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Qazi Muhammad Isa

2026-05-20T01:46:02Z

Anis: info

{{Short description|Pakistani politician}}
{{Distinguish|Qazi Muhammad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Qazi Muhammad Isa
| native_name = {{nobold|{{Nastaliq|قاضی محمد عیسیٰ}}}}
| image = Qazi Muhammad Isa.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, {{circa|1940s}}
| birth_date = 17 July 1914
| birth_place = [[Pishin District]], [[Balochistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1976|06|19|df=y|1914|07|17}}
| death_place = [[Quetta]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], Pakistan
| known_for = Being one of the [[List of Pakistan Movement activists|Founding father]] of [[Pakistan Movement|Pakistan]] Lifelong member of [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]
| children = [[Qazi Faez Isa]] (son)
 Qazi Azmat Isa (son) Qazi Anwar Kamal Isa (son){{sfn|National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research|1998}}
[[Ashraf Qazi]]
}}

'''Qazi Muhammad Isa'''{{Efn|{{langx|ur|قاضی محمد عیسیٰ}}}} (17 July 1914 – 19 June 1976) was a Pakistani [[List of Pakistan Movement activists|founding father]], diplomat and statesman who led the [[Pakistan Movement]] in [[Balochistan]]. He was a signatory of the [[Lahore Resolution]], representing the [[Balochistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Balochistan Province]].

==Early life and career==
Qazi Muhammad Isa was born on 17 July 1914 in [[Pishin District]], [[Balochistan]]. He received his basic education in [[Quetta]]. In 1933, he went to England for higher studies and received his law degree from [[Middle Temple]], London. After returning to British India, he started practicing law in [[Bombay]] in 1938 where he first met [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]].<ref name="storyofpakistan">[http://storyofpakistan.com/qazi-mohammad-isa/ Profile of Qazi Muhammad Essa on storyofpakistan.com website] Retrieved 27 August 2021</ref>

He participated in the formation of the first Muslim political party in what was to become [[Pakistan]], ([[All-India Muslim League|All-India Muslim league]]) [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] before 1947. He was from a [[Sunni]] [[Hazara people|Hazara]] of [[Sheikh Ali (Hazara tribe)|Sheikh Ali]] tribe, whose ancestors had migrated from [[Kandahar]], Afghanistan to [[Pishin, Balochistan|Pishin]] in Balochistan, Pakistan.<ref name="Javed">{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/730474/hope-fades-away-for-hazaras-of-pakistan|title=Hope fades away for Hazaras of Pakistan|work=Dawn|date=29 June 2012|access-date=9 June 2020|first=Saleem|last=Javed|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221084927/https://www.dawn.com/news/730474/hope-fades-away-for-hazaras-of-pakistan|archive-date=21 February 2019|url-status=live|quote=Hazaras also played an important role in the formation of Pakistan. A Hazara politician, Qazi Mohammad Essa (his son, Faiz Essa, is the present Chief Justice of Balochistan High Court), was the founder of Balochistan Muslim League who represented Balochistan in Lahore Resolution in 1940.}}</ref>

"After having been called to Bar in January 1939, he returned home and met Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah in Bombay. He was so impressed with his ideas and personality that on his return to Balochistan, he founded the All-India Muslim League in his province."<ref name=storyofpakistan /> He played a key role in the [[Pakistan Movement]] and was one of the trusted lieutenants of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. He was the youngest member of the Working Committee of the [[All-India Muslim League]] and as President of the Baluchistan Provincial Muslim League, he quickly organized the party throughout the province and played a key role in the 'Vote for Pakistan movement' and in the historical referendum of the then [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)|North-West Frontier Province]]. Qazi Essa travelled more than 300,000 miles to campaign for the Pakistan Movement between 1940 and 1947.<ref name=storyofpakistan/><ref name="humsafar">{{Cite web |title=Humsafar.info is under construction |url=http://www.humsafar.info/pio_qazi_mohammad_isa.php |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.humsafar.info}}</ref>

He represented Balochistan in the 1940 [[Lahore Resolution]] (''Qarardad-e-Lahore'' قرارداد لاھور), commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution (قرارداد پاکستان ''Qarardad-e-Pakistan'').<ref name=storyofpakistan/> His nephew, [[Ashraf Jehangir Qazi]], has been a Pakistani [[High Commissioner]] in India, Pakistan's [[Permanent representative]] in UNO and UN Secretary General Special Representative in [[Iraq]]. Qazi Essa's son [[Qazi Faez Isa]] became Chief Justice of [[Balochistan High Court]] on 5 August 2009{{sfn|National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research|1998}} and, later, took oath as a Judge of the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] on 5 September 2014.<ref name=storyofpakistan/><ref name=supremecourt.gov.pk>[https://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/judges/honorable-judges/mr-justice-qazi-faez-isa/ Profile of Justice Qazi Faez Isa (son of Qazi Muhammad Essa) on supremecourt.gov.pk website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827224926/https://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/judges/honorable-judges/mr-justice-qazi-faez-isa/ |date=27 August 2021 }} Retrieved 27 August 2021</ref> Qazi Faez Isa, later, served as 29th Chief Justice of Pakistan from 17 September 2023 to 25 October 2024.

Later, Qazi Muhammad Isa served as [[Ambassador]] of Pakistan to [[Brazil]] from 1951 to 1953. He also was a member of Pakistan delegations to the [[United Nations]] in 1950, 1954 and 1974. He was appointed member of the Committee on Minorities in the first [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]].<ref name=storyofpakistan/>

==Commemorative postage stamp issued in 1990==
* [[Pakistan Postal Services]] issued a commemorative postage stamp in Qazi Muhammad Isa's honor in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series in 1990.<ref>[https://www.sbp.org.pk/Museum/frmftr.htm 1990 Pioneers Of Freedom Series commemorative postage stamps on State Bank of Pakistan Museum website] Retrieved 27 August 2021</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cybercity-online.net/pof/qazi_mohammad_isa.html |date=26 October 2003|archive-date=22 November 2010|title=Profile of Qazi Mohaammad Isa |website=cybercity-online.net website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122083440/http://cybercity-online.net/pof/qazi_mohammad_isa.html|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
Qazi Muhammad Isa died on 19 June 1976. Qazi Isa devotedly served the Muslim League for 37 years.<ref name=storyofpakistan /> Among his survivors are some notable Pakistani personalities.

==See also==
* [[All-India Muslim League]]
* [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]]
* [[Lahore Resolution]]
* [[Qazi Faez Isa]] (Justice of [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] and a son of Qazi Mohammad Isa)
* [[Ashraf Jehangir Qazi]] (a nephew of Qazi Mohammad Isa)
* [[History of Quetta]]
* [[List of Hazara people]]

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|33em}}
* Francis Robinson (1997), ''The Muslims and Partition'', History Today, Vol. 47
* {{citation |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ne5tAAAAMAAJ|title=Pakistan Journal of History and Culture, Volume 19|date=1998|publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research|page=124|location=[[Pakistan]]|ref={{sfnref|National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research|1998}}}}
{{refend}}

{{Pakistan Movement}}

[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:Pakistani Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Quetta]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Hazara descent]]
[[Category:Hazara politicians]]
[[Category:Qazi family]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement activists from Balochistan]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to Brazil]]
[[Category:People from Pishin District]]

Master Haja Sheriff

2026-05-04T22:46:19Z

Anis: new

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1969)}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Master Haja Sheriff
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1969|1|3}}
| birth_place = [[Kilakarai]], [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]], Tamil Nadu, India
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1979–2007
| notable_works = ''[[Puthiya Vaarpugal]]'' ''[[Uthiripookkal]]'' ''[[Suvarilladha Chiththirangal]]'' ''[[Andha 7 Naatkal]]'' ''[[Samsaram Adhu Minsaram]]''
}}

'''Master Haja Sheriff''' (born 3 January 1969) is an Indian program organiser and former actor who primarily worked in [[Tamil cinema]]. He has made appearances in popular films such as ''[[Uthiripookkal]]'', ''[[Suvarilladha Chiththirangal]]'', ''[[Andha 7 Naatkal]]'', & ''[[Samsaram Adhu Minsaram]]''. Haja Sheriff debuted in the 1979 film ''[[Puthiya Vaarpugal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://antrukandamugam.wordpress.com/2016/06/25/master-haja-sheriff/|title=Master Haja Sheriff|last=|first=|date=2016-06-25|website=Antru Kanda Mugam|language=en|access-date=2020-02-03|archive-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203120214/https://antrukandamugam.wordpress.com/2016/06/25/master-haja-sheriff/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Film career ==
Haja Sheriff's debut film was ''[[Puthiya Vaarpugal]]''. Although he has starred in films such as ''[[Uthiripookkal]]'' & ''[[Suvarilladha Chiththirangal]]'', his most famous film of all time is ''[[Andha 7 Naatkal]]'' by [[K. Bhagyaraj]]. In this film, Haja Sheriff played the role of a [[dholak]] boy & disciple to Palakkattu Madhavan, while Bhagyaraj played Palakkattu Madhavan, an aspiring music director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/specials/goundamani-kaja-sherif-049218.html|title=கவுண்டமணியிடம் உதை வாங்கியும் உதவாமல் போனது யார்க்கு?|last=Shankar|date=2017-10-20|website=filmibeat|language=ta|access-date=2020-02-03|archive-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203120210/https://tamil.filmibeat.com/specials/goundamani-kaja-sherif-049218.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Now at present Haja Sheriff is not acting in any film. Haja Sheriff is currently working as Star Night Program Organizer in Countries such as Canada, Malaysia, United Arab Emirates, & United States of America.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/kaja-sherips-current-status/|title=நடிகர் காஜா ஷெரிப்பின் தற்போதைய நிலை|last=Kumar|first=Ashok|date=2017-10-14|website=Tamil Behind Talkies|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-03|archive-date=16 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316093454/https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/kaja-sherips-current-status/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
''This is a partial filmography. You can expand it.''

===Tamil films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |1979 ||''[[Puthiya Vaarpugal]]''||Duraisamy||Debut film
|-
|''[[Uthiripookkal]]''||Raja||
|-
|''[[Suvarilladha Chiththirangal]]''||Arumugam||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1980
|''[[Thai Pongal (film)|Thai Pongal]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Poottaatha Poottukkal]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Anbukku Naan Adimai]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Moodu Pani]]''||Pimp||Uncredited
|-
|''[[Nizhalgal]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1981
|''[[Karaiyellam Shenbagapoo]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Andha 7 Naatkal]]''||Gopi||
|-
|''[[Nenjil Oru Mul]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="12" |1982
|''[[Pokkiri Raja (1982 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Raagam Thedum Pallavi]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Auto Raja (1982 film)|Auto Raja]]''||Petty shop owner||
|-
|''[[Kadhal Oviyam]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Pattanathu Rajakkal]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Thanikattu Raja]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Ranga (1982 film)|Ranga]]''||Suresh||
|-
|''[[Poi Satchi]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Moondru Mugam]]'' || Mani ||
|-
|''[[Gopurangal Saivathillai]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Valibamey Vaa Vaa]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Agaya Gangai (film)|Aagaya Gangai]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |1983
|''[[Thudikkum Karangal (1983 film)|Thudikkum Karangal]]''||Workshop boy||
|-
|''[[Thangaikkor Geetham]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Malaiyoor Mambattiyan]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Nenjamellam Neeye]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Sandhippu]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Raagangal Maaruvathillai]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Apoorva Sahodarigal]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Villiyanur Matha]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1984
|''[[Komberi Mookan]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Madras Vathiyar]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Pozhuthu Vidinchachu]]''|| ||
|-
|''Neram Nalla Neram''|| ||
|-
|''Priyamudan Prabhu''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |1985
|''Kuzhandhai Yesu''|| ||
|-
|''[[Alai Osai]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Un Kannil Neer Vazhindal]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Aval Sumangalithan]]''||Mani||
|-
|''Mookkanan Kayiru''|| ||
|-
|''[[Amudha Gaanam]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Idaya Kovil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aan Paavam]]'' || Cloth store employee ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1986
|''[[December Pookal]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Lakshmi Vandhachu (film)|Lakshmi Vandhachu]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Samsaram Adhu Minsaram]]''||Bharathi||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1987
|''[[Kavalan Avan Kovalan]]''|| Cloth store employee||
|-
|''[[Vairagyam]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Puyal Paadum Paattu]]'' || ||
|-
|1988||''[[Nethiyadi]]''||Tailor||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1989
|''[[Enne Petha Raasa]]''||Ganesan ||
|-
|''[[Enga Ooru Mappillai]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Manasukketha Maharasa]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991
|''[[Irumbu Pookkal]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Nallathai Naadu Kekum]]''||Ramu's friend||<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4-Gc2SVYoY Nallathai Naadu Kekum (1991)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514124223/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4-Gc2SVYoY |date=14 May 2023 }} ''Classic Movies'' (Motion picture) (in Tamil). India: Jeppiar Pictures. 1991. Character's name mentioned from 00:09:50 to 00:15:20.</ref>
|-
|1992||''[[Chinna Pasanga Naanga]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1993
|''[[Aadhityan]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Poranthalum Ambalaiya Porakka Koodathu]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Parvathi Ennai Paradi]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Porantha Veeda Puguntha Veeda]]''||Ravi's brother||
|-
|''[[Thangakkili]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1998
|''[[Santhosham (1998 film)|Santhosham]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Jolly (film)|Jolly]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
|''[[Seerivarum Kaalai]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Citizen (2001 film)|Citizen]]''||Clerk||rowspan="2"|Uncredited
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Thalaimagan]]'' ||
|-
|2007||''[[Kalakkura Chandru]]''|| ||
|-
|}

===Other Language films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
| 1980 || [[Anbukku Naan Adimai|''Mayadari Krishnudu'']]
|
| rowspan="3" |Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|1981 || [[Radha Kalyanam (1981 film)|''Radha Kalyanam'']]
|Gopi||
|-
|''Pedala Brathukulu'' ||
|-
|''Thenum Vayambum''|| || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1982 || ''[[Irattimadhuram]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Golconda Abbulu]]''
|
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Samsaram Oka Chadarangam]]''|| ||
|-
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=10251021}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haja Sheriff, Master}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow

2026-05-03T14:53:23Z

Anis: data...

{{Short description|State government university in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University
| former_names = *Uttar Pradesh Technical University
* Gautam Buddh Technical University
* Mahamaya Technical University
| image = Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University logo.png
| image_size = 180px
| image_alt = Dr. A.P.J.D Abdul Kalam Technical University
| motto =
| colors = {{color box|#740c01}} {{color box|#bad33a}} {{color box|#abd7fc}}
| mottoeng = Excellence in action is yoga
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|2000|07|26}}
| type = State Government University
| chancellor = [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]
| vice_chancellor = J. P. Pandey
| city = [[Lucknow]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.9443029|80.9396275|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]]
| website = {{url|http://aktu.ac.in}}
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC A)
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[AICTE]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aicte-india.org/statisticuniversities.htm|title=Accreditation: Universities: Uttar Pradesh: Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow|publisher=[[All India Council for Technical Education]] ([[AICTE]]) website|access-date=21 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124084343/http://www.aicte-india.org/statisticuniversities.htm|archive-date=24 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

'''Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University''' ('''AKTU'''), before 2015 known as the '''Uttar Pradesh Technical University''' ('''UPTU'''), is a public [[collegiate university]] in [[Lucknow|Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh]], India. It was established as the Uttar Pradesh Technical University through the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] on 8 May 2000. To reduce workload and to ensure proper management, the university was bifurcated into separate universities, Gautam Buddh Technical University (GBTU) and Mahamaya Technical University (MTU), with effect from 1 May 2010.<ref name="circular">{{cite web|title=UPTU Circular|url=http://uptu.ac.in/colleges/clogin_28052010.pdf|access-date=25 March 2011|location=[[Lucknow]]|page=1|language=hi|date=28 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721151149/http://uptu.ac.in/colleges/clogin_28052010.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2013, as a new government came into power, the university was formed again by combining the two on 5 January 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Govt-merges-MTU-GBTU-to-form-UPTU/articleshow/17908059.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Govt merges MTU, GBTU to form UPTU | access-date=11 March 2014 | archive-date=7 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207084643/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Govt-merges-MTU-GBTU-to-form-UPTU/articleshow/17908059.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

It is an affiliating university, with approximately 800 colleges affiliated to it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uptu.ac.in/academics/inst_list.asp |title=Institute List |publisher=Gautam Buddh Technical University |access-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421123135/http://www.uptu.ac.in/academics/inst_list.asp |archive-date=21 April 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> The university was earlier on the [[IET Lucknow]] campus. Now it is in its newly inaugurated campus in Jankipuram, Lucknow. Additionally, the university had a Centre and Regional Office in [[Noida|Noida, Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":1" />

==History==
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow formerly known as Uttar Pradesh Technical University (UPTU), was established by the government of Uttar Pradesh on 8 May 2000 (Act No. 1248 (2)XVII-V-I-I-19-2000 Uttar Pradesh Adhiniyam Sankhya 23 of 2000). Under the University Act, 'Technical Education' includes programmes of education, research, and training in engineering, technology, architecture, town planning, pharmacy, applied arts and crafts, and such other programmes and areas that the central government may declare by notification in the Gazette in consultation with [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE).<ref name=":1" />

The university was bifurcated into the Mahamaya Technical University and Gautam Buddha Technical University as of 1 May 2010 for better management of education in the state. On 1 May 2013, the Uttar Pradesh government decided to merge GBTU and MTU to bring back the original form of UPTU. On 31 October 2013, GBTU (Gautam Buddha Technical University, Lucknow) and MTU (Mahamaya Technical University, Noida) merged back to with old name UPTU (Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow), the university with the maximum number of colleges affiliated to it, in India.<ref name="circular" /> On 18 September 2015, the university was officially renamed as Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University.<ref>{{cite news|title=UPTU Renamed|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/uptu-renamed-as-apj-abdul-kalam-tech-university-285847-2015-08-01|access-date=4 November 2016|agency=IndiaToday|issue=August 1, 2015|publisher=IndiaToday|archive-date=4 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104204530/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/uptu-renamed-as-apj-abdul-kalam-tech-university/1/455535.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Overview==
The university is affiliating in nature and its jurisdiction spanned the state of Uttar Pradesh. It is one of the largest technical universities in India and perhaps in Asia. Because of its size, the number of colleges affiliated with it, and geographic dispersion, it is sub-divided into five zones with 150–160 colleges in each zone for the ease of management and facilitating inter-zonal comparison and possible internal competition to enhance the quality of teaching-learning processes.<ref name=":1" />

The university envisioned to facilitate and nurture quality technical education and research in its own premises as well as all affiliated institutions. There were 49 affiliated colleges in 2000, now in August 2019, 785 colleges and institutions. The task of the university included conducting the [[SEE-UPTU]] for admission to programs affiliated with it. The university conducted central examinations each semester for all the affiliated colleges and institutions. Results were declared using technology-enabled systems. At present, in August 2019 around 4,00,000 students are enrolled in its programmes. The medium of instruction and examination is English.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://erp.aktu.ac.in/webpages/kyc/AboutAKTU.aspx|title=About AKTU • Know Your College • AKTU|access-date=28 September 2019|archive-date=28 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928113255/https://erp.aktu.ac.in/webpages/kyc/AboutAKTU.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

As per a dipstick study conducted by MeritTrac in association with ''UPTU Watch'' magazine (2011), the engineering talent pool of the university was found to be significantly better than the national average.<ref name=uptuwatch>{{cite web|title=Engineering Talent Pool Survey Report|date=10 February 2011 |url=http://magazine.uptuwatch.com/?p=1864 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820112221/http://magazine.uptuwatch.com/?p=1864 |archive-date=20 August 2011 |publisher=UPTU Watch|access-date=25 March 2011}}</ref>

==Colleges==
{{Main|List of colleges affiliated with Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University}}
===Constituent Colleges===
Source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2017 |url=https://aktu.ac.in/pdf/annualreport2017.pdf |accessdate=5 August 2018 |publisher=AKTU |archive-date=16 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116135434/https://aktu.ac.in/pdf/annualreport2017.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

* [[Institute of Engineering and Technology]]
* Faculty of Architecture and Planning
* Centre for Advanced Studies, Lucknow
* U.P. Institute of Design, Noida

===Formerly affiliated institutions===
* [[Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology]] (2000 to 2002)<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.mnnit.ac.in/index.php/institute/about-us |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=www.mnnit.ac.in |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903184129/http://www.mnnit.ac.in/index.php/institute/about-us |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology]] (2000 to 2013)
* [[Harcourt Butler Technical University]] (2000 to 2016)
* Jauhar College of Engineering and Technology (2010 to 2014)
* [[Pharmacy College Saifai]] (2015 to 2016)

== Courses and rankings ==
The university offers undergraduate courses in [[engineering]], [[architecture]], [[Hospitality management studies|hotel management and catering technology]], [[Fashion design|fashion and apparel design]], and [[pharmacy]]. These lead to degrees of [[B.Tech]], [[B.Arch]], BHMCT, BFAD, and [[Bachelor of Pharmacy|B.Pharma]] respectively. The university offers postgraduate courses in [[computer applications]] and [[business administration]] leading to degrees of [[Master of Computer Applications|MCA]], [[MBA]] and MBA (Rural Development).<ref name="uptu branches">[http://www.uptu.ac.in/examination/branch_code_list.htm Courses offered by gbtu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516012420/http://www.uptu.ac.in/examination/branch_code_list.htm|date=16 May 2013}}, uptu.ac.in Retrieved 09-07-2012</ref> The university received its lowest number of applications in 2016, lowest in past 5 years.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 March 2016 |title=UPSEE courses not so popular among students? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/UPSEE-courses-not-so-popular-among-students/articleshow/51556426.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331145552/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/UPSEE-courses-not-so-popular-among-students/articleshow/51556426.cms |archive-date=31 March 2016 |access-date=28 May 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The university offers training and placement support to affiliated colleges and institutes through the University industry interface cell(UIIC).{{Cn|date=August 2023}}

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University (AKTU) is accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] with an 'A' grade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AKTU Awarded NAAC 'A' Grade Accreditation |url=https://aktu.ac.in/ |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University |quote=Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University (AKTU) has been awarded an "A" grade by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) in its first cycle of evaluation. This accreditation, with a CGPA of 3.25 on a seven-point scale, is valid for five years starting June 14, 2025.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AKTU को NAAC में मिला A ग्रेड: अब शुरू होंगे ऑनलाइन पाठ्यक्रम, 25 साल में पहली बार हुआ इवैल्यूएशन |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/news/lucknow-aktu-got-a-grade-in-naac-online-courses-to-start-soon-135337242.html |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Bhaskar.com |language=hi}}</ref> The university is approved by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] and the [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]. Many of the affiliated institutes under AKTU have secured [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA (National Board of Accreditation)]] accreditations for their engineering, pharmacy, and management programs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NAAC & NBA Accredited Institutions |url=https://aktu.ac.in/naac%20programm.html |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University}}</ref>

== J.S.S. Academy of Technical Education ==
{{Infobox university
| name = J.S.S. Academy of Technical Education, Noida
| image = JSSATE_Noida.png
| caption =
| type = Private
| established = {{start date and age|1998}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jssaten.ac.in//about|title=About JSSATEN|website=jssaten.ac.in|access-date=2025-02-22}}</ref>
| affiliation = [[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University]]
| principal = Dr. Amarjeet Singh
| dean =
| faculty =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| city = [[Noida]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = {{convert|28|acre}}
| free_label = Approvals
| free = [[AICTE]]
| logo =
| website = {{URL|www.jssaten.ac.in}}
}}J.S.S. Academy of Technical Education, Noida or JSSATE Noida is a private engineering institute situated in Sector 62, Noida in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is affiliated to Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Submit outstanding dues; give details of funds taken from varsity: AKTU to colleges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/submit-outstanding-dues-give-details-of-funds-taken-from-varsity-aktu-to-colleges/articleshow/59638620.cms |access-date=2025-08-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
J.S.S. Academy of Technical Education, Noida was established in 1998 by the JSS Mahavidyapeetha, [[Mysore|Mysuru]], through its [[Ghaziabad]]–[[Noida]] chapter.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=JSSATE Noida |url=https://jssaten.ac.in/pview/about_mvp |access-date=21 August 2025 |website=jssaten.ac.in}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |title=Note on JSS Mahavidyapeetha, Ghaziabad-Noida |url=https://jssonline.org/note-on-jss-mahavidyapeetha-ghaziabad-noida/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |website=JSS Mahavidyapeetha |language=en-US}}</ref> The parent body, JSS Mahavidyapeetha, was founded in 1954 by Jagadguru Shivarathri Rajendra Mahaswami and formally registered in 1962 under the Societies Act.<ref name=":2" />

=== Academics and research ===
JSSATE offers undergraduate [[Bachelor of Technology]] (B. Tech.) programs in Computer Science and Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering (Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning), Computer Science and Engineering (Data Science), Information Technology, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering and Electrical Engineering, along with a postgraduate program in [[Master of Computer Applications]] (MCA).<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=AICTE Approval Dashboard – JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida |url=https://facilities.aicte-india.org/dashboard/pages/angulardashboard.php#!/approved |access-date=2025-08-21 |publisher=All India Council for Technical Education}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=J.S.S. Academy of Technical Education, Gautam Buddha Nagar |url=https://erp.aktu.ac.in/WebPages/KYC/CollegeDetailedInformation.aspx?Inst=091%20%20&S=26 |access-date=21 August 2025 |website=Know Your College (by AKTU)}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=JSS Academy of Technical Education (Noida) – NBA |url=https://www.nbaind.org/accreditationprogram/AccreditedProgram?ID=qwlMeKvvRFkROOUyYkKt0g==&lbl=eDu5wWlpPACyA1pvdpp7mw==&tier=/L+fxyhb6EPZUvjtT2wypA==&name=wMNR/LxT4iwXWKhiAHUUp9MV2RwOOtuSMr+o0oar5ZZF8b30fA1b0pIchfncoJFfd+x27dqejBKTrbUkOgANAT/5WkJESnr14S3cAEqTVuM= |access-date=21 August 2025 |website=[[National Board of Accreditation]]}}</ref>

The undergraduate students at JSSATE are selected through Uttar Pradesh Technical Admission Counselling (UPTAC) process, organised by AKTU every year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Participating Institutes {{!}} Uttar Pradesh Technical Admission Counselling |url=https://uptac.admissions.nic.in/institutes/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |website=UPTAC |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":12" /> Seats are allotted on the basis of the [[Joint Entrance Examination]] ([[Joint Entrance Examination – Main|JEE Main]]) ranks, along with the reservation criteria laid down by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPTAC counselling procedure 2025 |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s32d969e2cee8cfa07ce7ca0bb13c7a36d/uploads/2025/07/2025072447.pdf |access-date=21 August 2025 |website=UPTAC}}</ref>

In October 2016, JSSATE was designated as a PhD research centre in Mechanical Engineering by AKTU, enabling doctoral candidates to pursue research in its facilities. The designation was awarded based on the college's infrastructure, faculty quality, and equipment, with AKTU committing to sanction funds of up to ₹5 lakh per project for promising research proposals.<ref>{{Cite news |title=9 colleges in Noida-Ghaziabad designated as research centres by AKTU |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/9-colleges-in-noida-ghaziabad-designated-as-research-centres-by-aktu/articleshow/54925671.cms |access-date=2025-08-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Rankings and accreditation ===
JSSATE was ranked in the 201–300 band among engineering institutes in India, with 11th position within Uttar Pradesh, by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2024 |title=National Institutional Ranking Framework 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/EngineeringRanking300.html |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=NIRF}}</ref> The institute was again named in the 201–300 band in 2025 NIRF rankings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2025 |title=NIRF rankings 2025 (engineering) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/EngineeringRanking300.html |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=[[National Institutional Ranking Framework]]}}</ref> ''[[Outlook India]]'' ranked it 67th among 160 private engineering institutes in 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=5 July 2024 |title=Outlook-ICARE Rankings 2024: Top 160 Private Engineering Institutes |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/education/top-160-private-engineering-institutes-2 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=[[Outlook India]] |language=en}}</ref> and 72nd among 200 private engineering institutes of India in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 July 2025 |title=Outlook-ICARE Rankings 2025: Top 200 Private Engineering Institutes |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/education/outlook-icare-rankings-2025-top-200-private-engineering-institutes |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=[[Outlook India]] |language=en}}</ref>

JSSATE is approved by [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE).<ref name=":4" /> The [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA) has accredited several undergraduate engineering programs at the institute under Tier II status. As of 2023, the following programs hold accreditation:<ref name=":5" />

* Computer Science and Engineering – Accredited up to 30 June 2026
* Electronics and Communication Engineering – Accredited up to 30 June 2026
* Mechanical Engineering – Accredited up to 30 June 2025
* Electrical and Electronics Engineering – Accredited up to 30 June 2025
* Electrical Engineering – Last accredited up to 30 June 2022
* Information Technology – Accredited up to 30 June 2023

[[QS World University Rankings|QS]] I-GAUGE has accredited JSSATE with an overall Gold rating, with Diamond (highest) ratings in faculty quality, employability, and governance & structure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida |url=https://www.igauge.in/institution/colleges/jss-academy-of-technical-education-noida |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=I-GAUGE |language=en}}</ref>

=== Student life and innovations ===
The [[Noida]] campus of JSSATE is spread over 28 acres and includes academic blocks, laboratories, libraries, and hostels.<ref name=":3" /> In December 2023, it was reported that JSSATE planned to establish an additional campus in [[Greater Noida]]. The [[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority|Greater Noida Authority]] identified two potential plots in Techzone 2—one of 28 acres and another of 33 acres near the Stellar IT Park—and hosted institutional representatives to discuss land allotment for the proposed campus development.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 December 2023 |title=2 institutes set to open campuses in Greater Noida |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/two-institutes-to-open-campuses-in-greater-noida/articleshow/106363490.cms |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirola |first=Dipika |date=28 December 2023 |title=Pvt universities plan to set up campuses in Gr Noida |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/delhi/pvt-universities-plan-to-set-up-campuses-in-gr-noida-546027 |access-date=21 August 2025 |website=Millennium Post |language=en}}</ref>

TEDxJSSATE is an independently organised TED event, which saw some of the notable guest speakers including [[Nikita Anand]] and [[Gaurav Chaudhary]] (aka Technical Guruji).<ref>{{Cite web |title=TEDxJSSATE {{!}} TED |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/24520 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=ted.com}}</ref>

JSSATE also has a Science & Technology Entrepreneurship Park (STEP) within their campus above the Library. It offers facilities such as nursery sheds, testing, and calibration facilities, precision tool room/central workshop, prototype development, business facilitation, computing, data bank, library and documentation, communication, seminar hall/conference room, common facilities such as phone, telex, fax, photocopying. It offers services like testing and calibration, and consultancy. Training, technical support services, business facilitation services, database and documentation services, quality assurance services, and common utility services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to NSTEDB |url=http://www.nstedb.com/institutional/step.htm |access-date=2019-11-19 |website=nstedb.com}}</ref> The Science & Technology Entrepreneurs Park is a registered society under the Society Registration Act, 1860.<ref name="steplist">{{cite web |title=STEPs Sanctioned by Department of Science and Technology as on 31.12.2009 |url=http://www.nstedb.com/institutional/step-centre.htm |access-date=21 March 2011}}</ref>

In 2022, a startup incubated at JSSATE-STEP, Shellios Technolabs, developed and commercialized an anti-pollution helmet named ''Puros''. It has a granted utility patent and was reported to reduce riders' exposure to air pollutants by over 80%. The project received seed support from the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science & Technology]] and later entered a commercialization partnership with [[Royal Enfield]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 August 2022 |title=Now, a helmet that safeguards against pollution |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2022/Aug/23/now-a-helmet-that-safeguards-against-pollution-2490513.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2022 |title=Breath of fresh air for bikers |url=https://dst.gov.in/breath-fresh-air-bikers |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Department of Science & Technology}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2022 |title=Delhi-based anti-pollution helmet start-up partners Royal Enfield to commercialise product |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/express-mobility-delhi-based-anti-pollution-helmet-start-up-partners-royal-enfield-to-commercialise-product-2639966/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=The Financial Express}}</ref>

In November 2023, JSSATE hosted "Sustainable India – 2023", a national-level sustainability event organized in collaboration with the Sustainability and Energy Practitioners Association (SEPA). The event was inaugurated by Union Minister [[Nitin Gadkari]] and featured workshops, panel discussions, technical presentations, and a National Solar Competition aimed at promoting renewable energy innovation among students.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2023 |title=Nitin Gadkari to inaugurate ‘Sustainable India 2023’ event on Nov 21 |url=https://theprint.in/economy/nitin-gadkari-to-inaugurate-sustainable-india-2023-event-on-nov-21/1850843/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[The Print]] |agency=ANI}}</ref>

In April 2024, JSSATE STEP hosted the Future Tech Summit 2024, which focused on innovating technology solutions for the global population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JSSATE STEP hosts Future Tech Summit 2024: Innovating Technology Solutions for the 8 Billion |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/jssate-step-hosts-future-tech-summit-2024-innovating-technology-solutions-for-the-8-billion20240430192325/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501200657/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/jssate-step-hosts-future-tech-summit-2024-innovating-technology-solutions-for-the-8-billion20240430192325/ |archive-date=1 May 2024 |access-date=21 August 2025 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

=== Controversies ===
In September 2014, a female student found three [[Hidden camera|spy cameras]] in the washroom of the girls' hostel. The camera was fixed with duct tape and was hidden under the wash basin. As the news broke out, almost 4,000 students came out on roads to protest against the management and calling for an immediate probe and necessary punitive action.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2014 |title=Spy cam in girls' hostel of Noida college triggers outrage, protests {{!}} Noida News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/spy-cam-in-girls-hostel-of-noida-college-triggers-outrage-protests/articleshow/42846384.cms |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en |agency=TNN}}</ref> An [[First information report|FIR]] was filed against four people, which includes the housekeeping staff and security guards.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-09-20 |title=Noida college ups security after spy cam found in girls’ washroom |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/noida-college-ups-security-after-spy-cam-found-in-girls-washroom/article6429238.ece |access-date=2025-08-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In December 2022, JSSATE became the subject of a criminal case when four third-year students allegedly assaulted a first-year student after forcing him to address them as "sir" and complete their assignments. The victim sustained fractures in the shoulder and was hospitalized. An FIR was registered under multiple IPC sections—307 (attempt to murder), 325 (grievous hurt), and others—and the accused were suspended.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2022 |title=Noida: Week on, no trace of 4 students who ragged junior in hostel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/noida-week-on-no-trace-of-4-students-who-ragged-junior-in-hostel/articleshow/96311475.cms |access-date=2025-08-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-16 |title=Noida: Thrashed by seniors in hostel, student has shoulder fractures |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/first-year-student-beaten-up-in-noida-hostel/articleshow/96272915.cms? |access-date=2025-08-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
List of notable people who studied at Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow.
* [[Sudhanshu Trivedi]], MP<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/dr-sudhanshu-trivedi|title=Dr. Sudhanshu Trivedi | National Portal of India|access-date=12 July 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712201511/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/dr-sudhanshu-trivedi|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Praveen Kumar Nishad]], former MP<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/praveen-kumar-nishad|title=Praveen Kumar Nishad - National Portal of India|access-date=29 July 2022|archive-date=29 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729042227/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/praveen-kumar-nishad|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Yasar Shah]], former MLA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yasar Shah(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- MATERA(BAHRAICH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=4427 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=myneta.info |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905183053/https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=4427 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Abdullah Azam Khan]], former MLA
* [[Swati Maliwal]], MP<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Srikanth |date=2018-04-20 |title=Who is Swati Maliwal and why is she on indefinite hunger strike? |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/who-swati-maliwal-why-she-indefinite-hunger-strike-767315 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325174530/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/who-swati-maliwal-why-she-indefinite-hunger-strike-767315 |url-status=live }}</ref> and women's rights activist<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2024 |title=Who is Swati Maliwal, AAP leader at the center of assault controversy? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-swati-maliwal-aap-leader-at-the-center-of-assault-controversy-101715861582015.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Arun Verma]], former MLA<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arun Verma- About|url=http://arunvermamla.com/About.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225212649/http://arunvermamla.com/About.aspx|archive-date=25 December 2014|access-date=25 December 2014|website=Arun Verma}}</ref>
* [[Utkarsh Verma]], MP
* [[Kumudini Tyagi]], Indian aviator
* [[Vinay Kumar Pathak]], Vice Chancellor Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Uttarakhand Open University, Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University and Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University
* Shishir Dua [[Electronic Arts]], [[GlobalLogic]], [[Hitachi]]
* [[Reecha Sinha]], actress
* [[Prachi Mishra]], actress
* [[Srijan Pal Singh]], Author<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.srijanpalsingh.com/about |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Srijan Pal Singh |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903151720/https://www.srijanpalsingh.com/about |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Ruchita Misra]], Author

== Vice-chancellors ==
* Durg Singh Chauhan (July 2000 to July 2006)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. (Dr.) D.S. Chauhan - Profile |url=https://aktu.ac.in/vc-profile-ds-chauhan.html |access-date=5 September 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207043744/http://aktu.ac.in/vc-profile-ds-chauhan.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[R. K. Mittal]] (July 2006 to July 2006)
* Prem Vrat (July 2006 to July 2009)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Prem Vrat - Profile |url=https://aktu.ac.in/vc-profile-prem-vrat.html |access-date=5 September 2023 |archive-date=6 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906013102/http://aktu.ac.in/vc-profile-prem-vrat.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Kripa Shanker (July 2009 to September 2012)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Kripa Shanker - Profile |url=https://aktu.ac.in/vc_profile_kripa_shanker.html |access-date=5 September 2023 |archive-date=6 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906012617/http://aktu.ac.in/vc_profile_kripa_shanker.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[R.K. Khandal]] (September 2012 to April 2015)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. R K Khandal - Profile |url=https://aktu.ac.in/vc-khandal.html |access-date=5 September 2023 |archive-date=6 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906012603/http://aktu.ac.in/vc-khandal.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Onkar Singh]] (April 2015 to August 2015)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Onkar Singh - Profile |url=https://aktu.ac.in/vc_profile_onkar.html |access-date=5 September 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604175157/http://aktu.ac.in/vc_profile_onkar.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Vinay Kumar Pathak]] (August 2015 to August 2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Vinay Kumar Pathak |url=https://aktu.ac.in/Prof.%20Vinay%20Kumar%20Pathak.html |access-date=5 September 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="VC15">{{cite news |last1=Mullick |first1=Rajeev |date=20 June 2017 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate AKTU's newly constructed campus in Lucknow today |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-aktu-s-newly-constructed-campus-in-lucknow-today/story-ducFplqT2rhZ5aZOszDMOO.html |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115172043/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-aktu-s-newly-constructed-campus-in-lucknow-today/story-ducFplqT2rhZ5aZOszDMOO.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Vineet Kansal (August 2021 to January 2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Vineet Kansal |url=https://aktu.ac.in/prof_kansal.html |access-date=5 September 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="VC22">{{cite news |last1=Mullick |first1=Rajeev |date=5 January 2022 |title=Professor Pradeep Kumar Mishra is new VC of AKTU |language=en |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/professor-pradeep-kumar-mishra-in-new-vc-of-aktu-101641396515268.html |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115094022/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/professor-pradeep-kumar-mishra-in-new-vc-of-aktu-101641396515268.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Pradeep Kumar Mishra (January 2022 to February 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Pradeep Kumar Mishra |url=https://aktu.ac.in/Prof%20Pradeep%20Kumar%20Mishra.html |access-date=5 September 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Alok Kumar Rai]] (February 2023 to May 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Alok Kumar Rai |url=https://aktu.ac.in/Prof%20AKR.html |access-date=5 September 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* J. P. Pandey (May 2023 to Present)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vice Chancellor |url=https://aktu.ac.in/vice-chancellor-profile.html |access-date=5 September 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403225552/https://aktu.ac.in/vice-chancellor-profile.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ghanshyam Binani]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://aktu.ac.in/}}

{{Universities in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Education in Lucknow}}
{{Lucknow}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University| ]]
[[Category:Technical universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2000]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Universities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Memorials to A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Technical University]]

Gurmeet Singh Sandhawalia

2026-04-23T05:24:04Z

Anis: done...

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gurmeet Singh Sandhawalia
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Himachal Pradesh High Court|30th Chief Justice]] of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start = 29 December 2024
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]
| predecessor = [[Rajiv Shakdher]] [[Tarlok Singh Chauhan]] (acting)
| successor =
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|11|1|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| alma_mater = [[DAV College, Chandigarh]] [[Panjab University]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
| appointer2 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| nominator2 = [[S. H. Kapadia]]
| term_start2 = 30 September 2011
| term_end2 = 28 December 2024 {{small|Acting CJ: 4 February 2024 – 8 July 2024}}
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B. A.]] (Hons.)
| parents = [[Surjit Singh Sandhawalia]]
}}

'''Gurmeet Singh Sandhawalia''' (born 1 November 1965) is an Indian judge. He served as Chief Justice of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/justice-gurmeet-sandhawalia-is-new-acting-cj-of-punjab-and-haryana-hc-9141759/|title=Justice Gurmeet Sandhawalia is new acting CJ of Punjab and Haryana HC|date=3 February 2024}}</ref> He previously served as a judge in the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2024 |title=Centre clears appointment of Justice GS Sandhawalia as Himachal Pradesh High Court Chief Justice |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/centre-clears-justice-gs-sandhawalia-himachal-pradesh-high-court-chief-justice |access-date=23 December 2024 |work=Bar & Bench}}</ref>

== Early life ==
G. S. Sandhawalia was born on 1 November 1965.

His father [[Surjit Singh Sandhawalia]] was Chief Justice of Punjab and Haryana High Court from 1978 to 1983, and of the [[Patna High Court]] from 1983 to 1987

He did his B.A. (Hons.) from [[DAV College, Chandigarh]] in 1986 and his L.L.B from [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]] in 1989.

== Career ==
He enrolled as an advocate with the Bar Council of Punjab and Haryana, Chandigarh in August in the same year. He handled criminal, civil, service, land acquisition and constitutional law as a private advocate, besides serving on judicial panels. He was a sportsman during his college days representing his College and University in tennis.

He was elevated to the Bench of Punjab and Haryana High Court on 30 September 2011, as an additional Judge and later confirmed as permanent judge on 24 January 2014.

He served as the Executive Chairman of the Punjab State Legal Services Authority. He became Acting Chief Justice of Punjab and Haryana High Court on 4 February 2024 and remained until the appointment of [[Sheel Nagu]] as permanent chief justice on 8 July 2024.

On 11 July 2024, a Supreme Court collegium led by then CJI [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]] recommended his elevation as Chief Justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appointment of Chief Justices of High Courts of Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Madras and Meghalaya. |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3ec0490f1f4972d133619a60c30f3559e/uploads/2024/07/2024071151.pdf |website=cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in}}</ref> but later suppressed that resolution and in its resolution dated 17 September 2024 recommended his appointment as Chief Justice of Himachal Pradesh High Court.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-17 |title=SC collegium recommends Justice GS Sandhawalia as Himachal HC chief justice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/sc-collegium-recommends-justice-gs-sandhawalia-as-himachal-hc-chief-justice/articleshow/113435759.cms |access-date=2025-03-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Central Government cleared his appointment on 25 December 2024 and he assumed the position as Chief Justice of High Court of Himachal Pradesh on 29 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Gurmeet Singh Sandhawalia sworn in as new chief justice of Himachal HC |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/himachal-pradesh/justice-gurmeet-singh-sandhawalia-sworn-in-as-new-chief-justice-of-himachal-hc-3335527 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

All India Progressive Women's Association

2026-04-20T01:59:10Z

Anis: put up basic pg w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian women's organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = All India Progressive Women's Association
| formation = 1991
| logo = AIPWA.png
| caption =
| type = Women's organisation
| status = Active
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], India
| leader_title = General secretary
| leader_name = Meena Tiwari
| leader_title2 = President
| leader_name2 = Dr Rati Rao
| leader_title3 = Acting Secretary
| leader_name3 = [[Kavita Krishnan]]
| affiliations = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|CPIML Liberation]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''All India Progressive Women's Association''' ('''AIPWA''') is a women's organisation committed to achieving equality and women's emancipation.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiacontent.in/new-delhi--all-india-progressive-womens-association-secretary-kavita-krishnan--a/pr-919170/ | title=Buy New Delhi All India Progressive Womens Association Secretary Kavita Krishnan Author Harsh Mander Swaraj Abhiyan chief Yogendra Yadav and advocate Nadeem Khan release a report on Police brutality on Jamia students during a press conference on S Pictures, Images, Photos by IANS - News pictures }}</ref> It has an organizational presence in 21 states in India. It was founded in 1991 as a national level mass organisation of women. AIPWA is the women's wing of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|CPIML Liberation]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://siliguritimes.com/aipwa-stages-sit-in-protest-in-support-of-various-demands/amp/ | title=AIPWA stages sit-in protest in support of various demands | date=28 August 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.timescontent.com/tss/showcase/preview-buy/102234/News/All-India-Progressive-Women-Associa.html | title=All India Progressive Women Association, News Photo, All India Progressive Women's }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/topic/all-india-progressive-women-s-association | title=All-india-progressive-women-s-association: Latest Articles, Videos & Photos of All-india-progressive-women-s-association- Telegraph India }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Women's rights organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1991]]
[[Category:Women's wings of political parties in India]]
[[Category:Women's wings of communist parties]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]

Pauline Baynes

2026-04-19T22:46:57Z

Anis: done

{{good article}}
{{short description|English illustrator of children's books (1922–2008)}}
{{Distinguish|Pauline Baines}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Pauline Baynes
| image = Pauline Baynes01.gif
| alt =
| caption = Portrait, {{circa|1974}}
| birth_name = Pauline Diana Baynes
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|9|9|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hove]], [[Sussex]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2008|8|1|1922|9|9|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Dockenfield]], [[Surrey]], England
| spouse = {{marriage|Fritz Gasch|1961|1988|reason=died}}
| field = [[Illustration]], mainly [[children's books]]
| training = [[Slade School of Fine Art]]
| works = ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'' [[A Map of Middle-earth]]
| awards = {{awd |[[Kate Greenaway Medal]] |1968 }}
| website =
}}

'''Pauline Diana Baynes''' (9 September 1922 – 1 August 2008) was an English illustrator, author, and commercial artist. She contributed drawings and paintings to more than 200 books, mostly in the children's genre. She was the first illustrator of some of [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s minor works, including ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'', ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]'', and ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''. She became well known for her cover illustrations for ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', and for her poster map with inset illustrations, ''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''. She illustrated all seven volumes of [[C. S. Lewis]]'s ''[[Chronicles of Narnia]]'', from the first book, ''[[The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]''. Gaining a reputation as the "Narnia artist", she illustrated spinoffs like [[Brian Sibley]]'s ''The Land of Narnia''. In addition to work for other authors, including illustrating [[Roger Lancelyn Green]]'s ''The Tales of Troy'' and [[Iona Opie|Iona]] and [[Peter Opie]]'s books of nursery rhymes, Baynes created some 600 illustrations for Grant Uden's ''A Dictionary of Chivalry'', for which she won the [[Kate Greenaway Medal]]. Late in her life she began to write and illustrate her own books, with animal or Biblical themes.

== Early life ==

[[File:Beast hovering Mussorie.jpg|thumb|Even in her old age, Baynes never forgot the sights and sounds of [[Mussoorie]]. ]]

Baynes was born on 9 September 1922 at 67 Brunswick Place, [[Hove]], [[East Sussex]], England.<ref name=dnb>Eccleshare, Julia: Pauline Baynes; ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2005 - 2008''; [[Oxford University Press]], 2008</ref> Her father was Frederick William Wilberforce Baynes (1887–1967) and her mother was Jessie Harriet Maude Baynes, née Cunningham ({{circa|1888–1958}}).<ref name=dnb/><ref name=hoo>{{cite book |last=Hooper |first=Walter |date=1996 |title=C. S. Lewis: a Complete Guide to his Life and Works |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |pages=624–626}}</ref> Her only sibling was her elder sister, Angela Mary Baynes.<ref name=hoo/> While she was still a baby, her family emigrated to India, where her father had been appointed a Commissioner (district official) in the British imperial [[Indian Civil Service]], serving as a senior magistrate.<ref name=dnb/> The Bayneses divided their time between the city of [[Agra]] and a refuge from the midsummer heat in the hill town of [[Mussoorie]];<ref name=tel>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/2524880/Pauline-Baynes.html |title=Pauline Baynes |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=2008-08-08 |access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> Baynes was happy in her expatriate infancy.<ref name=tel/>

When she was five, her mother, who was in poor health, took both her daughters back to England.<ref name=ind>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/pauline-baynes-illustrator-who-depicted-lewiss-narnia-and-tolkiens-middle-earth-886121.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/pauline-baynes-illustrator-who-depicted-lewiss-narnia-and-tolkiens-middle-earth-886121.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Pauline Baynes: Illustrator who depicted Lewis's Narnia and Tolkien's |date=2008-08-06 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref><ref name=oregon>{{Cite web |url=https://scua.uoregon.edu/repositories/2/resources/332 |title=Pauline Baynes papers |publisher=[[University of Oregon]] Libraries |access-date=20 March 2024 |quote=The Pauline Baynes Papers consist of sketches and drawings from six of her illustrated works, three of which were award-winning: All Along, Down Along, by Leonard Clark; The Last Battle and The Magician's Nephew, by C.S. Lewis; The Most Wonderful Animals that Never Were, by Joseph Wood Krutch; St. George and the Dragon, by Sandol Stoddard Warbug; and Snail and Caterpillar, by Helen Piers.}}</ref> Baynes recalled crying herself to sleep on her journey home.<ref name=tel/> The three returnees lived a nomadic life in [[Surrey]], lodging with various friends and renting a series of rooms in boarding houses.<ref name="Henshall 2008">{{cite news |last=Henshall |first=David |title=Pauline Baynes: witty and inventive illustrator famed for her Narnia drawings |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=6 August 2008 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/06/booksforchildrenandteenagers}}</ref><ref name =tel/> Baynes's father stayed behind in India, licensed by his wife to feel "free to do as he pleased", but regularly rejoined his family for holidays in [[Switzerland]].<ref name=cor>{{cite web |last=Cory |first=Charlotte |title=The Woman Who Drew Narnia: Pauline Baynes |url=http://personal.bgsu.edu/~edwards/baynes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020104345/http://personal.bgsu.edu/~edwards/baynes.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-10-20 |publisher=Bruce L. Edwards |access-date=2019-12-16}}</ref><ref name=tel/>

== Education ==

[[File:Edmund Dulac - Prince and Princess.jpg|thumb|upright|An illustration by [[Edmund Dulac]], one of Baynes's inspirations]]

Baynes began her education at a convent school, where the nuns who taught her mocked her fantastical imagination, her homemade clothes and her ability to speak Hindi.<ref name=tel/> Her unhappiness over their bullying was slightly mitigated when she learned that [[Rudyard Kipling]], whom she admired, had experienced something similar.<ref name=tel/> When she was nine, she was sent to Beaufort School, an independent girls' boarding establishment, in [[Camberley]].<ref name=ind/> Her favourite subject there was art, "because it was easy".<ref name=ind/> By the time that she left, she had formed the ambition of becoming an illustrator.<ref name=oregon/> She liked Beaufort well enough to go back to it as a teacher for two years in her mid-twenties.<ref name=csl>[[Lewis, C. S.]]:''The Collected Letters of C. S. Lewis, Volume 2'', ed. Walter Hooper; [[HarperCollins]], 2004; pp. 1018 -1022</ref>
At fifteen, she followed her sister to the [[Farnham School of Art]] (now subsumed into the [[University for the Creative Arts]]).<ref name=ind/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paulinebaynes.com/?what=about&id=2 |title=About Pauline Baynes |publisher=Paulinebaynes.com |date=1922-09-09 |access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref> She spent two terms studying design, which was to become the foundation of her mature technique.<ref name=ind/>

At nineteen, again like her sister, she won a place at the [[Slade School of Fine Art]], just as it left its usual premises on the [[Gower Street, London|Gower Street]] campus of [[University College London]] to begin a period of wartime cohabitation with the [[Ruskin School of Art|Ruskin School of Drawing]] in [[Oxford University]].<ref name="Henshall 2008"/> Studying the work of the illustrators [[Gustave Doré]], [[Edmund Dulac]], [[Arthur Rackham]], [[Ernest Shepard]], R. S. Sherriffs, [[Rex Whistler]], [[Job (illustrator)|Jacques-Marie-Gaston Onfroy de Bréville ("Job")]] and the anonymous [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminators of mediaeval manuscripts]], she became certain that she had a vocation to follow in their footsteps.<ref name=ind/> She was not a diligent student, spending time on "coffee and parties", and she left the Slade without a qualification.<ref name=ind/> She did, however, achieve the distinction, one shared with her sister, of exhibiting at the [[Royal Academy of Arts]], in 1939.<ref name=pau>{{cite web |url=http://paulinebaynes.com |title=Pauline Baynes |publisher=Pauline Baynes |access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref>

== War work and early career ==

In 1940, a year into [[World War II]], both Baynes sisters joined the [[Women's Voluntary Service]].<ref name=ind/> The WVS sent them to the Camouflage Development Training Centre that the [[Royal Engineers]] had set up in [[Farnham Castle]],<ref name=ind/> where the sisters were put to work making models to be used as teaching aids.<ref name="Henshall 2008"/> One of their colleagues at the centre was Powell Perry, whose family owned a company that published picture books for children.<ref name=ind/> It was Perry who gave Baynes her first professional commissions.<ref name=ind/> Among the Perry Colour Books to which she contributed were ''Question Mark'', ''Wild Flower Rhymes'' and a novelization of the libretto of [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s [[opera]] ''[[The Magic Flute]]''.<ref name=ind/><ref name=pau/>

From 1942 until the end of the war, the Baynes sisters worked in the [[Hydrographic Department|Admiralty Hydrographic Department]] in [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], making maps and marine charts for the [[Royal Navy]]. This experience stood Baynes in good stead in later life, when she created maps of C. S. Lewis's [[Narnia]] and J. R. R. Tolkien's [[Middle-earth]].<ref name=ind/> A letter that she wrote to a friend at this time included a sketch that he passed on to Frank Whittaker, an employee of [[Country Life (magazine)|Country Life]].<ref name=csl/> Her friend's kindness resulted in commissions from the magazine to illustrate three books of fairy stories by Victoria Stevenson.<ref name=csl/>

== Illustrating J. R. R. Tolkien ==

{{further|Illustrating Tolkien}}

[[File:Cormoran - Project Gutenberg eText 17034.jpg|right|thumb|upright|An illustration by [[Arthur Rackham]]. In 1961, Tolkien urged Baynes to "avoid the [[Between Scylla and Charybdis|Scylla]] of [[Enid Blyton|Blyton]] and the Charybdis of [[Arthur Rackham|Rackham]] - though to go to wreck on the latter would be the less evil fate".<ref name=jrr/>]]

=== ''Farmer Giles of Ham'' ===

In 1948, after briefly teaching at Beaufort, Baynes sought to develop her career by writing a book of her own – ''Victoria and the Golden Bird'', a fantasy about a girl's magical visits to far-off countries<ref>Baynes, Pauline: ''Victoria and the Golden Bird''; Blackie, 1948</ref> – and by trying to secure work from a major [[London]] publisher.<ref name=csl/><ref name=tel/> She sent [[Allen & Unwin]] a suite of comic reinterpretations of marginalia from the mediaeval [[Luttrell Psalter]].<ref name=tel /> [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], author of Allen & Unwin's children's book ''[[The Hobbit]]'', had recently offered the firm a mock-medieval comic novella called ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''.<ref name=csl/> They had commissioned illustrations for the story from [[Milein Cosman]], which Tolkien had disliked. On 5 August 1948, he complained to Ronald Eames, the publisher's art director, that they were "wholly out of keeping with the style or manner of the text".<ref name=csl/><ref name=chr>Scull, Christina and Hammond, Wayne G.: ''[[The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]'', 2nd edition; [[HarperCollins]], 2017; Vol. 1, pp. 354-361</ref> Five days later, Eames wrote to Baynes requesting specimen drawings for "an adult fairy story (complete with dragon and giant!)" that would require "some historical and topographical (Oxford and Wales) realism".<ref name=rea>Scull, Christina and Hammond, Wayne G.: ''[[The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]'', 2nd edition; [[HarperCollins]], 2017; Vol. 2, pp. 112-113</ref> Baynes reassured Eames that she knew Oxford from having sketched there, and knew Wales from having picked Welsh potatoes.<ref name=rea/> Visiting Allen & Unwin's offices to see what Baynes had produced for him, Tolkien was won over to her cause by the images.<ref name=tel/><ref name=hoo/><ref name=chr/> "They are more than illustrations", he wrote to Allen & Unwin on 16 March 1949, "they are a collateral theme. I showed them to my friends whose polite comment was that they reduced my text to a commentary on the drawings."<ref name=hoo/>

Tolkien was so pleased that on 20 December 1949, he wrote to her expressing the wish that she would one day illustrate two other books that he was working on – the tales that eventually became ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.<ref name=bod>McIlwaine, Catherine: ''[[Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth]]'': [[Bodleian Library]], 2018; p. 384</ref> Tolkien's publishers thought differently, preferring to [[Illustrating Tolkien|have his books illustrated]] by [[Alan Lee (illustrator)|Alan Lee]], Francis Mosley, [[Ted Nasmith]] and [[Margrethe II of Denmark]].<ref>[[Tolkien, J. R. R.]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ill. [[Margrethe II of Denmark#Ingahild Grathmer|Ingahild Grathmer]]; Folio Society</ref><ref>[[Tolkien, J. R. R.]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ill. Alan Lee; [[HarperCollins]]</ref><ref>[[Tolkien, J. R. R.]]: ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ill. Ted Nasmith; [[HarperCollins]]</ref><ref>[[Tolkien, J. R. R.]]: ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ill. Francis Mosley; Folio Society</ref> Ultimately, Tolkien decided that Baynes was not the right artist to illustrate his major works, judging that they needed pictures "more noble or awe-inspiring" than she could produce.<ref>Scull, Christina and Hammond, Wayne G.: ''[[The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]'', 2nd edition; [[HarperCollins]], 2017; Vol. 2, p. 565</ref>

=== ''The Adventures of Tom Bombadil'' ===

[[File:The_Hoard_by_Pauline_Baynes.jpg|thumb|upright|Baynes's illustration ''The Hoard'' for [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s 1962 book ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''. The image was Baynes's favourite among the book's illustrations, but it disappointed Tolkien as he felt both the figures were implausible: the knight should have had a shield and helmet, while the dragon should have been watching the cave's entrance.<ref name=jrr/><ref name=rea/>]]

In 1961 Tolkien turned to Baynes again when he was compiling an anthology of some of his shorter pieces of verse. "You seem able to produce wonderful pictures with a touch of 'fantasy'", he wrote on 6 December, "but primarily bright and clear visions of things that one might actually see".<ref name=jrr>[[Tolkien, J. R. R.]]: ''[[The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien]]''; Allen & Unwin, 1981; p. 312</ref> ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'', featuring some of Baynes's most delicate and meticulous imagery, was published in 1962. Baynes told Tolkien that her favourite among the book's poems was ''The Hoard''; only much later did she learn that her illustration for that particular poem had disappointed him – she had drawn a dragon facing away from the mouth of its cave and a knight without either a shield or a helmet, which he had thought looked implausible.<ref name=jrr /><ref name=rea/> He would also have preferred Tom Bombadil to have been shown on the front of the book rather than on the back, a wish which [[HarperCollins]] eventually granted when the book was reprinted in a pocket edition in 2014.<ref name=rea/><ref>[[Tolkien, J. R. R.]]:''The Adventures of Tom Bombadil'', pocket edition; [[HarperCollins]], 2014</ref>

