review-a-pitch-perfect-procedural-drama-45869.html |title=HER Movie Review : A pitch-perfect procedural drama |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=22 July 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919054140/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/jul/22/her-movie-review-a-pitch-perfect-procedural-drama-45869.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/her-chapter-1-review-ruhani-sharma-is-a-picture-of-poise-in-a-taut-police-procedural-drama/da9a4d2d8f355 |title=Her Chapter 1 review: Ruhani Sharma is a picture of poise in a taut thriller |access-date=15 September 2023 |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919054142/https://www.ottplay.com/review/her-chapter-1-review-ruhani-sharma-is-a-picture-of-poise-in-a-taut-police-procedural-drama/da9a4d2d8f355 |url-status=live}}</ref> Subhash K. Jha of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film 1.5/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/her-chapter-1-movie-review-ruhani-sharma-ravi-varma-starrer-is-a-dreadfully-disembodied-police-procedural-review-103757344 |title=HER Chapter 1 Movie Review: Ruhani Sharma, Ravi Varma Starrer is a Dreadfully Disembodied Police Procedural |date=18 September 2023}}</ref>

The film was also reviewed by Sangeetha Devi Dundoo for ''[[The Hindu]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/her-chapter-1-telugu-movie-review-ruhani-sharma-holds-her-own-in-this-taut-police-procedural-directed-by-sreedhar-swaraghav/article67104811.ece |title='HER: Chapter 1' movie review: Ruhani Sharma holds her own in this earnest police procedural by director Sreedhar Swaraghav |newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 July 2023 |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |access-date=15 September 2023 |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919054140/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/her-chapter-1-telugu-movie-review-ruhani-sharma-holds-her-own-in-this-taut-police-procedural-directed-by-sreedhar-swaraghav/article67104811.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/0QKY9GRDFBWVBNXCTTHN3H5X02/ ''Her – Chapter 1''] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]

Diwan Singh Chachowalia

2026-04-19T05:45:09Z

AnkuMalik: added bio - done

{{short description|Bhangi governor of Multan (1772–1780)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Diwan Singh Chachowalia
| image =
| office = [[Bhangi Misl|Bhangi]] governor of Multan
| 1blankname = [[Misl|Misaldar]]
| 1namedata = [[Jhanda Singh Dhillon]]
| term_start = 1772
| term_end = 1780
| predecessor = [[Shuja Khan]] Sharif Beg Taklu (as Durrani governors)
| successor = [[Nawab Muzaffar Khan|Muzaffar Khan]] (as Durrani governor)
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| birth_name =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| allegiance =
| branch =
| service_years =
| rank =
| battles = [[Siege of Multan (1772)]] [[Siege of Multan (1780)]]
| awards =
| caption =
}}
'''Diwan Singh Chachowalia''' was a [[Bhangi Misl|Bhangi]] [[Sikh]] [[sardar]] and warlord who was the governor of [[Multan]] between 1772 and 1780 on the behalf of his half-brother [[Jhanda Singh]].

==Biography==
Diwan Singh was a son of [[Hari Singh Dhillon]] and half-brother of [[Jhanda Singh]] and [[Ganda Singh Dhillon|Ganda Singh]]. Multan, which had been under [[Durrani Empire|Durrani rule]] since 1752, had been embroiled in a state of political unrest after [[Timur Shah Durrani]] deposed its governor [[Shuja Khan]] in April 1772 and appointed Haji Sharif Khan. However, due to his indolence he was deposed as well and Sharif Beg Taklu was appointed to Multan. Shuja Khan, who had previously retired to his newly built fort of [[Shujabad]], [[Siege of Multan (1772)|besieged Multan]] with the assistance of Jafar Khan, the [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Nawab of Bahawalpur]].{{Sfnp|Gupta|2007|pp=210–211}}

In exigency Sharif Beg called for the help from Bhangi Sardars. The siege had already gone on for eighteen days by the time they arrived; the forces of Bahawalpur were defeated and Shuja Khan fled to Shujabad. After capturing Multan, the Sikhs allowed Sharif Beg to retire with his family to [[Tulamba]], while Diwan Singh was appointed Multan's governor in December 1772.{{Sfnp|Gupta|2007|pp=211–212}}{{Sfnp|Chowdhry|2024|p=274}}

Diwan Singh besieged Shujabad thrice but was unsuccessful in conquering it. Meanwhile Shuja Khan died in 1776 and was succeeded by his son [[Nawab Muzaffar Khan|Muzaffar Khan]]. Muzaffar Khan asked for help from Timur Shah against him who invaded Punjab and [[Siege of Multan (1780)|captured Multan]] from Diwan Singh on February 18, 1780. However, he allowed Diwan Singh to depart safely with his family, and Muzaffar Khan was appointed the next governor of Multan.{{Sfnp|Gupta|2007|pp=213, 220}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ |series=History Of The Sikhs |volume=IV |title=The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls |author-link=Hari Ram Gupta |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |date=2007 |orig-date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0165-1 |pages=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chowdhry |first=Mohindra S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nscsEQAAQBAJ&dq=Diwan+Singh+Multan+1772&pg=PT274 |title=Sikh Evolution to Revolution |date=2024 |publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-83628-721-6 |language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chachowalia, Diwan Singh}}
[[Category:Military personnel of the Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:History of Multan]]

Mangwal Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:57Z

AnkuMalik: Made first stub w/ sources

{{Short description|Constituency of the Himachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mangwal
|type= SLA
|state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|established = 1972
|abolished = 1972
|electors = 27,417
|mla = Churamani
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Mangwal''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Churamani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mangwal<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Churamani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,058 |percentage=34.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hoshiar Singh Prasher |party=Independent politician |votes=2,818 |percentage=23.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Munshi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,655 |percentage=13.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,295 |percentage=10.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagat Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=771 |percentage=6.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mehar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=689 |percentage=5.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=297 |percentage=2.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tulsa Singh |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=251 |percentage=2.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,240 |percentage=10.44% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,883 |percentage=44.87% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,417 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{coord|32.215|75.764|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kangra district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 disestablishments in India]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Anandapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:15:00Z

AnkuMalik: New new details from scratch

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Anandapur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Anandapur
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 22
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Northen Division
| district = [[Kendujhar district|Kendujhar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Keonjhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Keonjhar]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Abhimanyu Sethi]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,35,679{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Anandapur''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Kendujhar district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=22 |title=Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote=Constituency: Anandapur (22) District : Keonjhar |accessdate=27 January 2014 |archive-date=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220091526/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=22 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

Area of this constituency includes [[Anandapur]], Hatadihi block and 14 [[Gram Panchayat|GP]]s (Bailo, Baunsagarh, Belabahali, Gayalmunda, Haridapal, Jalasuan, Kantipal, Kathakata, Kodapada, Manoharpur, Panasadiha, Panchupalli, Salabani and Taratara) of Anandapur block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls|title=Seats of Odisha}}</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp147.htm|title= 147 - Anandapur Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in | year = 2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 27 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|39.67}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|53.00}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|51.46}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|38.99}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.15}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|51.55}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.66}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|59.18}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.30}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|61.24}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|58.34}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 19 elections were held including in 3 bypolls in 1958 (for both seats) & 1959. It was a 2 member constituency for 1952 & 1957.

List of members elected from Anandapur constituency are:<ref name="prevMLAs">{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Anandapur Assembly Election Results 2024: Anandapur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/anandapur-constituency-result-18022 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Abhimanyu Sethi]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=4|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=24 May 2019 |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archivedate=8 November 2022 |accessdate=8 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |accessdate=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Bhagirathi Sethy]]
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Anandapur 2014 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2014/orissa/anandapur/6/35103/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2014/orissa/anandapur/6/35103/237 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|Mayadhar Jena
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|Bhagirathi Sethy
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|[[Jayadev Jena]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Mayadhar Jena
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
||[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Jayadev Jena]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
||[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Dasarathi Jena
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
||[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jayadev Jena]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
||[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
||[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Makara Sethi
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
||[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Bhubanananda Jena
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
||[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Makara Sethi
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
||[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Bhubanananda Jena
|{{full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
||[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Makara Sethi
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1959 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of Narasingha Narayan Bhanja Deo}}
|Upendra Jena
|{{full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|1958 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of Sitting MLAs}}
|Narasingha Narayan Bhanja Deo{{efn|Resignation of Upendra Jena}}
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|Makara Sethi{{efn|Resignation of Bira Kishore Jena}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Upendra Jena
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
|Bira Kishore Jena
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Janardan Bhanja Deo
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Independent}}
|-
|Bhaiga Sethi
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25th May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Abhimanyu Sethi]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Jayadev Jena]] by a margin of 10,966 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Anandapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Abhimanyu Sethi
|votes = 71,651
|percentage = 39.67
|change = {{decrease}}13.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jayadev Jena
|votes = 60,685
|percentage = 33.60
|change = {{increase}}6.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Alok Kumar Sethy
|votes = 42,591
|percentage = 23.58
|change = {{increase}}4.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jhansirani Das
|votes = 1,707
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,605
|percentage = 0.89
|change = {{increase}}0.29
}}
{{Election box majority||votes = 10,966 |percentage = 6.1 |change = }}
{{Election box turnout||votes = 180,599 |percentage = 76.63 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|winner = Biju Janata Dal}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Bhagirathi Sethy defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Jayadev Jena]] by a margin of 44,193 votes.<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners" />

{{Election box begin
| title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Anandapur<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=21 April 2019}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Bhagirathi Sethy
|votes = 89,850
|percentage = 53.00
|change = {{increase}}1.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jayadev Jena]]
|votes = 45,657
|percentage = 27.00
|change = {{decrease}}10.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Alok Kumar Sethy
|votes = 31,554
|percentage = 18.60
|change = {{increase}}10.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1029
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 44,193
|percentage = 26.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 170429
|percentage = 75.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Mayadhar Jena defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Jayadev Jena]] by a margin of 22,224 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Anandapur<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Anandapur|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1822.htm?ac=22|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html |title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014. |work=leadtech.in |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html |archive-date=18 August 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Mayadhar Jena
|votes = 82,520
|percentage = 51.46
|change = {{increase}}12.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jayadev Jena]]
|votes = 60,296
|percentage = 37.6
|change = {{increase}}1.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Alok Kumar Sethy
|votes = 12,664
|percentage = 7.9
|change = {{increase}}0.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,918
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,224
|percentage = 13.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,60,346
|percentage = 80.85
|change = 7.91
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,98,329
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Bhagirathi Sethy defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Jayadev Jena]] by a margin of 23,805 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=23805 |accessdate=31 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title=[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Anandapur <ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Bhagirathi Sethy
|votes = 54,266
|percentage = 38.99
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jayadev Jena]]
|votes = 48,960
|percentage = 35.62
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Arati Singh
|votes = 10,644
|percentage = 7.74
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,805
|percentage = ''17.32''{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,37,462
|percentage = 72.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kendujhar district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coords|21.22|86.12|display=title}}

[[Category:Kendujhar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Daya Shankar Singh

2026-04-13T16:11:53Z

AnkuMalik: added bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Daya Shankar Singh
| image = BJP's UP Vice - President.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry|Minister of State (Independent Charge)]] [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 25 March 2022
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| predecessor = [[Ashok Katariya]]
| office1 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Ballia Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Ballia Nagar]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Anand Swaroop Shukla]]
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|51|2022|03|10}}<ref name="MyNeta"/>
| birth_place =
| birth_name =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Swati Singh (politician)|Swati Singh]]|18 May 2001|April 2023|reason=div}}
| children =
| father =
| relatives =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation =
| profession = Businessperson, lawyer
| alma_mater = [[Lucknow University]], (M.A, 1998)
| relations =
| 2blankname = Ministry & Department's
| 2namedata = *Transport
}}
'''Daya Shankar Singh''' is an Indian politician and a member of [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] representing [[Ballia Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Ballia Nagar]].<ref name="MyNeta"/><ref name="News18">{{cite news |title=Ballia Nagar Election Result 2022 Live Updates: Daya Shankar Singh of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/ballia-nagar-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4852463.html |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=News18 |date=10 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314193146/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/ballia-nagar-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4852463.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] as well as the state vice-president of the party.<ref name="MyNeta"/>

==Personal life==
Daya Shankar Singh was born to Vindyachal Singh and hails from [[Rajpur, Buxar|Rajpur]] village in the [[Buxar district]] of [[Bihar]].<ref name="MyNeta"/><ref name="Bhaskar"/> He is a postgraduate and has a [[Masters of Arts]] in [[Medieval History]] from [[Lucknow University]], received in 1998. Singh is a businessperson and a lawyer by profession.<ref name="MyNeta">{{cite web |title=Daya Shankar Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Ballia Nagar (Balia) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=3615 |website=myneta.info |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314193214/https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=3615 |url-status=live }}</ref> He married politician [[Swati Singh (politician)|Swati Singh]] on 18 May 2001 and divorced her in April 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dayashankar Swati Divorce अलग हुए स्वाति और मंत्री दयाशंकर सिंह 22 साल बाद टूटा सात फेरों का बंधन - Divorce Between Dayashankar Singh and Swati Singh After Marriage End After 22 Years |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-divorce-between-dayashankar-singh-and-swati-singh-after-marriage-end-after-22-years-23375702.html |access-date=23 May 2023 |work=Jagran |date=4 April 2023 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UP transport minister Daya Shankar Singh, wife Swati get divorced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/dayashankar-swati-get-divorced/articleshow/99255594.cms |access-date=23 May 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=5 April 2023}}</ref> Singh lives in [[Lucknow]].<ref name="Bhaskar"/>

==Political career==
Active in the politics of [[Ballia]], Singh started his career in 1991 by contesting in student union elections in [[Lucknow University]] as an [[ABVP]] candidate. He was the national secretary and vice-president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]]. Singh had also contested unsuccessfully from Ballia in the [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="Bhaskar">{{cite news |title=बलिया सीट से दूसरी बार चुनावी मैदान में दयाशंकर सिंह:2007 में लड़ा पहला चुनाव, मिली हार; इस बार मंत्री आनंद स्वरूप शुक्ल को हटाकर दिया टिकट |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/ballia/news/first-election-contested-in-2007-lost-after-removing-minister-anand-swaroop-shukla-he-again-expressed-confidence-in-dayashankar-129380878.html |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306214334/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/ballia/news/first-election-contested-in-2007-lost-after-removing-minister-anand-swaroop-shukla-he-again-expressed-confidence-in-dayashankar-129380878.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Singh represented [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] as a candidate from [[Ballia Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Ballia Nagar constituency]] and went on to defeat [[Samajwadi Party]]'s Narad Rai by a margin of 23,239 votes, succeeding own party member [[Anand Swaroop Shukla]] in the process.<ref name="ECI">{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh-Ballia Nagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24361.htm?ac=361 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313063749/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24361.htm?ac=361 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bhaskar"/>

Singh assumed office as the Minister of Transport on 25 March 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parveen |first1=Shafia |title=Yogi Adityanath's Cabinet 2.0: CM keeps home, vigilance, personnel; find who got what here |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/yogi-adityanaths-cabinet-2-0-cm-keeps-home-vigilance-personnel-find-who-got-what-here-10497331.html |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=28 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=UP portfolios: Adityanath keeps home, Khanna gets finance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/up-portfolios-adityanath-keeps-home-khanna-gets-finance/articleshow/90503735.cms |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=28 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Daya Shankar}}
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Ballia district]]
[[Category:People from Buxar district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sri Lakshmi Venkateshwara Swamy Devasthanam, Devuni Kadapa

2026-04-05T03:13:53Z

AnkuMalik: Added first pg w/ infobox

{{orphan|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sri Lakshmi Venkateshwara Swamy Devasthanam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Sri Lakshmi Venkateshwara Swamy Devasthanam.png
| alt =
| caption = Sri Lakshmi Venkateshwara Swamy Devasthanam, Devuni Kadapa

| religious_affiliation =
| deity = [[Vishnu]]
| tradition =
| organizational_status =
| functional_status =
| governing_body =
| temple_board =
| festival =
| festivals =
| tower =
| temple_tank =
| temple_tree =

| location = [[Devuni Kadapa]]
| locale =
| district = [[YSR Kadapa district | YSR Kadapa]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_relief =
| map_caption =
| coordinates={{Coord|14.4833|78.833 |display=inline, title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =

| architecture_type =
| architecture_style =
| founded_by =
| creator =
| established =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed =
| date_demolished =

| facade_direction =
| length =
| width =
| height_max =
| site_area =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| materials =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_footnotes =

| nrhp =
| added =
| refnum =
| designated =

| embedded =
| designation1 =
| designation1_type =
| designation1_offname =
| designation1_criteria =
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| delisted1_date =
| designation1_parent =
| designation1_number =
| designation1_free1value=
| designation1_free2value=
| designation1_free3value=

| website =

| footnotes =
}}

'''Sri Lakshmi Venkateshwara Swamy Devasthanam''' temple sits in Devuni Kadapa,<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Feb 2024 |title=Devuni Kadapa is a place in Kadapa town, famous for the temple of Sri Laxmi Venkateshwara. Historically. |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/devuni-gadapa-fete-begins-in-kadapa-881759}}</ref> in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.tirumala.org/devuni-kadapa-brahmotsavams-from-february-8-to-18 |title=Sri Lakshmi Venkateswara Swamy temple at Devuni Kadapa |date=28 Jan 2016}}</ref> The temple is dedicated to [[Venkateswara|Lord Venkateswara]] and serves as a prelude for pilgrims en route to [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]. It is also known as Tirumala Tholi Gadapa (the first threshold to Tirupati Tirumala Devasthanam TTD).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.tirumala.org/navaratri-utsava-at-devuni-kadapa-sri-lv-temple/ |title=TTD has set ready to organize the Navaratri festivities from September 29- October 8 at the TTD sub-temple of Sri Lakshmi Venkateswara in Devuni Kadapa. |date=24 Sep 2019}}</ref> Famous for its religious harmony and cultural importance, the temple draws many pilgrims.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.news9live.com/state/andhra-pradesh/ugadi-2022-in-a-display-of-communal-harmony-muslims-in-kadapa-pray-to-lord-venkateshwara-162308 |title=In a display of communal harmony, Muslims in Kadapa pray to Lord Venkateshwara. |date= 1 Apr 2022}}</ref>

== History ==

[[Devuni Kadapa]] Temple was constructed centuries ago, possibly during the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. Mentioned in the ''[[Puranas]]'' as "Kripavathi Kshetram," it is an example of [[Vijayanagara architecture]]. This temple marks the spiritual beginning of a devotee's journey to [[Tirumala]], symbolizing the initiation of their relationship with Lord Venkateswara.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/Aug/29/tirumala-tirupati-devasthanams-board-sanctions-rs-150-crore-for-venkateswara-temple-in-capital-1864323.html |title=TTD sanctions funds for temple development |work=The New Indian Express |date=2018}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh by district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kadapa district]]

T-72

2026-03-25T16:01:20Z

AnkuMalik: small refined content per standard format and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|Soviet/Russian main battle tank}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025|cs1-dates=ly}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = T-72
| image = Alabino05042017-40.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = T-72B3M in [[Alabino]] during rehearsals for the 2017 Moscow Victory Day Parade.
| origin = [[Soviet Union]]
| type = [[Main battle tank|Main]]
| is_vehicle = yes
| is_UK = yes
| service = 1973–present
| used_by = See ''[[T-72 operators and variants#Current operators|Operators]]''
| wars = {{collapsible list|[[Iran–Iraq War]]|[[1982 Lebanon War]]|[[1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War]]|[[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]]|[[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]]|[[Gulf War]]|[[1991 Iraqi uprisings]]|[[Georgian civil war of 1991–1993|Georgian Civil War]]|[[Civil war in Tajikistan]]||[[Sierra Leone Civil War]]|[[Yugoslav Wars]]|[[Algerian Civil War]]|[[Rwandan Civil War]]|[[First Chechen War]]|[[Kargil War]]|[[Second Chechen War]]|[[2003 invasion of Iraq]]|[[Russo-Georgian War]]|[[First Libyan Civil War]]|[[Syrian Civil War]]|[[South Sudanese Civil War]]|[[War in Iraq (2013–2017)]]||[[Second Libyan Civil War]]|[[Boko Haram insurgency]]|[[2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes]]|[[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war]]|[[Tigray War]]|[[Russo-Ukraine War]]|[[2023 Sudan conflict]]}}
| designer = [[Uralvagonzavod|Leonid Kartsev-Valeri Venediktov]]
| design_date = 1967–1973
| manufacturer = [[Uralvagonzavod]], [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]]
| unit_cost = US$0.5–1.2 million in 1994–1996,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kap-yar.ru/index.php?pg=244 |title=Сравнение характеристик ЗРК С-300 ПМУ-1 и Пэтриот |trans-title=Comparison of the characteristics of the S-300 PMU-1 and Patriot air defense systems |language=ru |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013072626/http://www.kap-yar.ru/index.php?pg=244 |archive-date=13 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> US$1–2 million (30,962,000–61,924,000 rubles) in 2009,{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} US$0.5 million in 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-ethiopia-tanks-ukraine-20110610-idAFJOE7590IR20110610 |title=Ethiopia signs deal to purchase 200 tanks from Ukraine: official |date=10 June 2011 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref>
| production_date = 1973–present
| number = approx. 25,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tankmuseum.org/tank-nuts/tank-collection/t-72 |title=T-72 |website=Tankmuseum.org |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwar/ussr/soviet_t-72.php |title=T-72 main battle tank (1972) |website=Tanks-encyclopedia.com |date=23 November 2014 |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref>
| variants = 
| spec_label = T-72A<ref name="Chris Foss 101">{{Cite book |last=Foss |first=Chris |year=2005 |title=Jane's Armour and Artillery 2005–2006 |isbn=0-7106-2686-X |publisher=Jane's Information Group |page=101}}</ref>
| weight = {{unbulleted list
| {{convert|41.0|t|short ton|lk=on}} (T-72 Ural)
| {{convert|41.5|t|short ton|lk=on}} (T-72A)
| {{convert|44.5|t|short ton|lk=on}} (T-72B)
}}
| length = {{unbulleted list
| {{convert|9.73|m|ftin|abbr=on}} gun forward
| {{convert|6.67 to 6.86|m|ftin|abbr=on}} hull
}}
| width = {{convert|3.40 to 3.59|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|2.23|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| crew = 3 (commander, gunner, driver)
| elevation = +14° / -6°
| armour = [[Rolled homogeneous armour|Steel]] and [[composite armour]] with [[Explosive reactive armour|ERA]]
| primary_armament = 125 mm 2A26M2/2A46/[[2A46 125 mm gun|2A46M]]/2A46M-5<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.militaryparitet.com/perevodnie/data/ic_perevodnie/5932/ |title=05.10.14 -723 |website=Militaryparitet.com |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012093026/http://www.militaryparitet.com/perevodnie/data/ic_perevodnie/5932/ |archive-date=12 October 2014 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> smoothbore gun
| secondary_armament = {{unbulleted list
| 7.62 mm [[PK machine gun|PKT]] [[coaxial weapon|coax.]] machine gun
| 12.7 mm [[NSV (machine gun)|NSVT]]
}}
| engine = {{unbulleted list|V12 diesel|V-46-4 (T-72 Ural),
V-46-6 (T-72A),
V-84-1 (T-72B),
V-92S2F (T-72B3 & T-72B3M)
}}
| engine_power = {{unbulleted list
| {{convert|780|hp|kW|abbr=on}} (V-46-4/V-46-6)
| {{convert|840|hp|kW|abbr=on}} (V-84-1)
| {{convert|1130|hp|kW|abbr=on}} (V-92S2F)
}}
| pw_ratio = 19.0{{nbsp}}hp/tonne (T-72 Ural),
18.8{{nbsp}}hp/tonne (T-72 A/B)
| transmission = [[Synchromesh]], hydraulically assisted, with 7 forward and 1 reverse gears
| suspension = [[Torsion bar]]
| clearance = {{convert|0.49|m|in|abbr=on}}
| fuel_capacity = {{convert|1200|L|U.S.gal impgal|abbr=on}}
| vehicle_range = {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}}, {{convert|650 to 700|km|mi|abbr=on}} with fuel drums
| speed = {{convert|60|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} 
{{convert|4|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (reverse)
}}

The '''T-72''' is a family of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[main battle tank]]s that entered production in 1973.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/t72tank.htm |title=T72 Tank |publisher=Fas.org |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019213758/http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/t72tank.htm |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The T-72 was a development based on the [[T-64]] using thought and design of the previous Object 167M.<ref>{{cite book |last=Suvorov Victorovich |first=Sergey |title='Сергей Суворов - Танк Т-72 Вчера, Сегодня, Завтра' |publisher=TankoMaster |url=https://www.calameo.com/read/0013529288a81524179a1 |location=Moscow, Russia |oclc=76960839 |year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=S.V. |first1=Ustyantsev |last2=D.G. |first2=Kolmakov |title=Т-72/Т-90. Опыт создания отечественных основных боевых танков. |trans-title=T-72/90 "Experience in the development of domestic main battle tanks" |publisher=Uralvagonzavod |language=Russian |location=Nizhniy Tagil, Russia |isbn=978-5-91356-210-4 |date=2013}}</ref> About 25,000 T-72 tanks have been built, and refurbishment has enabled many to remain in service for decades.<ref>Christopher Foss: ''Jane's Armour & Artillery 2009–2010.''{{ISBN|978-0-7106-2882-4}} p. 102.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/10/india-to-procure-1000-engines-for-t-72-main-battle-tank-force/ |title=India to Procure 1,000 Engines for T-72 Main Battle Tank Force |work=The Diplomat |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |date=3 October 2018 |access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> It has been widely exported and has seen service in 40 countries and in numerous conflicts. The [[Russia]]n [[T-90]] introduced in 1992 and the Chinese [[Type 99 tank|Type 99]] are further developments of the T-72.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Szulc |first1=Tomasz |title=Nowe Czołgi Naszych Wschodnich Sąsiadów: T-90MS I Opłot-M |journal=Nowa Technika Wojskowa |date=September 2012 |issue=9 |pages=12–24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Foss |editor1-first=Christopher F. |editor1-link=Christopher F. Foss |title=Jane's Armour and Artillery 2011–2012 |publisher=Janes Information Group |location=London |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-71062960-9 |pages=5–6 |edition=32nd |chapter= |url=https://archive.org/details/janesarmourartil0000unse}}</ref> Production and development of various modernized T-72 models continues today.

==Development==
===Development from the T-64===
The T-72 was a product of a rivalry between two design teams: [[Kharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau|Morozov KB]] led by [[Alexander Alexandrovich Morozov|Alexander Morozov]] in [[Kharkiv]] and [[Uralvagonzavod|Uralvagon KB]] was led by [[Leonid Kartsev]] in [[Nizhny Tagil]].{{sfn|Zaloga|1993|p=1-18}}

To improve on the [[T-62]], two designs based on the tank were tested in 1964: Nizhny Tagil's Object 167 (T-62B) and Kharkiv's Object 434.{{sfn|Zaloga|1993|p=1-18}}

Ob. 434 was a technically ambitious prototype. Under the direction of Morozov in Kharkiv, a new design emerged with the hull reduced to the minimum size possible. To do this, the crew was reduced to three soldiers, removing the loader by introducing an automated loading system.{{sfn|Ustyantsev|Kolmakov|2004|p=38}}

Ob. 167 was designed based on an [[Object 140]] rebuilt by Kartsev and Valeri Venediktov. Ob. 167 was more advanced than Kartsev's Ob. 165 and Ob. 166, and was also Kartsev's favored model. In October 1961, when asked to ready Ob. 166 for production, Kartsev disagreed and instead offered to prepare the Ob. 167. This suggestion was rejected, and the Ob. 166 and Ob. 165 were readied as the T-62 and T-62A respectively. Unlike the Kharkiv tank, it eschewed the state-of-the-art prototypes and used the turret from the T-62, and a manual loader. In 1964, the tank underwent comparative testing with the Ob. 434, in which the former proved its superiority to both the T-62 and [[T-55]]. Ob. 167 was favored by Uralvagonzavod director I.V. Okunev and Soviet Premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]], who believed the tank was more affordable. [[Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union]] [[Dmitry Ustinov]], believed the parallel development of Ob. 167 jeopardized the future of the Kharkiv tank. In December 1962, the [[Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union]] ordered Ob. 432 (later serialized as the [[T-64]]) into production, dooming Kartsev's tank.<ref name="Kinnear">{{cite book |last1=Kinnear |first1=James |last2=Sewell |first2=Stephen L. |year=2001 |title=Soviet T-62 Main Battle Tank |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=1-47284-822-5}}</ref>

Kartsev continued to work on the Object 167. Object 167 incorporated an [[autoloader]]. This model too was rejected in May 1964.<ref name="Kinnear"/>

Problems with the early production run were evident from the start, but a strong lobby formed around Morozov who advocated for Ob. 434 in Moscow, preventing rival developments and ideas from being discussed.{{sfn|Ustyantsev|Kolmakov|2004|p=53}} Ob. 434 was accepted into Soviet Army service in May 1968 as the T-64A.{{sfn|Zaloga|2015|p=22}}

The T-64's smaller design presented a problem when selecting a suitable engine.{{sfn|Ustyantsev|Kolmakov|2004|p=30}} The chosen 700 hp 5TDF engine was unreliable,{{sfn|Zaloga|2009a|p=16}} difficult to repair, and had a guaranteed lifespan similar to [[World War II]] designs.{{sfn|Ustyantsev|Kolmakov|2004|p=35}}

===Object 172===
In 1967, the Uralvagonzavod formed "Section 520", which was to prepare the serial production of the T-64 for 1970.{{sfn|Ustyantsev|Kolmakov|2004|p=32, 36}} Because of the time-consuming construction of the 5TDF engines, which took about twice as long as the contemporary V-45, the [[Malyshev Factory]] in Kharkiv could not provide a sufficient number of 5TDF engines for all Soviet tank factories.{{sfn|Ustyantsev|Kolmakov|2004|p=39, 40}} The [[Military-Industrial Commission of the USSR|Military-Industrial Commission]] (VPK) authorized work on two alternative engines for a wartime T-64, a so-called "mobilization model" that could be produced more quickly and at half the cost.{{sfn|Zaloga|1993|p=1-18}} Obj. 219 (which became the [[T-80]], with a GTD-1000T gas-turbine) was designed in Leningrad. Ob. 439 with a diesel V-45 engine was designed by Uralvagon KB at Uralvagonzavod in Nizhny Tagil.{{sfn|Zaloga|2015|p=32-33, 38, 40}}

[[File:Object 172 (T-72 prototype on the basis of T-64).jpg|thumb|left|Object 172 at the [[Kubinka Tank Museum]]]]

[[Main Agency of Automobiles and Tanks of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation|GABTU]] sent a T-64A prototype with a team to Uralvagonzavod. Kartsev was to lead this team.{{sfn|Sewell|1998|p=28}}

Kartsev was unsatisfied with the innovations of the T-64, and began instead a more comprehensive project to redesign the tank. Kartsev melded what he believed were the best aspects of the T-64A, Object 167, and an upgunned T-62.{{sfn|Sewell|1998|p=28}}

During development the tank was code-named "Ural" after the [[Ural Mountains|Ural mountain region]].{{sfn|Zaloga|1993|p=1-18}} Uralvagonzavod produced the first prototype with a T-62 turret, D-81 125-mm gun and V-45 engine in January 1968. Ob. 439 differed so greatly from the T-64 that it was redesignated as "Object 172".{{sfn|Zaloga|2015|p=32-33, 38, 40}}

Kartsev's defiance angered GABTU, which initially reprimanded him for his insubordination. However, after the tank proved indeed to possess potential as a less costly alternative to the T-64, Kartsev was allowed to continue work on his design. Politically motivated opposition continued to beset the tank throughout its development. Vagonka tank plant manager I.F. Krutyakov sought to subordinate Uralvagonzavod under [[Josef Kotin]]. Kartsev skillfully beat back this play for power, embarrassing Krutyakov in the process. Kartsev retired in August 1969, and was succeeded by Venediktov.{{sfn|Sewell|1998|p=28}}

The team soon found out that the more powerful V-45 engine put a lot of stress on the T-64 hull, so that after some time cracks started to materialize. A more stable solution was sought.{{sfn|Ustyantsev|Kolmakov|2004|p=39, 40}}

Finally, an idea from 1960 was used, when a modification of the T-62 had been discussed: In 1961, two prototypes of "Object 167" had been built by Uralvagonzavod to test a stronger hull and running gear combination for that tank. Under influence from Kharkiv, the idea had been turned down by Moscow.{{sfn|Ustyantsev|Kolmakov|2004|p=45, 46}} But this construction, with its big, rubbercoated roadwheels now formed the basis for the mobilisation model of the T-64.{{sfn|Suvorov|1993|p=4}}

Additional changes were made to the automatic loading system, which also was taken from an earlier project, originally intended for a T-62 upgrade. [[125 mm smoothbore ammunition|The 125-mm ammunition]], consisting of a separate projectile and a propellant charge, was now stored horizontally on two levels, not vertically on one level as in the T-64.{{sfn|Ustyantsev|Kolmakov|2004|p=51}} It was said to be more reliable than the T-64 autoloader.{{sfn|Suvorov|1993|p=4}} In 1964, two 125-mm guns of the D-81 type had been used to evaluate their installation into the T-62, so the Ural plant was ready to adopt the 125 mm calibre for the T-64A as well.{{sfn|Ustyantsev|Kolmakov|2004|p=52}}

Venediktov's team later replaced the T-64-style suspension with the Obj. 167's suspension. The tank was trialed in [[Kubinka]] in 1968, and Central Asia in 1969.{{sfn|Zaloga|1993|p=1-18}} After intensive comparative testing with the T-64A, Object 172 was re-engineered in 1970 to deal with some minor problems.{{sfn|Ustyantsev|Kolmakov|2004|p=56}} Further trials took place in [[Transbaikal]] in 1971.{{sfn|Zaloga|1993|p=1-18}}

===T-72===
Being only a mobilisation model, serial production of Object 172 was not possible in peacetime. However, by 1971, even Ustinov was growing tired of problems with the T-64.{{sfn|Zaloga|2015|p=32-33, 38, 40}} In an unclear political process{{sfn|Suvorov|1993|p=6}} decree number 326-113 was issued, which allowed the production of Object 172 in the Soviet Union from 1 January 1972, and freed Uralvagonzavod from the T-64A production.{{sfn|Ustyantsev|Kolmakov|2004|p=58}}

An initial production run began in 1972 at Nizhni Tagil. These were trialed in the Soviet Army. A final trial batch was built as "Object 172M" and tested in 1973 and accepted into service as the "T-72" in 1974.{{sfn|Ustyantsev|Kolmakov|2004|p=60}}

Uralvagon KB continued to iterate on the T-72 in a series of block improvements.
Obj. 172M-1 introduced ceramic/steel [[laminate armour|laminate]] turret armour. The [[coincidence rangefinder]] was replaced with a [[laser rangefinder]]. Obj. 172M-1 was designated as the T-72A when it entered production in 1979. Turret armour was greatly improved with Obj. 184. A more powerful V-84 engine was introduced to offset the increased weight. Obj. 184 entered service in 1985 as the T-72B.{{sfn|Zaloga|1993|p=1-18}}

At least some technical documentation on the T-72 is known to have been passed to the [[CIA]] by the Polish Colonel [[Ryszard Kukliński]] between 1971 and 1982.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

==Production history==
[[File:T-72B in Chebarkul training ground.jpg|left|thumb|Two T-72B tanks at the Chebarkul training ground, [[Russia]], April 2017]]
The first series production of T-72 Object 172M began in July at UKBM in Nizhny Tagil. However, due to difficulties in getting the factory organised for the change in production from T-64 to T-72, only 30 completed tanks were delivered in 1973. Troubles continued in 1974 where out of a state production quota of 440 only 220 were officially declared, with the actual number of completed tanks being close to 150. As a result, substantial investment in tooling was undertaken. Only after modernisation, could the factory begin full-scale production of the T-72. Nizhny Tagil produced the tank in various modifications until 1992.

The T-72 was the most common tank used by the Warsaw Pact from the 1970s until the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]] in 1991. It was also exported to other countries, such as Finland, India, [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Syria]] and [[SFRY|Yugoslavia]], as well as being copied elsewhere, both with and without licenses.

[[File:T-72M4CZ-vystrel.gif|thumb|Czech [[T-72M4CZ]] firing]]
Licensed versions of the T-72 were made in Poland and Czechoslovakia, for Warsaw Pact consumers. The Polish-made T-72G tanks{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} also had thinner armour compared to Soviet Army standard (410 mm for turret). Before 1990, Soviet-made T-72 export versions were similarly downgraded for non-Warsaw Pact customers (mostly the Arab countries).{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} Many parts and tools are not interchangeable between the Soviet, Polish and Czechoslovak versions, which caused logistics problems.

Yugoslavia developed the T-72 into the more advanced [[M-84]], and sold hundreds of them around the world during the 1980s. The Iraqis called their T-72 copies the "[[T-72 tanks in Iraqi service#Lion of Babylon project|Lion of Babylon]]" (''Asad Babil''). These Iraqi tanks were assembled from kits sold to them by the Soviet Union as a means of evading the UN-imposed weapons embargo. More modern derivatives include the Polish [[PT-91]] ''Twardy''. Several countries, including Russia and Ukraine, also offer modernization packages for older T-72s.

Various versions of the T-72 have been in production for decades, and the specifications for its armour have changed considerably. Original T-72 tanks had homogeneous cast steel armour incorporating [[spaced armour]] technology and were moderately well protected by the standards of the early 1970s. In 1979, the Soviets began building T-72 modification with [[composite armour]] similar to the T-64 composite armour, in the front of the turret and the front of the hull. Late in the 1980s, T-72 tanks in Soviet inventory (and many of those elsewhere in the world as well) were fitted with [[reactive armour]] tiles.

TPD-K1 laser rangefinder system have appeared in T-72 tanks since 1974; earlier examples were equipped with parallax optical rangefinders, which could not be used for distances under {{convert|1000|m|yd}}. Some export versions of the T-72 lacked the laser rangefinder until 1985 or sometimes only the squadron and platoon commander tanks (version K) received them. After 1985, all newly made T-72s came with reactive armour as standard, the more powerful {{convert|840|bhp|abbr=on}} V-84 engine and an upgraded design main gun, which can fire guided anti-tank missiles from the barrel. With these developments, the T-72 eventually became almost as powerful as the more expensive [[T-80]] tank, but few of these late variants reached the economically ailing Warsaw Pact allies and foreign customers before the Soviet bloc fell apart in 1990. In the 1990s some reserve T-72B were given a minor upgrade of an uprated engine and better gun stabilisation to become the T-72BA. While not a popular upgrade, it solved a temporary supply shortage.<ref>{{cite web |title=When a Russian Regiment Ran Out Of Old T-72BA Tanks, It Reequipped With Even Older T-72Bs |website=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2023/11/13/when-a-russian-regiment-ran-out-of-old-t-72ba-tanks-it-reequipped-with-even-older-t-72bs/?sh=cf365e746b0d |date=13 November 2023}}</ref>

Since 2000, export vehicles have been offered with thermal imaging [[night-vision]] gear of French manufacture as well (though it may be more likely that they might simply use the locally manufactured 'Buran-Catherine' system, which incorporates a French thermal imager). [[Depleted uranium]] armour-piercing ammunition for the {{convert|125|mm|in|abbr=on}} gun has been manufactured in Russia in the form of the BM-32 projectile since around 1978, though it has never been deployed, and has less penetration than the later [[tungsten]] BM-42 and the newer BM-42M.

In 2010, Russia started an upgrade using the enormous stocks of T-72Bs held in reserve. The rebuild tank is called T-72B3 (Ob'yekt 184-M3).<ref name=":0" />

In 2018, the 3rd Central Research Institute in Moscow had tested a proof-of-concept demonstration for robotic tank mobility, and was planning to further develop it based on the T-72B3 and other platforms.<ref name="urlRobotized T-72s in Russia? - Defense Update:">{{cite web |url=https://defense-update.com/20181209_robotized_tanks.html |title=Robotized T-72s in Russia? – Defense Update |date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222082051/https://defense-update.com/20181209_robotized_tanks.html |archive-date=22 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, Ukrainian intelligence sources claimed that the upgrade of the Russian T-72 fleet has slowed during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]] while production of the more modern [[T-90]]s and [[T-14 Armata]]s has slowed down because of the [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|international sanctions]] affecting the Russian military industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title=Russia-Ukraine war: Sanctions cripple Russia's tank production - GUR |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/article-704376}}</ref> However, more tanks of T-72 and T-90 types were ordered in August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2022/0822/142069133/detail.shtml |title=ЦАМТО / / Сергей Чемезов: «Ростех» на «Армии-2022» заключил с Минобороны контракты на сумму более 130 млрд. рублей}}</ref> A new batch of T-72B3M tanks was reportedly delivered in late 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1544797 |title=Defense contractor delivers batch of upgraded T-72B3M tanks to Russian troops}}</ref>

===Models===
{{Main|T-72 operators and variants}}

Main models of the T-72, built in the Soviet Union and Russia. Command tanks have ''K'' added to their designation for ''komandirskiy'', "command", for example ''T-72K'' is the command version of the basic T-72. Versions with reactive armour have ''V'' added, for ''vzryvnoy'', "explosive".

;T-72 Ural (1973)<ref name="War Technology">{{cite web |url=http://wartechnology.ovh.org/pages/bron_obecna/t-72.php |title=War Technology |website=Wartechnology.ovh.org |access-date=3 September 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201211355/http://wartechnology.ovh.org/pages/bron_obecna/t-72.php |archive-date=1 December 2007}}</ref>
[[File:T-72M1 ‘3243’ – Tankfest 2017 (44456377695).jpg|thumb|right|Polish T-72 at the [[The Tank Museum|Bovington Tank Museum]]]]
:Original version, armed with 125 mm smoothbore tank gun and optical [[coincidence rangefinder]].<ref name="Czolgi Swiata (World's Tanks or Tanks of the World) magazine issue 20">"Czolgi Swiata" (World's Tanks or Tanks of the World) magazine issue 20</ref><ref name="pancerni1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pancerni.abajt.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21&Itemid=35&limit=1&limitstart=1 |title=T-72 [ZSRR]: Strona 2 - Pancerni.net |date=17 August 2007 |website= |access-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817105601/http://www.pancerni.abajt.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21&Itemid=35&limit=1&limitstart=1 |archive-date=17 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="JED The Military Equipment Directory" />

;T-72A (1979)<ref name="War Technology" />
[[File:ParkPatriot2015part2-21.jpg|thumb|right|The upgraded T-72A which appeared in 1979. This vehicle is the basis for the T-72M1 export version.]]
:Coincidence rangefinder replaced with [[laser rangefinder]] and electronic [[fire control system|fire control]] added, turret front and top being heavily reinforced with [[composite armour]] (nicknamed ''Dolly Parton'' by US intelligence), provisions for mounting reactive armour, smoke grenade launchers, flipper armour mount on front mudguards, internal changes.<ref name="War Technology" /><ref name="pancerni1" /><ref name="JED The Military Equipment Directory" />
;T-72M
:Export versions based on the T-72 Ural. Entered service in 1978 (for the first T-72M version). Also built in Poland and former [[Czechoslovakia]].
;T-72B (1985)
:New main gun, stabilizer, sights and fire control, 9K120 Svir guided missile system, upgraded hull composite armour consisting of high-hardness steel plates, improved composites in the turret armour, improved {{convert|840|hp|abbr=on}} engine.<ref name="War Technology" />
;T-72B3 model 2011 (~2010)
:This upgrade was initiated in 2010 using the enormous stocks of T-72Bs held in reserve. They are rebuilt with new technologies including [[Sosna-U]] multichannel gunner's sight, new digital VHF radio, improved autoloader, 2A46M-2 gun to accommodate new ammunition, 9K119 Refleks guided missile system. New V-92S2 engine. [[Kontakt-5]] explosive reactive armour. Lacks satellite navigation.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://iz.ru/news/545300 |title=Войска отказались от модернизированного танка Т-72 |author1=Алексей Михайлов |author2=Владимир Волошин |date=21 February 2013 |website=Известия |language=ru |trans-title=Military criticize modernized T-72 tank: soldiers unhappy that the Russian army tank is inferior to export version |access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref>
;T-72B3 model 2016 or T-72B3M
:Upgrade for T-72B3, with Relikt explosive reactive armour on the sides, side skirts with soft-container reactive armour and slat screens, 2A46M-5 gun with new ammunition, 9K119M Refleks-M guided missile system, V-92S2F {{convert|1130|hp|abbr=on}} engine, automatic transmission, digital display and rear-view camera. Some T-72B3M’s have been observed in Ukraine with a noticeable increase in reverse speed, but there have been no official reports that the reverse transmission had been improved.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rg.ru/2017/03/31/reg-szfo/tankisty-zvo-poluchili-partiiu-modernizirovannyh-t-72b3.html |title=Танкисты ЗВО получили партию модернизированных Т-72Б3 |website=Российская газета |date=31 March 2017 |access-date=3 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019042225/https://rg.ru/2017/03/31/reg-szfo/tankisty-zvo-poluchili-partiiu-modernizirovannyh-t-72b3.html |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="news.rambler.ru">{{cite web |url=https://news.rambler.ru/articles/36077812-aviatsiya-flota-poluchila-zavisayuschuyu-bombu/ |title=Авиация флота получила зависающую бомбу |website=News.rambler.ru |date=13 February 2017 |access-date=3 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801003617/https://news.rambler.ru/articles/36077812-aviatsiya-flota-poluchila-zavisayuschuyu-bombu/ |archive-date=1 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tehnoomsk.ru/node/2685 |title=Новые Т-72Б3М покажут на Параде Победы |date=21 April 2017 |website=Техносфера Россия |language=ru |trans-title=New T-72B3M will be revealed at Victory Parade |access-date=13 July 2019 |archive-date=2017-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730181850/http://tehnoomsk.ru/node/2685 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Often incorrectly referred to as "T-72B4"

The T-72 design has been used into the following foreign models: [[T-72M4CZ]] (Czech Republic), [[PT-91 Twardy]] (Poland), [[M-84]] (Yugoslavia), [[M-84AS1]] (Serbia), [[M-84D]] (Croatia) and [[Lion of Babylon (tank)|Lion of Babylon]] (Iraq).<ref name=":0" />

===Variants===
{{Main|T-72 operators and variants}}

In addition, the T-72 hull has been used as the basis for other heavy vehicle designs, including the following:

* '''[[BMPT Terminator]]''' – Heavy convoy and close tank support vehicle.
* '''[[TOS-1]]''' – [[Thermobaric]] [[multiple rocket launcher]], with 30-tube launcher in place of the turret.<ref name="JED The Military Equipment Directory">[http://www.jedsite.info/tanks-tango/tango-numbers-su/t-72_series/t72-series.html "JED The Military Equipment Directory"]{{Registration required}}{{Self-published inline|date=May 2009}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012124110/http://www.jedsite.info/tanks-tango/tango-numbers-su/t-72_series/t72-series.html |date=12 October 2007}}</ref>
* '''BREM-1''' (''Bronirovannaya Remonto-Evakuatsionnaya Mashina'') – [[Armoured recovery vehicle]] with a 12-tonne crane, 25-tonne winch, dozer blade, towing equipment, and tools.<ref name="JED The Military Equipment Directory"/>
* '''[[IMR-2]]''' (''Inzhenernaya Mashina Razgrashdeniya'') – [[Combat engineering vehicle]] with an 11-tonne telescoping crane and pincers, configurable dozer blade/plough, and [[mine-clearing]] system.
* '''MTU-72''' (''Tankovyy Mostoukladchik'') – [[Armoured bridge layer]], capable of laying a {{convert|50|t|short ton|abbr=on}} capacity bridge spanning {{convert|18|m|ft|abbr=on}} in three minutes.<ref name="JED The Military Equipment Directory"/>
* '''BMR-3 Vepr''' (''Bronirovannaja Mashina Razminirovanija'') – Mine clearing vehicle.

==Design characteristics==
[[File:T72monumentTagil.jpg|thumb|T-72 monument in its production place, [[Nizhny Tagil]]]]
The T-72 shares many design features with other tank designs of Soviet origin. Some of these are viewed as deficiencies in a straight comparison to NATO tanks, but most are a product of the way these tanks were envisioned to be employed, based on the Soviets' practical experiences in World War II.

===Weight===
The T-72 is extremely lightweight, at forty-one tonnes, and very small compared to Western main battle tanks. Some of the roads and bridges in former Warsaw Pact countries were designed such that T-72s can travel along in formation, but NATO tanks could not pass at all, or just one-by-one, significantly reducing their mobility. The basic T-72 is relatively underpowered, with a {{convert|780|hp|abbr=on}} supercharged version of the basic {{convert|500|hp|abbr=on}} V12 [[diesel engine]] originally designed for the World War II-era [[T-34]]. The {{convert|0.58|m|abbr=on}} wide tracks run on large-diameter road wheels, which allows for easy identification of the T-72 and descendants (the T-64 family has relatively small road wheels).

The T-72 is designed to cross rivers up to {{convert|5|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} deep submerged using a small diameter [[Vehicle snorkel|snorkel]] assembled onsite. The crew is individually supplied with simple [[rebreather]] chest-pack apparatuses for emergency situations. If the engine stops underwater, it must be restarted within six seconds, or the T-72's engine compartment becomes flooded due to pressure loss. The snorkeling procedure is considered dangerous, but is important for maintaining operational mobility.

===Nuclear, biological, and chemical protection===
[[File:Tank memorial Stepanakert.jpg|thumb|left|Memorial of a T-72 with [[Reactive armour|ERA]]. The tank was advancing on [[Azerbaijan]]i positions in Askeran when it hit a mine and its [[Armenians|Armenian]] crew was killed in the resulting explosion. The tank was restored after the war.]]
The T-72 has a nuclear, biological, and chemical ([[NBC (weapon)|NBC]]) protection system. The inside of both hull and turret is lined with a synthetic fabric made of [[boron]] compound, meant to reduce the penetrating radiation from [[neutron bomb]] explosions. The crew is supplied clean air via an air filter system. A slight over-pressure prevents entry of contamination via bearings and joints. Use of an autoloader for the main gun allows for more efficient forced smoke removal compared to traditional manually loaded ("pig-loader") tank guns, so NBC isolation of the fighting compartment can, in theory, be maintained indefinitely.

===Interior===
[[File:T72 crew.svg|thumb|right|T-72 crew: 1-driver; 2-commander; 3-gunner; 4-auto-loading system]]
Like all Soviet-legacy tanks, the T-72's design has traded off interior space in return for a very small silhouette and efficient use of armour, to the point of replacing the fourth crewman with a mechanical loader. There is a widespread Cold War-era myth that Soviet tanks were so cramped that height constraints were put in place, with a maximum height of 5 ft 4in (163 cm). However, official regulations state that the T-72 allowed for a height of 5 ft 9in (175 cm), which was standard for other tanks at the time.{{sfn|Then|2024|p=29}} The basic T-72 design has extremely small periscope viewports, even by the constrained standards of battle tanks and the driver's field of vision is significantly reduced when his hatch is closed. The steering system is a traditional dual-tiller layout instead of the easier-to-use steering wheel or steering yoke common in modern Western tanks. This set-up requires the near-constant use of both hands, which complicates employment of the seven speed [[manual transmission]].

===Armour===
{{external media
| float=right
| image1 = [https://btvt.narod.ru/4/armor.files/image009.jpg The cavity in the cast turret]
| image2 = [https://btvt.narod.ru/4/armor.files/image008.jpg Laminated turret matrix of the T-72B]
}}
[[File:T-72A tank on parade.jpg|thumb|T-72A top view. This model sports thick "Dolly Parton" [[composite armour]] on the turret front.]]
[[File:T-72 Ajeya1.jpg|thumb|Indian T-72 with [[explosive reactive armour]] (ERA)]]
Armour protection of the T-72 was strengthened with each succeeding generation. The original T-72 "Ural" Object 172M's (from 1973) turret is made from conventional cast high hardness steel (HHS) armour with no laminate inserts. It is believed that the maximum thickness is {{convert|280|mm|in|abbr=on}} and the nose is {{convert|80|mm|in|abbr=on}}. The glacis of the new laminated armour is {{convert|205|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick, comprising {{convert|80|mm|in|abbr=on}} HHS, {{convert|105|mm|in|abbr=on}} double layer of laminate and {{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} RHA steel, which when inclined gives about {{convert|500|-|600|mm|in|abbr=on}} thickness along the line of sight. In 1977 the armour of the T-72 Object 172M was slightly changed. The turret now featured insert filled with ceramic sand bars "kwartz" rods and the glacis plate composition was changed. It was now made up of {{convert|60|mm|in|abbr=on}} HHA steel, {{convert|105|mm|in|abbr=on}} glass Tekstolit laminate and {{convert|50|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[RHA steel]]. This version was often known in Soviet circles as T-72 "Ural-1". The next armour update was introduced by the T-72A (Object 172M-1), which was designed in 1976 and replaced the original on the production lines during 1979–1985. With the introduction of the T-72B (Object 184) in 1985, the composite armour was again changed. According to retired major, James M. Warford, variants developed after the T-72 base model and T-72M/T-72G MBT, featured a cast steel turret that included a cavity filled with quartz or sand in a form similar to US "fused-silica" armour.{{sfn|Warford|1999}} The T-72 Model 1978 (Obiekt 172M sb-4), which entered production in 1977, featured a new turret with special armour composed of ceramic rods.{{sfn|Zaloga|2009a|p=20}}

The T-72A featured a new turret with thicker, nearly vertical, frontal armour. Due to its appearance, it was unofficially nicknamed "[[Dolly Parton]]" armour by the US Army.{{sfn|Zaloga|1993|p=9}} This used the new ceramic-rod turret filler, incorporated improved glacis laminate armour, and mounted new anti-shaped-charge sideskirts.{{sfn|Zaloga|2009a|p=21}}

The T-72M was identical to the base T-72 Ural model in terms of protection,{{sfn|Zaloga|2009a|p=27}} retaining the monolithic steel turret.{{sfn|Zaloga|2009a|p=22}} The modernized T-72M1 was closer to the T-72A in terms of protection. It featured an additional {{convert|16|mm|in|abbr=on}} of high hardness steel appliqué armour on the glacis plate, which produced an increase of {{convert|43|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in line of sight thickness. It was also the first export variant with composite armour in the turret, containing ceramic rods{{sfn|Zaloga|2009a|p=23}} sometimes called "sandbar armour".{{sfn|Zaloga|2009a|p=20}} The turret armour composition was essentially identical to the T-72 "Ural-1" whereas Soviet-only T-72As had slightly increased turret protection.