=== Cover art for ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' ===

In 1961 [[Puffin Books|Puffin]] used a painting by Baynes for the cover of a paperback edition of ''The Hobbit''.<ref>[[Tolkien, J. R. R.]]: ''The Hobbit''; Puffin, 1961</ref> Three years later, Allen & Unwin published ''The Lord of the Rings'' in a three-volume deluxe hardback edition for which they asked Baynes to design a slipcase. Never having read the story, Baynes was faced with the prospect of having to read a thousand pages of narrative before picking up a brush. Her sister, who knew the book well, rescued her from her predicament by painting a panorama of Tolkien's characters and locales that Baynes was able to borrow from.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gurney |first=Hel |title=Pauline Baynes at Farnham Maltings: hidden histories and childhood wonder |publisher=Hel Gurney |url=https://helgurney.wordpress.com/2013/01/31/pauline-baynes-at-farnham-maltings-hidden-histories-and-childhood-wonder/ |date=31 January 2013}}</ref> The triptych that Baynes created became one of the most widely reproduced of all her paintings, being recycled for the iconic [[:File:First Single Volume Edition of The Lord of the Rings.gif|cover art of a one-volume paperback edition]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'' in 1968 and a three-volume Unwin Paperbacks version in 1981.<ref>[[Tolkien, J. R. R.]]: ''The Lord of the Rings'', 3-volume de luxe hardcover edition; [[Allen & Unwin]], 1964</ref><ref>[[Tolkien, J. R. R.]]: ''The Lord of the Rings'', 1-volume paperback edition; [[Allen & Unwin]], 1968</ref><ref>[[Tolkien, J. R. R.]]: ''The Lord of the Rings'', 3-volume paperback edition; Unwin Paperbacks, 1981</ref> Baynes also created an image of Aragorn's standard that was used to promote ''[[The Return of the King]]'' in a newspaper advertisement in October 1955.<ref name=rea/>

=== ''Smith of Wootton Major'' ===

In 1967 Baynes illustrated the last piece of Tolkien's fiction to be published in his lifetime, his [[allegorical]] short story ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''.<ref>[[Tolkien, J. R. R.]]: ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''; [[Allen & Unwin]], 1967</ref> [[Ballantine Books|Ballantine]]'s American edition of the book was issued with an alternative Baynes cover.<ref>[[Tolkien, J. R. R.]]: ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''; Ballantine, 1969</ref> Yet another cover appeared when the book was reissued in the United Kingdom in 1975 in a second edition that was uniform with ''The Adventures of Tom Bombadil''.<ref>[[Tolkien, J. R. R.]]: ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''; [[Allen & Unwin]], 1975</ref> Her illustrations were also used in an edition published in 2005 that was edited by Verlyn Flieger and included additional material written by scholars of Tolkien's work.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Janet|first=Brennan C.|year=2011|title=A basic multi-media collection by and about J.R.R. tolkien|journal=Collection Building|volume=30|number=2|page=99|doi=10.1108/01604951111127470}}</ref>

=== Maps of Middle-earth ===

{{further|Tolkien's maps|A Map of Middle-earth}}

In 1969, while waiting for Tolkien to finish ''The Silmarillion'', Allen & Unwin commissioned Baynes to paint a map of his Middle-earth.<ref name=bod/> Tolkien supplied her with copies of the several, variously scaled graph paper charts that he had made in the course of writing ''The Lord of the Rings'', and annotated her copy of the map that his son [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher]] had produced for ''The Fellowship of the Ring'' in 1954.<ref name=bod/> Her working ''Fellowship'' map, scribbled over with new place names and some barely legible notes on latitudes, ships, trees, horses, elephants and camels, was bought by Oxford's [[Bodleian Library]] in 2016 for roughly £60,000.<ref>Kennedy, Maev: Tolkien annotated map of Middle-earth acquired by Bodleian Library; ''[[The Guardian]]'', 3 May 2016</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/bodley/news/2016/jun-13 |title=Bodleian Library: Rare map of Middle-earth goes on display at the Bodleian Libraries |publisher=[[Bodleian Libraries]] |date=2016-06-13 |access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref>

With the help of cartographers from the [[Bordon Camp|Bordon military camp]] in [[Hampshire]], Baynes created ''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]'' that Allen & Unwin published as a poster in 1970.<ref name=bod/> It was decorated with a header and footer showing some of Tolkien's characters, and with vignettes of some of the places described in ''The Lord of the Rings''. Tolkien wrote that her ideas of the Teeth of Mordor, the [[Argonath]], [[Barad-dûr]] and, especially, [[Minas Morgul]] were very similar to his own, although he was less happy with her images of his heroes and their enemies.<ref name=bod/><ref name=rea/> A companion map for ''The Hobbit'', entitled ''There and Back Again: a Map of Bilbo's Journey Through Eriador and Rhovanion'', was published by Allen & Unwin in 1971.<ref>{{cite web |title=There and Back Again (map) |url=https://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/There_and_Back_Again_(map) |access-date=20 March 2024}}</ref> Both maps became famous.<ref name="Hammond Scull 2008 In Memoriam">{{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Wayne G. |author1-link=Wayne G. Hammond |last2=Scull |first2=Christina |author2-link=Christina Scull |title=In Memoriam: Pauline Baynes |journal=[[Mythlore]] |date=15 October 2008 |volume=27 |issue=1 |url=https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol27/iss1/2}}</ref>

=== ''Bilbo's Last Song'' ===

In 1974, a year after Tolkien's death, Allen & Unwin published his poem ''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]'' as Baynes's third and final Tolkien poster. Her painting showed a scene that Tolkien described in the closing pages of ''The Lord of the Rings'': [[Sam Gamgee|Sam]], [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] stand at the Grey Havens, watching an elvish ship carrying [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]], [[Elrond]], [[Galadriel]] and [[Gandalf]] away from Middle-earth to the land of [[Aman (Tolkien)|Aman]].<ref>Carpenter, Humphrey: ''J. R. R. Tolkien: a biography''; Allen & Unwin, 1977; p. 275</ref> In 1990, the poem was reissued as a book with three parallel sequences of Baynes's paintings: one illustrating Bilbo's journey from [[Rivendell]] to the [[Undying Lands]], one showing Bilbo in various states of repose, and one depicting the events narrated in ''The Hobbit''.<ref>[[Tolkien, J. R. R.]]: ''Bilbo's Last Song''; [[Unwin Hyman]], 1990</ref> Some of the illustrations were omitted when the book was reissued by other publishers twelve years later.<ref>[[Tolkien, J. R. R.]]: ''Bilbo's Last Song''; [[Hutchinson (publisher)|Hutchinson]], 2002</ref>

=== Other works ===

In 1978 Baynes painted a cover for a paperback edition of Tolkien's translations of ''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'', ''Pearl'' and ''Sir Orfeo''.<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. (transl.): ''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'', ''Pearl'' and ''Sir Orfeo''; Unwin Paperbacks, 1978</ref>
In 1980 Allen & Unwin published ''[[Poems and Stories (J. R. R. Tolkien)|Poems and Stories]]'', a de luxe, boxed, single-volume anthology of several of Tolkien's shorter works.<ref>[[Tolkien, J. R. R.]]: ''Poems and Stories''; Allen & Unwin, 1980</ref> The book featured new illustrations by Baynes for the short story ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]'', the verse drama ''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son]]'', ''Farmer Giles of Ham'', ''The Adventures of Tom Bombadil'' and ''Smith of Wootton Major''. It also included all of Baynes's original illustrations for the latter three titles, some revised with grey and orange tinting. Baynes used the opportunity provided by revisiting ''Tom Bombadil'' to rework her illustration for ''The Hoard'' to make its dragon and knight look the way Tolkien had wanted them to.<ref name=rea/>

In 1999, half a century after her collaboration with Tolkien had begun, Baynes returned to ''Farmer Giles of Ham'' once again to add a map of the story's Little Kingdom. The book was published with the revised cover that Baynes had painted for its second edition in 1976.<ref>[[Tolkien, J. R. R.]]: ''Farmer Giles of Ham''; 50th anniversary edition; [[HarperCollins]], 1999</ref> It was reissued with a modified version of this cover when it was published in a pocket-sized edition in 2014.<ref>[[Tolkien, J. R. R.]]: ''Farmer Giles of Ham''; pocket edition; [[HarperCollins]], 2014</ref> Baynes's final Tolkien art was published in 2003, when an audiobook of ''Smith of Wootton Major'' and ''Leaf by Niggle'' was issued with a CD insert showing an image of Niggle painting his Great Tree that had been commissioned from Baynes in the 1970s but had remained unpublished.<ref name=rea/><ref>[[Tolkien, J. R. R.]]: ''Smith of Wootton Major'' and ''Leaf by Niggle''; audiobook; [[HarperCollins]], 2003</ref>

== Illustrating C. S. Lewis ==

=== ''The Chronicles of Narnia'' ===

[[File:Entering_the_Dawn_Treader.jpg|thumb|upright|[[C. S. Lewis]], seeking a suitable artist who could draw children and animals, felt that Baynes would meet the requirement.<ref name=csl/> Here, she shows the children being drawn in to a painting of the ''[[Dawn Treader]]'' and the enchanted world of [[Narnia]]. She illustrated all seven Narnia books.<ref name=hoo3/>]]

When C. S. Lewis was sixteen, he conceived the idea of a faun walking through a snowy forest carrying an umbrella and some parcels.<ref>[[Brian Sibley|Sibley, Brian]]: ''The Land of Narnia''; [[HarperCollins]]. 1949; p. 22</ref> In 1949, after ten years of false starts, he finally completed a story about the country where the faun lived – the land of Narnia, where it was always winter but never Christmas.<ref name=gre>[[Roger Lancelyn Green|Green, Roger Lancelyn]] and [[Walter Hooper|Hooper, Walter]]: ''C. S. Lewis: a Biography''; 2nd edition; [[HarperCollins]], 2002; pp. 302 - 310.</ref> A close friend of Tolkien's, Lewis chose Baynes to illustrate his tale after enjoying her artwork for ''Farmer Giles of Ham'',<ref name=gre/> encouraged also by a bookshop assistant.<ref name=csl/> Baynes signed a contract with Lewis's publisher, [[Geoffrey Bles]], in 1949, and delivered drawings, a coloured frontispiece and a cover design for the book the following year.<ref name=csl/><ref name=gre/> ''[[The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]'' was published in 1950.<ref name=csl/> At Lewis's request, Baynes went on to illustrate all six of the book's sequels – ''[[Prince Caspian]]: the Return to Narnia'' (1951), ''[[The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]]'' (1952), ''[[The Silver Chair]]'' (1953), ''[[The Horse and His Boy]]'' (1954), ''[[The Magician's Nephew]]'' (1955) and ''[[The Last Battle]]'' (1956).<ref name=hoo3>[[Walter Hooper|Hooper, Walter]]: ''C. S. Lewis: a Complete Guide to his Life and Works''; [[HarperCollins]], 1996; pp. 452 - 456</ref> Too unworldly to negotiate the royalties deal that would have made her a multi-millionaire, Baynes sold her work to Lewis's publishers for a flat fee of just £100 per book.<ref>Paton, Maureen: Forgotten illustrator for ''Chronicles of Narnia'' finds fame at last; ''[[The Observer]]'', 29 November 1998, p. 11</ref> Lewis commented that her work had done much to make the Narnia books popular and she became increasingly linked to the series and known as the "Narnia artist", a title she retained for much of her career.<ref name="Hammond Scull 2008 In Memoriam"/>

Baynes revisited ''The Chronicles of Narnia'' several times. When the books were issued as Puffin paperbacks between 1959 and 1965, Baynes created new covers for them, and slipcase artwork.<ref name=hoo3/> In the 1970s, she created a third set of covers for hardback editions by [[The Bodley Head]] and [[William Collins, Sons|Collins]].<ref name=hoo3/> In 1991, HarperCollins published a special edition of ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'' with seventeen new paintings,<ref name=csl/> and in 1998 they commemorated the centenary of Lewis's birth by reissuing the complete ''Chronicles'' with all Baynes's line illustrations tinted by her in watercolour.<ref name=csl/> In 2000, HarperCollins published a 50th anniversary edition of ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'' including all Baynes's illustrations and her 1968 colour poster map of Narnia.<ref name=csl/>

=== C. S. Lewis on Baynes ===

Lewis met Baynes only three times – at his publisher's office, at a lunch party at [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]] in 1949 and at the Charing Cross Hotel in London in 1951.<ref name=PWD/> He found her "good and beautiful and sensitive".<ref name=say>Sayer, George: ''Jack: a Life of C. S. Lewis''; Hodder & Stoughton, 2005; pp. 314 - 315</ref><ref name=bel>[[Lewis, C. S.]]: ''The Collected Letters of C. S. Lewis, Volume 3''; [[HarperCollins]], 2007; p. 80</ref><ref>[[Lewis. C. S.]]: ''The Collected Letters of C. S. Lewis, Volume 3''; [[HarperCollins]], 2007; p. 681</ref> In his letters to Baynes, he praised her effusively. Her drawings were "really excellent" with a "wealth of vigorous detail".<ref>[[Lewis, C. S.]]: ''The Collected Letters of C. S. Lewis, Volume 2''; [[HarperCollins]], 2004; p. 1009</ref> She did "each book a little bit better than the last".<ref name=CSL2>[[Lewis, C. S.]]: ''The Collected Letters of C. S. Lewis, Volume 3''; [[HarperCollins]], 2007; pp. 412–413</ref> When she congratulated him on winning the Carnegie literary award for ''The Last Battle'', he replied "is it not really 'our' Medal? I'm sure the illustrations were taken into consideration as well as the text."<ref>[[Lewis, C. S.]]: ''The Collected Letters of C. S. Lewis, Volume 3''; [[HarperCollins]], 2007; p. 850</ref> Sometimes, though, he was frank about her technical limitations. "If only you cd. take 6 months off and devote them to anatomy, there's no limit to your possibilities", he wrote.<ref name=CSL2/>

[[File:Tambar, a 20 feet Faroese wooden boat, belonging to the rowing club Róðrarfelagið Knørrur. Photo by Ólavur Frederiksen, July 21, 2019.jpg|thumb|Lewis recorded that he had difficulty convincing Baynes that "rowers face aft" in a boat, not forwards.<ref name="Lewis Letters Rowers"/>]]

According to Lewis, she had "''Magna virtutes nec minora vitia''" – great virtues, but vices no less great.<ref name=bel/> He felt that the faces of her children were often "empty, expressionless and too alike",<ref name=say/> and that she couldn't draw lions.<ref name=say/> Indeed, "In quadrupeds ''claudicat''" (she limps); he wrote that she would profit from a visit to a zoo.<ref name=bles>[[Lewis, C. S.]]: ''The Collected Letters of C. S. Lewis, Volume 3''; [[HarperCollins]], 2007; pp. 299-300</ref> He noted that a knight was wearing his shield on his right arm instead of his left.<ref name=bles/> "What", he asked I. O. Evans, "is one to do with illustrators – especially if, like, mine, they are timid, shrinking young women who, when criticized, look as if you'd pulled their hair or given them a black eye? My resolution was exhausted by the time I'd convinced her that rowers face aft not (as she thinks) forward."<ref name="Lewis Letters Rowers">[[Lewis, C. S.]]: ''The Letters of C. S. Lewis, Volume 3''; [[HarperCollins]], 2007: pp. 264-265</ref>

Lewis told his friend [[Dorothy L. Sayers]] that "The main trouble about Pauline B. is ... her total ignorance of animal anatomy. In the v. last book she has at last learned how to draw a horse. I have always had serious reservations about her ... But she had merits (her botanical forms are lovely), she needed the work (old mother to support, I think), and worst of all she is such a timid creature, so 'easily put down' that criticism cd. only be hinted ... At any ''real'' reprimand she'd have thrown up the job, not in a huff but in sheer, downright, unresenting, pusillanimous dejection. She is quite a good artist on a certain formal-fantastic level (did Tolkien's ''Farmer Giles'' far better than my books) but has no interest in matter – how boats are rowed, or bows shot with, or feet planted, or fists clenched. [[Arabesque]] [decoration] is really her vocation."<ref>[[Lewis. C. S.]]: ''The Collected Letters of C. S. Lewis, Volume 3''; [[HarperCollins]], 2007; pp. 638–639</ref> Sayers in turn was scathing about Baynes's work.<ref name="Coomes 1992 p. ">{{cite book |last=Coomes |first=David |title=Dorothy L. Sayers |publisher=Chariot Victor Publishers |publication-place=Oxford Batavia |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-7459-1922-5 |pages=199–200}}</ref>

=== Baynes on C. S. Lewis ===

Lewis made little impression on Baynes in their meetings.<ref name=PWD>Hooper, Walter: ''C. S. Lewis: a Complete Guide to his Life and Works''; [[HarperCollins]], 1996; pp. 405-408</ref> They corresponded little; she found him "kindly and tolerant", charming and polite.<ref name=PWD/> In 1962, she sent him an aptly Narnian Christmas present; he replied that he appreciated her "enduring White Witch even more than the transitory joys of the [[Turkish delight|Turkish Delight]]."<ref>[[Lewis, C. S.]]: ''The Collected Letters of C. S. Lewis, Volume 3''; [[HarperCollins]], 2007; p. 1396</ref> Much later, she learnt from a 1988 biography of Lewis that he had complained about her behind her back.<ref name=cor/><ref name=ind/><ref>Sayer, George: ''Jack: C. S. Lewis and his Times''; [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]], 1988</ref> "One doesn't need to have liked him to admire him", she told her confidante Charlotte Cory. "He never became a friend."<ref name=cor/> Baynes's feelings about Lewis's books were conflicted too. She thought his stories "marvellous", but, even though she was a Christian, she was uncomfortable with their Christian subtext.<ref name=cor/><ref name=dnb/> She claimed not to have identified the lion [[Aslan]] with [[Jesus Christ|Christ]] until after she had finished work on ''The Last Battle'', despite having drawn him standing upright like a man in ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe''.<ref name=cor/><ref>Lewis, C. S,: ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe''; Collins, 1974; p. 132</ref> She regretted that her Narnian art had overshadowed the rest of her work and she was ruefully aware that a book collector would pay more for a first edition of ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'' than she had been paid for illustrating it.<ref name=tel/>

== Other artwork ==

Baynes contributed to Narnia spinoffs. [[Brian Sibley]]'s ''The Land of Narnia'', including many new paintings and drawings, appeared in 1989.<ref>[[Brian Sibley|Sibley, Brian]]: ''The Land of Narnia''; [[HarperCollins]], 1989</ref> In 1994, James Riordan's ''A Book of Narnians'' provided a portrait gallery of Narnia's ''dramatis personae''.<ref>Riordan, James: ''A Book of Narnians''; [[HarperCollins]], 1994</ref> Among others of Baynes's Lewisiana were Douglas Gresham's ''The Official Narnia Cookbook'',<ref>Gresham, Douglas: ''The Official Narnia Cookbook''; [[HarperCollins]], 1998</ref> ''The Magical Land of Narnia Puzzle Book'',<ref>[[Lewis, C. S.]] (adapted): ''The Magical Land of Narnia Puzzle Book''; [[HarperCollins]], 1998</ref> Sibley and Alison Sage's ''A Treasury of Narnians'',<ref>[[Brian Sibley|Sibley, Brian]] and Sage, Alison: ''A Treasury of Narnians''; [[HarperCollins]], 1999</ref> ''The Narnia Trivia Book'',<ref>[[Lewis, C. S.]] (adapted): ''The Narnia Trivia Book''; [[HarperCollins]], 1999</ref> ''The Wisdom of Narnia''<ref>[[Lewis, C. S.]] (adapted): ''The Wisdom of Narnia''; [[HarperCollins]], 2001</ref> and ''Narnia Chronology''.<ref>[[Lewis, C. S.]] (adapted): ''Narnia Chronology''; [[HarperCollins]], 2008</ref>

The illustrations of which Baynes was most proud were the almost six hundred that she created for Grant Uden's ''A Dictionary of Chivalry'', on which she laboured for nearly two years.<ref name=ind/><ref name=chivalry>{{cite web|url=http://www.paulinebaynes.com/?what=artifacts&image_id=514|title=A Dictionary of Chivalry cover by Pauline Baynes|publisher=paulinebaynes.com|access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref> They won her the [[Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals]]' [[Kate Greenaway Medal]] for the best book illustrations of 1968.<ref name=ind/> In 1972, Baynes achieved a runner-up's commendation in the Greenaway competition with her illustrations for Helen Piers's ''Snail and Caterpillar''.<ref name=ind/> Among the other books in her bibliography are works by [[Richard Adams]], [[Hans Christian Andersen]], [[Enid Blyton]], [[Rumer Godden]], [[Roger Lancelyn Green]], [[Jacob Grimm|Jacob]] and [[Wilhelm Grimm]], Rudyard Kipling, [[George MacDonald]], [[Mary Norton (author)|Mary Norton]], her friends [[Iona Opie|Iona]] and [[Peter Opie]], [[Beatrix Potter]], [[Arthur Ransome]], [[Alison Uttley]] and [[Amabel Williams-Ellis]]. Several of her commissions were the result of the bond that she formed with Puffin Books' [[Kaye Webb]].<ref name=dnb/> Baynes contributed artwork to many magazines, including ''Holly Leaves'', ''[[Lilliput (magazine)|Lilliput]]'', ''[[Puffin Post]]'', ''[[The Sphere (newspaper)|The Sphere]]'', ''[[The Tatler]]'' and ''[[The Illustrated London News]]''; she had been introduced to ''The Illustrated London News'' by another of its artists, her friend and mentor Ernest Shepard.<ref name=ind/><ref name=dnb/> Stationery companies commissioned her to design Christmas cards – some of which are still reproduced decades after she painted them – and [[Huntley and Palmers]] employed her to advertise their biscuits.<ref name=pau/><ref name=ind/> The Church of the Good Shepherd in her home village of [[Dockenfield]] has a pair of Baynes's stained glass windows.<ref name=pau/> For the Plymouth Congregational Church in [[Minneapolis]], Baynes designed the world's largest pieces of [[crewel embroidery]].<ref name=csl/>

== As author ==

In Baynes's later years commissions could be hard to come by - there were days when fan mail and a rejection letter would arrive in the same post. Baynes used her fallow periods to put together some books of her own.<ref name="Henshall 2008"/> Several came from her delight in animals – ''The Elephant's Ball'' (based on a nineteenth-century narrative poem), ''How Dog Began'' (a Kiplingesque fable dedicated to eleven of her own pets) and ''Questionable Creatures'' (a pseudo-mediaeval, cryptozoological fantasia that only found an American publisher when Baynes agreed to paint out a mermaid's breasts).<ref name=tel/><ref name=dnb/> But most of Baynes's books were the fruit of her abiding interest in religion.<ref name=ind/> ''Good King Wenceslas'' celebrated the famous Christmas carol;<ref name="Henshall 2008"/> ''The Song of the Three Holy Children'' illustrated an apocryphal passage from the [[Book of Daniel]];<ref name=ind/> ''Noah and the Ark'' and ''In the Beginning'' were drawn from the [[Book of Genesis]];<ref name=ind/> ''Thanks Be to God'' was an international anthology of prayers;<ref name=dnb/> ''How excellent is thy name!'' illustrated [[Psalm 8]];<ref name=ind/> and ''I Believe'' illustrated the [[Nicene Creed]].<ref>Baynes, Pauline (ed.): ''I Believe; The Nicene Creed''; Frances Lincoln, 2003</ref>

== Personal life ==

When Baynes's father retired he left India and returned to England, settling with Baynes's mother in a house close to Baynes's own near [[Farnham]] in southwest Surrey.<ref name=cor/> Long estranged, they maintained a pretence of marriage, but lived lives that were essentially separate.<ref name=cor/> A mistress with whom Baynes's father had established a relationship in India followed him to Surrey and set up home nearby.<ref name=cor/> Baynes looked after both her parents loyally, even when the burden of caring for them became so great that she could do her illustrating only in the small hours of the night.<ref name=cor/>

In 1961, after many "interesting and highly enjoyable" but evanescent love affairs, Baynes answered a knock on her door from an itinerant dog's meat salesman.<ref name=cor/> He was Friedrich Otto Gasch, usually known as Fritz.<ref name=csl/> Born on 21 September 1919 in Auerswalde, [[Saxony]], [[Germany]], Gasch had served in [[Erwin Rommel]]'s [[Afrika Korps]] during the Second World War, had been taken prisoner and had then been sent via the United States to an English PoW camp.<ref name=csl/> Once the war had ended he had decided to adopt England as his home. A whirlwind courtship culminated in Baynes's and Gasch's marrying on 18 March 1961.<ref name=csl/><ref name=dnb/> "Meeting Fritz", Baynes said, "was the best thing that ever happened to me; he was a splendid man and a wonderful husband who was completely tolerant of his wife's obsession to draw!"<ref name=csl/> The Gasches lived in Rock Barn Cottage, Heath Hill, Dockenfield, in the North Downs.<ref>Pauline D Gasch in the UK, Electoral Registers, 2003-2010</ref><ref name=csl/><ref name=pau/> Their only child, a son, was stillborn.<ref name=ind/> After retiring from work as a contract gardener, Gasch died on 28 October 1988 at the age of sixty-nine.<ref name=csl/><ref name=dnb/>

Two years after her husband died Baynes was contacted by Karin Gasch (born 1942), a daughter of Gasch's by an earlier marriage.<ref name=cor/> Baynes took on the role of a Gasch family member.<ref name=cor/><ref name=pau/> "It was", she said, "like something magical coming back at me through a wardrobe."<ref name=tel/>
Baynes became a friend of the Tolkien scholars [[Wayne G. Hammond]], David Henshaw, [[Christina Scull]] and Brian Sibley.<ref name=wayne>{{cite web |last1=Hammond |first1=Wayne G. |author1-link=Wayne G. Hammond |last2=Scull |first2=Christina |author2-link=Christina Scull |title=Our Collections: Pauline Baynes: Too Many Books and Never Enough |date=9 September 2012 |publisher=Wayne Hammond and Christina Scull  |url=http://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/2012/09/09/our-collections-pauline-baynes |access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref><ref name=bri>{{cite web |last=Sibley |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Sibley |url=https://briansibley-exlibris.blogspot.com/2008/10/pauline-baynes-queen-of-narnia-and.html |title=Ex Libris : Brian Sibley: Pauline Baynes: Queen of Narnia And Middle-Earth |publisher=Brian Sibley |date=2008-10-17 |access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref><ref name=sibley>[[Brian Sibley]], [https://briansibleysblog.blogspot.com/2008/08/pauline-baynes-queen-of-narnia-middle.html Pauline Baynes, Queen of Narnia and Middle-Earth] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120717080010/http://briansibleysblog.blogspot.de/2008/08/pauline-baynes-queen-of-narnia-middle.html |date=17 July 2012 }}, 4 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-04. [https://briansibley-exlibris.blogspot.com/2008/10/pauline-baynes-queen-of-narnia-and.html Second edition], ''Ex Libris: Brian Sibley'', 17 October 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-27. {{cite web |url=https://briansibleysblog.blogspot.com/2008/08/pauline-baynes-queen-of-narnia-middle.html |title=Brian Sibley: The Blog: Pauline Baynes: Queen of Narnia And Middle-Earth |access-date=2011-07-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913211849/http://briansibleysblog.blogspot.com/2008/08/pauline-baynes-queen-of-narnia-middle.html |archive-date=13 September 2008 }}</ref> Baynes was also close to Tolkien, whose Christianity she approved of as "more rooted and unobtrusive" than Lewis's.<ref name=cor/> After Tolkien and his wife had retired to [[Bournemouth]], Baynes and Gasch used to visit them and join them for holidays.<ref name=cor/><ref name=tel/>

== Death and legacy ==

Baynes died in Dockenfield on 1 August 2008, leaving behind unpublished illustrations for the [[Quran]], [[Aesop's Fables]] and Sibley's ''Osric the Extraordinary Owl'': this last was printed thirteen years later.<ref name=ind/><ref name=dnb/><ref name=bri/> She bequeathed her archive of several hundred drawings and paintings, her library of more than two thousand books, and her intellectual property rights to the Oxford Programme of [[Williams College]], [[Williamstown, Massachusetts|Williamstown]], [[Massachusetts]], with a request that her collection should be housed in the college's Chapin Library of Rare Books.<ref name=wayne/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=3049 |title=Tolkien Collector's Guide - Pauline Baynes Archive Bequeathed to Williams College |publisher=Tolkienguide.com |date=2009-05-20 |access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref> There is a second, small Baynes archive at the [[University of Oregon]].<ref name=oregon/> Sibley, writing in ''The Independent'', summed up the style of his friend thus:

{{blockquote|The hallmarks of her work were a talent for lively, imaginative designs; the ability to create a sense of energy and animation; a confident fluidity of line; a bold use of vibrant, gem-like colours and the subtle employment of negative space.<ref name=ind/>}}

Baynes's standing in the pantheon of children's book illustrators is high, her drawings and paintings changing hands for thousands of [[Pound sterling|pounds sterling]].<ref name=ind/><ref>{{cite web |title=Pauline Baynes: Illustrator to Lewis & Tolkien |url=https://www.blackwell.co.uk/rarebooks/catalogues/pbaynesweb.pdf |publisher=Blackwell Rare Books |access-date=20 March 2024}}</ref> Most of the art that she created for Tolkien's and Lewis's books has remained continuously in print ever since it was first published. As of 1998, the Narnia stories alone had sold more than one hundred million copies.<ref>[[Lewis, C. S.]]: ''The Magician's Nephew'', centenary edition; [[HarperCollins]], 1998; p. ii.</ref> Baynes's paintings of Narnia have gained still wider currency through their use in featurettes in-home media releases of Hollywood's [[The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)|''Chronicles of Narnia'']] movies.<ref>''The Chronicles of Narnia: The Trilogy''; DVD and Blu-ray editions; Walt Disney, 2013.</ref> Looking back after half a century, Baynes's verdict on her momentous trip through the back of a wardrobe was down to earth. "I just thought of it as work."<ref name=cor/> In their ''In Memoriam'' for Baynes in the ''[[Mythlore]]'' Inklings journal, Hammond and Scull stated that

{{blockquote|by her hand, the invented worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien and C.S. Lewis first came visually to life. Some readers, indeed, have said that for them, her pictures ''were'' Middle-earth, they ''were'' the land of Narnia".<ref name="Hammond Scull 2008 In Memoriam"/>}}

== Bibliography ==

(Where more than one edition of a book by Lewis or Tolkien is listed, it is because they have different illustrations.)

=== Books by or edited by Baynes ===

* ''Victoria and the Golden Bird'', Blackie, 1948
* ''How Dog Began'', Methuen, 1985
* ''The Song of the Three Holy Children'', Methuen, 1986
* ''Good King Wenceslas''. Lutterworth, 1987
* ''Noah and the Ark'', Methuen, 1988
* ''In the Beginning'', Dent, 1990 (issued in the US as ''Let There Be Light'', Simon & Schuster, 1991)
* ''Thanks Be to God: Prayers from Around the World'', Lutterworth, 1990
* ''I Believe: The Nicene Creed'', Frances Lincoln, 2003
* ''Questionable Creatures'', Frances Lincoln, 2006
* ''The Elephant's Ball'', Eerdmans, 2007
* ''Psalm 8: How Excellent is Thy Name!'', Marion E. Wade Center, 2007

=== Books by or related to C. S. Lewis ===

* [[Douglas Gresham|Gresham, Douglas]]: ''The Official Narnia Cookbook'', HarperCollins, 1998
* [[C. S. Lewis|Lewis, C. S.]]: ''[[The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]'', Bles, 1950; Puffin, 1959; Collins, 1974; [[HarperCollins]], 1991, 1998 and 2000
* —— ''[[Prince Caspian]]'', Bles, 1951; Puffin, 1962; Collins, 1974; [[HarperCollins]], 1998
* —— ''[[The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]]'', Bles, 1952; Puffin, 1965; Collins, 1974; [[HarperCollins]], 1998
* —— ''[[The Silver Chair]]'', Bles, 1953; Puffin, 1965; Collins, 1974; [[HarperCollins]], 1998
* —— ''[[The Horse and His Boy]]'', Bles, 1954; Puffin, 1965; Collins, 1974; [[HarperCollins]], 1998
* —— ''[[The Magician's Nephew]]'', The Bodley Head, 1955; Puffin, 1963; The Bodley Head, 1975; [[HarperCollins]], 1998
* —— ''[[The Last Battle]]'', The Bodley Head, 1956; Puffin, 1964; The Bodley Head, 1977; [[HarperCollins]], 1998
* —— (adapted): ''A Map of Narnia and the Surrounding Countries'', poster, Collins, 1968
* —— (adapted): ''The Magical Land of Narnia Puzzle Book'', HarperCollins, 1998
* —— (adapted): ''The Narnia Trivia Book'', HarperCollins, 1999
* —— (adapted): ''The Wisdom of Narnia'', HarperCollins, 2001
* —— (adapted): ''Narnia Chronology'', HarperCollins, 2008
* Riordan, James: ''A Book of Narnians'', HarperCollins, 1994
* [[Brian Sibley|Sibley, Brian]]: ''The Land of Narnia'', HarperCollins, 1989
* Sibley, Brian and Sage, Alison: ''A Treasury of Narnia'', HarperCollins, 1989

=== Books by J. R. R. Tolkien ===

* ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'', Allen & Unwin, 1949; [[HarperCollins]], 1999 and 2014
* ''[[The Hobbit]]'', Puffin, 1961 [cover only]
* ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'', Allen & Unwin, 1962; [[HarperCollins]], 2014
* ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]'', Allen & Unwin, 1967; Ballantine, 1969; Allen and Unwin, 1975; [[HarperCollins]], 2015
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', 3-volume de luxe edition, Allen & Unwin, 1964 [slipcase only]
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', paperback, Allen & Unwin, 1968 [cover only]
* ''[[A Map of Middle-Earth]]'', poster, Allen & Unwin, 1970
* ''There and Back Again: a Map of Bilbo's Journey Through Eriador and Rhovanion'', poster, Allen & Unwin, 1971
* ''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]'', poster, Allen & Unwin, 1974
* ''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo'', Unwin Paperbacks, 1978 [cover only]
* ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', Unwin Paperbacks, 1981 [cover only]
* ''[[The Two Towers]]'', Unwin Paperbacks, 1981 [cover only]
* ''[[The Return of the King]]'', Unwin Paperbacks, 1981 [cover only]
* ''Poems and Stories'', Allen & Unwin, 1981
* ''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]'', Unwin Hyman, 1990
* ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]'' and ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]'', audiobook, HarperCollins, 2003

=== Books by other authors ===

* [[Richard Adams|Adams, Richard]]: ''[[Watership Down]]'', Puffin, 1972 [cover and maps]; Allen Lane/Kestrel Books, 1982 [cover and maps]
* [[Cecil Frances Alexander|Alexander, Cecil Frances]]: ''[[All Things Bright and Beautiful]]'', Lutterworth, 1986
* [[Hans Christian Andersen|Andersen, Hans Christian]]: ''Andersen's Fairy Tales'', Blackie, 1949
* —— ''Stories from Hans Christian Andersen selected by Philippa Pearce'', Collins, 1972
* Backway, Monica: ''Hassan of Basorah'', Blackie, 1958
* [[Richard Barber|Barber, Richard]]: ''A Companion to World Mythology'', Kestrel, 1979
* Bate, Joan Mary: ''The Curious Tale of Cloud City'', Blackie, 1958
* [[Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont|de Beaumont, Jeanne-Marie Leprince]]: ''Beauty and the Beast'', Perry Colour Books, 1942
* Bebbington, William George: ''And It Came to Pass'', Allen & Unwin, 1951
* [[R. D. Blackmore|Blackmore, R. D.]]: ''[[Lorna Doone]]'', Collins, 1970
* [[Enid Blyton|Blyton, Enid]] et al.: ''The Wonder Book for Children'', Odhams, 1948
* Blyton, Enid: ''The Land of Farbeyond'', Methuen, 1973
* [[Mary Cathcart Borer|Borer, Mary Cathcart]]: ''Don Quixote: Some of His Adventures'', Longman, 1960
* —— ''Boadicea'', Longman, 1965
* —— ''Christopher Columbus'', Longman, 1965
* —— ''Joan of Arc'', Longman, 1965
* —— ''King Alfred the Great'', Longman, 1965
* Bremer, Francis J.: ''The Puritan Experiment'', St James, 1977
* [[John Bunyan|Bunyan, John]]: ''[[The Pilgrim's Progress]]'', Blackie, 1949
* Burrough, Loretta: ''Sister Clare'', W. H. Allen, 1960
* [[Lewis Carroll|Carroll, Lewis]]: ''[[Alice in Wonderland]] and [[Through the Looking-Glass]]'', Blackie, 1950
* Clark, Leonard: ''All Along Down Along'', Longman, 1971
* Cockrill, Pauline: ''The Little Book of Celebrity Bears'', Dorling Kindersley, 1992
* Denton, E. M.: ''Stars and Candles'', Ernest Benn, 1958
* [[Peter Dickinson|Dickinson, Peter]]: ''The Iron Lion'', Blackie, 1983
* [[William Croft Dickinson|Dickinson, William Croft]]: ''Borrobil'', Puffin, 1973
* Ensor, Dorothy: ''The Adventures of Hatim Tai'', Harrap, 1960
* Field, William: ''An Historical and Descriptive Account of the Town and Castle of Warwick and the Neighbouring Leamington Spa'', S. R. Publishers, 1969
* [[Michael Foreman (author/illustrator)|Foreman, Michael]]: ''Sarah et le Cheval de Sable'', Deflandre Francoise, 1997
* Gail, Marzieh: ''Avignon in Flower, 1304 - 1403'', Victor Gollancz, 1966
* Garnett, Emmeline: ''The Civil War 1640 - 1660'', A. & C. Black, 1956
* [[Rumer Godden|Godden, Rumer]]: ''The Dragon of Og'', Macmillan, 1981
* —— ''Four Dolls'', Macmillan, 1983
* —— ''The Little Chair'', Hodder, 1996
* Greaves, Margaret: ''The Naming'', Dent, 1992
* [[Roger Lancelyn Green|Green, Roger Lancelyn]]: ''The Tale of Troy'', Puffin, 1970
* —— ''Tales of the Greek Heroes'', Puffin, 1983
* [[Jacob Grimm|Grimm, Jacob]] and [[Wilhelm Grimm|Wilhelm]]: ''[[Grimm's Fairy Tales]]'', Blackie, 1949
* Harris, Rosemary: ''The Moon in the Cloud'', Puffin, 1978 [cover only]
* —— ''The Shadow on the Sun'', Puffin, 1978 [cover only]
* —— ''The Bright and Morning Star'', Puffin, 1978 [cover only]
* —— ''The Enchanted Horse'', Kestrel, 1981
* —— ''Love and the Merry-go-round'', Hamish Hamilton, 1988
* —— ''Colm of the Islands'', Walker, 1989
* Harvey, David: ''Dragon Smoke and Magic Song'', Allen & Unwin, 1984
* [[Arnold Haskell|Haskell, Arnold L.]] (ed.): ''The Ballet Annual 1951'', A. & C. Black, 1951
* Hawkins, Robert Henry: ''Primary English Practice'', Longman, 1958
* Henshall, David: ''Starchild and Witchfire'', Macmillan, 1991
* Hickman, G. M. and Mayo, R. Elizabeth: ''Adventures at Home: Pilgrim Way Geographies, Book 1'', Blackie, 1961
* Hickman, G. M.: ''Adventuring Abroad: Pilgrim Way Geographies, Book 2'', Blackie, 1962
* Hieatt, Constance B.: ''The Joy of the Court'', Thomas Y. Crowell, 1971
* Hitchcock, Albert: ''Great People Through the Ages'', Blackie, 1954
* —— ''The British People: Their Work & Way of Life'', Blackie, 1955
* Homans, Abigail Adams: ''Education by Uncles'', Houghton Mifflin, 1966
* Hughes, Arthur George: ''Ali Baba and Aladdin'', Longman, 1960
* Hume, Emily Gertrude: ''Days Before History'', Blackie, 1952
* —— ''Children Through the Ages'', Blackie, 1953
* Hunter, Eileen: ''Tales of Way-Beyond'', Andre Deutsch, 1979
* [[Agnes Jekyll|Jekyll, Lady Agnes]]: ''Kitchen Essays'', Collins, 1969
* Jenkins, A. E.: ''Titterstone Clee Hills: Everyday Life, Industrial History and Dialect'', A. E. Jenkins, 1982
* [[Gwyn Jones (author)|Jones, Gwyn]]: ''Welsh Legends and Folk Tales'', Puffin, 1979
* [[Rudyard Kipling|Kipling, Rudyard]]: ''How the Whale Got His Throat'', Macmillan, 1983
* Koralek, Jenny: ''The Cobweb Curtain: a Christmas Story'', Methuen, 1989
* —— ''The Moses Basket'', Frances Lincoln, 2003
* —— ''The Coat of Many Colours'', Frances Lincoln, 2004
* [[Joseph Wood Krutch|Krutch, Joseph Wood]]: ''The Most Wonderful Animals That Never Were''. Houghton Mifflin, 1969
* Lethbridge, Katherine Greville: ''The Rout of the Ollafubs'', Faber & Faber, 1964
* Llewellyn, Bernard: ''China's Courts and Concubines: Some People in China's History'', Allen & Unwin, 1956
* [[George MacBeth|MacBeth, George]]: ''The Story of Daniel'', Lutterworth, 1986
* [[George MacDonald|MacDonald, George]]: ''[[The Princess and the Goblin]]'', Puffin, 1971 [cover only]
* —— ''[[The Princess and Curdie]]'', Puffin, 1966 [cover only]
* Malcolmson, Anne Burnett: ''Miracle Plays: Seven Medieval Plays for Modern Players'', Constable, 1960
* Markham, George (ed. Lucid, Dan): ''The Compleat Horseman'', Robson, 1976
* [[Naomi Mitchison|Mitchison, Naomi]]: ''Graeme and the Dragon'', Faber & Faber, 1954
* [[Jan Morris|Morris, James]] (subsequently Jan): ''The Upstairs Donkey and Other Stolen Stories'', Faber & Faber, 1962
* [[Lynette R. Muir|Muir, Lynette]]: ''The Unicorn Window'', Abelard-Schuman, 1961
* Nicolas, Claude and Roels, Iliane: ''How Life Goes On: the Butterfly'', Chambers, 1974
* —— ''How Life Goes On: the Duck'', Chambers, 1975
* —— ''How Life Goes On: the Bee and the Cherry Tree'', Chambers, 1976
* —— ''How Life Goes On: the Salmon''. Chambers, 1976
* —— ''How Life Goes On; the Dolphin'', Chambers, 1977
* —— ''How Life Goes On: the Frog'', Chambers, 1977
* —— ''How Life Goes On; the Roe Deer'', Chambers, 1977
* [[Mary Norton (author)|Norton, Mary]]: ''[[The Borrowers (book series)|The Borrowers]]'', Puffin, 1980 [cover only]
* —— ''[[The Borrowers Aloft]]'', Puffin, 1980 [cover only]
* —— ''[[The Borrowers Afloat]]'', Puffin, 1980 [cover only]
* —— ''[[The Borrowers Afield]]'', Puffin, 1980 [cover only]
* —— ''[[The Borrowers Avenged]]'', Kestrel, 1982
* Nuttall, Kenneth: ''Let's Act, Book 4'', Longman, 1960
* [[Iona Opie|Opie, Iona]] and [[Peter Opie|Peter]]: ''The Puffin Book of Nursery Rhymes'', Puffin, 1963
* —— ''A Family Book of Nursery Rhymes'', Oxford University Press, 1964
* Peppin, Anthea: ''The National Gallery Children's Book'', National Gallery, 1983
* Perry, Powell: ''Question Mark'', Perry Colour Books, ?1942
* —— ''Wild Flower Rhymes'', Perry Colour Books, ?1942
* —— ''Oldebus'', Perry Colour Books, 1945
* —— ''Jumblebus 10'', Perry Colour Books, 1951
* Phillips, Marjorie: ''Annabel and Bryony'', Oxford University Press, 1953
* Piers, Helen: ''Snail and Caterpillar'', Longman Young, 1972
* —— ''Grasshopper and Butterfly'', Kestrel, 1975
* —— ''Frog and Water Shrew''. Kestrel, 1981
* [[Beatrix Potter|Potter, Beatrix]]: ''Country Tales'', Frederick Warne, 1987
* —— ''Wag-by-Wall'', Frederick Warne, 1987
* [[Henri Pourrat|Pourrat, Henri]]: ''A Treasury of French Tales'', Allen & Unwin, 1953
* [[Rhoda Power|Power, Rhoda D.]]: ''From the Fury of the Northmen'', Houghton Mifflin, 1957
* Pridham, Radost: ''A Gift from the Heart: Folk Tales from Bulgaria'', Methuen, 1966
* [[Arthur Ransome|Ransome, Arthur]]: ''[[Old Peter's Russian Tales]]'', Puffin, 1974 [cover only]
* Ray, Elizabeth: ''The Resourceful Cook'', Macmillan, 1978 [cover only]
* [[Emanuel Schikaneder|Schikaneder, Emanuel]] (adapted by Perry, Powell): ''[[Die Zauberflöte|The Magic Flute]]'', Perry Colour Books, 1943
* [[Anna Sewell|Sewell, Anna]]: ''[[Black Beauty]]'', Puffin, 1954 [cover only]
* [[Brian Sibley|Sibley, Brian]]: ''Osric the Extraordinary Owl'', [[Jay Johnstone (artist)|Jay Johnstone]], 2021
* [[Edmund Spenser|Spenser, Edmund]] (ed. Warburg, Sandol Stoddard): ''Saint George and the Dragon'', Houghton Mifflin, 1963
* Squire, Geoffrey: ''The Observer's Book of European Costume'', Frederick Warne, 1975
* Stevenson, Victoria: ''Clover Magic'', Country Life, 1944
* —— ''The Magic Footstool'', Country Life, 1946
* —— ''The Magic Broom'', Country Life, 1950
* Stewart, Katie: ''The Times Cookery Book'', Collins, 1972
* [[Jonathan Swift|Swift, Jonathan]]: ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'', Blackie, 1950
* [[John Symonds|Symonds, John]]: ''Harold: the Story of a Friendship'', Dent, 1973 [cover only]
* Tower, Christopher: ''Oultre Jourdain'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1980
* Uden, Grant: ''A Dictionary of Chivalry'', Longman, 1968
* [[Alison Uttley|Uttley, Alison]]: ''The Little Knife Who Did All the Work: Twelve Tales of Magic'', Faber & Faber, 1962
* —— ''Recipes From an Old Farmhouse'', Faber & Faber, 1966
* [[Jennifer Westwood|Westwood, Jennifer]]: ''Medieval Tales'', Rupert Hart-Davis, 1967
* —— ''The Isle of Gramarye: an Anthology of the Poetry of Magic'', Rupert Hart-Davis, 1970
* —— ''Tales and Legends'', Rupert Hart-Davis, 1972
* [[Ursula Moray Williams|Williams, Ursula Moray]]: ''The Adventures of the Little Wooden Horse'', Puffin, 1985 [cover only]
* —— ''The Further Adventures of Gobbolino and the Little Wooden Horse'', Puffin, 1984
* [[Amabel Williams-Ellis|Williams-Ellis, Amabel]]: ''The Arabian Nights'', Blackie, 1957
* —— ''Fairy Tales from the British Isles'', Blackie, 1960
* —— ''More British Fairy Tales'', Blackie, 1965
* Various: ''Puffin Annual No. 1'', Puffin, 1974
* —— ''Puffin Annual No. 2'', Puffin, 1975

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{isfdb name |7599 |Pauline Baynes}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191020104345/http://personal.bgsu.edu/~edwards/baynes.html The Woman Who Drew Narnia: Pauline Baynes] by Charlotte Cory (mid-1990s)
* [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/pauline-baynes-illustrator-who-depicted-lewiss-narnia-and-tolkiens-middleearth-886121.html Obituary], ''[[The Independent]]'', 6 August 2008
* [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/06/booksforchildrenandteenagers Obituary], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 6 August 2008
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100524045830/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article4488039.ece Obituary], ''[[The Times]]'', 8 August 2008 {{subscription required}}
* [https://archive.today/20120709071017/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/message/20010 Death notice], Wayne Hammond and Christina Scull announce Pauline Baynes's death to the [[Mythopoeic Society]], 2 August 2008
* {{LCAuth|n79091346|Pauline Baynes|79|ue}}

{{Lord of the Rings}}
{{Middle-earth}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baynes, Pauline}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art]]
[[Category:English children's book illustrators]]
[[Category:English women children's book illustrators]]
[[Category:English fantasy writers]]
[[Category:British fantasy artists]]
[[Category:English speculative fiction artists]]
[[Category:20th-century English illustrators]]
[[Category:Illustrators of fairy tales]]
[[Category:Kate Greenaway Medal winners]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:People from Farnham]]
[[Category:People from Hove]]
[[Category:Tolkien artists]]
[[Category:Writers who illustrated their own writing]]
[[Category:21st-century British illustrators]]
[[Category:Pictorial map artists]]

Sevata Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:57Z

Anis: Creating Some Entry Added Tags!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sevata
| mla = [[Gyan Tiwari]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 263,543 (2012)
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 150
| map_image = 150-Sevata.svg
}}

'''Sevata Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Sitapur Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 2012 after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed and the constituency was formed in 2008. The constituency is assigned identification number 150.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 16 Jun 2016|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-url= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20111113000000/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=16 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=16 Jun 2016|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sevata.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=16 Jun 2016|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Sevata Assembly constituency is KCs Shahpur, Sevata, Rewsa, PCs Jahangirabad & Basudaha of Jahangirabad KC of Biswan Tehsil; KC Rampur Mathura, PCs Chhatauni, Dhamauda & Jaravan of Sadarpur KC of Mahmoodabad Tehsil.

==[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of the Legislative Assembly]]==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mahendra Kumar Singh || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || - || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabh]] || rowspan="2"|[[Gyan Tiwari]] || rowspan="2"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2017 || Mar-2022 || || ||
|-
| 03 || [[Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent || || ||
|-
|}
2017 MLA elections [[Gyan Tiwari]] won the election for Sevata seat.

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Sevata<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gyan Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:108057}}
|percentage = 48.43
|change = +4.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mahendra Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:87776}}
|percentage = 39.34
|change = +19.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ashish Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:17054}}
|percentage = 7.64
|change = -16.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|candidate = Shanti Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:4300}}
|percentage = 1.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Vijaynath Awasthi
|votes = {{formatnum:2984}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1996}}
|percentage = 0.89
|change = -0.53
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:20281}}
|percentage = 9.09
|change = -11.3
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:223131}}
|percentage = 71.04
|change = -1.17
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Sevata<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gyan Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:94697}}
|percentage = 44.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Engineer Mohammad Nasim
|votes = {{formatnum:51038}}
|percentage = 23.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shiv Kumar Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:43488}}
|percentage = 20.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Rampal Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:13130}}
|percentage = 6.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Vikalp Party
|candidate = Amarjeet Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2470}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2990}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:43659}}
|percentage = 20.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:214086}}
|percentage = 72.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sevata<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Mahendra Kumar Singh]]
|votes = 49,510
|percentage = 28.08
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ammar Rizvi
|votes = 47,063
|percentage = 26.69
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ranjana Bajpai
|votes = 39,208
|percentage = 22.24
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 12 candidates
|votes = 40,527
|percentage = 22.97
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,447
|percentage = 1.39
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 176,308
|percentage = 66.9
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Sitapur district]]
*[[Sitapur Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Sitapur district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Gopal Singh Shekhawat

2026-04-19T10:12:10Z

Anis: done...

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gopal Singh Shekhawat गोपाल सिंह शेखावत
| birth_name =
| caption = Gopal Singh Shekhawat
| image =
| birth_date = 17 January 1951
| birth_place = Edwa, [[Nagaur]], [[Rajasthan]].
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Rajsamand (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajsamand]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2014
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2024- Present)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (till 2024)
| spouse = Ganesh Kanwar
| children = 5
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Gopal Singh Shekhawat''', also known as '''Gopal Singh Idwa''' is an Indian politician and the former [[Lok Sabha]] member,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://firstindianews.com/news/rajasthan-scroll-may-ndr-riya-1695267701|title=मेड़तासिटी : पूर्व सांसद एंव पीसीसी के वरिष्ठ उपाध्यक्ष गोपाल सिंह शेखावत का दौरा,रियांबड़ी व मेड़तासिटी में अनेक निजी कार्यक्रमों में की शिरकत,कांग्रेस कार्यकर्ताओं ने किया जगह जगह भव्य स्वागत,चित्तौड़गढ़ लोकसभा से कांग्रेस प्रत्याशी है गोपाल सिंह शेखावत|website=firstindianews.com}}</ref> who represented [[Rajsamand (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajsamand constituency]] of [[Rajasthan]] state as the Member of the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gopal-singh-shekhawat-jugal-kabra-made-working-presidents-of-congress-in-rajasthan/articleshow/25591457.cms?from=mdr|title=Gopal Singh Shekhawat, Jugal Kabra made working presidents of Congress in Rajasthan|date=11 November 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name="auto1">[https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4413 Bio data] archive.india.gov.in {{dead link|date=November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prsindia.org/mptrack/15loksabha/gopalsinghshekhawat|title=Gopal Singh Shekhawat|date=25 October 2016|website=PRSIndia|access-date=12 February 2020|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422150942/https://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/15loksabha/gopalsinghshekhawat|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/rajsamand-mp-denied-ticket-bjp-picks-former-royal-diya-kumari-for-2019-lok-sabha-elections/story-FsBEU8GW8xFjJDWjfQiMSK.html|title=Rajsamand MP denied ticket, BJP picks former royal Diya Kumari for 2019 Lok Sabha elections|date=17 April 2019|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Education ==
Gopal Sungh has completed his [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[Jaipur National University]] in 1971. Later, in 1974, he did his [[Bachelor of Laws]] from [[University of Rajasthan]] and [[Secondary education]] from [[Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan]] in 1966.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=2457|title=Gopal Singh Shekhawat(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- RAJSAMAND(RAJASTHAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Life and background==
Gopal Singh, vice-president and party in-charge of Congress Chittorgarh district unit<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Automation |first1=Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/zila-news/news/rajasthan-news-district-candidate-from-gopal-singh-idwa-chittor-for-six-years-congress-candidate-061118-4229090.html|title=छह साल से जिला प्रभारी गोपालसिंह इड़वा चित्तौड़ से कांग्रेस प्रत्याशी|date=30 March 2019|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> was born on 17 January 1951 in Edwa village of [[Nagaur district]] of [[Rajasthan]]. He is married to "Ganesh Kanwar" and are blessed with three sons and two daughters. From 2009 - 2014, Singh served as the member of parliament elections held during the [[15th Lok Sabha]] session. He is son of "Narayan Singh" and "Dariao Kanwar", where Dariao Kanwar is the mother of Gopal.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shekhawat, Gopal Singh}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

Bomdila Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:46:54Z

Anis: info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bomdila
| map_image = Bomdila Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 7
| district = [[West Kameng district|West Kameng]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]]
| established = 1978
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Dongru Siongju]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = 10,840

}}
'''Bomdila''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs>{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts & ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |accessdate= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}</ref>

It is part of [[West Kameng district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Rinchin Kharu || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Sinam Dususow Bomdila || {{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || rowspan=4 | [[Japu Deru]]
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan=2 | R. T. Khunjuju<ref name="16 Arunachal ministers, Parliamentary secretaries lose in assembly polls">{{cite news |date=17 May 2014 |title=16 Arunachal ministers, Parliamentary secretaries lose in assembly polls |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/16-arunachal-ministers-parliamentary-secretaries-lose-in-assembly-polls/articleshow/35253733.cms?from=mdr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520164113/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/16-arunachal-ministers-parliamentary-secretaries-lose-in-assembly-polls/articleshow/35253733.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=20 May 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref>|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Japu Deru]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2 | [[Dongru Siongju]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name="Did BJP’s thumping win in Arunachal happen at cost of Congress’s waning confidence?">{{cite news |date=3 June 2024 |title=Did BJP’s thumping win in Arunachal happen at cost of Congress’s waning confidence? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-elections-congress-bjp-2547256-2024-06-03 |archive-date= |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal CM, his deputy among 10 BJP candidates elected unopposed in assembly elections">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=30 March 2024 |title=Arunachal CM, his deputy among 10 BJP candidates elected unopposed in assembly elections |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/arunachal-cm-his-deputy-among-10-bjp-candidates-elected-unopposed-in-assembly-elections-enn24033005887 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517124234/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/arunachal-cm-his-deputy-among-10-bjp-candidates-elected-unopposed-in-assembly-elections-enn24033005887 |archive-date=17 May 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S027.htm |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517120451/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S027.htm |archive-date=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Bomdila (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Bomdila (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/bomdila |access-date=17 May 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517120453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/bomdila |archive-date=17 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bomdila<ref>{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Dongru Siongju]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,840 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,840 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Dal (United) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bomdila}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dongru Siongju]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=2,994 |percentage=37.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Japu Deru]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,761 |percentage=34.26% |change={{decrease}}18.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aju Khonjuju |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=1,652 |percentage=20.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. T. Khunjuju |party=Indian National Congress |votes=547 |percentage=6.79% |change={{decrease}}38.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=105 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=233 |percentage=2.89% |change= {{decrease}}5.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,059 |percentage=80.09% |change= {{increase}}1.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,062 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal (United) |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}16.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bomdila<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Japu Deru]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,345 |percentage=53.21% |change={{increase}}50.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. T. Khunjuju |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,660 |percentage=44.83% |change={{decrease}}6.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=160 |percentage=1.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=685 |percentage=8.39% |change= {{increase}}3.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,165 |percentage=78.26% |change= {{increase}}6.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,433 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bomdila<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. T. Khunjuju |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,062 |percentage=50.96% |change={{increase}}12.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Japu Deru]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,670 |percentage=46.04% |change={{increase}}43.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sambu Siongju |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=239 |percentage=3.00% |change={{decrease}}43.65 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=392 |percentage=4.92% |change= {{decrease}}3.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,971 |percentage=72.21% |change= {{increase}}8.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,038 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bomdila<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. T. Khunjuju |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,955 |percentage=46.65% |change={{increase}}29.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Japu Deru]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,417 |percentage=38.16% |change={{decrease}}6.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Khandu Thungon |party=Independent politician |votes=819 |percentage=12.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sherge Thungon |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=143 |percentage=2.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=538 |percentage=8.49% |change= {{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,334 |percentage=61.17% |change= {{increase}}0.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,879 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.97 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bomdila<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Japu Deru]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,515 |percentage=44.68% |change={{decrease}}12.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. T. Khunjuju |party=Independent politician |votes=2,155 |percentage=38.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khiren Rijiju |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=959 |percentage=17.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=360 |percentage=6.40% |change= {{decrease}}7.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,629 |percentage=66.54% |change= {{decrease}}11.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,910 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bomdila<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Japu Deru]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,358 |percentage=56.96% |change={{decrease}}1.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. T. Khunjuju |party=Independent politician |votes=2,537 |percentage=43.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=821 |percentage=13.93% |change= {{decrease}}3.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,895 |percentage=77.54% |change= {{increase}}3.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,863 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bomdila<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Japu Deru]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,839 |percentage=58.57% |change={{increase}}25.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinchin Kharu |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,008 |percentage=41.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=831 |percentage=17.14% |change= {{increase}}14.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,847 |percentage=72.41% |change= {{decrease}}0.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,804 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=People's Party of Arunachal |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bomdila<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1984 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Japu Deru]] |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=1,894 |percentage=36.03% |change={{decrease}}16.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sinam Dususow |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,737 |percentage=33.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Glow |party=Independent politician |votes=983 |percentage=18.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinchin Kharu |party=Independent politician |votes=514 |percentage=9.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Cheten Droma |party=Independent politician |votes=77 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jammu Khynjiuzu |party=Independent politician |votes=52 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=157 |percentage=2.99% |change= {{decrease}}2.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,257 |percentage=77.05% |change= {{increase}}4.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,315 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=People's Party of Arunachal |loser=People's Party of Arunachal |swing= {{decrease}}16.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bomdila<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106193245/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sinam Dususow Bomdila |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=2,133 |percentage=52.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinchin Kharu Nafra |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=1,915 |percentage=47.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=218 |percentage=5.39% |change= {{decrease}}41.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,048 |percentage=72.16% |change= {{decrease}}5.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,016 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=People's Party of Arunachal |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}20.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bomdila<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613112141/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinchin Kharu |party=Janata Party |votes=2,734 |percentage=73.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dorjee Tsering |party=Independent politician |votes=986 |percentage=26.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,748 |percentage=46.99% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,720 |percentage=75.69% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,105 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[West Kameng district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.26|92.42|display=title}}

[[Category:West Kameng district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Imamganj Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:55:56Z

Anis: started new page

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{About|the constituency of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]|Imamganj city|Imamganj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date = June 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Imamganj Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = 227-Imamganj constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Deepa Manjhi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Gaya district|Gaya]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|227]]
|established = 1957
| electors = 304,475
|abolished = 
}}
'''Imamganj''' is an assembly constituency for [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[Gaya district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It comes under [[Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|url=https://gaya.nic.in/constituencies/|title=Constituencies {{!}} Gaya {{!}} India|language=en-US|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/imamganj.html|title=Imamganj Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|website=www.elections.in|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref>

==Members of the legislative assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Ambika Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|D Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Ishwar Das
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Awadheshewar Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Ishwar Das
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Shrichand Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Uday Narayan Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Ramswaroop Paswan
| {{Full party name with color|Samata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Uday Narayan Chaudhary]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha|dab=y|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2024 elections in India#Bihar|2024^]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Deepa Manjhi]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}
^By-poll

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Imamganj<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Imamganj">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Imamganj |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04227.htm |access-date=29 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251129045917/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04227.htm |archive-date=29 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|candidate = [[Deepa Manjhi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:104861}}
|percentage = 50.83
|change = +5.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Ritu Priya Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:79005}}
|percentage = 38.3
|change = +2.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Ajeet Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:11912}}
|percentage = 5.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tengar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2313}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peoples Party of India (Democratic)
|candidate = Banarsi Das
|votes = {{formatnum:2049}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3596}}
|percentage = 1.74
|change = -0.97
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25856}}
|percentage = 12.53
|change = +3.29
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:206281}}
|percentage = 67.75
|change = +9.06
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2024===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2024 elections in India#Bihar|Bihar Legislative Assembly by-election 2024]]: Imamganj<ref name="Imamganj Assembly Constituency By Poll Result 2024">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Imamganj Assembly Constituency By Poll Result 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S04227.htm |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125121005/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S04227.htm |archive-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Deepa Manjhi]]
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|votes = 53,435
|percentage = 32.59
|change = -12.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Roshan Kumar Manjhi
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 47,490
|percentage = 28.96
|change = -7.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jitendra Paswan
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = 37,103
|percentage = 22.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 5,945
|percentage = 3.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,63,963
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Imamganj]]<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|candidate = [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:78762}}
|percentage = 45.36
|change = -7.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Uday Narayan Choudhary]]
|votes = {{formatnum:62728}}
|percentage = 36.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Shobha Sinha
|votes = {{formatnum:14197}}
|percentage = 8.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Fakirchand Das
|votes = {{formatnum:3797}}
|percentage = 2.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Jitendra Kumar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2337}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jagrook Janta Party
|candidate = Jitendra Chaudhari
|votes = {{formatnum:2033}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bijendra Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1579}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4705}}
|percentage = 2.71
|change = -0.99
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16034}}
|percentage = 9.24
|change = -10.34
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:173645}}
|percentage = 58.69
|change = +2.42
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Imamganj<ref name="Imamganj Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Imamganj Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/imamganj |access-date=29 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251129045858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/imamganj |archive-date=29 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|candidate = [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:79389}}
|percentage = 52.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Uday Narain Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:49981}}
|percentage = 33.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shoshit Samaj Dal
|candidate = Raghuni Ram Shastri
|votes = {{formatnum:4297}}
|percentage = 2.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Lalan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3624}}
|percentage = 2.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mathura Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2732}}
|percentage = 1.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aap Aur Hum Party
|candidate = Ram Khelawan Chaudhry
|votes = {{formatnum:2491}}
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Shankar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2109}}
|percentage = 1.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5552}}
|percentage = 3.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:29408}}
|percentage = 19.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:150175}}
|percentage = 56.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{coord|24.46|84.58|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Gaya district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

Ananda Marga

2026-04-13T00:25:00Z

Anis: put up new details and citations

{{POV|date=December 2024}}
{{short description|Socio-spiritual organization}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
| name=Ánanda Márga Pracáraka Saḿgha
| image=Ananda Marga Logo.png
| image_size=220px
| abbreviation=AMPS
| formation={{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1955|01|01|p=y}}
| founder=[[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]]
| type=Socio-spiritual organization
| status=[[Foundation (nonprofit)|Foundation]]
| purpose=Educational, [[philanthropic]], philosophic studies, [[spirituality]]
| headquarters=Ánandanagar, [[Purulia]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| location=Rārh Bengal
| region_served=Worldwide
| language=[[English language|English]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]]
| leader_title=Head
| leader_name=Purodhā Pramukha
| main_organ=Central Purodhá Board
| website={{URL|http://www.anandamarga.org/}} {{URL|ampsnys.org/}}
}}
{{Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar (sidebar)}}
'''Ánanda Márga''' ({{literal translation|The Path of Bliss}}, [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|also spelled]] '''Anand Marg''' and '''Ananda Marg'''), or officially '''Ánanda Márga Pracáraka Saḿgha''' (organization for the propagation of the path of bliss), is a world-wide socio-spiritual organisation founded in [[Jamalpur, Munger|Jamalpur]], [[Munger]], [[Bihar]], [[India]], in 1955 by [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]], known as Shrii Shrii Ánandamúrti. It is also the name of the [[philosophy]] and [[life-style]] propounded by Sarkar, described as a practical means of [[personal development]] and the transformation of society. It is established in more than 180 countries across the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ánanda Márga|url=https://www.anandamarga.org/|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410143559/https://www.anandamarga.org/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ananda Marga - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Ananda_Marga |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=en.banglapedia.org |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703061451/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Ananda_Marga |url-status=live }}</ref> Its motto is ''Ātmamokśārthaṃ jagaddhitāya ca'' (Self-Realisation and Service to the Universe).

[[Tantra]] [[yoga]], as interpreted by Sarkar, serves as the foundation of Ánanda Márga. According to his teachings, Tantra means [[Moksha|liberation]] from darkness through the expansion of mind. [[Meditation]] is the main spiritual practice of this tantric tradition, which assists the practitioner to overcome weaknesses and imperfections. The path to liberation in Ananda Marga is free of [[religious dogma]]s, [[superstition]]s, artificial social barriers and [[ritual]]ism. Ánanda Márga recognises [[spirituality]] and liberation as the birth right of every individual irrespective of one's race, [[caste]], [[creed]], nationality, [[gender]], [[socio-economic]] status or [[belief system]].

The basis of Ánanda Márga practice is covered by a set of rules called the 'Sixteen Points' that guide the practitioner on both spiritual and social aspects. It consist of yoga [[asana]]s, [[mudra]]s, [[Bandha (Yoga)|bandha]]s, [[pranayama]], [[Massage#Self massage|self-massage]] and two specific dances, ''[[Kaosikii dance|kaos'ikii]]'' and ''[[tandava]]''. A [[Lacto-vegetarianism|lacto-vegetarian]] diet and [[fasting]] are also included as a fundamental part of [[yogic]] practice. The goal of Ananda Marga is "[[self-realisation]] and the welfare of all".

== Founding ==
[[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]], known as Sri Sri Anandamurti, founded the Ánanda Márga on 1 January 1955 in the state of [[Bihar]], India.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007a|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007b|pp=34–35}}{{sfn|Inayatullah|2002}} Its stated aims are "[[Moksha|liberation]] of self and service to humanity".{{sfn|Dharmavedananda|1999|p=13 to 23}}.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007b|pp=34–35}}

== Disciplines, teachings and practice ==
[[File:Acarya Shraddhananda Avadhuta 01b.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ácárya Shraddhánanda Avadhúta]] (1919–2008), the second Purodha Pramukha after the demise of [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]]]]
[[File:Ananda Marga.jpg|thumb|upright|This is not an official logo of Ánanda Márga Pracáraka Saḿgha, but it has been used for that purpose, starting in Australia. The graphic depicts a lotus greeting the full moon. It is inspired by a reference in P. R. Sarkar's short story, "The Golden Lotus of the Blue Sea".]]

Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar developed a discipline of [[Tantra]] [[yoga]] and [[meditation]].{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007b|pp=34–35}} Tantra yoga, as interpreted by him, is the practical philosophy which serves as foundation of Ananda Marga.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007a|pp=30–31}} According to Sarkar's teachings Tantra means [[Moksha|liberation]] from darkness.
Meditation is the main spiritual practice of this tradition, and through it the practitioner struggles to overcome weaknesses and imperfections. The basis of Ananda Marga practice is covered by a set of rules called the 'Sixteen Points' that guide the practitioner on both spiritual and social aspects.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007a|pp=30–31}} Sarkar expounded these principles in his 1961 ''{{IAST|Ānanda Sūtram}}'', in Sanskrit.

=== Meditation, ''Lalita Marmika'' dance and ''kirtan'' ===

In the Tantric tradition of Ánanda Márga, the spiritual aspirant or [[sadhaka]] practices [[sadhana]]. This signifies the effort through which a person becomes completely [[Self-realization|realized]]. In Tantra the spiritual master, the [[guru]], plays a special role, guiding students on the spiritual path. The aspirant learns meditation from a qualified ''acarya''. An ''acarya'' is most commonly a monk or nun, but in the Ánanda Márga tradition there are also "family ''acaryas''". In the [[initiation]] the aspirant makes a commitment to practice meditation and to live in harmony with the universal balance, and is then taught the technique itself. The aspirant is then required to keep the individual [[lesson]]s personal. In addition, he also taught ''Kapalika'' meditation to many ''[[Sannyasa|sanyásins]]''. His system of ''yoga'' can be termed as ''Rájadhirája Yoga'', ''Tantra Yoga'', or simply ''Ánanda Márga Yoga''. The basic Ánanda Márga meditation system is called Sahaja Yoga. The system consists of six meditation techniques or lessons taught one by one, on a personal basis. The six lessons are: 1)''Iishvara Pranidhana'' (Personal mantra and ''Ishta [[Cakra]]''), 2) ''Guru Mantra'' (Personal ''Guru Mantra''), 3) ''Tattva Dharana'' (Concentration on ''[[Cakra]]s' [[Tattva]]s''), 4) ''Sadharana Pranayama'' (Basic ''[[Pranayama]]''. A special breathing technique), 5) ''Cakra Shodhana'' (Purification of ''Cakras''. A special type of ''[[Dharana]]''), 6) ''Guru Dhyana'' (Special type of ideation for ''[[Dhyana in Hinduism|Dhyana]]''). A set of higher meditation lessons is taught to advanced practitioners committed to dedicate more time for spiritual practices and universal service.

According to the Ánanda Márga system, the ''Lalita Marmika'' dance is performed particularly during the collective meditation. It was supposedly invented by [[Parvati]], the wife of the god [[Shiva]]. This yogic dance with swaying movements, combined with a ''[[kirtan]]'' (the chanting of the universal mantra), is regarded as useful in freeing the mind and preparing it for meditation. Ánanda Márga members are recommended to practice collective meditation at least once a week. These meetings, ''Dharma Chakras'' (held weekly in the ''Dhyan Mandir''), are preceded by the singing of ''[[Prabhat Samgiita]]'' ("Songs of the New Dawn" composed by Sarkar) followed by the spiritual dance of ''Lalita Marmika''. Before meditation the ''{{audio|Samgacchadvam.OGG|Samgacchadvam}}'' mantra is chanted. At the end of meditation the ''{{audio|Nityam Shuddham.OGG|Nityam Shuddham}}'' and the ''{{audio|Guru Puja.OGG|Guru Puja}}'' mantras are recited. Baba Nam Kevalam is a universal kirtan mantra given by Sarkar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.yogapedia.com/definition/6888/baba-nam-kevalam |title=What is Baba Nam Kevalam? – Definition from Yogapedia |website=Yogapedia.com |access-date=2020-04-18 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812204659/https://www.yogapedia.com/definition/6888/baba-nam-kevalam |url-status=live }}{{better source needed|date=September 2021}}</ref>

=== Vegetarian diet, yogic asanas, physical exercises and yogic treatments ===
[[File:Sarvangasana.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sarvangasana]]]]

The basic practices of Ánanda Márga are yoga [[asana]]s, [[mudra]]s, [[Bandha (Yoga)|bandha]]s, [[pranayama]], [[Massage#Self massage|self-massage]] and two specific dances, ''[[Kaosikii dance|kaos'ikii]]'' and ''[[tandava]]''. These are accompanied by [[Lacto-vegetarianism|Lacto]]-vegetarian [[diet (nutrition)|diet]] and [[fasting]].
* Diet and fasting: Lacto-vegetarian diet avoids meat, fish, eggs and some substances which are said to have a negative effect on the mind, particularly if "mucus-producing". On specific monthly dates called ''[[Ekadashi]]'' (Sanskrit: একাদশী, ekādaśī, the eleventh day after the full moon),<ref group=note>Ánanda Márga ''[[acharya]]s'' practice fasting in two additional days per month called ''Purnima'' and ''Amavasya''.</ref> the regular practice of ''Upavasa'' (yoga [[fasting]]) is recommended to improve health and strengthen the mind.
* ''[[Yoga]] [[asana]]s'', ''[[mudra]]s'' and ''[[Bandha (Yoga)|bandha]]s'': comprises 42 [[asana]]s<ref group="note">The following are the Ánanda Márga asanasas listed from P. R. Sarkar in "''Ánanda Márga Caryacarya'' part 3": ''Sarvanungasana, Matsyamudra, [[Matsyasana]], [[Matsyendrasana]], [[Virasana]], [[Cakrasana]], Naokasana (or [[Dhanurasana]]), Utkata Pascimottanasana, Parvatasana (or [[Halasana]]), Shivasana, [[Vajrasana (yoga)|Vajrasana]], [[Siddhasana]], Baddha Padmasana, [[Kukkutasana]], [[Gomukhasana]], [[Mayurasana]], [[Kurmakasana]], Sahaja Utkatasana, [[Shalabhasana]], [[Bhujaungasana]], [[Shashaungasana]], Bhastrikasana, [[Janusirsasana]], Ardhashivasana, Ardhakurmakasana (or Dirgha Pranama), Yogasana (or Yogamudra), Tuladandasana, [[Ustrasana]], Utkata Kurmakasana, Jatila Utkatasana, Utkata Vajrasana, [[Padahastasana]], Shivasana, [[Lotus position|Padmasana]], Karmasana, Jinanasana, Bhavasana, Granthimuktasana, [[Garudasana]], Dvisamakonasana, Tejasana, Mandukasana''.</ref> chosen by Sarkar. The asanas are to be performed at least once a day. 15 ''Yoga [[mudra]]s'' and ''[[Bandha (Yoga)|bandha]]s'' are included.<ref group=note>Mudras and bandhas are listed in "''Ánanda Márga Caryacarya'' part 3": ''Uddayana Mudra, Bandhatraya Yoga (Mahamudra, Mahabandha, Mahaveda), Parthivii Mudra, Ambhasii Mudra, Agneyii Mudra, Vayavii Mudra, Akashii Mudra, Manasii Mudra, Agnisara Mudra, Kakacaincu Mudra, Trimunda Mudra, Ashvinii Mudra, Vajrolii Mudra''.</ref>
* Yogic treatments: in 1957 Sarkar published in Bengali ''Yaogika Cikitsa o Dravyaguna'', translated into English and published in 1983, with revisions under the title ''Yogic Treatments and Natural Remedies''. In this handbook, he described yogic treatments using asanas and mudras with claims about natural and traditional remedies for about forty diseases.<ref group=note>In the preface the author warns the reader not to risk practising asanas and mudras without the guidance of an experienced yoga teacher.</ref>
* ''[[Kaosikii dance|Kaoshikii]]'': the 'dance for mental expansion', was defined by Sarkar a 'physico-psycho-spiritual dance,' performed by all, and consists of 18 mudras aligning with 6 physical postures, each associated with a specific idea<ref group=note>The spiritual ideation is carried along with the dance in order to establish a subtle link with the divine.</ref> while strengthening body and mind and making them flexible.
* ''[[Tandava]]'' or ''Tāṇḍava'': is a vigorous dance.<ref group=note>Associated with [[Shiva]] in his cosmic dancer image of [[Nataraja]].</ref> This dance is only performed by male followers. The dance is performed to imbue the practitioner's mind with courage and honour, dispelling all sorts of complexes and fear, even fear of death itself.<ref group=note>Thus the dance also has an associated ideation. The dancer starts off with the two arms outstretched, the left arm with an open palm, and the right arm with a clenched fist. The dancer imagines holding a human skull in the left hand, symbolizing death, and a knife in the right, symbolizing the fight for life; or the actual objects may be used. The dance starts with a jump, landing with bent knees. Another jump follows, and the dance continues in a jumping manner, lifting one leg then the other continuously. [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050526/aplus.htm Tribuneindia.com story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329044929/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050526/aplus.htm |date=29 March 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.religlaw.org/template.php?id=2314 |title=Religion and Law Consortium: A Research Forum for Legal Developments on International Law and Religion or Belief Topics |publisher=Religlaw.org |access-date=2011-03-18 |archive-date=15 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315032830/http://www.religlaw.org/template.php?id=2314 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Spiritual and social philosophy ==
The philosophy of Ánanda Márga is a synthetic outlook, recognizing a theistic singularity or 'Supreme Consciousness',<ref>See: Shrii Shrii Ánandamúrti, 1954, pp. 15, 68.</ref> which is claimed to be both [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendental]] and manifested in all.
To this end Ánanda Márga suggests what it claims is a practical, rational, and systematic way of life for the balanced development of all human potentialities: physical, psychic and spiritual. This incorporate practices from hygiene, diet, and yoga postures, to a technique of meditation based on moral rules directed to inner fulfillment. It recognizes that a balance is needed between the spiritual and mundane aspects of existence, and that neither one should be neglected at the [[expense]] of the other. Hence, the goal of Ánanda Márga is "[[self-realization]] and the welfare of all".

=== Spiritual philosophy ===
[[File:DadasKirtan3.jpg|thumb|Photo ([[Italy]] July 1978) of an international group of Ánanda Márga followers singing a [[Kirtan]] on the occasion of Sarkar's presumed liberation]]
[[File:CrescentMoon2.JPG|thumb|Kaoshiki dance]]

The spiritual philosophy of Ánanda Márga recognizes that the universe is the creation of the mental thought waves of the 'Supreme consciousness'. The following is a brief list of the essential elements of Ánanda Márga spiritual philosophy:
* '''Atma''' or '''[[Soul]]''' and '''[[Paramatma]]''' or the '''[[Cosmic Consciousness]]''': the Consciousness (''Purusa'') is reflected in the unit objects forming the "unit consciousness" or ''atma''. Particularly the reflection of the soul on the mind is called ''{{lang|sa-Latn|jiivatma}}'' and in that case the "reflector-soul" is called ''Paramatma'' (Supreme Soul).<ref group=note>''{{lang|sa-Latn|Visaya purusavabhashah jiivatma}}'': "The reflection of Consciousness – ''Purusa'' – in the unit object is known as ''{{lang|sa-Latn|jiivatma}}'' – "unit soul" – (''Ananda Sutram'', Chapter 2, Sutra 8 (2–8) in Avadhūtika Ānanda Mitra Ācāryā, 1981).</ref>
{{Infobox
| title = Yama-Niyama


| headerstyle = background:#ccf;
| labelstyle = background:#ddf;

| header1 = Yama (Restraint)
| label2 = Ahim'sa' (Benignity)
| data2 = Thinking, speaking, and acting without inflicting pain or harm on another
| label3 = Satya (Benevolence)
| data3 = Thinking and speaking with goodwill
| label4 = Asteya (Honesty)
| data4 = Not taking or keeping what belongs to others
| label5 = Brahmacarya (Ideation)
| data5 = Constant mental association with the Supreme
| label6 = Aparigraha (Frugality)
| data6 = Non-indulgence in superfluous amenities
| header7 = Niyama (Regulation)
| label8 = Shaoca (Cleanliness)
| data8 = Physical and mental purity, both internal and external
| label9 = Santos'a (Contentment)
| data9 = Maintaining a state of mental ease
| label10 = Tapah (Sacrifice)
| data10 = Acceptance of sufferings to reach the spiritual goal
| label11 = Sva'dhya'ya (Contemplation)
| data11 = Clear understanding of any spiritual subject
| label12 = Iishvara Pran'idha'na (Dedication)
| data12 = Adopting the Cosmic Controller as the only ideal of life and moving with ever-accelerating speed toward that Desideratum

| belowstyle = background:#ddf;
| below = Intent is primary, but both intent and action should conform if possible.
}}
* '''Realms of the [[Mind]]''': according to Ánanda Márga philosophy the human mind is composed of five layers called ''Kosas'':<ref group=note>The last three deeper layers are collectively called "Causal Mind". "Causal" signifies that these layers are in the most direct contact with the "Causal Consciousness" from which the mind has evolved and within which it exists.</ref> 1)''Kamamaya Kosa'' ("desire layer") or "Crude Mind": is the crudest layer, purified through adherence to the yogic code of morality, Yama-Niyama.<ref group=note>This ''Kosa'' controls the various autonomic activities of the body and the expression of the mental propensities, known as ''vrtti''.</ref> 2)''Manomaya Kosa'' ("layer of thinking") or "Subtle Mind": is the layer of thought and memory.<ref group=note>This ''Kosa'' gives experience of pleasure and pain. It is developed naturally through physical clash, and in ''Ánanda Márga sadhana'' by ''pranayama'' with cosmic ideation.</ref> 3)''Atimanasa Kosa'' or "Supramental Mind": is the intuitive layer.<ref group=note>This ''Kosa'' gives the capacity of intuitive dreams, clairvoyance, telepathy and creative insight. It is developed naturally through psychic clash, and in ''Ánanda Márga sadhana'' by methods of ''pratyahara'' (withdrawal) such as ''shuddhis'' and ''Guru Puja''.</ref> 4)''Vijinanamaya Kosa'' ("layer of the special knowledge") or "Subliminal Mind": is the layer of conscience or discrimination (''{{lang|sa-Latn|viveka}}'') and ''{{lang|sa-Latn|[[Vairagya|vaeragya]]}}'' (non-attachment).<ref group=note>This ''Kosa'' is developed naturally through psychic clash, and its development is accelerated by the process of ''dharana''.</ref> 5)''Hiranyamaya Kosa'' ("golden level") or "Subtle Causal Mind": is the subtlest layer. Here the [[awareness]] of mind is very close to the direct [[experience]] of "Supreme Consciousness".<ref group=note>Here there is only the separation of a thin veil of ignorance. This ''Kosa'' is developed naturally through the attraction for the Great, and ''[[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyana]]'' accelerates this process for spiritual aspirant).</ref>
* '''[[Microvita theory]]''': ''Microvita'' means "micro-life". The concept was introduced in 1986 through a series of lectures by Sarkar. According to this notion, microvita are entities which come within the realms both of physicality and of psychic expression. They are imagined as smaller and subtler than physical atoms and subatomic particles. So far as physicality is concerned, the position of these microvita is just between ectoplasm and electron, but they are neither ectoplasm nor electron.{{sfn|Dalal|2011|p=325}} The author predicted that they would be recognized by conventional science when it is developed much further.

=== Social philosophy ===

The social outlook of Ánanda Márga asserts that human beings are an expression of the Supreme Being, the welfare of the individual is linked with the welfare of the collective,{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007b|pp=34–35}} each relying on the other for its existence and dynamism. According to this philosophy everyone has the right to equal opportunities of life and development and as such there should be no discrimination on the basis of superficial barriers such as race, nationality and religion. Ánanda Márga advocates a state if live,{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007b|pp=34–35}} a world of justice, security and peace for all.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://anandamarga.org/social-philosophy/ |title=Ánanda Márga Social Philosophy |access-date=21 April 2012 |archive-date=13 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813215852/http://www.anandamarga.org/social-philosophy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The social philosophy covers neohumanism, education, culture, and the organisation's own [[Progressive utilization theory]] (PROUT).{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007a|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007b|pp=34–35}} The philosophy reinterprets the general concept of culture by inserting it into a new universalistic outlook. As described by Antonello Maggipinto, "Sarkar offers a new point of view, with a large universalistic explanation: 'the culture of the whole human race is one, but marked by different local manifestations ... it is the same, but varying in expression.'"{{sfn|Maggipinto|2000}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Sociology of knowledge to Zaroastrianism |editor-first=Edward |editor-last=Craig |editor-link=Edward Craig (philosopher) |publisher= Routledge (Taylor & Francis) |year=1998 |isbn=0-415-16916-X}}</ref> In 1968, Sarkar founded the organization "Proutist Block of India" to further the ideals of his theory through political and social action.{{sfn|Fukui|1985|p=357}}

=== Tantra in Ánanda Márga ===
{{quote box|width=30em|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|title=Shrii Shrii Anandamurti on ''tantrics'' and ''tantric'' cult |align=left|quote=A person who, irrespective of caste, creed or religion, aspires for spiritual expansion or does something concrete, is a Tantric. Tantra in itself is neither a religion nor an 'ism'. Tantra is a fundamental spiritual science. So wherever there is any spiritual practice it should be taken for granted that it stands on the Tantric cult. Where there is no spiritual practice, where people pray to God for the fulfilment of narrow worldly desires, where people's only slogan is "Give us this and give us that" – only there do we find that Tantra is discouraged. So only those who do not understand Tantra, or even after understanding Tantra do not want to do any spiritual practice, oppose the cult of Tantra.|source=Sarkar's "Tantra and its Effect on Society", 1959.{{sfn|Anandamurti|1959}}}}

Sarkar weaves continuity with the ancient philosophy of [[Tantra]], infusing new insights in human psychology, social theory and in each individuals' roles as spiritual and "socio-economic-cultural-political" beings. Ánanda Márga Tantra is claimed to have a broad metaphysical base which allows for ways of knowing, feeling and processing which go beyond intellectuality or limited rationality. Priorities are given to the spiritual development, as Sarkar notes, "spiritual life controls all other arenas of human life."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gurukul.edu/ |title=Bussey, Marcus. ''Homo Tantricus: Tantra as an Episteme for Future Generations'' |access-date=25 January 2010 |archive-date=5 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105072325/http://www.gurukul.edu/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ánanda Márga Tantra is claimed to be a principle which if practiced will lead to the desired objective. The essence of Tantra is to awaken the latent spiritual force in the human personality and unify oneself with the Cosmic Consciousness.<ref>Coyle, G. 1985 {{page needed|date=September 2021}}</ref>

=== ''Guru'' and disciple ===

According to tantric tradition a proper [[preceptor]] and a proper disciple are both essential for success on the path of Tantra.
P.R. Sarkar clearly explains<ref>See: Shrii Shrii Anandamurti, 1982 and 1994.</ref> that, disciples are of three categories: 1) disciples that acquire spiritual knowledge when they are in close contact with the preceptor, but as soon as they are apart from him they forget all his/her teachings, 2) disciples that learn many things from the preceptor with great hardship, but do not take proper care to preserve those instructions. They lose their hard-earned knowledge out of negligence, 3) disciples that carefully preserve deep in their minds and hearts whatever they have learned from their preceptor by wisely putting those teachings into practice. This is the best category of disciples.

==Confrontations==

During the 1960s, the organisation expanded rapidly in India, sending [[Acharya]]s as missionaries to other continents. Ánanda Márga's popularity in India put it in direct confrontation with the [[CPI(M)|Communist Party]] in [[West Bengal]]. In 1967, Ánanda Márga headquarters came under attack by locals who were allegedly incited by Communist leaders.{{sfn|Crovetto|2011|p=254}} Criticism of corruption in the Indian government by acharyas of Ánanda Márga also put it in confrontation with Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]].{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007b|pp=34–35}}

=== Sarkar's incarceration ===
In 1971, [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar|Sarkar]] was imprisoned in India for the alleged murder of five former Ánanda Márga members, on what were later proved false charges.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007b|pp=34–35}} The Ánanda Márga organisation was banned and a number its leaders arrested.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007b|pp=34–35}} In February 1973, Sarkar was poisoned in prison, allegedly by the jail doctor on orders from the higher echelons of government. On 1 April, after recovering his health, Sarkar began fasting in support of a demand for an investigation into his poisoning. That demand was never met. So he continued his fast for the next five years, four months, and two days, until 2 August 1978 when he was released from jail after having been proved innocent of all charges.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 26, 2015|orig-date=August 15, 1978|title=My interpretation of violence can co-exist with Ahimsa: Anandmurti|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/interview/story/19780815-my-interpretation-of-violence-can-co-exist-with-ahimsa-anandmurti-818549-2015-02-03|access-date=2020-12-14|website=India Today|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309124753/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/interview/story/19780815-my-interpretation-of-violence-can-co-exist-with-ahimsa-anandmurti-818549-2015-02-03|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Bijon Setu massacre ===
{{Main|Bijon Setu massacre}}
The [[Bijon Setu massacre]] ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: বিজন সেতু হত্যাকাণ্ড) was the killing and burning of 16 [[Sadhu|''sadhus'']] and a ''sadhvi'' of Ánanda Márga, at [[Bijon Setu]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]], on 30 April 1982. Although the attacks were carried out in broad daylight, no arrests were ever made. After repeated calls for a formal judicial investigation, a single-member judicial commission was set up in 2012 to investigate the killings.

== See also ==
* [[Ananda Nagar, Purulia]]
* [[Jamalpur, Bihar]]
* [[List of new religious movements]]
* [[New religious movement]]

==References==

=== Footnotes ===
{{reflist|group=note|colwidth=30em}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Secondary sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA21 |year=2011 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |place=Delhi |isbn=978-0-14-341517-6 }}
* {{citation|title=Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific |last= Fukui |first= Haruhiro |year= 1985 | publisher=Greenwood Press |page=357 |isbn= 0-313-21350-X}}
* [[Shaman Hatley|Hatley, Shaman]]; [[Inayatullah, Sohail]] (1999), "Karma Samnyasa: Sarkar’s reconceptualization of Indian ascetism", in K. Ishwaran, ed., ''Ascetic culture: renunciation and worldly engagement''. Leiden, Brill, Vol. 73, International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology. pp. 139–152.
* {{cite book |year=2002 |surname=Inayatullah |given=Sohail |authorlink=Sohail Inayatullah |title=Understanding Sarkar: The Indian Episteme, Macrohistory and Transformative Knowledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3rXAAAAMAAJ |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=9004121935 |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114083533/https://books.google.com/books?id=B3rXAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Jones |given=Constance A. |surname2=Ryan |given2=James D. |title=Ánanda Márga Yoga Society |year=2007a |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url={{Google books|OgMmceadQ3gC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions. [[J. Gordon Melton]], Series Editor |pages=30–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020070415/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |archive-date=20 October 2022 |url-status=bot: unknown |access-date=13 January 2022 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2007b |surname=Jones |given=Constance A. |surname2=Ryan |given2=James D. |title=Sri Anandamurti |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url={{Google books|OgMmceadQ3gC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions. [[J. Gordon Melton]], Series Editor |pages=34–35 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020070415/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |archive-date=20 October 2022 |url-status=bot: unknown |access-date=13 January 2022 }}
* {{citation |year=2011 |last=Crovetto |first=Helen |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |title=Violence and New Religious Movements |title-link=Violence and New Religious Movements |chapter=Ánanda Márga, PROUT, and the Use of Force |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-973563-1 |language=en}}
* {{citation |last=Maggipinto |first=Antonello |contribution=Multilanguage Acquisition, New Technologies, Education and Global Citizenship |editor-last=American Association for Italian Studies |title=Academic journal article from Italian Culture |volume=18-2 |page=147 |publisher=AAIS |place=New York |year=2000 |contribution-url=https://www.questia.com/library/1G1-83245337/multilanguage-acquisition-new-technologies-education |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=3 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003004151/http://www.questia.com/library/1G1-83245337/multilanguage-acquisition-new-technologies-education |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

=== Primary sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Anandamurti |first=Shrii Shrii |year=1959 |authorlink=Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar |title=Tantra and its Effect on Society |location=Bhagalpur |publisher=Ananda Marga Pubs}}
* [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar|Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii]] (1988). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/25872096&referer=brief_results Ananda Marga ideology and way of life in a nutshell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104422/http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/25872096%26referer%3Dbrief_results |date=29 September 2007 }}. Calcutta: Ánanda Márga Pracáraka Saḿgha.
* {{cite book |year=1999 |last=Dharmavedananda |first=Ác. |title=Travel with the Mystic Master |location=Singapore |publisher=Ananda Marga Publications |isbn=981-04-0864-1}}
* Nandita & Devadatta (1971). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/1954270&referer=brief_results Path of bliss: Ananda Marga yoga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121602/http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/1954270%26referer%3Dbrief_results |date=29 September 2007 }}. Wichita, Kansas: Ananda Marga Publishers.
* Tarak (1990). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/27387128&referer=brief_results Ananda Marga, social and spiritual practices] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929135935/http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/27387128%26referer%3Dbrief_results |date=29 September 2007 }}. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Publications.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.anandamarga.org/ Ananda Marga.org]
* [https://www.yogapedia.com/definition/10553/ananda-marga What is Ananda Marga? - Definition from Yogapedia]

{{Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar}}
{{Yoga}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Spiritual organizations]]
[[Category:Yoga organizations]]
[[Category:Modern Denominational Yoga]]
[[Category:Shaiva sects]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Ananda Marga]]
[[Category:Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]]
[[Category:Tantric sects]]
[[Category:Jamalpur, Bihar]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Bihar]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1955]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:New religious movements established in the 1950s]]

OMICS Publishing Group

2026-04-06T07:01:51Z

Anis: creating

{{Short description|Discredited academic publishing company}}
{{Redirect|OMICS|the journal published by [[Mary Ann Liebert]]|OMICS (journal){{!}}''OMICS'' (journal)|the disciplines in biology|Omics}}
{{Hatnote|[[:Category:OMICS Publishing Group academic journals|Several OMICS journals]] redirect here. Many have names similar to other existing non-OMICS publications.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox publisher
| image = OMICS Publishing Group.png
| name = OMICS Publishing Group
| parent = [[OMICS Group Inc]]
| status = Active
| founded = {{Start date|2007}}
| founder = [[Gedela Srinubabu]]
| topics = {{hlist|[[Science]], [[technology]]|[[medicine]]}}
| genre =
| imprints =
| revenue = US$11.6 million (2016)<ref name=Bloom />
| numemployees = 1500<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/chanting-success-mantra-scientific-way/article8319220.ece|title=Chanting success mantra, scientific way|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 March 2016|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191030010019/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/chanting-success-mantra-scientific-way/article8319220.ece|archive-date=30 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| headquarters = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| distribution = Worldwide
| publications = [[Open access journal]]s
| url = {{URL|https://www.omicsonline.org/about.php}}
}}
'''OMICS Publishing Group''' is a [[predatory publisher]] of [[open access]] [[academic journal]]s.<ref name=Beall2014/><ref name=CHE20120304/><ref name=CHE20100701/><ref name=nature/><ref name=science/><ref name=TheHindu/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/inside-indias-fake-research-paper-shops-pay-publish-profit-5265402/|title=Inside India's fake research paper shops: pay, publish, profit|last=Yadav|first=Shyamlal|date=2018-07-19|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=2018-07-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326163533/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/inside-indias-fake-research-paper-shops-pay-publish-profit-5265402/|archive-date=2019-03-26|language=en-US}}</ref> It started publishing its first journal in 2008.<ref name=Bloom/> By 2015, it claimed over 700 journals, although about half of them were defunct.<ref name="abc" /> Its subsidiaries and brands include [[Allied Academies]], Andrew John Publishing Inc., Ashdin Publishing, Conference Series LLC LTD, EuroSciCon LTD, Hilaris Publishing, Insight Medical Publishing (iMedPub) LTD, International Online Medical Council (IOMC), International Research Journals, IT Medical Team, Longdom Publishing SL, Open Access Journals, Meetings International, [[Prime Scholars]], [[Pulsus Group]], Research & Reviews, Scholars Central, SciTechnol, Trade Science Inc, Life Science Events and Walsh Medical Media.<ref name="no-such-thing">{{cite journal |last1=Downes |first1=Mike |title=There is no such thing as a predatory journal |journal=Learned Publishing |date=October 2023 |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=709–711 |doi=10.1002/leap.1568|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Siler | first1=Kyle | last2=Vincent-Lamarre | first2=Philippe | last3=Sugimoto | first3=Cassidy R. | last4=Larivière | first4=Vincent | title=Predatory publishers' latest scam: bootlegged and rebranded papers | journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume=598 | issue=7882 | date=2021-10-26 | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02906-8 | pages=563–565| pmid=34703002 | bibcode=2021Natur.598..563S | s2cid=239999772 | hdl=1866/25816 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Readfearn |first=Graham |date=12 January 2018 |title=All those OMICS linked companies in one place |url=https://www.readfearn.com/2018/01/all-those-omics-linked-companies-in-one-place/ |access-date=10 October 2018 |type=blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Yadav |first=Shyamlal |date=22 July 2018 |title=Fake Science: Face behind biggest of all — '40 countries, million articles' |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publication-place=Hyderabad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/face-behind-biggest-of-all-40-countries-million-articles-fake-research-srinubabu-gedela-omics-5266830/ |access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=McCrostie | first1=James | title=Predatory conferences – A case of academic cannibalism | url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20180409123131407 | journal=University World News | volume= | issue= | date=2018-04-09 | access-date=2024-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Clyde |first1=Smut |title=The Pullulating Polyps of OMICS |url=https://forbetterscience.com/2023/01/25/the-pullulating-polyps-of-omics/ |website=For Better Science |language=en |date=25 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="phantom">{{cite journal |last1=Downes |first1=Mike |title=The phantom of the author: predatory publisher OMICS is ghost-writing its own articles |journal=Learned Publishing |date=October 2023 |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=703–708 |doi=10.1002/leap.1573|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kendall |first=Graham |date=2024-04-01 |title=The OMICS Group and Its Agents: An Evidence Base |url=https://utppublishing.com/doi/10.3138/jsp-2023-0095 |journal=Journal of Scholarly Publishing |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=219–247 |doi=10.3138/jsp-2023-0095 |issn=1198-9742|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

OMICS has come under attack by numerous academics and the United States government over the validity of the [[peer review]] by OMICS journals, the appropriateness of its fees and marketing, and the apparent advertising of the names of scientists as journal editors or conference speakers without their knowledge or permission.<ref name=CHE20120304/><ref name=CHE20100701/><ref name=nature/><ref name=science/><ref name=TheHindu/>{{Excessive citations inline|date=March 2023}} The U.S. [[National Institutes of Health]] sent a [[cease-and-desist]] letter to OMICS in 2013, demanding it to discontinue with false claims of affiliation with U.S. government entities or employees.<ref name="science" /> In August 2016, OMICS became the first academic publisher to be sued by the [[U.S. Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) for deceptive practices; nearly three years later, the FTC was awarded a [[summary judgement]] of over US$50 million.

OMICS has responded to criticisms by avowing a commitment to [[open access]] publishing, claiming that detractors are traditional subscription-based publishers who feel threatened by their open-access publishing model.<ref name="abc">{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/backgroundbriefing/predatory-publishers-criticised-unethical-unprincipled-tactics/6656122|title=Predatory publishers criticised for 'unethical, unprincipled' tactics|date=11 November 2015|work=Radio National|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327195348/https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/backgroundbriefing/predatory-publishers-criticised-unethical-unprincipled-tactics/6656122|archive-date=2018-03-27|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> It responded to the FTC suit by maintaining that their practices were legal and claiming that corporate interests were driving the suit. It has also threatened a prominent critic, [[Jeffrey Beall]], with a $1 billion lawsuit for defamation.<ref name="CHE51513">{{cite news|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/Publisher-Threatens-to-Sue/139243/|title=Publisher Threatens to Sue Blogger for $1-Billion|author=New|first=Jake|date=15 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]|access-date=15 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827110408/https://www.chronicle.com/article/Publisher-Threatens-to-Sue/139243/|archive-date=27 August 2018}}</ref>

==History==
OMICS Publishing Group was founded in 2007 by [[Gedela Srinubabu]],<ref name=CHE51513/> who remains the company's director.<ref name="nyt">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/health/for-scientists-an-exploding-world-of-pseudo-academia.html|title=Scientific Articles Accepted (Personal Checks, Too)|last=Kolata|first=Gina|date=8 April 2013|work=[[The New York Times]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620044756/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/health/for-scientists-an-exploding-world-of-pseudo-academia.html?_r=0|archive-date=20 June 2013|url-access=limited|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="THIN">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/121124/news-current-affairs/article/mishaps-clinical-trials-hyped-says-pharma-body|title=Mishaps at clinical trials hyped, says pharma body|date=24 November 2012|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=22 Oct 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607093611/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/121124/news-current-affairs/article/mishaps-clinical-trials-hyped-says-pharma-body|archive-date=7 June 2013}}</ref> He founded OMICS because of his difficulty in accessing high-cost journal contents as a PhD student.<ref name="Bloom">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-08-29/medical-journals-have-a-fake-news-problem|title=Medical Journals Have a Fake News Problem|last1=Deprez|first1=Esmé E.|date=2017-08-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125055921/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-08-29/medical-journals-have-a-fake-news-problem|archive-date=2019-01-25|agency=[[Bloomberg News]]|last2=Chen|first2=Caroline}}</ref>

It started its first open-access journal, the ''Journal of Proteomics & Bioinformatics'', in 2008.<ref name="Bloom" /> In 2012, OMICS Group had more than 200 journal titles, about 60% of which had no content.<ref name="CHE51513" /> By 2015, it claimed over 700 titles, but about half of them were defunct.<ref name="abc" /> Several OMICS journals have names similar to existing publications. For instance, [[BioMed Central]] established the ''[[Journal of Biomedical Science]]'' in 1994,<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of Biomedical Science |url=https://locatorplus.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&v1=1&ti=1,1&Search_Arg=9421567&Search_Code=0359&CNT=20&SID=1 |work=LocatorPlus |publisher=[[U.S. National Library of Medicine]]|year = 1994}}</ref> while OMICS established the ''Journal of Biomedical Sciences'' in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Journal of Biomedical Sciences, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2012 |url=https://www.jbiomeds.com/archive/ipjbs-volume-1-issue-1-year-2012.html |website=www.jbiomeds.com}}</ref>

OMICS employed around 2,000 people. In 2016, the company had revenue of $11.6 million and generated a profit of about $1.2 million.<ref name="Bloom" /> The Government of India has waived taxes whilst granting subsidized land for the construction of new headquarters.<ref name="Bloom" />

==Publishing activities==
OMICS operates on a [[Open access#Gold OA|gold open access model]], wherein the author pays for publication and the publisher makes the articles available for free. As well as publication fees, OMICS charges a withdrawal fee for manuscripts that are withdrawn five or more days after submission.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omicsonline.org/article-processing-charges.php|title=OMICS International Article Processing Charges|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926020826/https://www.omicsonline.org/article-processing-charges.php|archive-date=26 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Linacre|first1=Simon|last2=Bisaccio|first2=Michael|last3=Earle|first3=Lacey|date=April 2019|doi=10.1080/1051712x.2019.1603423|issue=2|journal=Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing|pages=217–228|title=Publishing in an environment of predation: The many things you really wanted to know, but did not know how to ask|volume=26|doi-access=free}}</ref> Such withdrawal fees are not levied by non-predatory publishers, and have been criticized as unethical and as discouraging researchers from making post-submission corrections to their work.<ref>{{cite web|work=ScholarlyOA|url=https://scholarlyoa.com/omics-group-now-charging-for-article-withdrawals/|title=OMICS Group Now Charging for Article Withdrawals|first=Stef|last=Brezgov|date=August 22, 2019|access-date=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101223852/https://scholarlyoa.com/omics-group-now-charging-for-article-withdrawals/|archive-date=1 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In addition to publishing journals, OMICS also organizes conferences. In 2017, about 3,000 such conferences were organized. The conference arm makes up about 60% of OMICS' revenue.<ref name=Bloom />

In 2012 OMICS launched an additional group of 53 additional journals under the brand name 'SciTechnol',<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brezgov|first=Stef|date=2019-08-14|title=OMICS Publishing Launches New Brand with 53 Journal Titles|url=https://scholarlyoa.com/omics-publishing-launches-new-brand-with-53-journal-titles/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=scholarlyoa.com|language=en-US|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518051111/https://scholarlyoa.com/omics-publishing-launches-new-brand-with-53-journal-titles/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaye |first=DH |date=2016-12-23 |title=Flaky Academic Journals: SciTechnol (OMICS in disguise) |url=https://flakyj.blogspot.com/2016/12/scitechnol-omics-in-disguise.html |access-date=2021-05-18 |website=Flaky Academic Journals}}</ref> however as of 2021 the SciTechnol website does not disclose this relationship.

==Criticism of publishing practices==
{{See also|Predatory open access publishing}}
OMICS is widely regarded as a [[Predatory open access publishing|predatory publisher]].<ref name="Beall2014">{{cite web|url=https://scholarlyoa.com/2014/12/18/the-omics-publishing-groups-empire-is-expanding/|title=The OMICS Publishing Group's Empire is Expanding|last1=Beall|first1=Jeffrey|author-link=Jeffrey Beall|date=2014-12-18|website=Scholarly Open Access|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022141644/https://scholarlyoa.com/2014/12/18/the-omics-publishing-groups-empire-is-expanding/|archive-date=2015-10-22}}</ref><ref name="CHE20120304">{{cite news|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/Predatory-Online-Journals/131047/|title='Predatory' Online Journals Lure Scholars Who Are Eager to Publish|last=Stratford|first=Michael|date=2012-03-04|journal=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]|access-date=2012-10-02|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="CHE20100701">{{cite journal|last1=Beall|first1=Jeffrey|author-link=Jeffrey Beall|date=2010-07-01|title=Update: Predatory Open-Access Scholarly Publishers|journal=[[The Charleston Advisor]]|volume=12|issue=1|pages=50|doi=10.5260/chara.12.1.50|url=https://eprints.rclis.org/17052/1/ChAdvisorUpdate.pdf}}</ref><ref name="nature">{{Cite journal|title=Investigating journals: The dark side of publishing|last=Butler|first=Declan|date=2013-03-27|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=495|issue=7442|pages=433–435|doi=10.1038/495433a|pmid=23538810|bibcode=2013Natur.495..433B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="science">{{Cite news |last=Kaiser |first=Jocelyn |date=2013-05-09 |title=U.S. Government Accuses Open Access Publisher of Trademark Infringement |work=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/us-government-accuses-open-access-publisher-trademark-infringement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510131448/https://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2013/05/government-accuses-open-access-p.html |archive-date=2013-05-10}}</ref><ref name="TheHindu">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/on-the-net-a-scam-of-a-most-scholarly-kind/article3939161.ece|title=On the Net, a scam of a most scholarly kind|last=Prasad|first=R.|date=2012-09-26|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630102304/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/on-the-net-a-scam-of-a-most-scholarly-kind/article3939161.ece|archive-date=30 June 2013|access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref> It has been subject to widespread criticism, notably by [[Jeffrey Beall]], who included OMICS in his list of "potential, possible, or probable predatory" publishers. Among the criticism leveled at OMICS are that its journals are not actually peer-reviewed as advertised, often contain mistakes, and that its fees are excessive.<ref name="CHE51513" /> OMICS says that its activities are legitimate and ethical, and that the quality of its editorial control does need improvement.<ref name="CHE20120304" /><ref name="nyt" /> Other criticisms of OMICS include the publication of [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] articles,<ref name="CHE20120304" /> deceptive marketing practices,<ref name="CHE51513" /><ref name="science" /> targeting of young investigators or those in lower-income regions,<ref name="science" /><ref name="TheHindu" /> and holding papers hostage by disallowing their withdrawal (preventing them from being published by other journals).<ref name="ftc" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/160826omicscmpt.pdf|title=''Federal Trade Commission v. OMICS Group Inc.'' {{!}} Complaint for Permanent Injunction and Other Equitable Relief|date=25 August 2016|publisher=[[United States District Court for the District of Nevada]]|id=Case No. 2:16-cv-02022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516134330/https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/160826omicscmpt.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2019}}</ref>

It has also been suggested that OMICS provides fake lists of scientists as journal editors to create an impression of scientific legitimacy, even though they are not involved in any review or editing process.<ref name="CHE20120304" /><ref name="Bloom" /> One such [[editor-in-chief]] was contacted by ''[[Science (journal)|Science]],'' and he stated that he had never handled any papers;<ref name="science" /> in an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'', another said he had not been informed of his purported editorship.<ref name="TheHindu" /> Other academics have said that OMICS published articles unaltered in spite of their request for revisions.<ref name="abc" /> The company has also been slow to remove the names of editorial board members who requested to terminate their relationship with OMICS activities, in some cases taking almost two years.<ref name="nyt" /><ref name="abc" /> One author received an invoice for $2,700 after her paper was accepted; this fee was not mentioned in the email message OMICS sent her to solicit a submission.<ref name="nature" /> In 2012, while one OMICS journal rejected a paper after the reviewer noticed it was plagiarized from one of his own co-authored papers, another OMICS journal published the same paper later that year. When the reviewer again pointed this out, the paper was removed from OMICS' website in 2014, but no official retraction was posted.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/rejected-work-gets-back-in-the-line-up/2015033.article|title=Rejected work gets back in the line-up|last=Jump|first=Paul|date=7 August 2014|work=[[Times Higher Education]]|url-access=registration}}</ref> In 2013, an OMICS journal accepted a bogus and obviously flawed publication submitted as part of a [[Who's Afraid of Peer Review?|sting operation]] by ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bohannon|first1=John|author-link=John Bohannon|date=4 October 2013|title=Who's Afraid of Peer Review?|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=342|issue=6154|pages=60–65|doi=10.1126/science.342.6154.60|pmid=24092725|bibcode=2013Sci...342...60B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.2013.342.6154.342_60|title=Data and Documents|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|date=4 October 2013|volume=342|issue=6154|pages=60–65|doi=10.1126/science.2013.342.6154.342_60|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321062301/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2013/10/03/342.6154.60.DC1|archive-date=21 March 2019|access-date=29 May 2015|last1=Bohannon|first1=John|pmid=24092725|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Critics assert that the main purpose of the publisher is commercial rather than academic.<ref name="CHE20120304" /><ref name="CHE20100701" />

In September 2014, [[PubMed Central]] blacklisted OMICS journals, claiming serious concerns over OMICS' publishing practices.<ref name="science" /> In 2017, [[Scopus]] delisted several OMICS journals for "publication concerns".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://retractionwatch.com/2017/03/27/multiple-omics-journals-delisted-major-index-concerns/|title=Multiple OMICS journals delisted from major index over concerns|last1=McCook|first1=Alison|date=2017-03-27|website=[[Retraction Watch]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709222803/https://retractionwatch.com/2017/03/27/multiple-omics-journals-delisted-major-index-concerns/|archive-date=2017-07-09|access-date=2017-04-03}}</ref>

A [[Bloomberg News]] investigation in 2017 noted a tendency of pharmaceutical companies to publish in these journals, which might have stemmed from a self-interest in skipping rigorous review procedures.<ref name="Bloom" /> They were also the major sponsors of OMICS conferences.<ref name="Bloom" />

===OMICS Conferences===
In 2013, [[Jeffrey Beall]] reported that OMICS has added conducting "[[predatory meetings]]" to its publications activity<ref name="Beall">{{cite web|url=https://scholarlyoa.com/2013/01/25/omics-predatory-meetings/|title=OMICS Goes from "Predatory Publishing" to "Predatory Meetings"|last1=Beall|first1=Jeffrey|author-link1=Jeffrey Beall|last2=Levine|first2=Richard|author-link2=|date=25 January 2013|website=[[Scholarly Open Access]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605042104/https://scholarlyoa.com/2013/01/25/omics-predatory-meetings/|archive-date=5 June 2016|access-date=22 October 2016}}</ref> including under the ConferenceSeries banner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scholarlyoa.com/2016/10/13/bogus-british-company-accredits-omics-conferences/#comment-425306|title=Bogus British Company "Accredits" OMICS Conferences|last=Brezgof|first=Steff|author-link=Jeff Beall|date=13 October 2016|website=[[Scholarly Open Access]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106003123/https://scholarlyoa.com/2016/10/13/bogus-british-company-accredits-omics-conferences/#comment-425306|archive-date=6 November 2016|access-date=22 October 2016}}</ref> Beall criticised the financial arrangements for OMICS conferences and urged all scholars to refrain from any dealing with these conferences.<ref name="Beall" />

An example of such a meeting is the 2016 International Conference on Atomic and Nuclear Physics, organised by ConferenceSeries, and to which Christoph Bartneck, an [[associate professor]] in [[Information Technology]] at New Zealand's [[University of Canterbury]], was invited. With little knowledge of nuclear physics, Bartneck used [[iOS]]'s [[autocomplete]] function to write the paper, choosing randomly from its suggestions after starting each sentence,<ref name="HuntNonsense">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/oct/22/nonsense-paper-written-by-ios-autocomplete-accepted-for-conference|title=Nonsense paper written by iOS autocomplete accepted for conference|last=Hunt|first=Elle|date=22 October 2016|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=22 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626024352/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/oct/22/nonsense-paper-written-by-ios-autocomplete-accepted-for-conference|archive-date=26 June 2019}}</ref> and submitted it under the name Iris Pear (a reference to [[Siri]] and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]).<ref name="HIT" /> A sample sentence from the abstract for the resulting manuscript was: "The atoms of a better universe will have the right for the same as you are the way we shall have to be a great place for a great time to enjoy the day you are a wonderful person to your great time to take the fun and take a great time and enjoy the great day you will be a wonderful time for your parents and kids,"<ref name="HuntNonsense" /> and the 516-word abstract contained the words "good" and "great" a combined total of 28 times.<ref name="HIT">{{cite web|title = iOS Just Got A Paper On Nuclear Physics Accepted At A Scientific Conference|first = Christoph|last = Bartneck|date = 20 October 2016|access-date = 22 October 2016|publisher = [[University of Canterbury]] Human Interface Technology (HIT) Lab, New Zealand|url = https://www.bartneck.de/2016/10/20/ios-just-got-a-paper-on-nuclear-physics-accepted-at-a-scientific-conference/}}</ref> Despite being obvious nonsense, the work was accepted within three hours of submission and a conference registration fee of $1,099 requested.<ref name="HuntNonsense" /><ref name="HIT" /> Bartneck commented that he was "reasonably certain that this is a money-making conference with little to no commitment to science," a comment he based on the poor quality of the review process and the high cost of attendance.<ref name="HuntNonsense" /> Gedela said that Bartneck's paper "slipped through" for being submitted "so close to the deadline".<ref name="Bloom" />

In another example, Tom Spears of the ''[[Ottawa Citizen]]'' repeatedly submitted to OMICS conferences several sting abstracts that included "Evolution of flight characteristics in avian-porcine physiology" and "Strategies for remediation of benthic and pelagic species dependent on coral reefs: Cases of T. migratorius and G. californianus" which respectively claimed to explain how [[pigs fly]] and claimed [[Geococcyx californianus|roadrunner bird]]s lived underwater.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/when-pigs-fly-fake-science-conferences-abound-for-fraud-and-profit|title=When pigs fly: Fake science conferences abound for fraud and profit|last=Spears|first=Tom|date=3 March 2017|newspaper=[[Ottawa Citizen]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514132433/https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/when-pigs-fly-fake-science-conferences-abound-for-fraud-and-profit|archive-date=14 May 2018}}</ref> In yet another case, OMICS accepted a paper plagiarized from [[Aristotle]] and "garbled to remove any clear meaning" to an ethics journal, and later accepted the same paper to a conference on [[geriatrics]] and nursing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/fake-science-publisher-accepts-previously-retracted-paper-again|title=Fake science publisher offers shoddy continuing education for doctors, nurses|last=Spears|first=Tom|date=5 June 2017|newspaper=[[Ottawa Citizen]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326003918/https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/fake-science-publisher-accepts-previously-retracted-paper-again|archive-date=26 March 2019}}</ref>

It has been also found that many academic or government scientists are advertised as speakers or organizers for OMICS conferences, without their agreement.<ref name="science" />

===Action by US government agencies===
In April 2013, OMICS received a cease-and-desist letter from the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]] (DHHS) after a complaint filed by Ken Witwer, who said he had been fooled by OMICS's deceptive marketing. The letter alleged that OMICS used images and names of employees that either no longer worked at NIH or did not provide permission, and asked OMICS not to use the name of its agencies institutes or employees for anything other than "true factual statements".<ref name=science/> OMICS responded by modifying its website and providing emails and letters from the NIH employees ostensibly agreeing to serve as editors of OMICS journals. Those employees later said that while they did agree to serve as editors, they did not provide permission for their names to be used in marketing materials; furthermore, they had not actually handled any manuscripts.<ref name=science/>

=== FTC suit ===
In August 2016, the [[U.S. Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) filed a suit against OMICS, two of its affiliated companies and Gedela, charging them with [[deceptive publishing]] practices<ref name="ftc">{{Cite press release|title=FTC Charges Academic Journal Publisher OMICS Group Deceived Researchers|date=26 August 2016|publisher=[[United States Federal Trade Commission]]|url=https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2016/08/ftc-charges-academic-journal-publisher-omics-group-deceived|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926000643/https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2016/08/ftc-charges-academic-journal-publisher-omics-group-deceived|archive-date=26 September 2019}}</ref> and seeking an unspecified monetary reimbursement for academics duped by them.<ref name="Bloom" /> In its first-ever suit against an academic publisher,<ref>{{citation|last=McCook|first=Alison|title=U.S. government agency sues publisher, charging it with deceiving researchers|date=26 August 2016|url=https://retractionwatch.com/2016/08/26/u-s-government-group-sues-publisher-charging-it-with-deceiving-researchers/|work=[[Retraction Watch]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327145853/https://retractionwatch.com/2016/08/26/u-s-government-group-sues-publisher-charging-it-with-deceiving-researchers/|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> they alleged OMICS' peer-review processes to be a "sham" and their claiming of renowned academics in their editorial board and/or as speakers at its conferences without their consent to be intentionally deceptive.<ref name="Bloom" /> The FTC also noted a failure to disclose publishing fees prior to accepting pieces, citing of dubious impact factors and false assertions about their journals being indexed in PubMed, when they are not.<ref name="Bloom" />

In response to the lawsuit, OMICS rejected the various allegations, maintaining that their processes were legal and claiming that corporate interests were driving the suit.<ref>{{citation|last1=Oransky|first1=Ivan|title=Are 'predatory' publishers' days numbered?|date=2 September 2016|url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/09/02/predatory-publishers/|work=[[Stat (website)|Stat]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408133126/https://www.statnews.com/2016/09/02/predatory-publishers/|archive-date=8 April 2019|last2=Marcus|first2=Adam|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="injunction" />

The [[United States District Court for the District of Nevada]] handed down a [[preliminary injunction]] in November 2017, preventing OMICS from "making misrepresentations" about their journals and conferences, as well as requiring that OMICS clearly disclose all article processing charges.<ref name="injunction">{{cite news|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/article/us-court-temporarily-halts-deceptive-practices-of-so-called-predatory-publisher/|title=U.S. court temporarily halts 'deceptive practices' of so-called predatory publisher|date=23 November 2017|access-date=30 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408104801/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/u-s-court-temporarily-halts-deceptive-practices-of-so-called-predatory-publisher-1.3689926|archive-date=8 April 2019|publisher=[[CTV News]]}}</ref> The FTC won a [[Summary judgment#United States|summary judgment]] (ECF No. 86) on 29 March 2019, with the court finding that OMICS made false claims about manuscripts being peer-reviewed, used the name of prominent researchers as editors of journals without their consent or knowledge, used misleading impact factors for journals which had not been calculated by [[Clarivate Analytics]], made false claims about being indexed by PubMed, was not transparent about the publication fees charged per manuscript until after it had accepted an article for publication, and often did not allow researchers to withdraw their articles after submission. OMICS was ordered to pay a fine of $50,130,810 as well as change some of its publishing methods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/04/ftc-hits-predatory-scientific-publisher-with-a-50-million-fine/|title=FTC hits predatory scientific publisher with a $50 million fine|last1=Timmer|first1=John|date=2019-04-03|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast Digital]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406193125/https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/04/ftc-hits-predatory-scientific-publisher-with-a-50-million-fine/|archive-date=2019-04-06|access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://retractionwatch.com/2019/04/02/court-orders-publisher-omics-to-pay-u-s-govt-50-million-in-suit-alleging-unfair-and-deceptive-practices/|title=Court orders publisher OMICS to pay U.S. gov't $50 million in suit alleging "unfair and deceptive practices"|last1=Oransky|first1=Ivan|date=2019-04-02|website=[[Retraction Watch]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406110103/https://retractionwatch.com/2019/04/02/court-orders-publisher-omics-to-pay-u-s-govt-50-million-in-suit-alleging-unfair-and-deceptive-practices/|archive-date=2019-04-06|access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/hyderabad-based-omics-fined-50-million-for-unfair-deceptive-business-practices/article26724904.ece|title=Hyderabad-based OMICS fined $50 million for 'unfair, deceptive business practices'|last=Prasad|first=R.|date=3 April 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191030031845/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/hyderabad-based-omics-fined-50-million-for-unfair-deceptive-business-practices/article26724904.ece|archive-date=30 October 2019|access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref> OMICS plans to challenge the ruling.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/03/science/predatory-journals-ftc-omics.html|title=The Price for 'Predatory' Publishing? $50 Million|last=Kolata|first=Gina|date=2019-04-03|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-04-05|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190404102106/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/03/science/predatory-journals-ftc-omics.html|archive-date=4 April 2019|language=en-US|url-access=limited}}</ref> On September 11, 2020, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld the grant of summary judgment and the $50.1 million award.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Federal Trade Commission v. OMICS Group |opinion=19-15738 |court=[[9th Cir.]] |date=10 June 2020 |url=https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/memoranda/2020/09/11/19-15738.pdf |quote=we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the FTC}}</ref>

===Legal threat to Jeffrey Beall===
In 2013, OMICS Publishing Group sent a letter to then [[University of Colorado]] librarian [[Jeffrey Beall]] stating that they intended to sue him and were seeking $1 billion in damages. In their six-page letter, OMICS stated that Beall's blog is "ridiculous, baseless, impertinent", and "smacks of literal unprofessionalism and arrogance".<ref name="CHE51513" /> Beall said that he found the letter "to be poorly written and personally threatening," and that he thought: "the letter is an attempt to detract from the enormity of OMICS's editorial practices".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/05/15/184233141/publisher-threatens-librarian-with-1-billion-lawsuit|title=Publisher Threatens Librarian With $1 Billion Lawsuit|last=Chappell|first=Bill|date=15 May 2013|access-date=18 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402222847/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/05/15/184233141/publisher-threatens-librarian-with-1-billion-lawsuit|archive-date=2 April 2019|publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref>

OMICS' law firm said it was pursuing damages under India's [[Information Technology Act 2000|Information Technology Act, 2000]], referring to section 66A, which makes it illegal to use a computer to publish "any information that is grossly offensive or has menacing character" or to publish false information. It stated that three years in prison was a possible penalty, although a U.S. lawyer said that the threats seemed to be a "publicity stunt" that were meant to "intimidate".<ref name=CHE51513/> An editorial in the [[New Delhi]]-based ''[[India Today]]'' cited the incident as evidence that Section 66A should be discarded to eliminate its use in "stifling political dissent, crushing speech and ... enabling bullying".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/rohan-venkataramakrishnan/story/section-66a-it-act-supreme-court-bullies-censorship-rohan-venkataramakrishnan-163585-2013-05-19|title=Send Section 66A bullies home|last=Venkataramakrishnan|first=Rohan|date=2013-05-19|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=2013-05-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928065845/https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/rohan-venkataramakrishnan/story/section-66a-it-act-supreme-court-bullies-censorship-rohan-venkataramakrishnan-163585-2013-05-19|archive-date=28 September 2019|type=editorial}}</ref> In 2015, Section 66A was struck down by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in [[Shreya Singhal v. Union of India|an unrelated case]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-strikes-down-section-66-a-of-the-it-act-finds-it-unconstitutional/article10740659.ece|title=SC strikes down 'draconian' Section 66A|last=Sriram|first=Jayant|date=2015-03-24|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191030030343/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-strikes-down-section-66-a-of-the-it-act-finds-it-unconstitutional/article10740659.ece|archive-date=30 October 2019|access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/02351/SC_Judgement_on_Se_2351485a.pdf|title=Writ Petition (Criminal) No.167 of 2012|publisher=[[Supreme Court of India]]|via=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920192009/https://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/02351/SC_Judgement_on_Se_2351485a.pdf|archive-date=20 September 2016}}</ref>

===Acquisition of Canadian publishers ===
In late September 2016, OMICS acquired two Canadian publishers—[[Andrew John Publishing]] and [[Pulsus Group]]—and sixteen journals published by them.<ref name="Toronto Star">{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2016/09/29/canadian-medical-journals-hijacked-for-junk-science.html|title=Canadian medical journals hijacked for junk science|last=Oved|first=Marco Chown|date=29 September 2016|newspaper=[[The Toronto Star]]|access-date=11 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502164819/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2016/09/29/canadian-medical-journals-hijacked-for-junk-science.html|archive-date=2 May 2019}}</ref> The acquisition led to a decline in publishing standards for these journals,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/article/offshore-firm-accused-of-publishing-junk-science-takes-over-canadian-journals/|title=Offshore firm accused of publishing junk science takes over Canadian journals|last=Puzic|first=Sonja|date=29 September 2016|access-date=11 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406095342/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/offshore-firm-accused-of-publishing-junk-science-takes-over-canadian-journals-1.3093472|archive-date=6 April 2019|publisher=[[CTV News]]}}</ref> caused concern that the names of the publishers were being hijacked to lend credence to bogus science, and led to six of the sixteen journals stating their intention to terminate their publishing contracts with OMICS.<ref name="Toronto Star" />

===Fake articles===
In 2023, Mike Downes stated that to the list of fraudulent practices undertaken by predatory publishers "must be added the invention or compilation of articles ostensibly written by academic scholars but in fact crafted by the publishing house in question", noting that "the majority are created under a fake name by compiling a set of plagiarized passages extracted from the specialized literature or cannibalized from within the journal's own archive". Downes's research showed that all of OMICS's subsidiaries and imprints have created and published such articles, arguing that this was evidence that "the directive to carry out this fraudulent scheme appears to have been a chosen policy coming from the top management" of OMICS.<ref name="phantom"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Ro |first1=Christine |title=What is it like to attend a predatory conference? |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=25 July 2024 |volume=631 |issue=8022 |pages=921–923 |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-02358-w |pmid=39026015 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024Natur.631..921R }}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.omicsonline.org/about.php}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2007 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Academic publishing companies]]
[[Category:Companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Open access publishers]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Publishing companies of India]]

Sampadananda Mishra

2026-04-01T07:37:09Z

Anis: Creating A Post Needs Work!