Several T-72 models featured [[explosive reactive armour]] (ERA), which increased protection primarily against [[high-explosive anti-tank]] (HEAT) type weapons. Certain late-model T-72 tanks featured [[Kontakt-5]] ERA, a form of ''universal'' ERA partly effective against kinetic penetrators. It was added to the T-72 as a response to testing conducted by the Soviet Union against captured Israeli Magach-4 tanks which found that the glacis of the T-72 could be penetrated by the 105mm M111 APDSFS ''Hetz'' ammunition.{{sfn|Zaloga|2009b|p=23}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.benning.army.mil/armor/eARMOR/content/issues/2006/SEP_OCT/ArmorSeptemberOctober2006web.pdf |title=Armour: The Professional Bulletin of the Armor Branch PB 17-06-5 |date=2006 |website=Benning.army.mil |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref>

Late model T-72s, such as the T-72B, featured improved turret armour, visibly bulging the turret front—nicknamed "super-Dolly Parton" armour by Western intelligence.{{sfn|Zaloga|1993|p=10}} The turret armour of the T-72B was the thickest and most effective of all Soviet tank armour; it was even thicker than the frontal armour of the T-80B.{{sfn|Zaloga|1993|p=10}} The T-72B used a new "reflecting-plate armour" (''bronya s otrazhayushchimi listami''), in which the frontal cavity of the cast turret was filled with a laminate of alternating steel and non-metallic (rubber) layers.{{sfn|Zaloga|2009b|p=19}} The glacis was also fitted with {{convert|20|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} of appliqué armour. The late production versions of the T-72B/B1 and T-72A variants also featured an anti-radiation layer on the hull roof.

Early model T-72s did not feature side skirts; instead, the original base model featured gill or flipper-type armour panels on either side of the forward part of the hull. When the T-72A was introduced in 1979, it was the first model to feature the plastic side skirts covering the upper part of the suspension, with separate panels protecting the side of the fuel and stowage panniers.

After the collapse of the USSR, US and German analysts had a chance to examine Soviet-made T-72 tanks equipped with Kontakt-5 ERA, and they proved impenetrable to most Cold War US and German tank projectiles and anti-tank weapons. A U.S. Army spokesperson claimed at the show, "the myth of Soviet inferiority in this sector of arms production that has been perpetuated by the failure of downgraded T-72 export tanks in the Gulf Wars has, finally, been laid to rest. The results of these tests show that if a NATO/Warsaw Pact confrontation had erupted in Europe, the Soviets would have had parity (or perhaps even superiority) in armour".<ref>Jane's International Defence Review 7/1997, pg. 15</ref> KE-effective ERA, such as Kontakt-5, drove the development of [[M829#M829A3|M829A3]] ammunition.<ref>{{cite web |title=M829E3 120mm Armour-Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discarding Sabot- Tracer (APFSDS-T) Cartridge |url=http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2002/pdf/army/2002M829E3.pdf |access-date=18 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114165423/http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2002/pdf/army/2002M829E3.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Late 1980s, Soviet developed [[Object 187]] (Объект 187, or '''''T-72BI'''''), it was a parallel project to Object 188 (the [[T-90]] tank). It was based on the T-72B, with a heavily modified turret. The 'Object 187' used composite armour for the turret ("Super Dolly Parton" composite armour) and the hull front, and RHA for the rest of the tank. It possibly consisted of special materials including [[ceramic]] or high density [[uranium]] alloys. Maximum physical thickness of the passive armour (not counting the reactive armour – ERA) was up to 950 mm RHA. With Kontakt-5 ERA, T-72BI's frontal armour was immune to the NATO's 120 mm L/44 tank gun.<ref name="meshwar.vistcom.ru">[http://www.meshwar.vistcom.ru/tech/ob187.htm Экспериментальный основной боевой танк "Объект 187"] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090919021504/http://www.meshwar.vistcom.ru/tech/ob187.htm |date=19 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-t-72-tank-over-40-years-old-still-the-backbone-the-23280 |title=Russia's T-72 Tank: Over 40 Years Old and Still the Backbone of the Russian Army |first=Michael |last=Peck |website=The National Interest |date=20 November 2017 |access-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202052656/http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-t-72-tank-over-40-years-old-still-the-backbone-the-23280 |archive-date=2 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, after the Soviet collapse, the tank was not accepted.

In 2021, Russian Army T-72B3s were seen [[Improvised vehicle armour#Russo-Ukrainian War|fitted with raised mesh screens above their turrets]]. The screens appeared to act as a type of [[slat armour]] attempting to protect the tanks from [[top attack]] weapons such as the [[FGM-148 Javelin]] ATGM and small air-to-ground munitions fired from [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s (UAVs).<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=7 January 2022 |title=Russian air assault division fields tanks with top-attack defence screens |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/russian-air-assault-division-fields-tanks-with-top-attack-defence-screens |access-date= |website=[[Janes Information Services]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114004648/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/russian-air-assault-division-fields-tanks-with-top-attack-defence-screens |archive-date=14 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 March 2022 |title=What to know about the role Javelin antitank missiles could play in Ukraine's fight against Russia |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/12/javelins-ukraine-russia/ |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |quote=Social media has been littered with photos of destroyed Russian tanks with cages. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220312163708/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/12/javelins-ukraine-russia/ |archive-date=12 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Estimated protection level====
The following table shows the estimated protection level of different T-72 models in [[rolled homogeneous armour]] equivalency, i.e., the composite armour of the turret of a T-72B offers as much protection against an [[armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot]] (APFSDS) round as a {{convert|520|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick armour steel layer.

{|class="wikitable" |
! rowspan=2 scope="row"| Model
! colspan=2 scope="row"|Turret vs [[Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot|APFSDS]]
! colspan=2 scope="row"|Turret vs [[High-explosive anti-tank|HEAT]]
! colspan=2 scope="row"|Hull vs [[Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot|APFSDS]]
! colspan=2 scope="row"|Hull vs [[High-explosive anti-tank|HEAT]]
|-
! mm || in || mm || in || mm || in || mm || in
|-
|T-72 'Ural'{{sfn|Zaloga|2009a|p=27}} (1973)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bastion-karpenko.ru/t-72mod_zarub/ |script-title=ru:ОСНОВНОЙ ТАНК Т-72. ЗАРУБЕЖНЫЕ МОДИФИКАЦИИ |trans-title=Main Battle Tank T-72. Foreign Modification |website=Bastion-karpenko.ru |language=ru |access-date=28 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701062624/http://bastion-karpenko.ru/t-72mod_zarub/ |archive-date=1 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="armor.kiev.ua">{{cite web |url=http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/T72/T72_90.php |title=Основной танк Т-72/Т-90 |website=Armor.kiev.ua |access-date=5 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015254/http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/T72/T72_90.php |archive-date=15 March 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Zaloga|1993|loc=p. 39: Zaloga gives 410/500mm for the Turret against APFSDS and HEAT and 410/450mm for the Hull against APFSDS and HEAT}}
|{{convert|480–510|mm|in|disp=table}}
|{{convert|740–800|mm|in|disp=table}}
|{{convert|335–410|mm|in|disp=table}}
|{{convert|410–450|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
|T-72A (1979–1985)<ref>С. Устьянцев, Д. Колмаков. Т-72. — Нижний Тагил: Уралвагонзавод / Медиа-Принт, 2004. — С. 167. — (Боевые машины Уралвагонзавода № 1). — 5000 экз. — {{ISBN|5-98485-003-6}}.</ref><ref name="waronline.org">{{cite web |url=http://waronline.org/mideast/general-info/armament/t-72/characteristics.php#main-versions-comparison |title=Танк Т-72 в мире: ТТХ основных моделей |website=Waronline.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703010840/http://www.waronline.org/mideast/general-info/armament/t-72/characteristics.php#main-versions-comparison |archive-date=3 July 2015}}</ref>/(1988)+Kontakt 1<ref name="armor.kiev.ua" /><ref name="waronline.org" /><ref>T-72 Main Battle Tank 1974–93 by Steven Zaloga {{ISBN|978-1-85532-338-4}}</ref>
|{{convert|410–500|mm|in|disp=table}}
|{{convert|500–560|mm|in|disp=table}}
|{{convert|360–420|mm|in|disp=table}}
|{{convert|490–500|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
|T-72M (1980)<ref name="armor.kiev.ua" />
|{{convert|380|mm|in|disp=table}}
|{{convert|490|mm|in|disp=table}}
|{{convert|335|mm|in|disp=table}}
|{{convert|450|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
|T-72M1 (1982){{sfn|Zaloga|2009a|p=27}}
|{{convert|380|mm|in|disp=table}}
|{{convert|490|mm|in|disp=table}}
|{{convert|400|mm|in|disp=table}}
|{{convert|490|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
|T-72B+Kontakt 1{{sfn|Zaloga|2009a|p=27}}<ref name="btvt.narod.ru">{{cite web |url=http://btvt.narod.ru/5/rogatka/rogatka.htm |title=Т-72Б "Рогатка" |website=Btvt.narod.ru |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129032117/http://btvt.narod.ru/5/rogatka/rogatka.htm |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> (1985)
|{{convert|520–540|mm|in|disp=table}}
|{{convert|900–950|mm|in|disp=table}}{{sfn|Zaloga|1993|p=39-48}}
|{{convert|480–530|mm|in|disp=table}}
|{{convert|900|mm|in|disp=table}}
|-
|T-72B+Kontakt 5<ref name="btvt.narod.ru" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fofanov.armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/index_r.html |title=Vasiliy Fofanov's Modern Russian Armour Page |website=Fofanov.armor.kiev.ua |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903135816/http://fofanov.armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/index_r.html |archive-date=3 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> (1988)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://btvt.narod.ru/4/t-72.htm |title=ОСНОВНОЙ БОЕВОЙ ТАНК T-72 |website=Narod.ru |access-date=28 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630211509/http://btvt.narod.ru/4/t-72.htm |archive-date=30 June 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{convert|770–800|mm|in|disp=table}}
|{{convert|1180|mm|in|disp=table}}
|{{convert|690|mm|in|disp=table}}
|{{convert|940|mm|in|disp=table}}
|}

Kontakt 1 or 5 can be replaced with Relikt, a later ERA package that defends against [[tandem-charge]] warheads and reduces penetration of APFSDS rounds by over 50 percent.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170318194729/http://www.military-today.com/tanks/t90ms_tagil.htm T-90MS Tagil]}} – Military-Today.com</ref> For a T-72B, adding Relikt improves APFSDS protection on the turret to 1,000–1,050 mm, and on the hull to 950–1,000 mm. Relikt is mounted as standard on the T-90MS, while Kontakt 5 is still standard on the T-90S.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.niistali.ru/products/military/kotact-v/kontaktv_t72_t90/ |title=ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ РАЗРАБОТОК НА ВиВТ |website=Niistali.ru |access-date=15 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153540/http://www.niistali.ru/products/military/kotact-v/kontaktv_t72_t90/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="niistali.ru">{{cite web |url=http://www.niistali.ru/products/military/relict/relikt_t72m_t90sm_bmpt/ |title=ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ РАЗРАБОТОК НА ВиВТ |website=Niistali.ru |access-date=15 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101852/http://www.niistali.ru/products/military/relict/relikt_t72m_t90sm_bmpt/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.niistali.ru/en/products-and-services/#RELICT |title=NII STALI JSR |website=Niistali.ru |access-date=15 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527022554/http://www.niistali.ru/en/products-and-services/#RELICT |archive-date=27 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://btvt.narod.ru/5/rogatka/rogatka.htm |title=Т-72Б "Рогатка" |website=Narod.ru |access-date=24 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129032117/http://btvt.narod.ru/5/rogatka/rogatka.htm |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Gun===
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2019}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|2=section|date=December 2022}}
[[File:T-72 na poligonie (07).jpg|thumb|left|Polish T-72 firing during training]]
The T-72 is equipped with the {{convert|125|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[2A46 125 mm gun|2A46 series]] main gun, a significantly larger (20-mm larger) calibre than the standard {{convert|105|mm|in|abbr=on}} gun found in contemporary Western [[main battle tank|MBT]]s, and still slightly larger than the [[Rheinmetall 120mm Gun#L44|120 mm/L44]] found in many modern Western MBTs. As is typical of Soviet tanks, the gun can fire anti-tank guided missiles, and standard main gun ammunition, including HEAT and APFSDS rounds.

The original T-72 Object 172M (1973) used the 2A26M2 model gun, which had been first mounted on the T-64. The barrel had a length of 6350 mm or 50.8 calibers and had a maximum rated chamber pressure of 450 MPa. The cannon had an electroplated chrome lining but lacked a thermal sleeve. The cannon was capable of firing 3VBM-3 rounds with 3BM-9 steel projectile sabot and 3VBM-6 rounds with 3BM-12 Tungsten sabot APFSDS projectile, allowing respectively {{convert|245|mm|in|abbr=on}} and {{convert|280|mm|in|abbr=on}} penetration of RHA steel at 2000m at a 0-degree angle. In addition to APFSDS rounds, T-72 Object 172M could also fire 3VBK-7 rounds incorporating 3BK-12 HEAT warheads and 3VBK-10 rounds incorporating 3BK-14 HEAT warheads. HEAT rounds allowed respectively {{convert|420|mm|in|abbr=on}} and {{convert|450|mm|in|abbr=on}} penetration of RHA steel at a 0-degree angle. The High Explosive rounds provided included 3WOF-22 rounds with 3OF-19 warheads or 3WOF-36 rounds with 3OF-26 warheads. For all types of rounds, Zh40 propellant was used. Complementing the original gun setup was a 2E28M "Siren" two-plane electrohydraulic stabilizer allowing automatic stabilization with speeds from 0.05 to 6 degrees per second.

Even as the T-72 Object 172M (1973) was entering production new ammunition was developed to offset armour developments in the West. Beginning in 1972, two new APFSDS rounds were introduced, the 3VBM-7 round with 3BM-15 Tungsten sabot projectile and the "cheaper" 3VBM-8 round with 3BM-17 sabot but without the tungsten carbide plug. These allowed penetration of respectively {{convert|310|mm|in|abbr=on}} and {{convert|290|mm|in|abbr=on}} RHA steel at 2000 m at 0-degree angle. At the same time, a universal Zh52 propellant charge was introduced. The 3VBM-7 was the most common APFSDS round found in T-72 Object 172M tanks during the 1970s.

The stated barrel life expectancy of the 2A26M2 model gun was 600 rounds of HE/HEAT equivalent to 600 EFC (Effective Full Charge) or 150 rounds of APFSDS.

The main gun of the T-72 has a mean error of {{convert|1|m|in|1|abbr=on}} at a range of {{convert|1800|m|yd|1|abbr=on}}. Its maximum firing distance is {{convert|3000|m|yd|1|abbr=on}}, due to limited positive elevation. The limit of aimed fire is {{convert|4000|m|yd|1|abbr=on}} with the gun-launched [[anti-tank guided missile]]. The T-72's main gun is fitted with an integral pressure reserve drum, which assists in rapid smoke evacuation from the bore after firing. The 125 millimeter gun barrel is certified strong enough to ram the tank through forty centimeters of iron-reinforced brick wall, though doing so will negatively affect the gun's accuracy when subsequently fired.

The vast majority of T-72s do not have advanced [[FLIR]] [[thermal imaging]] sights, which allow night vision at longer ranges and with no infrared lamps. Most of the T-72s possess the characteristic 'Luna' [[Night vision#Active infrared|Infrared illuminator]]. Export upgrades allow for installation of advanced night sights.

===Autoloader===
{{external media|video1={{YouTube|ipc9BBodqC8|Autoloader animation}}}}
Like the earlier domestic-use-only T-64, the T-72 is equipped with an automatic loading system, eliminating the need for a dedicated crewmember, decreasing the size and weight of the tank.
[[File:Caracas, Canciller Ricardo Patiño participó en los actos de conmemoración de la muerte de Hugo Chávez (12960720885).jpg|left|thumb|T-72B1V tanks of the [[Venezuelan Army]] during a parade in homage to the former president [[Hugo Chávez]], March 2014]]
However, the autoloader is of a noticeably different design. Both the T-64 and T-72 carry their two-section [[125 mm smoothbore ammunition|125 mm ammunition]] (shell and full propellant charge, or missile and reduced propellant charge) in separate loading trays positioned on top of each other; but firstly, in T-64, 28 of these were arranged vertically as a ring under the turret ring proper, and were rotated to put the correct tray into position under the hoist system in the turret rear. This had the disadvantage of cutting the turret off from the rest of the tank, most notably, the driver. Accessing the hull required partial removal of the trays. The T-72 uses a design that has lower width requirements and does not isolate the turret compartment: the trays are arranged in a circle at the very bottom of the fighting compartment; the trade-off is the reduction of the number of trays to 22. The second difference is that in the T-64 the trays were hinged together and were flipped open as they were brought into position, allowing both the shell/missile and propellant charge to be rammed into the breech in one motion; in the T-72 the tray is brought to the breech as-is, with the shell in the lower slot and the charge in the upper one, and the mechanical rammer sequentially loads each of them, resulting in a longer reloading cycle.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z7BKjo-blA8 |title=Танк Т-72 "Урал" / The T-72 "Ural" |website=YouTube |access-date=3 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222124743/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z7BKjo-blA8 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>

The autoloader has a minimum cycle of 6.5 seconds (ATGM 8 seconds) and a maximum cycle of 15 seconds for reload, in later versions the sequence mode allows to reload in less than 5 seconds, allowing to reach 3 shots in 13 seconds.

The autoloader system also includes an automated casing removal mechanism that ejects the propellant case through an opening port in the back of the turret during the following reload cycle.

The autoloader disconnects the gun from the vertical stabilizer and cranks it up three degrees above the horizontal in order to depress the breech end of the gun and line it up with the loading tray and rammer. While loading, the gunner can still aim because he has a vertically independent sight. With a laser rangefinder and ballistic computer, final aiming takes at least another three to five seconds, but it is pipelined into the last steps of auto-loading and proceeds concurrently.

In addition to the 22 autoloaded rounds, the T-72 carries 17<ref>T-72 Ural manual, p.23</ref> rounds conventionally in the hull, which can be loaded into the emptied autoloader trays or directly into the gun.

The T-72B3 modernization replaced the old autoloader with a new one to fit longer projectiles such as 3BM59 and 3BM60. Previous variants are limited and may only carry older APFSDS rounds that can not exceed a certain length, therefore allowing less performance from anti-tank rounds.

The way that the unused rounds are stored in the autoloader system has been exposed as a flaw, as observers have noted that penetrating hits can easily set off a chain reaction that detonates all of the ammunition. The result is the turret is blown off resulting in a so-called [[Jack-in-the-box effect|"jack-in-the-box"]] explosion. This vulnerability was first observed during the [[Gulf War]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Lendon |first=Brad |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/27/europe/russia-tanks-blown-turrets-intl-hnk-ml/index.html |title=Russia's tanks in Ukraine have a 'jack-in-the-box' design flaw. And the West has known about it since the Gulf war |publisher=CNN |date=28 April 2022 |access-date=5 May 2022}}</ref> However, contrary to popular belief, the flaw is mostly related to the spare ammunition in the turret, outside of the autoloader. The autoloaders have some ballistic protection, but only hold roughly half of a T-72’s ammunition. During the [[First Chechen War|Chechen war]] in 1994, the Russians were able to reduce their losses by having their tanks carry fewer rounds so that all the ammunition and propellant was stored in the autoloaders.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russian-tanks-ukraine-turrets-blown-off/ |title=Here's why Russian tanks keep getting decapitated in Ukraine |date=13 April 2022}}</ref>

==Operators and service==
{{Main|T-72 operators and variants}}

[[File:T-72 users.PNG|thumb|right|upright=1.8|Operators:{{spaces|em}}{{legend-inline|#0360d5|Current}} {{spaces|em}}{{legend-inline|#dd001e|Former}}]]
[[File:T-72B Armenia.jpg|thumb|right|Armenian T-72B during the military parade in Yerevan.]]
[[File:Навчання з бойовою стрільбою бійців танкової роти 58-й омпбр 01.jpg|thumb|right|Ukrainian T-72AV during training, 2018.]]

The T-72 was never used in the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Afghanistan war]].{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} The [[40th Army (Soviet Union)|40th Soviet Army]] that was deployed there had mainly T-55, and T-62 tanks.<ref>БРОНЕТАНКОВАЯ ТЕХНИКА В АФГАНИСТАНЕ (1979–1989) — ЧАСТЬ 1. А.Р.Заец. Альманах «Военный комментатор», 2003. №1(5)</ref>

The Russian Federation had over 10,000 T-72 tanks in use, including around 2,000 in active service and 8,000 in reserve (mostly T-72Bs). The T-72 has been used by the Russian Army in the fighting during the [[First Chechen War|First]] and [[Second Chechen War]]s, the [[Russo-Georgian War]], and the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]. The T-72 has been used by over 40 countries worldwide.

In a deal signed on 7 March 2025, [[India]] acquired advanced 1,000 [[H engine|HP engines]] for its Soviet-era T-72 tanks, enhancing its battlefield capabilities. The deal also included technology transfer to India for domestic production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Shivam |date=7 March 2025 |title=India signs $248 million deal with Russia for advanced battle tank engines |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/india-signs-248-million-deal-with-russia-advanced-battle-tank-engines-2025-03-07/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref>

===Syria===
In the [[1982 Lebanon War]], Syrian T-72s are believed to have engaged Israeli tanks ([[M60 Patton|M60A1]], [[Magach]] or possibly [[Merkava]] tanks) in the south of Lebanon.<ref name=Ilyin-Nikolski>{{cite journal |last1=Ilyin |first1=Vladimir |last2=Nikolski |first2=Mikhail |title=Sovremennye tanki v boiu |trans-title=Modern Tanks in Battle |journal=Tehnika I Vooruzhenie (Machinery and Armament) |year=1997 |issue=1 |language=ru}}</ref> On 9 June 1982, the Syrian General HQ ordered a brigade of the [[1st Armoured Division (Syria)|1st Armoured Division]], recently equipped with T-72 tanks, to move straight ahead, cross the border, and hit the right flank of the Israeli units advancing along the eastern side of Beka'a valley. The [[Battle of Sultan Yacoub|ensuing battle]] staved off further Israeli advance and 10 IDF main battle tanks were destroyed. After the war, Syrian president [[Hafez al-Assad]] called it "the best tank in the world".<ref>{{cite book |last=Tucker-Jones |first=Anthony |title=Soviet Cold War Weaponry: Tanks and Armoured Vehicles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dIP3CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 |publisher=Casemate Publishers |year=2015 |page=154 |isbn=9781783032969}}</ref>

The T-72 was used extensively in the [[Syrian Civil War]] by the [[Syrian Arab Army]] from 2011 onwards. Several captured units have been used by anti-government forces, including the rebel [[Free Syrian Army]], and jihadist groups such as the [[Islamic Front (Syria)|Islamic Front]] and the [[Islamic State of Iraq and Syria]].

Initially, the insurgent forces used IEDs and [[RPG-7]] ambush tactics against the government armoured forces. Later, the rebels obtained modern Russian RPGs and Yugoslav [[M79 Osa]]s, which were used successfully against T-72s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFKIzAnJino |title=Syria – T-72 gets hit by RPG 29 and cooking off, 2014 |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref> Starting in 2012, the capture from Syrian stocks and later direct delivery by external sponsors of modern anti-tank guided missiles, including Chinese-made [[HJ-8]], Soviet-made [[9K111 Fagot]], [[9M113 Konkurs]], and [[9K115 Metis]], and U.S.-made [[BGM-71 TOW]] missile enabled the opposition forces to engage and destroy any government armoured vehicle types, T-72 included, from safer distances.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZx13megcjo |title=FSA rebels destroy moving T-72 with HJ-8 "Red Arrow" ATGM + cook off |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706193643/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZx13megcjo |archive-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of March 2020, at least 837 T-72 tanks operated by the Syrian armed forces were destroyed according to visual recordings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2018/03/27/saa-vehicle-losses-2011-2017/ |title=Nine Years of War — Documenting Syrian Arab Army's Armored Vehicles Losses |date=30 March 2020 |website=Bellingcat.com |first=Jakub |last=Janovský}}</ref>

===Iraq===
{{Main|T-72 tanks in Iraqi service}}

Iraqi T-72 Ural (1973)s, T-72 Ural Modernization, T-72Ms and T-72M1s were used successfully throughout the Iran-Iraq War and in countless operations, among others [[Operation Nasr]], in the [[Operation Ramadan|battle for Basra]] and during the [[Tawakalna ala Allah Operations]]. [[Royal Ordnance L7|105 mm M68]] tank guns and [[TOW missile]]s proved ineffective against the frontal armour of Iraqi T-72s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fire in the Hills: Iranian and Iraqi Battles of Autumn 1982 |author1=Tom Cooper |author2=Farzad Bishop |date=9 September 2003 |website=Arabian Peninsula & Persian Gulf Database |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_214.shtml |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323174631/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_214.shtml |url-status=usurped |archive-date=23 March 2010}}</ref><ref>"Vse tanki SSSR. Samaya polnaya enciklopedia", Michail Baryatincky, 2004, pp. 274 (Russian:"Все танки СССР. Самая полная энциклопедия", Михаил Барятинский, 2004, стр.274)</ref> Sixty T-72 tanks were lost during the eight years of war.<ref>{{cite web |title=Забытая война: ирано-иракский конфликт |url=http://army.lv/ru/Zabitaya-voyna-irano-irakskiy-konflikt/2640/4272 |website=Army.lv |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-date=2020-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224141315/http://army.lv/ru/Zabitaya-voyna-irano-irakskiy-konflikt/2640/4272 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Танки Иракской армии |url=https://btvt.narod.ru/2/iraqarmy2.htm |website=Btvt.narod.ru |access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref> Ra'ad Al-Hamdani, an Iraqi general in the [[Republican Guard|Iraqi Republican Guard]], stating "The 16th Iranian Armoured Division, which was equipped with [[Chieftain tank]]s, lost a battle against the 10th Iraqi Armoured Brigade with T-72 tanks. It is hard for an armoured brigade to destroy a division in 12 hours but it happened; it was a disaster for the Iranians".<ref>{{cite web |title=Project 1946: Phase II |website=Ida.org |url=https://www.ida.org/-/media/feature/publications/p/pr/project-1946-phase-ii/ida-document-d-4121.ashx}}</ref> Out of the 894 Chieftain tanks that had started the war only 200 were left by the war's end.<ref>Andrew T. H. Tan (2014). ''The Global Arms Trade: A Handbook''. Routledge. p. 126</ref> The 3BM9 APFSDS shell was more than enough to deal with any NATO tank of the time, including the most heavily armoured such as the M60A1 and the Chieftain. According to a Soviet analysis of an Iranian Chieftain captured by the Iraqi army during the early part of the Iran-Iraq war, the Chieftain Mk.5 was considered to have totally insufficient protection even at its strongest points. The frontal part of the entire turret, hull upper front plate and lower front plate could all be defeated at 3 km or more. This essentially means that the T-72 Ural could defeat one of NATO's toughest tanks at any reasonable combat distance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thesovietarmourblog.blogspot.com/2015/05/t-72-soviet-progeny.html |title=Tankograd: T-72: Part 1 |date=May 2015}}</ref> According to Iranians and Iraqis, the T-72 was the most feared tank of the Iran–Iraq War.<ref>Interview – Iranian Tank Commander, McCaul ED, Apr-2004, ''Military History'', Vol. 21 No. 1; "Saddam's Generals: Perspectives of the Iran-Iraq War", Youssef Aboul-Enein</ref>

During the [[invasion of Kuwait]] Iraq used 690 tanks, mainly T-55s, T-62s and T-72s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mokatel.com/openshare/Behoth/IraqKwit/9/tab03.doc_cvt.htm |title=Al Moqatel - التحضير العسكري العراقي لغزو الكويت (التخطيط ـ إعداد مسرح العمليات ـ الفتح "الانتشار" الإستراتيجي) |date=14 July 2014 |website= |access-date=21 February 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714180721/http://www.mokatel.com/openshare/Behoth/IraqKwit/9/tab03.doc_cvt.htm}}</ref> Kuwait had 281 tanks, including 6 T-72s, 165 Chieftains, 70 [[Vickers MBT|Vickers]] and 40 Centurions.<ref>[https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/notes/2009/N3248.pdf "Global Arms Exports to Iraq, 1960—1990"]. Rand Corporation</ref> On the morning of 2 August, near the [[Mutla Pass]], a tank battle took place between the Vickers tanks of the 6th Kuwaiti Mechanized Brigade and the T-72s of the Republican Guard's 17th Armoured Brigade, [[1st Hammurabi Armoured Division]]. Kuwaiti tanks were able to knock out one T-72 during the ambush, but were defeated in response with the commander of the 6th brigade captured.<ref>Kevin M. Woods (2008). [https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a484530.pdf "Iraqi Perspectives Project Phase II"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517215456/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a484530.pdf |date=2019-05-17 }}. ''Um Al-Ma'arik (The Mother of All Battles): Operational and Strategic Insights from an Iraqi Perspective'', Volume 1 (revised May 2008). Institute for Defense Analyses. pp. 117–118</ref> Only 20 surviving Vickers tanks were able to retreat to Saudi Arabia.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

The Iraqi-assembled T-72 version [[Lion of Babylon (tank)|Lion of Babylon]] engaged coalition forces in both Iraq wars. The [[Battle of 73 Easting]] took place during a sandstorm in the Iraqi desert. U.S. [[M1 Abrams|M1A1]]s and [[Bradley Fighting Vehicle]]s came up against [[Iraqi Republican Guard]] T-72Ms and [[BMP development|BMP]]s and inflicted 37 losses on the Iraqi armoured forces, while losing a single Bradley to enemy fire.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer |title=Persian Gulf War encyclopedia: a political, social, and military history |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California |year=2014 |page=121 |isbn=978-1-61069-416-2}}</ref> The primary attack was conducted by [[2d Stryker Cavalry Regiment|2ACR]]'s three squadrons of about 400 soldiers, along with the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]]'s two leading brigades, who attacked and destroyed the Iraqi 18th Mechanized Brigade and 37th Armoured Brigade of the [[Tawakalna Division]], each consisting of between 2,500 and 3,000 personnel.<ref>"Briefing, Battle of 73 Easting". The battle was fought often at close range, against superior numbers of Iraqi tanks dug in textbook Soviet defensive formations, but ended with over 85 Iraqi tanks destroyed and only one U.S. Bradley IFV taking significant damage from enemy fire. The Middle East Institute</ref> The Iraqi T-72Ms used 3BM9 shells (removed from Soviet service in 1973),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.modernarmy.ru/article/181 |title=Танки и БМП в бою: опыт современных |trans-title=Tanks and IFVs in combat: the experience of modern wars |website=Modernarmy.ru |access-date=28 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071214/http://www.modernarmy.ru/article/181}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://artofwar.ru/w/wechkanow_i_w/vivboewyetanki-semejstwot-72t-80t-90wtoroeizdanie19122011.shtml |title=ArtOfWar. Viv. Танки – Т-72, Т-80, Т-90 (Второе издание 19.12.2011) |website=artofwar.ru |access-date=3 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=29 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129050514/http://artofwar.ru/w/wechkanow_i_w/vivboewyetanki-semejstwot-72t-80t-90wtoroeizdanie19122011.shtml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://techno-story.ru/books/102-osnovnoj-boevoj-tank-abrams/418-abrams-v-persidskom-zalive-zvjozdnyj-chas |title=ABRAMS в Персидском заливе. Звёздный час |language=ru |trans-title=Abrams in the Persian Gulf: their moment of greatness |website=Techno-story.ru |access-date=28 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630185342/http://techno-story.ru/books/102-osnovnoj-boevoj-tank-abrams/418-abrams-v-persidskom-zalive-zvjozdnyj-chas}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Танк Т-72: вчера, сегодня, завтра |trans-title=The T-72 tank: yesterday, today, tomorrow |website=Narod.ru |url=http://btvt.narod.ru/2/t72istoria.htm |access-date=28 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630041704/http://btvt.narod.ru/2/t72istoria.htm |archive-date=30 June 2015}}</ref> with a penetration of 245 mm at a distance of up to {{Convert|2500|meters|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=2. БОЕПРИПАСЫ ТАНКОВЫХ ОРУДИЙ |trans-title=Ammunition of tank guns |url=http://www.militaryparitet.com/nomen/russia/arty/artyboe/data/ic_nomenrussiaartyartyboe/2/ |website=Militaryparitet.com |access-date=3 September 2017 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903205953/http://www.militaryparitet.com/nomen/russia/arty/artyboe/data/ic_nomenrussiaartyartyboe/2/ |archive-date=3 September 2017}}</ref> However, the T-72 was largely outmatched by coalition armor particularly the M1A1 Abrams, with M1A1 crews reporting several direct frontal hits fired from Iraqi T-72s resulting in minimal damage. As well the M1A1 Abrams had superior sighting/imaging capabilities allowing it to engage the T-72 from further distances and in conditions such as fog or night.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gao.gov/assets/nsiad-92-94.pdf|title=Operation Desert Storm: Early Performance Assessment of Bradley and Abrams|date=January 1992|access-date=1 December 2025|website=United States General Accounting Office|pages=23-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA249391.pdf|title=Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, Appendix T|date=April 1992|access-date=1 December 2025|website=DTIC|pages=142-145}}</ref> The total number of T-72s lost during Operation Desert Storm was approximately 150.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Iraq War Encyclopedia |author=Thomas R. Mockaitis |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2013 |page=411}}</ref>

As of 1996, Iraq had 776 T-72 tanks in service from 1,038 originally received.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vpvo.narod.ru/Info/Iraq/iraq_pvo.html |title=Сборник статей "ВВС и ПВО Ирака": "Оценка потенциала средств ПВО Ирака" |access-date=7 January 2020 |archive-date=11 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911222854/http://www.vpvo.narod.ru/Info/Iraq/iraq_pvo.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Chechen wars===
During the [[First Chechen War]] (December 1994 to September 1996) fought between the Russian Federation and the self-proclaimed [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]], led by [[Dzhokhar Dudayev]], the Russian Federation deployed both T-72 and T-80 tanks. Russian AFV losses during the first three months fighting amounted to 62 tank (T-72/T-80) losses (44 T-72s of 141, 18 T-80s of 71 and 0 PT-76s of 9). Analysis of damage to non repairable vehicles showed that no T-72 were lost to frontal penetration of the hull from man portable anti tank weapons.<ref name=vulnerability>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/rusav.htm#N_10_ |title=Russian-Manufactured Armored Vehicle Vulnerability in Urban Combat: The Chechnya Experience |author=Lester W. Grau |via=Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, KS |date=January 1997 |work=Red Thrust Star |url-status=live |archive-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201213210/https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/rusav.htm#N_10_}}</ref>

Analysis of the causes of these losses indicated the majority were caused by Chechen four-man anti-armour hunter-killer teams consisting of a gunner armed with a Russian [[RPG-7]] or [[RPG-18]] shoulder-fired antitank rocket launcher, and a machine gunner and a sniper,<ref name=vulnerability/> with five or six such teams simultaneously attacking a single armoured vehicle. The majority of losses recorded occurred from three to six kill shot hits to the sides, top and rear of a vehicle.

Highlighted were serious tactical deployment failures, once again demonstrating doctrine and tactics being a primary factor in determining a tank's worth. Following the serious losses to the Russian Federation during their first assault upon Grozny, armoured tactics were revised. Russian armoured vehicle losses dropped off with their change in tactics to have Russian infantry move in front, with armoured combat vehicles in support of the infantry. In particular use of AAA armoured vehicles, these vehicles can elevate their main armament to higher angles than the T-72 .

The Russian army captured seven of Dudayev's T-72s and used them in combat. During the First Chechen War, at least two tank duels took place. In the first, Dudayev's T-72A knocked out one T-62M belonging to pro-Russian Chechens. In the second, one of Dudayev's T-72As was destroyed by a Russian T-72B. Three Russian T-72s are recorded as destroyed, at the hands of Chechen separatists, including one tank during the [[Second Chechen War]], during the period 1997 to 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://btvt.narod.ru/2/tanks_in_grozny.htm |title=Грозный. Танки. Как это было |website=Btvt.narod.ru |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421210750/http://btvt.narod.ru/2/tanks_in_grozny.htm |archive-date=21 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://otvaga2004.ru/tanki/v-boyah/tanki-t-62-v-chechne/ |title=Танки Т-62 в Чечне |work=Военно-патриотический сайт «Отвага» |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006140825/http://otvaga2004.ru/tanki/v-boyah/tanki-t-62-v-chechne/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airwar.ru/history/af/ichkeria/ichkeria.html |title=История ВВС Ичкерии |website=Airwar.ru |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083436/http://www.airwar.ru/history/af/ichkeria/ichkeria.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kommersant.ru/doc/336884/ |title=Рейды чеченских боевиков |website=Kommersant.ru |date=17 August 2002 |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009143501/http://kommersant.ru/doc/336884/ |archive-date=9 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Фаличев О Армия XXI века/ Интервью с главнокомандующим сухопутными войсками РФ Н. Кормильцевым // Военно-промышленный курьер. — 2003. — № 9. Translation: Falichev, About the Army of the 21st Century / Interview with the Commander-in-Chief of the Land Forces of the Russian Federation N. Kormiltsev // Military Industrial Courier.</ref>

===Russo-Georgian War===
[[File:Georgian T-72Sim1 01.jpg|thumb|Georgian Army T-72SIM1.]]
During the [[Russo-Georgian War|war in South Ossetia]] in 2008 both sides deployed great numbers of T-72 tanks. At the time of the conflict, the Georgian military fielded 191 T-72 tanks of which 120 were modified to T-72SIM1s. The Georgian army deployed a total of 75 of its T-72 tanks into South Ossetia.{{sfn|Barabanov|Lavrov|Tseluiko|2010|p=19}} The Georgian military lost 30 T-72s, ten in combat during the fighting around Tskhinvali,{{sfn|Barabanov|Lavrov|Tseluiko|2010|p=110}} and another 20 destroyed by Russian paratroopers after their capture.{{sfn|Barabanov|Lavrov|Tseluiko|2010|p=75}}

=== Russo-Ukrainian War ===

==== War in Donbas ====
On 26 August 2014, the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] claimed that it had identified a mixed Russian column composed of at least 3 T-72Bs and a lone T-72B3 in the [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|war in Donbas]]. The significance of this sighting was that Russia attempted to maintain [[plausible deniability]] over the issue of supplying tanks and other arms to the separatists. Russia continuously claimed that any tanks operated by the separatists must have been captured from Ukraine's own army. The T-72B3 is in service with the Russian Army in large numbers. This modernized T-72 is not known to have been exported to nor operated by any other country.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Marcus |first1=Jonathan |title=Ukraine crisis: T-72 tank shoots hole in Russian denial |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28961080 |access-date=28 August 2014 |work=[[BBC]] |date=27 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-date=28 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828035733/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28961080}}</ref>

In an interview with Dorzhi Batomunkuev in March 2015, it was revealed that he had operated a T-72B as part of a 32 tank Russian army unit when [[Battle of Debaltseve|fighting for Debaltseve]] in Ukraine in February 2015. His tank was destroyed and he suffered severe burns.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine crisis: Interview with a Russian tank crewman |url=http://www.novayagazeta.ru/society/67490.html |access-date=4 March 2015 |work=[[Novaya Gazeta]] |date=4 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-date=3 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303212226/http://www.novayagazeta.ru/society/67490.html}}</ref>

Before the conflict Ukraine had 600 T-72s in storage.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Military Balance |year=2014 |page=195}}{{full citation needed|date=April 2022}}</ref> However, encountering a deficiency of serviceable armoured vehicles, the Ukrainian Ministry of Defence began returning some of the T-72s to service.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wartime.org.ua/11282-ukrayinska-armya-znovu-priynyala-na-ozbroyennya-t-72.html |script-title=uk:Українська армія знову прийняла на озброєння Т-72 |language=uk |trans-title=The Ukrainian military recommissioned the T-72 |website=Wartime.org.ua |date=13 June 2014 |access-date=23 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215103830/http://wartime.org.ua/11282-ukrayinska-armya-znovu-priynyala-na-ozbroyennya-t-72.html |archive-date=15 February 2018 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==== Russian invasion of Ukraine ====
{{see also|List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
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| image1 = Destruction of Russian tanks by Ukrainian troops in Mariupol (3).jpg
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| footer = Examples of abandoned Russian T-72B3 mod. 2016 (top) and T-72B mod. 1989 (bottom) tanks with various different makeshift steel grilles variants attached to the turret, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
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The T-72 has seen extensive service in the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] on both sides.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://warriormaven.com/russia-ukraine/russia-ukraine-weapons-tanks-artillery-platforms-missiles#:~:text=The%20Ukrainian%20tank%20force%20is%20largely%20comprised%20of,upgraded%20Ukrainian%20variant%20of%20the%20Soviet-era%20Russian%20T-80 |title=Russia vs Ukraine Weapon Strength: Tank Force, Artillery Platforms & Surface to Air Missiles (SAMS) |website=Warriormaven.com |date=March 2022 |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref>

Russia's most numerous tank is the T-72B3 (mod. 2011 and 2016) and the older T-72B (mod. 1985 and 1989).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/war-zone-ukraines-us-made-javelin-anti-tank-missile-vs-russian-t-72-beasts-451693 |title=War zone: Ukraine's US-made Javelin anti-tank missile vs Russian T-72 beasts |website=Wionews.com |date=9 February 2022 |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> In the buildup to the invasion, Russian forces applied [[Improvised vehicle armour|improvised]] [[slat armor|steel grilles]] to the top of the turret, known as "cope cages" by some commentators.<ref name="portfolio_hu">{{cite web |url=https://www.portfolio.hu/global/20220302/igazi-tankszornyet-zsakmanyoltak-az-ukranok-530323 |title=Igazi tankszörnyet zsákmányoltak az ukránok |date=2 March 2022 |website=[[Portfolio.hu]] |language=hu |quote=Érdekes egy szót említeni a ‚kutyaólként‘ vagy ‚csirkeketrecként,‘ angolszász forrásokban ‚cope cage,‘ vagyis durván ‚dolgozd fel ketrecként‘ emlegetett improvizált páncélzatról a tornyon. A páncélzat célja az lenne, hogy megvédje a harcjárműveket a felülről érkező drónrakétáktól vagy páncéltörő rakétáktól. |trans-quote=It is interesting to mention the terminology surrounding the improvised armour on the tower, referred to as 'dog kennel' or 'chicken coop' in Hungarian, or 'cope cage' in Anglo-Saxon sources. The purpose of the armor would be to protect the combat vehicles from drone missiles or armor-piercing rockets coming from above. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220315072940/https://www.portfolio.hu/global/20220302/igazi-tankszornyet-zsakmanyoltak-az-ukranok-530323 |archive-date=15 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-10/how-do-anti-tank-missiles-work-helpful-ukraine-soldiers/100868934 |title=How do anti-tank missiles work, and how helpful might they be for Ukraine's soldiers? |date=10 March 2022 |author=James Dwyer |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |quote=These are colloquially termed 'cope cages' by various communities on the internet. Of course, they will do little to minimise the impact from a missile, but they do demonstrate that Russian soldiers are fearful of the threat the missiles present. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315035355/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-10/how-do-anti-tank-missiles-work-helpful-ukraine-soldiers/100868934 |archive-date=15 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 March 2022 |title=What to know about the role Javelin antitank missiles could play in Ukraine's fight against Russia |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/12/javelins-ukraine-russia/ |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |quote=Social media has been littered with photos of destroyed Russian tanks with cages. The images have acquired a symbolic resonance so quickly that Internet users have coined the term 'cope cage', earning a page on the Internet's primary meme directory. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220312163708/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/12/javelins-ukraine-russia/ |archive-date=12 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Military analysts have speculated that such grilles were added in an attempt to counter the usage of [[top attack|top-attack]] weapons, such as the US made [[FGM-148 Javelin]] and British-Swedish [[NLAW]], by Ukrainian forces.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-forces-are-attaching-cages-to-their-tanks-experts-say-they-demon |title=Russian soldiers appear to be fixing makeshift cages to the turrets of their tanks in a crude effort to protect themselves against Ukraine's anti-tank missiles |date=26 March 2022 |author=Alia Shoaib |website=[[Business Insider]] |quote='The cages are supposed to defend against anti-tank weapons that strike the top of the vehicle, where the armor is the thinnest. ... The idea is that if you set off a bazooka or a Panzerfaust ... they're set off early and so they don't hit the tank itself ...' Crump explained. However, the cages are largely ineffective against the modern anti-tank weapons used by the Ukrainians, such as the Javelin and NLAW ... Many modern weapons are designed to counter that sort of protection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326104931/https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-forces-are-attaching-cages-to-their-tanks-experts-say-they-demon |archive-date=26 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Roblin |first=Sebastien |title=Russian Tanks Massing Near Ukraine Sport Mods Against Drones, Javelin Missiles |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sebastienroblin/2021/11/29/russian-tanks-massing-near-ukraine-sport-mods-against-drones-javelin-missiles/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311172448/https://www.forbes.com/sites/sebastienroblin/2021/11/29/russian-tanks-massing-near-ukraine-sport-mods-against-drones-javelin-missiles/?sh=27d246bf65e9 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |title=Ukrainian Troops Test Javelin Missile Against Russian Cage-Style Improvised Tank Armor |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43648/ukrainian-troops-test-javelin-missile-against-russian-cage-style-improvised-tank-armor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307173410/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43648/ukrainian-troops-test-javelin-missile-against-russian-cage-style-improvised-tank-armor |archive-date=7 March 2022 |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=The Drive |date=23 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |title=Russian T-80 Tank With Improvised Anti-Drone Armor Reportedly Appears In Crimea |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43273/russian-t-80-tank-with-improvised-anti-drone-armor-reportedly-appears-in-crimea |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224022448/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43273/russian-t-80-tank-with-improvised-anti-drone-armor-reportedly-appears-in-crimea |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=The Drive |date=24 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> These implementations add weight to the tank, increase its visual profile, and make it more difficult for the crew to escape from the tank.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-forces-are-attaching-cages-to-their-tanks-experts-say-they-demon |title=Russian soldiers appear to be fixing makeshift cages to the turrets of their tanks in a crude effort to protect themselves against Ukraine's anti-tank missiles |date=26 March 2022 |author=Alia Shoaib |website=[[Business Insider]] |quote='The advantage Russian tanks have is that they're super small and very low, making them easy to hide. When you start doubling the height, you're getting rid of some of the advantages of the vehicle,' Crump said. The cages also make it harder for the crew to get in and out of the vehicles, according to Crump. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326104931/https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-forces-are-attaching-cages-to-their-tanks-experts-say-they-demon |archive-date=26 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Analysts have also speculated that they may be potentially used as a countermeasure against [[RPG-7]]s fired from above during urban combat, [[loitering munition]]s, or against drone attacks, as a response to lessons learned from the [[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/russian-tanks-in-ukraine-are-sprouting-cages/21808191 |title=Russian tanks in Ukraine are sprouting cages |date=14 March 2022 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |quote=Another idea is that the cages are a response to the conflict in 2020 between Armenia and Azerbaijan, over Nagorno-Karabakh, in which large numbers of Russian-made Armenian tanks were destroyed from above by MAM-Ls ... A third possibility is that the cages are meant as protection against RPGs ... which are being fired at tanks from above. This ... is a preferred tactic in urban warfare, where buildings offer shooters the necessary elevation. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316001931/https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/russian-tanks-in-ukraine-are-sprouting-cages/21808191 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://korii.slate.fr/tech/guerre-ukraine-cope-cages-metal-protections-bricolees-javelin-moquees-tanks-russes-impuissants |title=Les 'cope cages', protections bricolées et moquées des chars russes impuissants |date=23 March 2022 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate.fr]] |language=fr |quote=Ces structures approximatives sont ce qu'il est devenu coutumier d'appeler des cope cages en anglais –des «cages pour faire avec», pour traduire grossièrement l'expression. Elles sont le résultat des observations par l'armée russe du conflit opposant Azerbaïdjan et Arménie dans le Haut-Karabakh. |trans-quote=It has become customary to call these makeshift structures 'cope cages' in English, an expression which roughly translates to 'cages pour faire avec'. They are the result of observations made by the Russian army towards the conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia in Nagorno-Karabakh. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323075529/https://korii.slate.fr/tech/guerre-ukraine-cope-cages-metal-protections-bricolees-javelin-moquees-tanks-russes-impuissants |archive-date=23 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The lack of uniformity between the makeshift cage variants made from different meshes and iron fences suggest that they are largely improvised by the tank crews, and are not standard issue.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-forces-are-attaching-cages-to-their-tanks-experts-say-they-demon |title=Russian soldiers appear to be fixing makeshift cages to the turrets of their tanks in a crude effort to protect themselves against Ukraine's anti-tank missiles |date=26 March 2022 |author=Alia Shoaib |website=[[Business Insider]] |quote=The lack of uniformity of the cages, and the fact that they are only seen on some tanks, shows that Russian units are largely improvising them |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326104931/https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-forces-are-attaching-cages-to-their-tanks-experts-say-they-demon |archive-date=26 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2022, some Russian tankers said they eventually removed the cages, as they obstructed the use of machine guns and radios, and prevented evacuation if the tank caught fire.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sergei Valchenko |date=24 May 2022 |url=https://www.mk.ru/politics/2022/05/24/tankistgeroy-rasskazal-o-specoperacii-i-pogib-pobedim-no-legko-ne-budet.html |title=Танкист-герой рассказал о спецоперации и погиб: "Победим, но легко не будет" |website=[[Moskovskij Komsomolets]] |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524133619/https://www.mk.ru/politics/2022/05/24/tankistgeroy-rasskazal-o-specoperacii-i-pogib-pobedim-no-legko-ne-budet.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-status=live |trans-quote=At first we welded the body kits (metal grilles for protection against anti-tank missiles) to the tanks, but then they were all removed. Firstly, it is inconvenient: the machine gun is unable to move, and the radio connection disappears when the antenna touches the grille. If there is some kind of fire, it will be simply unrealistic to get out of the tank... So they were all removed and thrown away. |quote=Обвесы (металлические решетки для защиты от противотанковых ракет) мы сначала все наварили на танки, а потом их все сняли. Во-первых, неудобно: пулемет не двигается, антенна когда замыкает об решетку – сгорает радиостанция, связь пропадает. И если будет какое-то возгорание, там просто нереально будет вылезти из танка... Поэтому их все сняли и выкинули.}}</ref> As of February 2026, Russia has lost a total of 1,815 T-72s of all variants according to [[Oryx (website)|Oryx]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Attack on Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During the Russian Invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-equipment.html |access-date=18 February 2026}}</ref>

Before the invasion, Ukraine owned T-72s left from the Soviet Union but were partly modernized.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} These mainly included T-72As and T-72AVs, as well as modernized T-72AMTs (mod. 2017).<ref>{{cite web |date=14 August 2017 |title=UkrOboronProm unveils T-72AMT |website=Jane's 360 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/73097/ukroboronprom-unveils-t-72amt |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170814193603/http://www.janes.com/article/73097/ukroboronprom-unveils-t-72amt |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 August 2017 |access-date=11 April 2022 |via=archive.ph}}</ref> On 3 April, an image of a rare T-72 "Ural" (1973) equipped with Kontakt-1 ERA having been damaged appeared.<ref>{{cite web |title=Attack On Europe: Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-ukrainian.html |website=Oryx Blog |access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref> As of April 2022, an unspecified number of [[Czech Republic|Czech]] T-72M1s had been provided to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |title=Czech Republic becomes first Nato country to send tanks to Ukraine |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/czech-republic-nato-tanks-ukraine-b2052261.html?amp |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=The Independent |date=6 April 2022}}</ref> Poland also donated over 200 T-72M1/M1R tanks to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poland confirms T-72 tank delivery to Ukraine, with Challenger 2 tanks to fill gap |url=https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/04/26/poland-confirms-t-72-tank-delivery-to-ukraine-with-challenger-2-tanks-to-fill-gap/ |date=26 April 2022 |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=Defense News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Poland has delivered two brigades' worth of tanks to war-torn Ukraine, according to public broadcaster Polish Radio's IAR news agency |url=https://www.polskieradio.pl/395/7785/Artykul/2948382,Poland-has-sent-over-200-tanks-to-Ukraine-IAR |date=29 April 2022 |website=Polskie Radio}}</ref> As of February 2026, Ukraine has lost a total of 396 T-72s of all variants according to [[Oryx (website)|Oryx]]. 13 T-72 Ural, 121 T-72M/M1(R)s (96 destroyed, 5 damaged, 9 abandoned, and 11 captured), 31 T-72EAs (25 destroyed, 2 damaged, 3 abandoned, and 1 captured), 84 T-72AVs (65 destroyed, 2 damaged, 9 abandoned, and 8 captured), 28 T-72AMTs (18 destroyed, 1 damaged, 3 abandoned, and 7 captured), 59 T-72B (51 destroyed, 2 damaged, and 6 captured), 3 T-72AMT Zr.2022s (all destroyed), 12 of the PT-91 Twardy modernization (8 destroyed, 1 damaged, 3 abandoned), and 44 other T-72s of unclear model (42 destroyed, 2 damaged).<ref>{{cite web |title=Attack On Europe: Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-ukrainian.html |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=Oryx Blog}}</ref>