{{Short description|Indian Sanskrit scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox writer 
|image =
| name = Sampadananda Mishra
|caption = Sampadananda Mishra
|pseudonym =
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|11|17}}
|birth_place = [[Odisha]], India
|death_date =
|death_place =
|occupation = Sanskrit scholar, editor and author
|nationality = Indian
|period =
|genre = [[Sanskrit]], [[Indian literature]]
|language = [[Sanskrit]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[English language|English]]
|subject =
|movement =
|influences =
|influenced =
|signature =
|website =
|alma_mater = [[Utkal University]]
}}

'''Sampadananda Mishra''' ({{langx|or|ସମ୍ପଦାନନ୍ଦ ମିଶ୍ର}}, born 17 November 1971) is a [[Sanskrit]] scholar from [[Odisha]], specializing in grammar.<ref name="tripathi161">{{cite book |url=http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/DigitalBook/I/Inventory%20of%20Sanskrit%20Scholars.pdf |title=संस्कृतविद्वत्परिचायिका – Inventory of Sanskrit Scholars |publisher=Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan |year=2012 |isbn=978-93-86111-85-2 |editor-last=Tripathi |editor-first=Radha Vallabh |location=New Delhi, India |page=161 |accessdate=19 July 2016}}</ref> Mishra was awarded the [[Maharshi Badrayan Vyas Samman|Maharshi Badrayan Vyas Award]] for Sanskrit in 2012 by the [[President of India]] [[Pratibha Patil]].<ref name="pib">{{cite news | title=President gives away Awards to Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, Pali/Prakrit Scholars | work=[[Press Information Bureau]] | url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84946 | date=19 June 2012 | accessdate=16 February 2020}}</ref> He was conferred with Sahitya Akademi Bala Puraskar 2018 for his book ''Shanaih Shanaih''. Detailed profile of him can be seen [https://vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in/profile/611756 HERE].

==Education and career==
Grandson of a Sanskrit [[Pandit]],<ref name="scroll">{{cite news |last=Chari |first=Mridula |date=8 March 2016 |title='Authentic' Vande Mataram Library aims to challenge Sheldon Pollock's 'foreign' one |work=Scroll.in |url=http://scroll.in/article/804770/authentic-vande-mataram-library-aims-to-challenge-sheldon-pollocks-foreign-one |accessdate=19 July 2016}}</ref> Mishra received a post-graduate degree in Sanskrit from [[Utkal University]].<ref name="aurosociety">{{cite web |title=Dr. Sampadananda Mishra |url=https://nextfuture.aurosociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Sampadananda_Mishra.pdf |publisher=Sri Aurobindo Society |accessdate=19 July 2016 |archive-date=15 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015044856/https://nextfuture.aurosociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Sampadananda_Mishra.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He received an MPhil in Sanskrit Grammar from under [[V. Kutumba Sastry]] of [[Pondicherry University]] and completed his doctorate from [[Utkal University]] on Sanskrit and the evolution of human speech.<ref name="aurosociety"/>

From September 1995 to March 2021, Mishra served as the director of Sri Aurobindo Foundation for Indian Culture (SAFIC), Puducherry.<ref name="aurosociety" /> Currently, Mishra works as Dean - Culture and Director of the Centre for Human Sciences at [[Rishihood University]], Haryana.

== Books ==
Some of his books are:

* Sampadananda Mishra. ''Sanskrit and the Evolution of Human Speech''. Sri Aurobindo Institute of Research in Social Sciences, 2006. {{ISBN|978-81-7060-236-1}}. 171 pp.
* Sampadananda Mishra. ''Stotravali: A Book of Hymns and Prayers in Sanskrit''. Sri Aurobindo Institute of Research in Social Sciences, 2006. {{ISBN|978-81-7060-203-3}}. 316 pp.
* Sampadananda Mishra (ed.). ''The Century of Life of Sri Aurobindo with original verses of Bhartrihari''. Sri Aurobindo Institute of Research in Social Sciences, 2005. {{ISBN|978-81-7060-120-3}}. 128 pp.
* Sampadananda Mishra. ''Sri Aurobindo and Sanskrit''. Sri Aurobindo Institute of Research in Social Sciences, 2001. {{ISBN|978-81-7060-159-3}}. 118 pp.
* Sampadananda Mishra and Vijay Poddar. ''The wonder that is Sanskrit''. Mapin Publishing Gp Pty Ltd, 2001. {{ISBN|978-1-890206-50-5}}. 210 pp.
* Sampadananda Mishra. ''Hasyamanjari: A book of humorous stories in Sanskrit''. Sri Aurobindo Institute of Research in Social Sciences, 2001. {{ISBN|978-81-7060-162-3}}. 42 pp.
* Sampadananda Mishra. ''Chandovallari: A handbook of Sanskrit prosody''. Sri Aurobindo Institute of Research in Social Sciences, 1999. {{ISBN|978-81-7060-123-4}}. 147 pp.
* Sampadananda Mishra. Shanaih Shaniah - A book of Rhyming Songs in Sanskrit, AuroPublications, Sri Aurobindo Society, Pondicherry. {{ISBN|978-81-7060-381-8}}. 56pp

== Unique initiatives ==

=== Divyavani Sanskrit Radio ===
In August 2013 Mishra launched the first ever 24/7 Sanskrit Radio called '[https://radiodivyavani.blogspot.com/ Divyavani Sanskrit Radio]'.

=== Samskrita Balasahitya Parishad ===
In 2014 Mishra founded [https://samskritabalasahityaparishad.org.in/ Samskrita Balasahitya Parishad] for creating, evaluating and propagating qualitative children's literature in Sanskrit.

=== Vande Mataram Library ===
The library plans to publish several volumes of religious and non-religious Sanskrit texts with translations.<ref name="scroll" /> Mishra floated the idea of an indigenous effort in translating Sanskrit texts, a few days after Hindu Nationalists lodged a petition against the [[Murty Classical Library of India]] (MCLI); it was argued that the MCLI works were of a high quality but lacked in cultural understandings.<ref name="scroll" /><ref name="livemint">{{cite news |last=Tripathi |first=Salil |date=24 March 2016 |title=A Library controversy |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/h3hAghHoxFVipKtTfjdYqN/A-Library-controversy.html |accessdate=19 July 2016}}</ref> Thus, he co-founded the [https://vmlt.in/ Vande Mataram Library Trust], an open-source project to translate almost all important scriptures available in Sanskrit.<ref name="scroll" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Sampadananda}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scholars from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Pondicherry University alumni]]

Nehru Institute of Mountaineering

2026-03-29T12:52:17Z

Anis: info

{{Infobox school
| name = Nehru Institute of Mountaineering
| image = Nehru Institute of Mountaineering Logo.png
| motto = Success Lies in Courage
| address =
| city = Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand
| country = India
| founded = 14 November 1965
| founder =
| principal = Colonel Amit Bisht<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last1=Nov 15 |first1=Abhyudaya Kotnala / TNN / Updated |title=Nehru Institute of Mountaineering celebrates 54th foundation day; Uttarkashi {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/nehru-institute-of-mountaineering-celebrates-54th-foundation-day/articleshow/66625870.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
| enrolment =
| sports = Mountaineering
}}

The '''Nehru Institute of Mountaineering''' (NIM India) in [[Uttarkashi]] in [[Uttarakhand]] is an institute that was established on November 14, 1965.<ref name="onmanorama">{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Ashwin |title=These are some of the top mountaineering institutes in India |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2022/02/15/these-top-mountaineering-institutes-india.html |access-date=17 October 2022 |work=OnManorama}}</ref> The institute was formed to honor the great desire of [[Jawahar Lal Nehru]], the first [[Prime Minister of India]].

==History ==
Nehru Institute of Mountaineering was first proposed by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], the Government of India, and the Government of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 1964.
The institute is located in Uttarkashi because it is close to the Gangotri region in Western Garhwal, which offers excellent climbing and training potential in India.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Uttarakhand: Few facts about NIM whose students are trapped in avalanche |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uttarakhand-few-facts-about-nim-whose-students-are-trapped-in-avalanche-101664880691346.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2022, the institute hosted the national sports climbing championship.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Uttarakhand: NIM to host national sports climbing championship from Aug 12 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/uttarakhand-nim-to-host-national-sports-climbing-championship-from-aug-12-122080800531_1.html |access-date=17 October 2022 |work=www.business-standard.com |date=8 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
==October 2022 DKD2 Avalanche ==
On the morning of 4 October 2022, a team of 41 climbers from Nehru Institute of Mountaineering attempting [[Draupadi Ka Danda]] II were hit by an avalanche a few hundred meters below the summit. The team consisted of 34 advanced mountaineering course trainees and seven instructors. The bodies of 27 climbers were recovered during rescue operations, while two mountaineers could not be found.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uttarakhand: Search for two mountaineers continues for 11th day |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/oct/14/uttarakhand-search-for-two-mountaineers-continues-for-11th-day-2508205.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ten mountaineers killed in avalanche in Uttarkashi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/uttarakhand-avalanche-10-mountaineers-dead-says-nehru-institute-of-mountaineering-principal/articleshow/94642699.cms |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Uttarkashi Avalanche |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/uttarkashi-avalanche-search-operations-resume-to-trace-mountaineers-in-avalanche-hit-uttarakhand-peak-news-227719 |date=5 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=29 People Died in One of the Worst Mountaineering Accidents in History. What Happened?|url=https://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/exploration-survival/avalanche-mountaineering-accident-draupadi-ka-danda-2/}}</ref>
==Notable Alumni==
*[[Bachendri Pal]]
*[[Santosh Yadav]]
*[[Arunima Sinha]]
*[[Divyanka Tripathi]]
*[[Gurjot S. Kaler]]

==See also==
*[[Indian Institute of Skiing and Mountaineering]]
*[[Himalayan Mountaineering Institute]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mountaineering training institutes]]
[[Category:Education in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1965]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Death of Subhas Chandra Bose

2026-03-28T19:59:54Z

Anis: small adjusted formatting for clarity also as per guidelines

{{Short description|1945 death of Indian nationalist leader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| image = File:Japanpaper111.jpg
| caption = A newspaper cutting announcing the deaths of Sidei and Bose.
| occurrence_type = Accident
| date = {{start date|1945|08|18}}
| summary = [[In-flight breakup]]
| site = near Taihoku Airfield, [[Taihoku Prefecture]], [[Japanese occupation of Taiwan|Taiwan]] (now
[[Songshan Airport]], [[Taipei]], Taiwan)
| mapframe = no
| plane1_image = Ki-21 97juubaku b.jpg
| aircraft_type = [[Mitsubishi Ki-21]]
| aircraft_name = [[World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft|Allied reporting name]] "Sally" or "Gwen".
| operator = [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Service]]
| origin = [[Tengah Air Base]], [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Singapore]]
| stopover = [[Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base]], [[Bangkok]], Thailand
| stopover0 = [[Tan Son Nhut Air Base]], [[Saigon]], [[Empire of Vietnam|Vietnam]] (now [[Ho Chi Minh City]]), Vietnam
| stopover1 = [[Da Nang Air Base]], [[Da Nang]], [[Empire of Vietnam|Vietnam]]
| stopover2 = [[Songshan Airport | Taihoku Airfield]], [[Taihoku Prefecture]], Taihoku (now
[[Songshan Airport]], [[Taipei]], Taiwan)
| last_stopover = Dairen Airfield, [[Manchuria]] (now [[Liaoning Province]], China) 
{{coord|38|55|0|N|121|40|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| destination = [[Tokyo]], Japan
| occupants = 12-13
| passengers = 9
| crew = 3–4
| fatalities = 4
| survivors = 9
}}

On 18 August 1945, a [[Mitsubishi Ki-21]] heavy bomber belonging to the [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Service]] crashed upon take off from Taihoku Airfield in [[Taihoku Prefecture]], [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese Taiwan]], present day [[Songshan Airport]] in [[Taipei]], Taiwan.{{sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=2a}}{{efn|"If all else failed (Bose) wanted to become a prisoner of the Soviets: 'They are the only ones who will resist the British. My fate is with them. But as the Japanese plane took off from Taipei airport its engines faltered and then failed. Bose was badly burned in the crash. According to several witnesses, he died on 18 August in a Japanese military hospital, talking to the very last of India's freedom."{{sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=2a}}}}{{sfn|Bandyopādhyāẏa|2004|p=427}}{{efn|"The retreat was even more devastating, finally ending the dream of liberating India through military campaign. But Bose still remained optimistic, thought of regrouping after the Japanese surrender, contemplated seeking help from Soviet Russia. The Japanese agreed to provide him transport up to Manchuria from where he could travel to Russia. But on his way, on 18 August 1945 at Taihoku airport in Taiwan, he died in an air crash, which many Indians still believe never happened."{{sfn|Bandyopādhyāẏa|2004|p=427}}}} Out of the 12 or 13 passengers on board, two passengers; Indian nationalist leader [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and Japanese Lieutenant General [[Tsunamasa Shidei]] died in hospital in the immediate aftermath of the crash.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taipei City (臺北市) {{!}} Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives |url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/zone/taipei-city-taibeishi?page=1 |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=www.baaa-acro.com}}</ref> The bomber crashed three days after [[Surrender of Japan|Japan announced its surrender]], and three months before [[Retrocession of Taiwan|the return of Taiwan to the Republic of China]].

Bose, who had become soaked in [[gasoline]] before exiting the burning bomber, was transported to the Nanmon Military Hospital south of Taihoku, where his extensive upper-body burns were treated for six hours by the chief-surgeon Dr Taneyoshi Yoshimi, two other doctors, Dr Tsuruta and Dr Ishii, and half a dozen technical staff and nurses. Bose went into a coma and died between 9 pm and 10 pm Taihoku time. Bose's chief-of-staff, Colonel [[Habib ur Rahman (Indian National Army officer)|Habib ur Rahman]], who had travelled with him, and who was put to lay nearby with severe burns, survived and made a full recovery. Ten years later he testified at an inquiry commission on Bose's death, the burn marks on his arms conspicuously visible. General Shidei's descendants commemorate his death every year at the [[Renkōji Temple|Renkō-ji Temple]] in [[Tokyo]], where Bose's ashes are also deposited.

Bose's death and the nature of the plane crash has been marked with numerous disputations and conspiracy theories. Many among Subhas Chandra Bose's supporters, especially in the [[Bengal Presidency]], refused at the time and have refused since to believe either the fact or the circumstances of his death.{{sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=2b}}{{efn| "British and Indian commissions later established convincingly that Bose had died in Taiwan. These were legendary and apocalyptic times, however. Having witnessed the first Indian leader to fight against the British since the great mutiny of 1857, many in both Southeast Asia and India refused to accept the loss of their hero."{{sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=2b}}}}{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=22}}{{efn|"There are still some in India today who believe that Bose remained alive and in Soviet custody, a once and future king of Indian independence. The legend of 'Netaji' Bose's survival helped bind together the defeated INA. In Bengal it became an assurance of the province's supreme importance in the liberation of the motherland. It sustained the morale of many across India and Southeast Asia who deplored the return of British power or felt alienated from the political settlement finally achieved by Gandhi and Nehru.{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=22}}}}{{Sfn|Wolpert|2000|pp=339–340}}{{efn| "On March 21, 1944, Subhas Bose and advanced units of the INA crossed the borders of India, entering Manipur, and by May they had advanced to the outskirts of that state's capital, Imphal. That was the closest Bose came to Bengal, where millions of his devoted followers awaited his army's "liberation." The British garrison at Imphal and its air arm withstood Bose's much larger force long enough for the monsoon rains to defer all possibility of warfare in that jungle region for the three months the British so desperately needed to strengthen their eastern wing. Bose had promised his men freedom in exchange for their blood, but the tide of battle turned against them after the 1944 rains, and in May 1945 the INA surrendered in Rangoon. Bose escaped on the last Japanese plane to leave Saigon, but he died in Formosa after a crash landing there in August. By that time, however, his death had been falsely reported so many times that a myth soon emerged in Bengal that Netaji Subhas Chandra was alive—raising another army in China or Tibet or the Soviet Union—and would return with it to "liberate" India.{{Sfn|Wolpert|2000|pp=339–340}}}}{{sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=2}}{{efn|"Rumours that Bose had survived and was waiting to come out of hiding and begin the final struggle for independence were rampant by the end of 1945."{{sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=2}}}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=210}}{{efn|"Marginalized within Congress and a target for British surveillance, Bose chose to embrace the fascist powers as allies against the British and fled India, first to Hitler's Germany, then, on a German submarine, to a Japanese-occupied Singapore. The force that he put together ... known as the Indian National Army (INA) and thus claiming to represent free India, saw action against the British in Burma but accomplished little toward the goal of a march on Delhi. ... Bose himself died in an airplane crash trying to reach Japanese-occupied territory in the last months of the war. His romantic saga, coupled with his defiant nationalism, has made Bose a near-mythic figure, not only in his native Bengal, but across India. It is this heroic, martial myth that is today remembered, rather than Bose's wartime vision of a free India under the authoritarian rule of someone like himself."{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=210}}}}

==Death==
===Last months with the Indian National Army===
[[File:Map showing Subhas Chandra Bose's exit from Burma in late April 1945.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Map of Central Burma showing the route taken by Subhas Chandra Bose and his [[Indian National Army]] (INA) group of 500 from [[Yangon|Rangoon]] to [[Moulmein]]. The group traveled in a Japanese military convoy until they reached the river [[Sittaung River|Sittang]]. After crossing the river, they walked the remaining 80 miles. At Moulmein, Bose, his party, and another INA group of 500, boarded Japanese trains on the [[Burma Railway|Death Railway]] (which had been constructed earlier by British, Australian, and Dutch prisoners of war) to arrive in [[Bangkok]] in the first week of May 1945.]]
During the last week of April 1945, Subhas Chandra Bose along with his senior [[Indian National Army]] (INA) officers, several hundred enlisted INA men, and nearly a hundred women from the INA's [[Rani of Jhansi Regiment]] left [[Rangoon]] by road for [[Moulmein]] in Burma.{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=372}} Accompanied by Lieutenant General Saburo Isoda, the head of the Japanese-INA liaison organization [[Hikari Kikan]], their Japanese military convoy was able to reach the right bank of the [[Sittaung River|Sittang river]], albeit slowly.{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=373}} (See map 1.) However, very few vehicles were able to cross the river because of American strafing runs. Bose and his party walked the remaining {{convert|80|mi}} to Moulmein over the next week.{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=373}} Moulmein then was the terminus of the [[Burma Railway|Death Railway]], constructed from 1940 to 1943 by British, Australian, and Dutch prisoners of war, linking Burma to [[Siam]] (now Thailand).{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=373}} At Moulmein, Bose's group was also joined by 500 men from the X-regiment, INA's first guerrilla regiment, who arrived from a different location in [[Lower Burma]].{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=374}}

A year and a half earlier, 16,000 INA men and 100 women had entered Burma from [[British Malaya|Malaya]].{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=374}} Now, less than one tenth that number left the country, arriving in [[Bangkok]] during the first week of May.{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=374}} The remaining nine tenths were either killed in action, died from malnutrition or injuries after the battles of [[Battle of Imphal|Imphal]] and [[Battle of Kohima|Kohima]]. Others were captured by the British, turned themselves in, or simply disappeared.{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=374}} Bose stayed in Bangkok for a month, where soon after his arrival he heard the news of [[German Instrument of Surrender|Germany's surrender]] on May{{nbsp}}8.{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=376}} Bose spent the next two months between June and July 1945 in Singapore,{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=376}} and in both places attempted to raise funds for billeting his soldiers or rehabilitating them if they chose to return to civilian life, which most of the women did.{{Sfn|Fay|1995|pp=376–380}} In his nightly radio broadcasts, Bose spoke with increasing virulence against Gandhi, who had been released from jail in 1944, and was engaged in talks with British administrators, envoys and [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] leaders.{{Sfn|Fay|1995|pp=377–379}} Some senior INA officers began to feel frustrated or disillusioned with Bose and to prepare quietly for the arrival of the British and its consequences.{{Sfn|Fay|1995|pp=377–379}}

During the first two weeks of August 1945, events began to unfold rapidly. With the British threatening to invade Malaya and with daily American aerial bombings, Bose's presence in Singapore became riskier by the day. His chief of staff [[J. R. Bhonsle]] suggested that he prepare to leave Singapore.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=194–195}} On 3{{nbsp}}August 1945, Bose received a cable from General Isoda advising him to urgently evacuate to [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]] in Japanese-controlled [[French Indochina]] (now Vietnam).{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=194–195}} On 10{{nbsp}}August, Bose learnt that the Soviet Union had entered the war and [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria|invaded Manchuria]]. At the same time he heard about the atomic bombings of [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]].{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=380}} Finally, on 16{{nbsp}}August, after being informed of the unconditional surrender of Japan, Bose decided to leave for Saigon along with a handful of his aides.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=194–195}}

===Last days and journeys===
[[File:Flight paths of Subhas Chandra Bose on 16, 17, and 18 August 1945.jpg|thumb|right|180px|The last aeroplane journeys of Subhas Chandra Bose. Paths of completed flights are shown in blue. On 16 August 1945, he left [[Singapore]] for [[Bangkok]], [[Siam]] (now Thailand). On either the 16th itself or on the 17th morning, he flew from Bangkok to [[Saigon]], now Ho Chi Minh City. On the 17 August afternoon, he flew from Saigon to [[Tourane]], [[French Indo-China]], now Da Nang, Vietnam. Early next morning at 5 am, he left Tourane for [[Taipei#Japanese rule|Taihoku]], [[Formosa]], now Taipei, Taiwan. At 2:30 pm on 18 August, he left for [[Dairen]], [[Manchukuo]], now Dalian, China, but his plane crashed shortly after takeoff, and Bose died within a few hours in a Japanese military hospital. Had the crash not occurred the plane would have dropped off Bose at Dairen and proceeded to Tokyo along a flight path shown in red.]]

Reliable strands of historical narrative about Bose's last days are united up to this point. However, they separate briefly for the period between 16 August, when Bose received news of Japan's surrender in Singapore, and shortly after noon on 17 August, when Bose and his party arrived at Saigon airport from Saigon city to board a plane.{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=382}} (See map 2.)

In one version, Bose flew out from Singapore to Saigon, stopping briefly in Bangkok, on the 16th. Soon after arriving in Saigon, he visited Field Marshal [[Hisaichi Terauchi]], head of the Japanese forces in Southeast Asia, and requested him to arrange a flight to the Soviet Union.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=194–195}} Although until the day before, the Soviet Union had been a belligerent of Japan, it was also seen, at least by Bose, as increasingly anti-British,{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=21}} and, consequently, a possible base of his future operations against the [[British Raj]].{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=194–195}} Terauchi, in turn, cabled Japan's [[Imperial General Headquarters]] (IGHQ) in Tokyo for permission, which was quickly denied.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=194–195}} In the words of historian [[Joyce Lebra|Joyce Chapman Lebra]], the IGHQ felt that it "would be unfair of Bose to write off Japan and go over to Soviet Union after receiving so much help from Japan. Terauchi added in talking with Bose that it would be unreasonable for him to take a step which was opposed by the Japanese."{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=194–195}} Privately, however, Terauchi still felt sympathy for Bose—one that had been formed during their two-year-long association.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=194–195}} He somehow managed to arrange room for Bose on a flight leaving Saigon on the morning of 17 August 1945 bound for Tokyo, but stopping en route in [[Dairen]], [[Manchuria]]—which was still Japanese-occupied, but toward which the Soviet army was fast approaching—where Bose was to have disembarked and to have awaited his fate at the hand of the Soviets.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=194–195}}

In another version, Bose left Singapore with his party on the 16th and stopped en route in Bangkok, surprising INA officer in-charge there, [[J. R. Bhonsle]], who quickly made arrangements for Bose's overnight stay.{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=382}} Word of Bose's arrival, however, got out, and soon local members of the [[Indian Independence League]] (IIL), the INA, and the Thai Indian business community turned up at the hotel.{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=382}} According to historian [[Peter W. Fay|Peter Ward Fay]], Bose "sat up half the night holding court—and in the morning flew on to Saigon, this time accompanied by General Isoda ..."{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=382}} Arriving in Saigon, late in the morning, there was little time to visit Field Marshal Terauchi, who was in [[Da Lat|Dalat]] in the Central Highlands of [[Vietnam|French Indo-China]], an hour away by plane.{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=382}} Consequently, Isoda himself, without consulting with higher ups, arranged room for Bose on a flight leaving around noon.{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=382}}

In the third sketchier version, Bose left Singapore on the 17th.{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=21}} According to historian [[Christopher Bayly]] and Tim Harper, "On 17 August he issued a final order of the day, dissolving the INA with the words, 'The roads to Delhi are many and Delhi still remains our goal.' He then flew out to China via French Indo-China. If all else failed he wanted to become a prisoner of the Soviets: 'They are the only ones who will resist the British. My fate is with them'."{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=21}}

Around noon on 17 August, the strands again reunite. At Saigon airport, a [[Mitsubishi Ki-21]] heavy bomber, of the type [[World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft|code named]] ''Sally'' by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], was waiting for Bose and his party.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=195–196}}{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=383}} In addition to Bose, the INA group comprised Colonel [[Raja Habib ur Rahman Khan|Habibur Rahman]], his secretary; [[S. A. Ayer]], a member of his cabinet; Major [[Abid Hasan (diplomat)|Abid Hasan]], his old associate who had made the hazardous submarine journey from Germany to Sumatra in 1943; and three others.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=195–196}} To their dismay, they learned upon arrival that there was room for only one INA passenger.{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=383}} Bose complained, and the beleaguered General Isoda gave in and hurriedly arranged for a second seat.{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=383}} Bose chose Habibur Rahman to accompany him.{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=383}} It was understood that the others in the INA party would follow him on later flights. There was further delay at Saigon airport. According to historian Joyce Chapman Lebra, "a gift of treasure contributed by local Indians was presented to Bose as he was about to board the plane. The two heavy strong-boxes added overweight to the plane's full load."{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=195–196}} Sometime between noon and 2 PM, the twin-engine plane took off with 12 or 13 people aboard: a crew of three or four, a group of Japanese army and air force officers, including Lieutenant-General [[Tsunamasa Shidei]], the Vice Chief of Staff of the Japanese Kwantung Army, which although fast retreating in Manchuria still held the Manchurian peninsula, and Bose and Rahman. Bose was sitting a little to the rear of the [[portside]] wing;{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=195–196}} the bomber, under normal circumstances, carried a crew of five.

That these flights were possible a few days after Japan's surrender was the result of a lack of clarity about what had occurred. Although Japan had unconditionally surrendered, when Emperor Hirohito had made his announcement over the radio, he had used formal Japanese, not entirely intelligible to ordinary people and, instead of using the word "surrender" (in Japanese), had mentioned only "abiding by the terms of the [[Potsdam Declaration]]." Consequently, many people, especially in Japanese-occupied territories, were unsure if anything had significantly changed, allowing a window of a few days for the Japanese air force to continue flying. Although the Japanese and Bose were tight lipped about the destination of the bomber, it was widely assumed by Bose's staff left behind in Saigon that the plane was bound for Dairen on the Manchurian peninsula, which, as stated above, was still under Japanese control. Bose had been talking for over a year about the importance of making contact with the communists, both Russian and Chinese. In 1944, he had asked a minister in his cabinet, [[A. M. Sahay|Anand Mohan Sahay]] to travel to Tokyo for the purposes of making contact with the Soviet ambassador, [[Jacob Malik]].{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=195–196}} However, after consulting the Japanese foreign minister [[Mamoru Shigemitsu]], Sahay decided against it.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=195–196}} In May 1945, Sahay had again written to Shigemitsu requesting him to contact Soviet authorities on behalf of Bose; again the reply had been in the negative.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=195–196}} Bose had been continually querying General Isoda for over a year about the Japanese army's readiness in Manchuria.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=195–196}} After the war, the Japanese confirmed to the British investigators and later Indian commissions of inquiry, that plane was indeed bound for Dairen, and that fellow passenger General Shidea of the Kwantung Army, was to have disembarked with Bose in Dairen and to have served as the main liaison and negotiator for Bose's transfer into Soviet controlled territory in Manchuria.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=195–196}}{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=21}}

The plane had flown north. By the time it was near the northern coast of French Indo-China, darkness had begun to close in, and the pilot decided to make an unscheduled stop in [[Da Nang|Tourane]] (now Da Nang, Vietnam).{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}} The passengers stayed overnight at a hotel, and the crew, worried that the plane was overloaded, shed some 500 pounds of equipment and luggage, and also refueled the plane.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}} Before dawn the next morning, the group flew out again, this time east to [[Taipei|Taihoku]], [[Formosa]] (now Taipei, Taiwan), which was a scheduled stop, arriving there around noon on 18 August 1945.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}} During the two-hour stop in Taihoku, the plane was again refueled, while the passengers ate lunch.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}} The chief pilot and the ground engineer, and Major Kono, seemed concerned about the portside engine, and, once all the passengers were on board, the engine was tested by repeatedly throttling up and down.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=540}} The concerns allayed, the plane finally took off, in different accounts, as early as 2 pm,{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}} and as late as 2:30 pm,{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=540}}{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=384}} watched by ground engineers.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}}

===Crash===

Just as the bomber was leaving the standard path taken by aircraft during take-off, the passengers inside heard a loud sound, similar to an engine backfiring.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=540}}{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=384}} Airport mechanics saw something fall out of the plane.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}} It was the portside engine, or a part of it, and the propeller.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=540}} The plane swung wildly to the right and plummeted, crashing, breaking into two, and exploding into flames.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=540}} Inside, the chief pilot, copilot and General Shidei were instantly killed.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=541}} Rahman was stunned, passing out briefly, and Bose, although conscious and not fatally hurt, was soaked in gasoline.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}} When Rahman came to, he and Bose attempted to leave by the rear door but found it blocked by the luggage.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=541}} They then decided to run through the flames and exit from the front.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=541}} The ground staff, now approaching the plane, saw two people staggering towards them, one of whom had become a human torch.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}} The human torch turned out to be Bose, whose gasoline-soaked clothes had instantly ignited.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=541}} Rahman and a few others managed to smother the flames, but also noticed that Bose's face and head appeared badly burned.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=541}} According to Joyce Chapman Lebra, "A truck which served as ambulance rushed Bose and the other passengers to the Nanmon Military Hospital south of Taihoku."{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}} The airport personnel called Dr. Taneyoshi Yoshimi, the surgeon-in-charge at the hospital at around 3 pm.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=541}} Bose was conscious and mostly coherent when they reached the hospital, and for some time thereafter.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=541–542}} Bose was naked, except for a blanket wrapped around him, and Dr. Yoshimi immediately saw evidence of third-degree burns on many parts of the body, especially on his chest, doubting very much that he would live.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=541–542}} Dr. Yoshimi promptly began to treat Bose and was assisted by Dr. Tsuruta.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=541–542}} According to historian [[Leonard A. Gordon]], who interviewed all the hospital personnel later:{{Quote|quote=A disinfectant, [[Ethacridine lactate|Rivamol]], was put over most of his body and then a white ointment was applied and he was bandaged over most of his body. Dr. Yoshimi gave Bose four injections of [[Camphor#Medicinal uses|Vita Camphor]] and two of [[Digitalis#Cardiac|Digitamine]] for his weakened heart. These were given about every 30 minutes. Since his body had lost fluids quickly upon being burnt, he was given [[Ringer's solution|Ringer solution]] intravenously. A third doctor, Dr. Ishii gave him a blood transfusion. An orderly, Kazuo Mitsui, an army private, was in the room and several nurses were assisting. Bose still had a clear head which Dr. Yoshimi found remarkable for someone with such severe injuries.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=542}}}} Soon, in spite of the treatment, Bose went into a coma.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=542}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}} He died a few hours later, between 9 and 10 pm.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=542}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}}

Bose's body was cremated in the main Taihoku crematorium two days later, 20 August 1945.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=543}} On 23 August 1945, the Japanese news agency Domei announced the death of Bose and Shidea.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}} On 7 September a Japanese officer, Lieutenant Tatsuo Hayashida, carried Bose's ashes to Tokyo, and the following morning they were handed to the president of the Tokyo Indian Independence League, Rama Murti.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=544–545}} On 14 September a memorial service was held for Bose in Tokyo and a few days later the ashes were turned over to the priest of the [[Renkōji Temple]] of [[Nichiren Buddhism]] in Tokyo.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}}{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=545}} There they have remained ever since.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=545}}

Among the INA personnel, there was widespread disbelief, shock, and trauma. Most affected were the young Tamil Indians from Malaya and Singapore, men and women, who comprised the bulk of the civilians who had enlisted in the INA.{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p = 21}} The professional soldiers in the INA, most of whom were Punjabis, faced an uncertain future, with many fatalistically expecting reprisals from the British.{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p = 21}} In India the [[Indian National Congress]]'s official line was succinctly expressed in a letter [[Mahatma Gandhi]] wrote to [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur]].{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p = 21}} Said Gandhi, "Subhas Bose has died well. He was undoubtedly a patriot, though misguided."{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p = 21}} Many congressmen had not forgiven Bose for quarreling with Gandhi and for collaborating with what they considered was [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] [[fascism]].{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p = 21}} The Indian soldiers in the British Indian army, some two and a half million of whom had fought during the [[Second World War]], were conflicted about the INA. Some saw the INA as traitors and wanted them punished; others felt more sympathetic. The [[British Raj]], though never seriously threatened by the INA, was to try 300 INA officers for treason in the [[INA trials]], but was to eventually backtrack in the face of its own end.{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p = 21}}

==Conspiracies of Bose's survival==
===Immediate post-war conspiracies===
Subhas Chandra Bose's exploits had become legendary long before his physical death in August 1945.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|p=197}}{{efn|"THE MYTH: But Bose had become a myth in his own lifetime, dating from the time he eluded house arrest and escaped from India to Afghanistan and Europe. Thousands of Indians refused to believe he was dead. Man is very mortal but myths die hard."{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|p=197}}}} From the time he had escaped house arrest in Calcutta in 1940, rumours had been rife in India about whether or not he was alive, and if the latter, where he was and what he was doing.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|p=197}} His appearance in faraway Germany in 1941 created a sense of mystery about his activities. With Congress leaders in jail in the wake of the [[Quit India Resolution]] in August 1942 and the Indian public starved for political news, Bose's radio broadcasts from Berlin charting radical plans for India's liberation during a time when the star of Germany was still rising and that of Britain was at its lowest, made him an object of adulation among many in India and southeast Asia.{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|p=163}} During his two years in Germany, according to historian Romain Hayes, "If Bose gradually obtained respect in Berlin, in Tokyo he earned fervent admiration and was seen very much as an 'Indian samurai'."{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|p=164}} Thus it was that when Bose appeared in Southeast Asia in July 1943, brought mysteriously on German and Japanese submarines, he was already a figure of mythical size and reach.{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|p=163}}

After Bose's death, Bose's other lieutenants, who were to have accompanied him to Manchuria, but were left behind in Saigon, never saw a body.{{Sfn|Gordon|2006|p=109}} There were no photographs taken of the injured or deceased Bose, neither was a death certificate issued.{{Sfn|Gordon|2006|p=109}} According to historian Leonard A. Gordon, {{Quote|quote=The war was ending; all was chaotic in East Asia, and there were no official reports released by the Governments of India or Britain. These governments did nothing to prevent the confusion. Even members of India's Interim Government in 1946 waffled on the matter. Bose had disappeared several times earlier in his life; so rumours began again in 1945 and a powerful myth grew.{{Sfn|Gordon|2006|p=109}}}}

For these two reasons, when news of Bose's death was reported, many in the INA refused to believe it and were able to transmit their disbelief to a wider public.{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=22}} The source of the widespread skepticism in the INA might have been Bose's senior officer [[J. R. Bhonsle]].{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=22}} When a Japanese delegation, which included General Isoda, visited Bhonsle on 19 August 1945 to break the news and offer condolences, he responded by telling Isoda that Bose had not died, rather his disappearance has been covered up.{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=22}} Even Mahatma Gandhi swiftly said that he was skeptical about the air crash, but changed his mind after meeting the Indian survivor Habibur Rahman.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}} As in 1940, before long, in 1945, rumours were rife about what had happened to Bose, whether he was in Soviet-held Manchuria, a prisoner of the Soviet army, or whether he had gone into hiding with the cooperation of the Soviet army.{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=22}} [[Lakshmi Sahgal|Lakshmi Swaminathan]], of the all-female [[Rani of Jhansi regiment]] of the INA, later Lakshmi Sahgal, said in spring 1946 that she thought Bose was in China.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}} Many rumours spoke of Bose preparing for his final march on Delhi.{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=22}} This was the time when Bose began to be sighted by people, one sighter claiming "he had met Bose in a third-class compartment of the Bombay express on a Thursday."{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}

=== Further conspiracies ===
In the 1950s, stories appeared in which Bose had become a ''[[sadhu]]'', or [[Hindu]] renunciant. The best-known and most intricate of the renunciant tales of Subhas Bose, and one which, according to historian Leonard A. Gordon, may "properly be called a myth," was told in the early 1960s.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=606}} Some associates of Bose, from two decades before, had formed an organization, the "Subhasbadi Janata", to promote this story in which Bose was now the chief sadhu of an ''[[ashram]]'' (or hermitage) in Shaulmari (also Shoulmari) in North Bengal.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=606}} The Janata brought out published material, including several newspapers and magazines. Of these, some were long lived and some short, but all, by their number, attempted to create the illusion of the story's newsworthiness.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=606}} The chief sadhu himself vigorously denied being Bose.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=607}} Several intimates of Bose, including some politicians, who met with the sadhu, supported the denials.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=607}} Even so, the Subhasbadi Janata was able to create an elaborate chronology of Bose's post-war activities.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=607}}

According to this chronology, after his return to India, Bose returned to the vocation of his youth: he became a Hindu renunciant.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=607}} He attended unseen Gandhi's cremation in Delhi in early February 1948; walked across and around India several times; became a [[yogi]] at a Shiva temple in [[Bareilly]] in north central India from 1956 to 1959; became a practitioner of herbal medicine and effected several cures, including one of tuberculosis; and established the Shaulmari Ashram in 1959, taking the [[religious name]] Srimat Saradanandaji.{{#tag:ref|From [[Sanskrit]] ''śrīmat'' (voc., hon.) sir '''+''' ''śārǎdā'' 1. ''myth.'' a title of [[Saraswati]], 2. ''myth.'' a title of [[Durga]] '''+''' ''ānand'' (noun, m.) 1. joy, delight; 2. enjoyment, contentment, '''+''' ''jī'' (hon.) an expression of respect or affection (used with proper names). In {{citation|last=McGregor|first=Ronald Stuart|author-link=Ronald Stuart McGregor|title=The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MILAQgAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-864339-5|pages=956, 948, 86, 374 resp}}|group=nb}}{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=607}} Bose, moreover, was engaged in ''[[tapasya]]'', or meditation, to free the world, his goals having been broadened, after his first goal—freeing India—was achieved.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=607–608}} His attempt to do so, however, and to assume his true identity, was being thwarted jointly by political parties, newspapers, the Indian government, even foreign governments.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=607–608}}

Others stories appeared, spun by the Janata and by others.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} Bose was still in the [[Soviet Union]] or [[China|the People's Republic of China]]; attended the Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s cremation in 1964, but, this time, neglecting to disallow a Janata-published newspaper to photograph him; and gave notice to the Janata of his return to Calcutta, for which several much publicized rallies were organized.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} Bose did not appear.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} The Janata eventually broke up, its reputation marred by successive non-appearances of its protagonist.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} The real sadhu of Shaulmari, who continued to deny he was Bose, died in 1977.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} It was also claimed that [[Nikita Khrushchev]] had reportedly told an interpreter during his New Delhi visit that Bose could be produced within 45 days if Nehru wished.{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|2012}}

Still other stories or hoaxes—elucidated with conspiracies and accompanied with fake photographs—of the now-aging Bose being in the Soviet Union or China had traction well into the early 80s.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} Bose was seen in a photograph taken in Beijing, inexplicably parading with the [[Chinese Red Army]].{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} Bose was said to be in a [[Soviet Gulag]]. The Soviet leadership was said to be blackmailing Nehru, and later, [[Indira Gandhi]], with the threat of releasing Bose.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=608–609}} An Indian member of parliament, [[Samar Guha]], released in 1979 what he claimed was a contemporaneous photograph of Bose. This turned out to have been doctored, comprising one-half Bose and one-half his elder brother [[Sarat Chandra Bose]].{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=610}} Guha also charged Nehru with having had knowledge of Bose's incarceration in the Soviet Union even in the 1950s, a charge Guha recanted after he was sued.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=610}}

For the remainder of the century and into the next, more conspiracies continued to appear. Most prominently, a retired judge, who had been appointed by the Indian Government in 1999 to undertake an enquiry into Bose's death, brought public notice to another [[sannyasi]] or renunciant, "Gumnami Baba,"{{#tag:ref|From [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ''gumnām'' (adj): whose name is lost, anonymous; '''+''' ''bābā'': colloq. a senior or respected male (term of address). In {{citation|last=McGregor|first=Ronald Stuart|author-link=Ronald Stuart McGregor|title=The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MILAQgAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-864339-5|pages=270–271, 725 resp}}|group=nb}} also known by his religious name, "[[Bhagwanji]],"{{#tag:ref|From [[Sanskrit]], ''bhagwān'': 1 (adj) glorious, divine, to be adored, worshipful; 2 (noun, m.) the supreme being (especially as equated with [[Vishnu|Viṣṇu]]-[[Krishna|Kṛṣṇa]]); ... 4 any revered person (term of address). In {{citation|last=McGregor|first=Ronald Stuart|author-link=Ronald Stuart McGregor|title=The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MILAQgAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-864339-5|pages=726}}|group=nb}} who was said to have lived in the town of [[Faizabad]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].{{Sfn|Bose|2011|p=319}} According to historian [[Sugata Bose]], {{Quote|quote=In October 2002, he (the judge) sent letters to members of the Bose family asking them to donate one milliliter of blood for a DNA match with "one Gumnami Baba," who "some persons" had claimed was "none other than Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. The evidence naturally did not support this bizarre theory.{{Sfn|Bose|2011|p=319}}}}

Earlier, in 1977, summing up the extant Bose's possible survival, historian [[Joyce Chapman Lebra]] had written, {{Quote|quote=Stories persist that Netaji has become a ''sannyasi'' (holy man) and has been seen in the [[Naga Hills|Naga hill]] country of [[Assam]]; that he was a member of a Mongolian trade delegation in [[Beijing|Peking]]; that he lives in Russia; that he is in the Chinese Army. ... Pictures have been produced to prove that Netaji is still alive. Bose's family have announced at times that he is in hiding and will return to India when the time is right. In February 1966, Suresh Chandra Bose announced in the press that his brother would return in March. To date, however, Bose has not reappeared to contradict the evidence that he died in the crash on Taiwan. But the myth lives on.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=198–199}}}}
According to historians Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper: {{Quote|quote=The legend of 'Netaji' Bose's survival helped bind together the defeated INA. In Bengal it became an assurance of the province's supreme importance in the liberation of the motherland. It sustained the morale of many across India and Southeast Asia who deplored the return of British power or felt alienated from the political settlement finally achieved by Gandhi and Nehru.{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=22}}}}
Amid all this, Joyce Chapman Lebra,{{Sfn|Lebra|2008b|p=100}} wrote in 2008: {{Quote|quote=The Japanese have always wished to return the ashes to Bengal, as they believe that a soul will not rest in peace until the ashes are brought home. The prospect of having Netaji's ashes in Bengal, however, has been known to incite rioting, as happened one year at the annual 23 January convention at the [[Netaji Research Bureau]] in Calcutta. Hot-headed young Bengali radicals broke into the convention hall where [[Iwaichi Fujiwara|Fujiwara]], the founder of the INA, was to address the assemblage and shouted abuse at him. Apparently some newspaper had published a rumour that Fujiwara had brought Netaji's ashes back.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008b|p=100}}}}

==Reports Inquiries==

===Figgess Report 1946===
Confronted with rumours about Bose, which had begun to spread within days of his death, the [[South East Asia Command|Supreme Allied Command, South-east Asia]], under [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Mountbatten]], tasked Colonel (later Sir) John Figgess, an intelligence officer, with investigating Bose's death.{{Sfn|Gordon|2006|p=109}} Figgess's report, submitted on 25 July 1946, however, was confidential, being work done in [[Indian Political Intelligence Office|Indian Political Intelligence]] (IPI), a partially secret branch of the Government of India.{{Sfn|Gordon|2006|p=109}} Figgess was interviewed in the 1980s by Leonard A. Gordon and confirmed writing the report.{{Sfn|Gordon|2006|p=109}} In 1997, the British Government made most of the IPI files available for public viewing in the [[India Office Records]] of the [[British Library]].{{Sfn|Gordon|2006|p=109}} However, the Figgess report was not among them. A photocopy of the Figess report was soon anonymously donated for public viewing to the British Library in the European manuscripts collection, as Eur. MSS. c 785.{{Sfn|Gordon|2006|p=110}} Good candidates for the donor, according to Leonard Gordon, are Figgess himself, who had died in 1997, or more likely another British intelligence officer in wartime India, [[Hugh Toye]], the author of a book ({{harvnb|Toye|1959}}).{{Sfn|Gordon|2006|p=110}}

The crucial paragraph in the Figgess report (by Colonel John Figgess, Indian Political Intelligence, 25 July 1946,) is:{{Sfn|Gordon|2006|p=110}} {{Quote|quote=As a result of a series of interrogations of individuals named in the following paragraphs it is confirmed as certain that S.C. Bose died in a Taihoku Military Hospital (Nammon Ward) sometime between 1700 hours and 2000 hours local time on the August 18, 1945. The cause of death was heart failure resulting from multiple burns and shock. All the persons named below were interrogated at different times but the several accounts of the event agree both in substance and detail at all points where the knowledge of the subjects could have been deemed to be based on common experience. The possibility of a pre-arranged fabrication must be excluded since most of the individuals concerned had no opportunity of contact with one another prior to interrogation.}}

The remaining four pages of the Figgess report contain interviews with two survivors of the plane crash, Lt. Cols. Nonogaki and Sakai, with Dr. Yoshimi, who treated Bose in the hospital and with others involved in post-death arrangements.{{Sfn|Gordon|2006|p=110}} In 1979, Leonard Gordon himself interviewed "Lt. Cols. Nonogaki and Sakai, and, (in addition, plane-crash survivor) Major Kono; Dr. Yoshimi ...; the Japanese orderly who sat in the room through these treatments; and the Japanese officer, Lt. Hayashita, who carried Bose's ashes from the crematorium in Taipei to Japan."{{Sfn|Gordon|2006|p=110}}

The Figgess report and Leonard Gordon's investigations confirm four facts:
* The crash near Taihoku airport on 18 August 1945 of a plane on which Subhas Chandra Bose was a passenger;
* Bose's death in the nearby military hospital on the same day;
* Bose's cremation in Taihoku; and
* transfer of Bose's ashes to Tokyo.{{Sfn|Gordon|2006|p=110}}

===Shah Nawaz Committee 1956===
With the goal of quelling the rumours about what happened to Subhas Chandra Bose after mid-August 1945, the Government of India in 1956 appointed a three-man committee headed by [[Shah Nawaz Khan (General)|Shah Nawaz Khan]].{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}} Khan was at the time a Member of Parliament as well as a former Lieutenant Colonel in the Indian National Army and the best-known defendant in the [[INA Trials]] of a decade before.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}} The other members of the committee were S. N. Maitra, [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]], who was nominated by the Government of [[West Bengal]], and Suresh Chandra Bose, an elder brother of Bose.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}} The committee is referred to as the "Shah Nawaj Committee" or the "Netaji Inquiry Committee."{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}

From April to July 1956, the committee interviewed 67 witnesses in India, Japan, Thailand, and Vietnam.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}} In particular, the committee interviewed all the survivors of the plane crash, some of whom had scars on their bodies from burns.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}} The committee interviewed Dr. Yoshimi, the surgeon at the Taihoku Military Hospital who treated Bose in his last hours.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}} It also interviewed Bose's Indian companion on the flight, [[Habib ur Rahman (Indian National Army officer)|Habib ur Rahman]], who, after the partition, had moved to Pakistan and had burn scars from the plane crash.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}} Although there were minor discrepancies here and there in the evidence, the first two members of the committee, Khan and Maitra, concluded that Bose had died in the plane crash in [[Taipei|Taihoku]] on 18 August 1945.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}}

Bose's brother, Suresh Chandra Bose, however, after having signed off on the initial conclusions, declined to sign the final report.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}} He, moreover, wrote a dissenting note in which he claimed that the other members and staff of the Shah Nawaz Committee had deliberately withheld some crucial evidence from him, that the committee had been directed by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to infer death by plane crash, and that the other committee members, along with Bengal's chief minister [[B. C. Roy]], had pressured him bluntly to sign the conclusions of their final report.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}}

According to historian Leonard A. Gordon,{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}} {{Quote|quote=Out of the 181-page repetitious document that constitutes Suresh Bose's report, one main principle for dealing with the evidence emerges: if two or more stories by witnesses have any discrepancies between them, then the whole testimony of the witnesses involved is thereby discredited and assumed to be false. Using this principle, Bose is able to ... find that there was no crash and that his brother lives. There also appears to be one other half-stated assumption: Subhas Bose could not die before India achieved her freedom. Therefore, he did not die in the plane crash said to have taken place on August 18, 1945.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}}}

===Khosla Commission 1970===
In 1977, two decades after the Shah Nawaz committee had reported its findings, historian Joyce Chapman Lebra wrote about Suresh Chandra Bose's dissenting note: "Whatever Mr Bose's motives in issuing his minority report, he has helped to perpetuate until the present the faith that Subhas Chandra Bose still lives."{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}} In fact, during the early 1960s, the rumours about Subhas Bose's extant forms only increased.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=606}}

In 1970, the Government of India appointed a new commission to enquire into the "disappearance" of Bose.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=606}} With a view to heading off more minority reports, this time it was a "one-man commission."{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=606}} The single investigator was G. D. Khosla, a retired chief justice of the Punjab High Court.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=606}} As Justice Khosla had other duties, he submitted his report only in 1974.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=606}}

Justice Khosla, who brought his legal background to bear on the issue in a methodical fashion,{{Sfn|Gordon|2006|pp=110–111}} not only concurred with the earlier reports of Figess and the Shah Nawaz Committee on the main facts of Bose's death,{{Sfn|Gordon|2006|pp=110–111}} but also evaluated the alternative explanations of Bose's disappearance and the motives of those promoting stories of Netaji sightings.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=606}} Historian Leonard A. Gordon writes: {{Quote|quote=Justice Khosla suggests the motives of many of the story-purveyors are less than altruistic. Some, he says, have clearly been driven by political goals or simply wanted to call attention to themselves. His patience in listening to some tales is surely remarkable. What could he, or anyone, have thought as he listened to the testimony of P. M. Karapurkar, agent of the Central Bank of India at Sholapur, who '... claimed that he receives direct messages from Bose by tuning his body like a radio receiving apparatus.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=606}}}}

===Mukherjee Commission 2005===
In 1999, following a court order, the Indian government appointed retired Supreme Court judge [[Manoj Kumar Mukherjee]] to probe the death of Bose. The commission perused hundreds of files on Bose's death drawn from several countries and visited Japan, Russia and Taiwan. Although oral accounts were in favour of the plane crash, the commission concluded that those accounts could not be relied upon and that there was a secret plan to ensure Bose's safe passage to the USSR with the knowledge of Japanese authorities and Habibur Rahman. It though failed to make any progress about Bose's activities, after the staged crash.{{sfn|Chaudhury|2019}} The commission also concluded that the ashes kept at the Renkoji temple (which supposedly contain skeletal remains) reported to be Bose's, were of Ichiro Okura, a Japanese soldier who died of cardiac arrest{{sfn|Ramesh|2006}} but asked for a DNA test.{{sfn|Bose|2019}} It also determined Gumnami Baba to be different from Subhas Bose in light of a [[DNA profiling|DNA profiling test]].{{sfn|SNS Web|2019}}{{sfn|Bose|2011}}

The Mukherjee Commission submitted its report to on 8 November 2005 after 3 extensions and it was tabled in the Indian Parliament on 17 May 2006. The Indian Government rejected the findings of the commission.{{sfn|Ramesh|2006}}

Key findings of the report (esp. about their rejection of the plane-crash-theory) have been criticized{{sfn|Bose|2019}}{{sfn|Bose|2011}} and the report contains other glaring inaccuracies.{{sfn|Bose|2019}}{{sfn|Chaudhury|2019}} [[Sugata Bose]] notes that Mukherjee himself admitted to harbouring a preconceived notion about Bose being alive and living as an ascetic. He also blames the commission for entertaining the most preposterous and fanciful of all stories, thus adding to the confusion and for failing to distinguish between the highly probable and utterly impossible.{{sfn|Bose|2011}} Gordon notes that the report had failed to list all of the people who were interviewed by the committee (including him) and that it mis-listed and mis-titled many of the books, used as sources.{{sfn|Soni|2019}}

===Government of Japan report 1956, declassified September 2016===

An investigative report by the [[Government of Japan]] titled "Investigation on the cause of death and other matters of the late Subhas Chandra Bose" was declassified on 1 September 2016. It concluded that Bose died in a plane crash in Taiwan on 18 August 1945. The report was completed in January 1956 and was handed over to the Indian embassy in [[Tokyo]], but was not made public for more than 60 years as it was classified. According to the report, just after takeoff a propeller blade on the aeroplane in which Bose was traveling broke off and the engine fell off the plane, which then crashed and burst into flames. When Bose exited it his clothes caught fire and he was severely burned. He was admitted to hospital, and although he was conscious and able to carry on a conversation for some time he died several hours later.{{sfn|Sonwalkar|2016}}{{sfn|NDTV|2016}}

==References==
===Explanatory notes===
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

===Quotes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|2}}

===Sources ===
* {{citation|last=Bandyopādhyāẏa|first=Śekhara|title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC|access-date=21 September 2013|year=2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2596-2}}
* {{citation|last1=Bhattacharjee|first1=CS|title=Photo triggers questions on Netaji's confinement in Russia|url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/photo-triggers-questions-on-netajis-confinement-in-russia-/14/29958/|website=The Sunday Indian|access-date=25 July 2018|date=14 February 2012|archive-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106170656/http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/photo-triggers-questions-on-netajis-confinement-in-russia-/14/29958/|url-status=dead}}
* {{citation|last1=Bayly|first1=Christopher|author-link1=Christopher Alan Bayly|last2=Harper|first2=Timothy|title=Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0M4Pl_VCExgC|access-date=21 September 2013|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02153-2}}
* {{citation|last=Bose|first=Sugata|author-link=Sugata Bose|title=His Majesty's Opponent: Subhas Chandra Bose and India's Struggle against Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-pfHRAD03AC|access-date=22 September 2013|year=2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-04754-9}}
* {{citation|last=Bose|first=Madhuri|date=24 January 2019|title=To end mystery of Netaji's death, conduct DNA test on remains in Tokyo urn, urges his grand-niece|url=https://scroll.in/article/909133/to-end-mystery-of-netajis-death-conduct-dna-test-on-remains-in-tokyo-urn-urges-his-grand-niece|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-17}}
* {{citation|last=Chaudhury|first=Sumeru Roy|date=23 January 2019|title=Solving the Mystery of Netaji's 'Disappearance': Part Two|url=https://thewire.in/history/solving-the-mystery-of-netajis-disappearance-part-two|access-date=18 March 2019|website=The Wire}}
* {{citation|last=Fay|first=Peter Ward|author-link=Peter W. Fay|title=The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence 1942–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ysA8RNT224oC|access-date=13 November 2013|year=1995|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-08342-8}}
*{{citation|last=Gordon |first= Leonard A. |author-link=Leonard A. Gordon|title=Legend and Legacy: Subhas Chandra Bose|journal=India International Centre Quarterly|volume= 33|issue=1|year=2006|pages=103–112|jstor=23005940}}
* {{citation|last=Gordon|first=Leonard A.|title=Brothers against the Raj: a biography of Indian nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8s-AQAAIAAJ|access-date=16 November 2013|year=1990|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-07442-1}}
* {{citation|last=Hayes|first=Romain|title=Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany: Politics, Intelligence and Propaganda 1941–1943|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRt9mgEACAAJ|access-date=22 September 2013|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932739-3}}
*{{citation|last=Lebra|first=Joyce Chapman|author-link=Joyce Lebra|title=The Indian National Army and Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhgRuCapxGEC|access-date=10 November 2013|year=2008a|orig-year=1977|publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]]|location= Singapore|isbn=978-981-230-806-1}}
*{{citation|last=Lebra|first=Joyce Chapman|title=Women Against the Raj: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fuw1Wt1-O7EC|access-date=13 November 2013|year=2008b|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|location=Singapore|isbn=978-981-230-809-2}}
* {{citation|last1=Metcalf|first1=Barbara D.|author-link1=Thomas R. Metcalf|last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|author-link2=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=A Concise History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC|access-date=21 September 2013|year=2012|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-107-02649-0}}
* {{citation|author=NDTV|title=Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Died In Plane Crash, Says 60-Year-Old Japanese Report |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-died-in-plane-crash-report-1453373 |via=Press Trust of India |access-date=26 July 2018|publisher=New Delhi Television|date=1 September 2016}}
* {{citation|last=Ramesh|first=Randeep|title=Fate of Indian war leader thrown into doubt by new report | url=https://www.theguardian.com/india/story/0,,1777155,00.html |work= [[The Guardian]] |location= London |date=18 May 2006 |access-date = 26 July 2018}}
* {{citation|author=SNS Web|date=5 March 2019|title=Gumnami Baba was not Netaji: Army veterans support Bose family demanding probe|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/gumnami-baba-was-not-netaji-army-veterans-support-bose-family-demanding-probe-1502736590.html|website=The Statesman|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-17}}
* {{citation|last=Soni|first=Aayush|date=22 February 2019|title=Interview: On the Declassification of the Netaji Files and His Place in Indian History|url=https://thewire.in/politics/interview-on-the-declassification-of-the-netaji-subhas-chandra-files-and-his-place-in-indian-history|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-03-17}}
* {{citation|last=Sonwalkar |first=Prasun |title=Probe report says Japan confirmed Bose died in plane crash |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/probe-report-says-japan-confirmed-death-of-bose-in-plane-crash/story-BhUQ6aJa1ivF0wmRFWnOfO.html |access-date=26 July 2018|work=Hindustan Times|date=1 September 2016}}
* {{citation|last=Toye|first=Hugh|title=The Springing Tiger: A Study of the Indian National Army and of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ACwkShmNzUC|year=1959|publisher=Allied Publishers|location=Bombay|isbn=978-81-8424-392-5}}
*{{citation|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley A.|author-link=Stanley A. Wolpert|title=A New History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOKxQgAACAAJ|access-date=6 November 2013|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-512877-2}}

===Further reading===
* {{citation|last1=Bayly|first1=Christopher |author-link1=Christopher Alan Bayly|last2=Harper|first2=Timothy |title=Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXH9xGCWjYUC|access-date=22 September 2013|year=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01748-1|ref=none}}
*{{citation|last=McLynn|first=Frank|author-link=Frank McLynn|title=The Burma Campaign: Disaster Into Triumph, 1942–45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNL8i2LU0hMC|access-date=13 November 2013|year=2011|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|location=New Haven|isbn=978-0-300-17162-4|ref=none}}

* {{citation|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley|author-link=Stanley Wolpert|title=Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuoMsBWCTBUC|access-date=21 September 2013|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-539394-1|ref=none}}

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1945}}
{{Subhas Chandra Bose}}
{{Conspiracy theories}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Subhas Chandra}}
[[Category:1945 in international relations]]
[[Category:1945 disasters in Taiwan]]
[[Category:20th century in Taipei]]
[[Category:August 1945 in Asia]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1945]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Taiwan]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in Taiwan]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories in India]]
[[Category:Death conspiracy theories]]
[[Category:India–Japan relations]]
[[Category:India–Taiwan relations]]
[[Category:Japan–Taiwan relations]]
[[Category:Subhas Chandra Bose|Death]]

India Post

2026-03-26T14:18:25Z

Anis: basic fix information and updated info

{{Short description|Statutory Body of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = India Post
| type = [[Government of India|Department]]
| logo = India Post.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| logo_caption = Official logo of India Post
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1854|10|01}}<ref>{{cite web |title=GPO: awaiting restoration |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/29/stories/2003012900300300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030508233650/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/29/stories/2003012900300300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 May 2003 |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Postal Network and System |url=https://www.manojsagar.in/p/pincodes-locator-online.html|access-date=5 April 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| jurisdiction = [[ Government of India]]
| headquarters =
| coordinates = 
| employees = 4,57,997 (2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2022-23|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/DOP_PDFFiles/AR%202023-24_Eng%20of%20DoP.pdf|website=India Post |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>
| budget = {{INRConvert|25378.47|c}} (2024–25)<ref>{{cite web |title=Union Budget (2024-25) - Department of Posts |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe12.pdf |website= Union Budget - Ministry of Finance |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>
| minister1_name = [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]
| minister2_name = [[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani]]
| minister1_pfo = {{small|([[Ministry of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications]])}}
| minister2_pfo = {{small|([[Ministry of Communications (India)|Minister of State for Communications]])}}
| chief1_name = Mr.Subrat Das, [[Indian Postal Service|IPoS]]
| chief1_position = Secretary, Department of Posts
| chief2_name = Shri Jitendra Gupta, [[Indian Postal Service|IPoS]]
| chief2_position = Director General of Postal Services<ref>{{cite web |title=Organization Overview |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/Pages/AboutUs/Organisation.aspx#overview |website=India Post |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>
| parent_agency = [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]], [[Government of India]]
| child1_agency = [[India Post Payments Bank]]
| keydocument1 = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/DOP_RTI/TheIndianPostOfficeAct1898.pdf The Indian Post Office Act, 1898]
| keydocument2 = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/20064/1/a2023-43.pdf The Post Office Act, 2023]
| website = {{URL|https://www.indiapost.gov.in/}}
}}
The '''Department of Posts''', [[d/b/a]] '''India Post''', is an Indian [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|public sector]] [[postal system]] statutory body headquartered in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. It is an organisation under the [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]]. It is the most widely distributed postal system in the world and [[India]] is the country that has the largest number of [[Post office|post offices]] in the world with 164,999 post offices including 149,385 rural post offices and 15,614 urban post offices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Post |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/po-network |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=www.indiapost.gov.in}}</ref> It is involved in [[Mail|delivering mail (post)]], [[Postal order|remitting money by money orders]], accepting deposits under Small Savings Schemes, providing life insurance coverage under Postal Life Insurance (PLI) and Rural Postal Life Insurance (RPLI) and providing retail services like bill collection, sale of forms, etc.

[[File:Mahuwal Mahal Post Office 841240.webp|thumb|Sub-Post Office, Mahuwal, Bihar, India - 841240]]

Apart from delivering services to general public and corporates, India Post is also proud custodian of a rich heritage of postal buildings that echo the historical evolution and architectural grandeur of bygone eras. India Post has declared [[Heritage buildings of Department of Posts|44 heritage buildings]] so far.

[[Warren Hastings]] had taken initiative under East India Company to start the Postal Service in the country in 1766. It was initially established under the name "Company Mail". It was later modified into a service under the [[The Crown|Crown]] in 1854 by [[Lord Dalhousie]]. Dalhousie introduced uniform postage rates ([[universal service]]) and helped to pass the India Post Office Act 1854 which significantly improved upon 1837 Post Office act which had introduced regular post offices in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/135431/9/09_chapter%204.pdf | title=Chapter - IV Administration of the Post Office | publisher=Shodhganga | access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> It created the position Director General of Post for the whole country.<ref name="Dal1">{{cite journal | title=Dalhousie and the Reform of the Postal System |first1=M. N. |last1=Das |first2=M. M. |last2=Das | journal=Indian History Congress | year=1958 | volume=21 | issue=21 | pages=488–495|jstor = 44145245}}</ref><ref name="Alka2018">{{cite book| author=Grover B.L. & Mehta Alka|title=A New Look at Modern Indian History (From 1707 to The Modern Times), 32e|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkRxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163|year=2018|publisher=S. Chand Publishing|isbn=978-93-5253-434-0|pages=163–}}</ref> The DoP also acts as an agent for the Indian government in discharging other services for citizens such as old age pension payments and [[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005|Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme]] (MGNREGS) wage disbursement. With 164,999 post offices (as of March 2025), India Post is the widest postal network in the world.

The country has been divided into 23 postal circles, each circle headed by a [[Postmaster|Chief Postmaster General]]. Each circle is divided into regions, headed by a Postmaster General and comprising field units known as Divisions. These divisions are further divided into subdivisions. In addition to the 23 circles, there is a base circle to provide postal services to the [[Indian Armed Forces|Armed Forces of India]] headed by a Director General. One of the highest post offices in the world is in [[Hikkim]], At 4,400m above sea level in northern India's remote Spiti Valley, the Hikkim post office is a vital connection to the outside world.<ref>{{cite web |title=The world's highest post office |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180606-the-worlds-highest-post-office |website=BBC |date=7 June 2018 |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>

==History==
{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|image1=Indian postal service. Educational card, late 19th or early 20th century.jpg|caption1=Indian postal service Educational card, late 19th or early 20th century|image2=Red Scinde Dawk stamp.jpg|caption2=1850s [[Scinde Dawk]] stamp|image3=Mango Orange post office.jpg|caption3=A modern Indian post office near [[Udagamandalam]]}}
{{main|Postage stamps and postal history of India|Postage stamps and postal history of the Indian states}}

===Posts and the British Raj (1858–1947)===
The [[British Raj]] was instituted in 1858, when the [[company rule in India|rule]] of the [[East India Company]] was transferred to the Crown.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kaul|first=Chandrika|title=From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml|publisher=BBC|access-date=3 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20170821-indian-postal-services-icons-modern-india-independence-day-1028886-2017-08-11|title=India Post: In letter and spirit|date=2017-08-11|website=India Today|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-02}}</ref>

[[File:British-era letter box in Shimla, India.jpg|thumb|[[British Raj|British-era]] letter box in [[Shimla]], India.]]

A number of acts were enacted during the [[British Raj]] to expand and regulate posts and telegraphs service:
*The Government Savings Bank Act, 1873 (5 of 1873), passed by the legislature 28 January 1873, was enacted in 1881. On 1 April 1882, Post Office Savings Banks opened throughout India (except in the [[Bombay Presidency]]). In [[Madras Presidency]], it was limited; in the [[Bengal Presidency]], no POSBs were established in Calcutta or Howrah.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Government Savings Banks Act, 187 (5 of 1873) |url=https://dea.gov.in/sites/default/files/POSB_ACT_0.pdf |website=dea.gov.in |publisher=Government of India |access-date=24 April 2020 |date=28 January 1873}}</ref>
*Postal life insurance began on 1 February 1884 as a welfare measure for the employees of the Posts & Telegraphs Department as Government of India dispatch No. 299 dated 18 October 1882 to the [[Secretary of State for India|Secretary of State]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jivan |first1=Banik |title=Post Office Schemes and Services |url=https://revexpo.com/review/post-office-schemes-and-services/#Postal_Life_Insurance_PLI |work=Rev Expo |date=25 August 2018}}</ref>
*The [[Indian Telegraph Act, 1885]]
*The Indian Post Office Act, 1898,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2329/1/A1898-06.pdf|title=Wayback Machine|website=indiacode.nic.in}}</ref> passed by the legislature on 22 March 1898, became effective on 1 July 1898 regulating postal service. It was preceded by Act III of 1882 and Act XVI of 1896.
*The Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2396/1/A1933-17.pdf|title=Wayback Machine|website=indiacode.nic.in}}</ref>

The world's first official airmail flight took place in India on 18 February 1911, a journey of {{convert|18|km}} lasting 27 minutes. [[Henri Pequet]], a French pilot, carried about {{convert|15|kg}} of mail (approximately 6,000 letters and cards) across the [[Ganges]] from [[Allahabad]] to [[Naini, Prayagraj|Naini]]; included in the airmail was a letter to King [[George V of the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/india60/2007/sep/20fact.htm|work=[[Rediff]]|title=The world's highest post office!|access-date=24 April 2011}}</ref> India Post inaugurated a floating post office in August 2011 at Dal Lake in Srinagar, Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/After-the-floods-Srinagar-faces-threat-of-epidemics/articleshow/42857485.cms|title=Srinagar gets floating post office|date=2 August 2011|access-date=7 June 2012}}</ref> [[Communications in India|Telegraphy and telephony]] made their appearance as part of the postal service before becoming separate departments. One unique [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] office was established and operated in the capital of [[Lhasa]] until the People's Republic of China's [[Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China|annexation of Tibet]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/1941-telegrams-from-lhasa|title=1941 Telegrams Sent from Lhasa to Kathmandu|date=1941|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/1942-telegrams-from-lhasa|title=1942 Telegrams Sent from Lhasa to Kathmandu|date=1942|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/1943-telegrams-from-lhasa|title=1943 Telegrams Sent from Lhasa to Kathmandu|date=1943|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/telegramstonepal194243|title=Karuna Ratna Tuladhar Telegrams from Lhasa to Kathmandu 1942-43|date=1942}}</ref> The Posts and Telegraphs departments merged in 1914, later separated again on 1 January 1985.

===After independence in 1947===
Since [[Indian independence movement|India became independent]] in 1947, the postal service continues to function on a nationwide basis, providing a variety of services. The structure of the organization has the directorate at its apex; below it are circle offices, regional offices, the superintendent's offices, head post offices, sub-post offices and branch offices. In April 1959, the Indian Postal Department adopted the motto "Service before help"; it revised its logo in September 2008.<ref name="indiapost.gov.in">{{Cite report|url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Report/Annual_Report_2008-2009.pdf|title=Annual Report 2009-09|work=India Post|access-date=14 April 2016|archive-date=25 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425200104/http://indiapost.gov.in/Report/Annual_Report_2008-2009.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Yogayog Bhawan 1.jpg|thumb|Yogayog Bhawan (head office of the West Bengal wing of India Post), at Chittaranjan Avenue, [[Bowbazar]], [[Kolkata]].]]
The number of post offices was 23,344 when India became independent in 1947 and these were primarily in urban areas. The number increased to 1,64,987 {{As of|2016|alt=in}} 2025 and 90% of these are in rural areas.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/Pages/AboutUs/PostOfficeNetwork.aspx |work=India Post|title=Post Office Network}}</ref>

==Postage-stamp history==
{{See also|List of miniature sheets from India Post}}

===First adhesive stamps in Asia===
{{multiple image
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Stamps issued on 01-10-1854 in India( All the stamps of four value issued in clarge form).jpg
|caption1=First all-India stamps
|image2=1866 Bombay to London 28 days.jpg
|caption2=Six-anna [[provisional stamp]], 1866
}}

The first adhesive [[postage stamp]]s in Asia were issued in the Indian district of [[Scinde]] in July 1852 by [[Bartle Frere]], chief commissioner of the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/mjshah.geo/scinde/scinde.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027143019/http://www.geocities.com/mjshah.geo/scinde/scinde.html|title=Scinde District Dawks|archive-date=27 October 2009}}</ref> Frere was an admirer of [[Rowland Hill (postal reformer)|Rowland Hill]], the English postal reformer who had introduced the [[Penny Post]]. The Scinde stamps became known as "[[Scinde Dawk]]s"; "Dawk" is the Anglicised spelling of the [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] word ''Dak'' or ("post"). These stamps, with a value of {{1/2}}-anna, were in use until June 1866. The first all-India stamps were issued on 1 October 1854.

===Stamps issued by the East India Company===
{{Multiple image
|direction=vertical
|image1=Money Order-Front.jpg
|caption1=1955 money order (front)
|image2=Money Order-Back 01.jpg
|caption2=1955 money order (back)}}
The volume of mail moved by the postal system increased significantly, doubling between 1854 and 1866 and doubling again by 1871. The Indian Post Office Act, 1866 (XIV) introduced reforms by 1 May 1866 to correct some of the more obvious postal-system deficiencies and abuses. Postal-service efficiencies were also introduced. In 1863, lower rates were set for [[steamship|"steamer"]] mail to Europe at (six annas, eight pies for a {{1/2}}-ounce letter). Lower rates were also introduced for inland mail.

New regulations removed special postal privileges enjoyed by officials of the East India Company. Stamps for official use were prepared and carefully accounted for, to combat abuses by officials. In 1854 Spain had printed special stamps for official communications, but in 1866 India was the first country to adopt the expedient of [[overprint]]ing "Service" on postage stamps and "Service Postage" on revenue stamps. This innovation was later widely adopted by other countries.<ref name="Alan C. Campbell 1996">{{cite journal |first=Alan C. |last=Campbell |title=The Design Evolution of the United States Official Stamps |journal=U.S. Philatelic Classics Society Chronicle |volume=47 |number=4 |page=268 |date=November 1995 |url=http://chronicle.uspcs.org/pdf/Chronicle_168/6204.pdf}}</ref>

Shortages developed, so stamps also had to be improvised. Some "Service Postage" overprinted rarities resulted from abrupt changes in postal regulations. New designs for the four-anna and six-anna-eight-[[Pie (monetary subunit)|pie]] stamps were issued in 1866. Nevertheless, there was a shortage of stamps to meet the new rates. Provisional six-anna stamps were improvised by cutting the top and bottom from a current foreign-bill [[revenue stamp]] and overprinting "Postage". India was the first country in the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] to issue airmail stamps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.linns.com/howto/refresher/provisional_20040621/refreshercourse.asp |publisher=Linns.com |title=Refresher Course |access-date=14 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625081608/http://www.linns.com/howto/refresher/provisional_20040621/refreshercourse.asp |archive-date=25 June 2008 }}</ref>

===Post-independence stamps===
[[File:Satrunjaya 1949.jpg|thumb|Brown-and-pink stamp depicting a temple]]

India attained independence on 15 August 1947. Thereafter, the Indian Posts and Telegraph Department embarked on a broad-based policy for the issuance of stamps. On 21 November 1947 the first new stamp was issued by independent India. It depicts the [[Indian flag]] with the patriots' slogan, ''[[Jai Hind]]'' ("long live India"), at the top right-hand corner. The stamp was valued at three and one-half [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]]. A memorial to [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was issued 15 August 1948 on the first anniversary of independence. One year later a [[definitive series]] appeared, depicting India's broad cultural heritage (primarily [[Hindu]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Muslim]], [[Sikh]] and [[Jainism|Jain]] temples, sculptures, monuments and fortresses). A subsequent issue commemorated the beginning of the [[Republic of India]] on 26 January 1950. Definitives included a technology-and-development theme in 1955, a series depicting a map of India in 1957 (denominated in ''[[Paisa|naya paisa]]''—decimal currency) and a 1965 series with a wide variety of images. The old inscription "India Postage" was replaced in 1962 with ''"भारत INDIA"'', although three stamps (issued from December 1962 to January 1963) carried the earlier inscription.<ref>Saksena, V. ''ibid.,'' p. 84.</ref>

India has printed stamps and postal stationery for other countries, mostly neighbours. Countries which have had stamps printed in India include [[Myanmar|Burma]] (before independence), [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Portugal]] and [[Ethiopia]].<ref name="ISP">Saksena, V. (1989), pp. 86–8.</ref> The country has issued definitive and commemorative stamps. Six definitive series on India's heritage and progress in a number of fields have been issued. The seventh series, with a theme of science and technology, began in 1986. Between independence and 1983, 770 stamps were issued.

==Losses==
[[File:A still of illuminated Dak Bhavan (the Head Quarters of Department of Posts) at Parliament Street, during the celebrations marking the entry of Department of Posts into 150 years of service to the nation (on 1st October, 2004).jpg|thumb|A still of illuminated Dak Bhavan (the Headquarters of Department of Posts) at Parliament Street, during the celebrations marking the entry of Department of Posts into 150 years of service to the nation (on 1 October 2004)]]
The postal department has always been the biggest loss-making entity in India, surpassing others like the [[Air India]] and [[BSNL]], with an annual loss to the exchequer to the tune of ₹15,000 crore in the fiscal year 2019,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/psu/story/india-post-losses-touch-rs-15000-crore-in-fy19-replaces-air-india-bsnl-as-biggest-loss-making-psu-187294-2019-04-15|title=India Post losses touch Rs 15,000 crore in FY19; replaces Air India, BSNL as biggest loss-making PSU|website=Business Today |date=15 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/bad-news-india-post-is-now-top-loss-maker-psu-pips-bsnl-air-india/1548104/|title=Bad news! India Post is now top loss-maker PSU, pips BSNL & Air India|date=15 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/india-post-is-now-biggest-loss-making-psu-3828631.html|title=India Post Now Biggest Loss-making PSU, Loses Rs 15,000 Crore In FY19|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref> and amounting to ₹15,541 crore in the calendar year 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/DOP_PDFFiles/AnnualReportEng2020-21.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 August 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511133840/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/DOP_PDFFiles/AnnualReportEng2020-21.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The following table shows losses incurred by the postal department over the years.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=103959 | title=Revenue of Postal Department | publisher=PIB | date=19 February 2014 | access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Net expenditure (in crores) !! Revenue (in crores) !! Loss (in crores)
|-
| 2010–11 || ₹13,075.0 || ₹6,962.3 ||₹6,113
|-
| 2011–12 || ₹12,075.3 || ₹7,899.4 ||₹4,175.9
|-
| 2012–13 || ₹14,676.4 || ₹9,366.498 ||₹5,309.9
|-
| 2013–14 || ₹16,203.52 || ₹10,730.42 || ₹5,473.10
|-
| 2014–15 || ₹17,894.58 || ₹11,635.98 || ₹6,258.60
|-
| 2015–16 || ₹18,946.97 || ₹12,939.79 || ₹6,007.18
|-
| 2016–17<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/DOP_PDFFiles/Post_AR_English_2017-18.pdf |title=Annual Report 2017-2018 |publisher=India Post |access-date=2022-08-27}}</ref> || ₹23,480.95 || ₹11,511.00 || ₹11,969.95
|-
| 2017–18<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/DOP_PDFFiles/Summaryactivities2018.pdf |title=Summary of activities 2018 |publisher=India Post }}</ref> || ₹27,977.60 || ₹13,084.76 || ₹14,892.84
|-
| 2018–19<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/DOP_PDFFiles/AnnualReportEng2019_20.pdf |title=Annual Report 2019-2020 |publisher=India Post |access-date=2022-08-27}}</ref> || ₹27,129.08 || ₹13,482.56 || ₹13,646.52
|-
| 2019–20<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/DOP_PDFFiles/AnnualReportEng2020-21.pdf |title=Annual Report 2020-2021 |publisher=India Post |access-date=2022-08-27}}</ref> || ₹28,371.34 || ₹13,558.2 || ₹14,813.14
|-
| 2020–21<ref name="indiapost2">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/DOP_PDFFiles/AnnualReportEng2021_22.pdf |title=Annual Report 2021-2022 |publisher=India Post |access-date=2022-08-27}}</ref> || ₹28,327.59 || ₹10,632.50 || ₹17,695.09
|-
| 2021–22<ref name="indiapost2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/DOP_PDFFiles/annual_report_2023_english.pdf |title=Annual Report 2022-2023 |publisher=India Post }}</ref> || ₹29,721.43 || ₹10,860.80 ||₹18,860.63
|-
| 2022–23<ref name="indiapost2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/DOP_PDFFiles/AR%202023-24_Eng%20of%20DoP.pdf |title=Annual Report 2022-2023 |publisher=India Post }}</ref>|| ₹31456.33|| ₹10,917.89|| ₹20,538.44
|-
| 2023–24 || ₹34,389.64|| ₹11,321.35|| ₹23,068.29
|-
| 2024–25 || ₹36,340.45|| ₹11,425.24|| ₹24,915.20
|}

==PIN==
{{main|Postal Index Number}}

[[File:Post Box of India.jpg|thumb|150px|A Post Box of India Post]]
[[File:India Post Payments Bank 2017 stamp.jpg|thumb|150px|A special stamp released on [[India Post Payments Bank]] in 2017.]]
The [[Postal Index Number]] (PIN, or sometimes [[RAS syndrome|redundantly]] PIN code) is a six-digit [[postal code]]. The PIN system was made by Shriram Bhikaji Velankar when he was at service in Kolkata. It was introduced on 15 August 1972 by former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. There are nine postal zones in the country; the first eight are geographical regions, and the ninth is reserved for the [[Army Postal Service (India)|Army Postal Service]] (APS905898).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-pin-code |title=What is a PIN code? |website=business-standard.com |publisher=Business Standard |access-date= 11 July 2022 |quote=There are nine postal zones in India, including eight geographical region zones and one for the Indian Army. }}</ref>

The PIN system is organised in the following way:

* The first digit indicates the zone.
* The first two digits indicate the sub-zone (or postal circle).
* The first three digits indicate a sorting district.
* The first four digits indicate a service route.
* The last two digits indicate the delivery post office.

The PIN for an address may be found on the Postal Service website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/pin/pinsearch.aspx |title=Welcome to the Indiapost Website |publisher=Indiapost.gov.in |access-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520133707/http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pin/pinsearch.aspx |archive-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> There are total of 19,101 PINs covering 164,999 post offices in India, with the exception of the Army Postal Service, {{As of|2014|alt=as of}} 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infoknown.com/pincode/blogroll/6/Do-you-know-the-total-number-of-PIN-Codes-in-INDIA|title=Do you know the total number of PIN Codes in INDIA ?|publisher=infoknown.com|access-date=27 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527213438/http://infoknown.com/pincode/blogroll/6/Do-you-know-the-total-number-of-PIN-Codes-in-INDIA|archive-date=27 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://infoknown.com/pincode/blogroll/19/Do-you-know-the-total-number-of-POST-Offices-in-INDIA|title=Do you know the total number of POST Offices in INDIA?|publisher=infoknown.com|access-date=27 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527213437/http://infoknown.com/pincode/blogroll/19/Do-you-know-the-total-number-of-POST-Offices-in-INDIA|archive-date=27 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Digital Address Code==
Indian Post proposed a 10 digit unique identification number to each and every address in India based on geo coordinates called [[Digital Postal Index Number|DIGIPIN]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sampath|first=G.|date=2021-12-12|title=Digital Address Code: What is it and why do we need it? {{!}} In Focus podcast|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/podcast/digital-address-code-what-is-it-and-why-do-we-need-it-in-focus-podcast/article37938460.ece|access-date=2022-01-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Digital Address Code (DAC) will be assigned to all types of addresses in the country ranging from independent houses, individual building, every flat in the given apartment, every shop in a commercial building and every individual unit in an office complex.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Modi Govt plan: Soon, you may use an Aadhaar-like code as address for eKYC, property tax, online shopping!|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/modi-govt-plan-soon-you-may-use-an-aadhaar-like-code-as-address-for-ekyc-property-tax-online-shopping/2359647/|access-date=2022-01-15|website=The Financial Express|date=30 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Draft approach paper on Digital Address Code was issued by Indian Post for public comments.<ref name="GeoCodeLtr">{{cite web |last1=Kumar Roy DDG |first1=Ajay |title=Suggestion/Feedback on Draft Approach Paper for creating a Digital Address Code |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/Pages/News/IP_Apd_18oct21_c.pdf |website=India Post |publisher=Gov. of India, Min. of Comm., Dept. of Posts |access-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222080242/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/Pages/News/IP_Apd_18oct21_c.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2022 |language=en |date=18 October 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Project Arrow==
Project Arrow was launched in April 2008.<ref name="indiapost.gov.in"/> The project plans to upgrade post offices in urban and rural areas, improving service and appearance into a vibrant and responsive organization and to make a visible and positive difference. The project aims to create an effective, friendly environment for staff and customers, providing secure IT services and improving mail delivery, remittances (electronic and manual) and postal-savings plans. Core areas for improvement are branding, information technology, human resources and infrastructure. The project to improve service has been implemented in more than 23,500 post offices, and 'look and feel' improvements have been made in 2,940 post offices. The Department of Posts received the [https://pmawards.gov.in/ Prime Minister’s Awards for Excellence in Public Administration] during 2008–09 for "Project Arrow – Transforming India Post" on 21 April 2010.<ref name="indiapost1 Annual_Report_2011-2012">{{cite report|url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Report/Annual_Report_2011-2012.pdf|title=Annual Report 2011-12|work=India Post|access-date=14 April 2016|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034826/http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Report/Annual_Report_2011-2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Multipurpose counter machines with computers were introduced in post offices in 1991 to improve customer service and increase staff productivity. 25,000 departmental post offices out of 25,464 were computerized between as of 2011–2012. In 2012, a plan costing {{INRconvert|1877.2|c|lk=on|year=2012}} was formulated to computerize rural post offices.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.punjabkesari.in/punjab/news/12052012|title=Modernization of India Post|work=Punjab Kesari|access-date=7 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515231350/http://www.punjabkesari.in/punjab/news/12052012|archive-date=15 May 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Surathkal Post Office,India.jpg|thumb|The Surathkal Post Office in [[Surathkal]], India]]

==Services==

===Philately===

The first philatelic Society in India was founded in Calcutta on 6 March 1897 to service postage-stamp collections. Function include design, printing and distribution of special or commemorative postage stamps, definitive postage stamps and items of postal stationery, promotion of philately, conduct of philatelic examinations at the national level, participation in international exhibitions and monitoring exhibitions at the state, regional and district levels and maintenance of the National Philatelic Museum.
Philatelic bureaus were established in head post offices located at circle headquarters and at district-capital head post offices (as necessary). There are 68 philately bureaus and 1111 philatelic counters, including all head post offices (''Mukhya Dak Ghars'') in the country as of 31 March 2011.<ref name="Indiapost annual report">{{cite report|url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Report/Annual_Report_2010-2011.pdf|work=India Post|title=Annual Report 2010-2011|access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref>{{rp|44}} A domestic philatelic deposit-account system was introduced on 1 August 1965 at all philatelic bureaus. Customers are given priority in purchasing [[Commemorative stamp|commemorative]] or special-issue stamps, [[First day of issue|first-day covers]] and information sheets soon after their issue by opening a deposit account at any philatelic bureau. The number of philately deposit-accountholders grew from 23,905 in 1999–2000 to 168,282 in 2006–2007 and 183,202 in 2008–2009. Four philatelic bureaux—the [[Bombay GPO|Bombay]], [[Madras GPO|Madras]], [[Calcutta GPO|Calcutta]] and Parliament Street, New Delhi GPOs are authorized to sell [[United Nations stamps]]. A quarterly philatelic magazine, ''Philapost'', was launched in 2008.

The Department of Post has also developed software for philatelic inventory management, known as "Philsim". It is used for all activities relating to philately, including forecasting, indenting, invoicing, monitoring supply and demand and recording sales and revenue for commemorative stamps and other philatelic products at philately bureaus and counters (and definitive stamps and stationery at circle stamp depots and head post offices).

The [[National Philatelic Museum, New Delhi|National Philatelic Museum]] was inaugurated on 6 July 1968 in New Delhi. It had its beginnings at a meeting of the Philatelic Advisory Committee on 18 September 1962. Besides a large collection of India Postage stamps designed, printed and issued, it has a large collection of Indian states (confederate and feudatory), early essays, proofs and colour trials, a collection of Indian stamps used abroad, early Indian postcards, postal stationery and thematic collections. The museum was renovated in 2009 with more exhibits, a philatelic bureau and postal objects (such as Victorian post boxes). The Department of Posts inaugurated the [[National Philatelic Museum, New Delhi|National Philatelic Museum]] on 11 July 2011. It exhibits rare postage stamps from around the world and provides a venue for philatelists to exhibit their collections.

===Army Postal Service===
{{main|Army Postal Service (India)}}

The Army Postal Service (APS) functions as a government-operated military mail system in India. A primary feature of Army Postal Service systems is that normally they are subsidized to ensure that military mail posted between duty stations abroad and the home country (or vice versa) does not cost the sender any more than normal domestic mail traffic. In some cases, Indian military personnel in a combat zone may post letters and/or packages to the home country for free, while in others, senders located in a specific overseas area may send military mail to another military recipient, also located in the same overseas area, without charge.

===Electronic Indian Postal Order===
The Electronic Indian Postal Order (e-IPO) was introduced on 22 March 2013, initially only for citizens living abroad. The postal orders can be used for [[online payment]] of fees for access to information under the [[Right to Information Act, 2005]]. The service was expanded to include all Indian citizens on 14 February 2014.<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=103665 | title=RTI Process gets Further Boost with the Introduction of 'e-Indian Postal Order' for all by the Department of Posts | publisher=PIB | date=13 February 2014 | access-date=16 February 2014}}</ref>

===Postal Life insurance===
Postal Life Insurance (PLI) was introduced on 1 February 1884 with the express approval of the Secretary of State (for India) to Her Majesty, the Queen Empress of India. It was essentially a welfare scheme for the [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/Financial/Pages/Content/pli.aspx benefit] of Postal employees in 1884 and later extended to the employees of Telegraph Department in 1888. In 1894, PLI extended insurance cover to female employees of P & T Department at a time when no other insurance company covered female lives. It is the oldest life insurer in this country. There was over 6.4 million policies active as on 31 March 2015 with a sum assured of {{INRconvert|130745|c}}. Premium income of PLI for the year 2014-15 was {{INRconvert|6053.2|c}}. It was extended to all rural residents on 24 March 1995.

Policies for government employees include ''Santhosh'' (endowment assurance), ''Suraksha'' (whole-life assurance), ''Suvidha'' (convertible whole-life assurance), ''Sumangal'' (anticipated endowment policy) and ''Yugal Suraksha'' (joint life endowment assurance).<ref name="postallifeinsurance1">{{cite web|url=http://www.postallifeinsurance.gov.in/|title=Customer Portal|publisher=Postal Life Insurance|access-date=7 June 2012|archive-date=25 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525042005/http://www.postallifeinsurance.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> India Post started Rural Postal Life Insurance (RPLI) for the rural public in 1995. RPLI plans include ''Gram Santosh'' (endowment assurance), ''Gram Suraksha'' (whole-life assurance), ''Gram Suvidha'' (convertible whole-life assurance), ''Gram Sumangal'' (anticipated endowment assurance) and ''Gram Priya''.

===Postal savings===
The post office offers a number of savings plans, including [[recurring deposit]] accounts, [[Sukanya Samriddhi Account]] (SSA) is also known as Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana – Transforming India |url=https://transformingindia.mygov.in/scheme/sukanya-samriddhi-yojana/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=transformingindia.mygov.in}}</ref> (SSY), [[National Savings Certificates (India)|National Savings Certificates]] (''NSC''), [[Kisan Vikas Patra]] (KVP), the [[Public Provident Fund (India)|Public Provident Fund]],<ref name="indiapost6">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Old/POSB_Manual_Vol-III.htm |title=Post Office Savings Bank Manual – Acts and Rules of Savings Schemes |work=India Post|access-date=14 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503233050/http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Old/POSB_Manual_Vol-III.htm|archive-date=3 May 2012 }}</ref> savings-bank accounts,<ref name="indiapost6"/> monthly-income plans,<ref name="indiapost6"/> senior-citizens' savings plans<ref name="indiapost6"/> and time-deposit accounts.<ref name="indiapost6"/>

===Banking===
{{main|India Post Payments Bank}}

In 2013, it was revealed that the Indian postal service had formulated plans to enter the banking industry after [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]] guidelines for the issuance of new banking licenses were released.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/coming-soon-post-bank-of-india/article4443509.ece |work=The Hindu |title=Coming soon, Post Bank of India |date=23 February 2013|access-date=25 February 2013}}</ref> Eventually they are planning to open a Post Bank of India, an independent banking service.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Post Bank|date=14 August 2013|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=98263|access-date=14 August 2013}}</ref>

As of 29 February 2016, 18,231 post offices are utilizing Core Banking Solutions (CBS).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/Pages/Whats%20New/CBSRolloutInformation.pdf |title=CBS Rollout info |work=India Post|date=29 February 2016}}</ref> ATMs are installed at 576 Post Office locations and debit cards issued to Post Office Savings Bank customers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/Pages/What%20is%20New/ATMRolloutInformation.pdf |title=ATM Rollout |work=India Post|date=29 February 2016}}</ref> Core Insurance Solution (CIS) for Postal Life Insurance (PLI) is rolled out in 808 head post offices and corresponding 24,000+ sub post offices. In September 2017, it was announced that by 2018 all of the 1.55 lakh post offices, every postman and ''grameen dak sevak'' (postmaster) will accept all payment options that the [[India Post Payments Bank]] (IPPB) plans to provide.

On 1 September 2018, the [[India Post Payments Bank]] was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=All 1.55 lakh post offices to offer payments bank service|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/all-1-55-lakh-post-offices-to-offer-payments-bank-service/articleshow/60501552.cms|access-date=13 September 2017 |work=The Economic Times |location=New Delhi |date=13 September 2017}}</ref>

===Data collection===
A collaboration between the [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]] (MoSPI) and the Department of Posts has enabled the computation of consumer-price indices for rural areas. These statistics were previously unobtainable, due to problems of remoteness and scale. The agreement authorises the postal service to collect data on prices paid for selected consumer goods. In February 2011, MoSPI published its first [[Consumer Price Index]] (CPI) and All-India Consumer Price Index. The information has since been published monthly, based on data available from 1,181 villages across the country.<ref name="indiapost1 Annual_Report_2011-2012"/>

===E-commerce delivery===
[[File:Indian Postal Service TATA Delivery Van, Pune Maharashtra, July 2013.jpg|thumb|India Post service van delivering mails, Pune, Maharashtra]]
The boom in e-commerce and the surging number of cash-on-delivery consignments has led India Post to partner with major e-commerce portals for delivering pre-paid as well as [[cash on delivery]] (COD) parcels.<ref>{{cite news |title=India Post Sees A Massive 900% Jump in Profit As The {{sic|nolink=y|Prefered}} Partner of E-Commerce Brands |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/india-post-sees-a-massive-900-jump-in-profit-as-the-prefered-partner-of-e-commerce-brands-249344.html|access-date=13 January 2016|work=The Times of India|date=12 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="tie">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/india-post-rides-e-tail-boom-reaps-big-rewards|title=India Post posts profits on e-commerce boom|date=11 January 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister for Communications and Information Technology]], [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]], revenue of India Post from such deliveries would go up to {{INRConvert|15|b}} in the year 2015–16.<ref name=tie/>

===Other services===
Other services include:
* Post boxes and post bags for mail receipt
* [[Speed Post]]
* Identity cards for proof of residence
* India Post [[Automated teller machine|ATM]]
* RMS ([[Railway Mail Service]])
* [[Post Office Passport Seva Kendra|Post office Passport Seva Kendras]] (POPSK)
* Aadhaar Enrollment and Updation.
* Western Union.
* Postal Life Insurance and Rural Postal Life Insurance.
* [[Savings bank|Savings Bank]] (SB/RD/TD/MIS/SCSS/PPF/SSA)
* Savings Cash Certificates.
* [[India Post Payments Bank]] (IPPB).
* Stamp Sales.

== See also ==
* [[List of national postal services#Asia|List of Asian national postal services]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
*Headrick, Daniel. "A double-edged sword: Communications and imperial control in British India." ''Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung'' (2010): 51–65. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20762428 in JSTOR]
* Majumdar, Mohini Lal. ''The imperial post offices of British India, 1837-1914'' (Phila Publications, 1990)
*Rahman, Siddique Mahmudur. "Postal Services During The East India Company's Rule in Bengal." ''Bangladesh Historical Studies'' 19 (2002): 43+

{{Commons category|Post of India}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.indiapost.gov.in}}

{{Ministry of Communications (India)}}
{{Public Services of India}}
{{Civil service}}
{{Postal administrations of Asia}}
{{Government of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Postal organizations]]
[[Category:Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Postal]]
[[Category:Postal system of India]]
[[Category:Philately of India]]
[[Category:1854 establishments in India]]

Inspiria knowledge campus

2026-03-26T08:28:40Z

Anis: quick refined details per sources additionally and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|Business and management college in Siliguri, West Bengal, India}}
{{One source|section|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

{{Infobox university
|name = Inspiria Knowledge Campus
|image = IKCAV2025.jpg
|caption = Aerial view
|logo = <div style="background-color: #000080;>[[File:Inspiria-Knowledge-Campus-Logo.png]]</div>
|image_size =
|image_alt = Inspiria Knowledge Campus Logo
|motto_lang = Do What You Love
|established = {{start date and age|2015}}
|administrative_staff = 100+
|type = [[Private school|Private]]
|affiliation = [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]], [[AICTE]] Approved, [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] Accredited
|campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
|students = 1800+
|address = Matigara, Phase – II, Himachal Vihar
|city = [[Siliguri]]
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|country = India
|postcode = 734010
|coordinates = {{coord|26.732364|N|88.3896299|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
|colours = {{legend striped|blue|yellow| Blue and Yellow}}
|mascot =
|footnotes =
|website = {{URL|http://inspiria.edu.in}}
}}

'''Inspiria Knowledge Campus''' is a [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]-accredited management college, recognized by [[AICTE]], established in 2015 in [[siliguri|Siliguri, West Bengal, India]], by the J.P. Sahu Foundation—a non-profit charitable trust registered under the West Bengal Societies Registration Act, 1961.

== Campus ==
The campus is located on a five-acre site in [[siliguri|Siliguri, West Bengal]], which was previously a tea garden. It is situated at the foothills of the [[Himalayas]], with a stream flowing along its eastern side and surrounded by greenery.

8 km away from [[Bagdogra International Airport]]. 
13 km away from [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|NJP Railway Station]].

== Academic Programs ==
Inspiria offers the following undergraduate courses in School of Management, School of Computer Science, School of Design and Media, School of Hospitality. Affiliated to [[MAKAUT]] and [[AICTE]] approved.

=== School of Management ===

*[[BBA]] in Business Management

*[[BBA]] in Entrepreneurship

*[[BBA]] in Accountancy, Taxation & Auditing

*[[BBA]] in Commerce & International Accounting

*[[BBA]] in Hospital Management

*[[BBA]] in Global Business

*[[BBA]] in Sports Management

*[[BBA]] in Digital Marketing

=== School of Computer Science ===

*[[Bachelor of Computer Application|BCA]] (Bachelor of Computer Applications)

*[[Bachelor of Computer Application|BCA]] in Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning

*[[Bachelor of Computer Application|BCA]] in Data Science & Cyber Security

=== School of Design and Media ===

*[[B.Sc.]] in Media Science

*[[B.Sc.]] in Interior Designing

*[[B.Sc.]] in Multimedia, Animation and Graphics Design

*[[B.Sc.]] in Fashion Design & Management

=== School of Hospitality ===

*[[B.Sc.]] in Hospitality and Hotel Administration
*[[BBA]] in Aviation Hospitality Services & Management

== Inskills Program ==
The Inskills Program at Inspiria Knowledge Campus is an internal initiative focused on the development of [[soft skills]] and personality traits among students. The program incorporates interactive methods aimed at enhancing communication, teamwork, and workplace readiness. It is structured to supplement academic learning with practical [[skill]]-building exercises relevant to professional environments.

== Inhub (Entrepreneurship Cell) ==
Inhub is an entrepreneurial initiative at Inspiria Knowledge Campus. It facilitates entrepreneurial activities through various programs and resources for students. Its offerings include events such as Inspire-PitchFest and WEMBA, as well as lectures and workshops on entrepreneurship. Inhub also provides a [[Startup company|StartUp]] [[Internship]] Programme, infrastructure, mentorship, seed funding, and co-working spaces to support student ventures.

== Toastmasters Club ==
The '''Inspiria Toastmasters Club''' is a student-led club at Inspiria Knowledge Campus, affiliated with [[Toastmasters International]]. Established in October 2017, it was the fourth Toastmasters club chartered in Siliguri and the first at a college in North Bengal. The club's stated purpose is to assist members in developing [[communication]] and [[leadership skills]].

The club provides a structured environment for students and faculty. Activities include:
* '''Regular Meetings:''' These sessions typically feature prepared speeches from the Pathways learning experience, impromptu "Table Topics" sessions, and evaluations.
* '''Events and Activities:''' The club organizes themed meetings, celebrates session milestones, and participates in and hosts internal and area-level speech contests. It also publishes the "Speaker's Spectrum" newsletter.
* '''Skill Development:''' Members focus on public speaking and listening skills by fulfilling various meeting roles. The campus offers support for initial memberships.

The club contributes to [[communication]] and [[leadership development]] within the campus and the regional Toastmasters community.

== Sports and Fitness Facilities ==
The Inspiria Knowledge Campus offers a wide array of [[sports]] and [[physical fitness|fitness]] facilities to promote [[physical activity]] and holistic development among its students. These include an extensive [[association football|football]] field, a futsal court, a [[basketball]] court, a dedicated [[cricket]] practice pitch, and a [[pickleball]] court. For indoor and other popular sports, the campus provides box cricket, [[snooker]], [[table tennis]], and a well-equipped [[gym]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:IKC 2025.jpg|Campus Font Side
File:IKC1 2025.jpg|Main College Campus
File:IKC2 2025.jpg|Aerial View
File:IKC3 2025.jpg|Wall Of Fame
File:IKC4 2025.jpg|Campus Entry Point
File:IKC5 2025.jpg|Amphitheatre
File:IKC6 2025.jpg|Campus Back Side
File:IKC7 2025.jpg|Innovation Garden
File:IKC8 2025.jpg|Campus Garden Area
File:IKC9 2025.jpg|Campus Garden Area
File:IKC10 2025.jpg|Mountain View From Campus
</gallery>

== Events and Activities ==
* '''Insvaganza''': Annual fest showcasing creativity and culture.

* '''Corporenza''': A themed event blending mythology and management.

* '''Art and Design Festival''': Celebrating creativity across media and design disciplines.

* '''Esperanza''': North Bengal’s premier media fest.

* '''YouthRun''': North Bengal’s Most Vibrant Running Event.

* '''Techstars Startup Weekend''': The event provides a forum for aspiring entrepreneurs to experience startup life.

* '''InspiriaQ''': North Bengal’s largest inter-school quiz competition.

* '''TEDxInspiria Knowledge Campus''': Rising from the Foothills: Wellness, Wisdom & Tech-Driven Futures.

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
*[[Higher education in West Bengal]]
}}

==Sources==
* Inspiria Knowledge Campus Secures Prestigious NAAC Accreditation<ref>{{cite web |title=Inspiria Knowledge Campus secures prestigious NAAC accreditation |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/inspiria-knowledge-campus-secures-prestigious-naac-accreditation20241112133415 |website=ANI News |date=12 November 2024 |access-date=3 June 2025 |ref=ANI-NAAC}}</ref>

* Inspiria Art & Design Festival 2025 Wraps Up with 500+ Exhibits and a Thrilling Design-o-Thon<ref>{{cite web |title=Inspiria Art and Design Festival 2025 hosted by Inspiria Knowledge Campus concludes on high note |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/campus/inspiria-art-and-design-festival-2025-hosted-by-inspiria-knowledge-campus-concludes-on-high-note/cid/2100007 |website=Telegraph India |access-date=3 June 2025 |ref=Telegraph-ArtFest}}</ref>

* Inspiria Knowledge Campus Drives Career Awareness to Remote Regions with Innovative 'Career Awareness on Wheels' Initiative<ref>{{cite web |title=Inspiria Knowledge Campus drives career awareness to remote regions with innovative 'Career Awareness on Wheels' initiative |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/inspiria-knowledge-campus-drives-career-awareness-to-remote-regions-with-innovative-career-awareness-on-wheels-initiative-124062600330_1.html |website=Business Standard |date=26 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2025 |ref=Career-Awareness}}</ref>

* Insvaganza 2025: Inspiria Knowledge Campus Gears Up for a Grand Cultural Extravaganza!<ref>{{cite web |title=Inspiria Knowledge Campus to host Insvaganza 2025 – a spectacular fusion of creativity and celebration |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/campus/inspiria-knowledge-campus-to-host-insvaganza-2025-a-spectacular-fusion-of-creativity-and-celebration/cid/2088480 |website=Telegraph India |access-date=3 June 2025 |ref=Insvaganza}}</ref>

* Inspiria Knowledge Campus Leads Educational Innovation with Student-Led Soft Skills, Employability Skills, and Personality Development Program<ref>{{cite web |title=Inspiria Knowledge Campus leads educational innovation with student-led soft skills, employability skills, and personality development program |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/inspiria-knowledge-campus-leads-educational-innovation-with-student-led-soft-skills-employability-skills-and-personality-development-program-124061101167_1.html |website=Business Standard |date=11 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2025 |ref=SoftSkills}}</ref>

* Corporenza 2025: A Journey Through Mythology and Management<ref>{{cite web |title=Corporenza 2025 – A journey through mythology and management |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/campus/corporenza-2025-a-journey-through-mythology-and-management/cid/2087200 |website=Telegraph India |access-date=3 June 2025 |ref=Corporenza}}</ref>

* Esperanza 4.0 to Highlight in Media Innovations and Sustainability Efforts<ref>{{cite web |title=Esperanza 4.0 to Highlight in Media Innovations and Sustainability Efforts |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/esperanza-4-0-to-highlight-in-media-innovations-and-sustainability-efforts-124081300005_1.html |website=Business Standard |date=13 August 2024 |access-date=3 June 2025 |ref=BS-Esperanza}}</ref>

* Inspiria Toastmasters Club<ref>{{cite web |title=Inspiria Toastmasters Club |url=https://www.toastmasters.org/Find-a-Club/06933277-06933277 |website=Toastmasters International |access-date=10 June 2025 |ref=TI-Inspiria}}</ref>

* TEDxInspiria Knowledge Campus<ref>{{cite web |title=TEDxInspiria Knowledge Campus |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/65193 |website=TEDx Program |access-date=29 January 2026 |ref=TI-Inspiria}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://inspiria.edu.in Official Website]

{{West Bengal University of Technology}}

[[Category:Business schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Education in Siliguri]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-university-stub}}

Black and red ware

2026-03-25T20:23:49Z

Anis: typo fix

{{Short description|South Asian earthenware}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
'''Black and red ware''' (BRW) is a South Asian [[earthenware]], associated with the [[Neolithic]] phase, [[Indus Valley Civilisation#Early Harappan|Harappa]], [[Bronze Age India]], [[Iron Age India]], the Megalithic and the early historical period.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Early Settlements in Jaffna: An Archaeological Survey|last=Ragupathy|first=Ponnampalam|date=1987|publisher=University of Jaffna|pages=9|language=en}}</ref> Although it is sometimes called an [[archaeological culture]], the spread in space and time and the differences in style and make are such that the ware must have been made by several cultures.<ref>[[H. N. Singh|Singh]] (1979)</ref>

[[File:Painted Grey Ware and Black and Red Ware sites 1.svg|thumb|Black and Red Ware sites ({{Circa|1450}} – 800 BCE)]]
In the Western [[Ganges]] plain (western [[Uttar Pradesh]]) it is dated to {{Circa|1450}}–1200 BCE, and is succeeded by the [[Painted Grey Ware culture]]; whereas in the Central and Eastern Ganges plain (eastern Uttar Pradesh, [[Bihar]], and [[Bengal]]) and Central India ([[Madhya Pradesh]]) the BRW appears during the same period but continues for longer, until {{Circa|700}}–500 BCE, when it is succeeded by the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] culture.<ref>Franklin Southworth, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hTwuFUW5aEgC ''Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia''] (Routledge, 2005), p. 177</ref>

In the Western Ganges plain, the BRW was preceded by the [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]]. The BRW sites were characterized by [[subsistence agriculture]] (cultivation of rice, barley, and legumes), and yielded some ornaments made of shell, copper, [[carnelian]], and [[terracotta]].<ref>Upinder Singh (2008), [https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA220 ''A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century''], p.220</ref>

In some sites, particularly in [[Punjab, India|eastern Punjab]] and [[Gujarat]], BRW pottery is associated with [[Indus Valley Civilisation#Late Harappan|Late Harappan]] pottery, and according to some scholars like Tribhuan N. Roy, the BRW may have directly influenced the [[Painted Grey Ware]] and [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] cultures.<ref>Shaffer, Jim. 1993, Reurbanization: The eastern Punjab and beyond. In Urban Form and Meaning in South Asia: The Shaping of Cities from Prehistoric to Precolonial Times, ed. [[Howard Spodek|H. Spodek]] and D.M. Srinivasan. p. 57</ref> BRW pottery is unknown west of the Indus Valley.<ref>Shaffer, Jim. Mathura: A protohistoric Perspective in D.M. Srinivasan (ed.), Mathura, the Cultural Heritage, 1989, pp. 171–180. Delhi. cited in Chakrabarti 1992</ref>

Use of iron, although sparse at first, is relatively early, postdating the beginning of the Iron Age in [[Anatolia]] ([[Hittites]]) by only two or three centuries, and predating the [[Europe]]an ([[Celt]]s) Iron Age by another two to three hundred years. Recent findings in Northern India show Iron working in the 1800–1000 BCE period.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tewari |first1=Rakesh |title=The origins of iron working in India: new evidence from the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas |journal=Antiquity |date=2003 |volume=77 |issue=297 |pages=536–544 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00092590|url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/tewari/tewari.pdf |citeseerx=10.1.1.403.4300 }}</ref> According to Shaffer, "the nature and context of the iron objects involved are very different from early iron objects found in Southwest Asia."<ref>Shaffer 1989, cited in Chakrabarti 1992:171</ref> From Sri Lanka, a variant of Black and red Ware has been discovered from its early Iron Age (900–600 BCE) which is also marked by appearance of horses, paddy fields, iron tools etc.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wikramanayake|first=T. W.|date=2004|title=The Life Style of Early Inhabitants of Sri Lanka|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44626733|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka|volume=50|pages=89–140|jstor=44626733 |issn=1391-720X}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kuru kingdom]]
*[[Malwa culture]]
*[[Jorwe culture]]
*[[Rang Mahal, Sri Ganganagar#Rang Mahal culture|Rang Mahal culture]], Rajasthan-Haryana border
*[[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]
*[[Vedic period]]

== Notes ==
*Shaffer, Jim. Mathura: A protohistoric Perspective in D.M. Srinivasan (ed.), Mathura, the Cultural Heritage, 1989, pp. 171–180. Delhi.

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
* [[H. N. Singh|Singh, H.N.]] (1979): [https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202004120808039161anil_kumar_Black_and_Red_Ware_2.pdf 'Black and Red Ware. A Cultural Study'] in [[D. P. Agrawal|Agrawal, D.P.]]; [[Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti|Chakrabarti, D.K.]] (ed.) ''Essays in Indian Protohistory'', B.R. Publishing Corporation
*[http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/tewari/tewari.pdf The origins of iron-working in India: new evidence from the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas] by Rakesh Tewari
*[http://www.indiaheritage.org/creative/creative_earthenware_&_pottery.htm India Heritage – Earthenware and Pottery]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Black And Red Ware}}
[[Category:Archaeological cultures in India]]
[[Category:Ancient pottery]]
[[Category:Prehistoric India]]
[[Category:Prehistoric Pakistan]]

Bundu subdivision

2026-03-25T03:37:14Z

Anis: info

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bundu subdivision
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.18|N|85.58|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bundu, India|Bundu]]
| government_type = [[Federalism in India]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 =
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|ranchi.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bundu subdivision''' is an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative subdivision]] in the [[Ranchi district]] of the [[South Chotanagpur division]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].