===Combat history===
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2010}}
[[File:New iraqi army tank.jpg|thumb|right|Iraqi T-72 in 2006]]
[[File:T72 MBT.jpg|thumb|Iraqi 'Saddam' main battle tank destroyed in a Coalition attack during [[Gulf War|Operation Desert Storm]]]]
* 1980–1988: [[Iran–Iraq War]] (Iraq)
* 1982: [[1982 Lebanon War|Lebanon]] (Syria)
* 1987–1990: [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] (India)<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Inducting T-72 tanks by air into Jaffna |magazine=Vayu Aerospace Review |first=A. G. |last=Bewoor |via=bharat-rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1987IPKF/1033-Bewoor01.html |date=2009 |access-date=6 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207045715/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1987IPKF/1033-Bewoor01.html |archive-date=7 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1988–1994: [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]] (Armenia and Azerbaijan)
* 1988–1993: [[Georgian civil war of 1991–1993|Georgian Civil War]] (Georgia)
* 1990–1991: [[Gulf War|First Persian Gulf War]] (Iraq and Kuwait)
* 1990–2002: [[Sierra Leone Civil War]] ([[Executive Outcomes]])<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623190308/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/printer_462.shtml |archive-date=23 June 2013 |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/printer_462.shtml |title=Sierra Leone, 1990–2002 |website=acig.org |date=5 August 2004 |access-date=30 July 2010 |first1=Tom |last1=Cooper |first2=Court |url-status=usurped |last2=Chick}}</ref>
* 1991–2001: [[Yugoslav Wars]] (Yugoslavia)
** 1991: [[Ten-Day War]] (Yugoslavia)
** 1991–1995 [[Croatian War of Independence]] (Yugoslavia, Krajina Serbs, Croatia and Republika Srpska)
** 1998: [[Kosovo War]] (Yugoslavia)
** 2001: [[2001 Macedonia conflict]] (Macedonia)
* 1991–2002: [[Algerian Civil War]] (Algeria)
* 1991: [[1991 Iraqi uprisings]] (Iraq)
* 1991: [[August Coup]] (Soviet Union)
* 1992–1997: [[Civil war in Tajikistan]] (Russia and Tajikistan)
* 1994: [[Rwanda Civil War]] (Uganda)
* 1994–1996: [[First Chechen War]] (Russia and Chechnya (limited)) First known case of using tank-launched missiles, which effectively destroy targets at 4 km range.<ref>"Танки в боях за Грозный" Part 1. // "Фронтовая иллюстрация" №9 2007. Part 2. //"Фронтовая иллюстрация" №1 2008, V, Belogrud</ref>
* 1999–2009: [[Second Chechen War]] (Russia)
* 2003: [[2003 invasion of Iraq|Invasion of Iraq]] (Iraq)
* 2008: [[Russo-Georgian War]] (Russia and Georgia)
* 2011–2024: [[Syrian Civil War]] Government forces using T-72 tanks. Opposition forces using captured government's tanks.
* 2011: [[2011 Libyan civil war]] ([[Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|Gaddafi Government]] and [[Anti-Gaddafi forces]])
* 2013–2020: [[South Sudanese Civil War]]
* 2014–present: [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] (Ukraine, Russia and pro-Russian separatists)
** 2014: [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|2014 Pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine]] (Ukraine, pro-Russian separatists){{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
** 2014: [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Annexation of Crimea]] (Russia)<ref>{{cite web |title=Waiting for a Reality Check in Crimea, Five Years on |url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/article/waiting-reality-check-crimea-five-years |access-date=10 April 2022 |website=Stratfor}}</ref>
** 2014–2022: [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|War in Donbas]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sled-vzayt.livejournal.com/2099.html |title=5-я танковая бригда ВС РФ в боях за Дебальцево |website=Sled-vzayt.livejournal.com |access-date=3 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019042211/https://sled-vzayt.livejournal.com/2099.html |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bellingcat-vehicles.silk.co |title=Bellingcat Vehicles |website=Bellingcat-vehicles.silk.co |access-date=3 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211202150/https://bellingcat-vehicles.silk.co/ |archive-date=11 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
** 2022–present: [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hromadske.ua/ru/posts/rossijsko-ukrainskaya-vojna-tekstovoj-onlajn |title=War in Donbas - Minute by Minute |website=Hromadske.ua |date=23 February 2022}}</ref> (Russia and Ukraine)
* 2014–2017: [[War in Iraq (2013–2017)]] (Iraq)<ref name="FranceSoir 2017 a819">{{cite web |title=Bataille de Mossoul: la police et l'armée irakienne progressent difficilement dans la vieille ville |website=FranceSoir |date=5 May 2017 |url=http://www.francesoir.fr/politique-monde/bataille-de-mossoul-la-police-et-armee-irakienne-progressent-difficilement-dans-la-vieille-ville-combats-djihadistes-etat-islamique-erd-golden-division-daech-cham-irak-snipers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225080939/http://www.francesoir.fr/politique-monde/bataille-de-mossoul-la-police-et-armee-irakienne-progressent-difficilement-dans-la-vieille-ville-combats-djihadistes-etat-islamique-erd-golden-division-daech-cham-irak-snipers |archive-date=25 December 2019 |url-status=dead |language=fr |access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref>
* 2015: [[Boko Haram insurgency]] (Nigeria)<ref>[https://twitter.com/JosephHDempsey/status/572769137065385985/photo/1 Nigeria deploy new T-72 tanks against Boko Haram in Baga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017031343/https://twitter.com/JosephHDempsey/status/572769137065385985/photo/1 |date=17 October 2015}} Joseph Dempsey on Twitter.</ref>
* 2016: [[2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes]] (Armenia and Azerbaijan)
* 2020: [[Second Nagorno-Karabakh war]] (Armenia and Azerbaijan)
* 2020–2021: [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]] (India)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eurasiantimes.com/from-ladakh-to-kuril-islands-indian-russian-enhanced-t-72-tanks-ready-to-thwart-chinese-aggression/ |title=From Ladakh to Kuril Islands, Indian, Russian Enhanced T-72 Tanks Ready to Thwart Chinese Aggression |website=Eurasaintimes.com |date=8 November 2020}}</ref>
* 2020–2022: [[Tigray War]] (Ethiopia and Tigray Defense Forces)
* 2022: [[2022 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes]] (Tajikistan)
* 2023: [[Sudanese civil war (2023–present)]] (Sudanese government forces)<ref>{{cite web |title=#Sudan: Footage of Sudanese Army vehicles destroyed by the Rapid Support Forces in #Khartoum; a Streit Group Cougar with a W85 HMG (Known locally as Khawad) and a Ukrainian/Russian supplied T-72AV tank. |last=Calibre Obscura |date=19 April 2023 |url=https://twitter.com/CalibreObscura/status/1648775069601001482 |website=Twitter |access-date=22 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[125 mm smoothbore ammunition]]
* [[AT-8 Songster]]
* [[Tank machine gun type 95/98]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin}}
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* {{citation |last1=Zaloga |first1=Steven J |year=2009a |title=M1 Abrams vs T-72 Ural: Operation Desert Storm 1991 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1846034077}}
* {{citation |last1=Zaloga |first1=Steven J |year=2009b |title=T-80 Standard Tank |location=Great Britain |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84603-244-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/tstandardtank00zalo_209 |url-access=limited}}
* {{citation |last=Zaloga |first=Steven J |year=2015 |title=T-64 Battle Tank: The Cold War's Most Secret Tank |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-47280-629-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Then |first1=Ryan A. |title=T-72: The Definitive Guide to the Soviet Workhorse |date=2024 |publisher=Military History Group |isbn=978-1-915453-21-1}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|T-72 tanks}}
{{external media
|topic = on [[Zvezda live13.0]] Official YouTube Channel{{in lang|ru}}
|video1 = {{YouTube|4vBVbj5R70c|Military acceptance. T-72. Conqueror of time|}}
}}
* [http://armor.kiev.ua/fofanov/ Vasiliy Fofanov's Modern Russian Armour Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528020015/http://armor.kiev.ua/fofanov/ |date=2007-05-28 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727055759/http://mhrfweb.makett.org/MHRF/index.php?option=com_phocagallery&view=category&id=63:t-72-harckocsi&Itemid=11&lang=en Huge pile of Hungarian T-72 walkarounds]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131204102515/http://www.t-72.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6&Itemid=477 T-72 variants] {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.inetres.com/gp/military/cv/tank/T-72.html T-72 Main Battle Tank]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080530001929/http://www.military-today.com/tanks/t72.htm Military Today article]}}
* {{youTube|krp2y88nNCo|Inside the Tanks: The T-72 - AU Armour & Artillery Museum}}
* {{Cite web |title=Военная приемка. Ремзаводы |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9V51wh2qc-c |website=youtube.com |date=21 April 2024 |access-date=24 April 2024}}{{in lang|ru}} - Broken hulls, burnt-out engines, failed combat modules - in this issue of “Military Acceptance” we will talk about repair factories where military equipment that arrived from the front line is restored. Tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers - during the Northern Military District, all this requires not only repair, but also modernization. Dozens of enterprises scattered throughout the country do this: in the Far East, in the Urals, in Siberia, in Central Russia, in the south of the country, but these factories are not written about in newspapers, they are not talked about on television, few people know about them at all. Meanwhile, they make a significant contribution to the country’s defense capability. The host of the program, Alexey Egorov, became the first Russian journalist who, during the SVO period, went on a “tour” to repair plants to find out how the restoration of “wounded” cars was going.

{{Post WWII Soviet AFVS|T}}
{{Cold War tanks|style=wide}}
{{T-64_navigation|style=wide}}

[[Category:T-72]]
[[Category:Cold War tanks of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Main battle tanks of the Soviet Union]]
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[[Category:Uralvagonzavod products]]
[[Category:Tanks of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Tanks of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 1970s]]
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Shatabdi Express

2026-03-18T17:36:57Z

AnkuMalik:

{{Short description|Series of Express day train in India}}
{{distinguish|Jan Shatabdi Express}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Shatabdi Express
| logo =
| color = ADD8E6
| image = Amritsar shatabdi express.jpg
| image_width = 330
| caption = New-Delhi Amritsar Shatabdi Express Arrived At [[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station|Ambala cantt junction]]
| type = [[Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| status = Active
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1988|07|10}}
| successor = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| predecessor =
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| ridership =
| ridership2 =
| website = http://indianrail.gov.in
| start =
| stops =
| end =
| distance =
| journeytime =
| frequency =
| trainnumber =
| line_used =
| class = Executive Chair Car AC Chair Car
| access =
| seating = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Onboard catering
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage = Overhead racks, baggage area near vestibule
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{Cvt|150|km/h}} (maximum) where infrastructure is available
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| routenumber =
| maintenance =
| sharing =
}}

'''Shatabdi Express''' ({{lit|Century Express}}) are a series of [[Superfast Express trains in India|fast]] [[passenger train]]s operated by the [[Indian Railways]]. These are day trains and mostly return to their origin station the same day. The trains run at a maximum permissible speed of {{cvt|110|-|150|kph}} depending on the infrastructure on the corresponding route, with the [[Rani Kamalapati–New Delhi Shatabdi Express]] achieving the maximum permissible speed of {{cvt|150|kph}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shatabdi Express 2024: A list of operational Shatabdi routes, schedules, and more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/shatabdi-express-2024-operational-routes-9176724/ |access-date=16 August 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=23 February 2024 |quote=Shatabdi Express Running Status: Among one of the fastest trains of Indian Railways, running at up to 130–150 km/h (81–93 mph), the Shatabdi Express trains are a series of fast passenger trains operated by Indian Railways to connect metro cities with other cities.}}</ref>

==History==
The name "Shatabdi" means century in [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] and the first Shatabdi Express train was announced on 10 July 1988 by then railways minister [[Madhavrao Scindia]] to commemorate the birth centenary of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first [[Prime Minister of India|Indian prime minister]] and plied between [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] and [[Gwalior railway station|Gwalior]]. The first Shatabdi, at that time the fastest train of the country, ran at a maximum speed of {{cvt|140|kph}}. The maximum speed was increased to {{cvt|150|kph}} between [[Tughlakabad railway station|Tughlakabad]] and [[Agra Cantonment railway station|Agra Cantonment]] on 15 February 2006, and it was the fastest train in India till the introduction of the [[Gatimaan Express|Gatiman Express]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/fastest-trains-in-india-before-high-speed-rail-system-took-over/|title=Fastest trains in India|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

==Facilities==
Shatabdi Express trains offer fast connectivity between major cities with only a few intermediate stops and can run at a maximum speed of {{cvt|150|kph}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shatabdi-is-the-heart-of-Indian-railways/articleshow/20505432.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612072600/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-09/india/39849234_1_domestic-travellers-shatabdi-express-indian-railways|archive-date=12 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title='Shatabdi is the heart of Indian railways'|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/No-halts-new-Shatabdi-Express-to-fly-to-Delhi/articleshow/17976995.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130918045441/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-11/chandigarh/36278935_1_shatabdi-express-chair-car-halts|url-status=live|archive-date=18 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=No halts, new Shatabdi Express to fly to Delhi|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/trains-faster-than-rajdhani-shatabdi-on-the-cards/next-gen-trains/slideshow/62615006.cms|title=Trains faster than Rajdhani, Shatabdi on the cards|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=23 January 2018|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> Passengers are provided with on-board [[catering]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/from-vande-bharat-to-rajdhani-express-check-list-of-top-10-fastest-trains-in-india-198898|title=From Vande Bharat to Rajdhani Express: Check list of top 10 fastest trains in India|newspaper=News9|date=28 September 2022|access-date=5 November 2022|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018131314/https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/from-vande-bharat-to-rajdhani-express-check-list-of-top-10-fastest-trains-in-india-198898|url-status=dead}}</ref> Onboard entertainment systems are available in select trains providing content via satellite.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/921595/shatabdi-express-gold-standard-operation-swarn-features-images-new-delhi-kathgodam-indian-railways/7/|title=Shatabdi Express is now 'Gold Standard'; Free movies on WiFi to clean toilets, 15 facts every rail passenger will love|work=[[Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|date=6 November 2017|access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> Seats in Shatabdi Express have to be reserved in advance as there is no unreserved accommodation, unlike most of the other trains in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/railways-to-also-run-ac-trains-from-june-1-shatabadis-sampark-kranti-and-durontos-to-be-restored/story-8TM7XztXTja9YtSs2IBt8O.html|title=Railways to also run AC trains from June 1; Shatabadis, Durontos to be restored|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=21 May 2020|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> Reservation is allowed until up to 30 minutes before the scheduled departure time and the seats are auto allocated by the reservation system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-good-news-for-rajdhani-express-shatabdi-express-travellers-book-tickets-even-after-chart-preparation-soon-88116|title=Good news for Rajdhani Express, Shatabdi Express travellers! Book tickets even after chart preparation soon|newspaper=Zee Business|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/why-irctc-does-not-allow-seat-selection-option-to-its-passengers-5369077.html|title=Why IRCTC Does Not Allow Seat-Selection Option To Its Passengers|date=14 June 2022|newspaper=[[News18]]|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> [[Dynamic pricing]] is applicable on the fares.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/rLNMspevOjN9HqKyxjzrKL/|title=New-fare-scheme-for-Rajdhani-Shatabdi-from-15-March-2019-5.html|newspaper= Mint|date=20 November 2018|access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref>

==Rolling stock==
[[File: CC class interior in Mysore Shatabdi.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|Interior of an AC chair car coach]]

As Shatabdi Express are day-trains and return to the station of origin the same day, coaches have only seats and not berths. They are fully air-conditioned and the trains have multiple [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]] coaches and most of them have one or two coaches of [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Executive Class]] seating. Indian Railways offers [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Anubhuti class]] seating and [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Vistadome coach]]es offering large windows, transparent roofing, and rotatable seats in select trains.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/vistadome-coach-promises-scenic-journey/article65815694.ece|title=Vistadome coach promises scenic journey|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 August 2022|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> The trains used to operate on specialized coaches manufactured by [[Integral Coach Factory]], [[Chennai]] with the older coaches now been replaced with newer [[LHB coach|LHB rakes]] on all the trains.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/safe-and-smooth-indian-railways-travel-these-trains-to-run-with-lhb-rakes/2412308/|title=Safe and smooth Indian Railways travel! These trains to run with LHB rakes|newspaper=Financial Express|date=27 April 2022|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> The trains are hauled by various [[diesel locomotive|diesel]] or [[electric locomotive|electric]] locomotives diesel locomotives like [[WDP-4]] , [[WDG-4]] , [[WDM-3A]] , [[WDM-3D]] and a new specialized high speed locomotive class [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7HS]] and [[WAP-5]] with a maximum speed of {{cvt|180|kph}} for hauling Shatabdi express trains was introduced in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/this-new-indian-railways-locomotive-runs-at-180-kmph-rajdhani-shatabdi-express-trains-to-get-it-soon/1674297/|title=New Indian Railways locomotive runs at 180 kmph! Rajdhani, Shatabdi trains to get it soon|newspaper=Financial Express|date=19 August 2019|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref>

== Services ==
=== Active ===
{{As of|04|2025}}, there are 21 operational pairs of Shatabdi express trains.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/trains/shatabdi|title=India Rail timetable|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%;"
|+List of active services
! style="background-color:skyblue;"|Sr. no.
! style="background-color:skyblue;"|Route
! style="background-color:skyblue;"|Train no.
! style="background-color:skyblue;"|Originating Station
! style="background-color:skyblue;"|Terminal Station
! style="background-color:skyblue;"|Operator
! style="background-color:skyblue;"|Distance
! style="background-color:skyblue;"|Duration
! style="background-color:skyblue;"|Avg Speed (Km/h)
! style="background-color:skyblue;"|Year introduced
!style="background-color: skyblue;"|Stops
|-
|'''1'''||[[Rani Kamalapati–New Delhi Shatabdi Express|Rani Kamalapati – New Delhi]]||12001/12002
|[[Rani Kamalapati railway station|Rani Kamalapati]]
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|[[Northern Railway zone|NR]]||{{cvt|709|km|abbr=on}}
|8h 40m
|{{cvt|82|kph|abbr=on}}||1988||[[Bhopal Junction railway station|Bhopal Jn.]],[[Bina Junction railway station|Bina Jn.]],[[Lalitpur Junction railway station|Lalitpur Jn.]], [[Jhansi Junction railway station|Jhansi Jn.]], [[Gwalior Junction railway station|Gwalior Jn.]], {{rws|Morena}}, [[Dholpur Junction railway station|Dholpur Jn.]], [[Agra Cantonment railway station|Agra Cantt.]], [[Mathura Junction railway station|Mathura Jn.]]
|-
|'''2'''||[[Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express|Lucknow–New Delhi]]||12003/12004
|[[Lucknow Junction railway station|Lucknow Jn.]]
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|[[Northern Railway zone|NR]]||{{cvt|512|km|abbr=on}}
|6h 50m
|{{cvt|75|kph|abbr=on}}||1989||{{rws|Kanpur Central}}, {{rws|Phaphund}}, [[Etawah Junction railway station|Etawah Jn.]], [[Tundla Junction railway station|Tundla Jn.]], [[Aligarh Junction railway station|Aligarh Jn.]], [[Ghaziabad Junction railway station|Ghaziabad Jn.]]
|-
|'''3'''||[[New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|New Delhi–Kalka]]||12005/12006
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|[[Kalka railway station|Kalka]]
|[[Northern Railway zone|NR]]||{{cvt|269|km|abbr=on}}
|4h 0m
|{{cvt|67|kph|abbr=on}}||1989||[[Panipat Junction railway station|Panipat Jn.]], [[Kurukshetra Junction railway station|Kurukshetra Jn.]], [[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station|Ambala Cantt. Jn.]], [[Chandigarh Junction railway station|Chandigarh Jn.]]
|-
|'''4'''||[[Chennai Central–Mysuru Shatabdi Express|MGR Chennai Central–Mysuru]]||12007/12008
|[[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]]
|[[Mysore Junction railway station|Mysuru Jn.]]
|[[Southern Railway zone|SR]]||{{cvt|497|km|abbr=on}}
|7h 7m
|{{cvt|69.5|kph|abbr=on}}||1994||[[Katpadi Junction|Katpadi Jn.]], [[Bangalore City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]]
|-
|'''5'''||[[Mumbai Central–Ahmedabad Shatabdi Express|Mumbai Central–Ahmedabad]]||12009/12010
|[[Mumbai Central railway station|Mumbai Central]]
|[[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad Jn.]]
|[[Western Railway zone|WR]]||{{cvt|493|km|abbr=on}}
|6h 27m
|{{cvt|76.5|kph|abbr=on}}||1994||{{rws|Borivali}}, {{rws|Vapi}}, {{rws|Surat}}, [[Bharuch Junction railway station|Bharuch Jn.]], [[Vadodara Junction railway station|Vadodara Jn.]], [[Anand Junction railway station|Anand Jn.]], [[Nadiad Junction railway station|Nadiad Jn.]]
|-
|'''6'''||[[Kalka Shatabdi Express|New Delhi–Kalka]]||12011/12012
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|[[Kalka railway station|Kalka]]
|[[Northern Railway zone|NR]]||{{cvt|269|km|abbr=on}}
|4h 0m
|{{cvt|66.5|kph|abbr=on}}||1994||[[Sonipat Junction railway station|Sonipat Jn.]], [[Panipat Junction railway station|Panipat Jn.]], [[Kurukshetra Junction railway station|Kurukshetra Jn.]], [[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station|Ambala Cantt. Jn.]], [[Chandigarh Junction railway station|Chandigarh Jn.]]
|-
|'''7'''||[[Amritsar Shatabdi Express|New Delhi–Amritsar]]||12013/12014
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|[[Amritsar Junction railway station|Amritsar Jn.]]
|[[Northern Railway zone|NR]]||{{cvt|448|km|abbr=on}}
|6h 21m
|{{cvt|70.5|kph|abbr=on}}||1994||[[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station|Ambala Cantt. Jn.]], {{rws|Sirhind}}, {{rws|Ludhiana}}, {{rws|Phagwara}}, [[Jalandhar City Junction railway station|Jalandhar City Jn.]], [[Beas Junction railway station|Beas Jn.]]
|-
|'''8'''||[[New Delhi–Ajmer Shatabdi Express|New Delhi–Daurai]]||12015/12016
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|[[Daurai railway station|Daurai]]
|[[Northern Railway zone|NR]]||{{cvt|444|km|abbr=on}}
|7h 20m
|{{cvt|61.5|kph|abbr=on}}||1994||[[Delhi Cantonment railway station|Delhi Cantt.]], {{rws|Gurgaon}}, [[Rewari Junction railway station|Rewari Jn.]], [[Alwar Junction railway station|Alwar Jn.]], [[Bandikui Junction railway station|Bandikui Jn.]], [[Gandhinagar Jaipur railway station|Gandhinagar]], [[Jaipur Junction railway station|Jaipur Jn.]], {{rws|Kishangarh}}
|-
|'''9'''||[[Dehradun Shatabdi Express|New Delhi–Dehradun]]||12017/12018
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|[[Dehradun railway station|Dehradun]]
|[[Northern Railway zone|NR]]||{{cvt|314|km|abbr=on}}
|6h 3m
|{{cvt|52|kph|abbr=on}}||1995||[[Ghaziabad Junction railway station|Ghaziabad Jn.]], [[Meerut City Junction railway station|Meerut City Jn.]], {{rws|Muzaffarnagar}}, [[Saharanpur Junction railway station|Saharanpur Jn.]], {{rws|Roorkee}}, {{rws|Haridwar}}
|-
|'''10'''||[[Howrah–Ranchi Shatabdi Express|Howrah–Ranchi]]||12019/12020
|[[Howrah railway station|Howrah Jn.]]
|[[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi Jn.]]
|[[Eastern Railway zone|ER]]||{{cvt|423|km|abbr=on}}
|7h 22m
|{{cvt|57|kph|abbr=on}}||1995||{{rws|Durgapur}}, {{rws|Raniganj}}, {{rws|Asansol}}, {{rws|Dhanbad}}, {{rws|Chandrapura}}, {{rws|Bokaro Steel City}}, {{rws|Muri}}
|-
|'''11'''||[[Pune–Secunderabad Shatabdi Express|Pune–Secunderabad]]||12025/12026
|[[Pune Junction railway station|Pune Jn.]]
|[[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad Jn.]]
|[[Central Railway zone|CR]]||{{cvt|597|km|abbr=on}}
|8h 22m
|{{cvt|71|kph|abbr=on}}||2011||{{rws|Solapur}}, {{rws|Kalaburagi Junction}}, [[Wadi Junction railway station|Wadi Jn.]], {{rws|Tandur}}, [[Vikarabad Junction railway station|Vikarabad Jn.]], {{rws|Begumpet}}
|-
|'''12'''||[[Chennai Central–Bengaluru City Shatabdi Express|Chennai–Bengaluru]]||12027/12028
|[[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]]
|[[Bangalore City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]]
|[[South Western Railway zone|SWR]]||{{cvt|359|km|abbr=on}}
|4h 57m
|{{cvt|72.5|kph|abbr=on}}||2005||[[Katpadi Junction|Katpadi Jn.]], [[Jolarpet Junction|Jolarpettai Jn.]], [[Bangalore Cantonment railway station|Bengaluru Cantt.]]
|-
|'''13'''||[[New Delhi–Amritsar Swarna Shatabdi Express|New Delhi–Amritsar]]||12029/12030
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|[[Amritsar Junction railway station|Amritsar Jn.]]
|[[Northern Railway zone|NR]]||{{cvt|448|km|abbr=on}}
|6h 5m
|{{cvt|74|kph|abbr=on}}||1998||[[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station|Ambala Cantt. Jn.]], [[Rajpura Junction railway station|Rajpura Jn.]], {{rws|Ludhiana}}, {{rws|Phagwara}}, [[Jalandhar City Junction railway station|Jalandhar City Jn.]], [[Beas Junction railway station|Beas Jn.]]
|-
|'''14'''||[[New Delhi–Amritsar Shatabdi Express|New Delhi–Amritsar]]||12031/12032
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|[[Amritsar Junction railway station|Amritsar Jn.]]
|[[Northern Railway zone|NR]]||{{cvt|448|km|abbr=on}}
|6h 5m
|{{cvt|74|kph|abbr=on}}||1997||[[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station|Ambala Cantt. Jn.]], [[Rajpura Junction railway station|Rajpura Jn.]], {{rws|Ludhiana}}, {{rws|Phagwara}}, [[Jalandhar City Junction railway station|Jalandhar City Jn.]], [[Beas Junction railway station|Beas Jn.]]
|-
|'''15'''||[[Kanpur–New Delhi Shatabdi Express|Kanpur Central–New Delhi]]||12033/12034
|[[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur Central]]
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|[[North Central Railway zone|NCR]]||{{cvt|440|km|abbr=on}}
|5h 15m
|{{cvt|84|kph|abbr=on}}||2010|| {{rws|Etawah}}, {{rws|Aligarh}}, [[Ghaziabad Junction railway station|Ghaziabad Jn.]]
|-
|'''16'''||[[New Delhi–Kathgodam Shatabdi Express|Kathgodam–New Delhi]]||12039/12040
|[[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]]
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|[[Northern Railway zone|NR]]||{{cvt|282|km|abbr=on}}
|5h 42m
|{{cvt|49.5|kph|abbr=on}}||2012|| {{rws|Haldwani}}, [[Lalkuan Junction railway station|Lalkuan Jn.]], {{rws|Rudrapur}}, {{rws|Rampur}}, {{rws|Moradabad}}, [[Ghaziabad Junction railway station|Ghaziabad Jn.]]
|-
|'''17'''|| [[New Jalpaiguri–Howrah Shatabdi Express|Howrah–New Jalpaiguri]]||12041/12042
|[[Howrah railway station|Howrah Jn.]]
|[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri Jn.]]
|[[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|NFR]]||{{cvt|566|km|abbr=on}}
|8h 20m
|{{cvt|68|kph|abbr=on}}||2012||[[Bardhaman Junction railway station|Bardhaman Jn.]], {{rws|Bolpur Shantiniketan}}, [[New Farakka Junction railway station|New Farakka Jn.]], {{rws|Malda Town}}, {{rws|Kishanganj}}
|-
|'''18'''|| [[New Delhi–Chandigarh Shatabdi Express|New Delhi–Chandigarh]]||12045/12046
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|[[Chandigarh Junction railway station|Chandigarh Jn.]]
|[[Northern Railway zone|NR]]||{{cvt|244|km|abbr=on}}
|3h 20m
|{{cvt|74|kph|abbr=on}}||2013|| [[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station|Ambala Cantt. Jn.]], {{rws|Karnal}}
|-
|'''19'''|| [[Naharlagun–Guwahati Shatabdi Express|Naharlagun–Guwahati]]||12087/12088
|[[Naharlagun railway station|Naharlagun]]
|[[Guwahati railway station|Guwahati]]
|[[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|NFR]]||{{cvt|332|km|abbr=on}}
|5h 47m
|{{cvt|57.5|kph|abbr=on}}||2017|| [[Harmuti Junction railway station|Harmuti Jn.]], {{rws|Viswanath Charali}}, [[Rangapara North Junction railway station|Rangapara North Jn.]], {{rws|Udalguri}}, [[Rangiya Junction railway station|Rangiya Jn.]] etc..
|-
|'''20'''|| [[Chennai Central–Coimbatore Shatabdi Express|MGR Chennai Central–Coimbatore]]||12243/12244
|[[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]]
|[[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Jn.]]
|[[Southern Railway zone|SR]]||{{cvt|493|km|abbr=on}}
|6h 52m
|{{cvt|72|kph|abbr=on}}||2013||[[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi Jn.]], [[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai Jn.]], [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem Jn.]], [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode Jn.]], {{rws|Tiruppur}}
|-
|'''21'''|| [[Howrah–Puri Shatabdi Express|Howrah – Puri]]||12277/12278
|[[Howrah railway station|Howrah Jn.]]
|[[Puri railway station|Puri]]
|[[East Coast Railway zone|ECoR]]||{{cvt|500|km|abbr=on}}
|7h 50m
|{{cvt|63.5|kph|abbr=on}}||2013|| [[Kharagpur Junction railway station|Kharagpur Jn.]], {{rws|Balasore}}, {{rws|Bhadrak}}, {{rws|Jajpur Keonjhar Road}}, {{rws|Cuttack}}, {{rws|Bhubaneswar}}
|}

=== Defunct ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%;"
|+List of defunct services
! style="background-color:pink;"|Route #
! style="background-color:pink;"|Train no.
! style="background-color:pink;"|Originating Station
! style="background-color:pink;"|Terminal Station
! style="background-color:pink;"|Year of Introduction
! style="background-color:pink;"|Year of Termination
! style="background-color:pink;"|Reference
|-
|[[Bangalore City railway station|Bangalore City]] – [[Hubli Junction railway station|Hubli Jn.]]
|2025/2026
|[[Bangalore City railway station|Bangalore City]]
|[[Hubli Junction railway station|Hubli Jn.]]
|1995
|1996
|<ref name="RB">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1995-96.pdf|title=Railway budget 1995-96|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="RB1">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1996-97_final.pdf|title=Railway budget 1996-97|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]] – [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Jn.]]
|2023/2024
|[[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]]
|[[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Jn.]]
|1995
|2000
|<ref name="LS"/><ref name="RB"/>
|-
|[[Rajahmundry railway station|Rajahmundry]] – [[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad Jn.]]
|
|[[Rajahmundry railway station|Rajahmundry]]
|[[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad Jn.]]
|1999
|2000
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.rediff.com/money/2002/apr/05rail.htm|title=CAG pulls up Railways over Shatabdis|date=5 August 2002|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Rediff}}</ref>
|-
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] - [[Patiala railway station|Patiala]] – [[Bathinda railway station|Bathinda]] #
|
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|[[Bathinda railway station|Bathinda]]
|
|2003
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/amid-suspense-over-train-route-shatabdi-flag-off-cancelled/story-SiABwg1nhg2T7HQYXiwSuJ.html | title=Amid suspense over train route, Shatabdi flag off cancelled | work=Hindustan Times | date=28 October 2014 }}</ref><ref name="T1">{{cite press release|title=Cancellation of Shatabdi|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2003/rmar2003/04032003/r040320032.html|date=4 March 2003|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="T2">{{cite news|date=4 March 2003|title=Three Shatabdi Expresses to be discontinued|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/three-shatabdi-expresses-to-be-discontinued/articleshow/39250315.cms|access-date=17 August 2023|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] – [[Bareilly railway station|Bareilly]]
|
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|[[Bareilly railway station|Bareilly]]
|
|2003
|<ref name="T1"/><ref name="T2"/>
|-
|[[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] – [[Rourkela railway station|Rourkela]] (Later short terminated at [[Tatanagar railway station|Tatanagar]])
|2021/2022
|[[Howrah railway station|Howrah]]
|[[Rourkela railway station|Rourkela]] (Later short terminated at [[Tatanagar railway station|Tatanagar]])
|1995
|2003
|<ref name="RB"/><ref name="LS"/><ref name="T1"/><ref name="T2"/>
|-
|[[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] – [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna]]
|2023/2024
|[[Howrah railway station|Howrah]]
|[[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Jn.]]
|2001
|2003
|<ref name="T3">{{cite press release|title=Withdrawal of Shatabdi|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2003/rmar2003/04032003/r040320032.html|date=12 December 2004|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mumbai–Pune Shatabdi Express|Mumbai – Pune]]
|2027/2028
|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]]
|[[Pune Junction railway station|Pune Jn.]]
|1995
|2004
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Good-news-for-Shatabdi-commuters/articleshow/535619.cms|title=Good news for Shatabdi commuters|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 March 2004|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="LS">{{cite report|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/3236/1/lsd_11_4_15-05-1997.pdf|title=Lok Sabha debates|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jaipur–Agra Fort Shatabdi Express|Jaipur – Agra Fort]]
|12035/12036
|[[Jaipur railway station|Jaipur]]
|[[Agra Fort railway station|Agra Fort]]
|2012
|2018
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/no-jaipur-to-agra-shatabadi-train-from-may-1-onwards/articleshow/63418929.cms|title=No Jaipur to Agra Shatabadi train from May 1 onwards|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=22 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[New Delhi–Ludhiana Shatabdi Express|New Delhi – Rhotak - Ludhiana]] #
|12037/12038
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|[[Ludhiana Junction railway station|Ludhiana Jn.]]
|2011
|2019
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/New-Delhi-Ludhiana-Shatabdi-Express-to-be-introduced-on-Nov-4/articleshow/10533673.cms|title = New Delhi–Ludhiana Shatabdi Express to be introduced on Nov 4|date=29 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/loss-making-ludhiana-shatabdi-set-to-be-history-city-set-to-lose-its-premier-train-running-in-losses/articleshow/70596231.cms|date=9 August 2019|title=Ludhiana Shatabdi set to be history|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[New Delhi–Moga Shatabdi Express|New Delhi – Rhotak - Moga]] #
|12043/12044
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|[[Moga railway station|Moga]]
|2012
|2019
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/shatabdi-extended-to-moga-twice-a-week/story-Uh3lgc1vh69ut13rMEoZ4K.html|title=Shatabdi extended to Moga, twice a week|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=30 May 2014|date=28 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-moga-new-delhi-shatabdi-express-12044/21170/676/664|title=New Delhi–Moga Shatabdi Express|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Indiarailinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[New Delhi–Firozpur Shatabdi Express|New Delhi – Firozpur, up to Bathinda during introduction]]
|12047/12048
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|[[Firozpur Cantonment railway station|Firozpur Cantt.]]
|2014
|2021
|<ref>{{cite news|date=6 October 2016|title=New Delhi-Bathinda Shatabdi extended to Firozpur|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/New-Delhi-Bathinda-Shatabdi-extended-to-Firozpur/article15474292.ece|access-date=10 February 2023|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/eight-trains-cancelled-due-to-low-occupancy-58439|title=Eight trains cancelled|date=20 March 2020|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Tribune India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Guwahati–Dibrugarh Shatabdi Express|Guwahati – Dibrugarh]]
|12085/12086
|[[Guwahati railway station|Guwahati]]
|[[Dibrugarh railway station|Dibrugarh]]
|2017
|2020
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/guwahati-dibrugarh-shatabdi-express-12085/61052/546/7288|title=Guwahati–Dibrugarh Shatabdi Express|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Indiarailinfo}}</ref>
|}
'''#''' Name of an intermediate station may be written if the route is not the shortest or to distinguish between more than one Shatabdi route irrespective of present and past routes.

==Trivia==
* For many years, the Bhopal Shatabdi Express (now [[Rani Kamalapati - New Delhi Shatabdi Express]]) held the record for the fastest train in India, reaching speeds of up to 150&nbsp;km/h on certain stretches, particularly between Tughlakabad and Agra.
* Unlike most long-distance Indian trains, Shatabdi Express trains are designed exclusively for day travel. This means they only have seating arrangements (Chair Car and Executive Chair Car) and no sleeping berths.
* The MGR Chennai Central–Mysuru Shatabdi Express (launched in 1994) holds the distinction of being the first Shatabdi Express to operate in South India.
* [[Gatiman Express]] is also such type of a train but faster than Shatabdi Train where infrastructure is available that had a difference of yellow stripes in all its coaches, and has fare slightly higher than that of Shatabdi Express.
* [[Howrah–Digha Super AC Express]], completely a Shatabdi Express type train having other name instead of "Shatabdi Express" after conversion from a [[Duronto Express]] of year 2010 to 2015 was suspended during COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and was withdrawn later without making any journey since that suspension period.

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Howrah–Digha Super AC Express]]
* [[Rajdhani Express]]
* [[Duronto Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatiman Express|Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Humsafar Express]]
* [[Jan Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Amrit Bharat Express]]}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Shatabdi Express}}

[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1988]]
[[Category:Shatabdi Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

Shatabdi Express

2026-03-18T17:36:57Z

AnkuMalik:

Amararama

2026-03-16T06:10:34Z

AnkuMalik:

{{short description|Hindu temple in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amararama&diff=1257971616&oldid=1255147951 these 2024 edits]; user has made many AI edits and these too display many [[WP:AISIGNS]] including undue emphasis on legacy, vocab distro typical of 2023/24 LLM output etc}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Amararamam
| script =
| image = Gopuramxx.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Amareswara Swamy temple
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh
| map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|16.580990|N|80.358946|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
| locale = [[Amaravathi, Guntur district|Amaravathi]]
| elevation_m = 31.4
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| festivals = [[Maha Sivaratri]], [[Kartika Purnima]]
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Sanskrit]]
| established = 11th century
| temple_board =
| website =
}}
{{Hinduism}}

'''Amararamam''' is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Siva]], located in [[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Amaravathi]] of [[Palnadu district]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the five sacred [[Pancharama Kshetras]] and is unique for being situated on the [[Krishna River]], unlike the others in the Godavari region. The temple enshrines a 15-foot white marble [[Lingam|Sivalinga]], and daily rituals are performed by priests on a platform. The main deity, Lord Amareswara (also known as Amaralingeswara), is accompanied by his consort, Bala Chamundika.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=Chitra Ramaswamy |date=29 June 2017 |title=Five for peace |url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/pancharamar-khetrams-dedicated-to-lord-siva/article19174387.ece |access-date=7 October 2017 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

The temple, based on epigraphical and historical evidence, is believed to have originated in the 11th century, with the earliest inscription dating back to 1129 CE.<ref name=":6" /> The temple has been patronized by various dynasties, including the [[Kota Vamsa|Kota chiefs]], and the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], with notable contributions from [[Krishnadevaraya|Sri Krishnadevaraya]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=C. Sivaramamurti |url=https://archive.org/details/AmaravatiSculpturesInTheMadrasGovernmentMuseum/page/n31/mode/2up |title=Amaravati Sculptures In The Madras Government Museum |date=1956 |publisher=[[Government Museum, Chennai|Madras Government Museum]] |pages=8}}</ref> Major renovations were carried out in the late 18th century.<ref name=":0" />

Built in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian architectural style]], the temple features four [[Gopuram|gopuras]] and a central [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]].<ref name=":4" /> It is a significant spiritual and historical site, drawing pilgrims from across the region. Major festivals, such as [[Maha Shivaratri|Maha Sivaratri]] and [[Navaratri]], are celebrated here.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Amaralingeswara Temple Amaravati |url=http://www.templesofindia.net/temples/amaralingeswara-temple-amaravati |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007170114/http://www.templesofindia.net/temples/amaralingeswara-temple-amaravati |archive-date=7 October 2017 |website=Temples of India}}</ref> The temple is located on Krouncha Saila, a small hill near the Krishna River, and the surrounding village of Amaravathi is named after it.<ref name=":33">{{Cite book |last=H. Sarkar |first= |url=https://archive.org/details/amaravati00sark/page/8/ |title=Amaravati |last2=S. P. Nainar |first2= |date=2007 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |others= |edition=5th |pages=1–2}}</ref> This village also inspired the name of Andhra Pradesh's planned capital, [[Amaravati]], located 35 kilometers to the east.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 October 2015 |title=After 18 centuries, Amaravati set to become a 'capital' again |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/After-18-centuries-Amaravati-set-to-become-a-capital-again/articleshow/49489009.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025011007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/After-18-centuries-Amaravati-set-to-become-a-capital-again/articleshow/49489009.cms |archive-date=25 October 2015 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

==History==
The Amareswara temple is believed to have been constructed in the 11th century, based on epigraphical evidence.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=M. Krishna Kumari |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.scoerat.1747pancharamasinmedievalandhradesa1989/page/29/mode/2up |title=Pancharamas in Medieval Andhradesa |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |year=1989 |pages=29}}</ref> However, its architectural style closely resembles the Bhimeswara temples of [[Kumararama|Samalkot]] and [[Daksharamam|Draksharama]], which date back to the 10th century. Among the 35 inscriptions found on the temple's walls, the earliest dates to 1129 CE. Legends associated with the Bhimeswara temples may have contributed to the temple's connections with them.<ref name=":6" /> Additionally, one of the earliest recorded inscriptions in the temple region is an [[Eastern Chalukya Empire|Eastern Chalukya]] epigraph found at [[Dharanikota]], near Amaravati.<ref name=":4" />

The temple's foundation reflects early Buddhist influence, featuring elements like a white marble lotus medallion and a cylindrical mula virat in the sanctum. These features have led to theories that the site may have initially been a Buddhist place of worship.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Dr. P. Purnachandra |title=Chronicle of Guntur District Tourism |publisher=[[Acharya Nagarjuna University]] |year=2023 |edition=1 |location=Guntur |page=20}}</ref> The discovery of a Chaturmukha Linga and a small [[mukhalinga]] sculpture, both dating to the [[Satavahana dynasty]] (1st–2nd centuries CE), underscores the antiquity of [[Shaivism|Saivism]] in the region. Additionally, a life-sized, intricately decorated [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] statue from the Satavahana era, found near the temple, reflects the craftsmanship of that period and suggests the early prominence of Saivism in Amaravathi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=M. Krishna Kumari |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.scoerat.1747pancharamasinmedievalandhradesa1989/page/21/mode/2up?q=amaravati |title=Pancharamas in Medieval Andhradesa |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |year=1989 |pages=22–23}}</ref>

By the 12th century, the coexistence of Hindu and Buddhist structures was evident in Amaravathi. Inscriptions and accounts from this period reference both the [[Amaravati Stupa|Buddhist Mahachaitya]] and the Amareswara Temple. A 1184 CE inscription by [[Kota Vamsa|Kota chief]] Keta II describes the Buddhist stupa as "chaityam-atyunnatam yatra nānā chitra suchitritam" (magnificent and adorned). The same inscription also reverently mentions Lord Siva as Amareswara, indicating a harmonious blend of religious traditions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=M. Krishna Kumari |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.scoerat.1747pancharamasinmedievalandhradesa1989/page/19/mode/2up |title=Pancharamas in Medieval Andhradesa |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |year=1989 |pages=19}}</ref> Furthermore, inscriptions on the temple pillars record lamp donations to [[The Buddha|Lord Buddha]] by Keta II and his courtesans, suggesting the presence of a Buddhist temple in the vicinity, which has since disappeared.<ref name=":5" />

The temple continued to receive patronage in subsequent centuries. During the 14th-century [[Reddi Kingdom|Reddi dynasty]] and the 16th-century [[Vijayanagara Empire]], significant contributions were made to the temple. Notably, [[Krishnadevaraya|Sri Krishnadevaraya]] ({{Reign|1509|1529}}) added a [[mandapa]]m (pavilion), further solidifying the temple's cultural and religious importance.<ref name=":4" />

In the late 18th century, the temple underwent extensive expansion under the patronage of [[Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu]], the zamindar of [[Chintapalli, Palnadu district|Chintapalli]]. A devout follower of Lord Siva, Venkatadri Nayudu later built and relocated to Amaravathi and provided financial support for the temple's upkeep. He allocated land to priests, ensuring the continuity of worship and maintenance at the site.<ref name=":0" />

==Deity==
The primary deity in the Amareswaraswamy Temple is a large [[Lingam|Sivalinga]], notable for its height, which requires priests to stand on a platform to perform daily rituals and the [[Abhisheka]], a ceremonial anointment. According to temple lore, the Sivalinga once began to grow continuously, prompting devotees to drive a nail into its top to halt its expansion, resulting in a red mark where it is said blood emerged. The main idol, or Mula Virat, is a vertically aligned cylinder crafted from white marble.<ref name=":2" />

==Legend==
Legend attributes the origins of the temple to events involving the demon king [[Tārakāsura|Tarakasura]], who, after receiving a boon from [[Shiva|Lord Siva]], defeated the gods. To restore order, Lord Shiva vowed to eliminate the demon, and the gods came to reside at the site, thus giving the name Amaravati. Here, Shiva is worshipped as Amareswara, accompanied by his consort Bala Chamundika, one of the 18 revered goddesses.<ref name=":1" />

==Architecture==
[[File:Sri Amaralingeswara Swamy temple & Chariot.jpg|thumb|260px|Amareswara Swamy temple during Rathayatra]]
[[File:అమరేశ్వరస్వామి దేవాలయం.jpg|thumb|Amareswara Swamy temple]]
The Amararamam temple complex is surrounded by four towering [[Gopuram|gopuras]] in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style]], with a central [[vimana]] reflecting the same architectural design, enhancing its impressive structure. Located on Krouncha Saila, a small hill near the [[Krishna River]], the temple combines Buddhist and Dravidian architectural influences.<ref name=":3" />

Access to the [[Garbhagriha|sanctum sanctorum]], which is elevated, is via a flight of steps, leading to the main deity, a 15-[[Foot (unit)|foot]] white marble [[lingam]] called Amareswara, also known as Amaralingeswara. This lingam is the largest among the [[Pancharama Kshetras|Pancharama]] lingams, with a circumference of three feet, and is worshipped through prayers and [[abhisheka]] rituals performed from a platform within the sanctum. The temple also houses the goddess Bala Chamundeswari Devi, considered the consort of Lord Amareswara.<ref name=":3" />

==Festivals==
The temple hosts several major Hindu festivals, including [[Maha Shivaratri|Maha Sivaratri]], which falls on Magha Bahula Dasami, and [[Navaratri]], along with various Kalyana Utsavas. Its sacred location along the Krishna River elevates the temple's religious significance, making it an important pilgrimage site.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 February 2012 |title=Maha Sivaratri celebrated with religious fervour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/maha-sivaratri-celebrated-with-religious-fervour/article2915441.ece |access-date=7 October 2017 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Transport==
The temple is located approximately 40 km from [[Guntur]].<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2014 |title=Amaravathi declared heritage city |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/Amaravathi-declared-heritage-city/article10950696.ece |access-date=7 October 2017 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] (APSRTC) operates regular bus services from [[NTR bus station|Guntur]], [[Pandit Nehru bus station|Vijayawada]], and [[Mangalagiri]] to Amaravathi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourist Services in Guntur Region |url=http://apsrtc.gov.in/T_Guntur.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416174701/http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/T_Guntur.aspx |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date= |website=[[APSRTC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 November 2013 |title=RTC to operate 300 buses to 'Siva Kshetrams |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/rtc-to-operate-300-buses-to-siva-kshetrams/article5329207.ece |access-date=7 October 2017 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Renovation==
In 2017, the temple's [[Gopuram]] was renovated to address structural cracks that had developed over time due to exposure to heavy equipment. This renovation, costing approximately ₹1.56 [[crore]], revealed ancient artifacts dating back 1,800 years in the foundation pits.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Sujatha Varma |date=7 September 2015 |title=Ancient sculptures found in Amaravati |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/ancient-sculptures-found-in-amaravati/article7623259.ece |access-date=7 October 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.templenet.com/Andhra/amararama.html Amararama]

{{Pancharama Kshetras}}
{{Hindu Temples in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Amaravati topics}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Guntur district]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Pancharama Kshetras]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Guntur district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Articles expanded in Collaboration with ANU, Guntur]]

Annigeri

2026-03-13T22:52:51Z

AnkuMalik: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Annigeri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kn
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Amrtesvara Temple at Annigeri.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Amruteshwara Temple at Annigeri
| pushpin_map = India#India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.43|N|75.43|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dharwar district|Dharwad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 11.1
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 624
| population_total = 25709
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 2316.13
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 582 201
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08380
| registration_plate = KA-25
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Annigeri''' is a taluk of [[Dharwad district]] in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]], located 20 km west of [[Gadag]] en route to [[Hubli]] and 35 km from [[Hubli]].

==Introduction==
Annigeri ({{Langx|kn| ಅಣ್ಣಿಗೇರಿ}})is the [[place of birth]] of the famous [[Kannada]] poet [[Adikavi Pampa]] ({{Langx|kn| ಆದಿಕವಿ ಪಂಪ }}). It is well known for the black stone temple built by the [[Western Chalukya Empire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2201/stories/20050114000106500.htm |title=The Chalukyan magnificence |access-date=2008-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080717210433/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2201/stories/20050114000106500.htm |archive-date=17 July 2008 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> known as Amruteshwara Temple.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/kalyani_chalukya.html
|title=Kalyani Chalukyan temples
|access-date=2008-08-30
}}</ref> A temple of mythological figures supported by 76 columns, located in the [[Dharwad district]], and has a [[derasar]] dedicated to [[Parshva]], the 23rd [[Tirthankara]] in [[Jainism]].
Annigeri also has temples dedicated to '''Banashankari, Basappa, Gajina Basappa and Hanuman'''.
There is an ancient Lingayati temple near the railway station.

Annigeri has seven [[mosque]]s and two [[Lingayatism|Lingayati]] [[Matha]]s.

==History==
[[File:Western Chalukya Monuments.svg|thumb|left|Annigeri comes under core area of Western Chalukya]]
[[File:View from the rear of Amritesvara temple at Annigeri.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Amruteshwara Temple in Annigeri]]
Annigeri was an important political and cultural center in the past.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.travelchacha.com/cities/karnataka/dharwad.html
|title=Dharwad (Annigeri) Travel
|access-date=2009-01-16
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081218224239/http://www.travelchacha.com/cities/karnataka/dharwad.html| archive-date= 18 December 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> Various kings like the Chalukya dynasty, [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri]] and the [[Hoysala Empire]] annexed the town, which once formed part of the kingdoms of the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani]]s.

Annigeri was the last capital of the Chalukyas, Someshwara 4 (during 1184-89)<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indnav.com/servlet/Browse?mt=goToName&name=Dharwad
|title=Places Around Dharwad
|access-date=2009-01-16
}}</ref> and it was headquarters of famous rich province of ''Belvola-300''.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/Kar_Handbook_2005_Chapter14.Pdf
|title=Chapter XIV, Karnataka, The Tourist Paradise
|access-date=2008-08-30
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304232130/http://www.gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/Kar_Handbook_2005_Chapter14.Pdf
|archive-date=2009-03-04
}}</ref>

Annigeri comes under the core area of Western Chalukya architectural activity in the modern Karnataka state. The Amrtesvara Temple is the finest examples produced by the Kalyani Chalukyas ([[Western Chalukya architecture]]).

In 1157 the Kalachuris under [[Bijjala II]] captured [[Basavakalyan]] and occupied it for the next twenty years, forcing the Chalukyas to move their [[capital city]] to Annigeri in the present-day Dharwad district.