==Overview==
Ranchi district is a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Ranchi plateau]], most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small portion in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Rahe block|Rahe]], [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] and [[Tamar block|Tamar]] CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16 km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 10: Physiography |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 24 September 2021}}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|85|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: historical/ religious subdivision Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|24|26|N|85|29|6|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Angara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Angara, Jharkhand]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|32|53|N|84|55|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Balsokra| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Balsokra]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|18|5|N|85|0|56|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bero| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bero, India]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|34|28|N|85|7|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Burmu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Burmu]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|30|44|N|84|58|35|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Chanho| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Chanho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|43|N|85|31|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chutupalu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Chutupalu]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|5|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Dakra| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Dakra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|21|24|N|85|7|21|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Itki| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Itki, India]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|6|45|N|84|56|32|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Lapung| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Lapung]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|27|47|N|85|5|29|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Mandar, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|26|5|N|85|24|44|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Mesra| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Mesra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|11|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Nagri| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Nagri, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|29|30|N|85|29|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Ormanjhi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Ormanjhi]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|15|55|N|85|38|40|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Rahe| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Rahe, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|21|1|N|85|51|4|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silli| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Silli]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|12|13|N|85|42|26|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonahatu| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Sonahatu]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|3|15|N|85|39|19|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Tamar| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Tamar, India]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|16|40|N|85|18|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hatia| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Hatia]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|21|6|N|85|19|12|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Ranchi| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Ranchi]] (M) |label-size19=12 |label-color19=#800000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|12|N|85|34|48|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Bundu| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Bundu, India]] (M) |label-color20=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|21|25|N|85|24|15|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Ara | numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Ara, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color21= #A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|25|50|N|85|20|40|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Arsande | numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Arsande]] (CT) |shape-color22= #A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|18|20|N|85|22|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bargarwa | numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Bargarwa]] (CT) |shape-color23= #A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|39|40|N|85|0|16|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bishrampur | numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Bishrampur, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color24= #A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|41|55|N|85|1|11|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Churi | numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Churi]] (CT) |shape-color25= #A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|46|N|85|26|32|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Irba | numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Irba]] (CT) |shape-color26= #A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|26|8|N|85|18|20|E}} | label-pos27=bottom|label27= Kanke | numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Kanke]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|38|10|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos28=bottom|label28= Khelari | numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Khelari]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|23|44|N|85|51|41|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Muri | numbered29=CT| mark-title29=[[Muri, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|19|50|N|85|22|36|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Namkum | numbered30=N| mark-title30=[[Namkum, Ranchi]] (N) |shape-color30=#C42222
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|25|13|N|85|13|14|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Ratu | numbered31=CT| mark-title31= [[Ratu, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color31= #A40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|42|36|N|85|3|12|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Ray | numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Ray, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color32= #A40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|22|57|N|85|25|44|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Tati | numbered33=CT| mark-title33=[[Tati, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color33= #A40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|14|10|E}} | label-pos34=bottom|label34= Tundul | numbered34=CT| mark-title34=[[Tundul]] (CT) |shape-color34= #A40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|27|4|N|85|41|36|E}} | label-pos35= bottom|label35=Hundru |labela35= Falls| numbered35=T| mark-title35= [[Hundru Falls]] (T) |shape-color35= #74C365
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|20|30|N|85|36|30|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Jonha Falls| numbered36=T| mark-title36= [[Jonha Falls]] (T) |shape-color36= #74C365
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|8|46|N|85|28|2|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37=Dassam Falls| numbered37=T| mark-title37= [[Dassam Falls]] (T) |shape-color37= #74C365
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|mark-coord39={{coord|23|28|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label39= Subarnarekha |labela39= River |label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= 5| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|16|0|N|85|46|0|E}} |label40= Raru |labela40= River |label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 10| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|5|20|N|85|43|0|E}} |label41= Kanchi |labela41= River |label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= -25| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|58|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label42= Karkari |labela42= River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 5| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|29|40|N|85|37|0|E}} |label43= Bhairavi |labela43= River |label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= -10| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|9|0|E}} |label44= Damodar |labela44= River |label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 0| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|mark-coord45={{coord|23|24|0|N|84|55|0|E}} |label45= Koel |labela45= River |label-color45 = #77A1CB| label-angle45= 0| label-pos45=top| label-size45=10| mark-size45=0| mark-title45 =none
|mark-coord46={{coord|23|38|20|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos46=right|label46=CCL North|labela46= Karanpura Area |numbered46=0 | mark-title46=[[North Karanpura Area]] | label-size46=12| shape-color46=#AA6666
|mark-coord47={{coord|23|23|18|N|84|57|45|E}} | label-pos47=left|label47= Narkopi| numbered47=R| mark-title47=[[Narkopi]] (R)
|mark-coord48={{coord|23|31|17|N|85|17|29|E}} | label-pos48=left|label48= Pithuriya| numbered48=R| mark-title48=[[Pithuriya]] (R)
|mark-coord49={{coord|23|29|6|N|85|36|33|E}} | label-pos49=right|label49= Sikidiri| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Sikidiri]] (R)
|mark-coord50={{coord|23|19|37|N|84|55|28|E}} | label-pos50=top|label50= Khukhragarh| numbered50=H| mark-title50=[[Khukhragarh]] (H)
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|10|N|85|57|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-95| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

Ranchi district is divided into two sub-divisions:[[Ranchi Sadar subdivision]] and Bundu subdivision. Ranchi Sadar subdivision consists of 14 [[Community Development Block|CD blocks]]: [[Kanke block|Kanke]], [[Ratu block|Ratu]], [[Chanho block|Chanho]], [[Mandar block|Mandar]], [[Lapung block|Lapung]], [[Burmu block|Burmu]], [[Bero block|Bero]], [[Namkum]], [[Ormanjhi block|Ormanjhi]], [[Angara block|Angara]], [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Khelari block|Khelari]], [[Nagri block|Nagri]] and [[Itki block|Itki]]. Bundu subdivision consists of 4 CD blocks: [[Rahe block|Rahe]], [[Bundu block|Bundu]], [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] and [[Tamar block|Tamar]]. The details of the CD blocks are given below for the respective subdivision.<ref name="divisions">{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 9: Administrative Divisions |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 24 September 2021}}</ref>

There are two statutory towns in the district - [[Ranchi]] is a municipal corporation housing the headquarters of Ranchi Sadar subdivision, and [[Bundu, India|Bundu]] is a [[nagar panchayat]], housing the headquarters of Bundu subdivision. There are thirteen [[census town]]s in Ranchi district, all are in Ranchi Sadar subdivision: [[Bishrampur, Jharkhand|Bisrampur]], [[Churi]], [[Ray, Jharkhand|Ray]], [[Khelari]], [[Kanke]], [[Arsande]], [[Ibra]], [[Muri, Ranchi|Muri]], [[Tati, Ranchi|Tati]], [[Ara, Ranchi|Ara]], [[Bargarwa]], [[Ratu, Ranchi|Ratu]] and [[Tundul]].<ref name="divisions"/>

==Police stations==
The following police stations are located in the Bundu subdivision: [[Bundu, India#Police stations|Bundu]], [[Sonahatu#Police station|Sonahatu]], [[Tamar, India#Police station|Tamar]] and [[Bundu, India#Police stations|Mahila Bundu]]. There is a police outpost at [[Rahe, Jharkhand#Police outpost|Rahe]],<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| title = District Police Profile - Ranchi| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 24 September 2021| archive-date = 8 September 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210908124539/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Blocks==
Community development blocks in the Bundu subdivision are:<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2019_PART_B_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 28: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 24 September 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||Literacy rate %||[[Census town|CT]]
|-
|[[Bundu block|Bundu]]||[[Bundu, India|Bundu]]||250.85||61,921||5.46||59.82||66.38|| -
|-
|[[Rahe block|Rahe]]||[[Rahe, Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]||180.42||53,916||6.50||32.11||69.19|| -
|-
|[[Sonahatu block|Sunahatu]]||[[Sonahatu]]||273.12||77,252||7.92||23.89||66.04|| -
|-
|[[Tamar block|Tamar]]||[[Tamar, India|Tamar]]||513.43||132,672||11.54||42.91||62.76|| -
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}
{{South Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of Jharkhand]]

Al Jerry Braganza

2026-03-24T08:03:05Z

Anis:

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker and actor (1920–1990)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Al Jerry Braganza
| image = Portrait of Al Jerry Braganza.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Braganza
| image_upright = 0.7
| birth_name = Antonio Lourenço Jerry Braganza
| birth_place = [[Mapuçá]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1920|8|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bombay, Maharashtra]] (now Mumbai), India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1990|1|8|1920|8|28|df=y}}
| education = [[Liceu Nacional Afonso de Albuquerque]]
| known_for = Creation of the first [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film]]
| occupation = {{Hlist|Filmmaker|actor|singer}}
| years_active = 1950–1990
| employer = ''[[Indian News Parade]]''
| spouse = Bernadette Braganza
| notable_works = ''[[Mogacho Aunddo]]''
}}

'''Antonio Lourenço Jerry Braganza''' (28 August 1920 – 8 January 1990), known professionally as '''Al Jerry Braganza''', was an Indian filmmaker, actor, and singer known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]]. Referred to as the "Father of Konkani cinema," Braganza directed and produced the first Konkani film, ''[[Mogacho Aunddo]]'' (1950), following the unreleased film ''Sukhi Konn'' (1949), an unsuccessful attempt by playwright G. M. B. Rodrigues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghadge |first=Rajesh |date=2021-10-30 |title=Restoration Process of First Konkani Film "Mogacho Aunddo" is on Its Way To Completion |url=https://www.incrediblegoa.org/entertainment/restoration-process-of-first-konkani-film-mogacho-aunddo/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Incredible Goa |language=en |archive-date=2024-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305070056/https://www.incrediblegoa.org/entertainment/restoration-process-of-first-konkani-film-mogacho-aunddo/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
In 1940, Braganza pursued higher education and settled in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai, India). He enrolled at the Bombay Tutorial College and gained practical experience as a [[motor mechanic]] at the IEME Workshop in [[Colaba]]. Subsequently, he joined the ''[[Indian News Parade]]'', which is now known as [[Films Division of India|The Films Division]], where he worked as a [[Switchboard operator|telephone operator]]. After completing his college studies, Braganza secured employment in various cinema-related companies. He eventually became affiliated with Geeta Pictures & Studios in [[Chembur]], where he played a pivotal role in the successful production of several [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2000-04-24 |title=First Konkani film celebrates golden jubilee today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/first-konkani-film-celebrates-golden-jubilee-today/articleshow/2132012483.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305162021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/first-konkani-film-celebrates-golden-jubilee-today/articleshow/2132012483.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Braganza then assumed the position of [[Production control|Chief Controller of Production]] for Ramesh Vyas and Vishwa Bharati Films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Feeling speci(AL) on his day |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa-Social/Feeling-speci(AL)-on-his-day/87697 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2024-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062911/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa-Social/Feeling-speci(AL)-on-his-day/87697 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following his tenure with these companies, he joined the Navakala Film Company as a [[production assistant]] and [[assistant director]]. Since he knew about [[filmmaking]], Braganza was inspired to undertake the ambitious challenge of creating a film in [[Konkani language|Konkani]], his [[mother tongue]]. Encouraged by the enthusiastic support of the [[Goan]] community in Bombay for ''[[tiatr]]'', a form of [[musical theatre|theatrical entertainment]], Braganza saw the potential for producing a Konkani film. Displaying confidence in his abilities as an actor, director, and singer, Braganza assumed all three roles and embarked on the risky endeavor of filmmaking. The cast he assembled for the film consisted of individuals who were new to the medium and had not previously participated in ''tiatr'', where artists themselves perform the songs. Collaborating with Braganza were a team of [[Goan Konkani]] speakers who served as the film's [[lyricist]], [[music director]], and [[scriptwriter]], all driven by their passion for the language.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Mauzo |first=Damodar |date=22 November 2022 |title=Father of Konkani Cinema |url=https://iffigoa.org/public/assets/documents/peacock-magazine/Issue-3-22-Nov-2022-lowres.pdf |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=IFFI Goa |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305161702/https://iffigoa.org/public/assets/documents/peacock-magazine/Issue-3-22-Nov-2022-lowres.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Mogacho Aunddo by Jerry Braganza.jpg|thumb|A shot taken from the film, from right to left: Braganza, Leena Fernandes, and [[Lewis M. Ratus]] (in the middle).]]
''[[Mogacho Aunddo]]'' is a significant milestone in the history of [[Konkani cinema]], produced under the banner of ETICA (Exchange Talkies of India, China & Africa). The film, based on [[Dioguinho D'Mello]]'s [[novella]] ''Mogachi Odd'' (The Crave for Love), holds distinction for being the first Konkani film ever made.
The leading actress, [[Leena Fernandes]], who resided in Bombay, showcased her good singing voice despite lacking prior acting experience. The production of the film spanned approximately six months, resulting in a cinematic work.<ref name=":1" /> Filming began with a [[Muhurat shot|ceremonial muhurat]] event on 31 July 1949, in the presence of Fr. Macario Pereira. Various locations in [[Goa]], including [[Campal]], the lighthouse at Aguada, the [[Mandovi River]], [[Calangute Beach]], and the [[Altinho]] area near the Lyceum building, were chosen as picturesque shooting sites. An interesting aspect of ''Mogacho Aunddo'' is that it was the first Konkani film to be produced through [[crowdfunding]]. At the time, the concept of producers was not prevalent, prompting Braganza, to seek financial contributions from individuals to bring his vision to life. This approach fostered community involvement in the creation of Goa's inaugural film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2018-04-25 |title=When Goa celebrated Konkani Cinema Day – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/04/25/magazines/buzz/when-goa-celebrated-konkani-cinema-day/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305162032/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/04/25/magazines/buzz/when-goa-celebrated-konkani-cinema-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the film, Braganza assumed the lead role of Abel, a wealthy and indulged young man, while Leena Dias portrayed Maria. The premiere of ''Mogacho Aunddo'' took place on 24 April 1950, at Dashrat Cinema in [[Mapuçá]], Goa. Concurrently, the film was also exhibited at the Rivoli and Star theaters located in [[Matunga]] and [[Mazagaon]], respectively, in the city of Bombay. Braganza's vocal talents were showcased in the film's featured songs, "Mogacho Aunddo" and "Mogall Bai," alongside Leena Fernandes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Antao |first=Steve |date=2015-12-08 |title=Lights! Camera! … 'Mogacho Aunddo' - the first Konkani film |url=https://itsgoa.com/lights-camera-mogacho-aunddo |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=ItsGoa |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810113847/https://itsgoa.com/lights-camera-mogacho-aunddo/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Mogacho Aunddo Film still.jpg|thumb|A [[film still]] depicting actors from left to right: Braganza, Lewis M. Ratus, [[Leena Fernandes]], and Alfred Almeida.]]
Braganza was acutely aware of the high expectations surrounding his shows, particularly within the [[Goan]] community residing in the [[Mahim]]-[[Bandra]] and [[Dhobitalao]] areas. In addition to these strongholds, his film was also screened in other Goan enclaves, drawing significant interest. The matinée shows held at Liberty near Dhobitalao attracted large and enthusiastic crowds of Goan viewers. However, the financial performance of Braganza's film remains unrecorded. Prior to the release of his debut film, Braganza took a leisurely stroll along [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]] and noticed the towering posters promoting [[English cinema|English]], [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], and [[Marathi cinema|Marathi films]]. This sparked an idea in his mind: the creation of a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] film. Leveraging his involvement in the film industry, Braganza embarked on the realization of this ambitious goal. His search for a [[leading lady]] led him to the offices of United Artists, a foreign [[Film distribution company|film distribution firm]]. It was there that he encountered a young woman named Leena Fernandes and candidly extended the offer, "Would you like to be the heroine in my movie?" With the consent of her parents, this hurdle was overcome. The production of the film encountered numerous challenges, including restrictions<ref name=":1" /> imposed by the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese regime in Goa]], difficulties faced at the [[customs]] office, and [[Goa liberation movement#The independence movement|stringent censorship measures]]. Nevertheless, the Goan community in [[Bombay]] eagerly awaited the release of this pioneering Konkani film. Braganza had previously collaborated with comedian [[Bhagwan Dada|Bhagwan]] during his tenure in [[Bollywood]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leena Dias, Goa's first heroine passes away |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Leena-Dias-Goa%E2%80%99s-first-heroine-passes-away/178168 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231041730/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Leena-Dias-Goa%E2%80%99s-first-heroine-passes-away/178168 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Mogacho Aunddo cast & crew, Rivoli, Bombay.jpg|thumb|The cast and crew of the film outside the Rivoli Cinema in [[Matunga]].]]
Following the production of his debut film, ''[[Mogacho Aunddo]]'', Braganza embarked on the creation of his second cinematic venture titled ''Sukhachem Sopon''. Prior to the film's release on 9 September 1967, Braganza made a [[Radio broadcasting|broadcast]] on 21 June 1966, via [[All India Radio]]. During his address, Braganza remarked on the profound astonishment exhibited by the public towards the [[film production]], as if the crew were beings from a distant realm. This reaction was expected, given that it was the first time many individuals had ever witnessed the behind-the-scenes workings of a [[film shoot]]. Braganza not only assumed the role of producer for ''Sukhachem Sopon'', but he also made on-screen appearances and contributed as a [[playback singer]]. The film received high acclaim from the Konkani audience. In addition to ''Mogacho Aunddo'' and ''Sukhachem Sopon'', Braganza's filmography encompasses two more productions. One of these works is a [[Short film|short documentary]] entitled ''Nossa Senhora do Fatima'', which showcased the reception and procession of [[Our Lady of Fatima]] in Goa. This documentary was screened alongside ''Mogacho Aunddo''. The other production was a comprehensive film documenting the [[Francis Xavier#Veneration|exposition of St. Francis Xavier]] in 1952. Braganza secured exclusive [[film right|filming right]]s for this significant event, as reported by ''[[The Times of India]]'' on 7 September 1950. His intention was to create a [[documentary]] that would capture the religious ceremonies, picturesque scenes, and [[History of Goa|historical landmarks of Goa]].<ref name=":0" /> This documentary was planned for release in four different versions, catering to Hindi, English, Portuguese, and Konkani-speaking audiences. Lastly, Braganza's final contribution to the world of cinema was his film ''Kortubancho Sounsar'' in 1970, where he assumed the lead role.<ref name=":1" />

==Personal life==
Antonio Lourenço Jerry Braganza was born on 28 August 1920, in [[Mapuçá]], [[Goa]], which was part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]]. He later [[stage name|adopted the name]] Al Jerry Braganza, possibly to enhance his appeal to prospective fans. He received his primary education at the [[Liceu Nacional Afonso de Albuquerque]] and Sacred Heart of Jesus High School in [[Parra, Goa|Parra]]. From an early age, Braganza exhibited a passion for singing, acting, and demonstrated skill in the art of [[yodeling]].<ref name=":0" /> He was married to Bernadette.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=‘Special cover’ released to honour Father of Konkani Cinema |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/%E2%80%98Special-cover%E2%80%99-released-to-honour-Father-of-Konkani-Cinema-/87705 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2024-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305162035/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/%E2%80%98Special-cover%E2%80%99-released-to-honour-Father-of-Konkani-Cinema-/87705 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Death==
On 8 January 1990, Braganza died in [[Bombay, Maharashtra]], aged 69. Prior to his death, he had been involved in planning a [[biopic]] about "Custoba the Great," in which actor [[Robin Vaz]] was chosen to portray the rebel [[Kuxttoba]]. However, the [[Unfinished films|film project was ultimately abandoned]] and never came to fruition.<ref name=":0" />

==Legacy==
In April 2009, [[Tomazinho Cardozo]] remarked on the relatively limited recognition given to Braganza for his significant contributions to the [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film industry]]. Despite Braganza's achievements, neither the [[Government of Goa]] nor any other [[Konkani language|Konkani]] institution had acknowledged his work for an extended period of time. It was only in 2005, after 55 years had passed, that the [[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] (DKA) organized an event on 24 April to commemorate the screening of the inaugural Konkani film, ''[[Mogacho Aunddo]]'', and to pay tribute to Braganza's memory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panaji: Konkani Cinema - A Long Way to Go |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=59256 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en |archive-date=2024-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305162037/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=59256 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2014, Premanand Lotlikar, the president of the Dalgado Konknni Akademi (DKA), appealed to the Government of Goa to honor Braganza's legacy by establishing a scheme named after him. This proposed scheme aimed to provide financial assistance for the production of Konkani films, thereby recognizing Braganza's pioneering role in the industry. Lotlikar emphasized that the DKA's celebration of 24 April served as a reminder to both the public and the government of Braganza's achievement as the producer of the first Konkani film, ''Mogacho Aunddo''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2014 |title=Call to honour Al Jerry Braganza |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Panjim/4-may-2014/64636 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2024-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305162041/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Panjim/4-may-2014/64636 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Commemorative postage stamp cover of Al Jerry Braganza.jpg|thumb|The special cover released by Dalgado Konknni Akademi in 2015.]]
On 17 April 2015, the [[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] (DKA) announced the forthcoming release of a [[Event cover|special cover]] in honor of Braganza. The tribute ceremony was scheduled to take place at Hanuman Theatre in [[Mapusa]] on 24 April, a day recognized as Konkani Cinema Day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DKA to honour ‘Father of Konkani Cinema’ |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/DKA-to-honour-%E2%80%98Father-of-Konkani-Cinema%E2%80%99/87454 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2024-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305162038/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/DKA-to-honour-%E2%80%98Father-of-Konkani-Cinema%E2%80%99/87454 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the announcement, the DKA unveiled a [[Commemorative stamp|commemorative postage stamp]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-25 |title=Postage stamp released in honour of Jerry Braganza |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/postage-stamp-released-in-honour-of-jerry-braganza/articleshow/47044632.cms?_gl=1*10ljuwm*_ga*YW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTcwOTY0ODU0My4xNTAuMC4xNzA5NjQ4NTQzLjAuMC4w#_ga=2.227528733.1676698036.1709541147-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305162105/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/postage-stamp-released-in-honour-of-jerry-braganza/articleshow/47044632.cms?_gl=1%2A10ljuwm%2A_ga%2AYW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.%2A_ga_FCN624MN68%2AMTcwOTY0ODU0My4xNTAuMC4xNzA5NjQ4NTQzLjAuMC4w#_ga=2.227528733.1676698036.1709541147-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the aforementioned special cover a week later. During the ceremony, Charles Lobo, the [[Postmaster General]] of [[Goa]] region, presented an album containing the special cover to the chief guest, [[Deputy Chief Minister of Goa]] [[Francis D'Souza (politician)|Francis D'Souza ]], Dharmanand Vernekar, a film director, attended as the guest of honor, and Bernadette Braganza, Braganza's wife, was also present as a special invitee. Premanand Lotlikar, the president of DKA, took the opportunity to urge the [[Government of Goa]] to consider naming a road in Mapusa after Braganza.<ref name=":2" />

In April 2017, Tomazinho Cardozo emphasized the significant role Braganza played in the release of the first Konkani film, ''[[Mogacho Aunddo]]'', in 1950. Cardozo underscored that Braganza's contribution laid the groundwork for the subsequent growth of the [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film industry]]. With this in mind, Cardozo called for a grand celebration on Konkani Cinema Day as a fitting tribute to Braganza, with support from the government. He appealed to the [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Deputy Speaker]] of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] to leverage their influence to organize a Konkani Film Festival starting the following year. Such a festival, Cardozo argued, would serve as a catalyst for the advancement of the [[Konkani cinema]] sector within the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2017-04-27 |title=Film festival to mark Konkani Cinema Day – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/04/27/magazines/buzz/film-festival-to-mark-konkani-cinema-day/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305162953/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/04/27/magazines/buzz/film-festival-to-mark-konkani-cinema-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1950
|''[[Mogacho Aunddo]]''
|Abel
|Also director & producer
|
|-
|1967
|''Sukhachem Sopon''
|Lead role
|Also playback singer
|
|-
|1970
|''Kortubancho Sounsar''
|Main role
|
|
|-
|
|''Custoba the Great''
|
|Unfinished film
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Imdb name|id=4473013}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Braganza, Al Jerry}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Actors from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]

Left Democratic Front

2026-03-21T12:45:22Z

Anis: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Political alliance in India}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Left Democratic Front
| native_name = {{lang|ml|ഇടതുപക്ഷ ജനാധിപത്യ മുന്നണി}}
| logo = Left Democratic Front (Kerala) Logo.svg
| logo_size = 100
| colorcode = {{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| leader = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] {{small|([[Chief Minister of Kerala]])}}
| chairman = [[T. P. Ramakrishnan]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1979|||df=yes}}
| ideology = [[Socialism]] [[Marxism]] [[Secularism]] <ref>{{cite web |last=Siyad KV |first= Muhammed |date=25 June 2025 |title=Kerala’s ideological drift: Why LDF-UDF convergence is fueling BJP’s rise |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/opinion/keralas-ideological-drift-why-ldf-udf-convergence-is-fueling-bjps-rise/ |website=maktoob media |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref>
| website =
| country = India
| abbreviation = LDF
| predecessor =
| position =
| seats2_title = [[Lok Sabha]]
| seats2 = {{composition bar|1|20|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
| seats1_title = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| seats1 = {{composition bar|6|9|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
| seats3_title = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| seats3 = {{composition bar|98|140|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
| seats5_title = [[Gram Panchayats]]
| seats5 = {{composition bar|338|941|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
| seats6_title = [[Block Panchayat|Block Panchayat]]
| seats6 = {{composition bar|64|152|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
| seats7_title = [[District Panchayat |District Panchayat]]
| seats7 = {{composition bar|7|14|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
| seats8_title = [[Municipalities]]
| seats8 = {{composition bar|28|86|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
| seats9_title = [[Municipal Corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| seats9 = {{composition bar|1|6|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
| colours = {{color box|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|border=darkgray}} Red
| eci =
| leader1_title = [[Lok Sabha]] Leader
| leader1_name = [[K. Radhakrishnan (politician) |K. Radhakrishnan]]
| leader2_title = [[Rajya Sabha]] Leader
| leader2_name = [[John Brittas]]
| founders = [[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]] [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
| logo_upright = 1.15
| logo_alt = Logo of the Left Democratic Front
| footnotes =
}}
{{Communism in India}}
The '''Left Democratic Front''' ('''LDF''') is an alliance of [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] political parties led by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It is the current [[List of current Indian ruling and opposition parties|ruling political alliance]] of Kerala, since 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Left returns in Kerala |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/data-assembly-election-2021-the-left-returns-in-kerala/article34482949.ece |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603072711/https://www.thehindu.com/data/data-assembly-election-2021-the-left-returns-in-kerala/article34482949.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> It is one of the two major political alliances in Kerala, the other being [[Indian National Congress]]-led [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]], each of which has been in power alternately for the last four decades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election history of Kerala |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/electionhistory.html |website=CEO Kerala |publisher=Chief Election Officer, Kerala |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509200606/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/electionhistory.html |url-status=live }}</ref> LDF has won the elections to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|State Legislature of Kerala]] in the years [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 1980 |title=Victory of CPI-M-led LDF in Kerala elections manifests swing away from Congress(I) |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19800215-victory-of-cpi-m-led-ldf-in-kerala-elections-manifests-swing-away-from-congressi-806437-2014-02-10 |website=India Today |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513172757/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19800215-victory-of-cpi-m-led-ldf-in-kerala-elections-manifests-swing-away-from-congressi-806437-2014-02-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 1987 |title=It was a vote for secularism, democracy and progress: E.K. Nayanar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19870415-it-was-a-vote-for-secularism-democracy-and-progress-e.k.-nayanar-799832-1987-04-15 |website=India Today |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118062038/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19870415-it-was-a-vote-for-secularism-democracy-and-progress-e.k.-nayanar-799832-1987-04-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 1996 |title=Elections 1996: Marxists-led LDF dislodges Congress(I) and its allies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19960531-elections-1996-marxists-led-ldf-dislodges-congressi-and-its-allies-833003-1996-05-31 |website=India Today |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118062450/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19960531-elections-1996-marxists-led-ldf-dislodges-congressi-and-its-allies-833003-1996-05-31 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2016 |title=Return of the warrior V. S. Achuthanandan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20060410-achuthanandan-returns-to-kerala-poll-fray-as-politburo-changes-its-mind-785568-2006-04-10 |website=India Today |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118062447/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20060410-achuthanandan-returns-to-kerala-poll-fray-as-politburo-changes-its-mind-785568-2006-04-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2016 |title=Pinarayi Vijayan takes oath as Kerala Chief Minister Hailing from a poor toddy tapper's family, Vijayan, a first time Chief Minister, took the oath in Malayalam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/india-news-india/pinarayi-vijayan-sworn-in-as-kerala-cm-2818813/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513172751/https://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/india-news-india/pinarayi-vijayan-sworn-in-as-kerala-cm-2818813/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and had a historic re-election in [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=Election results: Left creates history in Kerala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/election-results-how-left-may-create-history-in-both-kerala-bengal/articleshow/82354409.cms#aoh=16214989565407&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s |website=The Times of India |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518115709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/election-results-how-left-may-create-history-in-both-kerala-bengal/articleshow/82354409.cms#aoh=16214989565407&referrer=https://www.google.com&amp_tf=From %1$s |url-status=live }}</ref> where an incumbent government was re-elected for the first time in 40 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=How 'captain' Pinarayi Vijayan led LDF in Kerala, is set to break a decades-old record |url=https://theprint.in/politics/how-captain-pinarayi-vijayan-led-ldf-in-kerala-is-set-to-break-a-decades-old-record/650583/ |website=The Print |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513172756/https://theprint.in/politics/how-captain-pinarayi-vijayan-led-ldf-in-kerala-is-set-to-break-a-decades-old-record/650583/ |url-status=live }}</ref> LDF has won 6 out of 10 elections since the formation of the alliance in 1980. The alliance consists of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]], [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] and various smaller parties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alliance Wise and Party Wise Kerala Election Results 2021 LIVE |url=https://www.firstpost.com/kerala-assembly-election-2021/alliance-party-wise-tally-live-results-updates |website=First Post |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103202425/https://www.firstpost.com/kerala-assembly-election-2021/alliance-party-wise-tally-live-results-updates |url-status=live }}</ref>

LDF has been in power in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|State Legislature of Kerala]] under [[E. K. Nayanar]] (1980–81, 1987–91, 1996–2001),<ref>{{Cite web |title=KERALA NIYAMASABHA E.K.NAYANAR |url=http://www.stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/e_k_nayanar.php |website=stateofkerala.in |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528032719/https://stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/e_k_nayanar.php |url-status=live }}</ref> [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] (2006-11),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Council of Ministers:2006–2011 |url=http://keralaassembly.org/ministry2006.html |website=keralaassembly.org |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818104847/http://www.keralaassembly.org/ministry2006.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] (2016–current).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Ministers of kerala |url=https://kerala.gov.in/chief-ministers-since-1957 |website=kerala.gov.in |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817230704/https://kerala.gov.in/chief-ministers-since-1957 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[E. K. Nayanar]] served as the Chief Minister of Kerala for 11 years and later became the longest serving [[Chief Minister of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=E.K.Nayanar |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m474.htm |website=niyamasabha.org |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=8 September 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130908154040/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m474.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The alliance led by [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] returned to power in [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016 Assembly Election]] winning 91 out of 140 seats and further increasing its tally to 99 seats in the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly Election]]. Pinarayi Vijayan became the first [[Chief minister of Kerala]] to be re-elected after completing a full term (five years) in office after a [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|historic election in 2021]] where an incumbent government was re-elected for the first time in 40 years.<ref name="The Economic Times">{{Cite news |title=LDF shatters Kerala's 40-year record, Pinarayi Vijayan now the Marxist Helmsman |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/kerala/ldf-shatters-keralas-40-year-record-pinarayi-vijayan-now-the-marxist-helmsman/articleshow/82359214.cms?from=mdr |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206100814/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/kerala/ldf-shatters-keralas-40-year-record-pinarayi-vijayan-now-the-marxist-helmsman/articleshow/82359214.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{communism sidebar}}

== History ==
{{See also|Communism in Kerala}}

=== Early years (1957–1979) ===
[[File:Kerala Council of Ministers 1957 EMS.jpg|thumb|center|420x420px|[[First Namboodiripad ministry|1st cabinet ministry]] of Kerala led by [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] (1957)]]
The political scenario in Kerala (1957–1980) was characterized by continually shifting alliances, party mergers and splits, factionalism within the coalitions and within political parties, and the formation of a numerous splinter groups.<ref name="UN1" /> [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] was the first assembly election in the Indian state of Kerala. The Communist Party of India won the election with 60 seats. The election led to the formation of first democratically elected communist government in India. A [[Communist Party of India|Communist]]-led government under E. M. S. Namboodiripad resulted from the first elections for the new Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1957, making him the first communist leader in India to head a popularly elected government.<ref name="tornquist91">{{Cite journal |last=Olle Törnquist |year=1991 |title=Communists and democracy: Two Indian cases and one debate |url=http://criticalasianstudies.org/assets/files/bcas/v23n02.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars |publisher=Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=63–76 |doi=10.1080/14672715.1991.10413152 |issn=0007-4810 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811034858/http://criticalasianstudies.org/assets/files/bcas/v23n02.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=20 September 2011 |quote=The first democratically elected communist-led government in India actually came to power in 1957 in the southwest-Indian state of Kerala. Two years later this government was undemocratically toppled-by the union government and the Congress-I party with Indira Gandhi in the forefront. But the communists were reelected and led several of the following state governments.}}</ref><ref name="SinghKarafin2009">{{Cite book |last1=Sarina Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KnLFpjEHpUC |title=South India |last2=Amy Karafin |last3=Anirban Mahapatra |date=1 September 2009 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74179-155-6 |access-date=6 January 2013 |archive-date=24 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924112157/https://books.google.com/books?id=8KnLFpjEHpUC |url-status=live }}</ref> It was one of the first Communist governments to be democratically elected, after Communist successes in the [[1945 San Marino general election|1945 elections]] in the [[Republic of San Marino]], a [[European microstate|microstate in Europe, and the 1946 Czechoslovak elections]].[https://www.ssag.sk/studovna/files/ELECTIONS-OF-1946.pdf]<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news |last=K.G. Kumar |date=12 April 2007 |title=50 years of development |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/50-years-of-development/article1655056.ece?ref=archive |access-date=30 August 2013 |archive-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106032608/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/50-years-of-development/article1655056.ece?ref=archive |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Desai2006">{{Cite book |last=Manali Desai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=60m9znJQmmkC&pg=PA142 |title=State Formation and Radical Democracy in India |date=27 November 2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-96774-4 |page=142 |access-date=31 August 2013 |archive-date=24 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924112157/https://books.google.com/books?id=60m9znJQmmkC&pg=PA142 |url-status=live }}</ref> The coalition politics of Kerala began with [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|second election]] held to the state legislative assembly in 1960.<ref name="UN1">{{Cite web |date=19 March 2007 |title=India |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,AUS_RRT,,IND,,4b6fe22b5,0.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416005158/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,AUS_RRT,,IND,,4b6fe22b5,0.html |archive-date=16 April 2013 |access-date=11 August 2019 |publisher=Australia: Refugee Review Tribunal |via=archive.is}}</ref> The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] first came into power in Kerala in 1967, under [[United Front (1967–1969, Kerala)|Seven party front]], which was an alliance of CPI(M), [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]], and four other parties.<ref>Luke Koshi, Saritha S. Balan (19 June 2017). [https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-chronicles-when-coalition-7-political-parties-came-together-only-fall-apart-63905 "Kerala chronicles: When a coalition of 7 political parties came together only to fall apart"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419205848/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-chronicles-when-coalition-7-political-parties-came-together-only-fall-apart-63905 |date=19 April 2021 }}. ''The News Minute''. Retrieved 1 January 2018.</ref> In 1970's, the major political parties in the state were unified under two major coalitions, one of them led by [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Communist Party of India]] and the other by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].

=== Formation of LDF (1979) ===
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, two main pre-poll political alliances were formed: the Left Democratic Front (LDF), led by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and [[Communist Party of India]] and the United Democratic Front (UDF), led by the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="UN1" /> These pre-poll political alliances of Kerala have stabilized strongly in such a manner that, with rare exceptions, most of the coalition partners stick their loyalty to the respective alliances (Left Democratic Front or United Democratic Front).

=== Left Democratic Front (1980–present) ===
[[File:Kerala Council of Ministers 1987 EK Nayanar.jpg|thumb|left|420x420px|[[Second E. K. Nayanar ministry|2nd Nayanar Ministry (1987)]]]]
LDF first came into power in [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980 election]] under the leadership of [[E. K. Nayanar]] sworn in as the [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] on 26 March 1980<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of Kerala legislature – Government of Kerala, India |url=https://kerala.gov.in/history-of-kerala-legislature |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814235820/https://kerala.gov.in/history-of-kerala-legislature |archive-date=14 August 2020 |access-date=2019-05-26 |website=kerala.gov.in |ref=history-of-kerala-legislature}}</ref> for the first time in 1980. He formed government with the support of [[Congress (A)]] under [[A. K. Antony]] and [[Kerala Congress]] under [[K. M. Mani]], Nayanar later became the longest serving [[Chief Minister of Kerala]], ever since [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980 election]], the power has been clearly alternating between the two alliances till the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]].<ref name="UN1" /> LDF has won 6 out of 10 elections since the formation of the alliance in 1980. Since 1980, none of alliances in Kerala has been re-elected till the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]. The [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]], [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]] elections led [[E. K. Nayanar]], and the [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]] elections led by [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] formed governments and completed their full terms but were not re-elected. In 2016, LDF won the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016 election]] led by [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] and had a historic re-election in [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 election]] where an incumbent government was re-elected for first time in 40 years. [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] is the first [[Chief minister of Kerala]] to be re-elected after completing a full term (five years) in office.<ref name="The Economic Times"/>

=== List of LDF Conveners ===
{{multiple image
| header = Founders of the LDF
| direction = horizontal
| caption_align = center
| image1 = EMS Namboodiripad 2001 stamp of India (cropped).jpg
| width1 = 150
| caption1 = '''[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]'''
| image2 = P.K. Vasudevan Nair.jpg
| width2 = 150
| caption2 = '''[[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]]'''
|background color = #FFC6C4
|align = right
}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = E.K.Nayanar 1.jpg
| caption1 = '''[[E. K. Nayanar]]''' Longest serving [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief minister of Kerala]]
}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" text-align:center"
! data-sort-type=number ! Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"| No
! Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"| Portrait
! Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"| Name
! Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"| Year
|-
!1
|[[File:Blank.svg|80px]]
|P. V. Kunjikannan
|1980–1986
|-
!2
|
|[[T. K. Ramakrishnan]]
|1986–1987
|-
!3
|[[File:Comrade MM Lawrence.jpg|80px]]
|[[M. M. Lawrence]]
|1987–1998
|-
!4
|[[File:V. S. Achuthanandan.JPG|80px]]
|[[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
|1998–2001
|-
!5
|[[File:Blank.svg|80px]]
|[[Paloli Mohammed Kutty]]
|2001–2006
|-
!6
|[[File:Vaikom viswan.JPG|80px]]
|[[Vaikom Viswan]]
|2006–2018
|-
!7
|[[File:A.vijayaraghavan4.jpg|80px]]
|[[A. Vijayaraghavan]]
|2018–2022
|-
!8
|[[File:E P Jayarajan Minister.jpg|80px]]
|[[E. P. Jayarajan]]
|2022–2024<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-31 |title=E P Jayarajan no longer LDF convener, Ramakrishnan will replace him: CPI(M) |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/e-p-jayarajan-ldf-convener-ramakrishnan-replace-him-cpim-9543289/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!9
|[[File:T.P. Ramakrishnan.jpg|80px]]
|[[T. P. Ramakrishnan]]
|2024–present<ref name=":1" />
|}

== Current members ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Current members<ref>{{Cite news |last=TNN |date=27 December 2018 |title=Kerala: Four new parties find berths in LDF |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/four-new-parties-find-berths-in-ldf/articleshow/67263056.cms |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506121133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/four-new-parties-find-berths-in-ldf/articleshow/67263056.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2020 |title=Kerala Congress (M) Jose K Mani faction joins LDF |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-congress-m-jose-k-mani-faction-joins-ldf-135319 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=The News Minute|archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527072330/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-congress-m-jose-k-mani-faction-joins-ldf-135319 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="3"|Party
! Ideology
! colspan="2"|Kerala Unit Leader
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; text-align: center;" |
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|75px|centre]]
| '''[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]'''
|[[Marxism-Leninism]] [[Socialism]] [[Secularism]] [[Anti-imperialism]]
| [[File:M. V. Govindan Master 01 4.jpg|90px]]
| [[M. V. Govindan]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; text-align: center;" |
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|75px|centre]]
| '''[[Communist Party of India]]'''
|[[Marxism-Leninism]] [[Socialism]] [[Secularism]] [[Anti-imperialism]]
| [[File:Binoy vishwam.jpg|90px]]
|[[Binoy Viswam]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}}; text-align: center;" |
| [[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|75px|centre]]
| '''[[Kerala Congress (M)]]'''
| [[Democratic socialism]]
| [[File:Jose K. Mani, MP.jpg|90px]]
|[[Jose K. Mani]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Socialist Janata Dal}}; text-align: center;" |
| [[File:Indian Socialist Janata Dal Flag.png|75px]]
| '''[[Indian Socialist Janata Dal]]'''
|[[Democratic socialism]]
| [[File:Mathew T. Thomas.jpg|90px]]
|[[Mathew T. Thomas]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]}}; text-align:center;" |
| |[[File:NCP-SP flag.jpg|75px|centre]]
| '''[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]'''
| [[Gandhian socialism]] [[Secularism]]
|
|[[Thomas K. Thomas]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}; text-align:center;" |
| [[File:RJD Flag.svg|75px|centre]]
| '''[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]'''
| [[Socialism]] [[Left-wing populism]]
| [[File:MV Shreyams Kumar.jpg|90px]]
|[[M. V. Shreyams Kumar]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Kerala Congress (B)}}; text-align: center;" |
| [[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|75px|centre]]
| '''[[Kerala Congress (B)]]'''
| [[Democratic socialism]]
| [[File:Ganeshkumar.k.b.JPG|90px]]
|[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National League}}; text-align: center;" |
|[[File:INL FLAG.png|75px|centre]]
| '''[[Indian National League]]'''
| [[Secularism]] [[Social justice]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|90px]]
|[[Ahamed Devarkovil]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Congress (Secular)}}; text-align: center;" |
| [[File:Congress (Secular) Flag.png|75px|centre]]
| '''[[Congress (Secular)]]'''
| [[Gandhian socialism]] [[Secularism]]
| [[File:Kadannappally Ramachandran.jpg|90px]]
|[[Kadannappalli Ramachandran]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janadhipathya Kerala Congress}}; text-align: center;" |
| [[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|75px|centre]]
| '''[[Janadhipathya Kerala Congress]]'''
|[[Socialism]]
| [[File:Antony Raju.png|90px]]
|[[Antony Raju]]
|-
|}

=== Associate Members ===
'''The following are the associate member parties in LDF:'''<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kerala politics: Indian National League and National Secular Conference appear to part ways|newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 July 2021 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-politics-indian-national-league-and-national-secular-conference-appear-to-part-ways/article35174128.ece |last1=Govind |first1=Biju }}</ref>

*[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kunjumon's new party by month-end
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kunjumons-new-party-by-month-end/articleshow/50816645.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2 February 2016|access-date=20 March 2026}}</ref>
* [[Kerala Congress (Skaria Thomas)]]
*[[National Secular Conference]]
*[[Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy|Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy (Left)]]
*[[Marxist-Leninist Party of India (Red Flag)]]
*[[Indian National League|National League]] (leader – Abdul Wahab)<ref>{{cite web | title=INL Wahab faction announces new party, assures support to LDF | date=6 March 2024 | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/wahab-faction-to-stand-strong-with-ldf-1.9383290 }}</ref>
*[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]

== Chief ministers ==
{{main|List of chief ministers of Kerala}}

=== List of chief ministers from Left Democratic Front in Kerala (1980–present) ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:center;"style="font-size: 90%"
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" |No{{efn|A number in parentheses indicates that the incumbent has previously held office}}
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" |Portrait
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" |Name{{efn|Year in parentheses indicates life span}}
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" colspan="3" scope="col" |Tenure
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" | Total
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" colspan="2" |Party{{efn|This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.}}
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white"| Ministry
|- style="height: 60px;"
!rowspan=3|1
|rowspan=3| [[File:E.K.Nayanar_1.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=3| [[E. K. Nayanar]] {{Small|(1919–2004)}}
| 25 January 1980
| 20 October 1981
| {{age in years and days|1980|1|25|1981|10|20}}
! rowspan="3" | 10 years, 353 days
!rowspan=6 style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|rowspan=6| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[First Nayanar ministry|Nayanar I]]
|- style="height: 60px;"
| 26 March 1987
| 24 June 1991
| {{age in years and days|1987|3|26|1991|6|24}}
| [[Second Nayanar ministry|Nayanar II]]
|- style="height: 60px;"
| 20 May 1996
| 17 May 2001
| {{age in years and days|1996|5|20|2001|5|17}}
| [[Third Nayanar ministry|Nayanar III]]
|- style="height: 60px;"
!2
| [[File:V. S. Achuthanandan 2016.jpg|100px]]
| [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] {{small|(1923–2025)}}
| 18 May 2006
| 18 May 2011
| {{age in years and days|2006|5|18|2011|5|18}}
! 5 years 0 days
| [[Achuthanandan ministry|Achuthanandan]]
|- style="height: 60px;"
! rowspan="2" |3
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan 2023.tif|100px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] {{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1945)}}
| 25 May 2016
| 19 May 2021
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|2016|5|25}}
! rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|2016|5|25}}
| [[First Vijayan ministry|Pinarayi I]]
|- style="height: 60px;"
| 20 May 2021
| ''Incumbent''
| [[Second Vijayan ministry|Pinarayi II]]
|}

=== List of chief ministers from parties of Left Democratic Front (1957-1980) ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:center;"style="font-size: 90%"
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" |No{{efn|A number in parentheses indicates that the incumbent has previously held office}}
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" |Portrait
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" |Name{{efn|Year in parentheses indicates life span}}
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" colspan="3" scope="col" |Tenure
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" | Total
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" colspan="2" |Party{{efn|This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.}}
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white"| Ministry
|- style="height: 60px;"
!rowspan=2|1
|rowspan=2| [[File:EMS Namboodiripad 2001 stamp of India (cropped) 1.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2| [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] {{Small|(1909–1998)}}
| 5 April 1957
| 31 July 1959
| {{age in years and days|1957|4|5|1959|7|31}}
!rowspan=2| 4 years 357 days
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| [[First Namboodiripad ministry|Namboodiripad I]]
|- style="height: 60px;"
| 6 March 1967
| 1 November 1969
|{{age in years and days|1967|3|6|1969|11|1}}
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[Second Namboodiripad ministry|Namboodiripad II]]
|- style="height: 60px;"
|- style="height: 60px;"
!rowspan=2|2
|rowspan=2| [[File:C. Achutha Menon.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2| [[C. Achutha Menon]] {{Small|(1913–1991)}}
| 1 November 1969
| 3 August 1970
| {{age in years and days|1969|11|1|1970|8|3}}
!rowspan=2| 7 years, 80 days
!rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|rowspan=3| [[Communist Party of India]]
| [[First C. Achutha Menon ministry|Achutha Menon I]]
|-
| 4 October 1970
| 25 March 1977
| {{age in years and days|1970|10|4|1977|3|25}}
| [[Second C. Achutha Menon ministry|Achutha Menon II]]
|- style="height: 60px;"
!3
| [[File:P.K. Vasudevan Nair.jpg|100px]]
| [[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]] {{Small|(1926–2005)}}
| 29 October 1978
| 12 October 1979
| {{age in years and days|1978|10|29|1979|10|12}}
!348 days
| [[P. K. Vasudevan Nair ministry|Vasudevan Nair]]
|- style="height: 60px;"
|}

=== List of political alliances of Kerala in power (1980–present) ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" text-align:center"
|-
! data-sort-type=number | {{Tooltip|No.}}
! colspan="2" |Political alliance
! Total days in governance
! data-sort-type=number | Number of Chief ministers
|-
! data-sort-value="1" | 1
| LDF
|style="background-color: {{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| '''{{formatnum:{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{age in days|1980|01|25|1981|10|20}}+{{age in days|1987|03|26|1991|06|23}}+{{age in days|1996|05|20|2001|05|16}}+{{age in days|2006|05|18|2011|05|17}}+{{age in days|2016|05|25}}}}}}|R}} days'''
| data-sort-type=5 | 3
|-
! data-sort-value="2" | 2
| [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{age in days|1981|12|28|1982|03|17}}+{{age in days|1982|05|24|1987|03|25}}+{{age in days|1991|06|24|1996|05|19}} +{{age in days|2001|05|17|2006|05|17}}+{{age in days|2011|05|18|2016|05|24}} }}}} days
| data-sort-type=5 | 3
|-
|}

== Electoral history ==
===Kerala Legislative Assembly elections===
{{bar box
|float=right
|title={{color|white|Vote share in consecutive Kerala Assembly elections}}
|titlebar= {{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|width=350px
|barwidth=
|bars=
{{bar percent|1982|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|47.25}}
{{bar percent|1987|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|44.97}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|45.88}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|45.88}}
{{bar percent|2001|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|43.70}}
{{bar percent|2006|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|48.63}}
{{bar percent|2011|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|44.94}}
{{bar percent|2016|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|43.48}}
{{bar percent|2021|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|45.43}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Performance of Left Democratic Front, Kerala in Kerala Assembly elections
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" | Election Year
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" | Leader
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" | Seats won
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" | Change
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" | Outcome
|-
![[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan=5|[[E. K. Nayanar]]
|{{Composition bar|93|140|hex={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
|New
| {{partial2|Government, later Opposition}}
|-
![[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|{{Composition bar|63|140|hex={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
|{{decrease}} 30
| {{No2|Opposition}}
|-
![[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|{{Composition bar|78|140|hex={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
|{{increase}} 15
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
![[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|{{Composition bar|48|140|hex={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
|{{decrease}} 42
| {{No2|Opposition}}
|-
![[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|{{Composition bar|80|140|hex={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
|{{increase}} 32
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
![[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan=3|[[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
|{{Composition bar|40|140|hex={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
|{{decrease}} 40
| {{No2|Opposition}}
|-
![[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|{{Composition bar|98|140|hex={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
|{{increase}} 58
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
![[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|{{Composition bar|68|140|hex={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
||{{decrease}} 30
| {{No2|Opposition}}
|-
![[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|rowspan=2|[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
|{{Composition bar|91|140|hex={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
|{{increase}} 23
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
![[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|{{Composition bar|99|140|hex={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
|{{increase}} 8
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
|}
{{Vertical bar chart|1980|93|1982|63|1987|78|1991|48|1996|80|2001|40|2006|98|2011|68|2016|91|2021|99|full_name=All time-LDF Kerala assembly seat count (For majority=70 seats)|type=demographic|color=red}}
==== Assembly election result by alliance ====
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Election
! colspan="3" |Seats won
! rowspan="2" |Ruling Coalition
! rowspan="2" |Majority
|-
!style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | LDF!! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | UDF!! Others
|-
![[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" |'''93'''
|46
|1
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | LDF
|style="color:#DB0000;"|'''47'''
|-
![[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]||63||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white|'''77'''|| 0 ||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | UDF
|style="color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|'''14'''
|-
![[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]] ||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|'''78'''|| 61||1 ||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | LDF
|style="color:#FF0000;"|'''17'''
|-
! [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || 48 || style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" |'''90'''|| 2 || style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | UDF
|style="color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|'''40'''
|-
! [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]] ||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"| '''80'''|| 59 || 1 ||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | LDF
|style="color:#FF0000;"|'''21'''
|-
! [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]] || 40 || style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white"|'''99'''|| 1 || style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | UDF
|style="color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|'''59'''
|-
! [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]] ||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|'''98'''|| 42 || 0 ||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | LDF
|style="color:#FF0000;"|'''56'''
|-
! [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]] || 68 || style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white"|'''72'''|| 0 || style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | UDF
|style="color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|'''4'''
|-
! [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]] ||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" |'''91'''|| 47 || 2 ||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | LDF
|style="color:#FF0000;"|'''44'''
|-
! [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]] ||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|'''99'''|| 41 ||0 || style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | LDF
|style="color:#FF0000;"|'''58'''
|}

===Indian General Elections (Lok Sabha)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Performance of Left Democratic Front, Kerala in Lok Sabha elections
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white"| Election Year
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white"| Legislature
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white"| Seats won / contested
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white"| Change in seats
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white"| Total votes
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white"| {{abbr|Per.|Percent}} of votes
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white"| Change in vote %
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white"| {{ref.}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[7th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|12|20|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
|{{increase}} 12
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1980 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=86}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[1984 Indian general election in Kerala|1984]]
|[[8th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|2|20|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 10
|4,607,568
|42.24%
|N/A
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1984 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=81}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1985/Vol_I_LS_85.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1985 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=15}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[1989 Indian general election in Kerala|1989]]
|[[9th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|3|20|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|6,370,627
|42.93%
|{{increase}} 0.70%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1989 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=88}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[1991 Indian general election in Kerala|1991]]
|[[10th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|4|20|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|6,446,253
|44.28%
|{{increase}} 1.35%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1991 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=58}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1992/GE_VOL_I_92.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1992 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=13}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[1996 Indian general election in Kerala|1996]]
|[[11th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|10|20|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
|{{increase}} 6
|6,469,266
|44.87%
|{{increase}} 0.59%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report: 1996 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=93}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[1998 Indian general election in Kerala|1998]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|9|20|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|6,628,189
|44.55%
|{{decrease}} 0.32%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report: 1998 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=92 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[1999 Indian general election in Kerala|1999]]
|[[13th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|9|20|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|6,713,244
|43.70%
|{{decrease}} 0.85%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1999 Vol. 1 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=92 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[2004 Indian general election in Kerala|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|18|20|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
|{{increase}} 9
|6,962,151
|46.15%
|{{increase}} 2.45%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report: 2004 Vol. 1 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=101}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|4|20|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 14
|6,717,418
|41.89%
|{{decrease}} 4.26%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/12_PerformanceOfNationalParties.pdf |title=LS 2009: Performance of National Parties |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[2014 Indian general election in Kerala|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|8|20|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
|{{increase}} 4
|7,211,257
|40.12%
|{{decrease}} 1.77%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/4%20-%20List%20of%20Successful%20Candidates.pdf |title=LS 2014: List of successful candidates |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=93}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[2019 Indian general election in Kerala|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|1|20|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 7
|7,156,387
|36.29%
|{{decrease}} 3.83%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10987-4-list-of-successful-candidate |title=LS 2019: List of successful candidates |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=11 October 2019 |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[2024 Indian general election in Kerala|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|1|20|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|6,590,526
|33.34%
|{{decrease}} 2.95%
|
|}

=== In Kerala Municipal Corporations ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" | Corporation
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" | Seats won/ Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation]]
|rowspan=6 |[[2025 Kerala local elections|2025]]
|{{Composition bar|29|100|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Kozhikode Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Composition bar|35|75|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[Kochi Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Composition bar|20|74|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Kollam Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Composition bar|16|55|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Composition bar|11|55|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Kannur Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Composition bar|15|55|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|}

== List of elected members ==
=== Kerala Legislative Assembly ===
The LDF is the ruling alliance in Kerala which has 99 seats out of the 140 in the [[Kerala Niyamasabha]].
[[File:2021 Kerala election result.svg|thumb|300px|Map of Kerala showing 2021 State Legislative Assembly Election Results]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:30px;"|No.
! style="width:325px;"|Party
! style="width:50px;"|Current No. of MLAs in Assembly
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; text-align: center;" | 1
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 62
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; text-align: center;" | 2
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 17
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}}; text-align: center;" | 3
| [[Kerala Congress (M)]]
| style="text-align: center;" |5
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}; text-align:center;" | 4
| [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 2
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}; text-align: center;" | 5
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 2
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Kerala Congress (B)}}; text-align: center;" | 6
| [[Kerala Congress (B)]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Loktantrik Janata Dal }}; text-align: center;" | 7
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (Previously [[Loktantrik Janata Dal|LJD]])
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National League}}; text-align: center;" | 8
| [[Indian National League]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Congress (Secular)}}; text-align: center;" | 9
| [[Congress (Secular)]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janadhipathya Kerala Congress}}; text-align: center;" | 10
| [[Janadhipathya Kerala Congress]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National League}}; text-align: center;" | 11
| [[National Secular Conference]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; text-align: center;" | 12
| [[Independent politician|LDF Supported Independents]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 4
|-
|
|'''Total Seats'''
|style="text-align: center;" | 98
|-
|}
The following list shows the MLAs belonging to LDF in the Niyamasabha.