To Provide education at the primary and Vedic levels, Annigeri had five Brahmapuris.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.kamat.com/database/books/kareducation/community_education.htm
|title=Education in Karnataka through the ages
|publisher= Jyotsna Kamat
|access-date=2009-03-05
}}</ref>

==Annigeri skulls==
In 2010, over 100 human skulls were found in a drain at Annigeri. According to the preliminary theories, the area may have been a mass grave around some 150–200 years ago, or it may have been a battle ground.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_theories-galore-as-skulls-are-found-in-annigeri-drain_1432415
| title = Theories galore as skulls are found in Annigeri drain
| publisher = [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]
| author = Srikant Hunasvadi
| date = 2 September 2010
| access-date = 2010-09-03
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100907072436/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_theories-galore-as-skulls-are-found-in-annigeri-drain_1432415| archive-date= 7 September 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> After the discovery, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] officials visited the site, and the government of Karnataka ordered an excavation. After the excavation, 471 skulls were found on a stretch of {{convert|15.6|by|1.7|m}}. As of 2011, the archaeologists were searching for any mention of a massacre in the local folklore or history.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/karnataka/article1517734.ece
| title = At Annigeri, a rare find of human skulls
| author = Girish Pattanashetti
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| date = 2011-03-08
| access-date = 2011-03-08
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110310050254/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/karnataka/article1517734.ece
| archive-date = 10 March 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==Great personalities of Annigeri==

===Adikavi Pampa===

Annigeri is the birthplace of the great [[Kannada]] [[poet]], [[Adikavi Pampa]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indiadivine.org/audarya/indology/172843-re-y-indology-fwd-jainlist-kannada-nighantu.html
|title=Poet Pampa
|date=17 March 2002
|access-date=2009-01-16
}}</ref>

* '''Benjamin Loirice''' first wrote about [[Pampa]] and published the '''Pampa Bharata''' in 1882.
* Sri S G Narasimhachar brought out Adi Purana in 1900 and
* [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]] published the revised edition of Pampa Bharata In 1931.
* [[Government of Karnataka]] established the '''Pampa Foundation''' at Annigeri and also
instituted '''Pampa award'''.
* The [[Kannada University]] [[Hampi]] instituted '''Nadoja''' award in memory of Pampa.

==Tourist attractions==
[[File:Profile of Amritesvara temple at Annigeri.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Amruteshwara Temple in Annigeri]]
[[File:Shrine outer wall at Amritesvara temple at Annigeri.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Amruteshwara Temple in Annigeri]]
[[File:Turret and pilaster work where the shrine wall meets the tower in Amritesvara temple at Annigeri.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Amruteshwara Temple in Annigeri]]

===Amruteshwara Temple===
The Amruteshwara Temple<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C&q=The+Amrtesvara+Temple+at+Annigeri+&pg=RA1-PA178
|title=The Amrtesvara Temple at Annigeri
|isbn=9788170173120
|access-date=2008-08-30
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812145730/http://books.google.co.in/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C&pg=RA1-PA178&lpg=RA1-PA178&dq=The+Amrtesvara+Temple+at+Annigeri+&source=web&ots=2iihqHIyhY&sig=sYU2-mmwjm1vBybMMwsxo3zm_qc&hl=en
|archive-date=2011-08-12
|last1=Hardy
|first1=Adam
|year=1995
|publisher=Abhinav Publications
}}</ref> was built in the [[Dharwad District]] in 1050 [[common era|CE]] with [[dravidian architecture|dravida]] articulation, and was the first temple made of [[soapstone]].

The large and black stone Amruteshwar Temple is in the [[Kalyani Chalukyas]] style. The temple has a roof supported by 76 pillars and carvings of
mythological figures on its walls.

The Amruteshwara Temple was to be the prototype for later, more articulated structures such as the [[Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)]] at [[Itagi]]. Based on the general plan of the Amrtesvara Temple, the Mahadeva Temple was built in 1112 CE and has the same architectural components as its predecessor. There are, however, differences in their articulation.

'''Car Festival'''

During December and January, Amruteshwara temple is the venue of a festival.

==Other temples==
Many other temples are also seen at Annigeri, such as:

* The Ramalinga Temple
* The Banashankari Temple
* The Gajina Basappa Temple
* The Hire Hanuman Temple
* Puradhireshwar Temple
* Kambada Hanuman Temple

==Geography==
Annigeri is located at {{Coord|15.43|N|75.43|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Annigeri.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Annigeri]</ref> It has an average elevation of 624 metres (2047 feet).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Annigeri had a population of 25,709. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Annigeri has an average literacy rate of 55%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with 61% of the males and 39% of females literate. 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
* [http://www.kamat.com/database/pictures/3095.htm Hero-stone of Rashrakuta period at Annigeri]
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/160424/historian-unearths-sacrificial-sect-theory.html Historian unearths sacrificial sect theory on Annigeri skulls]
* [[Western Chalukya temples]]
* [[Western Chalukya architecture]]
* [[Western Chalukya Empire]]
* [[North Karnataka]]
* [[Tourism in North Karnataka]]
* [[Gadag]]
* [[Lakshmeshwar]]
* [[Lakkundi]]
* [[Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)]]
* [[Dambal]]
* [[Kundgol]]
* [[Kuknur]]
* [[Sudi, India|Sudi]]
* [[Gajendragad]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Annigeri}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080206232926/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Oct232007/spectrum2007102231808.asp The Chalukyan Magnificance] from the Deccan-Herald
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110812145730/http://books.google.co.in/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C&pg=RA1-PA178&lpg=RA1-PA178&dq=The+Amrtesvara+Temple+at+Annigeri+&source=web&ots=2iihqHIyhY&sig=sYU2-mmwjm1vBybMMwsxo3zm_qc&hl=en Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation]
* Kalyani Chalukyan temples [http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/kalyani_chalukya.html]
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/160889/in-studying-annigeri-skulls-collision.html Annigeri skulls]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140112214931/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-21/hubli/33302147_1_annigeri-skulls-state-archeology-department-famine Annigeri skulls]
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/160889/in-studying-annigeri-skulls-collision.html In studying Annigeri skulls, a collision of histories]
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/204610/annigeri-skulls-find-support-history.html Annigeri skulls find support in history pages]
* [http://archive.asianage.com/bengaluru/annigeri-skulls-archaeologists-approach-mysore-agency-484 Annigeri skulls]
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/160424/historian-unearths-sacrificial-sect-theory.html Historian unearths sacrificial sect theory on Annigeri skulls]

{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Chalukya dynasty]]
[[Category:Western Chalukya Empire]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Dharwad district]]
[[Category:Archaeology of death]]

Nehru College of Engineering and Research Centre

2026-03-07T15:30:43Z

AnkuMalik: further expand page for accuracy also after review

{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{cleanup|date=March 2022|reason=there is jumbled, rambling, repetitive content, with name misspellings, along with broken links and little actual information about the school, besides the alleged controversies.}}
{{infobox university
|name=Nehru College of Engineering and Research Centre
|established=2002
| pushpin_map =
| coordinates = {{coord|10.7441|76.4340|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
|type=[[Private university|Private]]
|city=[[Pambadi]], [[Thiruvilwamala]], [[Thrissur District]]
|state=[[Kerala]]|country=[[India]]
|website=http://www.ncerc.ac.in}}
'''Nehru College of Engineering and Research Centre''' (NCERC) is an autonomous engineering college situated in [[Thiruvilwamala]] in [[Thrissur District]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The college is approved by [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE) [[New Delhi]] and accredited by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web5.kar.nic.in/naac_ec/NAAC_accreditlist_pdf.aspx|title=Accreditation List|website=web5.kar.nic.in|access-date=2017-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118225051/http://web5.kar.nic.in/naac_ec/NAAC_accreditlist_pdf.aspx|archive-date=18 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aicte-india.org/dashboard/pages/approvedinstitutes.php|title=AICTE|website=www.aicte-india.org|language=en|access-date=2017-06-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610075653/http://www.aicte-india.org/dashboard/pages/approvedinstitutes.php|archive-date=2017-06-10}}</ref> It was featured in the news in January 2017, following the suicide of a student because he was allegedly harassed by the college authorities for purported malpractices during an examination.<ref name="thequint.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news-videos/2017/01/19/justiceforjishnu-campaign-and-the-rot-in-private-colleges-in-kerala-abuse-jishnu-pranoy-suicide-harassment-torture|title=#JusticeforJishnu Campaign & the Rot in Private Colleges in Kerala|newspaper=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2017-01-25}}</ref> This incident has sparked a chain reaction in Kerala where hundreds of students have now come out to share the horrific tales of torture and harassment in the state’s self-financed colleges.<ref name="thequint.com"/>

Situated in [[Thiruvilwamala]] in [[Thrissur District]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]], the college is affiliated to [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE) [[New Delhi]], and the [[University of Calicut]]. They have 12 educational Institutions in [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] collectively called as Nehru Group of Institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engineering.careers360.com/nehru-college-engineering-and-research-centre-thrissur|title=Nehru College of Engineering and Research Centre, Thrissur|publisher=Engineering.careers360|access-date=2013-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/nehru-group-of-institutions/article503729.ece|title=Nehru Group of Institutions|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 July 2010|publisher=TheHindu|access-date=2013-06-28}}</ref> NCERC was accredited and awarded with ISO 9001-2008 certification. The college is run by Nehru College of Educational and Charitable Trust, established in the year 1968 and headquartered in Kuniamuthur in [[Coimbatore District]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

== Unconventional rules ==
There are penalties for growing beards, failure to wear an ID tag, being late, cutting a cake for celebrations etc. Students who question these policies may be punished by cutting internal marks or not allowing to attend the exams.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/penalty-for-talking-growing-beard-nehru-college-follows-bizarre-rules-kerala-college-jishnu-suicide-1.1643972 |title= Penalty for talking, growing beard; Nehru College follows bizarre rules |publisher= [[Malayala Manorama]] |date= 10 January 2017 |access-date= 19 May 2017}}</ref> There is an undeclared ban on girls and boys being together on the campus.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/nehru-college-thrissur-student-suicide-torture-methods.html |title= Torture rooms, fine for beards, no girlfriends: Nehru College students list out harassment methods |publisher= [[Malayala Manorama]] |date= 11 January 2017 |access-date= 19 May 2017}}</ref>

==Student Suicide Controversy==
An 18-year old computer science student named [[Jishnu Pranoy]] was found hanging in his hostel bathroom on 6, January 2017 due to harassment by the college management allegedly after he was caught cheating in university semester exam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://naradanews.com/2017/01/kerala-engg-student-commits-suicide-after-teacher-allegedly-catches-him-cheating/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223212448/http://naradanews.com/2017/01/kerala-engg-student-commits-suicide-after-teacher-allegedly-catches-him-cheating/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=23 February 2017|title=Kerala: Engg student commits suicide after teacher allegedly catches him cheating|website=naradanews.com|access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/kerala-engineering-student-commits-suicide-after-he-was-tortured-by-college-for-cheating-in-exam-269187.html|title=Kerala Engineering Student Commits Suicide After He Was 'Tortured By College' For Cheating|newspaper=indiatimes.com|access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.wbnews.info/2017/01/kerala-engineering-student-commits-suicide-after-he-was-tortured-by-college-for-cheating-in-exam/|title=Kerala Engineering Student Commits Suicide After He Was 'Tortured By College' For Cheating In Exam|date=2017-01-10|newspaper=WBNews|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref> There were torture marks on Jishnu's body and the college authorities also refused to take him to the hospital.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/jishnu-pranoy-trauma-death-nehru-college-engineering-pampady.html|title=That fateful evening this teacher refused to take a dying Jishnu to hospital, say students|newspaper= [[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref> The death of the student caused violent protests with many students coming out and sharing the harassment they are facing in this college.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/jan/09/kerala-college-student-suicide-protest-march-by-students-turns-violent-1557792.html|title=Kerala college student suicide: Protest march by students turns violent|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/100117/jishnu-pranoy-suicide-case-students-vent-ire-on-nehru-college.html |title= Jishnu Pranoy's death case: Students vent ire on Nehru College |date= 10 January 2017 |newspaper= [[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date= 16 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/week-since-jishnu-suicide-more-kerala-colleges-face-allegations-of-harassment/|title=Week since Jishnu suicide: More Kerala colleges face allegations of 'harassment'|date=2017-01-14|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref> It was reportedly revealed there are torture rooms in the college where students are assaulted.<ref name=AN1>{{Cite news|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/torture-room-goondas-ensure-discipline-engineering-college-kerala|title=This Kerala engineering college has a torture chamber!|newspaper=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|date=31 March 2018|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref> Students are also fined for beards longer than 0.02 millimeter. Students are not allowed to have girlfriends or sit on the same bench with girls in the classroom.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/nehru-college-thrissur-student-suicide-torture-methods.html|title=Torture rooms, fine for beards, no girlfriends: Nehru College students list out harassment methods|access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/penalty-for-talking-growing-beard-nehru-college-follows-bizarre-rules-kerala-college-jishnu-suicide-1.1643972|title=Penalty for talking, growing beard; Nehru College follows bizarre rules|newspaper=Mathrubhumi|access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref> Even cutting cakes in the classroom for celebrating birthdays is banned in this college.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/penalty-for-talking-growing-beard-nehru-college-follows-bizarre-rules-kerala-college-jishnu-suicide-1.1643972|title=Penalty for talking, growing beard; Nehru College follows bizarre rules|newspaper=Mathrubhumi|access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref> [[Kerala State Human Rights Commission|Kerala state Human Rights Commission]] has sought a report on this matter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/SHRC-orders-probe/article17021346.ece|title=SHRC orders probe|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref>

Many mainstream media didn't mention the name of the college, and instead resorted to using the term 'popular college'. This caused an intense social media rage against the media and college management for trying to cover-up the issue.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-college-student-jishnus-death-netizens-blame-news-channels-not-naming-institute-memes-go-711525|title=Kerala college student Jishnu's death: Netizens blame news channels for not naming engineering college; memes go viral|last=James|first=Anu|newspaper=International Business Times, India Edition|language=en|access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref> The name of the college was finally revealed by the [[Kairali TV|Kairali]] People TV channel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-college-student-jishnus-death-netizens-blame-news-channels-not-naming-institute-memes-go-711525|title=Kerala college student Jishnu's death: Netizens blame news channels for not naming engineering college; memes go viral|last=James|first=Anu|newspaper=International Business Times, India Edition|language=en|access-date=2017-01-25}}</ref> The hashtag #JusticeForJishnu trended in all social media across Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/why-justiceforjishnu-is-trending-on-social-media-platforms-in-kerala-jishnu-pranoy-suicide-4471929/|title=Why #JusticeForJishnu is trending on social media platforms in Kerala|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news-videos/2017/01/19/justiceforjishnu-campaign-and-the-rot-in-private-colleges-in-kerala-abuse-jishnu-pranoy-suicide-harassment-torture|title=#JusticeforJishnu Campaign & the Rot in Private Colleges in Kerala|newspaper=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref> A Facebook campaign page was also started (called [https://www.facebook.com/ripjishnu/ Justice for Jishnu] ) where students came together to share several posts about alleged that emotional harassment by the college authorities was an everyday affair.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/fury-bursts-against-kerala-college-after-student-jishnu-kills-self-over-copying-allegation|title=Fury bursts against Kerala college after student Jishnu kills self over copying allegation|date=2017-01-09|newspaper=The News Minute|access-date=2017-01-25}}</ref>

The mystery of Jishnu's unnatural death deepened when the college's statement of 'caught copying' was proved false in all the investigations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=86902|title=No complaints received against Jishnu over copying: Exam controller|website=www.kaumudi.com|access-date=2017-01-21}}</ref> The university investigation team assigned by KTU(Kerala Technical University) said they have not received any complaints regarding the copying incident of Jishnu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/jishnu-pranoys-suicide-no-report-on-the-student-copying-says-university/articleshow/56466973.cms|title=Jishnu Pranoy's suicide: No report on the student copying, says university - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-01-21}}</ref> According to the University rules, the college is required to immediately report any exam malpractice incidents on the same day of the exam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/ktu-officials-find-college-contention-of-copying-false-1.1643951|title=KTU officials find college contention of copying false|newspaper=Mathrubhumi|access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref>

After inspecting the bench on which Jishnu sat on that fateful exam day, the distance and angle towards the other students, A.D.G.P [[Sudesh Kumar]] concluded that there is no chance Jishnu could have copied from that seat in the way the college is claiming.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/no-evidence-to-prove-jishnu-resorted-to-copying-adgp-sudesh-kumar-jishnu-pranoy--1.1659165|title=No evidence to prove Jishnu resorted to copying: ADGP Sudesh Kumar|newspaper=Mathrubhumi|access-date=2017-01-21}}</ref> Also, all students have testified saying that Jishnu didn't copy.<ref>{{Citation|work=Manorama News|title=I don't think that Jishnu copied in the exam says ADGP Sudesh kumar {{!}} Manorama News|date=2017-01-16|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFtSXrfCWkw|access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref>

Jishnu's postmortem report shows that there were multiple injuries on his nose, face, lips and neck hinting to physical torture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/tv/ReadMore1/31785/jishnu-injuries-in-body/E|title=ജിഷ്ണുവിന്റെ മുറിവുകള്‍ മരണത്തിന് മുമ്പുള്ളതെന്ന് മൃതദേഹപരിശോധനാ റിപ്പോര്‍ട്ട്|website=www.mathrubhumi.com|language=en|access-date=2017-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/crime-beat/crime-news/post-mortem-report-of-jishnu-1.1669667|title=ജിഷ്ണുവിന്റെ മുഖത്തെ മുറിവുകള്‍ മരിക്കുന്നതിന് മുമ്പുള്ളതെന്ന് പോസ്റ്റ്‌മോര്‍ട്ടം റിപ്പോര്‍ട്ട്‌|newspaper=Mathrubhumi|access-date=2017-01-21}}</ref> His classmates had alleged that the Vice-principal and PRO of the college had physically assaulted Jishnu after which he committed suicide.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/jan/20/jishnus-postmortem-report-hints-at-physical-torture-before-death-1561472.html|title=Jishnu's postmortem report hints at physical torture before death|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-01-21}}</ref>

After this incident, students of many other private engineering colleges also started coming out with harassment stories from management.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> When the protest turned violent, the college management suspended Vice-principal Dr N K Sakthivel, teacher Praveen C P and PRO Sanjith Viswanathan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/jan/13/vice-principal-two-other-nehru-college-of-engineering-staff-suspended-1559113.html|title=Vice-principal, two other Nehru College of Engineering staff suspended|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/130117/thiruvananthapuram-vigilance-cases-in-cold-storage.html?fromNewsdog=1 |title= Thiruvananthapuram: Three Nehru college staffers suspended over suicide of Jishnu|date=2017-01-13|newspaper= [[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Jishnu%E2%80%99s-death-college-suspends-vice-principal-two-others/article17029501.ece|title=Jishnu's death: college suspends vice principal, two others|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en|access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref>

Kerala chief minister said many organisations had started colleges with an eye on making profit, and that even liquor barons established colleges and auctioned the job opportunities in those institutions. Chief Minister said the government would inquire into the "corruption and loot" prevalent in the self-financing educational sector. "Ever since self-financed colleges came up, many saw the education sector as a business with a potential for huge profits. Earlier the Christian managements stayed away from this trend, but now majority has become part of this," he said referring to Jishnu's death.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/india/kerala-cm-accuses-colleges-of-profiteering-warns-of-action-1.1963279|title=Kerala CM accuses colleges of profiteering, warns of action|last=Mathew|first=Akhel|date=2017-01-17|newspaper=GulfNews|access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref>

As of January 2019 the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] was still investigating the case.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thrissur: Jishnu death drags on two years since |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/crime/060119/thrissur-jishnu-death-drags-on-two-years-since.html |access-date=10 April 2019 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=6 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Following a comprehensive CBI investigation, it was found that the student had committed suicide. No evidence was found against P. Krishnadas, Chairman of Nehru Group of Institutions, who was cleared of all earlier accusations by the State Crime Branch.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Oct 1, 2019|title=Jishnu Prannoy committed suicide: CBI chargesheet {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/jishnu-prannoy-committed-suicide-cbi-chargesheet/articleshow/71382368.cms|access-date=2021-03-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Torture rooms ==
The office room of P.R.O(Public Relations Officer) is known as 'idi muri' (torture room) where students are physically assaulted.<ref>{{Citation|work=REPORTER LIVE|title=Nehru College Student reveals that "Idimuri" Exists in College│Reporter Live|date=2017-01-15|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dFCACzZL5Mk|access-date=2017-01-21}}</ref> The college had appointed 'disciplinary officers' to ensure that the rules imposed by authorities are strictly followed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/death-of-engineering-students-triggers-online-campaign/articleshow/56422791.cms|title=Death of engineering students triggers online campaign - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-01-21}}</ref> Those who challenge the stringent rules are summoned to this room where they are threatened and beaten up, alumnus and students of the college claimed.<ref name=AN1 />

== Masked, male strippers outside woman's hostel ==
Many other students also reported several other controversial incidents, including the regular appearance of men with masks stripping to full nudity behind the woman's hostel.<ref>{{Citation|work=People TV|title=Showman As Nude In Nehru College Hostel; Students Alleges Inaction From Management Side|date=2017-01-11|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dqbqh8PxAQ0|access-date=2017-01-21}}</ref> They also reportedly come near the windows and sexually harass the students. This became a serious news when students released the photo of the naked showman and several students reported to media that the management of the college didn't take any action.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.marunadanmalayali.com/news/exclusive/pambadi-college-issue-showman-exclusive-picture-63548|title=സെക്യൂരിറ്റിക്കാരും മാനേജ്‌മെന്റും ഇതുവരെ കാണാത്ത നെഹ്‌റു കോളേജിലെ പെൺകുട്ടികളുടെ ഹോസ...|access-date=2017-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.malayalamnewspress.com/showman-in-nehru-hostel/|title=നെഹ്രു കോളേജിലെ പെണ്‍കുട്ടികളുടെ ഹോസ്റ്റലിന് പുറത്തു സ്ഥിരം നഗ്നതാ പ്രദര്‍ശനം; പരാതിപെട്ടാല്‍ നിങ്ങള്‍ വിളിച്ചുകൊണ്ടുവന്ന ആളായിരിക്കുമെന്ന് മാനേജ്‌മെന്റിന്റെ മറുപടി - Malayalam News Press|date=2017-01-11|newspaper=Malayalam News Press|access-date=2017-01-21|language=en-US}}</ref> Instead the management blamed the students saying they must be the ones who is inviting the showman, while the warden said 'this is anyway something you would have to see after you get married, so what is the problem?'.<ref>{{Citation|last=People TV|title='Nakedman' Puts Spotlight Back On Nehru College|date=2017-01-11|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGJmaOnbhSM|access-date=2017-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ml.naradanews.com/2017/01/peeping-hole-at-nehru-college-ladies-hostel-door-stiptease-show-outside/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112093718/http://ml.naradanews.com/2017/01/peeping-hole-at-nehru-college-ladies-hostel-door-stiptease-show-outside/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 January 2017|title=നെഹ്രു കോളേജ്: പെണ്‍ഹോസ്റ്റലിലെ വാതിലില്‍ 'പപ്പട' വലിപ്പത്തില്‍ ദ്വാരം; ജനലിന് പുറത്ത് ലിംഗപ്രദര്‍ശനം|website=ml.naradanews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-21}}</ref>

== Chairman's torture allegations ==
While the college was caught up in the Jishnu's death case, another student named Shaheer came out stating that the Chairman of the institute, Mr. Krishnadas, punched, thrashed and threatened him. Shaheer was a second year LLB student of Nehru Academy of Law, Lakkidi(JCET campus). He had written complaints to chief minister and calicut university in October 2016 stating the illegal activities happening in the college. He also had written letter to income tax department stating the illegal fine collections happening in the college.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Narada News|title=student shaheer says about the cruel attack of nehru group chairman p krishnadas|date=2017-02-15|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wivAAFG2rXA|access-date=2017-02-18}}</ref>

The university had asked the college for an explanation in this matter by the end of December, while students were in Christmas vacation. When the college reopened on the morning of 3 January 2017 (three days before Jishnu's death), Shaheer was forcefully taken from his college in an autorickshaw to Pambady Nehru college by a person working for the management. Then he was detained and tortured there till the end of the day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://watsupasia.com/news/student-complains-against-nehru-college-chairman-p-krishnadas/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219020448/http://watsupasia.com/news/student-complains-against-nehru-college-chairman-p-krishnadas/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 February 2017|title=Student complains against Nehru college Chairman P Krishnadas {{!}} WatsupAsia - Asia's Latest News & Entertainment Platform|website=watsupasia.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-18}}</ref>

He was then forcefully asked to write a letter saying that he is taking back this complaint and that he don't have any complaint. He was punched and thrashed by Krishnadas in his office. He was also made to write a letter admitting that he was 'caught ragging' although he have never done any such thing. When he refused to sign it, he was beaten up. He ultimately signed it when he came to know that he will not be released unless he sign that paper as he was already detained against his will for over eight hours. He was then forced to write a letter saying that he is being suspended because he was caught 'ragging'.<ref>{{Citation|last=asianetnews|title=Student complains against Nehru college Chairman P Krishnadas|date=2017-02-15|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tulmEY8o-O4|access-date=2017-02-18}}</ref>

After he signed the paper, Krishnadas abused him by saying "If you have any shame, then you should keep your head to a train tomorrow and commit suicide".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/feb/15/case-against-p-krishnadas-1570679.html|title=Case against P Krishnadas|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-02-18}}</ref> Krishnadas also said "you will not study here anymore". Shaheer has permanently discontinued his education from this college due to these death threats.<ref name=":0" />

 

== Chairman Krishnadas's Arrests ==
Nehru college chairman P Krishnadas was arrested on 20 March 2017 on charges of assaulting a student named Shaheer at Nehru academy of Law in JCET campus, Lakkidi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/nehru-group-chairman-p-krishnadas-arrested-pampady-college-jishnu-pranoy-1.1811153|title=Nehru Group Chairman P Krishnadas arrested|work=Mathrubhumi|access-date=2017-04-05}}</ref> Krishnadas, along with Lakkidi College PRO Valsalakumar, Nehru college legal adviser Suchitra, administration manager Sukumaran and PT teacher Govindankutty, were arrested and taken into custody by a team led by Thrissur Rural SP.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/210317/nehru-college-chairman-p-krishnadas-four-others-held.html|title=Nehru College chairman P Krishnadas, four others held|date= 21 March 2017 |work= [[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date= 5 April 2017 |language= en}}</ref>

According to the complaint filed by Shaheer, Krishnadas had beaten him up for almost eight hours and threatened to trap him in a fake ragging case if he revealed the torture to anyone. This incident had taken place three days before the death of Jishnu Pranoy. The [[Kerala High Court]] had already granted anticipatory bail to Krishadas in the suicide death of Jishnu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2017/03/20/nehru-college-chairman-krishnadas-taken-into-custody.html|title=Student torture: Nehru College chairman Krishnadas arrested, HC flays police action|publisher= [[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date= 5 April 2017}}</ref>

The Judicial first class magistrate of Wadakkanchery rejected the bail plea of Krishnadas and four others involved. Krishnadas was then shifted to [[Central Prison, Viyyur|Viyyur central jail]]. The magistrate upheld the argument of the prosecutor T R Manoj Kumar that granting bail to them will affect the investigation of the case as they were influential people and will be able to influence the witnesses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/bail-plea-of-krishna-das-rejected/articleshow/57768804.cms|title=Bail plea of Krishna Das rejected - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date= 5 April 2017}}</ref>

Krishnadas was again arrested on 4 April for questioning in the Jishnu Pranoy death case, but was left off in the evening as he had anticipatory bail.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2017/04/04/jishnu-death-p-krishnadas-arrested-despite-anticipatory-bail.html|title=Jishnu death: P Krishnadas arrested, released|work= [[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date= 5 April 2017}}</ref> Following a comprehensive CBI investigation, P Krishnadas, Chairman of Nehru Group of Institutions, was found to be clear of the accusations, and was acquitted from the case.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jishnu committed suicide, no evidence against Nehru group chairman, says CBI|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/jishnu-committed-suicide-no-evidence-against-nehru-group-chairman-says-cbi-1.4159589|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Mathrubhumi|date=30 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Police Report on Jishnu Death Case ==
The police report submitted to Wadakkanchery court on 13 February 2017 by the Special Investigation Team(SIT), under the leadership of Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP) Kiran Narayanan accused five people in the death case of Jishnu Pranoy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/jishnu-pranoy-suicide-nehru-college-chairman-among-accused-in-police-report/articleshow/57126071.cms|title=Jishnu Pranoy suicide: Nehru college chairman among accused in police report - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date= 21 February 2017}}</ref>

It lists P Krishna Das, chairman and managing trustee of the Nehru College of Educational and Charitable Trust as the first accused.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indialivetoday.com/jishnu-pranoy-suicide-kerala-sit-names-nehru-college-chairman-krishnadas-as-first-accused/120269.html |title= Jishnu Pranoy suicide: Kerala SIT names Nehru College chairman Krishnadas as first accused {{!}} India Live Today |date= 13 February 2017 |newspaper= [[India Live Today]] |access-date= 21 February 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher= Manorama News |title= Jishnu suicide: Nehru group head Krishnadas named first accused |date= 12 February 2017 |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EyDcJCeMEd4 |access-date= 21 February 2017}}</ref> The vice principal N.K Sakthivel, assistant professor C.P Praveen, P.R.O Sanjith Viswanathan, and college staff examination cell member Dipin, are the other four accused.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/nehru-college-jishnu-death-police-case-principal-teachers.html |title= Jishnu's death: Nehru College principal, 4 other teachers to be booked |newspaper= [[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date= 21 February 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

The investigation reports says that the accused had prior enmity against Jishnu for having participated in the student's agitation and for posting material against the illegal activities of the college in the social media, as part of the agitation.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|last=asianetnews|title=Jishnu's death: 5 Nehru College officials go missing {{!}} News Hour 13 Feb 2017 |date= 13 February 2017 |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cw8edWmQweg|access-date= 21 February 2017}}</ref> The chairman Krishnadas then conspired with the other accused to implicate Jishnu in a copying case and had fabricated evidence to support the charges.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/nehru-college-jishnu-suicide-no-proof-police.html|title=Nehru College acted out of vengeance? No solid proof that Jishnu copied, says police report|newspaper= [[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date= 21 February 2017}}</ref> The report says that the chairman then used vice principal Sakthivel and invigilator C.P Praveen to carry out this crime.<ref name=":1" />

The accused C.P praveen came as the invigilator for both the exams written by Jishnu. About thirty minutes before the end of second exam conducted on 6 January, he 'caught' Jishnu of copying as part of the conspiracy plan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/copying-allegation-chairman-hatched-the-conspiracy-says-police-report-mathrubhumi-nehru-engineering-college-1.1727888|title=Copying allegation: Chairman hatched the conspiracy, says police report |newspaper= Mathrubhumi |access-date= 21 February 2017}}</ref> The student he accused Jishnu of copying from was also named Jishnu. The exam cell staff Dipin also helped Praveen to implement this plan. It is also alleged that Praveen may have got confused on which Jishnu was the target and hence he caught both of them for copying.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jishnu-suicide-nehru-group-chairman-krishnadas-named-first-accused-57216|title=Jishnu suicide: Nehru group Chairman Krishnadas named first accused|date= 13 February 2017 |newspaper= The News Minute |access-date= 21 February 2017}}</ref>

Both students were then taken to the Principal's office. The principal who knew about the conspiracy refused to fabricate them for the crime they didn't do.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Chairman-4-Other-College-Staff-Named-As-Accused-In-Kerala-Students-Suicide-Case/#.lbifb1t07|title=Cops Say Kerala Engineering Student's Suicide Was Due To False Allegations Of Copying|last=ScoopWhoop|date= 14 February 2017 |newspaper=ScoopWhoop|access-date= 21 February 2017 |language= En}}</ref> He asked the vice principal and invigilator to let the students go without any consequences. However, Vice principal only let the other Jishnu leave. He then took his target, Jishnu Pranoy to his cabin and crossed out his examination papers. The police report says that he then physically and mentally tortured Jishnu for next two hours.<ref name=":2" /> The vice principal is also charged with the crime of physical assault.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bignewslive.com/death-of-jishnu-police-will-arrest-principal-and-vice-principal-of-nehru-college/|title=ജിഷ്ണുവിന്റെ ആത്മഹത്യ: നെഹ്‌റു കോളേജിലെ പ്രിന്‍സിപ്പാള്‍ ഉള്‍പ്പടെയുള്ള അധ്യാപകരെ പ്രേരണാക്കുറ്റം ചുമത്തി അറസ്റ്റു ചെയ്‌തേക്കും|website=www.bignewslive.com|language=en-US|access-date= 21 February 2017}}</ref> Then, Jishnu was told that he has been debarred from writing any exams for the next three years. Later, Jishnu was found hanging in the bathroom of boy's hostel. Police report also states there is no evidence of Jishnu copying.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Kerala-college-chairman-first-accused-in-Jishnu-suicide-case/article17297714.ece|title=Kerala college chairman first accused in Jishnu suicide case|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu |access-date= 21 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/south/jishnu-pranoy-was-trapped-criminal-case-against-5-teachers|title=Five teachers conspired, pushed Jishnu to suicide: Police|newspaper=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|access-date=2017-02-21|language=en}}</ref>

Police report further states that the accused chairman Krishna das and P.R.O Sanjith then destroyed evidence by damaging the hard disk which stored the footage of CCTV cameras in the college.<ref name=":2" /> They also cleaned the blood stains and other potential evidence.<ref name="english.manoramaonline.com">{{Cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/jishnu-death-blood-stains-found-in-nehru-college-rooms.html|title=Jishnu death: blood stains found from Nehru College PRO's room, bathroom|newspaper= [[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref> They were also accused of making false documents with fake signature of Jishnu.<ref name=":2"/>

The charges against the accused have been framed under eight sections of the IPC including Section 306 (abetment of suicide), Section 323 (physical assault and causing injury), Section 120 (B) ([[criminal conspiracy]]), Section 468 (forgery for the purpose of cheating) and Section 201(destruction of evidence). All the sections are non bailable.<ref name=":1" />

When the arrest was imminent, all five accused went into hiding and has been absconding from Police ever since. Police had carried out searches in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and [[Karnataka]]. The P.K Das hospital owned by the same chairman was also searched.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/feb/13/jishnu-pranoy-suicide-kerala-sit-names-nehru-college-chairman-krishnadas-as-first-accused-1570211.html|title=Jishnu Pranoy suicide: Kerala SIT names Nehru College chairman Krishnadas as first accused|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref>

Few days later, the police forensic team found blood stains in Vice principal's cabinet, P.R.O's room and the bathroom where Jishnu was found hanging.<ref name="english.manoramaonline.com"/> Police is also trying to recover the CCTV footage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.manoramanews.com/news/breaking-news/police-torecover-cctv-visuals-in-nehru-college.html|title=Jishnu murder case: police-to recover cctv visuals of Nehru college office|newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref>

Police have also made look-out notices in search for the five absconding accused and have alerted all airports.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mundoaguaysaneamiento.net/2017/02/18/jishnus-death-police-to-issue-look-out-notice-against/|title=Jishnu's death: police to issue look-out notice against Krishnadas, other accused|website=mundoaguaysaneamiento.net|date=6 January 2014 |access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref>

== Land acquisition and illegal use ==
Nehru college illegally acquired and used the 'forest land' for their own private construction activities.<ref>{{Citation|last=asianetnews|title=Forest department started to recover vested forest land from Nehru college|date=2017-02-15|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=voy2vrwCGks|access-date=2017-02-18}}</ref> Following this, Thrissur DFO (Deputy Conservator of Forests) had visited the site. DFO said that the forest department will recover this illegally acquired land.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/govt-moves-court-against-alleged-forest-land-grab-by-nehru-college-kerala-campuses-1.1732776|title=Govt moves court against alleged forest land grab by Nehru College|newspaper=Mathrubhumi|access-date=2017-02-18}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated with the University of Calicut]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Political scandals in India]]
[[Category:Education scandals]]

2013 Bodh Gaya bombings

2026-03-05T22:10:40Z

AnkuMalik: New some stub initial version

{{Short description|Set of terrorist bombings in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2013 Bodh Gaya bombings
| partof =
| image = Bodhgaya 3639641913 f4c5f73689 t.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Bodhi Tree near the Mahabodhi Temple.
| map = {{Location map |India Bihar|label = Bodh Gaya, Bihar |position = right |lat = 24.695102 |long = 84.991275 |caption = Location of Bodh Gaya in Bihar. |float = none |width = 220|border=none}}
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = [[Mahabodhi Temple]], [[Bodh Gaya]]
| target =
| coordinates =
| date = 7 July 2013
| time = 05:30–06:00
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| type = [[Bombing]]
| fatalities =
| injuries = 5
| victims = 
| perps = 
| perpetrators = [[Indian Mujahideen]]
| weapons = [[Improvised explosive device]]<ref name=Gupta>{{cite news|last1=Gupta|first1=Shishir|title=Indian Mujahideen Bodh Gaya blasts tweet traced to Pakistan|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Bihar/Indian-Mujahideen-Bodh-Gaya-blasts-tweet-traced-to-Pakistan/Article1-1090628.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711134402/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Bihar/Indian-Mujahideen-Bodh-Gaya-blasts-tweet-traced-to-Pakistan/Article1-1090628.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 July 2013|access-date=10 July 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=11 July 2013|first2=Ahuja|last2=Rajesh|agency=HT Media Limited|location=New Delhi}}</ref> and cylinder bombs
| numparts = 
| dfens = 
| convicted = {{Unbulleted list|Umer Siddiqui|Azaharuddin Qureshi|Imtiyaz Ansari alias Alam|Haider Ali alias Black Beauty|Mujibullah Ansari}}<ref name="headlinestoday.org">{{cite news |title=Five sentenced to life imprisonment in Bodh Gaya serial blasts case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/5-sententenced-to-life-in-bodh-gaya-serial-blast-case/article24054772.ece/ |access-date=2 June 2018 |agency=Headlines Today}}</ref>
| verdict = [[Life Imprisonment]] and fine
| convictions = Criminal conspiracy, promoting enmity among different groups on grounds of religion, sect and place of birth
| charges = [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]], Explosives Act
| motive = Avenge the Rohingya genocide in Myanmar
}}
On 7 July 2013 a series of ten bombs exploded in and around the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] complex, a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in [[Bodh Gaya]], [[India]]. Five people, including two Buddhist monks, were injured by the blasts. Three other devices were defused by bomb-disposal squads at a number of locations in [[Gaya, India|Gaya]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/5-injured-in-multiple-blasts-at-Mahabodhi-temple-in-Bodh-Gaya/articleshow/20951736.cms? | title=5 injured in multiple blasts at Mahabodhi temple in Bodh Gaya | work=The Times of India| date=7 July 2013 | access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="13 bombs were planted">{{cite news|title=13 bombs were planted in Mahabodhi temple complex: Shinde|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-08/india/40442832_1_mahabodhi-temple-bodh-gaya-serial-blasts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712015823/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-08/india/40442832_1_mahabodhi-temple-bodh-gaya-serial-blasts|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2013|access-date=14 July 2013|date=8 July 2013|author=PTI|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.}}</ref><ref name="TIMES NOW" />

The temple itself and the [[Bodhi Tree]] (where [[Gautama Buddha]] had attained enlightenment) were undamaged.<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|title=2 monks injured as terror strikes Bodh Gaya|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/2-monks-injured-as-terror-strikes-bodh-gaya/article4891094.ece?homepage=true|access-date=7 July 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 July 2013}}</ref> However, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] confirmed damage to new structures in the temple complex.<ref name="Mid DAY1">{{cite news|title=Only modern structures at temple damaged: ASI|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2013/jul/110713-only-modern-structures-at-temple-damaged-asi.htm|access-date=10 July 2013|newspaper=Mid DAY|date=11 July 2013|author=Agencies|agency=Mid-Day Infomedia Ltd.|location=New Delhi}}</ref> International figures, including the [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]], Sri Lankan President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] and Myanmar Opposition leader [[Aung San Suu Kyi]], condemned the attacks.<ref name="Myanmar govt, Suu Kyi slam attack">{{cite news|title=Myanmar govt, Suu Kyi slam attack on Buddhist shrine|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Myanmar-govt-Suu-Kyi-slam-attack-on-Buddhist-shrine/articleshow/20981390.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713124609/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-09/india/40468490_1_ranjan-mathai-general-min-aung-hlaing-india-and-myanmar|url-status=live|archive-date=13 July 2013|access-date=13 July 2013|date=9 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.}}</ref> On 4 November 2013, the [[National Investigation Agency]] announced that the [[Islamic terrorist]] group [[Indian Mujahideen]] was responsible for the bombings.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last=Tiwari|first=Deeptiman|title=Ranchi document helps NIA crack Bodh Gaya blast case|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ranchi-document-helps-NIA-crack-Bodh-Gaya-blast-case/articleshow/25281931.cms?|access-date=6 November 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Patna terror cell">{{cite news|last1=Gaikwad|first1=Rahi|title=Patna terror cell behind Bodh Gaya strike too: NIA|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/patna-terror-cell-behind-bodh-gaya-strike-too-nia/article5322815.ece|access-date=7 November 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 November 2013|first2=Yadav|last2=Anumeha|first3=Pandey|last3=Devesh|agency=The Hindu|location=Patna, Ranchi, New Delhi}}</ref>

A [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) [[special court]] found all five of the accused Indian Mujahideen terrorists, Imtiyaz Ansari, Mujib Ullah, Omair Siddiqui and Azharuddin Qureishi, guilty of carrying out the attacks and sentenced them to life imprisonment under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] and Explosives Act. Another minor was sentenced for three years at a [[remand home]] by a juvenile court in 2017.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-05-25 |title=2013 Bodhgaya blast: All five accused pronounced guilty |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/2013-bodhgaya-blast-all-five-accused-pronounced-guilty-5190565/ |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=ThePrint |date=2018-06-01 |title=Five get life imprisonment for 2013 Bodh Gaya blasts |url=https://theprint.in/defence/five-get-life-imprisonment-for-2013-bodh-gaya-blasts/65267/ |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

Another IED bombing was carried out on 19 January 2018 at the Mahabodhi Temple when the Dalai Lama along with several Buddhist pilgrims was camping in the town to participate in the month-long [[Kalachakra]] prayer; no one was apparently hurt in the attack.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-11 |title=8 JMB terrorists convicted in Bodh Gaya blast case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/8-jmb-terrorists-convicted-in-bodh-gaya-blast-case-101639224342745.html |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> For the 2018 bombings on 1 June 2018, a special NIA court of [[Patna]] sentenced to 3 of the 8 accused to life imprisonment and the other 5 to ten years in prison. All of them were members of the [[Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2017 |title=3 get life imprisonment in 2018 Bodh Gaya blasts case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/dec/17/3-get-life-imprisonment-in-2018-bodh-gaya-blasts-case-2396706.html |website=[[New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Bodh Gaya Blasts Case, 3 Get Life Term, 5 Get 10 Years Jail |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-bodh-gaya-blasts-case-3-get-life-term-5-get-10-years-jail-2657372 |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-11 |title=8 JMB terrorists convicted in Bodh Gaya blast case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/8-jmb-terrorists-convicted-in-bodh-gaya-blast-case-101639224342745.html |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In both the 2013 and 2018 bombings the terrorists stated their motive was targeting Buddhist sites to avenge the [[Rohingya genocide]] in neighbouring Myanmar, a Buddhist majority country.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=NIA Says Explosive Set Off In Bodh Gaya To Show Solidarity With Rohingya |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bodh-gaya-blast-nia-says-explosive-set-off-in-bodh-gaya-to-show-solidarity-with-rohingya-1925100 |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Bombings==
The Mahabodhi [[Vihara|Mahavihara]] is an important temple for [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] worldwide.<ref name=HISTORY>{{cite web|title=History of Bodhgaya|url=http://www.mahabodhimahavihara.org/bodhgaya/history.aspx|publisher=Bodhgaya Temple Management Committee|access-date=7 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716030621/http://www.mahabodhimahavihara.org/bodhgaya/history.aspx|archive-date=16 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The bombs exploded between 05:30 and 06:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (00:30–01:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]), concurrently with the [[Sutta Pitaka|Sutta chanting]] and [[meditation]] which begin the daily routine of the ''mahavihara''.<ref name=DAILY>{{cite web|title=Daily Routine of the Mahabodhi Mahavihara|url=http://www.mahabodhimahavihara.org/puja.aspx|publisher=Bodhgaya Temple Management Committee|access-date=7 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711030324/http://mahabodhimahavihara.org/puja.aspx|archive-date=11 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=EVENTS>{{cite web|title=News & Events|url=http://www.mahabodhimahavihara.org/CalenderNew.aspx|publisher=Bodhgaya Temple Management Committee|access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/terror-strikes-bodh-gaya-serial-blasts-rock-mahabodhi-temple/articleshow/20956940.cms | title=Terror strikes Bodh Gaya, serial blasts rock Mahabodhi Temple | work=Economic Times| date=7 July 2013 | access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref>

Four of the blasts occurred within the Mahabodhi Temple complex:<ref name=EVENTS />
*The first bomb exploded at 5:30 IST, during prayers in the temple [[sanctuary]].
*About two minutes later a bomb exploded on the east side of the complex, at the Animesh Lochna Temple. Wooden bookshelves, stacked with Buddhist scriptures, were damaged by this blast.
*A third bomb exploded on the south side of the complex, at the Butter Lamp House. This blast damaged the Bodhgaya Temple Management Committee (BTMC) ambulance parked there.
*A fourth bomb exploded on the north side of the complex, inside a small shrine; however, an image of the Buddha in the shrine was unaffected by the blast.

Five other blasts occurred in Bodh Gaya, within a 500-metre radius of the Mahabodhi Temple complex:<ref name=EVENTS /><ref name=Yadav1>{{cite news|last=Yadav|first=Anumeha|title=Serial blasts rock Bodh Gaya temple|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/serial-blasts-rock-bodh-gaya-temple/article4891094.ece|access-date=14 July 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 July 2013|agency=The Hindu}}</ref>
*A small bomb exploded at an {{convert|80|ft|adj=on}} statue of the Buddha.
*Three bombs exploded at the Tergar (Tibetan)<ref name=TERGAR>{{cite web|title=Home|url=http://tergar.org/|publisher=Tergar International|access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref> Monastery. One bomb was placed behind the door of a classroom where children study Buddhism. The windows and classroom doors were damaged; there were no injuries, since the children were on holiday.<ref name=AMITABH>{{cite news|last1=Srivastava|first1=Amitabh|title=Strike on a non-functional day at Bodh Gaya's Mahabodhi Temple spared many lives|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/bodh-gayas-mahabodhi-temple-blast-bihar-monks-169478-2013-07-07|access-date=9 July 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=8 July 2013|first2=Bhalla|last2=Abhishek|agency=Living Media India Limited}}</ref>
*One bomb exploded on a bus parked at the Sujata bypass.

Indian Home Minister [[Sushilkumar Shinde]] said on 8 July that there were ten blasts, not nine as earlier reported;<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news|title=Day after terror attack, prayers for peace at Bodh Gaya|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/day-after-terror-attack-prayers-for-peace-at-bodh-gaya-389513|access-date=9 July 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=8 July 2013|first=Sudhi|last=Sen}}</ref> it was unclear where the tenth bomb detonated.<ref name="13 bombs were planted" /><ref name="NDTV" /><ref name="DALAI LAMA1" /> Despite the blasts, BTMC monks opened the main sanctuary of the temple for routine prayer and rituals.<ref name=EVENTS />

Bomb-disposal squads defused three more bombs,<ref name="TIMES NOW">{{cite news|title=Third bomb recovered near Bodh Gaya|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/3rd-bomb-recovered-near-Bodh-Gaya/articleshow/4431542.cms|access-date=8 July 2013|newspaper=The Times of India, Times Now|date=7 July 2013|author=AGENCIES|agency=Times Now, TIMES GLOBAL BROADCASTING COMPANY LIMITED}}</ref> which did not explode because the analog timers in them failed. A cylinder bomb at the Tergar monastery, another bomb near the 80-foot statue of the Buddha, and a third bomb was found during the afternoon, near the Royal Residence Hotel in the village of Baiju Bigaha. The bomb-detection team separated the detonator from the power source to defuse these bombs:<ref name="IEDs lying around">{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|title=MHA: Police in Bodhgaya left 'effective' IEDs lying around|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mha-police-in-bodhgaya-left-effective-ieds-lying-around/1145387/|access-date=24 July 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=23 July 2013|agency=The Indian Express Ltd|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

Three pamphlets, handwritten in [[Urdu]], were reportedly found with the defused bombs. Code words in two of the pamphlets seemed to describe the locations where the bombs would be planted, while the third pamphlet included the phrase "Revenge for Iraq".<ref name=Sahni>{{cite news|last=Sahni|first=Ajai|title=Bodh Gaya: Culpable Neglect|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?286803|access-date=12 July 2013|newspaper=The Outlook Magazine|date=8 July 2013|agency=The Outlook Group}}</ref><ref name=Rani>{{cite news|last=Rani|first=Lata|title=Buddha's name found on Bihar temple bomb|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/buddha-s-name-found-on-bihar-temple-bomb-1.1206651|access-date=15 July 2013|newspaper=Gulf News|date=8 July 2013|agency=Al Nisr Publishing LLC}}</ref>

==Investigation==
On 8 July the city SP of Gaya [[Chandan Kushwaha]] and District Development Officer Giridhar Dayal released [[CCTV]] footage of the blast sites at the Mahabodhi Temple and, based on an analysis of the footage, sketches of the suspected attackers. Sahidur and Saifur Rehman, brothers from [[Scotland]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] respectively, were identified from the sketches; both are alleged Indian Mujahideen (IM) operatives.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bodh-gaya-serial-blasts-cctv-footage-released/article4894716.ece|title=Bodh Gaya serial blasts: CCTV footage released|website=The Hindu|date=8 July 2013 |accessdate=9 July 2023|archive-date=15 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115005742/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bodh-gaya-serial-blasts-cctv-footage-released/article4894716.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="INDIA TODAY">{{cite news|title=Bodhgaya blasts: Police release CCTV footage, terror suspect detained |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/bodhgaya-blasts-cops-release-cctv-footage-terror-suspect-detained-169501-2013-07-06|access-date=8 July 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=8 July 2013|agency=The India Today Group|location=Bodh Gaya (Bihar)}}</ref> Another man, Vinod Mistri, was also arrested since his identity card was found at the blast site. However, Mistri claimed to have lost his card days before the blasts.<ref name="NDTV" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Bihar/One-held-for-questioning-over-Bodh-Gaya-blasts/Article1-1088947.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712070815/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Bihar/One-held-for-questioning-over-Bodh-Gaya-blasts/Article1-1088947.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 July 2013 |title=One held for questioning over Bodh Gaya blasts |work=Hindustan Times|date=8 July 2013 |access-date=8 July 2013}}</ref> National Investigation Agency (NIA) released Mistri on 10 July for lack of evidence after taking his statement.<ref name="NIA releases">{{cite news|title=NIA releases two in Bodh Gaya blasts case|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nia-releases-two-in-bodh-gaya-blasts-case/article4905014.ece|access-date=11 July 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 July 2013|author=PTI|agency=The Hindu}}</ref> An alleged IM [[Twitter|tweet]] claimed responsibility for the Bodh Gaya bombings on the day of the blasts, warning that [[Mumbai]] would be the next target. The [[IP address]] was traced to [[Pakistan]], and NIA investigated the claim.<ref>{{cite news|last=Arunima|title=Alleged Indian Mujahideen tweet claiming responsibility for Mahabodhi blasts traced to Pak|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/alleged-im-tweet-claiming-responsibility-for-mahabodhi-blasts-traced-to-pakistan/405543-3-232.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712220820/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/alleged-im-tweet-claiming-responsibility-for-mahabodhi-blasts-traced-to-pakistan/405543-3-232.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2013|access-date=10 July 2013|newspaper=CNN-IBN|date=10 July 2013|agency=Cable News Network|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

On 16 July, NIA released the sketches and a video clip of a suspect in the bombings. According to the agency, the suspect (in [[Bhikkhu]] clothing) planted four bombs in the Mahabodhi complex.<ref name="Press Release">{{cite web|title=Press Releases - Details of suspect involved in Bodh Gaya blast dated 07.07.2013|url=http://www.nia.gov.in/press/press.aspx|publisher=Government of India|access-date=17 July 2013|author=Ministry of Home Affairs|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727001404/http://www.nia.gov.in/press/press.aspx|archive-date=27 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Tiwary>{{cite news|last=Tiwary|first=Deeptiman|title=NIA releases sketch of suspected Bodh Gaya bomber|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NIA-releases-sketch-of-suspected-Bodh-Gaya-bomber/articleshow/21112185.cms|access-date=17 July 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|date=17 July 2013|agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd}}</ref> Witnesses noticed that the suspect performed [[Parikrama]] incorrectly. NIA reported that the suspected bomber intended to blow up the main statue of the Buddha, but did not enter the sanctuary because prayers had already begun.<ref name=Tiwary2>{{cite news|last=Tiwary|first=Deeptiman|title=Bomber wanted to blow up main statue|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-18/india/40655716_1_mahabodhi-temple-temple-complex-parikrama|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821231154/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-18/india/40655716_1_mahabodhi-temple-temple-complex-parikrama|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 August 2013|access-date=20 July 2013|date=18 July 2013|agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

Investigators discovered that the 13 Lotus timers used in the bombings were bought at a shop in [[Guwahati]].<ref name="blasts: Guwahati">{{cite news|last=Jain|first=Bharti|title=Bodh Gaya blasts: Guwahati shop under NIA scanner|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-25/india/40792963_1_bodh-gaya-clocks-the-nia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728233434/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-25/india/40792963_1_bodh-gaya-clocks-the-nia|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 July 2013|access-date=27 July 2013|date=25 July 2013|agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=New Delhi}}</ref> They also ascertained that the clocks attached to the unexploded bombs were manufactured at a factory in [[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]]. The cylinders attached to the bombs were obtained in Bihar, so NIA suspected local involvement.<ref name="bomb timers were traced">{{cite news|title=Mahabodhi blasts: Bomb timers were traced to Gujarat, bought in Guwahati|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mahabodhi-blasts-bomb-timers-were-traced-to-gujarat-bought-in-guwahati/408898-3-232.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726174247/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mahabodhi-blasts-bomb-timers-were-traced-to-gujarat-bought-in-guwahati/408898-3-232.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 July 2013|access-date=24 July 2013|newspaper=CNN-IBN|date=23 July 2013|author=Press Trust of India|agency=Cable News Network, LP LLLP}}</ref>

Investigators also confirmed that the bombs used in [[2013 Patna bombings|Patna]] and Bodh Gaya were nearly identical;<ref>{{cite news|last=Tiwary|first=Deeptiman|title=Patna, Bodh Gaya bombs similar; used same brand of clocks as timers|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-29/india/43494365_1_bodh-gaya-13-bombs-waqas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103183627/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-29/india/43494365_1_bodh-gaya-13-bombs-waqas|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2013|access-date=1 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 November 2013}}</ref> one of the many similarities investigated was in the way the bombs were planted.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Bodh Gaya bombs similar; used same">{{cite news|last=Tiwary|first=Deeptiman|title=Patna, Bodh Gaya bombs similar; used same brand of clocks as timers|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-29/india/43494365_1_bodh-gaya-13-bombs-waqas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103183627/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-29/india/43494365_1_bodh-gaya-13-bombs-waqas|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2013|access-date=9 November 2013|date=29 October 2013|agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=New Delhi}}</ref> On 4 November 2013 NIA raided a lodge in [[Ranchi]], finding evidence of a plot to bomb pilgrimage sites. The evidence included a map of planned bombings and the coded names of the terrorists. An NIA agent confirmed that "the charts they recovered matched precisely".<ref name="Patna terror cell" />

The evidence confirmed that the Ranchi cell of the IM was responsible for the blasts.<ref name=":0" /> According to reports, Imtiaz Ansari placed a bomb near the Thai Monastery and Ainul (a.k.a. Tariq) placed one at the Tergar Monastery. Mujib placed bombs at four locations in Bodh Gaya.<ref name=":0" /> The six-person attacking squad allegedly worked in pairs, and was assigned to place three bombs each.<ref name="Patna blasts planned on">{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Manish|title=Patna blasts planned on instant messaging site: investigators|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/patna-blasts-planned-on-instant-messaging-site-investigators-442145|access-date=7 November 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=6 November 2013|first2=Ghosh|last2=Shamik|agency=NDTV Convergence Limited 2013|location=New Delhi}}</ref> NIA named the five bomb planters, who planned the attack over a year ago: Hyder Ali, Imtiaz Ansari, Tariq (a.k.a. Ainul) and Taufeeq and Mujibal Ansari. The agency suspects that Ali masterminded the plot with guidance from Tehseen Akhtar, a Ranchi-based IM operative.<ref name="Bodh Gaya bomb planters">{{cite news|last=Gaikwad|first=Rahi|title=Bodh Gaya bomb planters identified; motives and methods still under probe|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bodh-gaya-bomb-planters-identified-motives-and-methods-still-under-probe/article5322786.ece|access-date=9 November 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 November 2013|agency=The Hindu|location=Patna}}</ref> Investigators suspect that [[Riyaz Bhatkal]], a Pakistani IM leader, commanded the attack.<ref name="Patna blasts planned on instant messaging site">{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Manish|title=Patna blasts planned on instant messaging site: investigators|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/patna-blasts-planned-on-instant-messaging-site-investigators-442145?curl=1384165506|access-date=11 November 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=6 November 2013|first2=Ghosh|last2=Shamik|agency=NDTV Convergence Limited 2013|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

===Alleged warnings===
Some members of the media blamed the Bihar Police, saying the blasts resulted from a lack of security at the management and operational levels.<ref name=AMITABH /> The metal detectors at the Mahabodhi Temple were not calibrated to detect bombs,<ref name=AMITABH /> and there were only four guards on duty when the blasts occurred.<ref name=Amit>{{cite news|last=Chaturvedi|first=Amit|title=10 Developments : Bodh Gaya blasts: temple reopens, monks hold special prayers|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/bodh-gaya-blasts-temple-reopens-monks-hold-special-prayers-389434|access-date=12 July 2013|newspaper=NDTV India|date=8 July 2013|author2=With inputs from Agencies|agency=NDTV Convergence Limited}}</ref> A security expert said, "The decision to let the Bodh Gaya Management Committee man security inside the premises is preposterous and immature".<ref name=AMITABH /> Questioned by NIA in the US in June 2010 about the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], [[David Headley]] claimed that [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] prepared a video on the Mahabodhi Temple and was planning to trigger blasts there.<ref name=Sahni /> The IM, responsible for the [[2012 Pune bombings]], revealed plans to attack the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya in October 2012.<ref name=AMITABH /><ref name="Delhi Police warning">{{cite news|last=Pandey|first=Devesh K|title=Delhi Police warning went in vain|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-police-warning-went-in-vain/article4892206.ece?ref=relatedNews|access-date=9 July 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 July 2013|location=New Delhi}}</ref> In April 2013 the NIA issued a list of alleged IM operatives, including Gaya-born Amir Reza Khan (alias Parvez, alias Rizwan, alias Muttaki), a resident of the village of Maheyan in Mohanpur, Gaya who was the sixth wanted member of the list.<ref name=AMITABH />

Reza, perpetrator of the [[2013 Bangalore blast|Bangalore]] and Pune blasts, is suspected to have provided reconnaissance on the Mahabodhi Temple site. The [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) issued several warnings, one in 2012 and two in 2013.<ref name=AMITABH /> The Bihar Police were alerted in June 2013 about the targets by the IB,<ref name="Tests of faith">{{cite news|last1=Raj|first1=Dev|title=Tests of faith|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/India/Tests-of-faith/Article1-1092142.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714110327/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/India/Tests-of-faith/Article1-1092142.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2013|access-date=13 July 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=14 July 2013|first2=Farooquee|last2=Neyaz|agency=HT Media Limited|location=New Delhi}}</ref> and on 2 July the IB alerted them about the entry of two suspects into Gaya.<ref name=AMITABH /> The [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] warned on 3 July that the temple was a target.<ref name="Tests of faith" /> The warnings caused a Bihar Police meeting the same day about security at the Mahabodhi Temple, but the blasts occurred within 100 hours.<ref name=AMITABH /> The treasurer of All India Bhiku Sangha, Pragya Deep, said: "The administration had prior information. There was a report of the IB. A series of security review meetings have been conducted. There have been at least five to six meetings. It’s shameful that despite this, the blasts have taken place. This is a mistake on the part of the administration".<ref name="Administration to be">{{cite news|title=Administration to be blamed for shameful act|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/administration-to-be-blamed-for-shameful-act/article4891276.ece?ref=relatedNews|access-date=9 July 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 July 2013|agency=The Hindu}}</ref> After the blast, Chief Minister of [[Bihar]] [[Nitish Kumar]] said: "The government had always been on the alert and taken steps to ensure the security of the Mahabodhi temple and Bodh Gaya in general".<ref name="We had always been">{{cite news|title=We had always been on alert: Nitish|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/we-had-always-been-on-alert-nitish/article4891411.ece?ref=relatedNews|access-date=9 July 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 July 2013}}</ref> A senior official of the IB said, "The Bodh Gaya temple was a long standing target and we had been reminding the Bihar state agencies about it. But our warnings were not taken seriously".<ref name="Tests of faith" />

==Reactions==
Indian President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] called the blasts a "[[senseless violence|senseless]] act of violence targeting innocent pilgrims and monks who had gathered to worship at this temple dedicated to the great apostle of peace—Gautama Buddha".<ref name=Pranab>{{cite news|title=President condemns Bodh Gaya blasts as senseless terror act|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1858125/report-president-condemns-bodh-gaya-blasts-as-senseless-terror-act|access-date=9 July 2013|newspaper=DNA India|date=7 July 2013|agency=PTI|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Prime Minister of India [[Manmohan Singh]] condemned the incident, saying that India's "composite culture and traditions teach us respect for all religions and such attacks on religious places will never be tolerated".<ref name="DNA NEWS1">{{cite news|last=DNA Web Team|title=NIA team reaches Bodh Gaya, begins probe|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1857983/report-terror-strikes-bodhgaya-serial-blasts-at-mahabodhi-temple-cm-nitish-kumar-reaches-the-spot|access-date=8 July 2013|newspaper=DNA India|date=7 July 2013|agency=DNA Webdesk|location=Gaya}}</ref><ref name="Suspected IM">{{cite news|title=Suspected IM member arrested in Kolkata for Bodh Gaya terror attack |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/serial-blasts-bodhgaya-in-bihar-mahabodhi-temple-169401-2013-07-06|access-date=11 July 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=7 July 2013|author=India Today Online|agency=Living Media India Limited|location=Bodh Gaya}}</ref> A national organisation of Buddhist monks, the All India Bhiku Sangha, also reacted to the attacks. Its chairperson, Bhante Sadanand Mahasthaver, said: "Buddhist monks all over the country feel saddened by the attack. The international community is also shaken. We try to put people on the right path and we have been made the target of an attack. The All India Bhiku Sangha condemns this attack. This should not have happened. We spread the message of peace across the world. This is an attempt to spread terror and create discord among the messengers of peace".<ref name="National Buddhist">{{cite news|title=National Buddhist body condemns attack|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/national-buddhist-body-condemns-attack/article4891332.ece?ref=relatedNews|access-date=9 July 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 July 2013}}</ref> The [[Rajya Sabha]] condemned the attacks on Mahabodhi Temple; Chairman [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]] described the attacks as "senseless act of violence" and "a cause of anguish and deep concern to all".<ref name="Rajya Sabha condemns">{{cite news|title=Rajya Sabha condemns Mahabodhi temple blast, Chhattisgarh Naxal attack|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajya-sabha-condemns-mahabodhi-temple-blast-chhattisgarh-naxal-attack/articleshow/21618855.cms|access-date=5 August 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=5 August 2013|author=PTI|agency=Times Internet Limited|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The [[Government of Bihar]] proposed to establish an [[Anti Terrorist Squad (India)|Anti Terrorist Squad]] unit in the state after the bombings.<ref name="ATS begins">{{cite news|last=IANS|title=Bihar begins to set up ATS|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bihar-begins-to-set-up-ats-113111100792_1.html|access-date=13 November 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=11 November 2013|agency=Business Standard Ltd|location=Patna}}</ref>

The [[14th Dalai Lama]] called the attack "unfortunate". [[Lobsang Sangay]], Prime Minister of the [[Tibetan government-in-exile]], said: "I am deeply saddened to learn about the series of bomb blasts at Mahabodhi Temple. My prayers [are] for the injured and their family members".<ref name="DALAI LAMA1">{{cite news|title=Dalai Lama, Tibetan govt-in-exile pained over Bodh Gaya blasts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dalai-Lama-Tibetan-govt-in-exile-pained-over-Bodh-Gaya-blasts/articleshow/20961423.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713031346/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-07/india/40420473_1_tibetan-govt-in-exile-bomb-blasts-tibetan-government-in-exile|url-status=live|archive-date=13 July 2013|access-date=8 July 2013|date=7 July 2013|agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=Dharamshala, India}}</ref> Karmapa [[Ogyen Trinley Dorje]] said he was "saddened to hear of the senseless violence" and asked Buddhists "to remain calm and refrain from any further escalation of the violence".<ref>[http://www.thetibetpost.com/en/news/international/3514-his-holiness-the-17th-gyalwang-karmapas-message-on-the-bodh-gaya-bombing The 17th Gyalwang Karmapa’s message on the Bodh Gaya Bombing], ''[[Tibet Post]]'', 8 July 2013</ref> Karmapa [[Trinley Thaye Dorje]] said he was "deeply saddened to hear of the bomb attacks", and prayed "that we are all able to respond with compassion to all those affected by this tragic event".<ref name="A letter from">{{cite web|title=July 07th, 2013: A letter from H.H. Gyalwa Karmapa|url=http://karmapa-news.org/|publisher=The Karmapa Documentary Project|access-date=13 July 2013}}</ref>

Sri Lankan President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] was shocked by the news of the explosions: "[i]t is with deep sadness that I condemn the explosions within the hallowed precincts of the most venerated and sacred Bodh Gaya shrine in Bihar in India. Undoubtedly, it is one of the holiest shrines highly respected and venerated not only by Buddhists throughout the world, but by all peace-loving human beings".<ref name="Statement by the President of Sri Lanka">{{cite web|title=Statement by the President of Sri Lanka H.E. Mahinda Rajapaksa on the serial blasts at the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodhgaya in the state of Bihar on 7 July 2013|url=http://www.slhcindia.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=656:statement-by-the-president-of-sri-lanka-he-mahinda-rajapaksa-on-the-serial-blasts-at-the-mahabodhi-temple-in-bodhgaya-in-the-state-of-bihar-on-7-july-2013&catid=50:demo-category&Itemid=1|publisher=High Commission of Sri Lanka in India|access-date=13 July 2013}}</ref>

[[Burma|Burmese]] government and opposition leader [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] expressed her unhappiness over the blasts.<ref name="Myanmar govt, Suu Kyi slam attack" />

The [[Government of Thailand]] was "deeply disturbed by the bomb explosions", voicing security concerns.<ref name=", Kingdom of Thailand">{{cite web|title=Press Releases : Statement on Gaya Blast in India|url=http://www.mfa.go.th/main/en/media-center/14/36771-Statement-on-Gaya-Blast-in-India.html|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kingdom of Thailand|access-date=6 August 2013}}</ref>

Delegates from a number of Buddhist traditions at the Eighth Global Conference on Buddhism in [[Singapore]] passed a resolution on the bombings:
<blockquote>
"We are deeply saddened, but we forgive those responsible for bombing the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodhgaya. You may damage the most important temple in Buddhism but you will not destroy our faith in forgiveness and compassion".<ref name="resolutions Singapore">{{cite web|title=8th Global Conference on Buddhism passed resolutions against violence in Buddhist countries and bombing in India|url=http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=57,11524,0,0,1,0#.UeJNo9IweSp|publisher=The Buddhist Channel|access-date=14 July 2013|date=12 July 2013}}</ref>
</blockquote>

The [[Northeast India]]n Bhikkhu Sangha and Buddhists submitted a memorandum to the Prime Minister of India: "It is indeed a sad incident that miscreants tried to cause damage to one of the holiest Buddhist shrines which is not only the place of Buddha’s enlightenment but from where the message of love and compassion pervaded the entire universe. The Mahabodhi Mahavihara, also being a World Heritage Site, is venerated by the world Buddhist community and such acts of vandalism deserve our strongest words of disapproval. We condemn the dastardly act and request the Government to deal with such anti social elements with a strong hand so that such acts of mindless violence do not occur again in any place of worship of any religious denomination".<ref name="move PM over">{{cite news|title=Buddhists move PM over attacks on shrine|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jul1913/state06|access-date=20 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Assam Tribune]]|date=18 July 2013|author=|location=Dibrugarh}}</ref>

In [[Nagpur]] during a protest, Buddhist monk Bodhi Priya Vinay tried to immolate himself but was stopped by police.<ref name="self immolation">{{cite news|title=Monk attempts self immolation to protest Mahabodhi Temple blasts|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/monk-attempts-self-immolation-to-protest-mahabodhi-temple-blasts/414581-3-237.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820045102/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/monk-attempts-self-immolation-to-protest-mahabodhi-temple-blasts/414581-3-237.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 August 2013|access-date=16 August 2013|newspaper=CNN-IBN|date=15 August 2013|author=Press Trust of India|agency=Cable News Network}}</ref> Buddhist monks from [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], Myanmar, [[Bangladesh]], [[Vietnam]] and Sri Lanka, including the [[World Fellowship of Buddhists]], condemned the Gaya attacks.<ref name="Monks protest">{{cite news|title=Monks protest Bodh Gaya attack|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/breakingnews/359258/rallies-against-bombing-in-bodh-gaya|access-date=11 July 2013|newspaper=Bangkok Post|date=10 July 2013|author=Bangkok Post and dpa|agency=The Post Publishing Public Company Limited|location=Bangkok, Thailand}}</ref> Throughout India, protestors led peace rallies and [[bandh]]s against the Bodh Gaya bombings.<ref name=ANI>{{cite news|title=Buddhists protest in Siliguri against Bodh Gaya blasts|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/buddhists-protest-in-siliguri-against-bodh-gaya-blasts-113071200138_1.html|access-date=12 July 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=12 July 2013|author=ANI|agency=Business Standard Ltd.}}</ref><ref name="Tawang protests">{{cite news|title=Tawang protests blasts in Bodh Gaya|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jul1213/oth06|access-date=12 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Assam Tribune]]|date=11 July 2013|author=}}</ref><ref name="Bandh in">{{cite news|title=Bandh in Aurangabad over Mahabodhi temple blasts peaceful|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bandh-in-aurangabad-to-protest-mahabodhi-temple-blasts/405600-3-232.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208212448/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bandh-in-aurangabad-to-protest-mahabodhi-temple-blasts/405600-3-232.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2013|access-date=12 July 2013|newspaper=IBN Live|date=10 July 2013|author=PTI}}</ref><ref name="Shanti March">{{cite news|title=Shanti March undertaken to condemn, and protest serial bombing in Bodh Gaya in city|url=http://www.nagpurtoday.in/shanti-march-undertaken-to-condemn-and-protest-serial-bombing-in-bodh-gaya-in-city/|access-date=12 July 2013|newspaper=Nagpur Today|date=9 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="Leg bandh">{{cite news|title=Leg bandh against Bodh Gaya terrorist attack|url=http://www.tninews.com/newsdet.aspx?q=75899|access-date=12 July 2013|newspaper=Tiger News International|date=7 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="observes complete">{{cite news|title=LADAKH observes complete Bandh to protest Bodh Gaya blasts|url=http://cityairnews.com/content/ladakh-observes-complete-bandh-protest-bodh-gaya-blasts|access-date=12 July 2013|newspaper=City Air News|date=9 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="stage protest">{{cite news|title=Buddhist monks stage protest in Kolkata|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/buddhist-monks-stage-protest-in-kolkata/article4893255.ece|access-date=12 July 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 July 2013|agency=The Hindu}}</ref>

[[World Council of Churches]] general secretary [[Olav Fykse Tveit]] expressed "heartfelt sorrow and solidarity" over the bombings. In a letter to the Buddhist community, he said: "We wish and hope that this incident, despite its traumatic and tragic dimensions, may be transformed into an opportunity to offer the world a glimpse of the best of your morality and spirituality".<ref name="Letter of solidarity to Buddhists">{{cite web|title=Letter of solidarity to Buddhists on Mahabodhi temple blasts|url=http://www.oikoumene.org/en/resources/documents/general-secretary/messages-and-letters/letter-of-solidarity-to-buddhists-on-mahabodhi-temple-blasts/|publisher=World Council of Churches|access-date=24 July 2013|date=16 July 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=201307070005 Incident summary] at the [[Global Terrorism Database]]
* Photographs of the Bombing of Bodh Gaya [https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bodh-gaya-blasts-mahabodhi-temple-bihar-nitish-kumar-169435-2013-07-06 Part 1] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20130710152317/http://newindianexpress.com/photos/nation/Bodh-Gayas-quest-for-peace/2013/07/09/article1675328.ece Part 2]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/scholars-ask-govt-to-protect-buddhist-sites/article5118565.ece Scholars ask Govt. to protect Buddhist sites]
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/357530/im-bomb-maker-said-behind.html IM bomb-maker said to be behind Bodh Gaya blasts]
* [http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/AssessingtheBodhGayaTerrorAttack_ubsingh_250713 Assessing the Bodh Gaya Terror Attack] by [[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]]
{{Islamic terrorism in Asia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bodh Gaya bombings, 2013}}
[[Category:Religious building bombings in India]]
[[Category:Bodh Gaya]]
[[Category:Crime in Bihar]]
[[Category:Gaya district]]
[[Category:2010s in Bihar]]
[[Category:India–Myanmar relations]]
[[Category:Indian Mujahideen attacks]]
[[Category:Anti-Buddhism]]
[[Category:Persecution of Buddhists by Muslims]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 building bombings]]
[[Category:2018 building bombings]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2013]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2018]]
[[Category:2013 in international relations]]
[[Category:2018 in international relations]]
[[Category:21st-century Buddhism]]
[[Category:History of Buddhism in India]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2018]]
[[Category:July 2013 in India]]
[[Category:January 2018 in India]]

Humse Badhkar Kaun

2026-03-04T00:01:39Z

AnkuMalik: cleanup

{{for|the Mithun Chakraborty - Ranjeeta Kaur starrer released in 1981|Hum Se Badkar Kaun}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Humse Badhkar Kaun
| image = Humse_Badhkar_Kaun.jpg

| caption =
| director = Deepak Anand
| producer = Shyam Bajaj
| writer = Raju Saigal
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sunil Shetty]]|[[Saif Ali Khan]]|[[Sonali Bendre]]|[[Dipti Bhatnagar]]}}
| music = [[Viju Shah]]
| cinematography = S. Pappu
| editing = {{ubl|Prashant Khedekar|Vinod Nayak}}
| studio = Vee Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|1998|6|12|}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Humse Badhkar Kaun''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed by Deepak Anand and produced by Shyam Bajaj.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Humse Badhkar Kaun - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2558 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> It stars [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Sonali Bendre]] and [[Deepti Bhatnagar]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=HBK Movie Overview|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534900|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204010114/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534900|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2012|accessdate=9 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Humse Badhkar KaunUA |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/humse-badhkar-kaun/movieshow/62508294.cms |access-date=2023-12-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It's a remake of the 1988 American movie ''[[Twins (1988 film)|Twins]]''.

==Plot==
Bhola, a villager, comes to city to meet his brother Sunny, a con-man, a Roadside Romeo, a car dealer, a thief all rolled into one. The brothers meet Sunny, who exploits Bhola and uses his strength and innocence to his benefit, but ultimately he succumbs to Bhola's innocence. Sunny has a girlfriend. Sunny, Bhola, Anu and Venee set off on a romantic journey, where love blossoms between the four. To their surprise, the brothers discover that their mother is Gayatri Devi, who is no other than the Chief Minister of the state. Gayatri Devi's aide Sudharshan Sinha is her advisor. Raza, along with Jabbar and terrorist leader Aakal are her biggest enemies, because she refuses to free Aakal's brothers, who are in police custody for criminal activities. Bhola and Sunny have to fight them to reach their mother and free the state from the terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hum Se Badhkar Kaun (1998) Hindi Movie: Watch Full HD Movie Online On JioCinema |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/hum-se-badhkar-kaun/3501751/watch |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.jiocinema.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Humse Badhkar Kaun - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/humse_badhkar_kaun |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Sunil Shetty]] as Bhola / Suraj
* [[Saif Ali Khan]] as Sunny
* [[Sonali Bendre]] as Anu
* [[Deepti Bhatnagar]] as Venee
* [[Raza Murad]] as Sudarshan Sinha
* [[Beena Banerjee]] as Chief Minister Gayetri Devi
* [[Mushtaq Khan]] as Sir John
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as Akal
* [[Mohan Joshi]] as Jabbar

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Humse Badhkar Kaun
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Viju Shah]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1998
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Venus Records & Tapes]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Music !! Lyrics
|-
| 1
| "Line Maarle"
| [[Udit Narayan]]
| Viju Shah
| [[Faaiz Anwar]]
|-
| 2
| "Teri Zulfo"
| Udit Narayan, [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| Viju Shah
| Faaiz Anwar
|-
| 3
| "Suite Boot"
| Udit Narayan, [[Vinod Rathod]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| Viju Shah
| Faaiz Anwar
|-
| 4
| "Huf Haza"
| Vinod Rathod, [[Sapna Mukherjee]]
| Viju Shah
| Faaiz Anwar
|-
| 5
| "Chhat Mangni"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], Udit Narayan, Kavita Krishnamurthy
| Viju Shah
| Faaiz Anwar
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0286707}}

[[Category:1998 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1998 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viju Shah]]
{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]

Uru (2017 film)

2026-03-03T03:14:20Z

AnkuMalik: Added basic article w/ sources

{{Short description|2017 Tamil-language psychological thriller slasher film by Vicky Anand}}
{{More plot|date=December 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uru
| image = Uru 2017 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Vicky Anand
| producer = V. P. Viji
| writer = Vicky Anand
| story =
| starring = [[Kalaiyarasan]] [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]] [[Mime Gopi]]
| music = Johan Shevanesh
| cinematography = [[Prasanna Kumar]]
| editing = [[San Lokesh]]
| studio = Vaiyam Mediyas
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2017|06|16|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Uru''''' ({{translation|Fear}}) is a 2017 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[psychological thriller]] [[slasher film]] written and directed by Vicky Anand and produced by V.P. Viji. The film stars [[Kalaiyarasan]], [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]], and [[Mime Gopi]]. The soundtrack was composed by Johan Shevanesh with cinematography by Prasanna S. Kumar and editing by San Lokesh. It is inspired by the American films ''[[The Shining (film)|The Shining]]'', ''[[Secret Window]]'' and ''[[Hush (2016 feature film)|Hush]]''.<ref name="FC review">{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=16 June 2017 |title=Uru Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/uru-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129001151/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/uru-movie-review |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> The film was released in India on 16 June 2017.

==Plot==
Jeevan, a famous fiction author, is distressed after his stories become outdated. To write a thriller, he visits a hill station where unexpectedly he gets entangled in a series of horrific events.

== Cast ==
*[[Kalaiyarasan]] as Jeevan
*[[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]] as Jeni/Nisha
*[[Mime Gopi]] as Thomas
*[[Daniel Annie Pope]] as Hospital patient
*[[Supergood Subramani]]

== Production ==
From a fashion designing background, new Director Vicky Anand stated that he was inspired by [[Quentin Tarantino]] to make films, and had previously assisted director [[Kalyaan]] during the making of ''[[Kaathadi]]'', before announcing ''Uru'' as his debut in November 2016. He revealed that the film is a thriller set in a forest and [[Kalaiyarasan]] was signed to play a novel writer, while [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]] would play the female lead role. The technical crew was revealed to feature Johan Shevanesh as the music director, Prasanna S Kumar as the cinematographer. V.P. Viji as the Producer. Furthermore, [[Drums Sivamani]] contributed to the film's title track.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akash |date=17 November 2016 |title=“QUENTIN TARANTINO IS MY INSPIRATION” SAYS THIS DIRECTOR! |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vicky-anand-on-uru-starring-kalaiyarasan-and-dhansika.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122010715/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vicky-anand-on-uru-starring-kalaiyarasan-and-dhansika.html |archive-date=22 November 2016 |access-date=14 December 2016 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-04 |title=Kalaiyarasan, Dhanshika in a psychological thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalaiyarasan-dhanshika-in-a-psychological-thriller/articleshow/57990198.cms |access-date=2025-12-11 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=30 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230014217/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalaiyarasan-dhanshika-in-a-psychological-thriller/articleshow/57990198.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2017-04-02 |title=Uru, another forest thriller' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020417/uru-another-forest-thriller.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418044145/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020417/uru-another-forest-thriller.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] called it "A pretty entertaining thriller that asks us to make up our own minds".<ref name="FC review" /> ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "One of the positives of Uru, which has a few edge-of-the-seat moments, is its doing away with the done-to-death portrayal of ghosts and the clichéd flashback associated with them. Though the film starts as a laid-back attempt, it gets interesting as the story unfolds, with plenty of twists and turns in the last 30 minutes which are enough to keep viewers hooked".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=16 Jun 2017 |title=Uru Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Uru by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/uru/movie-review/59179284.cms |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=6998630}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 horror films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola

2026-03-02T10:01:50Z

AnkuMalik: Content updated and refined

{{short description|2013 Indian Hindi black comedy film}}
{{long plot|date=February 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola
| image = Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola poster.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| writer = Vishal Bhardwaj [[Abhishek Chaubey]]
| producer = Vishal Bhardwaj
| starring = {{ubl|[[Imran Khan (film actor)|Imran Khan]]|[[Anushka Sharma]]|[[Pankaj Kapur]]}}
| cinematography = [[Kartik Vijay]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| music = Vishal Bhardwaj
| studio = {{ubl|VB Pictures|[[Fox Star Studios]]}}
| distributor = Fox Star Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|1|11}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INRConvert|45|c}}<ref name="thefilmstreetjournal.com">{{Cite web |url=http://thefilmstreetjournal.com/generalarticle.aspx?id=580 |title=:: The Film Street Journal :: |access-date=26 March 2014 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327221346/http://thefilmstreetjournal.com/generalarticle.aspx?id=580 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola collects Rs. 7.02 crore, biggest for Vishal Bhardwaj|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Matru-Ki-Bijlee-Ka-Mandola-collects-Rs-7-02-crore-biggest-for-Vishal-Bhardwaj/Article1-989438.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115003559/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Matru-Ki-Bijlee-Ka-Mandola-collects-Rs-7-02-crore-biggest-for-Vishal-Bhardwaj/Article1-989438.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 January 2013|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref>
| gross = {{INRConvert|31.15|c}}<ref name="thefilmstreetjournal.com"/>
}}

'''''Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola''''' ({{translation|Matru's Bijlee's Mandola}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[satire (film and television)|satirical]] [[black comedy]] film directed, co-written, co-produced, and composed by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]. The film stars [[Imran Khan (film actor)|Imran Khan]], [[Anushka Sharma]], and [[Pankaj Kapur]] in the titular roles, while [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Aarya Babbar]] play supporting roles. The film was released on 11 January 2013.

==Plot==

The film tells the story of three individuals, Harphool Singh Mandola a.k.a. Harry, his daughter Bijlee Mandola, and Hukum Singh Matru a.k.a. 'Matru'. Harry is a wealthy, cynical businessman who dreams of turning the Mandola village into an example of his success. However, this dream can only be realized if the villagers agree to sell their land to the government at low rates so that the land can be converted into a Special Economic Zone.

Harry is a drunkard. He is normally a shrewd, sophisticated and composed individual, but whenever drunk, he turns into an advocate of equality and betterment of the villagers. When he chooses not to drink, he hallucinates, a pink buffalo 'Gulabo/Aditi Arora', the mascot of the brand of alcohol he enjoys. When Matru learns of these hallucinations, he uses them as a ploy to get Harry drunk and serve his own plans.

Bijlee Mandola is the only child of Harry Mandola. She lost her mother when she was young and now lives in Mandola village after having received a higher education in New Delhi and later in Oxford, England. Bijlee is now in love with Baadal, the son of politician Chaudhari Devi and is all set to marry him.

Chaudhari Devi is a corrupt politician who, along with her minions, is helping Harry realize his dream. Baadal and Bijlee's union is strategically apt as it serves Harry's and Chaudhari Devi's personal goals. While Chaudhari Devi conspires to control Harry's wealth by marrying her son to his daughter, Harry seeks Chaudhari Devi's help in realising his dream in exchange for their children's marriage.

Matru is a revolutionary, fighting for the villagers' cause of not letting their land being taken away. He is educated in Law from JNU, holds a job as Harry's driver and is responsible for regulating Harry's drinking. Matru's revolutionary instincts are shown to be significantly influenced by those of [[Mao Tse-tung]].

The film starts with a negotiation at a liquor shop set in crop laden fields, between the liquor shop owner and a heavily drunk Harry. The shop owner's rude refusal to sell alcohol to Harry due to the day being a dry day provokes Harry to run his limousine into the shop.

Once drunk, Harry is shown to be an entirely different individual, who wants the land of the villagers to be returned to them, Matru to marry Bijlee while himself to retire into a religious man.

The villagers, in their fight are supported and advised by Mao who regularly sends messages to the villagers, written on cloth. Later in the film it is revealed that Mao is none other than Matru who is advising the villagers without revealing himself in order to retain the key position as Harry's aide.

Bijlee's love for Baadal is depicted to be a contradiction to her subtle, probably subconscious, knowledge of Baadal's incompatibility with her. This subtle thought aggravated by Baadal's affiliation and deeds supporting his mother's corrupt cause overpowers Bijlee's will to marry him and polarizes her into helping Matru and the villagers instead. After this polarization, seeing Chaudhari Devi and Baadal's ambitions in a new light and while helping the villagers along with Matru, Bijlee falls in love with Matru.

Although they have the help of Matru, his college friends, and Bijlee, the villagers lose their entire harvest to an unexpected rain storm. This harvest, which would have fetched enough money to settle their debts to the government bank and some more for their own survival, is now completely destroyed. Thus the villagers are forced to surrender their land, against their will, to the government in order to settle their debts.

Later, discovering Bijlee's alliance with the villagers, Chaudhari Devi, now cautious, decides to finalize the decree to convert the now acquired land into an SEZ only once Bijlee and Baadal are married.

These conflicts of villagers' loss of their lands, Bijlee's marriage to Baadal, builds up the tension leading up to the wedding at the climax wherein Matru and the villagers have a plan to get Harry drunk who will then call off the wedding. This plan apparently works and Harry is shown to be drunk, succumbing to Matru and the villagers' plan. Now, while drunk, he enters the wedding venue, calls off the wedding, and chases away Chaudhari Devi whilst Baadal and their supporters and decides to get Bijlee and Matru married. Consequently, upon refusal by Matru on the pretext that Harry will not feel the same way about him and Bijlee when sober, Harry, to everyone's surprise, reveals that since he had sworn on Bijlee to not consume even a drop of alcohol has stood by his word, in turn revealing that while he did all that he did appearing to be drunk, he was completely sober instead.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Pankaj Kapur]] as Harphool Singh Mandola a.k.a. Harry
* [[Imran Khan (film actor)|Imran Khan]] as Hukum Singh Matru
* [[Anushka Sharma]] as Bijlee Mandola
* [[Shabana Azmi]] as Chaudhari Devi
* [[Aarya Babbar]] as Baadal
* [[Vikram Kochhar]]
* [[Navneet Nishan]] as Mrs. Talwar
* [[Ranvir Shorey]] in a cameo appearance
* [[Vandita Shrivastava]] as Village girl (cameo appearance)
* [[Lekha Washington]] as Kamini (cameo appearance)
* Sunil Chitkara as Inspector
* Padam Mishra as Vijender
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 19 December 2012
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = Hitesh Sonik, [[Clinton Cerejo]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The film's music was composed by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] with lyrics written by [[Gulzar]]. The soundtrack was released by [[Sony Music India]]. The title song, sung by [[Sukhwinder Singh]] and [[Ranjit Barot]], was released as a single track on 30 November 2012. Another single track, "Oye Boy Charlie", sung by [[Rekha Bhardwaj]], [[Mohit Chauhan]] and [[Shankar Mahadevan]] was released on 12 December 2012. The full album was released on 19 December 2012 on [[JioSaavn]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-05-10 |title=Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola: Music Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/matru-ki-bijlee-ka-mandola-music-review/articleshow/19984317.cms |access-date=2025-10-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Track listing ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing = [[Gulzar]]
| title1 = Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola
| extra1 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Ranjit Barot]]
| length1 = 3:52
| title2 = Oye Boy Charlie
| extra2 = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]], [[Rekha Bhardwaj]], [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length2 = 5:44
| title3 = Khamakha
| extra3 = Vishal Bhardwaj, Prem Dehati
| length3 = 5:59
| title4 = Lootnewale
| extra4 = Sukhwinder Singh, [[Master Saleem]]
| length4 = 4:06
| title5 = Shara-Rara-Ra
| extra5 = Prem Dehati
| length5 = 1:29
| title6 = Badal Uthiya
| extra6 = Rekha Bhardwaj
| length6 = 3:18
| title7 = Chaar Dina Ki
| extra7 = [[Pankaj Kapur]], [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]], Prem Dehati
| length7 = 2:05
| title8 = Chor Police
| extra8 = Pankaj Kapur
| length8 = 0:58
| title9 = Nomvula
| extra9 = [[Umoja (album)|African Umoja]]
| length9 = 1:40
| title10 = Badal Uthiya
| note10 = Reprise
| extra10 = Prem Dehati
| length10 = 3:18
| title11 = Lootnewale
| note11 = Reprise
| extra11 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| length11 = 1:59
}}

==Reception==

=== Critical response ===
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama|''Bollywood Hungama'']] gave 2/5 stars, writing "On the whole, Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola holds your attention in parts, but that's not enough. The first half is lackluster, while the post-interval part catches some steam. However, the excessive length plays a spoilsport. Below expectations!".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=2013-01-11 |title=Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/matru-ki-bijlee-ka-mandola/critic-review/matru-ki-bijlee-ka-mandola-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> [[The Times of India|''The Times of India'']] gave 3/5 stars, writing "With its Trilbys and tractors, malls and Maoism, its stretch limo and smart-boy! lines, MKBKM could have been such a fun ride. But sadly, director ''ka bhi man dola'', rather too often".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/matru-ki-bijlee-ka-mandola/movie-review/17966935.cms |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Raja Sen of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 4/5 stars, writing "''Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola'' has enough substance to warrant repeated viewings".<ref name="Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola Review">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-matru-ki-bijlee-ka-mandola-is-absurdly-great/20130111.htm| title=Review: Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola is absurdly great | author=Raja Sen | work=Rediff.com | accessdate=11 January 2013}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> Anupama Chopra of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars, writing "A Vishal Bhardwaj film is guarenteed to evoke a strong reaction. You can love it - as I did Maqbool and Kaminey - or dislike it". She reasoned that "Parts of the film soar, but many are saggy and ultimately I was just underwhelmed".<ref>{{cite news|title=Anupama Chopra's Review: Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Matru-ki-bijlee-ka-mandola/Article1-988488.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111231959/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Matru-ki-bijlee-ka-mandola/Article1-988488.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2013 }}</ref> Roshni Devi of ''Koimoi'' gave 3/5 stars, writing "If you’re a Vishal Bhardwaj fan, be prepared for a fare that’s different from his dark, moody style. The fun and songs should keep you going though".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devi |first=Roshni |date=2013-01-11 |title=Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola Review |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/matru-ki-bijlee-ka-mandola-review/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Box office==

===India===
''Matru Ki Beejlee Ka Mandola'' opened below the mark where business at multiplexes was much better than single screens.<ref name=opening>{{cite web|title=Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola Struggles on Day One|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5285&nCat=|publisher=Box Office India|accessdate=11 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115023550/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5285&nCat=|archive-date=15 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> It collected {{INRConvert|9.56|c}} on its opening day.<ref name="1st day">{{cite web|title=Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola First Day Territorial Breakdown|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5288&nCat=|publisher=Box Office India|accessdate=12 January 2013}}</ref> Its little growth on its second day managed around {{INRConvert|10.50|c}} net.<ref>{{cite web|title=Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola Second Day Business|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5290&nCat=|publisher=Box Office India|accessdate=13 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115031935/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5290&nCat=|archive-date=15 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film had a first weekend with a collection of {{INRConvert|14.4|c}} including paid previews.<ref name="1st weekend">{{cite web|title=Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola Weekend Territorial Breakdown|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5294&nCat=|publisher=Box Office India|accessdate=14 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115031511/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5294&nCat=|archive-date=15 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film netted around {{INRConvert|20.41|c}} in its first week.<ref name="1st week">{{cite web|title=Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola Week One Territorial Breakdown|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5314&nCat=|publisher=Box Office India|accessdate=21 January 2012}}</ref> It further dropped 87% and netted around {{INRConvert|4.75|c}} in its second weekend.<ref>{{cite web|title=Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola Drops 87% In Second Weekend|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5317&nCat=|publisher=Box Office India|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref> It netted {{INRConvert|9|c}} in its second week.<ref>{{cite web|title=Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola Week Two Territorial Breakdown|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5338&nCat=|publisher=Box Office India|accessdate=28 January 2013}}</ref> It earned {{INRConvert|31|c}} at the end of its run in domestic market.<ref name=domestic>{{cite web|title=2013 Top Ten Till Date|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5599&nCat=|publisher=Box Office India|accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref>

===Overseas===
''Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola'' collected $10.5 million in its first 10 days of release overseas, as reported by ''[[Box Office India]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inkaar Is Poor Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola $3.5 Million|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5322&nCat=|publisher=Box Office India|accessdate=23 January 2013}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Nominees
! Result
!Ref.
|-
|[[59th Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Pankaj Kapur]]
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-02-05 |title=59th Filmfare Awards: Complete list of nominees 2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/59th-Filmfare-Awards-list-Complete-list-of-nominees-2014/articleshow/28831289.cms |access-date=2025-10-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|547961}}
* {{IMDb title|2106537}}

{{Vishal Bhardwaj}}

[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Bhardwaj]]
[[Category:Fox Star Studios films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Gujarat]]

Nicholas of Ilok

2026-02-27T02:59:49Z

AnkuMalik: starting a page

{{Short description|Titular king of Bosnia}}
{{Infobox royalty
| native name =
| title = [[King of Bosnia]]; [[Banate of Macsó|Ban of Macsó]], [[Ban of Croatia|Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia]]; [[Voivode of Transylvania]]
| image = Epitaf Nikole Ilockog crkva sv Ivana Kapistrana Ilok 221208.jpg
| caption = Gravestone of Nikola Iločki in the Church of St. [[John of Capistrano]] in [[Ilok]], [[Croatia]]
| spouse = Margit Rozgonyi Dorottya Széchy de Felsőlendva
| issue = [[Lawrence of Ilok]]
| issue-link = #Marriages and issue
| issue-pipe = more...
| house = [[House of Ilok]]
| father = [[Ladislaus of Ilok|Ladislaus, Ban of Macsó]]
| mother = Anna Stiboriczi
| birth_date = 1410
| birth_place = [[Ilok]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]] (today's [[Croatia]])
| death_date = 1477
| death_place =
| burial_place = [[Ilok]], [[Croatia]]
| signature =
}}

'''Nicholas of Ilok''' ([[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: ''Újlaki Miklós'', [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] and [[Croatian language|Croatian]]: ''Nikola Iločki''; 1410–1477) was a [[Hungarian nobility|Hungarian nobleman]], [[Ban of Croatia]], [[Ban of Slavonia|Slavonia]], [[Ban of Dalmatia|Dalmatia]] and [[Banate of Macsó|Macsó]], [[Voivode of Transylvania]] and [[Titular ruler|titular]] [[King of Bosnia]] from 1471 until his death.

A member of the [[Újlaki family]], he was one of the richest landowners in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] and one of its most influential magnates. He held a reputation of a great hero and served under four kings of Hungary: [[Albert II of Germany|Albert]], [[Władysław III of Poland|Vladislaus I]], [[Ladislaus the Posthumous|Ladislaus V]] and [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias I]].

==Early career==
His parents were [[Ladislaus of Ilok]], Ban of Macsó, and Anna Stiboriczi, daughter of [[Stibor of Stiboricz]], Voivode of Transylvania. His father died shortly after his birth. He had four brothers: John, [[Stephen of Ilok|Stephen]], Peter and Paul. His great-grandfather, [[Nikola Kont Orahovički (Iločki)|Nicholas Kont]], served as [[Palatine (Kingdom of Hungary)|palatine]] to King [[Louis I of Hungary]]. Nicholas was the best known lord of the city of [[Ilok]]. While he was in power, the city experienced its golden age. In 1430, Nicholas' brother Stephen died and Nicholas succeeded him as Ban of Macsó.

When [[Albert II of Germany|King Albert]] died in 1439, Nicholas supported his widow, [[Elizabeth of Luxembourg]], in her struggle to secure the [[Holy Crown of Hungary]] for her son, [[Ladislaus the Posthumous]]. As a reward, Queen Elizabeth had him knighted. However, Nicholas soon took the side of [[Władysław III of Poland|Vladislaus III of Poland]] and allied himself with [[John Hunyadi]]. Upon becoming King of Hungary, Vladislaus gave Nicholas and Hunyadi extraordinary powers, appointing them as joint Voivodes of Transylvania.<ref name="Engel">{{cite book
|author1=Engel, Pál |author2=Pálosfalvi, Tamás |title=The realm of St. Stephen: a history of medieval Hungary, 895-1526
|publisher=I.B.Tauris
|location=
|year=2005
|isbn=1-85043-977-X
}}</ref>

== Matthias' reign ==

In 1457, Nicholas took part in the liquidation of John Hunyadi's son, [[Ladislaus Hunyadi|Ladislaus]].<ref name="Adrić">{{cite book
|last=Adrić
|first=Stanko
|title=The miracles of St. John Capistran
|publisher=Central European University Press
|location=
|year=2000
|isbn=963-9116-68-8
}}</ref> The next year, Ladislaus' brother, [[Matthias Corvinus]], was elected King of Hungary. However, various Hungarian and Croatian nobles refused to recognise him as their sovereign. The opposition was led by Nicholas himself and [[Palatine (Kingdom of Hungary)|Palatine]] [[Ladislaus II Garay]], who asked Holy Roman Emperor [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]] for support. Matthias was, however, eventually recognised as king.<ref name="Fine">{{cite book
|last=Van Antwerp Fine
|first=John
|title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
|publisher=University of Michigan Press
|location=USA
|year=1994
|isbn=0-472-08260-4
}}</ref>

He retained his influence throughout the reign of Matthias Corvinus, who created him [[perpetual ispán]] of [[Teočak]] in 1464, making him only the third person to bear such a title.<ref name="Engel"/> In 1471, having settled his disputes with Nicholas, King Matthias I conferred upon him the title of [[King of Bosnia]]. He was crowned king in 1472 in the [[Walled city of Jajce|fortress of Jajce]]. Nicholas seems to have been made Ban of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia by early 1472, probably in order to secure his loyalty to the King and to enable him to defend the region against the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]]. He had been named ban to replace [[Blaise Magyar]], who had rebelled against the King. However, he did not retain that office for long; by the end of the same year, he was replaced by [[Damian Horvat]].<ref name="Fine"/>

As King of Bosnia, Nicholas even minted his own currency.<ref name="Bury">{{cite book
|last=Bagnell Bury
|first=John
|title=The Cambridge medieval history
|publisher=University Press
|location=UK
|year=1964
|isbn=
}}</ref> However, Nicholas failed to defend his satellite kingdom, losing most of it to the Ottomans. The Hungarian Kingdom of Bosnia consisted of a few fortresses.<ref name="Fine"/> Nicholas ruled those remnants and retained the kingly title until his death, styling himself "Nicholas, [[by the Grace of God]] King of Bosnia" ([[Latin language|Latin]]: ''Nicolaus Dei Gratia Rex Bosniae'').<ref name="Adrić"/> He was succeeded, as Ban of Macsó and Lord of Ilok, by his eldest surviving son, [[Laurence of Ilok|Laurence]].<ref name="Fine"/>

== Marriages and issue ==

Nicholas was first married to Margit Rozgonyi ([[floruit|fl]] 1441-1458). By his first wife, Nicholas had the following children:<ref name="euweb">{{cite web |last=Marek |first=Miroslav |url=http://genealogy.euweb.cz/hung/ujlaky.html#M |title= Ujlaki |publisher=Genealogy.EU}}{{Self-published source|date=August 2012}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=August 2012}}

#Nicholas (fl 1452)
#Stephen (fl 1459-1465)
#Catherine (fl. 1448-1493), whose daughter's sons claimed their great-grandfather's inheritance
#Euphrosyne (fl. 1458-1476)
#Hieronyma (fl 1458-1460), married to [[Leonhard of Gorizia]]
#Ursula (fl 1458-1476)

He was married secondly to Dorottya [[Széchy family|Széchy de Felsőlendva]] (fl 1471-1495). Their children were:<ref name="euweb"/>

#[[Laurence of Ilok|Laurence]] (1459–1524), Nicholas' successor, after whose death without surviving issue the family became extinct
#Bernard (fl 1460)

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=t5l5BAAAQBAJ&dq=nicholas+of+ilok+fodor&pg=PT223 Nicholas of Ilok, Ban of Croatia, built the castle in Ilok in the 15th century]
*[http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2016/salihovic_davor.pdf Nicholas of Ilok's kingship in Bosnia 1471-1477]

{{S-start}}
{{S-roy|}}
|-
{{S-vac|last=[[Stephen Tomašević]] as actual king [[Matthias of Bosnia|Matthias]] as Ottoman puppet}}
{{S-tul|title=[[King of Bosnia]] against [[Matija Vojsalić]]|years=1471–1477}}
{{S-vac}}
{{s-off}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=[[Ladislaus Jakcs]] & [[Michael Jakcs]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Voivode of Transylvania]]|years=1441–1458|regent1=[[John Hunyadi]] (1441–1446)|regent2=[[Emeric Bebek]] (1446–1448)|regent3=[[John Rozgonyi]] (1449–1458)}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Ladislaus Kanizsai]] & [[John Rozgonyi]] & [[Sebastian Rozgonyi]]}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=[[Ladislaus Kanizsai]] & [[Nicholas Kanizsai]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Voivode of Transylvania]]|years=1462–1465|regent1=[[John Pongrácz]]}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Bertold Ellerbach]] & [[Sigismund Szentgyörgyi]] & [[John Szentgyörgyi]]}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=[[Blaise Magyar]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Ban of Croatia|Ban of Croatia Slavonia and Dalmatia]]|years=1472}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Damian Horvat]]}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=[[Stephen of Ilok]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Banate of Macsó|Ban of Macsó]]|years=1430-1477}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Laurence of Ilok]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ilocki, Nicholas}}
[[Category:House of Ilok|Nicholas]]
[[Category:Bans of Croatia]]
[[Category:15th-century Croatian nobility]]
[[Category:1410 births]]
[[Category:1477 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century Hungarian nobility]]
[[Category:Bans of Macsó]]
[[Category:Counts of the Székelys]]
[[Category:Voivodes of Transylvania|Ujlaki, Nicholas]]
[[Category:Pretenders to the Bosnian throne]]
[[Category:Bans of Slavonia]]
[[Category:People from Ilok]]

Aviation in India

2026-02-18T13:34:46Z

AnkuMalik: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2013}}
'''Aviation in India''' can be broadly divided into [[air force|military]] and [[Civil aviation in India|civil aviation]]. India has an extensive civilian [[air transportation]] network and is amongst the fastest-growing aviation markets in the world according to the [[International Air Transport Association]] (IATA).

The first commercial aviation flight in India took place on 18 February 1911. In March 1953, the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] passed the Air Corporations Act by which the eight domestic airlines operating independently at that time were merged into two government-owned entities. [[Air India]], tracing its origins to 1932, is the [[flag carrier]] of India. [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] (DGCA), established in 1931, is the regulatory body responsible for civil aviation, working under the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]. [[Airports Authority of India]] is responsible for the management of civil aviation infrastructure. {{As of|2025}}, there are 33 [[international airport|international]], 11 [[customs airport|limited international]] airports and more than 100 domestic and private airports. De-regulation in the 1990s opened the industry to private players who cater to majority of the traffic as of 2025, handling more than 200 million air passengers annually.

The [[Indian Armed Forces]] under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] is responsible for the military operations. Royal Indian Air Force was established on 8 October 1932 with the first squadron commissioned in April 1933. It later became the [[Indian Air Force]] in 1950 and is the major military air operator in India. Indian Air Force maintains a [[List of active Indian military aircraft|fleet]] of various aircraft and [[List of Indian Air Force stations|air bases]] across India. [[Indian Army]], [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indian Coast Guard]] also maintain air infrastructure in a supporting role.