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
{{Party index link|Communist Party of India}}
{{Party index link|Kerala Congress (M)}}
{{Party index link|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
{{Party index link|Loktantrik Janata Dal}}
{{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}

{{Party index link|Indian National League}}
{{Party index link|Kerala Congress (B)}}
{{Party index link|Congress (Secular)}}
{{Party index link|Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)}}
{{Party index link|National Secular Conference}}

{{Party index link|Independent (politician)}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! scope="col" | Sl.no
! scope="col" | Constituency
! scope="col" | Name of the elected MLA
! scope="col" | Party affiliation
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Kasaragod district|'''Kasaragod district''']]
|-
| 1 ||[[Udma (State Assembly constituency)|Udma]] ||[[C. H. Kunhambu]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 2 || [[Kanhangad (State Assembly constituency)|Kanhangad]] ||[[E. Chandrasekharan]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" | [[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''']]
|-
| 3 ||[[Thrikaripur (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikaripur]] ||[[M. Rajagopal]]an|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Kannur district|'''Kannur district''']]
|-
| 4 ||[[Payyanur (State Assembly constituency)|Payyanur]] ||[[T. I. Madusoodhanan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 5 ||[[Kalliasseri (State Assembly constituency)|Kalliasseri]] ||[[M. Vijin|M.Vijin]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 6 ||[[Taliparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Taliparamba]] ||[[M. V. Govindan|M.V Govindan Master]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 7 ||[[Kannur (State Assembly constituency)|Kannur]] ||[[Kadannappalli Ramachandran]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Congress (Secular)}}" | [[Congress (Secular)|'''Cong (S)''']]
|-
| 8 ||[[Dharmadom (State Assembly constituency)|Dharmadom]] ||[[Pinarayi Vijayan]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 9 ||[[Thalassery (State Assembly constituency)|Thalassery]] ||[[A. N. Shamseer]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 10 ||[[Kuthuparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Kuthuparamba]] ||[[K. P. Mohanan|K.P Mohanan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Loktantrik Janata Dal }}" | [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|-
| 11 ||[[Mattanur (State Assembly constituency)|Mattanur]] ||[[K. K. Shailaja]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 12 ||[[Azhikode (State Assembly constituency)|Azhikode]]||[[K. V. Sumesh|K.V Sumesh]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]

|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Wayanad district|'''Wayanad district''']]
|-
| 13 ||[[Mananthavady (State Assembly constituency)|Mananthavady]] ||[[O. R. Kelu]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Kozhikode district|'''Kozhikode district''']]
|-
| 14 ||[[Nadapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Nadapuram]]||[[E. K. Vijayan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" | [[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''']]
|-
| 15 ||[[Koyilandy (State Assembly constituency)|Koyilandy]]||[[Kanathil Jameela]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 16 ||[[Perambra (State Assembly constituency)|Perambra]]||[[T. P. Ramakrishnan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 17 ||[[Balussery (State Assembly constituency)|Balussery]]||[[K. M. Sachin Dev|K.M Sachin Dev]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 18 ||[[Elathur (State Assembly constituency)|Elathur]]||[[A. K. Saseendran]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | [[Nationalist Congress Party|'''NCP''']]
|-
| 19 || [[Kozhikode North (State Assembly constituency)|Kozhikode North]]||[[Thottathil Raveendran]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 20 ||[[Beypore (State Assembly constituency)|Beypore]]||[[P. A. Mohammed Riyas|P.A Muhammed Riyas]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 21 ||[[Kunnamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnamangalam]]||[[P. T. A. Rahim]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|National Secular Conference}}" | [[National Secular Conference|'''NSC''']]
|-
| 22 ||[[Kozhikode South (State Assembly constituency)|Kozhikode]]||[[Ahamed Devarkovil]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National League}}" | [[Indian National League|'''INL''']]
|-
| 23 ||[[Thiruvambady (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvambady]]||[[Linto Joseph]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 24 ||[[Kuttiady (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttiyadi]] ||K.P Kunhammad Kutty || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Malappuram district|'''Malappuram district''']]
|-
| 25 ||[[Nilambur (State Assembly constituency)|Nilambur]] || || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|vacant (politician)}}" | [[vacat (politician)|'''vacant''']]
|-
| 26 ||[[Tanur (State Assembly constituency)|Tanur]] ||[[V. Abdurahiman]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 27 ||[[Thavanur (State Assembly constituency)|Thavanur]] ||[[K T Jaleel|K.T. Jaleel]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent (politician)}}" | [[Independent (politician)|'''Independent''']]
|-
| 28 ||[[Ponnani (State Assembly constituency)|Ponnani]] ||[[P. Nandakumar|P.Nandakumar]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Palakkad district|'''Palakkad district''']]
|-
| 29 || [[Pattambi (State Assembly constituency)|Pattambi]] ||[[Muhammed Muhsin (politician)|Muhammed Muhsin]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" | [[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''']]
|-
| 30 || [[Shornur (State Assembly constituency)|Shornur]]||[[P. Mammikutty|P Mammikutty]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 31 ||[[Ottapalam (State Assembly constituency)|Ottapalam]] ||[[K. Premkumar (politician)|K.Premkumar]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 32 || [[Kongad (State Assembly constituency)|Kongad]] ||[[K. Shanthakumari|K.Shanthakumari]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 33 ||[[Malampuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Malampuzha]]||[[A. Prabhakaran|A Prabhakaran]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 34 ||[[Tarur (State Assembly constituency)|Tarur]] ||[[P. P. Sumod|P.P Sumod]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 35 ||[[Chittur (State Assembly constituency)|Chittur]] ||[[K. Krishnankutty]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" | [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]
|-
| 36 || [[Nenmara (State Assembly constituency)|Nenmara]]|| [[K. Babu (CPIM politician)|K. Babu]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 37 ||[[Alathur]] ||[[K. D. Prasenan]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 38 ||[[Thrithala (State Assembly constituency)|Thrithala]] || [[M. B. Rajesh|M.B Rajesh]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]

|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Thrissur district|'''Thrissur district''']]
|-
| 39 ||[[Chelakkara (State Assembly constituency)|Chelakkara]] ||[[U.R Pradeep (politician)|U R Pradeep]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
|40
|[[Wadakkanchery (State Assembly constituency)|Wadakkanchery]]||[[Xavier Chittilappilly]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 41 ||[[Kunnamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnamkulam]]||[[A. C. Moideen]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 42 ||[[Guruvayur (State Assembly constituency)|Guruvayur]]||[[N. K. Akbar|N.K Akbar]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
| 43 || [[Manalur (State Assembly constituency)|Manalur]]||[[Murali Perunelli]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 44 ||[[Ollur (State Assembly constituency)|Ollur]]||[[K. Rajan (politician)|K. Rajan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" | [[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''']]
|-
| 45 ||[[Thrissur (State Assembly constituency)|Thrissur]]||[[P. Balachandran (politician)|P Balachandran]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" | [[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''']]
|-
| 46 ||[[Nattika (State Assembly constituency)|Nattika]]||[[C. C. Mukundan|C.C Mukundan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" | [[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''']]
|-
| 47 || [[Kaipamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kaipamangalam]]|| [[E. T. Tyson]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" | [[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''']]
|-
| 48 ||[[Irinjalakuda (State Assembly constituency)|Irinjalakuda]]||[[R. Bindu|R Bindhu]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 49 || [[Puthukkad (State Assembly constituency)|Puthukkad]]||[[K. Ramachandran|K.K Ramachandran]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 51 || [[Kodungallur (State Assembly constituency)|Kodungallur]] ||[[V. R. Sunil Kumar]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" | [[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''']]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Ernakulam district|'''Ernakulam district''']]
|-
| 52 ||[[Vypeen]] ||[[K.P. Unnikrishnan|K.N Unnikrishnan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 53 ||[[Kalamassery (State Assembly constituency)|Kalamasseri]] ||[[P. Rajeev (Kerala)|P.Rajeev]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 54 ||[[Kochi (State Assembly constituency)|Kochi]]||[[K. J. Maxi]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 55 ||[[Kothamangalam, Ernakulam|Kothamangalam]]||[[Antony John]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
|56 || [[Kunnathunad (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnathunadu]] ||P.V Sreenijan || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Idukki district|'''Idukki district''']]
|-
| 57 ||[[Devikulam]] ||[[A. Raja|A Raja]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 58 ||[[Udumbanchola]] ||[[M. M. Mani]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 59 ||[[Peerumade]] ||[[E. S. Bijimol]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" | [[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''']]
|-
|60 ||[[Idukki (State Assembly constituency)|Idukki]] ||[[Roshy Augustine]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}}" | [[Kerala Congress (M)|'''KC(M)''']]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Kottayam district|'''Kottayam district''']]
|-
| 61 ||[[Vaikom (State Assembly constituency)|Vaikom]] ||[[C. K. Asha]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" | [[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''']]
|-
| 62 ||[[Ettumanoor]] ||[[V. N. Vasavan|V.N Vasavan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
|63 ||[[Changanassery (State Assembly constituency)|Changanassery]] ||Adv [[Job Michael]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}}" | [[Kerala Congress (M)|'''KC(M)''']]
|-
|64|| [[Poonjar (State Assembly constituency)|Poonjar]] ||[[Sebastian Kulathunkal]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}}" | [[Kerala Congress (M)|'''KC(M)''']]
|-
|65 ||[[Kanjirappally (State Assembly constituency)|Kanjirappalli]] ||Dr N Jayaraj || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}}" | [[Kerala Congress (M)|'''KC(M)''']]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Alappuzha district|'''Alappuzha district''']]
|-
| 66 ||[[Cherthala]] ||[[P. Prasad|P.Prasad]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" | [[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''']]
|-
| 67 ||[[Alappuzha]] ||[[P. P. Chitharanjan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 68 ||[[Ambalappuzha]] ||[[H. Salam|H.Salam]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 69 ||[[Kayamkulam]] ||[[Prathiba Hari]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 70 ||[[Mavelikkara]] ||[[M. S. Arun Kumar|M.S Arunkumar]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 71 ||[[Chengannur (State Assembly constituency)|Chengannur]]||[[Saji Cherian]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
|72 || [[Kuttanad (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttanad]] ||[[Thomas K. Thomas]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | [[Nationalist Congress Party|'''NCP''']]
|-
|73 || [[Aroor (State Assembly constituency)|Aroor]] ||[[Daleema|Dhaleema Jojo]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Pathanamthitta district|'''Pathanamthitta district''']]
|-
| 74 ||[[Thiruvalla]] ||[[Mathew T. Thomas]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" | [[Janata Dal (Secular)|'''JD(S)''']]
|-
| 75 ||[[Ranni (State Assembly constituency)|Ranni]] ||Pramod Narayanan || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}}" | [[Kerala Congress (M)|'''KC(M)''']]
|-
| 76 || [[Aranmula (State Assembly constituency)|Aranmula]]||[[Veena George]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 77 ||[[Konni (State Assembly constituency)|Konni]] ||[[K. U. Jenish Kumar]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 78 ||[[Adoor]] ||[[Chittayam Gopakumar]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" | [[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''']]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Kollam district|'''Kollam district''']]
|-
| 79 ||[[Kunnathur (Kerala)|Kunnathur]]||[[Kovoor Kunjumon]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)}}" | [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)|'''RSP (L)''']]
|-
| 80 ||[[Kottarakkara (State Assembly constituency)|Kottarakkara]]||[[K. N. Balagopal|K.N Balagopal]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 81 ||[[Pathanapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Pathanapuram]]||[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress (B)}}" | [[Kerala Congress (B)|'''KC(B)''']]
|-
| 82|| [[Punalur (State Assembly constituency)|Punalur]]||[[P. S. Supal]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" | [[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''']]
|-
| 83 ||[[Chadayamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Chadayamangalam]]||[[J. Chinchu Rani|J.Chinchu Rani]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" | [[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''']]
|-
| 84 ||[[Kollam (State Assembly constituency)|Kollam]]||[[Mukesh (actor)|M. Mukesh]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 85 ||[[Eravipuram (State Assembly constituency)|Eravipuram]]||[[M. Noushad (politician)|M. Noushad]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 86 || [[Chathannoor (State Assembly constituency)|Chathannoor]]||[[G.S. Jayalal]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" | [[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''']]
|-
|87 || [[Chavara (State Assembly constituency)|Chavara]] ||Sujith Vijayan Pillai || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Thiruvananthapuram district|'''Thiruvananthapuram district''']]
|-
| 88 ||[[Varkala]] ||[[V. Joy]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
|89 ||[[Aruvikkara (State Assembly constituency)|Aruvikkara]] ||[[G. Steephen|G.Stephen]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
|90 || [[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemam]] || [[V. Sivankutty|V.Shivankutty]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 91 ||[[Attingal]]|| [[O. S. Ambika|O.S Ambika]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 92 ||[[Chirayinkeezhu]]||[[V. Sasi]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" | [[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''']]
|-
| 93 ||[[Nedumangad]]||[[G. Anil Kumar|G.R Anil]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" | [[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''']]
|-
| 94 || [[Vamanapuram]]||[[D. K. Murali]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 95 ||[[Kazhakoottam]]||[[Kadakampally Surendran]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 96 ||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]|| [[V. K. Prasanth]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
| 97 ||[[Parassala]]||[[C. K. Hareendran]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 98 || [[Kattakkada]] ||[[I. B. Sathish]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 99 ||[[Neyyattinkara]] || [[K. A. Ansalan]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
|100 ||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]] || [[Antony Raju|Adv Antony Raju]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Janadhipathya Kerala Congress}}" | [[Janadhipathya Kerala Congress|'''JKC''']]
|}

=== Rajya Sabha ===
{{Main|List of Rajya Sabha members from Kerala}}

'''Keys:'''

{{legend2|#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (3)
|border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#FF4A4A|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (2) |border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#CC9900|[[Kerala Congress (M)|KC(M)]] (1) |border=solid 1px #000000}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name<ref name="members">{{Cite web |title=Statewise List |url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/memberstatewise.aspx |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=164.100.47.5 |archive-date=5 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205185402/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/memberstatewise.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
! Term start<ref name="term">{{Cite web |title=Statewise Retirement |url=http://164.100.47.5/NewMembers/RetLMemState.aspx |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=164.100.47.5 |archive-date=1 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601202436/http://164.100.47.5/NewMembers/RetLMemState.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
!Term end<ref name="term" />
|-
|1
|[[A. A. Rahim (CPM)|A. A. Rahim]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
|03-Apr-2022
|03-Apr-2028
|-
|2
|[[V. Sivadasan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
|24-Apr-2021
|23-Apr-2027
|-
|3
|[[John Brittas]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
|24-Apr-2021
|23-Apr-2027
|-
|4
|[[P. Santhosh Kumar]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|03-Apr-2022
|03-Apr-2028
|-
|5
|[[P. P. Suneer]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|02-Jul-2024
|01-Jul-2030
|-
|6
|[[Jose K Mani]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}}" |
|[[Kerala Congress (M)|KC(M)]]
|02-Jul-2024
|01-Jul-2030
|-
|}

=== Lok Sabha ===
{{Main|List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha}}

{{legend2|#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (1)|outline=#AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alathur (SC)]]
| [[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]
| bgcolor={{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|}

== Kerala local body elections ==
The Left Democratic Front (LDF), who also forms the [[First Vijayan ministry|state government]], won in more than half of all [[gram panchayat]]s and [[block panchayat]]s, two-thirds of [[District Councils of India|district panchayats]] and in five out of six [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporations]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
[[2020 Kerala local elections]]
! rowspan="3" |Local self-government body
! colspan="4" |Local Bodies in lead
! rowspan="3" |Total
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:black" |
|
|-
!LDF
!UDF
!Others
!Tie
|-
|'''Gram Panchayats'''
|514
|321
|42
|64
!941
|-
|'''Block Panchayats'''
|108
|38
|0
|6
!152
|-
|'''District Panchayats'''
|11
|3
|0
|0 {{Efn|The ties were later resolved, LDF now control 11 and UDF controls 3 district panchayats. Refer Aftermath section|name=|group=}}
!14
|-
|'''Municipalities'''
|43
|41
|2
|0 {{Efn|The ties were later resolved and LDF now control 43 municipalities and UDF controls 41. Refer Aftermath section|name=|group=}}
!86
|-
|'''Corporations'''
|5
|1
|0
|0
!6
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
[[2015 Kerala local elections]]
! rowspan="3" |Local self-government body
! colspan="4" |Local Bodies won
! rowspan="3" |Total
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|
| style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|-
!LDF
!UDF
!NDA
!Others
|-
|Gram Panchayats
|549
|365
|14
|13
!941
|-
|Block Panchayats
|90
|61
|0
|1
!152
|-
|District Panchayats
|7
|7
|0
|0
!14
|-
|Municipalities
|44
|41
|1
|0
!87
|-
|Corporations
|4
|2
|0
|0
!6
|}

== Political activism ==
{{See also|Political activism in Kerala}}
On 7 December 2011, the LDF organized a 208 km human wall demanding the construction of a new dam in place of the present 115-year leaky dam at Mullapperiyar. The human wall was the second-longest of the kind in Kerala which stretched across two districts.<ref name="hindustantimes0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2011 |title=208-km human chain formed for new Kerala dam |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/208-km-human-chain-formed-for-new-kerala-dam/story-e4gFgQat2zy04zn0thHCLM.html |website=Hindustan Times|access-date=19 May 2016 |archive-date=10 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810062415/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/208-km-human-chain-formed-for-new-kerala-dam/story-e4gFgQat2zy04zn0thHCLM.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

LDF launched its website ahead of 2011 Kerala Assembly Election.<ref name="The Hindu report on coalitions launching websites">{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=N.J. |date=18 March 2011 |title=Assembly polls log on to cyberspace |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/18/stories/2011031857970600.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=21 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322214137/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/18/stories/2011031857970600.htm |archive-date=22 March 2011}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala]]
* [[Communism in Kerala]]
* [[United Front (1967–1969, Kerala)]]
* [[Left Front (West Bengal)]]
* [[Politics of Kerala]]
* [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)]]
* [[Political parties in Kerala]]
* [[List of communist parties in India]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Citation |title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf |year=2018 |place=[[Thiruvananthapuram]] |publisher=Secratriat of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala Legislature]]}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140513114743/http://trend.kerala.gov.in/ Official website for election Results]
* [http://ldfkeralam.org/ LDF Keralam]

{{Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
{{Communism}}
{{Marxism–Leninism}}
{{Kerala topics}}

[[Category:Political parties in Kerala]]
[[Category:Political party alliances in India]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1979]]

Saif Ali Janjua

2026-03-19T07:07:27Z

Anis: slightly added article based on references and updated info per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{short description|Platoon Commander in the 1947 Indo-Pakistani War}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Nishan-e-Haider]]
| name = Saif Ali Janjua
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ur
| image = Saif Ali Janjua.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1922|04|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Fatehpur Thakiala Tehsil|Nakyal]], [[Kotli District|Kotli]], [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Kashmir & Jammu]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1948|10|26|1922|04|23|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mendhar Tehsil|Mendhar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| placeofburial =
| allegiance = *{{flag|British India}} {{small|(1941-47)}}
*{{PAK}} {{small|(1947-48)}}
| branch = *{{army|British India}} {{small|(1941-47)}}
*{{army|PAK}} {{small|(1947-48)}}
| unit = [[Royal Engineers|British Indian Royal Corps of Engineers]] {{small|(1941-47)}} [[Azad Kashmir|18 AK Regt]] {{small|(1948)}}
| serviceyears = 1941–1948
| rank = [[File:02.Pakistan Army-CPL.svg|20px]] [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
| battles =
{{tree list}}
* [[Second World War]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]{{KIA}}
{{tree list/end}}
| awards = [[File:Hilal-e-Kashmir.gif|40px]] [[Hilal-e-Kashmir]] [[File:Nishan-e-Haider.png|40px]] [[Nishan-e-Haider]]
| spouse = Zohra Bibi
| children = Muhammad Siddique Muhammad Raffique Tasweer Begum
}}

[[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] '''Saif Ali Janjua''' ({{Langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|سیف علی جنجوعہ}}}}; 23 April 1922 — 26 October 1948) was a Pakistani military officer and posthumous [[war hero]]. A [[non-commissioned officer]] in the [[Azad Kashmir Regiment]], he is best known for being the second recipient of Pakistan's highest military award, the [[Nishan-e-Haider]], which he was awarded posthumously for his actions of valor and gallantry during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948]]. He was also the only recipient of the [[Hilal-e-Kashmir]] award which was later declared as the equivalent of the Nishan-e-Haider.<ref name=PakistanArmy/>

He fought in the [[British Indian Army]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]], and following the [[partition of India]] in 1947, he opted for [[Pakistan]] and joined the [[Pakistan Army]]. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, he served as a [[Platoon leader|platoon commander]] and was [[killed in action]] in the siege of Bhudha Khanna in October 1948.<ref name=PakistanArmy/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Imran|date=2019-11-06|title=Naik Saif Ali Janjua|url=https://www.meemainseen.com/2019/11/saif-ali/|access-date=2020-09-22|website=MANI JUNCTION|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life==
Saif Ali Janjua was born into a family of the [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Janjua|Janjua Rajputs]] to Malik Muhammad Masoom Khan on 23 April 1922 in [[Fatehpur Thakiala Tehsil|Nakyal]], [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Kashmir & Jammu]], [[British India]].<ref name=Tribune>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2326349/army-pays-tribute-to-naik-saif-ali-janjua-on-martyrdom-anniversary|title=Army pays tribute to Naik Saif Ali on martyrdom anniversary|date=26 October 2021|newspaper=The Express Tribune newspaper|access-date=11 November 2025|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026060943/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2326349/army-pays-tribute-to-naik-saif-ali-janjua-on-martyrdom-anniversary}}</ref><ref name=PakistanArmy/>

==Personal life==
Janjua was married to Zohra Bibi and had three children, Muhammad Siddique, Muhammad Raffique, and Tasweer Begum.<ref name=Tribune2>{{cite news|title=A true son of the soil remembered|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2269896/a-true-son-of-the-soil-remembered|newspaper=The Express Tribune newspaper|date=26 October 2020|language=en|quote=He left behind his wife, Zohra Bibi, and three children, Muhammad Siddique, Muhammad Raffique and Tasweer Begum. He had joined the Royal Corps of the British Indian Army as a sepoy on March 18, 1941. He served overseas for four years during World War II. When the war ended, his unit sailed back to the subcontinent, and remained stationed at Jalandhar and Lahore.|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 October 2020|access-date=11 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031120021/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2269896/a-true-son-of-the-soil-remembered}}</ref>

==Military career==

===British Indian Army===
Saif Ali Janjua was enlisted into the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]] in the [[British Indian Army]] as a [[Sepoy]] on 18 March 1941.<ref name=PakistanArmy/> He served for four years during [[World War II]] and when the war ended, his unit sailed back to the [[Indian subcontinent]] and was stationed at [[Jalandhar]] and [[Lahore]].<ref name=Tribune2/>

===Pakistan Army===
When [[Pakistan|Pakistan received Independence in 1947]], he opted to join the [[Pakistan Army]]. On 1 January 1948, with the support of Sardar Fateh Muhammad Karailvi, he established the [[Azad Kashmir Regiment#Units|Haidri Force]] which was named ''Sher-e-Riasti Battalion'' under the command of Lt. Col. Muhammad Sher Khan and later renamed to 18th Battalion. Due to his dedication and leadership qualities, Janjua was promoted to [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] and made [[Platoon Commander]] of the Sher-e-Riasti Battalion, now known as [[Azad Kashmir Regiment|18th Azad Kashmir Regiment]].<ref name=PakistanArmy>{{Cite web|title=Profile of Saif Ali Janjua|url=https://pakistanarmy.gov.pk/Naik-Saif-Ali-Janjua.php|access-date=2025-11-11|website=Pakistan Army website|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107182258/https://pakistanarmy.gov.pk/Naik-Saif-Ali-Janjua.php}}</ref>

He inflicted heavy losses on the enemy at ''Bhudha Khanna'' and repulsed the attacks of the Indian Army's 5th and 19th Brigade at Pir Kalewa on 20 October 1948. While deployed there, he faced constant frontal and crossfire from opposition machine guns. He defended his post and imposed significant losses on the [[Indian Army]].<ref name=PakistanArmy/> The enemy used every means to capture the post with the two companies' attacks and heavy shelling but he still managed to retain his post with just a handful of men.<ref name=Tribune/>

==Death==
During the battle, he was critically injured after being hit in the chest by artillery fire but despite this he crawled to collect ammunition from the dead and wounded soldiers to distribute it amongst the remaining surviving soldiers.<ref name=Tribune/> He was repositioning his surviving troops to defend against another wave of enemy attacks, when he was hit with an artillery shell fatally. He ultimately died on 26 October 1948.<ref name=PakistanArmy/>

===Awarded Posthumously===
On 14 March 1949, the ''Defence Council of Azad Jammu & Kashmir'' posthumously adorned him with the [[Hilal-e-Kashmir]] and on 30 November 1995 the [[Government of Pakistan]] declared his [[Hilal-e-Kashmir]] equivalent to [[Nishan-e-Haider]].<ref name=PakistanArmy/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Nishan-e-Haider|1948=Sif Ali Janjua}}{{authority control}}
{{Pakistan Army template}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Janjua, Saif Ali}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:Pakistani military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:Pakistani military engineers]]
[[Category:Pahari Pothwari people]]
[[Category:People from Kotli District]]
[[Category:People of the India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani military personnel]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian military personnel]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Pakistan Army personnel]]
[[Category:People from Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Recipients of Nishan-e-Haider]]

University of California Press

2026-03-15T21:20:57Z

Anis:

{{short description|American publishing house}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox publisher
| image = University of California Press logo.svg
| parent = [[University of California]]
| status =
| founded = 1893
| founder =
| successor =
| country = [[United States]]
| headquarters = [[Berkeley, California]]
| distribution = [[Ingram Publisher Services]] (US) [[John Wiley & Sons]] (UK) Footprint Books (Australia)<ref>{{cite web |title=Booksellers – University of California Press |access-date=2018-02-06 |url=https://www.ucpress.edu/resources.php?p=booksellers}}</ref>
| keypeople =
| publications = [[Book]]s, [[academic journal|journal]]s
| topics =
| genre =
| imprints =
| revenue =
| numemployees =
| nasdaq =
| url = {{URL|https://ucpress.edu}}
}}
[[File:ASA conference 2008 - 19.JPG|thumb|2008 conference booth]]

The '''University of California Press''', otherwise known as '''UC Press''', is a [[publishing house]] associated with the [[University of California]] that engages in [[academic publishing]]. It was founded in 1893<ref name="Camhi2013">{{cite book |first=Jeff |last=Camhi |title=A Dam in the River: Releasing the Flow of University Ideas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3qodTxXkEgEC&pg=PA149 |access-date=31 August 2013 |date=15 April 2013 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-0-87586-989-6 |pages=149– }}</ref> to publish scholarly and scientific works by faculty of the University of California, established 25 years earlier in 1868.

As the publishing arm of the [[University of California]] system, the press publishes over 250 new books and almost four dozen multi-issue journals annually, in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, and maintains approximately 4,000 book titles in print.<ref name=officialweb>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucpress.edu |title=University of California Press |website=University of California Press}}</ref> It is also the digital publisher of Collabra and Luminos [[open access]] (OA) initiatives.

The press has its administrative office in downtown [[Oakland, California]], an editorial branch office in [[Los Angeles]], and a sales office in [[New York City]], and distributes through marketing offices in Great Britain, Asia, Australia, and Latin America. A Board consisting of senior officers of the University of California, holds responsibility for the operations of the press, and authorizes and approves all manuscripts for publication. The Editorial Committee consists of distinguished faculty members representing the university's nine campuses.<ref name="ucop">{{cite web |title=University of California Press | UCOP |url=https://www.ucop.edu/academic-personnel-programs//programs-and-initiatives/faculty-resources-advancement/faculty-handbook-sections/university-of-california-press.html |website=www.ucop.edu}}</ref>

The press commissioned as its corporate typeface [[University of California Old Style]] from type designer [[Frederic Goudy]] from 1936 to 1938, although it no longer always uses the design.<ref name="A Half-Century of Type Design and Typography: 1895–1945, Volume 2">{{cite book |last=Goudy |first=Frederic |author-link=Frederic Goudy|title=A Half-Century of Type Design and Typography: 1895-1945, Volume 1 |year=1946 |publisher=The Typophiles |location=New York |pages=216–219 |url=https://archive.org/details/GoudyHalfCentury1946V2 |access-date=26 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Carter">{{cite web |last=Carter |first=Matthew |title=Goudy, the good ol' boy (Bruckner biography review) |url=http://www.eyemagazine.com/review/article/goudy-the-good-ol-boy |website=Eye Magazine |access-date=5 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Shaw on Goudy">{{cite web |last1=Shaw |first1=Paul |title=An appreciation of Frederic W. Goudy as a type designer |url=http://www.paulshawletterdesign.com/2014/03/an-appreciation-of-frederic-w-goudy-as-a-type-designer/ |access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="A Bull in the Typography Shop">{{cite news |last1=Updike |first1=John |author-link=John Updike |title=A Bull in the Typography Shop: a review of ''Frederic Goudy'' by D.J.R. Bruckner |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/16/books/a-bull-in-the-typography-shop.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=16 December 1990 |access-date=5 February 2016}}</ref>

University of California Press joined the [[Association of American Publishers]] trade organization in the [[Hachette v. Internet Archive]] lawsuit which resulted in the removal of access to over 500,000 books from global readers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://help.archive.org/help/why-are-so-many-books-listed-as-borrow-unavailable-at-the-internet-archive/ | title=Why are so many books listed as "Borrow Unavailable" at the Internet Archive – Internet Archive Help Center }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://publishers.org/who-we-are/our-members/ | title=Our Members - AAP | date=26 September 2019 }}</ref>

== Notable books ==
*''[[Language as Symbolic Action]]'', [[Kenneth Burke]] (1966)
*''[[The Teachings of Don Juan|The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way of Knowledge]]'', [[Carlos Castaneda]] (1968)
*''Technicians of the Sacred: A Range of Poetries from Africa, America, Asia, Europe and Oceania'', Jerome Rothenberg (1968; 50th anniversary edition 2017)
*''[[The Mysterious Stranger]]'', [[Mark Twain]] (definitive edition) (1969, based on work first published in 1916)
*''[[Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution]]'' (1969)
*''[[The Making of a Counter Culture]],'' Theodore Roszak (1970)
*''[[Self-Consuming Artifacts|Self-Consuming Artifacts: The Experience of Seventeenth-Century Literature]]'', [[Stanley Fish]] (1972)
*''[[The Ancient Economy (book)|The Ancient Economy]]'', [[Moses I. Finley]] (1973)
*''[[Joan of Arc: The Image of Female Heroism]]'', [[Marina Warner]] (1981)
*''Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education'', Nel Noddings (1984, 2nd edition 2003)
*''[[Strong Democracy|Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age]]'', [[Benjamin R. Barber]] (1984)
*''[[Art in the San Francisco Bay Area (book)|Art in the San Francisco Bay Area]]'', Thomas Albright (1985)
*''[[Religious Experience (book)|Religious Experience]]'', [[Wayne Proudfoot]] (1985)
*''[[The War Within: America's Battle over Vietnam]]'', Tom Wells (1994)
*''[[A Little Yes and a Big No|George Grosz: An Autobiography]]'', [[George Grosz]] (translated by Nora Hodges) (published 1998, written in 1946, translated in 1955)
*''[[Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy]]'', [[Kevin Bales]] (1999)
*''[[Mama Lola|Mama Lola: A Vodou Priestess in Brooklyn]]'', [[Karen McCarthy Brown]] (2001)
*''[[A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America]]'', [[Michael Barkun]] (2003)
*''[[Beyond Chutzpah|Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History]]'', [[Norman G. Finkelstein]] (2005)
*''[[Autobiography of Mark Twain]]: Volume One'', [[Mark Twain]] (2010)
*''[[Revival from Below]]'', Brannon D. Ingram (2018)
*''[[Perfecting Women]]'', Barbara D. Metcalf (1992)

== Open access (OA) programs at UC Press ==
; Collabra (journals)
Collabra is University of California Press's open access journal program. The Collabra program currently publishes two open access journals, ''Collabra: Psychology ''and'' Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene'', with plans for continued expansion and journal acquisition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.collabra.org/|title=Collabra: Psychology|website=www.collabra.org}}</ref>

; Luminos (monographs)
Luminos is University of California Press's open access response to the challenged monograph landscape. With the same high standards for selection, peer review, production, and marketing as its traditional book publishing program, Luminos is a transformative model, built as a partnership where costs and benefits are shared.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.luminosoa.org/|title=University of California Press|website=www.luminosoa.org}}</ref>

; UC Press E-Books Collection, 1982-2004
The UC Press E-Books Collection, 1982-2004, of which, more than 700 of the almost 2,000 books of topics, including art, science, history, music, religion, and fiction, are available to the public. Access to the entire collection of electronic books is open to all University of California faculty, staff, and students.<ref>{{cite web |title=UC Press E-Books Collection, 1982-2004 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/ |website=publishing.cdlib.org |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Public Titles Only - UC Press E-Books Collection, 1982-2004: Browse |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/search?facet=subject;rights=Public |website=publishing.cdlib.org}}</ref>

{{anchor|Boom California}}
;BOOM California
''BOOM California'' is a free refereed online publication of the University of California Press.<ref name="boomcalifornia/about">{{cite web |title=About |url=https://boomcalifornia.org/about/ |website=Boom California |access-date=11 November 2025 |date=6 September 2016}}</ref>

== Notable series ==
The University of California Press re-printed a number of novels under the ''California Fiction'' series from 1996 to 2001. These titles were selected for their literary merit and for their illumination of California history and culture.<ref>{{cite book |last1=See |first1=Carolyn |title=Golden Days |date=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0520206738}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=California Fiction |url=http://www.ucpress.edu/series.php?ser=cf&s=pd&o=desc&r=10&page=1 |website=University of California Press |access-date=14 October 2015}}</ref>
*''The Ford'' by [[Mary Hunter Austin|Mary Austin]]
*''Thieves' Market'' by [[A.I. Bezzerides]]
*''Disobedience'' by Michael Drinkard
*''Words of My Roaring'' by Ernest J. Finney
*''Skin Deep'' by [[Guy Garcia]]
*''Fat City'' by Leonard Gardiner
*''Chez Chance'' by Jay Gummerman
*''Continental Drift'' by [[James D. Houston]]
*''The Vineyard'' by [[Idwal Jones (academic)|Idwal Jones]]
*''In the Heart of the Valley of Love'' by [[Cynthia Kadohata]]
*''[[Always Coming Home]]'' by [[Ursula K. Le Guin]]
*''[[The Valley of the Moon (novel)|The Valley of the Moon]]'' by [[Jack London]]
*''Home and Away'' by [[Joanne Meschery]]
*''Bright Web in the Darkness'' by [[Alexander Saxton]]
*''Golden Days'' by [[Carolyn See]]
*''[[Oil!]]'' by [[Upton Sinclair]]
*''Understand This'' by [[Jervey Tervalon]]
*''Ghost Woman'' by [[Lawrence Thornton]]
*''Who Is Angelina?'' by [[Al Young]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Literature|California}}
* [[List of English-language book publishing companies]]
* [[List of university presses]]
* [[California Digital Library]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

{{refbegin}}

* {{Cite journal |last1=Hitchcock |first1=Joanna |title=Review of The University of California Press: The Early Years, 1893-1953 |journal=Libraries & Culture |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=124–126 |date=1995 |issn=0894-8631 |jstor=25542734 |df=mdy-all }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Muto |first1=Albert |title=A Voice from the Wilderness: The Early University of California Press |journal=California History |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=222–233 |date=1993 |doi=10.2307/25177358 |issn=0162-2897 |jstor=25177358 |df=mdy-all }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Pascal |first1=Naomi B. |title=Review of The University of California Press: The Early Years, 1893-1953 |journal=The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=486–487 |date=1994 |doi=10.1086/602743 |issn=0024-2519 |jstor=4308988 |df=mdy-all }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Withey |first1=Lynne |last2=Orsi |first2=Richard |title=Milestones of California History: The University of California Press: A Century of Publishing |journal=California History |volume=72 |issue=3 |date=1993 |doi=10.2307/25177357 |issn=0162-2897 |jstor=25177357 |df=mdy-all }}

{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://www.ucpress.edu}}
* Frugé, August. ''[https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft2c6004mb;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print A Skeptic Among Scholars: August Frugé on University Publishing]''. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1993 1993.
* [http://www.cdlib.org/ California Digital Library (CDL)] – University of California Libraries
* [http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/search?facet=subject;rights=Public Free Online - UC Press E-Books Collection]
* [http://www.marktwainproject.org/ Mark Twain Project Online]
* "[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/20/books/20twain.html?pagewanted=all Mark Twain's Biography Flying Off the Shelves]", ''The New York Times'', Nov. 19, 2010

{{-}}
{{University of California|state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|Books|California}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:University of California Press| ]]
[[Category:1893 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies based in California]]
[[Category:Publishing companies based in Berkeley, California]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1893]]
[[Category:University of California|Press]]
[[Category:University presses of the United States|California]]

Kismat (2004 film)

2026-03-15T15:25:00Z

Anis: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kismat
| image = Kismat 2004 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Guddu Dhanoa]]
| producer = Pravin Shah
| screenplay = [[Robin Bhatt]] Sutanu Gupta
| writer = Dilip Shukla (dialogues)
| editing = A. Muthu
| cinematography = Shripad Natu
| studio = Time Magnetics Pvt Ltd
| starring = [[Bobby Deol]] [[Priyanka Chopra]] [[Kabir Bedi]] [[Amit Behl]]
| music = [[Anand Raj Anand]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|2|20}}
| runtime = 143 min
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| distributor = Time Magnetics
| budget = {{INR}}8 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=477|title=Kismat – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}8.46 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}
'''''Kismat''''' ({{Translation|Destiny}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Guddu Dhanoa]]. It stars [[Bobby Deol]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] in the lead roles. It also stars [[Kabir Bedi]], [[Sanjay Narvekar]], [[Smita Jaykar]] and [[Ashish Vidyarthi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/02/kismat_preview.shtml|title=BBC - Shropshire - Bollywood - Kismat Preview|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>
==Plot==
Tony is a hitman for a gangster, Vikas Patil, who owes his allegiance to wealthy Raj Mallya. Raj Mallya has been involved in marketing spurious and outdated drugs and, as a result, is the subject of an investigation by the Food & Drugs Administration's inspector, Dr. Hargobind Gosai. Raj asks Vikas to take care of Hargobind through Tony, which Tony does, and in this manner, Raj is absolved of all wrongdoing. Then Tony meets with an attractive starlet named Sapna and falls head over heels in love with her. When Sapna tells him that she is engaged to be married to Dr. Ajay Saxena, he is heartbroken. Then a scandal breaks out, and Hargobind is implicated in the deaths of three children that were killed by Raj's spurious drugs. All the evidence points against Hargobind, and not a single lawyer is willing to take his case; his wife kills herself, and the marriage of his daughter has been canceled. Then Tony finds out that Hargobind is none other than Sapna's dad – and he has ruined the only chance he had for marrying the girl of his dreams.

==Cast==
*[[Bobby Deol]] as Tony
*[[Priyanka Chopra]] as Sapna Gosai
*[[Kabir Bedi]] as Raj Mallya
*[[Sanjay Narvekar]] as Goli (Toni's Friend)
*[[Mohan Joshi]] as Dr. Hargobind Gosai
*[[Amit Behl]] as Dr Ajay Saxena, Sapna's fiancé
*[[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] as Raj Mallya's son
*[[Imran Khan (TV actor)|Imran Khan]] as Vijay Sharma, elder son of Raj Mallya
*[[Smita Jaykar]] as Mrs. Sangeeta Gosai
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Vikas Patil
*[[Mushtaq Khan]] as Pankaj Bhai (Sapna's secretary)
*[[Veerendra Saxena]] as Sinha (Mallya's secretary)

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Anand Raj Anand]] and the lyrics were penned by Dev Kohli. There are nine tracks in the album, including three [[instrumentals]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tuteja, Joginder|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/7105/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804143512/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/7105/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 August 2009|title=Kismat: Music Review|publisher=IndiaFm|date=2004-01-22|accessdate=2011-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/music/20040203.htm|title=Bobby, Priyanka jive to jhankaar beats|first=Sukanya|last=Verma|website=Rediff}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| title1 = Mahi Mahi Mahi | extra1 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| title2 = Sajna Se Milne Jaana | extra2 = Sunidhi Chauhan
| title3 = Dil Teri Deewangi Mein | extra3 = [[Anand Raj Anand]], [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]
| title4 = Chitti Dudh Kudi | extra4 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Gayatri Iyer]]
| title5 = Hum Hain Mast Maula | extra5 = [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| title6 = Bicchi Padi Hai | extra6 = Anand Raj Anand
| title7 = Mahi Mahi Mahi | extra7 = [[Instrumental]]
| title8 = Sajna Se Milna Jaana | extra8 = Instrumental
| title9 = Dil Teri Deewangi Mein | extra9 = Instrumental
}}

==Critical reception==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[IndiaFM]] gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5, writing ″On the whole, KISMAT is a predictable fare that holds appeal for front-benchers mainly. For the gentry and the multiplex audiences, it has precious little to offer. However, its reasonable price should prove advantageous for its distributors.″<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kismat-3/critic-review/kismat-3-movie-review/|title=Kismat Review 1.5/5 | Kismat Movie Review | Kismat 2004 Public Review | Film Review|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=20 February 2004 }}</ref> Sukanya Verma of [[Rediff.com]] gave a negative review writing ″All of Dhanoa's action flicks—like [[Ziddi (1997 film)|Ziddi]] and [[Salaakhen (1998 film)|Salaakhen]]—are consistent: they all reek of clichés. They defy logic too. There is nothing wrong in being illogical as long as it is unapologetic. Dhanoa's Ziddi clicked despite being unbelievably implausible because Sunny Deol could carry it off. But in Kismat, Bobby Deol is unable to do a bade bhaiya (big brother).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/feb/20kismat.htm|title=Kismat: 16 reels of cliches|website=www.rediff.com|date=2004-02-20}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] of [[India Today]] wrote ″Needless to say, nobody rises above the film. Deol and Chopra look dazed and confused. The villains are fit for Cartoon Network and the endless item numbers, pure tedium. Unlike Rudraksh, Kismet isn't even unintentional comedy. Skip it.″<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20040308-movie-review-of-guddu-dhanoas-kismet-790564-2004-03-07|title=Anupama Chopra reviews Guddu Dhanoa's 'Kismet' staring Bobby Deol, Priyanka Chopra|website=India Today|date=2004-03-07}}</ref> Manish Gajjar of [[BBC.com]] wrote ″On the whole, Kismat has very little to offer in terms of content. Its [sic] pure entertainment Bollywood style. What Kismat (meaning fate!) awaits this film at the UK box office? Your guess is good as mine.″<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/02/kismat.shtml|title=BBC - Shropshire - Bollywood - Kismat|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0391274|Kismat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kismat (2004 Film)}}
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand Raj Anand]]
[[Category:2004 action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Guddu Dhanoa]]

V. Ramabadra Naidu

2026-03-15T06:34:43Z

Anis: Creating New Data V1!

{{Short description|Zamindar of Vadagarai}}
{{Infobox person
| title =
| name = V. Ramabadra Naidu
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| birth_name = V. Ramabadra Naidu
| birth_date = 23 December 1873
| birth_place = [[Periyakulam]], [[Madura District (Madras Presidency)|Madura District]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 26 December 1929 (aged 56)
| death_place = [[Periyakulam]], [[Madura District (Madras Presidency)|Madura District]], [[British India]]
| father = Venkataswamy Naicker
| mother = Kanakamma
| spouse =
| children = Nagama Ramabhadra Nayak (b.1897)
| alma_mater =
}}
[[Dewan Bahadur]] '''V. Ramabadra Naidu''' (23 December 1873 – 26 December 1929) was the [[Zamindar]] of Vadagarai and Doddappanaickanur.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=A. Vadivelu |author2=|title=The Aristocracy of Southern India
|volume= |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2016|pages=244–275|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFwDWt2N29cC }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=Justice Party Golden Jubilee Souvenir, 1968
|volume= |publisher=K. Paramasivam, Secretary, Justice Party |year=1968|page=52|quote= Dewan Bahadur V. Ramabadra Naidu, Zamindar of Vadagarai and Doddappanaickanur, belonged to an ancient family in Periyakulam . He was an M. L. C. in the Council under Minto- Morley Reforms.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCZYAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Nidathavolu Venkata Rao |author2=|title=The Southern School in Telugu Literature
|volume= |publisher=University of Madras |year=1978|page=58|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYoOAAAAYAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=W. S. Krishnaswami Nayudu |author2=|title=My Memoirs
|volume= |publisher= University of Michigan |year=1977|page=12|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dN4CAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref> On 1908, the title [[Dewan Bahadur]] was awarded to him.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=R.Bahadur |author2=|title=Who's who in India
|volume= |publisher=Pupula edition |year=1912|page=73|isbn=9785872301257|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fscIAwAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=The Calendar
|volume= |publisher=University of Madras |year=1932|page=371|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGQbAQAAIAAJ }}
</ref> He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|Madras Legislative Council]] in 1910.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Vuppuluri Lakshminarayana Sastri |author2=|title=Encyclopaedia of the Madras Presidency and the Adjacent States
|volume= |publisher=University of Minnesota |year=1920|page=450|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2o_AQAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=India. Governor-General |author2=|title=The Historical Record of the Imperial Visit to India, 1911
|volume= |publisher=government of India |year=1914|page=362|quote=the Hon . Rao Bahadur Venkataswamy Ramabhadra Nayudu Garu, Zamindar of Doddap- panayakkanur, Member of the Madras Legislative Council, and Chairman of the Peryiakulam Municipal Council, Madura District | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxQiAQAAMAAJ }}
</ref>

== Early life ==
Ramabadra Naidu was born on 23 December 1873 to Venkataswamy Naicker and Kanakamma, in [[Periyakulam]] of the [[Madura District (Madras Presidency)|Madura]] (now [[Theni district|Theni]]) district, in the state of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]. He belonged to the [[balija]] clan.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=C. Hayavadana Rao |author2=|title=The Indian Biographical Dictionary
|volume= |publisher=Forgotten Books |year=1915|page=344|url=https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Indian_Biographical_Dictionary_(1915)/Ramabhadra_Nayudu,_Hon’ble_Venkatasami}}</ref> his elder son Nagama Ramabhadra Nayak as an officer in the Indian Territorial Force.

== Ancestry ==
He was a lineal descendant of the famous warrior Ramabhadra Nayak, who had held the post of [[Military]] Chief and [[Tax collector|Collector]] of Revenue under his close relative [[Viswanatha Nayak]], the ruler of [[Madurai]] country.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=The Feudatory and zemindari India
|volume=9 |publisher=the University of California |year=1938|page=250|quote=He was a lineal descendant of the famous warrior and diplomat Rama- bhadra Nayak who had held the post of Fouzdar or Military Chief and Collector of Revenue under his relative Viswanatha Nayak of the House of Vijianagar, King of the Pandyan country | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SxMnAQAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=The Who's who in Madras: ... A Pictorial Who's who of Distinguished Personages, Princes, Zemindars and Noblemen in the Madras Presidency
|volume= |publisher=Pearl Press |year=1938|page=52|quote= Dewan Bahadur V. Ramabhadra Naidu, member of a family which had close relations with the ruling house of Madura, the Great Tirumal Nayak. Belongs to an ancient Palayagar family of Madura.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEHVAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=A. Vadivelu |author2=|title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India
|volume=1 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |year=1915|page=679|quote=The Honourable Diwan Bahadur V. Rama Bhadra Naick Garu is one of the most prominent noblemen of South India . As a representative of the zamindari interests of the Southern Group, he has, since 1910, been in the reformed Legislative Council of Madras. He represents the ancient house of Vadagarai, and is the lineal descendant of the famous [[Rama Bhadra Naick]] . To trace the ancestry of the founder of this well - known ancient family we have to go back to the events that had occurred three centuries ago, that is, to the period when the power of the once famous kingdom of Vijianagar was at its height, Rama Bhadra Naick I is said to have been a follower as well as a close relation of the well - known Kottiya Nagama Naick, the Revenue Collector and Commander of the Vijianagar army in the South.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfoxAQAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[T. V. Mahalingam]], [[Colin Mackenzie]] |author2=|title=Mackenzie Manuscripts; Summaries of the Historical Manuscripts in the Mackenzie Collection: Tamil and Malayalam
|volume= |publisher=[[University of Madras]] |year=1972|page=153|isbn= |quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4MMAQAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Parthiban Rajukalidoss |author2=|title=The Spice Road ‘Vaṭakarai Zamīndāri’ Its Historicity and Architectural Remains
|volume= 74|publisher=Acta Orientalia |year=2013|page=97|quote= | url=https://journals.uio.no/actaorientalia/article/view/4469/3924 }}
</ref>

== Positions held ==
* Chairman, Municipal council, Periyakulam, 1904;
* President, Cooperative Society, Periyakulam
* Member, Central Agricultural Committee
* Member, Madras Legislative Council since 1910; representing the Zemindars of the southern group
* Member, Advisory Committee of the Court of Wards
* founded President the Victoria Memorial High School, Periyakulam
* Member of a large number of Devasthanam Committees in Rameswaram and Periyakulam
* received Coronation Certificate, 1903
* Member District and Taluk Boards of Madura since 1896, and 1895 respectively
* Rao Bahadur, 1908

== Death ==
Ramabadra Naidu died on December 26, 1929.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naidu, V. Ramabadra}}
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Tamil people of Telugu descent]]

Sugarway River

2026-03-13T23:03:46Z

Anis: Creating Some Place Basic Info

{{notability|1=Places|date=May 2025}}
{{Short description|Riverfront in Mithila}}
{{orphan|date=March 2025}}

'''Sugarway river''' flows through the Jhanjharpur block in the Mithila region of Bihar. Araria Sangram is a village in the Jhanjharpur block. The Sugarway riverfront is constructed on the banks of both sides of the Sugarway river having length of four hundred meters each sides.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-30 |title=Bihar: वित्त मंत्री निर्मला सीतारमण ने सुगरवे नदी के तट पर बन रहे रिवर फ्रंट का किया स्थल निरीक्षण, कार्यों को सराहा - mobile |url=https://m.bihar.punjabkesari.in/national/news/nirmala-sitharaman-inspected-site-of-river-front-being-built-on-sugarve-river-2068792 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref> It is near the famous tourist place ''[[Mithila Haat]]''.<ref name=":0" /> The water flowing through the Sugarway river is also used for irrigation in farms near it by the farmers of the region.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-23 |title=सुगरवे नदी में पानी छोड़े जाने के बाद किसानों को राहत, शुरू की धनरोपनी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/madhubani/jhanjharpur/news/farmers-got-relief-after-water-was-released-in-sugarve-river-started-planting-money-131578794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724085417/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/madhubani/jhanjharpur/news/farmers-got-relief-after-water-was-released-in-sugarve-river-started-planting-money-131578794.html |archive-date=2023-07-24 |access-date=2025-03-02 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>

== Riverfront==

'''Sugarway Riverfront''' is a waterfront developed along the banks of ''Sugarway'' river at ''Araria Sangram'' in the [[Jhanjharpur Assembly constituency|Jhanjharpur block]] of [[Madhubani district]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is developed to enhance [[Tourism in Mithila|tourism in the Mithila region]] of Bihar. It is built by the [[Government of Bihar]]. It was inaugurated by the chief minister [[Nitish Kumar]] on 12 January 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=सुगरवे नदी के रिवर फ्रंट से पूरी होगी धार्मिक आस्था |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-nitish-kumar-inaugurates-river-front-in-araria-for-chhath-festival-and-employment-growth-201736708829802.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2025-01-12 |title=Nitish Kumar Inaugurates Projects Worth Rs. 1000 Crores in Madhubani |url=https://patnapress.com/nitish-kumar-inaugurates-projects-worth-rs-1000-crores-in-madhubani/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Patna Press |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=शुगरवे नदी पर 13.2 करोड़ रुपए से सुंदर और आकर्षक रिवर फ्रंट बन कर तैयार |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/madhubani/jhanjharpur/news/a-beautiful-and-attractive-river-front-is-ready-on-the-sugarway-river-at-a-cost-of-rs-132-crore-134266638.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Waterfronts in India]]
[[Category:Mithila (region)]]
[[Category:Madhubani district]]

{{India-river-stub}}

Jadunath Bhanj Deo

2026-03-06T16:38:34Z

Anis: started a stub.

{{short description|Raja of Mayurbhanj (1822 - 1863)}}
{{infobox royalty
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]]
| reign = {{circa|1822}} – {{circa|1863}}
| predecessor = [[Tribikram Bhanj Deo]]
| successor = [[Shrinath Bhanj Deo]]
| death_date = {{circa|1863}}
| issue = {{unbulleted list|[[Shrinath Bhanj Deo]]|Sitanath Bhanj Deo|Dwarkanath Bhanj Deo}}
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Mayurbhanj.png}} [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]]
| father = [[Tribikram Bhanj Deo]]
| dynasty = [[Bhanja dynasty|Bhanja]]
}}
'''Jadunath Bhanj Deo''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]] from 1822 until his death in 1863.

== Early life and family ==
He was born to [[Tribikram Bhanj Deo]].<ref name=":0" /> He married and had three sons: [[Shrinath Bhanj Deo]], Sitanath Bhanj Deo, and Dwarkanath Bhanj Deo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=MAYURBHANJ |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/mayurbhanj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706113757/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/mayurbhanj.html |archive-date=2017-07-06 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref>

== Reign ==
He succeeded his father as the [[Raja]] of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]] upon his death in 1822.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Biography_of_the_Maharaja_Sri_Ram_Chandr/BuUwAQAAMAAJ |title=Biography of the Maharaja Sri Ram Chandra Bhanj Deo |date=1918 |pages=20–22 |language=en}}</ref> During his reign, in 1829, [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]] entered into a formal treaty engagement with the [[East India Company]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=700 |language=en}}</ref> He was granted the title of [[Maharaja]] as a personal distinction by the [[East India Company|British]] for his role in quelling the rebellion in the Kolhan.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.02572 |title=The Hind Rajasthani : an annual of the native states of India |date=1896 |publisher=Times, Ahmedabad |pages=217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Golden_Book_of_India/bHiBAAAAIAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire |date=1893 |publisher=Macmillan |pages=322 |language=en}}</ref> He was granted a [[Khalat|khilat]] by the [[East India Company]] in 1840 for the services he rendered.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Laeequddin Mohammad |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.116045 |title=Census Of Mayurbhanj State Vol - I (1931) |date=1937 |pages=22}}</ref> He had [[Baripada]] enlarged into a town.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Information and Public Relations Department |url=http://archive.org/details/orissa-review-1968-07 |title=Orissa Review (July 1968) |last2=Government of Odisha |date=1968 |others=Government of Odisha Information and Public Relations Department |pages=11, 14–15}}</ref> When the [[Mahant]]s of the Math at [[Jashipur]] approached him and requested a consolidated sanad ({{Translation|charter, warrant, or deed}}) encompassing all the grants previously conferred upon them by the rulers of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]], he granted them such a sanad in 1852.<ref name=":1" /> He remained loyal to [[East India Company]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], in which his son-in-law partook.<ref name=":2" /> During this period, when it was feared that trouble might arise, he maintained peace within his own dominions.<ref name=":2" /> He tried to persuade his son-in-law to abandon his rebellious attitude.<ref name=":2" /> In view of the services rendered, the political officer recommended to his superior authorities that Jadunath be conferred the title of [[Maharajadhiraja Bahadur|Maharajadhiraj Bahadur]].<ref name=":2" />

== Death ==
He died in 1863 and was succeeded by his son, [[Shrinath Bhanj Deo]], to his title, rank, and dignity.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1863 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Mayurbhanj]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]

Gunsundari (1948 film)

2026-03-03T23:12:10Z

Anis: new

{{Other uses|Gunsundari (disambiguation){{!}}Gunsundari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gunsundari
| image = Gunsundari 1948 film poster.png
| caption = Poster
| director = Ratibhai Punatar
| writer =
| based_on = ''[[Gunsundari (1934 film)|Gunsundari]]'' (1934)
| producer = Ratibhai Punatar
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Nirupa Roy]]
* Manhar Desai
}}
| cinematography = H. S. Kwatra<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| editing =
| music = [[Avinash Vyas]] (Gujarati)<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/> [[Avinash Vyas]], [[Bulo C Rani]], [[Hansraj Behl]] (Hindi)
| studio = [[Ranjit Studios|Ranjit Movietone]]/Ajit Pictures<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1948}}
| runtime = 153 minutes<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| country = India
| language = Gujarati/Hindi<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Gunsundari''''' is 1948 Indian [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]]/[[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] social drama film directed and produced by Ratibhai Punatar. The film was a remake of [[Gunsundari (1934 film)|1934 film of same name]]. It was successful.

== Plot ==
Gopaldas Seth has three children. His elder son Chandrakant is married to ideal wife Guniyal. His seven-year-old son Vinu treats Guniyal like his mother. His daughter Kususm is married to Chaman, a poet, and lives poor life. Chandrakant meet a dancer Neelmani through his friend Sudhakar. Neelmani ruins Chandrakant's life and makes him alcoholic. Gopaldas Sheth gives his wealth to Guniyal as inheritance. Guniyal tries to fulfill monetary demands of Neelmani. Chandrakant is eventually changed of his heart during the funeral of his father. He returns to Guniyal.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |edition=Revised |pages=310–311}}</ref>

== Cast ==
The cast is as follows:<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ushakant |first=Mehta |date=2011-02-01 |title=ગુણસુંદરી |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%e0%aa%97%e0%ab%81%e0%aa%a3%e0%aa%b8%e0%ab%81%e0%aa%82%e0%aa%a6%e0%aa%b0%e0%ab%80/ |website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] |language=gu}}</ref>

* [[Nirupa Roy]] as Guniyal
* Manhar Desai as Chandrakant
* Babu Raje as Sudhakar
* [[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]] as Kusum
* Saraswati as Neelmani
* Chhagan Romeo
* Master Pransukh as Vinu

== Production ==
[[Chandulal Shah]] had directed silent film ''[[Gunsundari (1927 film)|Gunsundari]]'' and its 1934 Hindi remake ''[[Gunsundari (1934 film)|Gunsundari]]''; both commercial hits. Shah's nephew Ratibhai Punatar was a manager in [[Ranjit Studios]]. Punatar was proposed to make a Gujarati remake of Hindi hit by Manhar Desai and Babu Raje to which Shah's wife and lead actress of previous remake [[Gohar Mamajiwala]] agreed too. The script was rewritten with some changes retaining the basic plot of previous film and adding variations in 'punchlines'. The film was produced under Ranjit Studios' Gujarati film banner Ajit Pictures. The shooting was completed in 35 days. S. A. Wahab served as an art director.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Ro2013">{{cite book |last1=Gangar |first1=Amrit |url=http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz375710701inh.htm |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |last2=Moti |first2=Gokulsing K. |last3=Dissanayake |first3=Wimal |date=17 April 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77284-9 |pages=88–99 |chapter=Gujarati Cinema: Stories of sant, sati, shethani and sparks so few |doi=10.4324/9780203556054 |author-link1=Amrit Gangar |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA99 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106080734/https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA99 |archive-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014" />

== Soundtrack ==
The film featured Gujarati as well Hindi soundtracks in their respective versions.

===Gujarati soundtrack===
{{Infobox album
| name = Gunsundari
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Avinash Vyas]]<ref name=":0" />
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1948
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{URL|https://www.saregama.com/album/gunsundari-guj_100119|Saregama}}}}
}}

{{track listing
| headline =Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
|all_music= [[Avinash Vyas]]
|all_lyrics= [[Avinash Vyas]]

| title1 = O Bhabhi Tame Thoda Thoda
| extra1 = [[Geeta Dutt]]
| length1 = 3:16

| title2 = Maru Man Mohyu
| extra2 = Mohantara Talpade
| length2 = 2:35

| title3 = O Mazam Raat Ni Tarli
| extra3 = Geeta Dutt
| length3 = 3:07

| title4 = Aaj Mari Nandie
| extra4 = Geeta Dutt
| length4 = 3:07

| title6 = Rumakjhum Ghunghroo
| extra6 = Amirbai Karnataki, Chorus
| length6 = 2:57

| title7 = Bol Ne Mari Sajni
| extra7 = A. R. Oza, Leela Mehta
| length7 = 3:22

| title8 = Khovayne Kholva Prabhu
| extra8 = [[Geeta Dutt]]
| length8 = 3:29

| title9 = Mohabbat Man Tari Dilbar
| extra9 = Amirbai Karnataki
| length9 = 2:57

| title10 = Hajar Vaat Kahi
| extra10 = Amirbai Karnataki, A. R. Oza
| length10 = 2:51

| title11 = Tari Maherbani Nathi
| extra11 = Amirbai Karnataki
| length11 = 3:21
}}

===Hindi soundtrack===
{{Infobox album
| name = Gunsundari
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Avinash Vyas]], [[Bulo C Rani]], [[Hansraj Behl]]<ref name=":0" />
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1948
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{URL|https://www.saregama.com/album/gunsundari_116333|Saregama}}}}
}}
{{track listing
| headline =Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
|all_music= [[Avinash Vyas]]
|all_lyrics= [[Pandit Indra Chandra]]

| title1 = Tumse Muhabbat Kaun Kare
| extra1 = Amirbai Karnataki
| length1 = 3:15

| title2 = Shama Jalti Hain
| extra2 = Amirbai Karnataki
| length2 = 2:44

| title3 = Rumak Jhum Bichhua Baje
| extra3 = Amirbai Karnataki, Chorus
| length3 = 3:01

| title4 = O Sharad Poonam Ki Chandni
| extra4 = Mohantara Talpade
| length4 = 3:17

| title5 = Na Lo Angrai Gori
| extra5 = A.R. Ojha
| length5 = 3:04

| title6 = Rumakjhum Ghunghroo
| extra6 = Amirbai Karnataki, Chorus
| length6 = 2:57

| title7 = Hotel Ka Kinara Ho
| extra7 = A. R. Oza, Leela Mehta
| length7 = 3:10

| title8 = Bhabhi O Bhabhi
| extra8 = Geeta Dutt
| length8 = 2:45

| title9 = Aana Na Tha Jo Dil Mein
| extra9 = Amirbai Karnataki, A.R. Ojha
| length9 = 3:08

| title10 = Khoye Huye Ko Dhundhne Prabhu
| extra10 = Geeta Dutt
| length10 = 1:43

| title11 = Nanadiya Maare Boli Ke Baan
| extra11 = Geeta Dutt
| length11 = 2:14
}}

== Reception ==
The film was commercially successful and celebrated its silver jubilee (25 weeks) in Swastik Cinema in Bombay.<ref name=":0" />

The success of ''[[Ranakdevi (1946 film)|Ranakdevi]]'' (1946) and ''Gunsundari'' established the [[Gujarati cinema]]. Avinash Vyas emerged as a major composer and lyricist of Gujarati cinema. It was a major career success of Nirupa Roy.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014" />

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati films]]
* [[List of Hindi films of 1948]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1948 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1948 drama films]]
[[Category:1948 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1948 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1940s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]

Mysore Mallige (film)

2026-03-03T22:06:04Z

Anis: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mysoora Mallige
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[T. S. Nagabharana]]
| writer = T. S. Nagabharana [[C. Ashwath]] Basavaraj
| starring = [[Girish Karnad]] [[Sudharani]] [[H. G. Dattatreya]] Anand Subramanian
| producer = Srihari Khoday
| music = [[C. Ashwath]]
| cinematography = [[B. C. Gowrishankar]]
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Yajaman Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1992}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Mysoora Mallige''''' ({{translation|[[Jasmine in Karnataka|Jasmine]] of [[Mysuru]]}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[drama (genre)|drama]] film directed and co-written by [[T. S. Nagabharana]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/director/ts-nagabharana-movies.htm|title=TS Nagabharana movies list|website=www.bharatmovies.com|access-date=2016-11-04|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304140417/http://www.bharatmovies.com/director/ts-nagabharana-movies.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and produced by Srihari Khoday. The story is based on a 1942 [[Mysooru Mallige|work of the same title]] by the poet [[K. S. Narasimhaswamy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/he-touched-hearts-with-his-simple-poetry-of-love/article5618086.ece|title=He touched hearts with his simple poetry of love|last=Khajane|first=Muralidhara|date=26 January 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-04}}</ref> The film was an attempt to create a story based on the poetry.

The film's cast consisted mainly of actors from a theatrical background including [[Girish Karnad]], [[Sudharani]], Anand, Sundar Raj and [[H. G. Dattatreya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/mysore-mallige/cast-crew.html|title=Mysore Mallige|website=FilmiBeat|access-date=2016-11-04|archive-date=13 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150138/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/movies/mysore-mallige/cast-crew.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was well received upon release. It went on to win [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]] and the lyrical works by Narasimha Swamy fetched him the [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics]]. The film also received multiple [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] including Best Film, Best Actress and other technical categories.

On the occasion of 101st birth anniversary of K. S. Narasimha Swamy, a leading Kannada daily reported that this movie was the inspiration for the 1994 Hindi movie ''[[1942: A Love Story]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://prekshaa.in/contributions-of-kannada-cinema-to-historical-dramas/#.WzjaB9SLRnJ |title=Contributions of Kannada Cinema to Historical Dramas |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701165115/http://prekshaa.in/contributions-of-kannada-cinema-to-historical-dramas/#.WzjaB9SLRnJ |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/state/vk-special/k-s-narasimhaswamy-a-prominent-indian-poet-in-the-kannada-language/articleshow/50700135.cms|title=ಕನ್ನಡದ ಅನನ್ಯ 'ಪ್ರೇಮಕವಿ'|date=2016-01-24|newspaper=Vijaykarnatka|access-date=2016-11-04|archive-date=25 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125081953/http://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/state/vk-special/k-s-narasimhaswamy-a-prominent-indian-poet-in-the-kannada-language/articleshow/50700135.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://interactive.thehindu.com/archive/quiz/2018/cinema-quiz-aug-30-18.html|title=Cinema quiz: Award winning Kannada movies|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-date=30 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330055323/https://interactive.thehindu.com/archive/quiz/2018/cinema-quiz-aug-30-18.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Mysoora Mallige is woven from the lyrical poems of K. S. Narasimha Swamy, one of the modern Kannada poets inspired to sing by the love of his land.

Padma is a village girl who is in love with the poet Manju, a fervent patriot. Her father is a village accountant, an instrument of the village's feudal structure, and he opposes Manju's activities. He tries to arrange his daughter's marriage to a man of his own views, but Padma and Manju are united, with the help of Chennaiah, a bangle seller.