==History==
{{Main|Civil aviation in India#History|History of the Indian Air Force|label 1=History of Indian civil aviation}}
[[File:Tata Sons' Airline Timetable Image, Summer 1935 (interior).jpg|thumb|Tata Sons' Airline time-table, {{circa|1935}}]]

The first commercial aviation flight in India took place on 18 February 1911 from [[Allahabad]] to [[Naini]], a distance of {{convert|6|miles|km|order=flip|abbr=}}, flown by [[Henri Pequet]] using a [[Humber-Sommer biplane|Humber biplane]] carrying 6,500 pieces of mail.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bluffield|first=Robert|publisher=Tattered Flag|date=19 November 2014|title=Over Empires and Oceans: Pioneers, Aviators and Adventurers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipKPBQAAQBAJ&q=%2218+february+1911%22+allahabad+naini+mail&pg=PA60|page=60|isbn=978-0-9576-8926-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The World's Greatest Civil Aircraft: An Illustrated History|first=Paul E.|last=Eden|publisher=Amber Books|date=21 December 2015|isbn=978-1-7827-4272-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rms9CwAAQBAJ&q=allahabad+naini+mail&pg=PT8}}</ref> In December 1912, the Indian State Air services along with the [[Imperial Airways]] introduced a [[London]]-[[Delhi]] flight, the first International flight to India.<ref name="PIB"/> In 1915, [[Tata Sons]] started a regular airmail service between [[Karachi]] and [[Madras]] marking the beginning of air transportation in the southern part of India.<ref name="PIB">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=69345|title=100 years of Civil Aviation|date=25 January 2011|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Construction of the first civil airports at [[Calcutta]], Allahabad and [[Bombay]] started in 1924. In April 1927, a department of civil aviation was set-up with the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] (DGCA) set-up in 1931.<ref name="PIB"/> The Aero Club of India was established in 1927 and the [[Madras Flying Club]] in 1930.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Aviation|year=1952|first=R.L.|last=Saraogi|page=192}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Janardanan|first=Arun|title=
Madras Flying Club: High on quality|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|location=Chennai|date=14 June 2011|language=en|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-flying-club-high-on-quality/articleshow/8842647.cms|access-date=25 December 2022}}</ref> On 15 October 1932, Indian aviator [[J. R. D. Tata]] flew a [[De Havilland Puss Moth|Puss Moth]] aircraft carrying mail from [[Karachi airport|Karachi]] to [[Juhu aerodrome]], [[Bombay]]; and the aircraft continued to [[Madras]], marking the beginning of Tata Airlines which later became [[Air India]], the [[flag carrier]] in 1946.<ref name="history">{{cite book|language=en|title=Britain's Imperial Air Routes, 1918 to 1939|last=Higham|first=Robin|page=168|publisher=Shoe String Press|year=1961|isbn=978-0-2080-0171-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=De Havilland Gazette|year=1953|page=103|language=en|journal=De Havilland Aircraft Company}}</ref>

The [[Indian Air Force]] was established on 8 October 1932 as an auxiliary air force of the [[Royal Air Force]].<ref name="clause4">{{cite web|title=HC Deb 3 April 1933 vol 276 cc1473-501|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1933/apr/03/clause-4-relations-between-royal-air|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|access-date=8 April 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503154955/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1933/apr/03/clause-4-relations-between-royal-air|date=3 April 1933|archive-date=3 May 2009}}</ref> The enactment of the Indian Air Force Act 1932 stipulated out their auxiliary status and enforced the adoption of the Royal Air Force uniforms, badges, brevets and insignia.<ref name="IAF">{{cite web|title=History of the IAF|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=98|work=Official Website|publisher=Webmaster IAF – Air Headquarters|access-date=7 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409235005/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=98|archive-date=9 April 2009}}</ref><ref name="airpower3">{{cite journal|last=Bedi|first=Sanjeev|date=Summer 2008|title=Strategic Role of Air Power|journal=Air Power Journal|volume=3|publisher=Center for Air Power Studies|issue=2|pages=27–45|url=http://www.aerospaceindia.org/Journals/Summer%202008/Sanjeev%20Bedi.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723023345/http://www.aerospaceindia.org/Journals/Summer%202008/Sanjeev%20Bedi.pdf|archive-date=2019-07-23|url-status=usurped|access-date=8 April 2009 }}</ref> On 1 April 1933, the IAF commissioned its first squadron, No.1 Squadron, with four [[Westland Wapiti|Westland Wapiti biplanes]] and five Indian pilots.<ref>{{cite web|last=Goyal|first=S.N.|title=1939–45 Second World War: Air Force Reminiscences|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1940s/Goyal.html|work=Sainik Samachar|publisher=Indian Air Force|date=October 1993|access-date=8 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006180501/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1940s/Goyal.html|archive-date=6 October 2009}}</ref> In 1933–34, Indian Trans Continental Airways, Madras Air Taxi Services and Indian National Airways commenced operations.<ref name="PIB"/> The Indian Aircraft Act was propagated in 1934 and formulated in 1937.<ref name="PIB"/> In 1940, [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) was set up at [[Bangalore]] and India's first aircraft rolled out for test flight in July 1941.<ref name="PIB"/> The Indian Air Force took part in the [[Second World War]] and was christened as Royal Indian Air Force. In 1950, when India became a republic, the prefix was dropped and it reverted to being the Indian Air Force.<ref name=Ahluwalia2012>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sabUQ7zKUvsC&pg=PA41|title=Airborne to Chairborne: Memoirs of a War Veteran Aviator-Lawyer of the Indian Air Force|last=Ahluwalia|first=A.|date=2012|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4691-9657-2|page=41|language=en}}</ref> In March 1953, the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] passed the Air Corporations Act through which the eight independent domestic airlines in existence: Deccan Airways, Airways India, Bharat Airways, Himalayan Aviation, Kalinga Air Lines, Indian National Airways, Air India, Air Services of India were merged into two government owned entities of [[Indian Airlines]] and Air India.<ref name="PIB"/> In 1960, the first [[jet aircraft]] was introduced for commercial passenger traffic.<ref name="Jet">{{cite book|last1=Sabharwal|first1=Gopa|publisher=Penguin India|title=India Since 1947: The Independent Years|year=2007|isbn=978-0-14-310274-8|page=77}}</ref>
[[File:Mig21_pair_during_1971_war.jpg|thumb|left|A pair of [[Indian Air Force]] [[MiG-21]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]]]
In 1961, the Indian Air Force provided air support in [[Operation Vijay (1961)|Operation Vijay]] as a part of [[Liberation of Goa|liberation]] of [[Portuguese India|Portuguese colony of Goa]].<ref name=brgoa1>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1960s/Goa01.html|title=The Liberation of Goa: 1961|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|author=Jagan Pillarisetti|access-date=17 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107025811/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1960s/Goa01.html|archive-date=7 January 2012}}</ref> The Indian Air Force achieved air superiority during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/1965-war-we-achieved-air-superiority-in-three-days-says-air-force-marshal-arjan-singh_1805797.html|title=1965 war: We achieved air superiority in three days, says Air Force Marshal Arjan Singh|date=4 October 2015|access-date=7 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614221636/http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/1965-war-we-achieved-air-superiority-in-three-days-says-air-force-marshal-arjan-singh_1805797.html|archive-date=14 June 2016}}</ref> In 1966, the IAF started inducting [[MiG-21]] and [[Sukhoi Su-7]] fighter jets.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Whale of a Fighter: the Su-7 in IAF Service|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Aircraft/Su-7.html|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=5 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230183851/http://bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Aircraft/Su-7.html|archive-date=30 December 2009}}</ref> Indian Air Force played a major part in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], carrying out strikes and providing air support for [[Indian Army]] and [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="IAF71">{{cite web|title=The War of December 1971|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=71|publisher=Indian Air Force|access-date=3 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410000055/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=71|archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Years later, Longewala reminds the do-or-die battle|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Years-later-Longewala-reminds-the-do-or-die-battle/articleshow/27554710.cms|access-date=23 August 2015|work=The Times of India|agency=India Times|issue=18 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018220423/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Years-later-Longewala-reminds-the-do-or-die-battle/articleshow/27554710.cms|archive-date=18 October 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Boeing_777-237(LR)_Air_India_VT-ALD,_LHR_London,_England_(Heathrow_Airport),_United_Kingdom_PP1369760077.jpg|thumb|[[Air India]], the [[flag carrier]] of India]]
In 1972, the International Airports Authority of India (IAAI) was constituted with the National Airports Authority established in 1986. In 1995, both the agencies were merged to form [[Airports Authority of India]], responsible for the management of civil aviation infrastructure in India.<ref name="PIB"/> Until 1990, international aviation was restricted to the airports in the four major metros of India, viz., [[Delhi]], Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. In 1991, the aviation industry was de-regulated to allow the entry of private airlines to provide [[air charter|charter]] services with East West Airlines becoming the first private airline to operate in the country after 37 years.<ref name="PIB"/> In 1994, private airlines were permitted to operate scheduled services and a number of private airlines commenced domestic operations.<ref name="PIB"/> On 11 May 1999, the Indian Air Force was called in to provide close air support to the Indian Army at the height of the ongoing [[Kargil conflict]] with the use of helicopters.<ref name=iafo>{{cite web|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/|title=Official website of Indian Air Force|access-date=28 July 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723110003/http://indianairforce.nic.in/|archive-date=23 July 2010}}</ref> In 2003, [[low cost airline]]s entered service in the Indian market with [[Air Deccan]].<ref name="PIB"/> In 2004, [[Government of India]] approved setting up of the first airports with private partnership at [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and Bangalore.<ref name="PIB"/> In December 2004, other Indian carriers apart from Air India, with a minimum of 5 years of continuous operations and a fleet of 20 aircraft, were permitted to operate international services.<ref name="PIB"/> In 2007, the Regional Airlines policy was formulated to allow carriers to operate service within a particular region.<ref name="PIB"/> The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority (AERA) was set up in 2009.<ref name="PIB"/>

==Civil aviation==
{{main|Civil aviation in India}}
The [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] is responsible for civilian aviation, through regulatory oversight by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dgca.nic.in/dgca/visi-ind.htm|title=DGCA Rules and Regulations|publisher=DGCA|access-date=15 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022010659/http://www.dgca.nic.in/dgca/visi-ind.htm|archive-date=22 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Civil aviation in India#National Civil Aviation Policy 2016|National Civil Aviation Policy 2016]] set the guidelines and goals for operations of civil aviation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/govt-releases-national-civil-aviation-policy-impact-of-fdi-in-aviation-sector-116072200284_1.html|title=Govt releases National Civil Aviation Policy; impact of FDI in Aviation sector|work=IndiaInfoline|access-date=9 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908202346/https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/govt-releases-national-civil-aviation-policy-impact-of-fdi-in-aviation-sector-116072200284_1.html|archive-date=8 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> India is the third largest civilian aviation market with airlines carrying more than 200 million passengers in 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62424407.cms|title=In next 6-8 months, we expect to get bids for Air India: Jayant Sinha|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Air passenger traffic (In Millions) <ref>{{cite web|title=India: air passenger traffic 2022|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1252947/india-air-passenger-traffic/|access-date=23 September 2023|publisher=Statista}}</ref>
!Financial Year (FY)
!2010
!2011
!2012
!2013
!2014
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!2023
!2024
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Total passengers
|77.4
|88.9
|98.9
|98.2
|103.8
|115.8
|135
|158.4
|183.9
|204.2
|202
|62.1
|105.4
|190.6
|220.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Domestic passengers
|45.3
|53.8
|60.8
|57.9
|60.7
|70.1
|85.2
|103.7
|123.3
|140.3
|141.2
|53.3
|84.2
|136
|153.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|International passengers
|32.1
|35.1
|38.1
|40.3
|43.1
|45.7
|49.8
|54.7
|60.6
|63.9
|60.8
|8.8
|21.2
|54.6
|66.7
|}

=== Network and infrastructure ===
{{main|List of the busiest airports in India|List of airports in India}}
India has various types of airports namely, designated international airports, customs airports with limited international flights, [[Joint-use airport|civil enclave]]s within airbases, domestic airports and private airports.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?page=jsp/dgca/InventoryList/aerodrome/public/PUBLIC%20USE%20LICENSED%20AERODROME%20(PUBLIC%20AND%20PRIVATE)%20AND%20HELIPORT%20-converted%20(1).pdf|title=List of Aerodromes Licensed in Public Use Category|publisher=[[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] of India|access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?page=jsp/dgca/InventoryList/aerodrome/private/AERODROMES%20LICENSED%20IN%20PRIVATE%20USE%20CATEGORY-converted.pdf|title=List of Aerodromes Licensed in Private Use Category|publisher=[[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] of India|access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> Airports Authority of India is the nodal authority responsible for the development and maintenance of infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf|title=List of Indian Airports|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Nov2k23Annex2.pdf|type=pdf|title=Traffic Statistics, November 2023|publisher=Airport Authority of India|access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref> AAI administers the airports divided into four administrative regions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Regional Headquarters of AAI|publisher=Airports Authority of India|url=https://www.aai.aero/en/node/4004|access-date=30 August 2023}}</ref> {{As of|December 2023}}, there are 33 [[international airport|international]] and 11 [[customs airport|limited international]] airports apart from 100+ other domestic, private airports and civil enclaves.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nocas2.aai.aero/nocas/AAI_Links/Airports-IFR-VFR-200815.pdf|title=List of Indian Airports (NOCAS)|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref> The [[UDAN]] regional connectivity scheme, launched in 2016, planned to develop a sustainable air network in over 400 tier-2 cities across India.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik : Civil Aviation Ministry's Regional Connectivity Scheme "UDAN" Launched Today|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=151850|agency=[[Government of India]]|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=21 October 2016|access-date=22 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106001614/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=151850|archive-date=6 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/FHm9tEhJ8341miVfdRi2GP/Govt-clears-Rs4500-crore-for-50-regional-airports-under-Uda.html|title=Govt clears Rs 45 billion for 50 regional airports under Udan scheme|first=Tarun|last=Shukla|date=6 March 2017|work=LiveMint|access-date=9 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025202301/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/FHm9tEhJ8341miVfdRi2GP/Govt-clears-Rs4500-crore-for-50-regional-airports-under-Uda.html|archive-date=25 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; "
|+ Busiest airports by Passenger traffic (2022–23)
|-
! Rank
! Name
! City
! State/{{Tooltip|UT|Union Territories}}
! IATA Code
! Passengers 2022–23
! Passengers 2021–22
! % Change
! Rank Change
|-
|1
|[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]
|[[Delhi NCR]]
|[[Delhi]]
|DEL
|65,327,833
|39,339,998
|{{increase|1}}66.1
|{{steady|0}}
|-
| 2
|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|BOM
|43,930,298
|21,747,892
|{{increase|1}}102.0
|{{steady|0}}
|-
| 3
|[[Kempegowda International Airport]]
|[[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|BLR
|31,911,429
|16,287,097
|{{increase|1}}95.9
|{{steady|0}}
|-
|4
|[[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
|[[Telangana]]
|HYD
|20,996,027
|12,429,796
|{{increase|1}}68.9
|{{steady|0}}
|-
|5
|[[Chennai International Airport]]
|[[Chennai]]
|[[Tamilnadu]]
|MAA
|22,410,000
|16,550,000
|{{increase|1}}22.4
|{{steady|0}}
|-
|6
|[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]]
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|CCU
|24,68,601
|5,12,582
|{{increase|1}}20.8
|{{increase|1}}1
|}

=== Airlines ===
{{main|List of airlines of India}}
{{Pie chart
| caption = Market share of scheduled domestic airlines of India in December 2025
| value1 = 59.6
| label1 = [[IndiGo]]
| color1 = #0047AB
| value2 = 29.6
| label2 = [[Air India|Air India Group (including Air India Express)]]
| color2 = #BF0000
| value3 = 5.2
| label3 = [[Akasa Air]]
| color3 = #FF8000
| value4 = 4.3
| label4 = [[SpiceJet]]
| color4 = #FF0000
| value5 = 1.3
| label5 = Others
| color5 = grey
}}
{{As of|February 2026}}, India has about nine scheduled airlines operating passenger services apart from other cargo carriers. [[Air India]] is the [[flag carrier]] with [[IndiGo]] being the largest carrier in operation with a 59.6% domestic market share.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-04 |title=IndiGo’s market share fell nearly 4% in December, 16.21 lakh passengers faced delays or cancellations after flight disruption |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-indigos-market-share-fell-nearly-4-in-december-16-21-lakh-passengers-faced-delays-or-cancellations-after-flight-disruption-4131314/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Air India Express]] is [[Air India]]'s [[Low-cost carrier|low-cost]] subsidiary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel|first=Deepak|title=Nipun Aggarwal replaces Campbell Wilson as Air India Express Chairman |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/people/nipun-aggarwal-replaces-campbell-wilson-as-air-india-express-chairman-125042201318_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503020853/https://www.business-standard.com/companies/people/nipun-aggarwal-replaces-campbell-wilson-as-air-india-express-chairman-125042201318_1.html |archive-date=2025-05-03 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Military aviation==
{{Further|List of active Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons|List of Indian Air Force stations|List of active Indian military aircraft}}
The [[President of India]] serves as the ex-officio [[Commander-in-Chief, India|commander-in-chief]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], with the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] responsible for policy. The air arms of the armed forces are the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF), commanded by the [[Chief of Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]], and the [[Indian Naval Air Arm]], [[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Army Aviation Corps]], and [[Indian Coast Guard#Current aircraft|Indian Coast Guard aviation]] are the agencies involved in the military aviation in India. The Indian Air Force is divided into five operational and two functional commands with [[Military air base|bases]] or stations across various commands.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Verma|first1=Bharat|last2=Hiranandani|first2=GM|last3=Pandey|first3=BK|title=Indian Armed Forces|date=2009|publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC|isbn=978-1-935501-73-2|page=217|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXCUeGUW3VQC&pg=PT217|language=en}}</ref> The armed forces operate a fleet of [[fighter aircraft|fighter]], [[Military transport aircraft|transport]], [[Helicopter|helicopters]], [[Aerial refueling|tankers]], [[Airborne early warning and control|AWAC]], [[Reconnaissance aircraft|reconnaissance]] aircraft and [[Unmanned aerial vehicle]]s.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{cite web|last = Hoyle|first = Craig|url= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881|title = World Air Forces 2024|publisher= [[FlightGlobal]]|year= 2023|access-date= 27 December 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Transport in India]]
* [[Environmental impact of aviation]]
* [[Aerial lift in India]]
* [[List of airports in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|Indian aviation}}

{{Economy of India related topics}}
{{India topics}}

{{World topic|Aviation in|title=[[Aviation]] around the World|noredlinks=yes}}
{{Portal bar|Aviation|India}}

[[Category:Aviation in India| ]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force]]

Stephen Fleming

2026-02-16T22:10:23Z

AnkuMalik: small refine intro as per guidelines also and added references per standard format

{{short description|New Zealand cricketer}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name=Stephen Fleming {{post-nominals|country=NZL|ONZM|size=80%}}
| honorific_suffix=
| image=Stephen Fleming ONZM (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption=Fleming in 2011
| fullname=Stephen Paul Fleming
| birth_date={{Birth date and age|1973|04|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place=[[Christchurch]], New Zealand
| height=188 cm
| batting=Left-handed
| bowling=Right-arm medium-slow
| role=[[Batting order (cricket)#Top order|Top-order batsman]]
| international=true
| country=New Zealand
| internationalspan=1994–2008
| testdebutdate=19 March
| testdebutyear=1994
| testdebutagainst=India
| testcap=188
| lasttestdate=22 March
| lasttestyear=2008
| lasttestagainst=England
| odidebutdate=25 March
| odidebutyear=1994
| odidebutagainst=India
| odicap=88
| lastodidate=24 April
| lastodiyear=2007
| lastodiagainst=Sri Lanka
| odishirt=7
| T20Idebutdate=17 February
| T20Idebutyear=2005
| T20Idebutagainst=Australia
| T20Icap=3
| lastT20Idate=26 December
| lastT20Iyear=2006
| lastT20Iagainst=Sri Lanka
| club1=[[Canterbury cricket team|Canterbury]]
| year1={{nowrap|1991/92–1999/00}}
| club2=[[Wellington cricket team|Wellington]]
| year2=2000/01–2008/09
| club3=[[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]]
| year3=2001
| club4=[[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]]
| year4=2003
| club5=[[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]]
| year5=2005–2007
| club6=[[Chennai Super Kings]]
| year6=2008
| columns=4
| column1=[[Test cricket|Test]]
| column2=[[One Day International|ODI]]
| column3=[[First-class cricket|FC]]
| column4=[[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches1=111
| matches2=280
| matches3=247
| matches4=460
| runs1=7,172
| runs2=8,037
| runs3=16,409
| runs4=14,019
| bat avg1=40.06
| bat avg2=32.40
| bat avg3=43.87
| bat avg4=35.13
| 100s/50s1=9/46
| 100s/50s2=8/49
| 100s/50s3=35/93
| 100s/50s4=22/86
| top score1=274[[not out|*]]
| top score2=134[[not out|*]]
| top score3=274[[not out|*]]
| top score4=139[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1=–
| deliveries2=29
| deliveries3=102
| deliveries4=35
| wickets1=–
| wickets2=1
| wickets3=0
| wickets4=2
| bowl avg1=–
| bowl avg2=28.00
| bowl avg3=–
| bowl avg4=15.50
| fivefor1=–
| fivefor2=0
| fivefor3=–
| fivefor4=0
| tenfor1=–
| tenfor2=0
| tenfor3=–
| tenfor4=0
| best bowling1=–
| best bowling2=1/8
| best bowling3=–
| best bowling4=1/3
| catches/stumpings1=171/–
| catches/stumpings2=133/–
| catches/stumpings3=340/–
| catches/stumpings4=225/–
| coachclub1=[[Chennai Super Kings]]
| coachyear1=2009–2015, 2018–present
| coachclub2=[[Melbourne Stars]]
| coachyear2=2015–2019
| coachclub3=[[Rising Pune Supergiant]]
| coachyear3=2016–2017
| coachclub4=[[Joburg Super Kings]]
| coachyear4=2022-present
| coachclub5=[[Texas Super Kings]]
| coachyear5=2023-present
| source=http://www.espncricinfo.com/newzealand/content/player/37000.html ESPNcricinfo
| date=4 May
| year=2017
| medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{NZL}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Champions Trophy]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy|2000 Kenya]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{Medal|B|[[Cricket at the 1998 Commonwealth Games|1998 Kuala Lumpur]]}}
}}

'''Stephen Paul Fleming''' {{post-nominals|country=NZL|ONZM}} (born 1 April 1973) is a cricket coach and former captain of the [[New Zealand national cricket team]]. He was a left-handed [[Batting order (cricket)|opening batter]] and an occasional right arm slow medium bowler. He is New Zealand's second-most capped [[Test cricket]]er with 111 appearances. He is also the team's longest-serving and most successful captain with 28 test victories and led the team to win the [[2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy]], the team's first [[International Cricket Council]] trophy. Fleming captained New Zealand in the first ever [[Twenty20 International]] against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in 2005.

Fleming retired from international cricket on 26 March 2008. He played in the [[2008 Indian Premier League|inaugural season]] of the [[Indian Premier League]] for [[Chennai Super Kings]] and became the team's coach in [[2009 Indian Premier League|2009]]. He is the team's current head coach and has coached them to five IPL and two [[Champions League T20]] titles. He also serves as the head coach of other Super Kings franchises, [[Joburg Super Kings]] in the [[SA20]] and [[Texas Super Kings]] in [[Major League Cricket]]. He served as the coach of [[Melbourne Stars]] in the [[Big Bash League]] from 2015 to 2019. Fleming was appointed an [[Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit]], for services to cricket, in the [[2011 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)|2011 Queen's Birthday Honours]].

==Early and personal life==
Fleming was born on 1 April 1973 in [[Christchurch]] to Pauline Fleming and Gary Kirk.<ref name="Cric">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/stephen-fleming-37000|title=Stephen Fleming, profile|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Pauline raised him as a single mother, and he did not meet his father until he was 16. Fleming played rugby for Cashmere High like his father.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Age|date=7 November 2004|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/Cricket/Flemings-father-comes-out-of-the-shadows/2004/11/06/1099547435353.html|title=Fleming's father comes out of the shadows|access-date=11 May 2016}}</ref>

On 9 May 2007, Fleming married his long-term partner Kelly Payne in a ceremony in [[Wellington]]. The couple have a daughter, born in 2006,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10439430|title=Fleming goes all out to wed in secret|first=Nicola|last=Shepherd|date=12 May 2007|newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> a son born 2008 and another daughter born 2011.

==Domestic career==
Fleming has played county cricket in England for [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]], [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] and [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]].<ref name="Cric"/> He captained Nottinghamshire to [[County Championship]] victory [[2005 County Championship|in 2005]], their first Championship title in 18 years.<ref name="Not">{{cite web|url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/Frizzell_County_Championship_2005.html|title=Frizzell County Championship 2005 Points Table|publisher=Cricket Archive|access-date=18 May 2011}}</ref>

==International career==
A left-handed [[batsman]], Fleming made his [[test cricket|test]] debut in March 1994 in the [[Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 1993–94|home series]] against [[Indian national cricket team|India]] winning the [[Player of the Match awards (cricket)|Man of the Match]] award on debut after scoring 92.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-new-zealand-1993-94-62321/new-zealand-vs-india-only-test-63645/full-scorecard|title=Only Test, Hamilton, March 19 - 23, 1994, India tour of New Zealand|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> He made his [[One Day International|ODI]] debut on 25 March 1994 in the first match of the ODI series that followed and scored an [[not out (cricket)|unbeaten]] 90.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-new-zealand-1993-94-62321/new-zealand-vs-india-1st-odi-64462/full-scorecard|title=1st ODI, Napier, March 25, 1994, India tour of New Zealand|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In [[English cricket team in New Zealand in 1996–97|England's tour of New Zealand in 1996–97]], he scored his maiden test [[century (cricket)|century]] in the first test at [[Eden Park|Auckland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-new-zealand-1996-97-61765/new-zealand-vs-england-1st-test-63739/full-scorecard|title=1st Test, Auckland, January 24 - 28, 1997, England tour of New Zealand|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In the third Test of the series, he took over the captaincy from [[Lee Germon]] becoming New Zealand's youngest captain at 23 years and 321 days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-new-zealand-1996-97-61765/new-zealand-vs-england-3rd-test-63741/full-scorecard|title=3rd Test, Christchurch, 1997, England tour of New Zealand|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> He led the New Zealand team to a [[bronze medal]] in the [[1998 Commonwealth Games|1998]] [[Cricket at the 1998 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]].<ref name="CG">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/commonwealth-games-1998-99-460200|title=Commonwealth games 1998|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Stephen Fleming captain.jpg|thumb|left|Fleming adjusting the field at [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]]]]

Fleming led the team to win the [[2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy]], which was New Zealand's first [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] trophy.<ref name="KO">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/93205.html |title=Magnificent Cairns steers New Zealand to great triumph |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 March 2017}}</ref> Fleming became New Zealand's most successful test captain in September 2000 with a victory over [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] which was the 12th win under his captaincy overtaking [[Geoff Howarth]] and finished with 28 wins, the most by a New Zealand captain.<ref name="ODIC">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/individual-list-captains/new-zealand-5/test-matches-1|title=Test captains, New Zealand|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Fleming's scored his best ODI score with an unbeaten 134 to help New Zealand beat hosts [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] in the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]]. Chasing a rain adjusted target of 229 off 39 overs, Fleming hit 134 off just 132 deliveries as New Zealand cruised to a 9-wicket victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/south-africa-vs-new-zealand-15th-match-65248/full-scorecard|title=15th Match, Johannesburg, February 16, 2003, ICC World Cup|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In February 2005, Fleming captained New Zealand in the first ever [[Twenty20 International]] against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-tour-of-new-zealand-2004-05-61407/new-zealand-vs-australia-only-t20i-211048/full-scorecard|title=Only T20I (D/N), Auckland, February 17, 2005, Australia tour of New Zealand|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In the second Test between New Zealand and South Africa at [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Cape Town]] in April 2006, Fleming scored his 3rd Test double-century and became the first New Zealander to achieve this feat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/most-double-hundreds-in-a-career-230344|title=Most test double hundreds|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

On 25 October 2006, Fleming captained his country for the 194th time in an ODI overtaking [[Arjuna Ranatunga]] for most matches as a captain and finished with 218 games as a captain, a record which has since been eclipsed only by [[Ricky Ponting]].<ref name="CO">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/most-matches-as-captain-283747|title=Most ODI matches as captain|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> He captained the team in the [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007 World Cup]] and scored 353 runs at an average of 39.22, leading the team to the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/icc-world-cup-2006-07-2403|title=Most runs, 2007 World cup|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> On 24 April 2007, Fleming resigned as captain in a post-match press conference held after the semi-Final defeat to [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/fleming-resigns-as-odi-captain-292255|title=Fleming resigns as ODI captain|date=24 April 2007|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In September 2007, Fleming was replaced by [[Daniel Vettori]] as the New Zealand captain. Fleming confirmed his retirement from the New Zealand team at the end of England's [[English cricket team in New Zealand in 2007–08|2008 tour of New Zealand]] to spend more time with his family, and to play for the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref name=retire>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/other_international/new_zealand/7244189.stm|title=Fleming to end New Zealand career|date=14 February 2008|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|access-date=13 November 2011}}</ref> Fleming scored over 7000 runs in test cricket and took over 170 catches, the third highest Test aggregate for a non-wicket keeper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283548.html|title=Records–Test matches–Fielding records–Most catches in career|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Cric"/>

==IPL career==
Fleming was acquired by [[Chennai Super Kings]] (CSK) for US$350,000 for the [[List of 2008 Indian Premier League auctions and personnel signings|inaugural season]] of [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/how-the-teams-stack-up-338106|title=How the teams stack up|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> He played just [[2008 Indian Premier League|one season]] and scored 196 runs in ten matches with CSK finishing as [[runners-up]].<ref name="IPL">{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/teams/chennai-super-kings/squad-details/1|title=MS Dhoni, Chennai Super Kings|publisher=IPL|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/teams/CSK/squad-details/350|title=CSK squad details|publisher=IPL|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

==Post retirement==
Fleming was appointed as the head coach of [[Chennai Super Kings]] in 2009 when he retired as a player.<ref>{{cite news|title=Who is the CSK coach? Long-serving mastermind looking to bring more IPL glory to Chennai Super Kings|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/cricket/news/who-csk-coach-stephen-fleming-chennai-super-kings-ipl/vpbcosswpqcvybuwdoyar9wy|newspaper=Sporting News|date=29 March 2023|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Under his coaching, CSK won the [[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]] season and qualified for [[Champions League Twenty20]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Raina, Dhoni star in Chennai triumph|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2009-10-418064/mumbai-indians-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-419165/match-report|access-date=4 June 2013|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226065304/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2009-10-418064/mumbai-indians-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-419165/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref> Chennai won the [[2010 Champions League Twenty20|2010 Champions league]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Warriors v Chennai: Dominant Chennai seal title|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/champions-league-twenty20-2010-11-456281/warriors-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-465141/match-report|access-date=21 April 2012|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Fleming coached CSK to its second consecutive IPL title in [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]] and its second Champions League Twenty20 title in [[2014 Champions League Twenty20|2014]].<ref name="CSK">{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/teams/chennai-super-kings/archive|title=Chennai Super Kings|publisher=IPL|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/champions-league-twenty20-2014-15-763543|title=2014 Champions League Twenty20|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

Following the two-year suspension of Chennai Super Kings and [[Rajasthan Royals]], two new franchises [[Rising Pune Supergiants]] and [[Gujarat Lions]] were established for the [[2016 Indian Premier League]] season. Supergiants appointed Fleming as the head coach.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pune names Fleming as coach|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/3270844/fleming-named-coach-of-pune|newspaper=Cricket.au|date=5 January 2016|access-date=1 January 2023}}</ref> Fleming [[List of 2018 Indian Premier League personnel changes|returned]] to Chennai Super Kings for the [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018 season]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/190118/indian-premier-league-ipl-2018-chennai-super-kings-stephen-fleming-head-coach.html|title=Chennai Super Kings confirm return of Fleming as coach|date=19 January 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Fleming coached CSK to its third IPL title in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1136620/chennai-super-kings-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-final-indian-premier-league-2018|title=Final (N), Indian Premier League at Mumbai, May 27 2018. Match Report|date=27 May 2018 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029092150/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1136620/chennai-super-kings-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-final-indian-premier-league-2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Fleming led CSK to the title again in [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]] and [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023 IPL]].<ref name="CSK"/><ref>{{cite news|title=MS Dhoni's CSK claim 4th title: Complete list of IPL winners since 2008|url=https://www.wionews.com/sports/ms-dhonis-csk-claim-4th-title-complete-list-of-ipl-winners-since-2008-421316|access-date=18 March 2022|website=WION|language=en|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919224331/https://www.wionews.com/sports/ms-dhonis-csk-claim-4th-title-complete-list-of-ipl-winners-since-2008-421316|url-status=live}}</ref> CSK became the most successful IPL franchise with five title wins and ten final appearances during his stint as head coach.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 October 2017|title=MS Dhoni: Indian cricket's first mega-brand|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/book-extract-democracy-s-xi-by-rajdeep-sardesai-1123867|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111224912/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21145684/democracy-xi-rajdeep-sardesai|archive-date=11 November 2020|access-date=26 October 2017|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He was appointed as the head coach of other Super Kings franchises, [[Joburg Super Kings]] of [[SA20]] in 2022 and [[Texas Super Kings]] of [[Major League Cricket]] in 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/fleming-to-be-texas-super-kings-coach-in-major-league-cricket-in-us-as-csk-announces-partnership/articleshow/98902904.cms?from=mdr|title=Fleming to be coach of Texas Super Kings|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 March 2023|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

===Business interests===
Fleming has been involved in setting up [[CricHQ]] with the company's CEO Simon Baker and former New Zealand cricket captain [[Brendon McCullum]]. Fleming is one of the investors and a director in the company. In June 2015, the company raised US$10m from Singapore private equity firm Tembusu Partners.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hutching|first=Gerard|date=16 June 2015|title=Singaporean firm invests US$10m in New Zealand cricket tech company|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/69450909/singaporean-firm-invests-us10m-in-new-zealand-cricket-tech-company|newspaper=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref>

==Playing style==
Fleming was an elegant left handed [[batsman|batter]] and played shots such as the flick off the pads, straight drive, cover drive and cut shots.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/fleming-csks-man-for-all-seasons/article24016464.ece|title=Fleming — CSK's man for all seasons|date=28 May 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 July 2023}}</ref> He was also a prolific slip catcher and was particularly noted for his captaincy, having been praised by [[Shane Warne]] as the "best captain in world cricket".<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/2310545/Spotlight-on-Stephen-Fleming-Boss-approved.html|location=London|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first=Steve|last=James|title=Spotlight on Stephen Fleming: Boss approved|date=8 April 2007|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref>

==Statistics==
===Centuries===
{{anchor|List of international cricket centuries by Stephen Fleming}}
Fleming, a left-handed [[batsman]], has made 17 [[Century (cricket)|centuries]] in international cricket {{endash}} nine in Test matches and eight in One Day Internationals {{endash}} and sits ninety-sixth in the [[List of cricketers by number of international centuries scored|list of century-makers in international cricket]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Records/Combined Test, ODI and T20I records/Batting records/Most hundreds in a career|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284175.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004152723/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284175.html|archive-date=4 October 2012 }}</ref>

;Test
{| class="wikitable"
|+Test centuries scored by Stephen Fleming<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics/Statsguru/SP Fleming/Test matches/Hundreds|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/37000.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>
!No.
!Score
!Opponent
!Pos.
!Inn.
!Venue
!Date
!Result
!Ref
|-
| 1|| 129|| {{cr|ENG}}|| 4|| 1|| [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|1997|January|24}}|| Drawn|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63739.html|title=1st Test: New Zealand v England at Auckland, Jan 24–28, 1997 | Cricket Scorecard|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=4 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522194047/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63739.html|archive-date=22 May 2013|df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| 2|| 174[[not out|*]]|| {{cr|SL}}|| 3|| 3|| [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|1998|May|27}}|| Won|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-tour-of-sri-lanka-1998-62123/sri-lanka-vs-new-zealand-1st-test-63801/full-scorecard|title=1st Test, Colombo (RPS), May 27-31, 1998, New Zealand tour of Sri Lanka|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 3|| 105|| {{cr|AUS}}|| 4|| 1|| [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2001|November|30}}|| Drawn|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-tour-of-australia-2001-02-62085/australia-vs-new-zealand-3rd-test-63955/full-scorecard|title=3rd Test, Perth, November 30-December 04, 2001, New Zealand tour of Australia|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 4|| 130|| {{cr|WIN}}|| 3|| 1|| [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2002|June|21}}|| Won|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-tour-of-west-indies-2002-62105/west-indies-vs-new-zealand-1st-test-63993/full-scorecard|title=1st Test, Bridgetown, June 21-24, 2002, New Zealand tour of West Indies|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 5|| 274[[not out|*]]|| {{cr|SL}}|| 3|| 1|| [[Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium]], [[Colombo]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|April|25}}|| Drawn|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-tour-of-sri-lanka-2003-62126/sri-lanka-vs-new-zealand-1st-test-64030/full-scorecard|title=1st Test, Colombo (PSS), April 25-29, 2003, New Zealand tour of Sri Lanka|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 6|| 192|| {{cr|PAK}}|| 3|| 1|| [[Seddon Park]], [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|19}}|| Drawn|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pakistan-tour-of-new-zealand-2003-04-61500/new-zealand-vs-pakistan-1st-test-64067/full-scorecard|title=1st Test, Hamilton, December 19-23, 2003, Pakistan tour of New Zealand|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 7|| 117|| {{cr|ENG}}|| 2|| 1|| [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|June|04}}|| Lost|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-tour-of-england-2004-62067/england-vs-new-zealand-3rd-test-64088/full-scorecard|title=3rd Test, Nottingham, June 10-13, 2004, New Zealand tour of England|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 8|| 202|| {{cr|BAN}}|| 3|| 1|| [[M. A. Aziz Stadium]], [[Chattogram]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|October|26}}|| Won|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-tour-of-bangladesh-2004-05-62139/bangladesh-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-64104/full-scorecard|title=2nd Test, Chattogram, October 26-29, 2004, New Zealand tour of Bangladesh|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 9|| 262|| {{cr|SA}}|| 3|| 1|| [[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2006|April|27}}|| Drawn||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/238206.html|title=New Zealand tour of South Africa, 2005/06 – 2nd Test|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217001035/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/238206.html|archive-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref>
|}

;ODI
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ODI centuries scored by Stephen Fleming<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/37000.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Statistics/Statsguru/SP Fleming/One-Day Internationals/Hundreds|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>
!No.
!Score
!Opponent
!Pos.
!Venue
!Date
!Result
!Ref
|-
|| 1|| 106[[not out|*]]|| {{cr|WIN}}|| 4|| [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|1996|March|29}}|| Won||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-tour-of-west-indies-1995-96-62107/west-indies-vs-new-zealand-2nd-odi-64522/full-scorecard|title=2nd ODI, Port of Spain, March 29, 1996, New Zealand tour of West Indies|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
|| 2|| 116[[not out|*]]|| {{cr|AUS}}|| 4|| [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|1998|January|21}}|| Won|| <ref name="c3">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65566.html|title=Australia vs. New Zealand, Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne, 21 January 1998|access-date=10 June 2008|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112220353/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65566.html|archive-date=12 January 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| 3|| 111[[not out|*]]|| {{cr|AUS}}|| 4|| [[McLean Park]], [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|1998|February|12}}|| Won|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-tour-of-new-zealand-1997-98-61406/new-zealand-vs-australia-3rd-odi-64577/full-scorecard|title=3rd ODI (D/N), Napier, February 12, 1998, Australia tour of New Zealand|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 4|| 134[[not out|*]]|| {{cr|SA}}|| 2|| [[New Wanderers]], [[Johannesburg]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|February|16}}|| Won ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|D/L]])|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65248.html|title=15th Match: South Africa v New Zealand at Johannesburg, Feb 16, 2003 | Cricket Scorecard|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219012504/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65248.html|archive-date=19 December 2013|df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| 5|| 115[[not out|*]]|| {{cr|PAK}}|| 2|| [[Lancaster Park]], [[Christchurch]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|January|10}}|| Won|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pakistan-tour-of-new-zealand-2003-04-61500/new-zealand-vs-pakistan-3rd-odi-64859/full-scorecard|title=3rd ODI, Christchurch, January 10, 2004, Pakistan tour of New Zealand|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 6|| 108|| {{cr|SA}}|| 2|| [[Lancaster Park]], [[Christchurch]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|February|17}}|| Won|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-tour-of-new-zealand-2003-04-61847/new-zealand-vs-south-africa-2nd-odi-64868/full-scorecard|title=2nd ODI (D/N), Christchurch, February 17, 2004, South Africa tour of New Zealand|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 7|| 106|| {{cr|ENG}}|| 2|| [[Brisbane Cricket Ground]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|February|06}}|| Lost|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/commonwealth-bank-series-2006-07-249146/england-vs-new-zealand-12th-match-249239/full-scorecard|title=12th Match (D/N), Brisbane, February 06, 2007, Commonwealth Bank Series|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 8|| 102|| {{cr|BAN}}|| 2|| [[Sir Vivian Richards Stadium]], [[Antigua|North Sound]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|April|02}}|| Won|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2006-07-125929/bangladesh-vs-new-zealand-31st-match-super-eights-247487/full-scorecard|title=31st Match, Super Eights, North Sound, April 02, 2007, ICC World Cup|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
|}

===Captaincy===
Fleming had captained New Zealand in 303 matches including 80 Test matches, 218 ODIs and 5 T20Is, a New Zealand record and the third highest ever.<ref name="TestC">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283746.html|title=Records-Test matches-Individual records (captains, players, umpires)-Most matches as captain|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="ODIC"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/most-matches-as-captain-283427|title=Most matches as captain|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Fleming captaincy record<ref name="TestC"/><ref name="ODIC"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/individual-list-captains/new-zealand-5/twenty20-internationals-3|title=Records-T20I matches-Individual records (captains, players, umpires)-Most matches as captain|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
!Type
!Matches
!Won
!Lost
!Drawn
!Tied
!No result
!Win %
|-
|Test
|80
|28
|27
|25
|0
|0
|35.00
|-
|ODI
|218
|98
|106
|0
|1
|13
|44.95
|-
|T20I
|5
|2
|2
|0
|1
|0
|40.00
|}

== Records and achievements ==
;Tests
* Most wins by a New Zealand captain (28)<ref name="CT"/>
* Second most number of matches as captain (80)<ref name="CT">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/most-matches-as-captain-283746|title=Most matches as captain, Tests|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 June 2020}}</ref>
* Third most runs for New Zealand (7172)<ref name="CTR">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/batting-most-runs-career/new-zealand-5/test-matches-1|title=Most runs for New Zealand, Tests|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 June 2020}}</ref>
* Third most matches for New Zealand (111)<ref name="CTR"/>
* Most fifties for New Zealand (46)<ref name="CTR"/>

;ODIs
* Most wins by a New Zealand captain (98)<ref name="CO"/>
* Second most number of matches as captain (218)<ref name="CO"/>
* Third most runs as captain (6295)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricindeed.com/most-odi-runs-as-captain/|title=Most runs as ODI captain|date=18 January 2020 |publisher=Cricindeed|access-date=20 June 2020}}</ref>
* Most matches for New Zealand (279)<ref name="COR"/>
* Second most runs for New Zealand (8007)<ref name="COR">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/batting-most-runs-career/new-zealand-5/one-day-internationals-2|title=Most runs for New Zealand, ODIs|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 June 2020}}</ref>
* Second most fifties for New Zealand (49)<ref name="COR"/>

;Combined
* Third most international matches as captain (303)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/slc-twenty20-15/content/records/283427.html|title=Records/Combined Test, ODI and T20I records/Individual records (captains, players, umpires)/Most matches as captain|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 May 2017|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126180316/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/slc-twenty20-15/content/records/283427.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* First non-wicket keeper to take 300 catches in international matches<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/most-catches-in-career-283649|title=Records/Combined Test, ODI and T20I records /Fielding records/Most catches in career|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 May 2017|archive-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428162745/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/slc-twenty20-15/content/records/283337.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Honors==
Fleming was appointed an [[Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit]], for services to cricket, in the [[2011 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)|2011 Queen's Birthday Honours]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/publications/queens-birthday-honours-list-2011|title=Queen's Birthday honours list 2011|date=6 June 2011|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref>

===Player===
;New Zealand
* [[ICC Champions Trophy]]: [[2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy|2000]]<ref name="KO"/>
* [[1998 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]: [[Cricket at the 1998 Commonwealth Games|1998]] (Bronze)<ref name="CG"/>

;Nottinghamshire
* [[County Championship]]: [[2005 County Championship|2005]]<ref name="Not"/>

===Coach===
;Chennai Super Kings
* [[List of Indian Premier League seasons and results|Indian Premier League]]: [[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Premier League Final, 2010|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2009-10-418064/mumbai-indians-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-419165/full-scorecard|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Premier League Final, 2011|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2011-466304/chennai-super-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-final-501271/full-scorecard|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Premier League Final, 2018|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2018-1131611/chennai-super-kings-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-final-1136620/full-scorecard|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Premier League Final, 2021|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/chennai-super-kings-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-final-1254117/full-scorecard|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Premier League Final, 2013|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/gujarat-titans-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-1370353/full-scorecard|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* [[Champions League Twenty20|Champions League]]: [[2010 Champions League Twenty20|2010]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/champions-league-twenty20-2010-11-456281/warriors-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-465141/full-scorecard|title=Final, Johannesburg, September 26, 2010, Champions League Twenty20|access-date=16 June 2022|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> [[2014 Champions League Twenty20|2014]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/champions-league-twenty20-2014-15-763543/chennai-super-kings-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-final-763633/full-scorecard|title=Final, 2014, Champions League Twenty20|access-date=16 June 2022|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In 1995, Fleming was caught and admitted to smoking [[marijuana]] with teammates [[Matthew Hart]] and [[Dion Nash]] while on tour at their hotel.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fleming caught out for a smoke|date=6 November 2004|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=3607554|newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=25 June 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-sports}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Lee Germon]]
| title=[[New Zealand national cricket captains|New Zealand national cricket captain]]
| years=1996–2007
| after=[[Daniel Vettori]]
}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Kepler Wessels]]
| title=[[Chennai Super Kings|Chennai Super Kings Coach]]
| years=2009–
| after=[[Incumbent]]
}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Greg Shipperd]]
| title=[[Melbourne Stars|Melbourne Stars Coach]]
| years=2015–2019
| after=[[Peter Moores (cricketer)|Peter Moores]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[Jason Gallian]]
| title=[[:Category:Nottinghamshire cricket captains|Nottinghamshire County cricket captain]]
| years=2005–2007
| after=[[Chris Read]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{New Zealanders with 100 or more Test caps}}
{{New Zealand Test Cricket Captains}}
{{New Zealand ODI Cricket Captains}}
{{New Zealand T20I Cricket Captains}}
{{Navboxes
| title=New Zealand squads
| bg=black
| fg=white
| bordercolor=silver
| list1=
{{New Zealand Squad 1996 Cricket World Cup}}
{{1998 New Zealand Commonwealth Games team}}
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{{New Zealand Squad 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy}}
{{New Zealand Squad 2003 Cricket World Cup}}
{{New Zealand Squad 2007 Cricket World Cup}}
}}
{{Chennai Super Kings squad}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fleming, Stephen}}
[[Category:New Zealand cricketers]]
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Gandhi Maidan metro station

2026-01-14T15:16:12Z

AnkuMalik:

{{Short description|Patna Metro's Blue Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Patna Metro.svg|50px]] Gandhi Maidan
| system = {{Patna Metro Infobox station line|line =Blue}}
| style = Patna Metro
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = North [[Gandhi Maidan Marg]], [[Patna]]-800001, [[Bihar]] {{Flag icon|IND}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|37|11.604|N|85|8|42.542|E|display=inline}}
| line =
| other =
| structure = Underground
| platform = 2
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reporter |first1=Staff |title=Patna Metro to Get Rs 200 Crore Boost, Delhi Metro to Oversee Operations |url=https://patnapress.com/patna-metro-rs200cr-allocation-delhi-metro-operations/ |website=Patna Press |access-date=8 October 2025 |date=15 July 2025}}</ref>
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| connections =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Single-phase {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible =
| status = under-construction
| code =
| owned = Patna Metro Rail Corporation Ltd
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Patna Metro|line=Blue|left= Akashvani |right=PMCH}}
| route_map = {{Blue Line (Patna Metro)}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color =
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Gandhi Maidan''' is an upcoming underground metro station on the [[Blue Line (Patna Metro)|Blue Line]] of the [[Patna Metro]] system, located in the heart of [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], India. Strategically positioned near the historic [[Gandhi Maidan]] and [[Kargil Chowk]], the station is designed to serve as a key transit hub for central Patna, connecting major administrative, commercial, and cultural landmarks.

==Design and Layout==

The station spans approximately 202 meters in length and features a two-level underground design:<ref>{{cite web |title=Patna Metro: पटना विश्वविद्यालय से गांधी मैदान की मेट्रो ट्रैक के लिए सुरंग की खुदाई शुरू, जानें अपडेट |url=https://news4nation.com/bihar/patna/patna-gandhi-maidan-metro-cross-passage-will-pass-through-gandhi-maidan-gate-no-1-195139 |publisher=amarujala |access-date=9 October 2025 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

* ⁠Concourse Level: Includes ticket counters, automated fare collection gates, and passenger amenities.
* ⁠Platform Level: Serves trains running along the Blue Line corridor.

==Entry/Exit Points==

There are three entry/exit gates, each strategically placed to maximise accessibility:<ref name="entry"/>

*⁠ ⁠Gate 1: In front of Red Cross Society, near [[Magadh Mahila College]]
*⁠ ⁠Gate 2: Near [[Patna Collectorate]] and Bankipur Bus Stand
*⁠ ⁠Gate 3: Facing Gandhi Maidan, adjacent to Kali Mandir

Lifts are provided at Gates 2 and 3 to support accessibility for senior citizens and disabled passengers.

==Passenger Amenities==

*⁠ ⁠Escalators: 7 total (1 at each entry/exit, 4 between concourse and platform)
*⁠ ⁠Staircases: 5 total (1 at each entry/exit, 2 between levels)
*⁠ ⁠Fire Escapes: 2 public staircases and 1 dedicated firemen access route
*⁠ ⁠Safety Features: Emergency evacuation routes, fire detection systems, and CCTV surveillance<ref name="entry">{{cite news |title=Gandhi Maidan metro stn to have 3 entry/exit gates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/gandhi-maidan-metro-stn-to-have-3-entry/exit-gates/articleshow/102961168.cms |access-date=9 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=23 August 2023}}</ref>

==Connectivity and Importance==

Gandhi Maidan metro station is expected to become a transportation lifeline for Patna’s central business district. It will serve:

*⁠ ⁠Government offices: [[Patna Collectorate]]
* ⁠ Educational institutions: [[Magadh Mahila College]], [[Patna University]]
* ⁠Cultural venues: [[Samrat Ashok International Convention Centre]], [[Shri Krishna Memorial Hall]]
*⁠ ⁠Public spaces: [[Gandhi Maidan]] Ground, Red Cross Society

The station is part of Patna Metro’s multi-modal integration plan, linking metro services with bus routes and pedestrian pathways to ensure seamless urban mobility.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gandhi Maidan Metro Station will be two-storey underground |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/gandhi-maidan-metro-station-will-be-two-storey-underground-near-kargil-chowk-axs |access-date=9 October 2025 |work=Prabhat Khabar |date=22 August 2023 |language=hi}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of metro systems]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Patna-metro-stub}}
{{Patna Metro}}
[[Category:Patna Metro stations]]
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]

Ranina Reddy

2026-01-08T00:48:43Z

AnkuMalik: brief enhance structure for consistency and updated info

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ranina Reddy
| image = Ranina Reddy Singer.JPG
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| spouse = (m. 2008)
| caption =
| instrument =
| occupation = Playback singer
| years_active = 2008–present
| label =
| website = {{url|http://facebook.com/RRmusics}}
}}
'''Ranina Reddy''' is an Indian playback singer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/Ranina-Reddy-birthday-bash/articleshow/5603785.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503102831/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-23/regional/28136139_1_playback-singer-bash-ranina-reddy |url-status=live |archive-date=3 May 2012 |title=Ranina Reddy birthday bash |date=23 February 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref> She has sung mainly in Tamil and Telugu for various music composers including Yuvan Shankar Raja, Harris Jayaraj, Devi sri Prasad, Sai Thaman, Selva Ganesh, Raghu Dixit, and S.A. Rajkumar.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.muzigle.com/#!artist/ranina-reddy |title= Ranina Reddy : Artist |publisher= Muzigle.com |date= 31 December 2010 |accessdate= 29 January 2012}}</ref>

==Career==
Reddy appeared in [[Venkat Prabhu]]'s 2008 comedy thriller ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/9738.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071207201354/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/9738.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 7 December 2007 |title= Saroja (Tamil) Movie Review |work= IndiaGlitz |date= 4 September 2008 |accessdate= 29 January 2012}}</ref> She has since performed several songs, most notably for [[Harris Jayaraj]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/11768.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101114000532/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/11768.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 14 November 2010 |title= Engeyum Kadhal Music Review |work= IndiaGlitz |date= 20 November 2010 |accessdate= 29 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/musicreview/11894.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023171454/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/musicreview/11894.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2012 |title=Ko Music Review songs lyrics |website=IndiaGlitz |date=20 April 2011 |accessdate=29 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/12/31/stories/2010123151710500.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121109031929/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/12/31/stories/2010123151710500.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 9 November 2012 |title= Enchanting melodies |date= 31 December 2010 |work= [[The Hindu]] |accessdate= 29 January 2012}}</ref>

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year !! Film !! Songs !! Language !! Composer
!Notes
|-
|rowspan= 3| 2008 || ''[[Silandhi]]'' || "Idhu Kadhal Minsarama" || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]
|
|-
|''Jaal the trap''|| "Mere paas Aajao na" ||[[Hindi language|Hindi]] || [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]
|
|-
|''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' || "Kodana Kodi" ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|-
|rowspan= 7| 2009 ||''[[Current (2009 film)|Current]]'' || "Rekkalu" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|''U and I'' || "D for Dance" ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]
|
|-
|''Chapter 6''|| "Lakka Pidathala" ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || P.C. Sivan
|
|-
|''Sarai Veeraraju''|| "Atreyapuram" ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Sree Sai
|
|-
|''Vettatam'' || "Thootukudi Ranida" ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Sree Sai
|
|-
|''[[Quick Gun Murugun]]'' || "Murugan Super Star" ||[[English language|English]] || [[Raghu Dixit]]
|
|-
|''[[Bayam Ariyaan]]'' || "Dhara Dhiri" ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || P.C. Sivan
|
|-
|rowspan= 4| 2010 || ''[[Orange (2010 film)|Orange]]'' || "Ola Olaala Ala" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
|''[[Kedi (2010 film)|Singa Vettai]]'' || "Neeyum Naanum" ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Sandeep Chowta]]
|
|-
| ''[[Arumbu Meesai Kurumbu Paarvai]]'' || "Varugiran Kamadhoothan" ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Mohammed Rizwan
|
|-
| ''[[Drohi (2010 film)|Drohi]]'' || "Konjam Konja Vendum" ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || V Selvaganesh
|
|-
|rowspan= 18| 2011 ||''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'' || "Aga Naga Naga" || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || rowspan="2" | [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
|''[[Rangam]]'' || "Aga Naga Naga" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Engeyum Kadhal]]'' || "Engeyum Kadhal" || rowspan="3" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || rowspan="3" | [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
| "Thee lllai"
|
|-
| "Bathing at Cannes"
|
|-
|''[[Rowthiram]]'' || "Maalai Mangum Neram" || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || rowspan="2" | [[Prakash Nikki]]
|
|-
|''[[Roudram]]'' || "Mattey Raani" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
|''[[Daggaraga Dooramga]]'' || "Kallu Kochaveyy" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Raghu Kanche
|
|-
|''[[Dhada]]'' || "Bhoome Gundranga" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|''[[Veera (2011 film)|Veera]]'' || "Veera Veera" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Thaman S
|
|-
|''[[Kandireega]]'' || "Angelina" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Thaman S
|
|-
|''[[Dookudu]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive! Singer Ranina Reddy On Spreading Positivity, Her Upcoming Trilingual Sufi Song and Much More!|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2021/exclusive-singer-ranina-reddy-on-spreading-positivity-her-upcoming-trilingual-sufi-song-much-more-317835.html|accessdate=23 July 2021 |work=Filmi Beat|date=July 23, 2021}}</ref>''|| "Adara Adara Adaragottu" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Thaman S
|
|-
|''Jhalak''|| "Manasu Manasutho" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[S.A. Rajkumar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Thulli Ezhandadhu Kaadhal''|| "Raagam Edhadhu Teriyadhu" || rowspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || rowspan="2" | [[Bobo Shashi]]
|
|-
| "Cmon Cmon"
|
|-
| ''[[Mudhal Idam]]'' || "Mudhal Idham" || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[D Imman]]
|
|-
|''[[Engeyum Eppothum]]<ref>{{cite news |title=In Bollywood, I want to playback for Deepika Padukone – Singer Ranina Reddy|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/music/celebrities-music/in-bollywood-i-want-to-playback-for-deepika-padukone-singer-ranina-reddy/2021/08/07|accessdate=7 August 2021 |work=iwmbuzz.com|date=August 7, 2021}}</ref>''|| "Govinda Govinda" || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[C. Sathya]]
|
|-
|''[[Engaeyum Eppothum|Journey]]''|| "Govinda Govinda" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[V. Selvaganesh]]
|
|-
|rowspan= 11| 2012 ||''[[Shiva Manasulo Shruti]]'' || "Idhi Nijamey" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || N.R. Raghunathan
|
|-
|''[[Krishnaveni Panjaalai]]'' || "Un Kangal Kannadi" || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Gopisunder
|
|-
|''[[Casanovva]]'' || "Theme Song" || [[Malayalam]] || [[Gopi Sundar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''Ninnu Chooste Love Vasthundhi''|| "Ennalugano" || rowspan="3" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || rowspan="3" | [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
| "Segaledhu Pogaledhu"
|
|-
| "Bathing at Cannes"
|
|-
|''[[Endukante... Premanta!]]'' || "Kicko Gicko" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[G.V. Prakash Kumar]]
|
|-
|''[[Sarocharu]]'' || "Jaga Jaga Jagadeka Veera" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|''[[Julayi]]'' || "Mee Intiki Mundhoo" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Konjam Koffee Konjam Kaadhal]]'' || "Konjam Koffee Konjam Kadhal" || rowspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || rowspan="2" | Phani Kalyan
|
|-
| "Sakkarakatti (Dance Mix)"
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2013 ||''[[Thuppakki]]'' || "Kutti Puli Kootam" || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
|''[[Alex Pandian]]'' || "Rayya Rayya" || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' || "Thiruttu Pasanga" || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[C. Sathya]]
|
|-
|''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]'' || "Banthi Poola Janaki" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[S. Thaman]]
|
|-
|''Kadali'' || "Yedike -Telugu jazz version" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
|''[[Iddarammayilatho]]'' || "Shankarabharanam Tho" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|''[[Balupu]]'' || "Patikella Chinnadi" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[S. Thaman]]
|
|-
|''Mr. Pellikoduku''
|"Maatalu Raani"
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|
|-
|''[[Yevadu]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sarileru Neekevvaru singer Ranina Reddy spill the beans on her upcoming projects|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/sarileru-neekevvaru-singer-ranina-reddy-spill-beans-her-upcoming-projects-818569|accessdate=19 July 2021 |work=Pinkvilla|date=July 19, 2021}}</ref>'' ||"Pimple Dimple" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2014
| rowspan="2" |''[[Marumugam]]''
|"Kathadi Kattukule"
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
| rowspan="2" |Agastya
Praveen Savi
|
|-
|"Nee Illatha Vazhkai"
|
|-
|''[[Billa Ranga]]'' ||"Raja Raa" || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|
|-
|''[[Theriyama Unna Kadhalichitten]]'' || "Needhane Needhane" || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || P.R.Srinarth
|
|-
|''[[Srimanthudu]]'' || "Rama Rama" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 ||''[[Kumari 21F]]'' || "Bang Bang Bangkok" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|''[[Demonte Colony]]''
|"Trap of the Beast"
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Keba Jeremiah]]
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Gethu]]''
|"Thillu Mullu"
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 ||''[[Khaidi No. 150]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Rapid Fire with young talented singer Ranina Reddy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/telugu/rapid-fire-with-young-talented-singer-ranina-reddy/videoshow/84900236.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=31 July 2021 |work=Times of India|date=July 31, 2021}}</ref>''|| "Ammadu Let's Do Kummudu" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]'' || "Tring Tring" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018 ||''[[Tamizh Padam 2]]'' || "Evada Unna Petha" || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || N. Kannan
|
|-
|''[[Hello Guru Prema Kosame]]'' || "Hello Guru Prema Kosame" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|[[Laila Majnu (2018 film)|''Laila Majnu'']]
|"Aahista"
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|[[Niladri Kumar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019 ||''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]''|| "Ek Baar" || rowspan="5" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Maharshi]]'' || "Choti Choti Baatein", || rowspan="2" | [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|"Nuvve Samastham"
|
|-
|rowspan=1| 2020 ||''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]'' || "Mind Block" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021 || ''[[Alludu Adhurs]]'' || "Hola Chica" ||[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|''[[Aranmanai 3]]''
|"Ratatapata"
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[C. Sathya]]
|
|-
|2022
|[[Pistha (2022 film)|''Pistha'']]
|"Maatalu Raani"
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Dharan Kumar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''[[Black (2024 film)|Black]]''
|"En Chella Kedi"
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Sam C. S. ]]
|
|-
|''[[Rathnam]]''
|"Uyire En Uyire"
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| Co-singer: [[Kapil Kapilan]], lyrics by [[Viveka]]
|-
|''[[Kanguva]]''
|"Yolo"
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language
|-
|2008
|''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]''
|as herself
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Ranina}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Karnataka]]

Jagmohan Anand

2026-01-05T13:22:25Z

AnkuMalik: Created some data needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Distinguish|text= politician [[Jagmohan]]}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Jagmohan Anand BJP.jpg
| caption = Anand in 2025 with Manohar Lal Khattar
| office = Member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Karnal Assembly constituency|Karnal]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician and businessman
| predecessor = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = 30 November 1969
| birth_place = [[Karnal]], [[Haryana]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = Rekha Anand (social activist){{Cite source|date=November 2025}}
| children =
}}
'''Jagmohan Anand''' (born 30 November 1969){{Cite source|date=November 2025}} is an Indian politician from Haryana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manav |first=Sushil |date=2024-10-08 |title=BJP retains Haryana's Karnal as Jagmohan Anand defeats Congress's Sumita Virk by over 33,600 votes |url=https://theprint.in/politics/bjp-set-to-retain-karnal-as-jagmohan-anand-leads-against-congresss-sumita-virk/2301467/ |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] since [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Karnal Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He has also formerly served as the [[District Council (India)|District Council]] president of [[Karnal District]] and as a media coordinator to the former Chief Minister of Haryana [[Manohar Lal Khattar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Karnal, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Jagmohan Anand with 90006 defeats INC's Sumita Virk |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/karnal-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612799-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Karnal FINAL Election Result 2024: Jagmohan Anand of BJP Wins by... |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/karnal-final-election-result-2024-9079459.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|title=A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs|date=2 December 2024|accessdate=4 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|archivedate=4 July 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Businessman ==
Jagmohan Anand's profession according to the election affidavit filed with the [[Election Commission of India]], and as analysed by the [[Association for Democratic Reforms]] (ADR) for the Haryana Assembly elections 2024 is Promotor Director in Kaysons Oils Pvt. Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-18 |title=About Jagmohan Anand|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/haryana/jagmohan-anand-s07aed2008a021e2024c001/ |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Jagmohan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

Jaisalmer Fort

2025-12-19T08:46:55Z

AnkuMalik: minor fixed structure per sources and corrected details to improve readability

{{Short description|Fort in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Jaisalmer Fort
| native_name = Swarna Durg, Jaisalmer Quilla or Sonar Quila/Kella
| controlledby = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| location = [[Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| image = [[File:Jaisalmer forteresse.jpg|300px]]
| caption = Jaisalmer Fort
| map_type = India#India Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|26.9127|70.9126|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title,inline}}
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Jaisalmer Fort in Rajasthan
| map_relief = yes
| type = Desert fortification
| code =
| built = {{start date and age|1156}}
| builder = [[Rawal Jaisal]]
| materials = Yellow [[Sandstone]]
| height =
| used =
| demolished =
| condition = Protected Monument
| ownership =
| open_to_public = Yes
| garrison =
| current_commander =
| commanders =
| occupants = About a quarter of [[Jaisalmer]]'s population
| battles =
| events =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| footnotes = {{designation list | embed=yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_partof = [[Hill Forts of Rajasthan]]
| designation1_date = [[List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription#2013 (36th session)|2013]] (36th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_criteria = ii, iii
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247 247]
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia|South Asia]]
}}
}}
'''Jaisalmer Fort''' is situated in the city of [[Jaisalmer]], in the [[India]]n state of [[Rajasthan]]. It is one of the very few "living forts" in the world (such as [[Carcassonne]], [[France]]), as nearly one fourth of the old city's population still resides within the fort.<ref name="Fort full of life">{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2709/stories/20100507270906400.htm|title=Fort full of life|website=www.frontline.in|access-date=2017-12-10|archive-date=5 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105034432/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2709/stories/20100507270906400.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=contributor |first=Shalbha Sarda |date=2023-11-13 |title=A UNESCO World Heritage site with thousands of people living inside it |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/12/a-unesco-world-heritage-site-with-thousands-of-people-living-inside-it.html |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118131715/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/12/a-unesco-world-heritage-site-with-thousands-of-people-living-inside-it.html |url-status=live }}</ref> For the better part of its 860-year history, the fort was the city of Jaisalmer. The first settlements outside the fort walls, to accommodate the growing population of Jaisalmer, are said to have come up in the 17th century.<ref name="Fort full of life"/>

Jaisalmer Fort is the second oldest fort in Rajasthan, built in 1156 AD by the Rawal (ruler) [[Rawal Jaisal|Jaisal]] from whom it derives its name, and stood at the crossroads of important trade routes (including the ancient [[Silk Road|Silk road]]).<ref name="Fort full of life"/>

The fort's massive yellow sandstone walls are a tawny lion colour during the day, fading to honey-gold as the sun sets, thereby camouflaging the fort in the yellow desert. For this reason it is also known as the Swarn Durg, Sonar ''Quila'' or ''Golden Fort''.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News & Analysis }}</ref> The name ''Sonar Kella'' (Bengali for Golden Fortress) was popularized by tourists after famous Bengali film of the [[Sonar Kella|same name]], that was shot in this fort by eminent filmmaker [[Satyajit Ray]]. The fort stands amidst the sandy expanse of the great [[Thar Desert]] on Trikuta Hill, hence also known as ''Trikutgarh''. It is today located along the southern edge of the city that bears its name; its dominant hilltop location making the sprawling towers of its fortifications visible for many miles around.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Abha|title=Desert's sinking fort|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/deserts-sinking-fort/article3928265.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2012|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222090517/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/deserts-sinking-fort/article3928265.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2013, at the 37th session of the [[World Heritage Committee]] held in [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]], Jaisalmer Fort, along with five other forts of Rajasthan, was declared a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] under the group [[Hill Forts of Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-date=23 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123100735/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|A view of the fortress above the city, in the evening|300px]]
Legend has it that the fort was built by [[Rawal Jaisal]], a Bhati Rajput, in 1156 CE.<ref>Rajasthan Guides (Everyman Guides). By Vivien Crump et al. 2002. Pg. 208. {{ISBN|1-85715-887-3}}</ref> The story says that it superseded an earlier construction at [[Lodhruva]], with which Jaisal was unsatisfied and thus, a new capital was established when Jaisal founded the city of Jaisalmer.

Around 1299 CE, Rawal Jait Singh I faced a long siege by [[Alauddin Khalji]] of [[Delhi Sultanate]], who is said to have been provoked by a Bhati raid on his treasure caravan. By the end of the siege, facing certain defeat, the Bhati Rajput women committed '[[Jauhar]]', and the male warriors under the command of Mularaja met their fatal end in battle with the Sultan's forces. For a few years after the successful siege, the fort remained under the sway of [[Delhi Sultanate]], before being eventually reoccupied by some surviving Bhatis.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ|title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB)|date=2006|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|pages=368|quote=The attack on Jaisalmer during Sultan Alauddin Khilji’s reign seems to have begun in AD 1299, when its Bhati king Jait Singh I was ruling. The besieged fort withstood the assault and encirclement until, at long last, scarcity of food and provisions played their inevitable part in deciding the issue. By this time, Jait Singh may have already lost his life, as tradition holds, and the crown taken up by his son, Mularaj. It was at this stage that the women of Jaisalmer fort performed jauhar, while the men, led by Rawal Mularaj, and his younger brother Ratan Singh, flung open the gates of the fort and rushed forth to die fighting to the last. Some sources suggest that Mularaj died in an earlier sortie, and that Ratan Singh (or Ratan-Si), succeeded him as Rawal and carried out the defence of Jaisalmer, until the final shaka. In any event, once Jaisalmer was invested, it is known to have remained in Khilji hands for the next few years}}</ref>

During Rawal Lunakaran's reign, around 1530–1551 CE, the fort was attacked by an Afghan chief Amir Ali. When it seemed to the Rawal that he was fighting a losing battle, he slaughtered his womenfolk as there was insufficient time to arrange a ''jauhar''. Tragically, reinforcements arrived immediately after the deed was done and the army of Jaisalmer became victorious in its defence of the fort.

In 1541 CE, Rawal Lunakaran also fought [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Humayun]] when the latter attacked the fort on his way to Ajmer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2709/stories/20100507270906400.htm|title=Fort full of life|website=www.frontline.in|access-date=2017-12-11|archive-date=5 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105034432/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2709/stories/20100507270906400.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He also offered his daughter in marriage to Akbar. Mughals controlled the fort until 1762.<ref name="Verma" />

The fort remained under the control of Mughals until 1762, when Maharawal Mulraj took control of the fort.

The treaty between the [[East India Company]] and Mulraj on 12 December 1818 allowed the Mulraj to retain control of the fort and provided for protection from invasion. After the death of Mulraj in 1820, his grandson Gaj Singh inherited control of the fort.<ref name=Verma/>

With the advent of [[British Raj|British rule]], the emergence of maritime trade and the growth of the port of [[Bombay]] led to the gradual economic decline of Jaisalmer. After [[Independence of India|independence]] and the [[Partition of India]], the ancient trade route was totally closed, thus permanently removing the city from its former role of importance in international commerce. Nonetheless, the continued strategic importance of Jaisalmer was demonstrated during the [[1965 war|1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 wars]] between India and Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

Even though the town of Jaisalmer no longer serves as an important trading city, or as a major military post, the town is still able to earn revenues as a major tourist destination. Initially, the entire population of [[Jaisalmer]] lived within the fort, and today the old fort still retains a resident population of about 4,000 people who are largely descended from the [[Brahmin]] and Rajput communities. These two communities once served as the workforce for the fort's one time Bhati rulers, which service then entitled the workers to reside on the hilltop and within the walls of the fort.<ref name="thehindu" /> With the slow increase in the area's population, many of the town's residents gradually relocated to the foot of the Trikuta Hill. From there the town's population has since largely spread out well beyond the old walls of the fort, and into the adjacent valley below.

== Architecture ==
The fort is {{convert|1500|ft|m|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|750|ft|m|abbr=on}} wide and is built on a hill that raises above a height of {{convert|250|ft|m|abbr=on}} above the surrounding countryside. The base of the fort has a {{convert|15|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall wall forming the fort's outermost ring, within its triple ringed defence architecture. The fort's upper bastions or towers form a defensive inner-wall perimeter that is about {{convert|2.5|mi|km|abbr=on}} long. The fort now incorporates 99 bastions, of which 92 were built or substantially rebuilt between the period of 1633–47. The fort also has four fortified entrances or gates from the townside, one of which was once guarded by cannon.<ref name=Verma>{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=21–23|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}</ref> Other points of interest within the fort's walls and grounds include:
* [[File:Suraj pol of Jaiselmer Fort.JPG|thumb|Suarj Pol, one of the entry gates to the Jaisalmer Fort]]Four massive gateways through which visitors to the fort must pass, situated along with the main approach to the citadel.
* The Raj Mahal Palace, former residence of the Maharawal of Jaisalmer.
* Baa Ri haveli This 450-year-old haveli (traditional, ornately decorated residence), once belonging to Brahmin priests that advised the maharajah, now houses an interesting museum on its several levels. Artefacts from all aspects of fort life from cooking to clothing are on display.
* [[File:Corridor of Jain temple - Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|Corridor of Jain temple – Jaisalmer Fort]] [[Jaisalmer Fort Jain temples|Jain Temples]]: Inside Jaisalmer Fort, there are 7 Jain temples built by yellow sandstone during 12–16th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|date=21 June 2013|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=25 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625034554/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Melton|2014|p=125}} Askaran Chopra of [[Merta City|merta]] built a huge temple dedicated to [[Sambhavanatha]]. The temple has more than 600 idols with many old scriptures.{{Sfn|Jain|2005|p=231}} Chopra Panchaji built Ashtapadh temple inside the fort.{{Sfn|Jain|2005|p=232}}
* The Laxminath temple of Jaisalmer, dedicated to the worship of the gods Lakshmi and Vishnu.
* [[File:Jaisalmer, India, Haveli.jpg|thumb|Haveli in the Jaisalmer fort]]Numerous Merchant Havelis. These are large houses often built by wealthy merchants in Rajasthani towns and cities in [[North India]], with ornate sandstone carvings. Some [[havelis]] are many hundreds of years old. In [[Jaisalmer]] there are many elaborate havelis carved from [[Sandstone|yellow sandstone]]. Some of these have many floors and countless rooms, with decorated windows, archways, doors and balconies. Some havelis are today museums but most in [[Jaisalmer]] are still lived in by the families that built them. Among these is the Vyas haveli which was built in the 15th century, which is still occupied by the descendants of the original builders. Another example is the Shree Nath Palace which was once inhabited by the prime minister of Jaisalmer. Some of the doors and ceilings are notable examples of old carved wood from many hundreds of years ago.
* [[File:Nathmal Haweli with signature seals of architects.jpg|thumb|Nathmal Haweli with signature seals of architects]]Nathmal Haweli <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/jaisalmer/nathmal-ki-haveli.html | title=Incredible India | Nathmal Ki Haveli | access-date=14 January 2023 | archive-date=2 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102035412/https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/jaisalmer/nathmal-ki-haveli.html | url-status=live }}</ref> is an iconic monument of Jaisalmer fort. It is built in yellow sand stone that shines like gold under Sun. The haweli is named after Nathmal, the then Prime minister at the court of Jaisalmer.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tourism-rajasthan.com/nathmal-ki-haveli.html | title=Nathmal Ki Haveli Jaisalmer - Rajasthan | date=9 March 2022 }}</ref> It was built by two brothers Lulu and Hathi, simultaneously, from different segments. For this reason, the building has no symmetry, yet it is an excellent piece of art, and ornate architecture. These architects left their signature at the plinth of the building as a carving of a Rajputana warrior on elephant. The building is characteristically identified with two elephants on either side. The building is a mix of Islamic and Rajputana style of architecture.

The fort has an ingenious drainage system called the ''ghut nali'' which allows for the easy drainage of rainwater away from the fort in all four directions of the fort. Over the years, haphazard construction activities and building of new roads has greatly reduced its effectiveness.<ref name="thehindu" />

[[File:DSC 2758b Jharokha Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|Jharokhas in Jaisalmer Fort]]

==Culture==
The fort has numerous eateries, including Italian, French and [[Rajasthani cuisine|native cuisines]]. The famous Indian film director [[Satyajit Ray]] wrote the ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (The Golden Fortress), a detective novel, based on the fort and he later filmed it here. The film became a classic and a large number of tourists from Bengal and around the world visit the fort annually to experience for themselves the world that Ray portrayed in the movie.<ref name="thehindu" /> Six forts of Rajasthan, namely, [[Amber Fort]], [[Chittor Fort]], [[Gagron Fort]], Jaisalmer Fort, [[Kumbhalgarh]] and [[Ranthambore Fort]] were included in the [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] list during the 37th meeting of the World Heritage Committee in Phnom Penh during June 2013. They were recognized as a serial cultural property and examples of Rajput military hill architecture.<ref>{{cite news|title=Heritage Status for Forts|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3028072831.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204129/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3028072831.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 June 2013|publisher=Eastern Eye}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India }}</ref>

==Restoration==
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort Rajsathan(Suresh Godara).JPG|thumb|Jaisalmer Fort (from Sonargadh)]]
The Jaisalmer Fort today faces manifold threats that are a result of the increasing population pressure on it. Water seepage, inadequate civic amenities, derelict houses and seismic activity around the Trikuta Hill are some of the major concerns impacting the fort. Unlike most other forts, the Jaisalmer Fort has been built over a weak sedimentary rock foothill which makes its foundations especially vulnerable to seepage. Over the years this has led to the collapse of significant portions of the fort such as the Queen's Palace or Rani Ka Mahal and parts of the outer boundary wall and the lower pitching walls.<ref name="thehindu" />

The [[World Monuments Fund]] included the fort in its [[1996 World Monuments Watch]] and again in the [[1998 World Monuments Watch|1998]] and [[2000 World Monuments Watch|2000]] reports due to the threats posed to it by an increase in its resident population and the increasing numbers of tourists who visit it every year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wmf.org/project/jaisalmer-fort |title=World Monuments Fund – Jaisalmer Fort |access-date=30 November 2010 |archive-date=4 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204041231/http://www.wmf.org/project/jaisalmer-fort |url-status=live }}</ref> The fort is one of [[Rajasthan]]'s most popular tourist attractions with as many as five to six hundred thousand tourists visiting it annually. As a result, it is abuzz with commercial activities and has seen a phenomenal growth in both human and vehicular traffic.<ref name="thehindu" />

Major restoration work has been undertaken by the World Monuments Fund and UK based charity Jaisalmer in Jeopardy. According to former [[INTACH]] chairman S.K. Misra, [[American Express]] has provided more than $1 million for the conservation of Jaisalmer Fort.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/intachhasearneditsposition/600985/0|first=S.K.|last=Misra|newspaper=Indian Express|title=INTACH has earned its position|date=7 April 2010|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103225712/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/intach-has-earned-its-position/|url-status=live}}</ref> The absence of coordinated action among the various government departments responsible for civic amenities, the local municipality and the Archaeological Survey that is responsible for the upkeep of the fort is a major impediment in its maintenance and restoration.<ref name="thehindu" />

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="300" heights="250">
File:Main gate of Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|Fort entrance
File:20170309 094915 Jaisalmer fort anagoria.jpg|Palace in the fort
File:Cannon at Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|Cannon at Jaisalmer Fort
File:Fort Palace - Jaisalmer (8029457852).jpg|Fort Palace - Jaisalmer Fort
File:Evening view of Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|Evening view of Jaisalmer Fort
File:Jaisalmer Fort-9-Jain temple of the Palace place-20131010.jpg|Maa chamunda temple inside fort
File:Jaisalmer-palaces and forts 13.jpg|Carvings in the fort
File:Jaisalmer, India, Jaisalmer Fort, Haveli art.jpg|Haveli art
File:Jaisalmer, India, Jaisalmer Fort, Jain Temple, Ceiling star.jpg|Jain temple ceiling inside jaisalmer fort
File:Narrow alleys of Jasalmer fort.jpg|Narrow alleys of Jaisalmer fort. Intricate designs in Yellow sandstone
File:Puppets onsale at Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|Puppets on sale in the narrow alleys of Jaisalmer Fort
File:Street market in Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|Street Market inside Jaisalmer Fort
File:NathmalJi Haveli Elephant carving high releif.jpg|NathmalJi Haveli Elephant carving high relief
File:Nathmalji Haveli Elephant carvings in low relief.jpg|Nathmalji Haveli Elephant carvings in low relief
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Rajput architecture]]
* [[Hill Forts of Rajasthan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bI9_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125|title=Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]|first=J. Gordon|last=Melton|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2014|isbn=9781610690263}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3m-J50FHmGcC&pg=PA23|title=History of Oswals|publisher=Panchshil Publications|isbn=9788192373027|first=Chanchalmal Lodha|last=Jain| ref={{SfnRef|Jain|2005}} }}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author1= Crump, Vivien |author2= Toh, Irene |title= Rajasthan |location= London |publisher= Everyman Guides |year= 1996 |type= Hardback |isbn= 1-85715-887-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michell, George, Martinelli, Antonio |title= The Palaces of Rajasthan |year= 2005 |publisher= Frances Lincoln |location= London |isbn= 978-0-7112-2505-3}}
* {{cite book |last= Tillotson |first= G.H.R |title= The Rajput Palaces - The Development of an Architectural Style |year= 1987 |type= Hardback| edition = First |publisher= Yale University Press |location= New Haven and London |isbn= 0-300-03738-4}}

==External links==
{{refbegin}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110516181540/http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_article/pg_22-25_jaisalmer.pdf "Jewel of India: Saving Jaisalmer, Realm of the Rajput Princes," ''ICON Magazine,'' Spring 2003, p. 22-25.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110516174854/http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_publication/Jaisalmer_Fort_Third_Technical_Mission_Identification_of_a_Pilot_Project.pdf World Monuments Fund, ''Jaisalmer Fort: Third Technical Mission, Identification of a Pilot Project,'' New York, NY: 2000.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110516180338/http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_publication/Restoration_of_Jaisalmer_Fort_Assessment_of_Outer_Fort_Walls.pdf World Monuments Fund, ''Restoration of Jaisalmer Fort: Assessment of Outer Fort Walls,'' New York, NY: 2000.]
{{refend}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Jaisalmer Fort}}

{{Forts in Rajasthan}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:Forts in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jaisalmer district]]
[[Category:Tourism in Jaisalmer]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Sandstone buildings in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jaisalmer]]

Ram Lal Rahi

2025-12-14T17:13:47Z

AnkuMalik: basic fixed details to improve readability and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Indian politician (1934–2020)}}
{{moresources|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
'''Ram Lal Rahi''' (1 January 1934 – 10 December 2020) was a leader of [[Indian National Congress]] and a former Minister in the Union Government 1991-1996. He was the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)#List_of_Ministers_of_State|Minister of State for Home Affairs]] during the [[Rao ministry|Narasimha Rao government]] and was a four- time [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] from [[Misrikh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mishrikh]] and a two time MLA from [[Hargaon (Assembly constituency)|Hargaon]] in [[Sitapur district]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/swachh-bharat-congress-ex-mp-takes-part-gets-party-notice/ | title= Swachh Bharat: Congress ex-MP takes part, gets party notice | date=27 December 2014 | newspaper=The Indian Express | first=Maulshree | last=Seth | accessdate=12 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hargaon Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/hargaon-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency|access-date=2020-06-16|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=नहीं रहे सियासी हवा का रुख भांपने वाले दिग्गज नेता रामलाल राही|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/sitapur/the-leader-ramlal-rahi-died-sitapur-news-lko5541930163|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Born on 1 January 1934 into [[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]] caste to Shri Dhodey at Vill. Dhakhara in Sitapur (Uttar Pradesh). He completed his high school from Raja Raghubar Dayal Inter College, Sitapur (Uttar Pradesh).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members Bioprofile|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2516.htm|access-date=2020-06-16|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref>

== Politics ==
He became [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of State for Home Affairs]] during the [[Rao ministry|Narasimha Rao government]] and was a four-time [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] from [[Misrikh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mishrikh]] and a two time MLA from [[Hargaon (Assembly constituency)|Hargaon]] in [[Sitapur district]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/swachh-bharat-congress-ex-mp-takes-part-gets-party-notice/ | title= Swachh Bharat: Congress ex-MP takes part, gets party notice | date=27 December 2014 | newspaper=The Indian Express | first=Maulshree | last=Seth | accessdate=12 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hargaon Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/hargaon-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency|access-date=2020-06-16|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He left his party and unofficially joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] before Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election 2017 and later re-joined [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Bhadana, Rahi join Cong in UP|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/archive/bhadana-rahi-join-cong-in-up-729105|access-date=2020-06-16|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

His son [[Suresh Rahi]] is an MLA of [[Hargaon (assembly constituency)|Hargaon]] from [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (UPLA): Member info|url=http://www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=20282|access-date=2020-06-16|website=www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in}}</ref>

== Death ==
Ramlal Rahi was admitted to the district hospital in Sitapur after complaining of chest pain and breathing difficulty. He died around 5:30 pm on 10 December 2020, of a [[heart attack]] and also testing positive for [[COVID-19]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. He was 86 years old.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-10|title=Ram Lal Rahi Passes Away : कांग्रेस नेता और पूर्व मंत्री रामलाल राही का सीतापुर में निधन|url=https://www.naidunia.com/national-ram-lal-rahi-passes-away-congress-leader-and-former-minister-ramlal-rahi-died-in-sitapur-6603745|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Nai Dunia|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran Congress leader Ram Lal Rahi dies at 86 in Uttar Pradesh's Sitapur - The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Dec/11/veteran-congress-leader-ram-lal-rahi-dies-at-86-in-uttar-pradeshs-sitapur-2234534.html|access-date=2021-01-24|website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=कांग्रेस नेता और पूर्व केंद्रीय गृह राज्य मंत्री रामलाल राही का निधन|url=https://m.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-congress-leader-and-former-union-minister-of-state-for-home-ramlal-rahi-passed-away-in-sitapur-uttar-pradesh-3676753.amp.html&ved=0ahUKEwjJt8a9z7XuAhXI7HMBHf3YAlIQyM8BCDQwAQ&usg=AOvVaw3LjDgqJJp1gVs4fTb9OwZK&ampcf=1|access-date=2021-01-24|website=www.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/veteran-congress-leader-ram-lal-rahi-86-dies-at-up-hospital-after-a-heart-attack-3166064.html|title=Veteran Congress Leader Ram Lal Rahi, 86, Dies at UP Hospital After a Heart Attack|date=10 December 2020 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahi, Ram Lal}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Sitapur district]]
[[Category:Union ministers of state of India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1969–1974]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1974–1977]]

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Rajendra Dholakia

2025-11-14T14:27:01Z

AnkuMalik:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1956–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajendra Dholakia
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =

| office1 = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 23 May 2019
| termend1 = 8 September 2025
| predecessor1 = [[ Basanta Kumar Panda ]]
| successor1 = [[Jay Dholakia]]
| constituency1 = [[ Nuapada (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nuapada ]]
| term_start2 = 16 May 2004
| termend2 = 16 May 2014
| predecessor2 = [[ Basanta Kumar Panda ]]
| successor2 = [[ Basanta Kumar Panda ]]
| constituency2 = [[ Nuapada (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nuapada ]]

| office3 = Minister of Planning & Convergence [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start3 = 5 June 2022
| term_end3 = 11 June 2024
| 1blankname3 = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata3 = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| predecessor3 = [[Padmanabha Behera]]
| successor3 = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]

| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1956|11|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nuapada district|Khariar Road]], [[Orissa]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|09|08|1956|11|20|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| otherparty =
| alma_mater = [[Sambalpur University]]
| profession = Politician, social worker
| spouse = Kalpana Dholakia
| children = [[Jay Dholakia]]
}}

'''Rajendra Dholakia''' (20 November 1956 – 8 September 2025) was an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] representing [[ Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nuapada]] as a former Cabinet Minister [[ Government of Odisha ]] and Member of the Biju Janata Dal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Nuapada Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/nuapada-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916809.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Nuapada, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJD's RAJENDRA DHOLAKIA defeats Independent candidate GHASIRAM MAJHI with 10881 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/nuapada-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548453-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Dholakia died from complications of a heart transplant on 8 September 2025, at the age of 68.<ref>[https://pragativadi.com/nuapada-mla-rajendra-dholakia-passes-away-during-heart-transplant-treatment-in-chennai/ Nuapada MLA and Former Minister Rajendra Dholakia Passes Away]</ref>

== Political career ==

Dholakia was a Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[ Nuapada Assembly constituency | Nuapada constituency]] in [[Nuapada district]]. He was four times MLA from Nuapada constituency. He was first elected to [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] in [[ 2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election | 2004]] as a Independent Candidate after that joined [[Biju Janta Dal]] then again won the [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election | 2009]] election, lost of the 2014 election defferent to [[Basanta Kumar Panda]] after that won [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election | 2019]] and [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election | 2024]] election.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Electoral history of Dholakia
! Election
! House
! Constituency
! Votes
! %
! Result
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| rowspan="5"|[[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| rowspan="5"|[[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nuapada]]
| 61,822
| 33.65
| {{won}}
| {{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| 65,647
| 39.75
| {{won}}
|-
| [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| 55,817
| 36.46
| {{lost}}
|-
| [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| 56,874
| 41.62
| {{won}}
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| 41,678
| 36.86
| {{won}}
| {{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dholakia, Rajendra}}
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Sambalpur University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Nuapada district]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Nandkumar Kamat

2025-11-11T14:08:08Z

AnkuMalik: Made basic bio nd citations

{{Short description|Indian scientist (born 1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nandkumar Kamat
| image = Dr Nandkumar Kamat in 2023.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Kamat in 2023
| birth_name = Nandkumar Mukund Kamat
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1958}}
| birth_place = [[Goa]]
| other_names =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = Scientist, writer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| awards =
}}

'''Nandkumar Mukund Kamat''' (born 1958) is an Indian scientist, researcher, writer, and academic known for his contributions in various fields, including [[mycology]], [[environmental microbiology]], and [[science popularization]]. He is associated with [[Goa University]] and has been recognized for his extensive work in [[ecology]], [[anthropology]], [[history]], and the [[socio-economic]] aspects of Goan society.<ref name="TOIAssembly2018">{{Cite news |date=2018-08-06 |title=Assembly lauds Nandkumar Kamat's achievements |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/assembly-lauds-nandkumar-kamats-achievements/articleshow/65285110.cms |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Early life==
Nandkumar Mukund Kamat was born on 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |title=#GOA365 VIDEO: Scientist Dr Nandkumar to be felicitated |url=https://www.goa365.tv/issues/E/scientist-dr-nandkumar-to-be-felicitated/04130.html |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=Goa365 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Kamat serves as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Botany at [[Goa University]]. His areas of expertise include [[plant sciences]], [[mycology]], [[biochemistry]], fungal biotechnology, [[environmental microbiology]], [[bioinformatics]], [[environmental impact assessment]], [[environmental education]], [[science popularization]], and public policy research.<ref name="IRINS">{{Cite web |title=Mr Nandkumar Mukund Kamat - Goa University |url=https://unigoa.irins.org/profile/44524 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=IRINS}}</ref>

He has been involved in research focusing on microbial diversity, particularly in unexplored tropical habitats, and has contributed to studies on [[chemolithotrophic]] and hyperacidophilic microorganisms, tropical [[actinobacteria]], yeasts, micro and macrofungi. His work also includes [[bioprospecting]] for phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms, pigments, enzymes, antibiotics, [[biogeochemistry]], [[nanobiotechnology]], biomining, biosensor development, fungal biotechnology, fruit wines, edible mushrooms, and sustainable ecotourism.<ref name="ResearchGate">{{Cite web |title=Nandkumar Mukund Kamat's lab |url=https://www.researchgate.net/lab/Nandkumar-Kamat-Lab |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref>

==Awards and accolades==
In 1996, Kamat was awarded the Vincent Xavier Verodiano Award for his contributions to environmental conservation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VERODIANO AWARD |url=http://www.dommartin.us/Philantrophy/nandkumarkamatinset.html |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=www.dommartin.us}}</ref>

{{As of|2012}}, Kamat was a member of the Goa planning board. He submitted documents to the Supreme Court-appointed Centrally Empowered Committee regarding gold deposits in Goa, highlighting the presence of gold and heavy metals in the state's soil.<ref name="TOIGold2012">{{Cite news |date=2012-11-02 |title=Kamat tells centrally empowered committee about gold deposits |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/kamat-tells-centrally-empowered-committee-about-gold-deposits/articleshow/17055776.cms |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2018, the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] unanimously passed a congratulatory motion commending Kamat for his contributions to ecology, anthropology, history, and the socio-economic life of the people. Then [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] [[Manohar Parrikar]] and other members acknowledged his vocal stance on socio-cultural and heritage issues.<ref name="TOIAssembly2018" />

The same year, Kamat was selected for the first Biodiversity Conservation Award in North Goa (individual category) by the Goa State Biodiversity Board (GSBB). The award recognized his dedication to nature conservation.<ref name="GSBBAward">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Nandakumar Kamat receives GSBB award |url=https://www.unigoa.ac.in/uploads/confg_docs/20190612.101917~NM_Kamat.pdf |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Goa University}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{YouTube|h=NandkumarKamatGoa}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamat, Nandkumar}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Goa]]

R. Marthanda Varma

2025-10-26T14:49:19Z

AnkuMalik: adjusted lead to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian neurosurgeon (died 2015)}}
{{about|an Indian neurosurgeon|other uses|Marthanda Varma (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R. Marthanda Varma
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mavelikkara]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = 10 March 2015
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Neurosurgeon
| yearsactive =
| known for = Varma's Technique (Neurosurgical procedure)
| spouse = Malathi
| domesticpartner =
| children = Two sons
| parents = Aswathynnal Kutty Amma Thampuran
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]] IASSMD Distinguished Achievement Award Citizen Extraordinary of [[Bangalore]] Award [[Visvesvaraya|Sir Visvesvaraya]] Award
}}
'''Ravivarma Marthanda Varma''' was an Indian neurosurgeon, one of the pioneers of Indian neurosurgery and the founder director of the [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] (NIMHANS).<ref name="Dr. R Martanda Varma">{{cite web | url=http://nimhans.ac.in/nimhans/past-directors | title=Dr. R Martanda Varma | publisher=NIMHANS | date=2015 | access-date=2 June 2015 | archive-date=15 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515170406/http://nimhans.ac.in/nimhans/past-directors | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the originator of a new surgical procedure for treating [[Parkinson's disease]]<ref name="Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Volume 1">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cnF-2KCeR1sC&q=%22varma%27s+technique%22+parkinson%27s&pg=PA168 | title=Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Volume 1 | publisher=Springer | date=2015 | access-date=3 June 2015 |author1=Andres M. Lozano |author2=Philip L. Gildenberg |author3=Ronald R. Taske | isbn=9783540699590 }}</ref> which later came to be known as ''Varma's Technique''.<ref name="Man over mind">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/27/stories/2003032701110200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030507060535/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/27/stories/2003032701110200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 May 2003 | title=Man over mind | date=27 March 2003 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref> He was a former Deputy Director General of Health Services, [[Government of India]] and an honorary surgeon to [[R. Venkataraman]], former president of India.<ref name="R Marthanda Varma, Founder Director of NIMHANS, Dies at 93">{{cite web | url=http://www.mangalorean.com/bengaluru-dr-r-marthanda-varma-founder-director-of-nimhans-dies-at-93/ | title=R Marthanda Varma, Founder Director of NIMHANS, Dies at 93 | publisher=Mangalorean | date=12 March 2015 | access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref> He was honoured by the [[Government of India]] in 1972 with [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Shri | publisher=Padma Shri | date=2015 | access-date=11 November 2014 | archive-date=17 November 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117004138/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Biography==
Marthanda Varma was born in the Royal family of [[Mavelikkara]]<ref name="Padmashree Dr Raja Marthanda Varma Passed Away">{{cite web | url=http://www.evartha.in/english/2015/03/10/padmashri-dr-raja-martanda-varma-passesd-away.html | title=Padmashree Dr Raja Marthanda Varma Passed Away | publisher=E Varta | date=10 March 2015 | access-date=2 June 2015 | archive-date=12 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912060115/http://www.evartha.in/english/2015/03/10/padmashri-dr-raja-martanda-varma-passesd-away.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Renowned Neurosurgeon R Marthanda Varma Dies at 93 in Bengaluru">{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/bangalore-news/renowned-neurosurgeon-r-marthanda-varma-dies-at-93-in-bengaluru-745612 | title=Renowned Neurosurgeon R Marthanda Varma Dies at 93 in Bengaluru | publisher=ND TV | date=11 March 2015 | access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref> which had close family connections with the [[Travancore royal family]], his mother, Aswathynaal Kutty Amma Thampuran, was the sister of the then [[Maharani]] of [[Travancore]].<ref name="The Third Princess">{{cite web | url=https://inorite.wordpress.com/2010/07/19/the-third-princess/ | title=The Third Princess | publisher=Inorite | date=2015 | access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref> After graduating in medicine, he did master's course at the [[University of Bristol]]<ref name="Dr R M Varma">{{cite web | url=http://talent-kerala.net/previous/2003/jul/2.htm | title=Dr R M Varma | publisher=Talent Kerala | date=28 June 2002 | access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref> and completed the Fellowship of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]], becoming one of the first five neurosurgeons of India.<ref name="Padmashree Dr Raja Marthanda Varma Passed Away" /><ref name="Renowned neurosurgeon Varma dies">{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/renowned-neurosurgeon-varma-dies-115031001354_1.html | title=Renowned neurosurgeon Varma dies | newspaper=Business Standard India | publisher=Business Standard | date=10 March 2015 | access-date=2 June 2015| agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref> He returned to India in 1958 and joined the All India Institute of Mental Health (AIIMH), a mental hospital based in Bangalore, Karnataka.<ref name="Padmashree Dr Raja Marthanda Varma Passed Away" /> as the professor of neurosurgery.<ref name="Dr. R Martanda Varma" /> He became the director of the institution in 1969 and held the post until 1974.<ref name="Dr. R Martanda Varma" />

When the All India Institute of Mental Health was reconstituted as the [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] with the participation from the state and central governments in 1974, Varma was chosen as its founder director, a post he retained until 1977.<ref name="Dr. R Martanda Varma" /> In 1977, he was appointed as the deputy director of Health Services by the [[Government of India]] for a one-year term.<ref name="Dr. R Martanda Varma" /> He returned to NIMHANS in 1978 and served as the director until his superannuation in 1979.<ref name="Dr. R Martanda Varma" /> He also served as the dean of the faculty of mental health and neurosciences of [[Bangalore University]], as the advisor to the government of India on mental health and neurosurgery and as the honorary surgeon to [[R. Venkataraman]], former president of India.<ref name="R Marthanda Varma, Founder Director of NIMHANS, Dies at 93" />

Varma was credited with research on [[Parkinson's disease]] and was known to have developed a minimally invasive technique for the control of the disease, the procedure now known as ''Varma's Technique''.<ref name="Dr R M Varma" /> The procedure, first introduced in 1963 by Varma, involved accessing the subthaamic nucleaus in brain through foramen ovale using syringes<ref name="Movement Disorders in India">{{cite journal | url=http://www.acnr.co.uk/may_june_08/ACNRMJ08_movement.pdf | title=Movement Disorders in India | author=UdayMuthane | journal=Advances in Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation | date=May 2008 | volume=8 | issue=2 | pages=22–23 | access-date=3 June 2015 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112730/http://www.acnr.co.uk/may_june_08/ACNRMJ08_movement.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> with the whole procedure lasting less than 20 minutes.<ref name="NIMHANS Founder Director Varma No More" /> He presented a paper on the technique at the international conference of Neurosurgeons at [[Copenhagen]] in 1965.<ref name="Dr R M Varma" /> He presented more than 40 medical papers in medical conferences and was credited with the publication<ref name="Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Volume 1" /> of over 20 articles.<ref name="Man over mind" />

Marthanda Varma was married to Malathi, a lecturer at APS college and the couple had two sons.<ref name="NIMHANS Founder Director Varma No More">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/NIMHANS-Founder-Director-Varma-No-More/2015/03/11/article2707966.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127140331/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/NIMHANS-Founder-Director-Varma-No-More/2015/03/11/article2707966.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=27 November 2015 | title=NIMHANS Founder Director Varma No More | publisher=Indian Express | date=11 March 2015 | access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref> The elder is Ravi Gopal Varma, also a neurosurgeon and the younger is Shashi Gopal Varma. He died on 10 March 2015 at [[M. S. Ramaiah]] Memorial Hospital, Bangalore, at the age of 93,<ref name="Dr R Marthanda Varma passes away">{{cite web | url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news/latest-news/dr-r-marthanda-varma-passes-away-159193.html | title=Dr R Marthanda Varma passes away | publisher=Mathrubhumi | date=10 March 2015 | access-date=2 June 2015 | archive-date=11 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311014901/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news/latest-news/dr-r-marthanda-varma-passes-away-159193.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> succumbing to age related illnesses.<ref name="NIMHANS' founder Dr. R Marthanda Varma passes away">{{cite web | url=http://www.thegulfindian.net/nimhans-founder-dr-r-marthanda-varma-passes-away/ | title=NIMHANS' founder Dr. R Marthanda Varma passes away | publisher=The Gulf Indian | date=22 March 2015 | access-date=2 June 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Dr R Marthanda Varma, Pioneer in Neuroscience, Passed Away">{{cite web | url=http://www.medindia.net/news/dr-r-marthanda-varma-pioneer-in-neuroscience-passed-away-147276-1.htm | title=Dr R Marthanda Varma, Pioneer in Neuroscience, Passed Away | publisher=Med India | date=11 March 2015 | access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref>

Varma also mentored many private hospitals in Bangalore, such as [[Mallige Medical Centre]], [[Manipal Hospital]], and MS Ramaiah Hospital. He was also an independent director at [[Mallige Medical Centre]].<ref name="ROC">{{cite web | url=http://www.mca.gov.in/mcafoportal/showdirectorMasterData.do | title=View Director Master Data DIN:00886787 | publisher=Ministry of Corporate Affairs | access-date=2 June 2017 | archive-date=18 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518091101/http://www.mca.gov.in/mcafoportal/showdirectorMasterData.do | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Varma, an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]],<ref name="List of Fellows - NAMS">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf | title=List of Fellows - NAMS | publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=19 March 2016}}</ref> received the [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]] from the government of [[Karnataka]] in 1969.<ref name="Dr. R Martanda Varma" /> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] in 1972<ref name="Padma Shri" /> and he received the Distinguished Achievement Award from the World Congress of the International Association for the Scientific Study of Mental Deficiency (IASSMD) in 1982.<ref name="Man over mind" /> He was also a recipient of the Citizen Extraordinary of Bangalore Award in 1967<ref name="Man over mind" /> and the [[Visvesvaraya|Sir Visvesvaraya]] Award in 1998.<ref name="Dr. R Martanda Varma" /> The Neurological Society of Bangalore has instituted an annual oration award in his honour.<ref name="Man over mind" /> He remained the Professor Emeritus of NIMHANS after his retirement until his death.<ref name="Man over mind" /> He is also a recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award of Madras Neuro Trust.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.madrasneurotrust.org/lifetime-achivement.html |title=Madras Neuro Trust |access-date=16 August 2020 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907203315/http://www.madrasneurotrust.org/lifetime-achivement.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{portal|India|Medicine}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal | title=Lidocaine and muscimol microinjections in subthalamic nucleus reverse parkinsonian symptoms |author1=Ron Levy |author2=Anthony E. Lang |author3=Jonathan O. Dostrovsky |author4=Peter Pahapill |author5=John Romas |author6=Jean Saint-Cyr |author7=William D. Hutchison |author8=Andres M. Lozano | journal=Brain |volume=124 |issue=10 | year=2001 | pages=2105–2118 | doi=10.1093/brain/124.10.2105|pmid=11571226 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=Movement Disorders in India | author=UdayMuthane | journal=Advances in Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation |date=May 2008 | volume=8 | issue=2 | pages=22–23}}
* {{cite web | title=Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Volume 1 | publisher=Springer | date=2015 |author1=Andres M. Lozano |author2=Philip L. Gildenberg |author3=Ronald R. Taske }}
* {{cite journal | title=Percutaneous trans-foramen ovale approach to subthalamic nucleaus (Varma's technique) |vauthors=Muthane UB, Varma RB, Sundararaj P | journal=Mov Disord | year=1998 | volume=13 | issue=71}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, R. Marthanda}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian neurosurgeons]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Indian Medical Service officers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Bangalore University]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]

YMK High School

2025-10-13T23:44:00Z

AnkuMalik: Redirect article

#redirect[[Adoni#Education]]

List of largest temple tanks

2025-10-08T11:35:43Z

AnkuMalik: Made first place more to come

{{Short description|none}}
Temple tanks, traditionally known as '''“Theerthams,” “Pushkarnis,” or “Kulams”''', are sacred water bodies associated with Hindu temples across India. These tanks not only serve as sources of water for ritual purification and ceremonies but also reflect the architectural grandeur and spiritual ethos of temple culture, especially in South India. Tamil Nadu is home to some of the largest and oldest temple tanks in the country, often serving as venues for important temple festivals like [[Theppotsavam|Theppam (Float Festival)]]. These tanks are constructed with precise geometry and aligned with temple architecture, symbolizing the cosmic ocean in which divinity resides.

Among these, the Haridra Nadhi at [[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi|Sri Vidhya Rajagopalaswamy Temple]], [[Mannargudi]], is considered the largest temple tank in India, spanning 23 acres, and is often referred to as the “Daughter of the Kaveri River.” Other notable tanks include [[Madurai]] Teppakulam, Kamalalayam in [[Thiruvarur|Tiruvarur]], and Mahamaham Tank in Kumbakonam, each with its unique historical, architectural, and ritualistic significance.

The following is a list of the largest temple tanks in India, organized by area:

==List of large Temple tanks==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Image
! scope="col" | Area acres
! scope="col" | Area hectare
! scope="col" | Location
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|1
|[[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi|Haridra Nadhi]]
|[[File:Mannarkudi Theerthavari & Dwadasa Aradhanam 040.jpg|178px|center]]
|{{convert|23|acre|ha|disp=tablecen}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.magzter.com/articles/4560/203376/587fcee71d839|title=Magnificence That Is Spellbinding|website=www.magzter.com}}</ref>
|[[Mannargudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|The [[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi|Rajagopalaswamy temple]] is a [[Vaishnavite]] shrine located in the town of [[Mannargudi]], [[India]].The temple is classified first among the 108 [[Abhimana Kshethram]]s of the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate tradition]] The Haridra Nadhi tank at the entrance of the shrine where rain water is collected. The temple complex, comprising 16 ''[[gopuram]]s'', 7 ''[[prakarams]]''(outer courtyard), 24 shrines, seven ''[[mandap]]ams'' and nine sacred ''[[theertham]]s'' was the work was constructed by [[Kulothunga Chola I]] and later, renovated by the [[Later Cholas]] and the [[Thanjavur Nayaks]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Tourist Guide to Tamil Nadu|date=2010 |publisher=Sura Books|pages=64|isbn=978-81-7478-177-2}}</ref> and This is the First Largest Temple Tank in Tamil Nadu as well as [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.magzter.com/articles/4560/203376/587fcee71d839|title=Magnificence That Is Spellbinding|website=www.magzter.com}}</ref> The area of the temple tank is 23 acres (93,000 m2). It is also called Daughter of Kaveri river.
|-
|2
|[[Vandiyur Mariamman Teppakulam|Madurai Teppakulam]]
|[[File:0 Madurai Teppakulam illuminated.jpg|150px|center]]
|{{convert|16.2|acre|ha|disp=tablecen}}
|[[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|This is the location where the king Thirumalai Naicker excavated the soil to fabricate the bricks required for constructing his palace, Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal. The pit that was thus formed is seen as tank now.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/tourism.html |title=Important Tourist Places in Madurai |access-date=2014-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422144749/http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/tourism.html |archive-date=2012-04-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|3
||[[Kamalalayam Temple Tank]]
|[[File:Tiruvarur temple, tank, car.jpg|150px|center]]
|{{convert|16|acre|ha|disp=tablecen}}
|[[Tiruvarur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|The ancient Sri Thyagaraja temple at [[Tiruvarur]] is dedicated to the [[Somaskanda]] aspect of [[Shiva]]. The Kamalalayam temple tank covers around 16 acres is one of the largest in the country. The [[Temple car|temple chariot]] is the largest of its kind in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/places/citiestowns/Thiruvarur.aspx?CatId=C1&SubCat1Id=C1S1&SubCat2Id=C1S1S19 |title=Thiruvarur at Tamil Nadu tourism website|accessdate=2006-11-11}}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[Veeraraghava Swamy Temple, Tiruvallur|Hritayathabhanasini Pushkarini]]
|[[File:Tiruvallur HD Image.jpg|150px|centre]]
|{{convert|7.35|acre|ha|disp=tablecen}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150531/nation-current-affairs/article/consecration-tiruvallur-temple-after-17-years | title=Consecration of Tiruvallur temple after 17 years | date=31 May 2015 }}</ref>
|[[Tiruvallur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|The presiding deity Veeraraghava Perumal is believed to cure diseases of his devotees after taking bath in this ''Pushkarini'' and hence he is called "Vaithiya Veeraraghavan". Legend is that Lord [[Shiva]] got rid of his ''Brahmahathi Dosha'' (for killing [[Daksha]]) after worshipping [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu Paramathma]] in this place. There is a small shrine for [[Shiva]] next to the temple tank.<ref>{{cite book|title=Spiritual India Handbook|last=Knapp|first=Stephen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&q=tiruvallur+temple&pg=PT300|isbn=9788184950243|page=300|year=2000|publisher=Jaico Publishing House}}</ref> Lord Shiva took Bath in this temple tank called as Hritayathabhanasini which is located to the West of the temple and is believed to have medicinal effects.<ref name=Ramesh>{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams volume one Divyadesams in Tondai Nadu|first=M.S.|last=Ramesh|location=Tirpuati|year=1993|publisher=Tirupati Tirumala Devastanams|pages=131–5}}</ref> There is an ornate four pillared black stone hall called ''Vellikilamai mandapam'' where the festival image of the presiding deities are displayed every Friday.<ref name=A>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman|pages=17–9|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8}}</ref>
|-
|5
|[[Kapaleeshwarar Temple|Kapaleswarar Temple Tank]]
|[[File:Kapaleeswarar1.jpg|150px|center]]
|{{convert|6|acre|ha|disp=tablecen}}
|[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| |Kapaleeshwarar Temple ({{Langx|ta|கபாலீஸ்வரர் கோவில்}}) is temple of [[Shiva]] ({{Langx|ta|சிவா|links=no}}), located in [[Mylapore]], which is in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The temple is of typical [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian architectural]] style, with the ''[[gopuram]]'' overpowering the street on which the temple sits. This temple is also a testimonial for the ''[[vishwakarmas]] sthapathis''. There are two entrances to the temple marked by the ''gopuram'' on either side. The east ''gopuram'' is about 40 m high, while the smaller western gopuram faces the sacred [[tank]].<ref name="Festival" />
|-
|6
|[[Mahamaham tank, Kumbakonam]]
|[[File:Masimagam1.jpg|150px|center]]
|{{convert|6.2|acre|ha|disp=tablecen}}
|[[Kumbakonam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|The Tank is located in the heart of [[Kumbakonam]] town. This tank covers an area of 6.2 acres and is not a perfect rectangle. The tank is Surrounded by 16 small [[Mandapam]]s and a "Nava Kannika Temple"(Nine rivers) in the Eastern Side. All the rivers of India are said to meet at the tank on [[Mahamaham]] festival day that happens once in 12 years. A purificatory bath at this tank on the day is considered equal to the combined dips in all the holy rivers of [[India]].<ref name="Festival">History, Religion and Culture of India, S. Gajrani</ref>
|-
|7
|[[Teppakulam|Trichy Teppakulam]]
|[[File:Trichy01.JPG|150px|center]]
|{{convert|5|acre|ha|disp=tablecen}}
|[[Trichy]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|Teppakulam ({{langx|ta|தெப்பக்குளம்}}) is a locality situated almost at the centre of the Indian city of [[Tiruchirappalli]]. The historic [[Tiruchirapalli Rock Fort|Rockfort]] is situated nearby. The Rock Fort temple stands 83m tall perched atop the rock. The smooth rock was first cut by the Pallavas but it was the [[Nayaks of Madurai]] who completed both the temples under the [[Vijayanagara empire]].<ref name="India">India By Sarina Singh, Joe Bindloss, Paul Clammer, Janine Eberle</ref>
|-
|8
|[[Neelamegha Perumal temple|Tirukkanapuram Temple Tank]]
|[[File:Tirukannapuram10.JPG|150px|centre]]
|{{convert|4.5|acre|ha|disp=tablecen}}
|Tirukannapuram, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|The temple tank is right in front of Neela Megha Perumal Temple or Sowriraja Perumal Temple, a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Lord Vishnu]] located Tirukannapuram, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] on the [[Kumbakonam]]-[[Tiruvarur]] highway. It is one of the "[[Divya Desams]]", the 108 temples of [[Vishnu]] revered by the 12 poet saints, or [[Alwars]].<ref>''108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu''
''. M. S. Ramesh, Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam.''</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of large Hindu temples]]
* [[List of tallest Gopurams]]
* [[List of human stampedes in Hindu temples]]
* [[Lists of Hindu temples]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Hinduism (compact)}}

{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Hindu holy cities}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Religion-related lists of superlative buildings}}
{{Structural extremes}}

[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites| ]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of Hindu temples in India|*]]
[[Category:Temple tanks in India|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Hindu buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Lists of religious buildings and structures in India]]

Arjun Gupta (actor)

2025-09-12T05:40:21Z

AnkuMalik: General improvements to article content

{{short description|American actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arjun Gupta
| image = Arjun Gupta.jpg
| caption = Gupta in 2018
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|11|28}}
| birth_place = Tampa, Florida, United States
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2008–present
| children = 1<ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/C-JI12QSmn9/?img_index=1</ref>
}}

'''Arjun Gupta''' (born November 28, 1986) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as substance-addicted nurse Sam on [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]'s ''[[Nurse Jackie]]'' and William "Penny" Adiyodi on [[Syfy]]'s ''[[The Magicians (U.S. TV series)|The Magicians]]''.<ref name="designtrend">{{cite web|url=http://www.designntrend.com/articles/39998/20150215/lev-grossman-the-magicians-trilogy-coming-syfy-channel-spring-pilot.htm|title=Lev Grossman's 'The Magicians' Trilogy Coming To Syfy Channel This Spring With Pilot Episode|work=Design & Trend|access-date=2018-07-01|archive-url=https://archive.today/20151218135153/http://www.designntrend.com/articles/39998/20150215/lev-grossman-the-magicians-trilogy-coming-syfy-channel-spring-pilot.htm|archive-date=2015-12-18|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=deadline201411>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2014/11/stella-maeve-hale-appleman-arjun-gupta-cast-the-magicians-lev-grossman-fantasy-books-syfy-1201275827/|title=Stella Maeve, Hale Appleman & Arjun Gupta Cast A Spell On 'The Magicians'|first=Nellie |last=Andreeva |date=November 6, 2014 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Gupta was born in Tampa, Florida, United States to an [[Indian Americans|Indian immigrant family]].<ref name=":1" /> His father's name is Lalit, but known locally as "Al" and his mother is Anubha, but also known locally as "Annie", to help fit in with American life.<ref name=Sastry>{{cite web|first=Keertana |last=Sastry |title=Arjun Gupta on Strong Women, Assimilation, and the Impact of Storytelling |date=31 July 2015
|url=http://www.india.com/arts-and-culture/arjun-gupta-on-strong-women-assimilation-and-the-impact-of-storytelling-469392/
|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref> He attended [[Berkeley Preparatory School]], where he performed in several school plays.<ref name=cl>{{cite news|last1=Lo|first1=Ying|title=TV: The Magician's Arjun Gupta – a native Tampan|url=https://www.cltampa.com/arts-entertainment/article/20764204/tv-the-magicians-arjun-gupta-a-native-tampan|work=Creative Loafing|date=January 24, 2016}}</ref> Subsequently, he went to New York University's [[Tisch School of the Arts]] where he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Fine Arts|BFA]] degree in 2007.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/arjun-gupta/bio/303255/|title=Arjun Gupta|website=TVGuide.com|language=en|access-date=2017-04-13}}</ref> His first major motion picture was in 2009 acting alongside [[Uma Thurman]] in ''[[Motherhood (2009 film)|Motherhood]]''.<ref name=":1" />

In addition to acting and producing, Gupta co-founded a theater group in Southern California with other like-minded artists with the goal of providing a platform for underrepresented groups through the medium of original stories and re-tellings of classics that reflect the world today.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pasadenaartscouncil.org/emerge/ammunition-theatre-company/|title=Pasadena Arts Council {{!}} Ammunition Theatre Company|website=www.pasadenaartscouncil.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405073905/https://www.pasadenaartscouncil.org/emerge/ammunition-theatre-company/|archive-date=2017-04-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Gupta was among the [[2012 Screen Actors Guild Awards]] nominees for [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy series]].<ref name=":1" /> He also co-hosts the ''American Desis'' podcast with comedian [[Akaash Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/hollywood-actor-arjun-gupta-launches-new-podcast/article_94941728-e7ab-11e4-9638-b73621b1f702.html|title=Hollywood Actor Arjun Gupta Launches New Podcast|last=West|first=Lisa Tsering, India|work=India West|access-date=2017-04-13|language=en|archive-date=2018-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701165208/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/hollywood-actor-arjun-gupta-launches-new-podcast/article_94941728-e7ab-11e4-9638-b73621b1f702.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gupta voices the character Nikhil Sharma on the podcast ''[[Ars Paradoxica]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whisperforge.org/arsparadoxica|title=ars Paradoxica|website=The Whisperforge}}</ref> He also won the 2014 Maverick Movie Awards Best Supporting actor award for his role in ''[[Bridge and Tunnel (film)|Bridge and Tunnel]]''.<ref name="mave_2014">{{Cite web | title = 2014 | author = | work = MAVERICK MOVIE AWARDS: Where moviemakers honor moviemakers from all over the world! | date = | access-date = 2017-06-02 | url = http://www.maverickmovieawards.com/2014.html | language = | quote = Arjun | archive-date = 2021-01-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210128081625/https://www.maverickmovieawards.com/2014.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Personal life==
On April 9, 2018, he announced via [[Instagram]] that he was engaged to Varsha Harlalka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BhWuub8AWQu/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BhWuub8AWQu |archive-date=2021-12-26 |url-access=registration|via=Instagram|title= For the last 16 months...}}{{cbignore}}</ref> They were married the following year, in March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/accounts/login/|title=Login • Instagram|website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Film appearances by Arjun Gupta
!Year
!Title
! class="unsortable" | Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2009
|''[[Motherhood (2009 film)|Motherhood]]''
|Mikesh
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Love, Lies and Seeta]]''
|Rahul Mehra
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Stand Up Guys]]''
|Dj
|
|-
|2013
|''HairBrained''
|Princeton One
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Bridge and Tunnel (film)|Bridge and Tunnel]]''
|Terry
|
|-
|2015
| data-sort-value="Diabolical, The" |''[[The Diabolical]]''
|Nikolai
|
|-
|2015
|''French Dirty''
|Steve
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Love, Brooklyn]]''
|Patient
|
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Television appearances by Arjun Gupta
!Year
!Title
! class="unsortable" | Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2009
|''Redemption Falls''
|Tom
|Television film
|-
|2009
|''[[Fringe (TV series)|Fringe]]''
|MIT guy #1
|1 episode
|-
|2009
|''DeSiCiTi''
|Manbir
|Television film
|-
|2009–2012
|''[[Nurse Jackie]]''
|Sam
|Recurring role (seasons 1–4)
|-
|2012
|''Body of Proof'' webisodes
|Raj Patel
|Miniseries
|-
|2012
|''Checked Out''
|Rajit
|3 episodes
|-
|2013
|''Company Town''
|Jack
|Television film
|-
|2013
|''[[Baby Sellers]]''
|Dilip
|Television film
|-
|2014
|''Next Time on Lonny''
| Scott
|1 episode
|-
|2014
|''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]''
| Jack Ferris
|1 episode
|-
|2014
|''Gretch & Tim''
|Mike
|Television film
|-
|2014
|''[[How to Get Away with Murder]]''
| Kan
|5 episodes
|-
|2015
| data-sort-value="Walker, The" |''The Walker''
| Michael
|3 episodes
|-
|2015
|''[[Limitless (TV series)|Limitless]]''
| Eli Whitford
|1 episode
|-
|2015–2020
| data-sort-value="Magicians, The" |''[[The Magicians (U.S. TV series)|The Magicians]]''
|Penny Adiyodi
|Main role
|-
|2016
|''Powerhouse''
|Ravi
|1 episode
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category inline}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Arjun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tampa, Florida]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American male actors of Indian descent]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Tisch School of the Arts alumni]]

{{US-film-actor-1980s-stub}}

Vasant Joshi

2025-08-27T20:37:10Z

AnkuMalik: Added initial entry from scratch

{{Short description|Indian businessman (1921–2013)}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vasant Joshi
| image = Vasant Joshi.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Portrait of Vasant Joshi
| birth_name = Vasant Subrai Joshi
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1921|5|27|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|12|27|1921|5|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]], [[Portuguese Goa]]
| death_place = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]], [[Goa]]
| resting_place =
| nickname =
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = Businessman
| years_active =
| known_for =
| party = [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
| awards =
| office1 = Member of [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Mormugao Assembly constituency|Mormugao]]
| predecessor1 = Gajanan Patil
| successor1 = [[Sheikh Hassan Haroon]]
| term_start1 = 1972
| term_end1 = 1977
}}
'''Vasant Subrai Joshi''' (27 May 1921 – 27 December 2013) was an Indian politician and businessman from Goa, who was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) representing the [[Mormugao Assembly constituency]].

==Early life==
Vasant Subrai Joshi was born on 27 May 1921 in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]], [[Portuguese Goa]].<ref name="ToIJoshiDead13">{{Cite news |date=2013-12-29 |title=Ex-Mormugao MLA dead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/ex-mormugao-mla-dead/articleshow/28067398.cms |access-date=2025-03-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==
===Politics===
Joshi was elected as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the [[Mormugao Assembly constituency]] between 1972 and 1977.<ref name="ToIJoshiDead13" />

===Business===
Joshi operated multiple businesses in Vasco, including the dealership of a popular car brand.<ref name="ToIJoshiDead13" />

===Education===
After the [[Liberation of Goa]], Vasco had no college. Joshi thus set up the Mormugao Education Society (MES) college in Joshi building, Vasco, on 14 June 1972. The college was later shifted to Zuarinagar.<ref name="ToIJoshiDead13" />

==Personal life==
Joshi and his family are linked to the [[Vasco Saptah]]. Every year, Joshi would place the shreefal ({{Translation|blessed coconut}}) in front of the statue of Lord Damodar at the Joshi house, signifying the beginning of the festival.<ref name="ToIJoshiDead13" />

He had two daughters and five sons.<ref name="ToIJoshiDead13" />

During the events of [[Operation Vijay (1961)|Operation Vijay]], Joshi offered his home as shelter to the common public of the city of Vasco.<ref name="ToIJoshiDead13" />

==Death==
Joshi died on 27 December 2013 at the SMRC Hospital, Chicalim, after a brief illness. His body was cremated at the Khariwada crematorium on 28 December, with hundreds in attendance.<ref name="ToIJoshiDead13" />

==Legacy==
The MES College was renamed to MES Vasant Joshi College in 2023.<ref name="GoanGuv">{{Cite web |date=11 February 2023 |title=Educational institutions must protect interest of locals: Guv |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/educational-institutions-must-protect-interest-of-locals-guv/95126.html |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=The Goan}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Vasant}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]

Patanvav

2025-08-14T10:45:43Z

AnkuMalik: started entry

{{Short description|Village in Gujarat state, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

'''Patanvav''' is a large village 23 km from Dhoraji Town, 13 km from [[Upleta]], 21 km from [[Manavadar]], and 115 km from Rajkot by good motorable roads. It is in Dhoraji taluka of [[Rajkot district]] in [[Gujarat]]. Patanvav is at an elevation of 68 meters above mean sea level. Postal code is 360430. Dhoraji and Upleta towns are connected by railways on Rajkot-Jetalsar-Porbandar line. Village is situated in the foothills of the [[Osam Hills]].

Osham hills are the only source of mineral [[Perlite]] in India.

There are four important temples up hill, two devoted to lord Shiva, one Tapakeshwar Mahadeo and the second one Bhimnath Mahadeo which is just near to Bhimkund. A [[Jainism|Jain]] temple devoted to sixteenth [[Tirthankara]] Lord Shantinath has come up in recent past at beautiful place nearer to Bhimnath Mahadeo temple. More prominent fourth temple is Matrimataji temple devoted to Amba Devi.

Kothari family Kuldev Sthanak is situated at the bank of beautiful Panchkodia Talao, a pond, on way to Bhimnath Mahadeo temple.

A large [[Jainism|Jain]] temple is situated downhill Osham, devoted to first [[Tirthankara]] Lord Rushabhdeo which has unique circular shape of Siddha-Chakra. Apart from this, there is another [[Jainism|Jain]] Temple in the village devoted to Lord Simandher Swami.

Every year a Lok-Mela or Fun fare is held on Shravan Amavashya (last day of dark half) of Hindu calendar which attracts huge crowds from far flung areas to have Darshan of auspicious Matrimataji temple. Village is pilgrimage centre for many Hindus and [[Jainism|Jain]].

Population of the village is about 5000 people and have four schools spread over five spacious buildings. Education is available up to Higher Secondary School Certificate. Village has full fledged police station having jurisdiction up to about 20 km on Dhoraji road. Primary medical facility is available. It's well planned village. Water is being distributed through pipelines.

Following data are from Census 2011.

As per 2011 census, Patanvav has 1226 families residing. The village has a population of 5181, of which 2678 are males while 2503 are females.

In Patanvav village population of children with age 0-6 is 506 which makes up 9.77% of the total population of the village. Average Sex Ratio of Patanvav village is 935 which is higher than Gujarat state average of 919. Child Sex Ratio for the Patanvav as per census is 788, lower than Gujarat average of 890.

Patanvav village has higher literacy rate compared to Gujarat. In 2011, literacy rate of Patanvav village was 82.67 % compared to 78.03 % of Gujarat. In Patanvav Male literacy stands at 88.23 % while female literacy rate was 76.84%.<ref>[http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/Rajkot/Dhoraji/Patanvav Patanvav] Retrieved 13 August 2017.</ref>

==History==
Patanvav, during [[British Raj]] was under administration of [[Gondal State]].

There is a small range of hills nearby known as '''Osam hills''' or '''Osam Hills''' where the five [[Pandava]]s are believed to have stayed during their exile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dhoraji.rajkotjoy.com/placesdetail.php?name=osam-hill&id=19|title=Osam Hill|publisher=Sharda Future Tech|accessdate=13 August 2017|archive-date=3 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803184233/http://dhoraji.rajkotjoy.com/placesdetail.php?name=osam-hill&id=19|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the hill there are ruins of a fort. As per the mythological beliefs it was here [[Bhima]] met [[Hidimbi]]. The Matri Mataji temple here is very old housing impressive deities.

Shri Osham [[Jainism|Jain]] Temple, Dhankagiri<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhankagiri.org/dhankagiri.html|title=dhankagiri|accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref> is very sacred pilgrimage
centre with in Patanvav village. {{Coord|21.614|N|70.263|E|display=title}}Patanvav also famous for Matrimataji mela (Fair) held on every year on Shravan month Amavashya of Hindu Vikram Samvat (Hindu Lunar Calendar year) .

A small range of hills known as Osham or Osam Hills is lying towards the south of the Patanvav Village.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajkot district}}
[[Category:Villages in Rajkot district]]

Lahartara Pond

2025-08-03T09:15:06Z

AnkuMalik: Created basic pg basic info

{{short description|Historical pond}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Lahartara Pond''' is a historical pond associated with the appearance of Saint [[Kabir]] Saaheb.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Singh |first1=Binay |agency=TNN |title=Lahartara Talab in pathetic condition |work =[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Lahartara-Talab-in-pathetic-condition/articleshow/17485982.cms |access-date=29 June 2020 |date=5 December 2012 |language=en}}</ref> According to a legend, Saint Kabir Saaheb was found floating on a lotus flower in the pond.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kabir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bNc2VfJiQW4C|title=Couplets from Kabīr|date=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0935-2|language=en}}</ref> It is located in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pin Code: LAHARTARA, VARANASI, UTTAR PRADESH, India, Pincode.net.in|url=https://pincode.net.in/UTTAR_PRADESH/VARANASI/L/LAHARTARA|access-date=2020-07-16|website=pincode.net.in}}</ref> In the past, it was a large freshwater [[lake]] that spanned {{convert|17|acre|km2|sigfig=1}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hess|first=Linda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALoUDAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Lahartara+Pond%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA318|title=Bodies of Song: Kabir Oral Traditions and Performative Worlds in North India|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-937416-8|language=en}}</ref> In the present day, it no longer has its historical grandeur because about {{convert|3.5|acre|km2}} of the pond is under the directorate of [[archaeology]], Uttar Pradesh, while another {{convert|8|acre|km2|sigfig=1}} are under Satguru Kabir Prakat Dham.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arya |first=Samrendra Narayan |title=Varanasi Tirtha in Inscriptions|date=1995|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=56|pages=143|jstor=44158601|issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

== History and legends ==
The history of the Lahartara Pond is connected with the famous poet and mystic Saint Kabir.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-16|title=Appearance of Kabir Saheb in Kalyug|url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/appearence-kabir-saheb-kalyug/|access-date=2020-08-09|website=S A NEWS|language=en-US}}</ref> It is situated in the [[Varanasi district|Varanasi District]], in Uttar Pradesh, and is a short distance away from Kabir Math. At first, the pond occupied {{convert|17|acre|km2|sigfig=1}}, but nowadays it's been fractionated and placed under the jurisdiction of different institutions. Legend says that infant Kabir was found floating on a [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus flower]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Schomer|first1=Karine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkKhOivXrhgC|title=The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India|last2=McLeod|first2=W. H.|date=1987|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0277-3|language=en}}</ref>

== Religious and cultural significance ==

The pond has a great significance among the [[Kabir panth|Kabir Panthis]] for its connection with the appearance of Kabir Sahib Ji.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adgadanand|first=Swami|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrpXDwAAQBAJ|title=Jeevanadarsh Evam Atmanubhuti: Ideals of Life & Self-Realization|publisher=Shree Paramhans Swami Adgadanandji Ashram Trust|language=en}}</ref> Kabir Sahib Ji was found lying on a lotus flower in this pond in an infant Form, from where Neeru-Neema, the foster parents of Kabir, took Kabir home.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hess|first=Linda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALoUDAAAQBAJ|title=Bodies of Song: Kabir Oral Traditions and Performative Worlds in North India|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-937416-8|language=en}}</ref>

== Pollution and environmental concerns ==

The fabled pond of Lahartara is situated near the GT Road on the [[Allahabad]] route. Once a sight for sore eyes, today it lies in a more destitute state. About {{convert|2.5|km|mi|order=flip}} from the [[Varanasi cantonment|Varanasi Cantonment]] railway station, spread over {{convert|17|acre|km2|sigfig=1}}, is nothing but a dumping ground for filth and a swamp of wastewater.

Only about {{convert|3.5|acre|km2}} of the pond is protected by the directorate of archaeology, Uttar Pradesh, and about 8 acres is under the possession of Sadguru Kabir Prakatya Dham. The remaining part has been surrounded by rampant encroachment on all sides.

[[Sadguru|Sadguru Kabir Prakatya Dham]] continues to better manage its portion of the pond. They have come up with a plan to construct a grand memorial and a fixed pond within the pond. Chief of Panth Hazoor Ardhnan Saheb, while sharing remarks about the deteriorating condition of the [[National heritage site|Heritage Site]], spoke about the continuing progress being made at the memorial of Saint Kabir and said that the historically significant pond should immediately be restored and a plan should be put into place that ensures that such sites don't get neglected in the future.

In August 2003, the High [[Court]] ordered that improvements should be made to the pond,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=हिंदी खबर, Latest News in Hindi, हिंदी समाचार, ताजा खबर|url=https://m.patrika.com/varanasi-news/commissioner-will-develop-kabeer-birthplace-lhratar-pond-1346873/|access-date=2020-08-25|website=Patrika News|language=hindi|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214442/https://m.patrika.com/varanasi-news/commissioner-will-develop-kabeer-birthplace-lhratar-pond-1346873/|url-status=dead}}</ref> but as of 2020 it was still in bad condition.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Lakes of Uttar Pradesh]]

Chirapat Prapandvidya

2025-05-01T05:52:56Z

AnkuMalik: added new article - done

{{Short description|Thai archaeologist}}
'''Chirapat Prapandvidya''' ({{langx|th|จิรพัฒน์ ประพันธ์วิทยา}}, born 15 March 1941) is a [[Thai people|Thai]] [[archaeologist]], [[Sanskrit]] scholar and an [[Indologist]]. He was the founder and the first Director of Sanskrit Studies Centre at [[Silpakorn University]] in [[Bangkok]]. He has also published over a hundred articles on Sanskrit and Indology.<ref>{{cite news |title=An ancient tongue, but not extinct |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2260455/an-ancient-tongue-but-not-extinct |website=Bangkok Post |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref> In the year 2022, Govt of India honoured Chirapat Prapandvidya by conferring the [[Padma Shri]] award for his contributions to literature and education.<ref name="PadmaShri2022"/>

==Life and work==
Chirapat Prapandvidya is the founder and the first director of the Sanskrit Studies Centre in Silpakorn University in Thailand. The centre, established in 1996 to promote Sanskrit study and research, is under the patronage of HRH Princess [[Maha Chakri Sirindhorn]] who is herself an Indologist and a Sanskrit scholar. She is the recipient of the first World Sanskrit Award and the [[Padma Bhushan]] Award from the Government of
India. The construction of the building of the centre was partially funded by Government of India. Chirapat Prapandvidya has played an crucial role in popularizing the teaching and research of Sanskrit in Thailand. He has constantly striven to motivate and encourage students and teachers of Sanskrit in Thailand to understand and appreciate Indian culture and heritage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Release |url=https://embassyofindiabangkok.gov.in/public/assets/pdf/pdf_3182021.pdf |website=Embassy of Bangkok |publisher=Embassy of Bangkok |access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref>

==Padma Shri award==

*In the year 2022, Govt of India conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award, the third highest award in the Padma series of awards, on Chirapat Prapandvidya for his distinguished service in the field of literature and education.<ref name="PadmaShri2022">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143803/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-25 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> The award is in recognition of his service "for contributing towards Indo-Thai connections and friendship for decades".<ref name="PadmaShri2022Images">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129172910/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-date=2022-01-29 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>

==Other recognitions==
The awards and recognitions conferred on Chirapat Prapandvidya include:<ref>Citation for the Padma Shri award: {{cite web |title=Dr Chirapat Prapandvidya |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Content/CitationsForTickets/2022/202291.pdf |website=Padma Awards |publisher=Govt of India |access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref>
*Honorary Doctorate Degree from Mahachulalong-kornrajavidyalaya University, Bangkok (2010)
*Vidya Vacaspati (DLitt) degree from Rashtiya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi (2012)
*Presidential Award of the Certificate of Honour in Sanskrit (International), New Delhi (2017)
*Certificate of Honour from Govt of Uttar Pradesh for his literary contributions related to Ramayana (2019)

==See also==
*[[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)#Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022|Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==Additional reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Faculty of Archaeology. Department of Oriental Languages |title=Felicitation to Sanskrit Icon of Thailand: Asst. Prof. Dr. Chirapat Prapandvidya on the Auspicious Occasion of His 72nd Birth Anniversary |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Oriental Languages, Faculty of Archaeology, Silpakorn University, 2016 |location=Bangkok |isbn=9789746415941 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRk-uwEACAAJ |access-date=20 April 2022}}

==External links==
*{{YouTube|id=8dxISukl1wE|In Conversation with Prof. Chirapat Prapandvidya, 'The Sanskrit Purusha' of Thailand}} (Broadcast by DD News)
*{{YouTube|id=fVyJup0JybE|President Kovind presents Padma Shri to Shri Chirapat Prapandvidya for Literature and Education}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prapandvidya, Chirapat}}
[[Category:Thai Sanskrit scholars|Chirapat Prapandvidya]]
[[Category:Thai archaeologists|Chirapat Prapandvidya]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Silpakorn University|Chirapat Prapandvidya]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

G P Pradhan

2025-04-20T05:06:08Z

AnkuMalik: added a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
'''Ganesh Prabhakar Pradhan''' (26 August 1922 – 29 May 2010) was a socialist politician from the state of [[Maharashtra]]. Pradhan was a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] from 1972 to 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-30 |title=Veteran socialist Pradhan dies at 88 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/veteran-socialist-pradhan-dies-at-88/ |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-30 |title=Socialist leader G P Pradhan passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/socialist-leader-g-p-pradhan-passes-away/articleshow/5990124.cms |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, G P}}

[[Category:Socialist politicians]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
{{Maharashtra-politician-stub}}

Sreedharan Champad

2025-03-02T05:27:00Z

AnkuMalik: Added basic entry needs work

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam-language writer (1938–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sreedharan Champad
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = P. K. Sreedharan<ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|date=14 October 2017|title=ശ്രീധരന്‍. പി.കെ. ചമ്പാട്|url=http://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/sreedharan-p-k-chambad-%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F/|access-date=23 January 2022|website=Keralaliterature.com|language=ml|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123123247/http://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/sreedharan-p-k-chambad-%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth year|1938}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dutt|first=Kartik Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&dq=Sreedharan+Champad+Award&pg=PA210|title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M|date=1999|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0873-5|language=en|page=210|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425164458/https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&dq=Sreedharan+Champad+Award&pg=PA210|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = Champad, [[Madras Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2024|06|14|86|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Circus artist, circus historian, writer
| movement =
| notableworks = ''An Album of Indian Big Tops: (History of Indian Circus)''
| spouse = Valsala
| children = 4
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]]
| influences =
| signature =
}}

'''Sreedharan Champad''' (1938 – 14 June 2024) was an Indian circus artist, circus historian and [[Malayalam language|Malayalam-language]] writer from [[Kerala]]. He worked in a number of fields, including working as circus manager, [[flying trapeze]] artist, circus company public relations officer, auto driver, bill collector, journalist and writer.<ref name="Mat">{{cite news |title=തമ്പിന്റെ കഥാകാരൻ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/kannur/kazhcha/-malayalam-news-1.1237836 |work=Mathrubhumi |language=ml |access-date=23 January 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123111719/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/kannur/kazhcha/-malayalam-news-1.1237836 |url-status=live }}</ref> Champad wrote over 20 books including novels, more than 100 short stories, biographies and articles.<ref name="m3db">{{cite web |title=ശ്രീധരൻ ചമ്പാട് |url=https://m3db.com/sreedharan-champadu |website=M3DB.COM |language=ml |access-date=23 January 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123111729/https://m3db.com/sreedharan-champadu |url-status=live }}</ref> His book ''An Album of Indian Big Tops'' chronicles the history of the circus industry in India from 1880 to 2010.

==Biography==
Champad was born in 1938 at Champad near [[Thalassery]], Kannur district, to Kunjikannan and Narayani. After passing tenth class, he joined [[Devagiri College]], Kozhikode, but due to financial constraints he dropped his study and went to [[Madras]].<ref name="Mat"/> In 1956, he joined the Great Rayman circus in [[Howrah]] as an office clerk and later became a trapeze artiste at the circus.<ref name="indian">{{cite news |title=The Circus Has Left the Town – Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-circus-has-left-the-town/1184731/ |work=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> Sreedharan was also an expert trapeze player in circuses such as Jumbo, Gemini, Amar and Great Raymond.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Daily|first=Keralakaumudi|title=മമ്മൂട്ടി @ 70, ആദ്യ സിനിമയുടെ കഥാകാരൻ ഇവിടെയുണ്ട്|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=634139&u=local-news--kasargod|access-date=23 January 2022|website=Keralakaumudi Daily|language=en|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123115616/https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=634139&u=local-news--kasargod|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1961, while at Chengalpet, he temporarily left the circus field, when the Great Eastern Circus rejected him to go with its Malaysian tour.<ref name="Mat"/> After studying automobile engineering in Madras for two years, he worked as a diesel mechanic in the Madras State Transport Corporation for six months.<ref name="Mat"/> After that he worked as an auto driver in [[Kozhikode]] for some time.<ref name="Mat"/> Sridharan also served as the Editor-in-Chief of Padayani Weekly published from Thalassery, Padayani News Editor and Jagannath Magazine Editor.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite web|title=ശ്രീധരൻ ചമ്പാട്‌|url=https://secure.mathrubhumi.com/books/author/766/sreedharan-champadu|website=മാതൃഭൂമി ബുക്സ്|access-date=16 March 2016 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160316121534/https://secure.mathrubhumi.com/books/author/766/sreedharan-champadu}}</ref> He also worked as a correspondent for Kaumudi News Service for five years.<ref name="m3db"/>

"Ring Boy" published in Mathrubhumi Weekly in 1964 was his first story.<ref name="Kaakka">{{cite web |title=ശ്രീധരൻ ചമ്പാട്: സർക്കസ് കഥകളുടെ കുലപതി |url=http://www.mumbaikaakka.com/?p=3471 |language=en |date=15 April 2018 |access-date=23 January 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123111724/http://www.mumbaikaakka.com/?p=3471 |url-status=live }}</ref> His first novel ''Anyonyamthedi nadannavar'' was published in Mathrubhumu weekly in 1977.<ref name="Kaakka"/> Champad was recently working on a new novel on the socio-cultural context of [[Panoor (Municipality)|Panoor]] and its environs since 1947.<ref name="Mat" />

He and his wife Valsala had four children.<ref name="m3db" /> He resided at his house ''Srivastsa'' at Pathayakunnu, Pattiam in [[Kannur district]].<ref name="Deshabhimani">{{cite news |title='മേള'യുടെ ഓർമയിൽ മേളയെത്തുന്നു |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-kannurkerala-11-01-2021/918688 |work=Deshabhimani |language=ml |access-date=23 January 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123111722/https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-kannurkerala-11-01-2021/918688 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Champad died at his house in Kannur on 14 June 2024, at the age of 86.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/malayalam-author-screenwriter-sreedharan-champad-storyteller-of-thambu-mela-passes-away-1.9640593 |title=Malayalam author-screenwriter Sreedharan Champad, storyteller of 'Thambu', 'Mela', passes away |access-date=15 June 2024 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615065642/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/amp/movies-music/news/malayalam-author-screenwriter-sreedharan-champad-storyteller-of-thambu-mela-passes-away-1.9640593 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2024 |title=Malayalam author-screenwriter Sreedharan Champad, storyteller of 'Thambu', 'Mela', passes away |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/malayalam-author-screenwriter-sreedharan-champad-storyteller-of-thambu-mela-passes-away-1.9640593 |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616062329/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/malayalam-author-screenwriter-sreedharan-champad-storyteller-of-thambu-mela-passes-away-1.9640593 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Contributions==
===Literary contributions===
{{Div col}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Champad |first1=Sreedharan |date=September 2013 |title=An Album of Indian Big Tops (History of Indian Circus) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTwNAgAAQBAJ |publisher=Strategic Book Publishing |isbn=978-1-62212-766-5 |language=en}} This book chronicles the history of circus industry in India from 1880 to 2010.
* {{Cite book |last=Champad |first=Sreedharan |date=2012 |title=Thamp Paranja Jeevitham |location=Kottayam |publisher=[[DC Books]] |isbn=978-81-264-3901-0 |oclc=833631326}} Autobiography.
* ''Sarkkasinte lokam'' (Meaning: world of circus)<ref name="m3db"/>
* ''Keeleri'', Biography of [[Keeleri Kunhikannan|Keeleri Kunjikannan]]<ref name=":0" />
* ''C. V. Narayanan Nair''<ref name=":0" />
* ''Raktham Chinthiyavar''<ref name=":0" />
* ''Anyonyam Thedi Nadannavar''<ref name="Mat"/>
* ''Komali''<ref name="Mat"/>
* ''Ring''<ref name="Mat"/>
* ''Koodaram''<ref name="Mat"/>
* ''Antharam''<ref name="Mat"/>
* ''Arangettam Circus Kathakal''<ref name=":0" />
* ''Clint''<ref name="Mat"/>
* ''Thacholi Othenan''<ref name="Mat"/>
* ''Payyampally Chanthu''<ref name="Mat"/>
* ''Aromal Chekavar''<ref name="Mat"/>
* ''Unniyarcha''<ref name="Mat"/>
* ''Thamp''<ref name="Mat"/>
* ''Mela'', this was later made into a Malayalam movie<ref name="m3db"/>
* ''Athippara''<ref name="Mat"/>
* ''Utharaparvvam''<ref name="Mat"/>
* ''Mahacharithamala123''<ref name="Mat"/>
* ''Gurudevakathamrutham''<ref name="Mat"/>
{{Div col end}}

===Cinema===
He was instrumental in the background of films like ''[[Thampu]]'', ''Mela'', ''[[Aaravam]]'', ''[[Kummatty]]'', ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1949 film)|Apoorva Sahodarangal]]'', ''Joker'' and ''Bhumimalayalam''.<ref name="Mat"/> He was also the author of the Malayalam documentaries named ''Circus'' and ''Cirus Lokam'' (Circus World) broadcast by [[Doordarshan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=books.puzha.com – Author Details |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=1842 |date=14 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160214000736/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=1842|archive-date = 14 February 2016}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
*[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]] 2014 for his outstanding contribution to Malayalam literature.<ref name="Mat"/>
*First Vagbhadananda Prathibha Puraskaram<ref>{{Cite web|title=വാഗ്ഭടാനന്ദ പ്രതിഭാ പുരസ്‌കാരം ശ്രീധരന്‍ ചമ്പാടിന് സമ്മാനിച്ചു|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/kannur/malayalam-news/patyam-1.2532554|access-date=23 January 2022|website=Mathrubhumi|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123120940/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/kannur/malayalam-news/patyam-1.2532554|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Champad, Sreedharan}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian circus performers]]
[[Category:People from Thalassery]]

Jarauli Kalan

2024-12-31T10:13:11Z

AnkuMalik: Created some article from scratch.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jarauli Kalan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Jarauli Kalan.png
| map_caption = Map showing Jarauli Kalan in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.19918|N|78.34735|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6.895
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6171
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jarauli Kalan''' ({{IAST|Jaraulī Kalān}}) is a large village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it had a population of 6,171, in 1,020 households.

== Geography ==
Jarauli Kalan is located northwest of Firozabad, north of [[National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)|the old NH 2]]. Nearby villages include [[Alinagar Kenjra]] to the south and [[Usaini]] to the west.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Jarauli Kalan had a population of 6,171, in 1,020 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|119}} This population was 53.1% male (3,278) and 46.9% female (2,893). The 0-6 age group numbered 1,001 (529 male and 472 female), making up 16.2% of the total population. 1,552 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 25.1% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|110–1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Jarauli Kalan as having a population of 2,858 people (1,555 male and 1,303 female), in 512 households and 487 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|190–1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Jarauli Kalan as comprising 5 hamlets, with a total population of 1,815 people (953 male and 862 female), in 357 households and 267 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,704 acres and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xcii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Jarauli Kalan had 2 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap and hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village had a sub post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|119–24}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Sarnath Jain Tirth

2024-11-22T14:14:17Z

AnkuMalik: Added initial article initial version

{{short description|Jain temple in the state of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Śvetāmbara]] and [[Digambara]]
| image = File:Digamber Jain Temple, Sarnath.jpg
| alt = Sarnath Jain tirth
| caption = Shri Singhpuri Jain Tirth
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| map_size = 200
| map_caption = Location within Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|25|22|50|N|83|01|26|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Sarnath]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| deity = [[Shreyansanatha]]
| creator =
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity = 1 ruined temple
| architecture_style =
}}
{{Jainism}}

'''Sarnath Jain Tirth''', also called the '''Shreyanshnath Jain Pilgrimage''', is a group of [[Jain]] [[Jain temple|temples]] in [[Sarnath]].{{sfn|Mansingka|2017}} They are located near [[Dhamek Stupa]].

==History==
Simhapuri, present-day Singhpuri village, is believed to be the birthplace of the [[Shreyansanatha]], the 11th ''[[tirthankara]]''.{{sfn|Curran|2012|pp=632-633}}{{sfn|Shukla|Kulshreshtha|2019|p=28}} The place also marks four of five [[Panch Kalyanaka|Kalyanaka]] (auspicious events) of Shreyansanatha: ''Chyavan'' (tirthankara enter's their mother's womb), ''Janm'' (birth), ''[[Diksha]]'' (renunciation) and ''[[Kevala Jnana]]'' (omniscience).{{sfn|Ganguli|2020|p=31}} [[Mahavira]] also delivered sermons at Sarnath and [[Varanasi]].{{sfn|Dodson|2021|p=77}}

The ruins near a relatively new Digambara temple are of an ancient Jain temple erected by the [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbaras]].{{sfn|Rousselet|1882|p=574}}

==About ''Digambara'' temple==
The temple was constructed in 1824 CE to commemorate the birthplace of Shreyansanatha.{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=54}}{{sfn|Knapp|2008|p=151}}{{sfn|Singh|2015}} The ''mulnayak'' (primary deity) of the temple is a large image of Shreyansanatha and impressions of footprints.{{sfn|Dodson|2021|p=77}} The temple also features attractive frescoes depicting the life of Mahavira.{{sfn|Mansingka|2017}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Jain Temple at the Ancient Buddhist Site, Sarnath.jpg|Digambar temple and Śvetāmbara temple ruins
File:Sarnath Jain Temple (3).jpg|Idol of Shreyansanatha
File:Interior of the Jain Temple dedicated to Shreyansanath, the eleventh Jain Tirthankar, Sarnath.jpg|Frescoes inside temple
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Parshvanath Jain temple, Varanasi]]
* [[Chandrawati Jain temple]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|23em}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last=Curran | first=Bob | title=A Haunted Mind: Inside the Dark, Twisted World of H.P. Lovecraf | url={{Google Books|jS56DwAAQBAJ|pg=PT632|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[Red Wheel/Weiser]] | year=2012 | isbn=9781601635969 }}
* {{cite book | last=Dodson | first=Michael S. | title=Banaras: Urban Forms and Cultural Histories | url={{Google Books|TWwNEAAAQBAJ|pg=PT77|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] | year=2021 | isbn=9781000365641 }}
* {{cite book | last=Ganguli | first=Aurijit | title=The Shambala Sutras | url={{Google Books|NCjoDwAAQBAJ|pg=PT31|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[Notion Press]] | year=2020 | isbn=9781648929823 }}
* {{cite book | last=Rousselet | first=Louis | author-link1=Louis Rousselet | title=India and Its Native Princes: Travels in Central India and in the Presidencies of Bombay and Bengal | series=Collections spéciales | url={{Google Books|lmU7AQAAIAAJ|page=574|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=Bickers | year=1882 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Shukla | first1=U. N. | last2=Kulshreshtha | first2=Sharad Kumar | title=Emerging Trends in Indian Tourism and Hospitality: Transformation and Innovation | url={{Google Books|58OkDwAAQBAJ|page=28|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=Copal Publishing Group | year=2019 | isbn=9789383419760 }}
* {{cite book | last=Singh | first=Rana | title=Banaras: Making of India's Heritage City | series=Planet Earth & Cultural Understanding | url={{Google Books|JwMaBwAAQBAJ|page=54|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] | year=2009 | isbn=9781443815796 }}
* {{cite book | last=Knapp | first=Stephen | title=Seeing Spiritual India: A Guide to Temples, Holy Sites, Festivals and Traditions | url={{Google Books|d1JJCgAAQBAJ|pg=PT151|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[iUniverse]] | year=2008 | isbn=9780595614523 }}
* {{cite news | last=Mansingka | first=Shubham | title=Digambar Jain temple | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/sarnath/digambar-jain-temple/ps56473011.cms | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=11 January 2017 | access-date=28 June 2021 }}
* {{cite news | last=Singh | first=Binay | title=4 Jain Tirthankaras born in Varanasi | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/4-jain-tirthankaras-born-in-varanasi/articleshow/48664869.cms | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=25 August 2015 | access-date=28 June 2021 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Sarnath Jain Tirth}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:19th-century Jain temples]]

Kutch Thermal Power Station

2024-10-15T03:17:51Z

AnkuMalik: improved article

{{Short description|Lignite based power plant in Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox power station
|image =
|image_caption =
|lat_d =
|long_d =
|name = Kutch Thermal Power Station
|country = India
|location = [[Panadhro]], [[Kutch district|Kutch]], [[Gujarat]], India
|status = O
|operator = [[Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited|GSECL]]
|th_fuel_primary = Lignite-Based
|th_fuel_tertiary =
|ps_units_operational= 4
|ps_electrical_capacity= 290.00 MW
|commissioned = 1990
|extra = Source: http://gsecl.in/
}}
'''Kutch Lignite Thermal Power Station''' is [[Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited]]'s only [[lignite]] based [[Electrical power industry|power]] plant.

==Power Plant==
Kachchh Lignite Thermal Power Station is located near [[Panadhro]] village in [[Lakhpat Taluka]], [[Kutch district]], Gujarat, India. The plant is adjacent of lignite mines (operated by [[Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation]]) and receives lignite direct from the mines. There are four units presently in operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsecl.in/kutch.html|title=Kutch Thermal Power Station|publisher=Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited|access-date=26 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420024931/http://www.gsecl.in/kutch.html|archive-date=20 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

KLTPS Unit-4 has the CFBC boiler which is first time introduced in GSECL.

==Installed Capacity==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Stage !! Unit Number !! Installed Capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of Commissioning !! Status
|-
| Stage I || 1 || 70 || March 1990 || Decommission
|-
| Stage I || 2 || 70 || March, 1991 || Decommission
|-
| Stage I || 3 || 75 || March, 1997 || Running
|-
| Stage II || 4 || 75 || October, 2008 || Running
|-
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Energy}}
* [[Gandhinagar Thermal Power Station]]
* [[Ukai Thermal Power Station]]
* [[Sikka Thermal Power Station]]
* [[Dhuvaran Thermal Power Station]]
* [[Wanakbori Thermal Power Station]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Power Plants of Gujarat}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Kutch district]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1990]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-powerstation-stub}}

Arrah Hile Chhapra Hile Baliya Hilela

2024-10-13T18:02:27Z

AnkuMalik:

{{short description|Popular Bhojpuri folk song}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2024}}

{{Infobox song
| name = Arrah Hile Chhapra Hile Baliya Hilela
| language = [[Bhojpuri Language|Bhojpuri]]
| written = 
| genre = [[Folk music|Folk]]
| writer =
}}
"'''Arrah Hile Chhapra Hile Baliya Hilela'''" is a [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] folk song,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Avijit|title=CINEMA BHOJPURI|publisher=Penguin UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sahay|first=Keshri N.|title=An Anthropological Study of Cartoons in India|publisher=Commonwealth Publisher|year=1998|isbn=9788171695164|pages=144}}</ref> It gained popularity in 1977 when it was recreated in the first colored Bhojpuri movie Dangal. The song was sung by [[Manna Dey]] and written by Kulwant Jani.<ref>{{Cite news|title=All you wanted to know about Bhojwood|work=DNA|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-all-you-wanted-to-know-about-bhojwood-1383603}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Rakesh Kumar|title=उभरता मन्ज़र|publisher=Vani Prakshan|year=2005|isbn=9788181433954}}</ref> This song became very famous and has been recreated many times by [[Bollywood]] and Bhojpuri Cinema <ref>{{Cite book|last=Patel|first=Raviraj|title=Bhojpuri Filmon Ka Safanama|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=9351862038}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Panorama, Volume 41|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Saran|first=Renu|title=Encyclopedia of Bollywood–Film Actors|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|year=2014|isbn=9350836904}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Rakesh Kumar|title=Ubharta Manjar|publisher=Vani Prakashan|year=2005|isbn=9788181433954}}</ref>

== Versions==
===1977 film version===
This song was recreated by the lyricist Rajpati for the Bhojpuri film ''Dangal''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Avijit|title=Cinema Bhojpuri}}</ref>

===1996 film version===
This song was recreated in Bollywood movie ''[[Angaara]]'' starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and the singers were [[Udit Narayan]] and [[Alka Yagnik]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Arunachalam|first=Param|title=BollySwar: 1991 - 2000|isbn=8193848217}}</ref>

===1996 film version===

This song was recreated by lyricist Yogesh and composer [[Aadesh Shrivastava]] for Bollywood film [[Apne Dam Par]]. The singer was [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Mahesh Dutta|title=Hit Filmi Geet 1992 To 1996 Part - VI|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=8171825680}}</ref>

===2012 film remake===
[[Indu Sonali]] from the album ''Khoon Pasina''

=== 2019 film version ===
The song was recreated for the Bollywood film ''[[Jabariya Jodi]]'' starting [[Sidharth Malhotra]] and [[Parineeti Chopra]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jabariya Jodi: Parineeti Chopra, Sidharth Malhotra to launch song, UP Hile Zilla Hile, a remake of Bhojpuri song Ara Hile|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jabariya-jodi-parineeti-chopra-sidharth-malhotra-to-launch-song-up-hile-zilla-hile-a-remake-of-bhojpuri-song-ara-hile/story-moox4VJjXQFw5paUgg6GSK_amp.html}}</ref>

=== 2020 remix===
The song is recreated as independent album by Ritesh Pandey.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhojpuri Song: रितेश पांडे के नये गाने 'काशी हिले, छपरा हिले, पटना हिलेला'|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/amp/story/entertainment%252Fritesh-pandey-new-bhojpuri-song-kashi-hile-chhapra-hile-goes-viral-watch-video}}</ref>

This song was also recreated in the Bhojpuri film "Bitiya Sada Suhagan Raha" starring [[Rani Chatterjee]] [[kritn ajitesh]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Satyendra |title=Bitiya Sada Suhagan Raha - Bhojpuri Movie Star Casts, Wallpapers, Songs & Videos |url=http://www.bhojpurifilmiduniya.com/2016/03/bitiya-sada-suhagan-raha.html |access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref> and sung by [[Kalpana Patowary]] in an album.
The song get it most of popularity in its remix version.
Bhojpuri song are now becoming a sign of nudity, abusing etc.so it became unfit for listening in public places or with family.(By-Gaurav Kumar)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bhojpuri folk music]]

Sherechiwadi

2023-06-19T23:32:06Z

AnkuMalik: Added first stub v1

{{Short description|Small Indian village}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sherechiwadi
| other_name = Anandgaon
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = #Maharashtra #India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_relief = y
| pushpin_map_alt = sherechiwadi
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Maharashtra]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|56|38|N|74|11|26|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Satara district|Satara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1962
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Sarpanch
| leader_name = Ranjana Ganpat Kanse (2023)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 7.689027
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 569
| population_total = 1256
| population_metro =
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_metro_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Sherewadikar
| demographics_type1 = Official
| demographics1_title1 = Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 415521
| area_code = 02162
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| unemployment_rate =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| official_name =
| subdivision_name3 = Phaltan
| subdivision_type3 = Taluka
}}

'''Sherechiwadi''' is a small village located in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in western India.

== Demographics ==
Sherechiwadi is a small village located in the Satara district of Maharashtra, India. According to the [[2011 Census of India]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sherechiwadi Village Population - Phaltan - Satara, Maharashtra |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/563342-sherechiwadi-maharashtra.html |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> the total population of Sherechiwadi was 930, with 477 males and 453 females.

The village has a literacy rate of approximately 70%, with a higher literacy rate among males (80%) compared to females (60%). The primary language spoken in Sherechiwadi is [[Marathi language|Marathi]], which is the official language of the state of Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pin Code: SHERECHIWADI, SATARA, MAHARASHTRA, India, Pincode.net.in |url=https://pincode.net.in/MAHARASHTRA/SATARA/S/SHERECHIWADI |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=pincode.net.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Waterfall_near_sherechiwadi.png|thumb|289x289px|Rapids near Sherechiwadi]]
Sherechiwadi is a small village located in the Satara district of the state of Maharashtra in western India. It is situated in the [[Western Ghats|Sahyadri mountain range]] and is surrounded by lush green hills, valleys, and forests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sherechiwadi · Maharashtra, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sherechiwadi,+Maharashtra/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bc3b2f4f982d1d3:0x5ddc120906af822f?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0kvCzmsL9AhVqV2wGHYhYATsQ8gF6BAgIEAI |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Sherechiwadi · Maharashtra, India |language=en}}</ref>

The village is located at an elevation of approximately 450 meters above sea level and has a warm and humid climate, with temperatures ranging from 25-30 °C in the summer months and 15-20 °C in the winter months.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sherchiwadi climate |url=https://www.accuweather.com/en/in/sherechiwadi/2779065/daily-weather-forecast/2779065}}</ref>

The main water source for the village is the [[Kundali River]], which flows through the area and provides water for irrigation and drinking purposes. The river also serves as an important source of fish and other aquatic life for the villagers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=sherechiwadi map |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/maharashtra/satara/phaltan/sherechiwadi.html}}</ref>
[[File:Gram_Panchayat_Office.png|thumb|Gram Panchayat's Office, Sherechiwadi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Satara district]]

Hinduism in Rajasthan

2022-03-15T10:18:32Z

AnkuMalik: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Hinduism in India]]

Thrissur District, Kerala

2020-09-08T04:57:33Z

AnkuMalik: starting new location

#REDIRECT [[Thrissur district]]