In an attempt to save Chennaiah, who becomes involved with nationalists, Manju is wounded and given up for lost. The poet's works are later published by his wife (Padma). Ultimately in the book release function Padma and Manju both united happily.

== Cast ==
* [[Girish Karnad]] as Padma's father
* [[Sudharani]] as Padma
* Anand as Manju
* [[Sundar Raj]]
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]]
* Shankar Rao
* Kasaragodu Chinna
* [[Kishori Ballal]]
* Pankaja
* Sripathi Ballal
* [[Shimoga Venkatesh]]
==Production==
''Mysore Mallige'' was first of its kind film in Kannada where a film is adapted from a poetry collection by K. S. Narasimha Swamy. Nagabharana, along with C Ashwath, H S Venkateshmurthy, M N Vyasa Rao, Narahalli Balasubramanya and B R Lakshman Rao, worked on the film’s script for about three years, developing the characters derived from the poems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/from-books-to-the-screen-1225903.html|title=From book to the screen|work=Deccan Herald|date=9 June 2023|access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>
== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed by [[C. Ashwath]]. All the 9 songs composed for this film have been from the literary work collection of poet [[K. S. Narasimhaswamy|K. S. Narasimha Swamy]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Hakkiya Haadige
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[B. R. Chaya]]
| lyrics1 = [[K. S. Narasimhaswamy|K. S. Narasimha Swamy]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Katthale Thumbida
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics2 = K. S. Narasimha Swamy
| length2 =
| title3 = Ondiralu Kanasali
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| lyrics3 = K. S. Narasimha Swamy
| length3 =
| title4 = Deepavu Ninnade
| extra4 = S. Janaki
| lyrics4 = K. S. Narasimha Swamy
| length4 =
| title5 = Sirigereya Neeralli
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics5 = K. S. Narasimha Swamy
| length5 =
| title6 = Ninna Premada Pariya
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics6 = K. S. Narasimha Swamy
| length6 =
| title7 = Balegara Chennayya
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics7 = K. S. Narasimha Swamy
| length7 =
| title8 = Aakashakke
| extra8 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics8 = K. S. Narasimha Swamy
| length8 =
| title9 = Rayaru Bandaru
| extra9 = [[Rathnamala Prakash]]
| lyrics9 = K. S. Narasimha Swamy
| length9 =
}}

==Awards==
The film has won the following awards since its release.

;[[39th National Film Awards]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Silver Lotus Award – Best Lyricist]] — [[K. S. Narasimhaswamy]]

;1991–92 [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] — [[Sudharani]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]] — [[B. C. Gowrishankar]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Sound Recording|Best Sound Recording]] — Aravinda Kiggal and K. S. Krishnamurthy
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] — [[Suresh Urs]]

;[[40th Filmfare Awards South]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film – Kannada]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]] — [[T. S. Nagabharana]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]] — [[Sudharani]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kannada|Best Music Director – Kannada]] — [[C. Ashwath]]
; This film screened at IFFI 1992 Panorama section.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0246098}}
* [http://www.kannadaaudio.com/Songs/Bhaavageethe/home/MysoreMallige.php Mysore Mallige songs]
{{T. S. Nagabharana}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Kannada}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. Ashwath]]
[[Category:Films based on poems]]
[[Category:Best Kannada Feature Film National Film Award winners]]

Premism

2026-03-03T21:31:57Z

Anis: creating

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Premism
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Ratnaja]]
| writer = Rathnaja
| based_on =
| producer = Ashok Gowda
| starring = [[Amulya]] [[Chetan Chandra]] Varun [[Sunil Raoh]] Chirdeep Hebbar
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = Ananth Urs
| editing = B. S. Kemparaj
| studio = Kalpana Shakti
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|4|2}}
| runtime = 179 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}

'''''Premism''''' ({{langx|kn|ಪ್ರೇಮಿಸಂ}}) is a [[Kannada films of 2010|2010]] Indian [[Kannada language]] romantic film directed by [[Ratnaja]] of ''[[Nenapirali]]'' fame. He has teamed up yet again with producer Ajay Gowda and music director [[Hamsalekha]] for the third time after ''Nenapirali'' and ''[[Honganasu]]'' in this film. The film mainly stars [[Chetan Chandra]], [[Amulya]] and Varun with actor [[Sunil Raoh]] making a guest appearance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/53944.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131041907/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/53944.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 January 2010|title=Sunil Rao in 'Premism'|work=Indiaglitz|date=29 January 2010}}</ref>

The film released on 2 April 2010 across Karnataka and set high expectations for its storyline and picturization.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/youth/fullstory.php?id=14936683|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924220505/http://www.sify.com/youth/fullstory.php?id=14936683|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=Premism set for release|website=[[Sify]]|date=29 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/61549/when-love-changes.html|title=When love changes|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=1 April 2010|access-date=1 September 2022|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901112606/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/61549/when-love-changes.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Nitin (Chetan) and Varun (Varun) are the sons of a Police commissioner and head constable respectively. They have been at loggerheads since their childhood. Eventually, they both fall for the same girl Amulya, the sister of a traffic inspector. They express their love to her directly. But she travels back to her past in Belgaum where she was in love with Prasanna (Sunil Raoh). How the twosome win over her despite her background forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
* [[Chetan Chandra]] as Nitin
* [[Amulya]] as Amulya D'Souza
* Varun as Varun
* [[Ananth Nag]]
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
* Chirdeep Hebbar as Takkadi
* Sathyajith
* Ganesh Rao
* Neenasam Ashwath
* Rekha V Kumar
* [[Sunil Raoh]] as Prasanna in a guest appearance
* Ashwin rao pallakki
* Surya kamath
* Shashikanth

==Filming==
Most of the filming took place at [[Mysore]] localities which was also the centered in director's earlier film ''[[Nenapirali]]''. Some parts of the film was based in [[Belgaum]] as well. The filming also took place at the [[Chhattisgarh]] locations like Chitrakoot falls and Thiratghat falls making it the first regional film to have shot in the place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/aug/10/premism-shoots-in-chhattisgarh-76380.html|title='Premism' shoots in Chhattisgarh|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=10 August 2009|access-date=1 September 2022|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901112212/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/aug/10/premism-shoots-in-chhattisgarh-76380.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film team left to the [[Macau]] islands at China for the song sequence and finished the same in couple of days time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/52033.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091128023107/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/52033.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2009|title=Premism goes to china|work=Indiaglitz|date=25 November 2009}}</ref> The song "Premism Premism" is choreographed by 'Attakalari' Jayachandran who composed the dance involving 5 elements of earth - Sky, Fire, Wind, Water and Air.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/48823.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809125425/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/48823.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 August 2009|title='Panchabootha' in 'Premism'|work=Indiaglitz|date=6 August 2009}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Premism
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 26 October 2009
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = Hamsalekha
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

All the songs are composed and written by [[Hamsalekha]] teaming up with the director and producer for the third time after ''[[Nenapirali]]'' and ''[[Honganasu]]''. The songs were well received and remained at the top of the charts.

{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| all_music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| all_lyrics = [[Hamsalekha]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Hodi Line
| extra1 = [[Jassie Gift]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Premism Premism
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Gulabi Kennege
| extra3 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Mysorege Aishu Bandalu
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Hemanth Kumar]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Arishina Kumkuma
| extra5 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Sagamapanisa
| extra6 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length6 =
| title7 = Premism Premism (Pathos)
| extra7 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length7 =
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Hamsalekha's songs are catchy. A song which carries the tunes of Kurrak Kuknalikere... a hit number from Nenapirali, directed by Rathnaja, has been composed for the film. The song speaks of prominent areas in Mysore. Choreographers have used a mix of contemporary, tap, classical and folk styles to match the tunes. All in all, Premism is for those who like love stories".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-premism/20100405.htm|title=Review: Premism is entertaining|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=5 April 2010|access-date=1 September 2022|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901111827/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-premism/20100405.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "Premism is a film which concerns itself only with love without baggage of tearjerker sentiments. Ratnaja proceeds with a long winding narrative. But with a not-so-regular concept, he wins with the substance. There are also a couple of surprises. A sure hit for those who enjoy love stories".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/premism-new-age-love/articleshow/21894836.cms|title=Premism: New age love|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=2 April 2010|access-date=1 September 2022|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901111927/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/premism-new-age-love/articleshow/21894836.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "The basic plot itself looks interesting and the fight between the sons of two close friends working in the police force has been well narrated. The first half is certainly engaging as it has many fun-filled moments. The best thing is that story moves forward with each sequence and proceedings really look interesting.“Premism” is certainly the best of Rathnaja’s works so far".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/61751/amoolya-steals-show.html|title=Amoolya steals show|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=2 April 2010|access-date=1 September 2022|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901113427/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/61751/amoolya-steals-show.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Premism}}
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:2010 romance films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]

Dayavittu Gamanisi

2026-03-03T21:22:57Z

Anis: correct page to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dayavittu Gamanisi
| image = Dayavittu_Gamanisi.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Rohit Padaki]]
| producer = [[Krishna Sarthak]]
| writer = Rohit Padaki
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[ Rajesh Nataranga ]] [[Raghu Mukherjee]] [[Sukrutha Wagle]] [[Bhavana Rao]] [[Vasishta N. Simha]] [[Samyukta Hornad]] [[Sangeetha Bhat]]
| music = [[Anoop Seelin]]
| cinematography = [[Arvind S Kashyap]]
| editing =
| studio = Krishna Creations
| distributor = [[Jayanna Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|10|20}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Dayavittu Gamanisi''''' ({{translation|Your attention please!}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[satire (film and television)|satirical film]] written, directed by [[Rohit Padaki]], making his debut in direction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Writer-Rohit-Padaki-turns-director/articleshow/52923455.cms|title=Rohit Padaki turns director with a multi-starrer|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 January 2017|archive-date=26 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626152841/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Writer-Rohit-Padaki-turns-director/articleshow/52923455.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Krishna Sarthak]] is the main producer. It stars an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Raghu Mukherjee]], [[Samyukta Hornad]], [[Sukrutha Wagle]], [[Vasishta N. Simha]], Avinash Shatamarshan, [[Prakash Belawadi]], [[Rajesh Nataranga]], [[Bhavana Rao]], [[Sangeetha Bhat]]. The [[film score]] and soundtrack for the film are composed by [[Anoop Seelin]], and the cinematography was handled by [[Arvind S Kashyap|Arvind Kashyap]]. It was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada]] at the [[65th Filmfare Awards South]].

==Plot==
Four stories making a drama.
{{Empty section|date=August 2021}}

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Raghu Mukherjee]]
* [[Vasishta N. Simha]]
* Shatasharman S Avinash
* [[Sukrutha Wagle]] as Nandini
* [[Samyukta Hornad]]
* [[Bhavana Rao]]
* [[Rajesh Nataranga]]
* [[Poornachandra Mysore]]
* [[Sangeetha Bhat]]
* [[Prakash Belawadi]]
* Shilpa Ravi
* Chandan Achar
* Ashwin Hassan
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Dayavittu Gamanisi
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Anoop Seelin]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Kannada
| label = JP Music
| producer = [[Anoop Seelin]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film's score and soundtrack was composed by [[Anoop Seelin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/kannada/Dayavittu-Gamanisi-2017/UfQBYMik0cw_|title=Dayavittu Gamanisi by J. Anoop Seelin|publisher=Saavn.com|date=12 September 2017|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=12 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191246/https://www.saavn.com/s/album/kannada/Dayavittu-Gamanisi-2017/UfQBYMik0cw_|url-status=live}}</ref> The music rights were acquired by JP Music.

{{tracklist
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:47
| title1 = Sanchari
| lyrics1 = [[Rohit Padaki]]
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length1 = 04:34
| title2 = Marete Hodenu
| lyrics2 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| extra2 = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]], Shwetha Devanahalli
| length2 = 04:05
| title3 = Kandu Kandu
| lyrics3 = Purandara Dasaru
| extra3 = [[Pandit Parameshwar Hegde]]
| length3 = 03:08
| title4 = Asadullah Daati Bidda
| lyrics4 = Arasu Anthare
| extra4 = Apoorva Sridhar
| length4 = 04:19
| title5 = Burudi Buddhi
| lyrics5 = Rohit Padaki
| extra5 = Rajguru Hoskote
| length5 = 05:24
| title6 = Maayangane
| lyrics6 = Rohit Padaki
| extra6 = Vyasaraj Sosale, [[Indu Nagaraj]]
| length6 = 01:32
| title7 = Marete Hodenu (unplugged)
| lyrics7 = Jayanth Kaikini
| extra7 = [[Vasishta N. Simha]]
| length7 = 02:45
| all_writing =
| title8 = Dayavittu Gamanisi
| length8 = 03:00
| title9 = Rohit Padaki
| extra9 = [[Ananya Bhat]]
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| length9 =
}}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" width=100% |
|-
!Award !!Category !!Recipient !!Result !!Ref
|-
!rowspan=6|[[65th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film]]
|[[Krishna Sarthak]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=6|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-1.html|title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards South 2018|work=filmfare|date=8 June 2015|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=4 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604163156/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html | title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 | date=16 June 2018 | work=Filmfare | access-date=9 December 2018 | archive-date=17 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617015312/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director]]
|[[Rohit Padaki]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Vasishta N. Simha]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Samyukta Hornad]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kannada|Best Music Director]]
|[[Anoop Seelin]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Kannada|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
|Vasishta N. Simha
|{{nom}}
|-
!rowspan=2|[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actor
|Vasishta N. Simha
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2018-telugu-kannada-nomination-list-out-date-place-7th-edition-revealed-777016|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 - Telugu, Kannada nomination list out|website=International Business Times|date=5 August 2018|access-date=19 January 2020|archive-date=8 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808135901/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2018-telugu-kannada-nomination-list-out-date-place-7th-edition-revealed-777016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|Samyukta Hornad
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7342028}}
* {{Facebook|DayavittuGamanisi}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anoop Seelin]]

{{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Yavanika

2026-03-03T21:16:21Z

Anis: Creating A Post Nd Citations

{{Short description|1982 film}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Yavanika
| image = Yavanika poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = K. G. George
| producer = [[Henry (producer)|Henry]]
| story = K. G. George
| screenplay = K. G. George S. L. Puram Sadanandan (dialogues)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Bharath Gopi]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Jalaja]] [[Thilakan]] [[Mammootty]]
| music = [[M. B. Sreenivasan]]
| cinematography = [[Ramachandra Babu]]
| editing = [[MN Appu|M. N. Appu]]
| distributor = Apsara Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1982|04|30|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Yavanika''''' ({{Translation|The Curtain}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language mystery thriller film written and directed by [[K. G. George]]. It stars [[Bharath Gopi]], [[Mammootty]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], and [[Jalaja]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1342|title=Yavanika|access-date=16 October 2014|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yavanika |url=http://spicyonion.com/title/yavanika-malayalam-movie/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127185615/http://spicyonion.com/title/yavanika-malayalam-movie/ |archive-date=2022-11-27 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam's Big M: Mammootty Turns 63 |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/malayalams-big-m-mammootty-turns-63-15937/slide/9 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162542/http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/malayalam-s-big-m-mammootty-turns-63-15937 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |website=NDTV}}</ref> ''Yavanika'' is one of George's most celebrated films; it received wide critical acclaim<ref name="A classic" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=2023-09-27 |title=The anatomy of KG George's Yavanika: One of India's finest mystery thrillers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/the-anatomy-of-kg-george-yavanika-one-of-indias-finest-mystery-thrillers-8954035/ |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and is regarded by critics as a masterpiece of [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |title=A filmmaker who understood the craft's aesthetics; adieu auteur: Remembering K G George |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/sep/25/a-filmmaker-who-understood-the-crafts-aesthetics-adieu-auteur-remembering-k-g-george-2617929.html |publisher=New Indian Express}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web |date=29 April 2017 |title=A landmark in Malayalam film history |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-landmark-in-malayalam-film-history/article18310261.ece |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vakkachan, a critically acclaimed theatre director, runs his drama company, Bhavana Theatres. He and his theatre troupe are preparing to drive to a late-night show. One of the leading performers, Kollappally, arrives late, claiming he had lost his lock and keys and had gone to the town to purchase a new one. Later, they depart from there.

On the way, they pick up Rohini, a prominent young actress of the troupe. Vakkachan questions Rohini about the troupe's [[tabla]] player, Ayyappan, with whom she lives. Rohini says she is unaware of his whereabouts and that he had not returned home the previous night. Varunan, the comedian of the troupe suggests going to enquire at the nearby [[arrack]] shop as Ayyappan a heavy drunkard by nature might be sleeping over booze. They do not find him there either. So they decide to proceed towards the theatre with the thought that Ayyappan might come there directly on time. But, Ayyappan does not turn up for the show. Thus the drama goes on without the tabla player. Then, the troupe proceeds to a hotel they had booked to stay for the night. The next day's drama performance was scheduled at [[Pandalam]]. Since there was no clue about Ayyappan, Chellappan, the manager of the drama company sends another tabla player Janardhanan as a replacement.

Two weeks later, Vakkachan reports Ayyappan as missing at the local police station. [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Jacob Eeraly, an honest and sharp police officer from the crime branch takes up the investigation and interrogates the troupe members individually. During these interrogations, each member tells their own story of Ayyappan's unfaithful nature, drunkenness, sex drive and violent tendencies. Rohini shares that she is living with Ayyappan against her will. The inspector also discovers that Ayyappan had forcefully snatched—and later sold—a pair of earrings Rohini had bought as a wedding gift for her sister.

A month later when everyone had started to forget about Ayyappan completely, his dead body along with a broken glass bottle recovered from a paddy field midway between the company office and Ayyappan's rented house. As the case has now turned out to be a murder, the police had intensified the nature of the investigation. While looking at the broken bottle with was supposedly used to stab Ayyappan, Jacob finds a pair of keys with the letters "JK" engraved on it. He suspected the initials represent "Joseph Kollappally". The police quietly arrests Kollappally after his theatre performance. On being questioned, Kollappally confesses to that he committed the murder by accident after engaging with Ayyappan during a short duel on the road. But, his confession does not entirely convince the police. Jacob investigates further and retrieves a shard of the glass bottle used as the murder weapon from Ayyappan's rented house where he was staying with Rohini.

The next day, the troupe anxiously awaits Kollappally to join them for a big show, unaware of his arrest. The [[Governor of Kerala|Governor]] was the chief guest for the show and the show was scheduled to be held at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] city. The police plan to use Kollappally as a ploy to find out whether Rohini had a role in the murder and allowed him to speak to the drama company over telephone to inform them that he will arrive directly at the theatre for the performance in the drama. Kollappally arrives late to the venue and tells Rohini backstage that he has been arrested for murder. Rohini, in a panic, takes the stage and publicly admits to killing Ayyappan.

Rohini confesses the murder to the police and tells them her motive: after Ayyappan had sold her earrings, he taunted Rohini, saying he would trap her sister for his sexual pleasure and ruin her life — as he did to Rohini. His taunts angered her, and she stabbed him. She sought Kollapally's help, and he hid the body in the paddy field.

Following her confession, Rohini and Kollapally are taken into custody by the police. The rest of the troupe silently boards their bus and departs from the scene.

== Cast ==
* [[Bharath Gopi]] as Ayyappan, a tabla player and drunkard
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Balagopalan
* [[Jalaja]] as Rohini, the regular female lead role in the plays
* [[Thilakan]] as Vakkachan, a critically acclaimed theatre director
* [[Mammootty]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Jacob Eeraly, the police officer in charge of the investigation
* [[Venu Nagavalli]] as Joseph Kollapally
* [[Jagathi Sreekumar]] as Varunan
* Vijayavani as Molly, Jacob Eeraly's wife
* [[Thodupuzha Vasanthi]] as Rajamma
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Chellapan
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Vishnu, Ayyappan's son
* [[Mohan Jose]] as Danny
* [[Kuttyedathi Vilasini]] as Ammini

== Production ==

=== Development ===
The film uses the [[Rashomon effect]], a storytelling technique in which different characters provide contradictory interpretations or recollections of the same event.

George comments on the film's development: "I was staying in Madras those days when I got a call from [[Henry (producer)|Henry]]. He told me he was interested in making a Malayalam film with me and asked me if I had any subjects in hand. This led to a meeting at hotel [[Taj Connemara]] where I told him about two subjects. This included ''[[Adaminte Variyellu]]'' and ''Yavanika''. Henry was keen about ''Yavanika'' and gave me the go-ahead."<ref name="A classic">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/11/19/stories/2007111951050100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821052107/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/11/19/stories/2007111951050100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 August 2008|title=A classic called Yavanika|author=K. Pradeep|date=19 November 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=22 July 2011}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The entire shoot was in the suburbs of [[Vattiyoorkavu]] in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="A classic" />

== Release and reception ==
The film was released in four theatres. The response was moderate for the first week, but it later picked up and became both commercial and critical success.<ref name="A classic" /><ref name="The Hindu"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalam.filmibeat.com/features/best-police-roles-mammootty-028422.html|title=മലയാള സിനിമയിലെ കരുത്തനായ പോലീസ് ഓഫീസര്, അതിശയിപ്പിച്ച എട്ട് വേഷങ്ങള്!!|work=[[Filmibeat]]|date=26 March 2016}}</ref> ''Yavanika'' was released along with ''[[Ivan Oru Simham]]'' (1982), starring [[Prem Nazir]], but surpassed its box office collection.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2010 |title=ജീവിതമെന്ന അസംബന്ധനാടകം |url=https://www.janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=6232 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007114946/http://www.janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=6232 |archive-date=7 October 2013 |access-date=22 July 2011 |website=Janayugom |language=Malayalam |quote=ഇവനൊരു സിംഹം എന്ന പ്രേംനസീര്‍-ഷാനവാസ് ചിത്രത്തോടൊപ്പമാണ് യവനിക റിലീസ് ചെയ്തത്. എന്നാല്‍ പ്രേംനസീര്‍ ചിത്രത്തേക്കാള്‍ കളക്ഷന്‍ നേടിയത് യവനികയാണ്. |trans-quote=Yavanika released alongside the Premnaseer-Shanawaz film Evanoru Simham. But it was Yavanika that collected more than Premnaseer. }}</ref> Film critic [[Kozhikodan]] included ''Yavanika'' on his list of the ten best Malayalam movies of all time.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kozhikodan |author-link=Kozhikodan |year=2001 |title=മലയാള സിനിമയിലെ എക്കാലത്തെയും മികച്ച പത്ത് ചിത്രങ്ങൾ [Malayala Cinemayile Ekkalatheyum Mikacha Pathu Chithrangal: 10 Best Films of All Time in Malayalam Cinema] |location=[[Calicut]], India |publisher=Poorna Publications }}</ref> Premlal of ''The Cue'' felt that ''"Yavanika'' adhered to the characteristics of mainstream cinema and opened the way for broad possibilities to embrace the theme and characters with complexity, approaching them philosophically and psychologically."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=പ്രേംലാല്‍ |title=ജീവിതത്തിൻ്റെ അദൃശ്യ യവനികകൾ |url=https://www.thecue.in/entertainment/filmy-features/rewind/yavanika-malayalam-movie-analysis-director-premlal-column |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=The Cue |date=10 May 2022 |language=ml}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
''Yavanika'' won three awards at the 1982 [[Kerala State Film Awards]]:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala State Film Awards (1969 - 2012)|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234213/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] (shared with ''[[Marmaram]]'' (1982) directed by [[Bharathan]])
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – [[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]], [[K. G. George]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Second Best Actor]] –[[Thilakan]]

The film won one award at the 1982 [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-15 |title=Yavanika : One of the greatest mystery thrillers ever |url=http://onlookersmedia.com/evergreen-movies/yavanika-one-greatest-mystery-thrillers-ever/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721133747/http://onlookersmedia.com/evergreen-movies/yavanika-one-greatest-mystery-thrillers-ever/ |archive-date=2022-07-21 |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref>

* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Second Best Actor|Second Best Actor]] – [[Mammootty]]

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. B. Sreenivasan]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Song
! Singers
! Lyricist
! Length
|-
| 1
| "Bharatha Muniyoru Kalam Varachu"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]] and [[Selma George]]
| [[O. N. V. Kurup]]
| 4:34
|-
| 2
| "Chembaka Pushpa"
| K. J. Yesudas
| O. N. V. Kurup
| 3:57
|-
| 3
| "Machaanethedi"
| Selma George
| M. B. Sreenivasan
| 1:37
|-
| 4
| "Mizhikalil Nirakathiraayi"
| K. J. Yesudas
| O. N. V. Kurup
| 3:26
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0215376}}

{{KeralaStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}
{{Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film}}

[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:1980s mystery films]]
[[Category:1982 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. B. Sreenivasan]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. G. George]]

Appatha

2026-03-03T02:31:57Z

Anis: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Appatha
| image = Appatha poster.jpeg
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[Priyadarshan]]
| writer = John Britto Hardik Gajjar Deepthi Govindarajan
| producer =[[Jyoti Deshpande]] [[Suresh Balaje]] George Pius
| starring = [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] Sidharth Babu
| cinematography = [[Madhu Ambat]]
| editing = M. S. Aiyyappan Nair
| music = [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
| studio = JioStudios Wide Angle Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2023|07|29|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Appatha''''' ({{translation| Grandmother}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil-language|Tamil]]-language
[[comedy drama film|comedy drama]] film directed by
[[Priyadarshan]]. It stars [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] (in her 700th film) and Sidharth Babu. The film was screened at the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Film Festival in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=Priyadarshan's 'Appatha' to be screened at Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Film Festival |url=https://theprint.in/feature/priyadarshans-appatha-to-be-screened-at-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-film-festival/1337311/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810154920/https://theprint.in/feature/priyadarshans-appatha-to-be-screened-at-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-film-festival/1337311/ |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en}}</ref> It premiered on [[JioCinema]] on 29 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2023 |title=Trailer of Urvashi's 700th film, 'Appatha', out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/trailer-of-urvashis-700th-film-appatha-out/article67115527.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810154109/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/trailer-of-urvashis-700th-film-appatha-out/article67115527.ece |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was remade in Hindi as ''[[Aachari Baa]]'' (2025), which was also produced by Jio Studios.

== Plot ==
The plot revolves around a rural mother (Urvashi) to visit her son (Sam) who dwells in a city. The mother finds difficult to adapt the city lifestyle and she was left alone with her son's dog on one day. Initially, she was frightened by the dog and it turns the house into a mess. Later, the mother and dog share a bond. The story ends in a heart-warming note where mother finds an identity for herself after being yelled by her son on a stage.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Kannamma
*Den (dog) as Zeus
*[[Aruldoss]] as Azhagu Sundaram
*[[Amit Bhargav]] as Paavada Saamy aka Sam
*[[Kaveri Jha]] as Swaru
*[[Meghali]] as Avanti
*Sidharth Babu as Sakthi
*[[Semmalar Annam]] as Villager
*[[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Azhagu Sundaram's manager (guest appearance; uncredited)
}}

==Production==
===Development===
The film was announced on 19 November 2021 via a Facebook post, with official confirmation from the film's director [[Priyadarshan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2021 |title=Urvashi-Priyadarshan join hands after 28 years of 'Midhunam' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/new-movie-announcement-1.6192659 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812203542/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/new-movie-announcement-1.6192659 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |access-date=12 August 2023 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] commenced in November 2021 at Muthalamada railway station in [[Palakkad]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2021 |title=Priyadarshan and Urvashi's Tamil film Appatha revolves around a woman and her dog |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/priyadarshan-and-urvashis-tamil-film-appatha-revolves-around-a-woman-and-her-dog/681ac94196310 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810152426/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.ottplay.com/news/priyadarshan-and-urvashis-tamil-film-appatha-revolves-around-a-woman-and-her-dog/681ac94196310 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=[[HT Media|OTT Play]] |language=en}}</ref> and filming was completed on 8 April 2022, with official confirmation from film director [[Priyadarshan]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Appatha
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2023
| recorded = 2022
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 3:57
| language = Tamil
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2022
| year = 2023
| next_title =
| next_year = 2024
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|jR3vaIMWONY| Appatha - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
|extra_column = Artist(s)
|total_length = 3:57
| title1= Yengooru Kaathaayi
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics1 = [[Velmurugan]]
| length1 = 3:57
}}

==Reception==
Praveen Sudevan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "The difference between a sweet film and an annoying one lies in their contrasting effects on the audience. The former possesses the magical ability to captivate hearts, leaving viewers with a warm feeling long after the credits roll".<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2023 |title='Appatha' movie review: An undercooked melodrama with generic sentimentality and little substance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/appatha-movie-review-an-undercooked-melodrama-with-generic-sentimentality-and-little-substance/article67131628.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810155257/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/appatha-movie-review-an-undercooked-melodrama-with-generic-sentimentality-and-little-substance/article67131628.ece |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> P Sangeeta of ''[[HT Media|OTT Play]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Despite its flaws in terms of narration and character development, Appatha has moments that have our hearts. Veteran actress Urvashi is a delight to watch and that's a good enough reason to watch the film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2023 |title=Appatha Review: Urvashi's splendid performance lifts this predictable tale, which has its heartwarming moments and flaws |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/appatha-review-urvashis-splendid-performance-lifts-this-predictable-tale-which-has-its-heartwarming-moments-and-flaws/36f7e58235547 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810155636/https://www.ottplay.com/review/appatha-review-urvashis-splendid-performance-lifts-this-predictable-tale-which-has-its-heartwarming-moments-and-flaws/36f7e58235547 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=[[HT Media]] |language=en}}</ref> Avinash G Ram of ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and says "The dog of the son's house welcomes the father who leaves the city and comes to his son's house in the city! The mother-in-law has to leave the mother with the dog at home and go on a trip. The story is about how Dad is in such a situation".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2023 |title=Appatha Review: ಮೂಕಪ್ರಾಣಿಯ ಜೊತೆಗೆ... |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/veteran-actress-urvashi-starrer-appatha-movie-review-rating-in-kannada/moviereview/102248572.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801201845/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/veteran-actress-urvashi-starrer-appatha-movie-review-rating-in-kannada/moviereview/102248572.cms |archive-date=1 August 2023 |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |language=kannada}}</ref> Rajesh Duggumane of ''[[TV9 Kannada]]'' wrote "There is a need to do. Despite some of these limitations, animal lovers, those who like emotional stories, those who want heart-burning laughs can enjoy this movie".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2023 |title=Appatha Review: ಲಘು ಹಾಸ್ಯದ ಜೊತೆ ಭಾವುಕತೆಯ ಲಾಸ್ಯ ಬೆರೆತ 'ಅಪ್ಪತ'; ಇದು ಊರ್ವಶಿ ನಟನೆಯ 700ನೇ ಸಿನಿಮಾ |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/appatha-review-senior-actor-urvashi-starrer-appatha-movie-makes-audience-laugh-and-emotional-mdn-632836.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801201846/https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/appatha-review-senior-actor-urvashi-starrer-appatha-movie-makes-audience-laugh-and-emotional-mdn-632836.html |archive-date=1 August 2023 |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=[[TV9 Kannada]] |language=kannada}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' wrote that "Appatta's witty verses with her husband's photo and verses about the changing diet with the changing times are delightful and bring a smile to the lips. For the first hour, everything falls into place and the screenplay moves into a feel-good film. After an hour of melodrama, the screenplay derails".<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2023 |title=அப்பத்தா விமர்சனம்: ஊர்வசியின் நடிப்புக்கு ஆயிரம் ஹார்ட் ரியாக்ஷன்ஸ் கொடுக்கலாம்; ஆனால் படத்துக்கு? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/streaming/ott-review-appatha-director-priyadharshan-and-urvashi-join-hands-for-a-mediocre-melodrama |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804081217/https://cinema.vikatan.com/streaming/ott-review-appatha-director-priyadharshan-and-urvashi-join-hands-for-a-mediocre-melodrama |archive-date=4 August 2023 |access-date=13 August 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt16154708}}

{{Priyadarshan}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Priyadarshan]]
[[Category:2023 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Jio Studios films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]

Subarnarekha River

2026-03-02T05:40:30Z

Anis: small refined layout based on references further and fixed typos for clarity

{{short description|River in northeastern part of India}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Subarnarekha River
| native_name =
| name_other = Swarnarekha River
| name_etymology = 
| image = Subarnarekha.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption = Subarnarekha in December 2005 at Gopiballavpur
[[File:সুবর্ণরেখা নদীতে সূর্যাস্তের দৃশ্য, দাঁতনের বড়া গ্রাম থেকে.jpg|thumb|Sunset in Subarnarekha river]]
| map_caption = Map of the rivers and lakes in India
| pushpin_map = India Odisha # India3
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the mouth in India
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = [[Ranchi]], [[Chandil]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Ghatshila]], [[Gopiballavpur]], [[Jaleswar]]
| length = {{convert|395|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name=wris>{{cite web
| title = Subarnarekha
| publisher = Water Resources Information System of India
| url = http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Subarnarekha
| access-date = 2014-04-03
}}
</ref>
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location =
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|392|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_max =
| discharge2_location = [[Kokpara]]<ref>{{cite web| title = Subarnarekha Basin Station: Kokpara| publisher = UNH/GRDC| url = http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P2854020.html| access-date = 2013-10-01}}</ref>
| discharge2_min = {{convert|1|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_avg = {{convert|310|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_max = {{convert|2205|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| source1 =
| source1_location = Piska/Nagri (Rani Chuan) near [[Ranchi]], [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|23|18|N|85|11|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|610|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| mouth_location = [[Kirtania port]], [[Odisha, India]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|21|33|18|N|87|23|31|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{convert|18951|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name=wris/>
| tributaries_left = Dulang River
| tributaries_right = Kanchi River, [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]], Karkari River, Raru River, Garru River
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

The '''Subarnarekha River'''<ref name="cgwb">{{cite web|title=Report on National Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan Parts of Ranchi, Khunti and Lohardagga Districts, Jharkhand|url=http://cgwb.gov.in/AQM/NAQUIM_REPORT/Jharkhand/Khunti_lohar.pdf|publisher=Central Ground Water Board|location=[[Ranchi]]|page=8}}</ref> flows through the [[States and territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]].

==Etymology==
The name is a compound of two words: "Subarna," meaning gold, and "Rekha," meaning line or streak in Indian languages.<ref name="midnapore">{{cite web |title=Rivers in Medinipur District |url=http://www.midnapore.in/river/medinipur_rivers_subarnarekha.html |access-date=2010-04-24 |publisher=midnapore.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Next weekend you can be at ... Galudih |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050501/asp/calcutta/story_4682404.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050501051535/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050501/asp/calcutta/story_4682404.asp |archive-date=May 1, 2005 |access-date=2010-04-24 |publisher=The Telegraph, 1 May 2005}}</ref> As per tradition, [[gold]] was mined near the origin of the river at a village named Piska near [[Ranchi]], hence the name Subarnarekha or "streak of gold".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/jharkhand/geography-and-history/swarna-rekha.html |title = Swarna Rekha in Jharkhand |publisher = mapsofindia |access-date = 2010-04-24 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091103011348/http://www.mapsofindia.com/jharkhand/geography-and-history/swarna-rekha.html |archive-date = 2009-11-03 }}</ref><ref name="Subarnarekha River">{{cite web|url =http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/crisis/river-subarna.htm | title = Subarnarekha River |publisher = rainwaterharvesting |access-date = 2010-04-24 }}</ref> Legend has it that traces of gold were found in the riverbed. Even now, people look for traces of gold particles in its sandy beds.

==Course==
[[File:Subarnarekha_river_in_Ghatshila,_Jharkhand.jpg|thumb|Subarnarekha river in Ghatshila, Jharkhand]]

After originating near Piska/Nagri, near Ranchi, the capital of Jharkhand,<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.nih.ernet.in/nih_rbis/basin%20maps/SubernarekhA.htm |title =Hydrology and Water Resources Information System - Subernarekha Basin |access-date =2010-04-26 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref><ref name=system>{{cite web|url =http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/WaterResources/RiverSystemNBasinPlanning.pdf | title = River System & Basin Planning |access-date = 2010-04-24 }}</ref> the Subarnarekha traverses a long distance through [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]<ref>{{cite web|url =http://ranchi.nic.in/| title = Ranchi district|publisher = District administration |access-date = 2010-04-26 }}</ref>[[Seraikela Kharsawan district|, Seraikela Kharsawan]],<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.seraikela.nic.in | title = Seraikela Kharswan|publisher = District administration |access-date = 2010-04-26 }}</ref> and [[East Singhbhum]]<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.jamshedpur.nic.in | title = East Singhbhum|publisher = District administration |access-date = 2010-04-26 }}</ref> districts in the state. Thereafter, it flows for shorter distances through [[Paschim Medinipur district]] in [[West Bengal]] for {{convert|83|km}} and [[Balasore district]] of Odisha. There, it flows for {{convert|79|km}} and joins the [[Bay of Bengal]] near [[Talsari]]. The total length of the river is {{convert|395|km}}.<ref name=wris/>

The basin of the Subarnarekha is smaller than most multi-state river basins in India. The rain-fed river covers a drainage area of {{convert|18951|km2|mi2}}<ref name=wris/>

===Tributaries===
{{stack|[[File:Fishing at Subarnarekha river near Domohani (River meets).jpg|thumb|Fishing at Subarnarekha river near Domohani (confluence of Subarnarekha and Kharkhai)]]}}
The prominent tributaries of the Subarnarekha are [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]], Roro, Kanchi, Harmu Nadi, Damra, Karru, Chinguru, Karakari, Gurma, Garra, Singaduba, Kodia, Dulunga and Khaijori.<ref name=system/> The Kharkai meets the Subarnarekha at Sonari (Domuhani), a neighborhood of [[Jamshedpur]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.india9.com/i9show/Kharkai-River-73538.htm | title = Kharkai River |publisher = india9 |access-date = 2010-04-25 }}</ref>

===Hundru Falls===
[[File:Hundru falls.JPG|thumb|240px|left|Hundru Falls]]
{{Main|Hundru Falls}}
Hundru Falls is created on the course of the Subarnarekha, where it falls from a height of {{convert|98|m}}. The spectacular sight of water falling from such a great height is a sight to behold. The different rock formations due to erosion by the constantly falling water have added to the beauty of the place.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/ranchi/tourism/hundru-falls.html | title = Hundru Falls Ranchi |publisher = Maps of India |access-date = 2010-04-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2003/07/28/stories/2003072800130300.htm | title = The other side of this industrial city |publisher = The Hindu Business Line, 28 July 2003 |access-date = 2010-04-20 }}</ref><ref name=admin>{{cite web |url = http://ranchi.nic.in/waterfalls.htm |title = Hundru Falla |publisher = District administration |access-date = 2010-04-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100124204713/http://ranchi.nic.in/waterfalls.htm |archive-date = 2010-01-24 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Pollution===
The Subarnarekha passes through areas with extensive mining of copper and uranium ores. As a result of unplanned mining activities, the river is polluted. The Subarnarekha has been the lifeline of tribal communities inhabiting the Chhotanagpur region and water pollution affects their livelihood. It is getting more pollutants from the aluminium factory of Muri.<ref name="Subarnarekha River"/>

===Flood===
Several areas in the lower reaches of the Subarnarekha, particularly the coastal areas of Odisha and West Bengal, are within the flood hazard zone. The Subarnarekha in Odisha had crossed its previous Highest Flood Level (HFL) of {{convert|12.2|m}} in 2007, surpassing the earlier record of 1997. In 2009, the Subarnarekha witnessed flash floods following heavy rainfall in the upper catchment areas of the river.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.incois.gov.in/documents/isprs_presentations2009/Day3/Session%20II/Amit%20Bhattacharya.pdf |title = Generation of a Coastal Flood Hazard Zonation Map of Midnapur-Balasore Coast in Eastern India using Integrated Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques |publisher = Department of Geology and Geophysics Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302 |access-date = 2010-04-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://dsc.nrsc.gov.in:14000/DSC/Flood/HistoricFloods.jsp |title = Flood |publisher = NRSC Decision Support Centre |access-date = 2010-04-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100224104422/http://dsc.nrsc.gov.in:14000/DSC/Flood/HistoricFloods.jsp |archive-date = 2010-02-24 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/taxonomy/term/864|title = Subarnarekha, Jalaka flowing above red mark |publisher = India Environment Portal|access-date = 2010-04-25 }}</ref> During the flood, large areas of Jaleswar, Bhograi and Baliapal blocks and a small pocket of Basta block in Balasore district of Odisha were affected.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://baleswar.nic.in/dist_glance.htm|title = Subarnarekha river|publisher = Balasore district administration|access-date = 2010-04-25|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090822071811/http://baleswar.nic.in/dist_glance.htm|archive-date = 2009-08-22|url-status = dead}}</ref> Certain areas of Medinipur in West Bengal are also affected by floods.<ref name=midnapore/>

==Projects==
{{stack|[[File:Getalsud Dam.jpg|240px|thumb|right|Sunset across Getalsud reservoir]]}}

===Getalsud===
[[Getalsud Dam|Getalsud reservoir]] is located across the Subernarekha, {{convert|40|km}} east of Ranchi and about {{convert|50|km}} from its point of origin. Completed in 1971, this multi-purpose reservoir was envisaged mainly to meet municipal water demands of Ranchi city and the adjoining industrial area. The height of the dam is {{convert|35.5|m}}. There are two power houses in Sikidiri with one unit of 65 MW each. Sikidiri Hydal Power Plants are the only hydal projects in Jharkhand.<ref name=system/>

===Subarnarekha multipurpose project===
The Subarnarekha multipurpose project envisaged the construction of two dams, one at [[Chandil]] across the Subarnarekha and the other across the Kharkai at Icha near [[Chaibasa]], two barrages at Galudih across the Subarnarekha and the other across the Kharkai at Ganjia near [[Adityapur]] and a network of canals from these. Three small storage reservoirs and a network of canals from these reservoirs are in Orissa. Started in 1982–83, the multipurpose project was planned for irrigation, hydropower generation and water supply. While the Chandil dam and Galudih barrage are almost complete, the other components are still incomplete.<ref name=system/><ref>{{cite journal|jstor = 4400253 | title = Subarnarekha Project – Singhbhum's Sorrow | volume=28 |pages=2194–2196| last1 = Chadha | first1 = Ashish | journal = Economic and Political Weekly | year = 1993 | issue = 41 }}</ref> Subernarekha Barrage project (West Bengal) envisages construction of a barrage across the Subarnarekha downstream of Chandil dam and Galudih barrage near Bhosraghat to irrigate {{convert|114198|ha|acre}} annually in the Medinipur district of West Bengal through a left bank canal and its distribution system covering a culturable command area of {{convert|96860|ha|acre}}. The project was taken up for construction in the year 1995–96.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=33636 | title = Subarnarekha Project |publisher = Press Information Bureau |access-date = 2010-04-24 }}</ref>

[[File:Chandil Dam.JPG|thumb|left|Completed Chandil Dam]]
The Chandil Dam and reservoir required {{convert|17028|ha|acre}} of land. Icha Dam submerged {{convert|8585|ha|acre}} of land in Jharkhand and {{convert|4415|ha|acre}} of land in Orissa.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} The Ganjia Barrage required {{convert|266|ha|acre}} of land. Galudiha Barrage required {{convert|180|ha|acre}} of land, of which {{convert|150|ha|acre}} was private land and 30 hectares was Revenue Land. The canal network required additional land. The project experienced protests from its inception in 1975 and, in 1978, some 10,000 of them demonstrated against the dam at the construction site.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.adb.org/water/topics/dams/pdf/tr12main.pdf |title = Dams, Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities |publisher = World Commission on Dams |access-date = 2010-04-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014500/http://www.adb.org/water/topics/dams/pdf/tr12main.pdf |archive-date = 2011-06-07 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/articles/ncsxna/art_dam.pdf | title = DAMS, DISPLACEMENT, POLICY AND LAW IN INDIA |access-date = 2010-04-24 }}</ref> To address the protests, the government increased the compensation package for 12,000 families and 2,200 people got jobs in different government departments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030117/asp/ranchi/story_1581497.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114154/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030117/asp/ranchi/story_1581497.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 24, 2015|title=The Telegraph - Ranchi|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jhr.nic.in/hcjudge/data/50-1538-2009-24012011.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-06-14 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040828/http://jhr.nic.in/hcjudge/data/50-1538-2009-24012011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The construction of Chandil dam, Icha dam and Galudih barrage are complete. This dam is one of the most visited places of Jharkhand. The museum located close to the Chandil dam has scripts written on rocks, which are 2,000 years old.

==Subarnarekha port==
{{Main|Subarnarekha port}}
[[File:Dassam fall, ranchi.jpg|thumb|Dassam fall on Kanchi River before it merges with Subarnarekha]]
The Government of Odisha has signed a memorandum of understanding with Chennai-based Creative Port Development Pvt. Ltd. for the development of a deep-water, all-weather project at Kirtania at the mouth of the Subarnarekha. The Kirtania Port project was being taken up on a 50-year build, own, operate, share and transfer (boost) basis. The development would include a dedicated rail cum road connection from the port to the [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH 5]] and rail network at [[Jaleswar]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowBussinessNews.asp?id=3556 |title = Govt sign MOU to set up port in river Subarnarekha at Kirtania |access-date = 2010-04-24 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110725020726/http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowBussinessNews.asp?id=3556 |archive-date = 2011-07-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ltramboll.com/portspg.htm
|title = DEVELOPMENT OF PORT AT SUBARNAREKHA
|access-date = 2010-04-24
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100310134704/http://www.ltramboll.com/portspg.htm
|archive-date = 2010-03-10
}}</ref> More recently the project is being referred to as Subarnarekha port. The foundation stone was laid in 2019.<ref name="thehindu-1">{{cite web |title=Foundation stone laid for Subarnarekha port in Odisha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/foundation-stone-laid-for-subarnarekha-port-in-odisha/article26262854.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=12 February 2020 |language=en-IN |date=14 February 2019}}</ref>

==Film==
[[Ritwik Ghatak]] directed a Bengali film ''[[Subarnarekha (film)|Subarnarekha]]'' in 1965. Ghatak's films are deeply haunted by the spectre of the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] in 1947. In the film Subarnarekha, Ghatak "has rendered the very idea of home as a sentimental place on an elusive other side that, like the distant, opposing banks of the Subarnarekha River, symbolically represents an idealized, and intranscendible, elsewhere."<ref>{{cite web|url = http://alsolikelife.com/shooting/2010/02/997-133-subarnarekha-the-golden-thread-1965-ritwik-ghatak/ | title = Subarnarekha – the Golden Thread, 1965, Ritwik Ghatak |publisher = Shooting Down Pictures. |access-date = 2010-04-24 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Hydrography of Jharkhand}}
{{Rivers in and around Bengal}}
{{Hydrography of Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rivers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rivers of Odisha]]

Malayalam grammar

2026-02-15T16:31:11Z

Anis: cleaned up section per sources and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|Grammar of the Indian Malayalam language}}
[[Malayalam]] is a [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] featuring an [[Agglutinative languages|agglutinative]] grammar. It's word order is generally [[subject–object–verb]] (SOV), although other orders are often employed for reasons such as emphasis. [[Noun]]s are inflected for [[Grammatical case|case]] and [[Grammatical number|number]], while [[verb]]s are conjugated for [[Grammatical tense|tense]], [[Grammatical mood|mood]], and [[Causative|causativity]]. In archaic forms, verbs were also conjugated for [[Grammatical person|person]], [[Grammatical gender|gender]], number, and [[Grammatical polarity|polarity]]). Adjectives, adverbs, postpositions, and conjunctions are invariant and do not undergo inflection.

==Nouns==
The [[declension]]al paradigms for some common nouns and pronouns are given below. As Malayalam is an agglutinative language, it is difficult to delineate the cases strictly and determine how many there are, although seven or eight is the generally accepted number. [[Alveolar plosive]]s and [[Alveolar nasal|nasals]] (although the modern [[Malayalam script]] does not distinguish the latter from the [[dental nasal]]) are marked with a [[macron below]], following the convention of the [[National Library at Kolkata romanization]].

===Pronouns===
There are three [[Grammatical person|persons]] – first, second, and third. The first person has three forms – singular, [[Clusivity|inclusive plural]] (i.e. speaker, listener, and possibly others), and exclusive plural (i.e. speaker and others, but not the listener). The second person has three forms – singular [[T-V distinction|informal]], singular formal and plural. Of these, the singular formal and, plural forms are similar. A fourth form ('respectful' or 'official') is sometimes used in certain official documents and announcements.

The third person has eight forms – proximal and distal forms of singular masculine, singular feminine, singular neutral and plural. The masculine and feminine genders are used for humans and anthropomorphised non-humans. Non-living objects, plants and most animals take the neutral gender. The plural form is used for multiple objects of any gender. The plural form can also be used for a single person to show respect or because the gender is unknown or irrelevant.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronoun
|-
! colspan="3" |
! singular
! plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" | Exclusive
| rowspan="2" | {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|ഞാൻ|ñān̠|I}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|ഞങ്ങൾ|ñaṅṅaḷ|we}}
|-
! colspan="2" | Inclusive
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|നാം / നമ്മൾ|nām / nammaḷ|we}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | 2nd person
! colspan="2" | Informal
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|നീ|nī|you}}
| rowspan="3" | {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|നിങ്ങൾ|niṅṅaḷ |you (all)}}
|-
! colspan="2" | Formal
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|നിങ്ങൾ|niṅṅaḷ |you}}
|-
! colspan="2" | 'Respectful' / 'Official'
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|താങ്കൾ|tāṅkaḷ|you}}
|-
! rowspan="7" | 3rd person
! rowspan="3" | Proximal
! Masculine
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|ഇവൻ|ivan̠|(this) he}}
| rowspan="2" | {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|ഇവർ|ivar̠|(this) they}}
|-
! Feminine
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|ഇവൾ|ivaḷ|(this) she}}
|-
! Neutral
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|ഇത്|itŭ|this/it}}
| rowspan="1" | {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|ഇവ|iva|these}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | Distal
! Masculine
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|അവൻ|avan̠|(that) he}}
| rowspan="2" | {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|അവർ|avar̠|(that) they}}
|-
! Feminine
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|അവൾ|avaḷ|(that) she}}
|-
! Neutral
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|അത്|atŭ|that/it}}
| rowspan="1" | {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|അവ|ava|those}}
|-
! colspan="2" | Reflexive
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|താൻ|tān̠|himself}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|താങ്കൾ|tāṅkaḷ|themselves}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=ml|തങ്ങൾ|taṅṅaḷ|themselves}}
|}
* These are the commonly used pronouns though in total they have rarer synonyms and dialectal/colloquial forms, for example 2SG "you" can have around over 10 forms like ''nī, niṅṅaḷ, tāṉ, tāṅkaḷ, aṅṅŭ, tvaṁ,'' sanskritic gendered ''bhavāṉ, bhavati,'' dialectal for ''nī: ī, iyyŭ, ijjŭ, ji'' etc. Some colloquial dialects use ''avaṉmār̠, avaḷmār̠'' as (dist.) 3Pl. masculine and feminine pronouns.

===Cases===
[[Vocative case|Vocative]] forms are given in parentheses after the [[nominative]], as the only pronominal vocatives that are used are the third person ones, which only occur in compounds.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Singular
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
വിഭക്തി
! rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="3" | 3rd person (distal)<ref name="prox" group="note">For proximal form, replace the initial 'a' with an 'i'.</ref>
|-
! informal || formal
! masculine || feminine || non-human
|-
! Nominative
നിർദ്ദേശിക
| ഞാൻ
''ñāṉ''
| നീ
''nī''
| നിങ്ങൾ
''niṅṅaḷ''
| അവൻ
''avaṉ'' (voc. ''avaṉē'')
| അവൾ
''avaḷ'' (voc. ''avaḷē'')
| അത്
''atŭ'' (voc. ''atiṉē'')
|-
! [[Accusative case|Accusative]]
പ്രതിഗ്രാഹിക
| എന്നെ
''eṉṉe''
| നിന്നെ
''niṉṉe''
| നിങ്ങളെ
''niṅṅaḷe''
| അവനെ
''avaṉe''
| അവളെ
''avaḷe''
| അതിനെ
''atiṉe''
|-
! [[Genitive case|Genitive]]
സംബന്ധിക
| എന്റെ/എന്നുടെ/എൻ
''eṉṟe/eṉṉuṭe/eṉ''
| നിന്റെ/നിന്നുടെ/നിൻ
''niṉṟe/niṉṉuṭe/niṉ''
| നിങ്ങളുടെ
''niṅṅaḷuṭe''
| അവന്റെ/അവനുടെ
''avaṉṟe/avaṉuṭe''
| അവളുടെ
''avaḷuṭe''
| അതിന്റെ
''atiṉṟe''
|-
! [[Dative case|Dative]]
ഉദ്ദേശിക
| എനിക്ക്
''eṉikkŭ''
| നിനക്ക്
''niṉakkŭ''
| നിങ്ങൾക്ക്
''niṅṅaḷkkŭ''
| അവന്
''avaṉŭ''
| അവൾക്ക്
''avaḷkkŭ''
| അതിന്
''atiṉŭ''
|-
! [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]
പ്രായോജിക
| എന്നാൽ
''eṉṉāl''
| നിന്നാൽ
''niṉṉāl''
| നിങ്ങളാൽ
''niṅṅaḷāl''
| അവനാൽ
''avaṉāl''
| അവളാൽ
''avaḷāl''
| അതിനാൽ
''atiṉāl''
|-
! [[Locative case|Locative]]
ആധാരിക
| എന്നിൽ
''eṉṉil''
| നിന്നിൽ
''niṉṉil''
| നിങ്ങളിൽ
''niṅṅaḷil''
| അവനിൽ
''avaṉil''
| അവളിൽ
''avaḷil''
| അതിൽ
''atil''
|-
! [[Sociative case|Sociative]]
സംയോജിക
| എന്നോട്
''eṉṉōṭŭ''
| നിന്നോട്
''niṉṉōṭŭ''
| നിങ്ങളോട്
''niṅṅaḷōṭŭ''
| അവനോട്
''avaṉōṭŭ''
| അവളോട്‌
''avaḷōṭŭ''
| അതിനോട്
''atiṉōtŭ''
|-
! colspan="7" | Notes:
{{reflist|group=note}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
വിഭക്തി
! colspan="2" | 1st person
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! rowspan="2" | 3rd person
|-
! [[Clusivity|exclusive]]
! inclusive
|-
! Nominative
നിർദ്ദേശിക
| ഞങ്ങൾ
''ñaṅṅaḷ''
| നമ്മൾ/നാം
''nammaḷ/nām''
| നിങ്ങൾ
''niṅṅaḷ''
| അവർ
''avaṟ'' (voc. ''avarē'')
|-
! [[Accusative case|Accusative]]
പ്രതിഗ്രാഹിക
| ഞങ്ങളെ
''ñaṅṅaḷe''
| നമ്മളെ/നമ്മെ
''nammaḷe/namme''
| നിങ്ങളെ
''niṅṅaḷe''
|അവരെ
''avare''
|-
! [[Genitive case|Genitive]]
സംബന്ധിക
| ഞങ്ങളുടെ
''ñaṅṅaḷuṭe''
| നമ്മളുടെ/നമ്മുടെ
''nammaḷuṭe/nammuṭe''
| നിങ്ങളുടെ
''niṅṅaḷuṭe''
| അവരുടെ
''avaruṭe''
|-
! [[Dative case|Dative]]
ഉദ്ദേശിക
| ഞങ്ങൾക്ക്
''ñaṅṅaḷkkŭ''
| നമ്മൾക്ക്/നമുക്ക്
''nammaḷkkŭ/namukkŭ''
| നിങ്ങൾക്ക്
''niṅṅaḷkkŭ''
| അവർക്ക്
''avaṟkkŭ''
|-
! [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]
പ്രായോജിക
| ഞങ്ങളാൽ
''ñaṅṅaḷāl''
| നമ്മളാൽ/നമ്മാൽ
''nammaḷāl/nammāl''
| നിങ്ങളാൽ
''niṅṅaḷāl''
| അവരാൽ
''avarāl''
|-
! [[Locative case|Locative]]
ആധാരിക
| ഞങ്ങളിൽ
''ñaṅṅaḷil''
| നമ്മളിൽ/നമ്മിൽ
''nammaḷil/nammil''
| നിങ്ങളിൽ
''niṅṅaḷil''
| അവരിൽ
''avaril''
|-
! [[Sociative case|Sociative]]
സംയോജിക
| ഞങ്ങളോട്
''ñaṅṅaḷōṭŭ''
| നമ്മളോട്/നമ്മോട്
''nammaḷōṭŭ/nammōṭŭ''
| നിങ്ങളോട്
''niṅṅaḷōṭŭ''
| അവരോട്
''avarōṭŭ''
|}

The mnemonic 'നിപ്രസം ഉപ്രസം ആ' (''niprasam uprasam ā'') created by combining the first sounds of the case names is used.

=== Number ===
The suffix -കൾ (-''kaḷ''), which changes to -ങ്ങൾ (-''ṅṅaḷ'') when the nouns ends in -അം (-''aṁ''), is the most common suffix for denoting plural nouns. It is used by all inanimate nouns, concrete or abstract, and most animate, non-gendered nouns. Two other suffixes, -മാർ (-''māṟ'') and അർ (-''aṟ''), are used exclusively by a few animate nouns. All suffixes follow the ''sandhi'' (സന്ധി) rules where applicable, and are not used when preceded by numeral adjectives. The following are a few examples.
{| class="wikitable"
!Word
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|''book''
|പുസ്തകം (pustakaṁ)
|പുസ്തകങ്ങൾ (pustakaṅṅaḷ)
|-
|''umbrella''
|കുട (kuṭa)
|കുടകൾ (kuṭakaḷ)
|-
|''fish''
|മീൻ (mīṉ)
|മീനുകൾ (mīṉukaḷ)
|-
|''female''
|പെണ്ണ് (peṇṇŭ)
|പെണ്ണുങ്ങൾ (peṇṇuṅṅaḷ)
|-
|''youngster''
| യുവാവ് (yuvāvŭ)
| യുവാക്കൾ (yuvākkaḷ)
|-
|''cattle calf''
|കിടാവ് (kiṭāvŭ)
|കിടാങ്ങൾ/കിടാക്കൾ
(kiṭāṅṅaḷ/kiṭākkaḷ)
|-
|''dog''
|നായ (nāya)
|നായ്ക്കൾ/നായകൾ
(nāykkaḷ/nāyakaḷ)
|-
|''mother''
|അമ്മ (amma)
|അമ്മമാർ (ammamāṟ)
|-
|''king''
|രാജാവ് (rājāvŭ)
|രാജാക്കന്മാർ (rājākkaṉmāṟ)
|-
|''human''
|മനുഷ്യൻ (manuṣyaṉ)
|മനുഷ്യർ (manuṣyaṟ)
|-
|''gujarati person''
|ഗുജറാത്തിക്കാരൻ/-രി (gujaṟāttikkār(aṉ/i))
|ഗുജറാത്തിക്കാർ (gujaṟāttikkāṟ)
|}

* A person from a place is denoted with -kāraṉ/kāri whose plural is -kāṟ. other ways include ''malayāḷikaḷ, tamiḻaṉmāṟ, kannaḍigaṟ''.

===Other nouns===
The following are examples of some of the most common declensional patterns.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="1" | Word
! colspan="2" | '''''tree'''''
! colspan="2" | '''''elephant'''''
! colspan="2" | '''''human'''''
! colspan="2" | '''''dog'''''
|-
! colspan="1" | '''Case'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="1" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="1" | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| മരം (maram) || മരങ്ങൾ (maraṅṅaḷ) || ആന (āṉa) || ആനകൾ (āṉakaḷ) || മനുഷ്യൻ (maṉuṣyaṉ) || മനുഷ്യർ (maṉuṣyar) || പട്ടി (paṭṭi) || പട്ടികൾ (paṭṭikaḷ)
|-
! '''Vocative'''
| മരമേ (maramē) || മരങ്ങളേ (maraṅṅaḷē) || ആനയേ (āṉayē) || ആനകളേ (āṉakaḷē) || മനുഷ്യാ (maṉuṣyā) || മനുഷ്യരേ (maṉuṣyarē) || പട്ടീ (paṭṭī) || പട്ടികളേ (paṭṭikaḷē)
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| മരത്തിനെ (marattiṉe) || മരങ്ങളെ (maraṅṅaḷe) || ആനയെ (āṉaye) || ആനകളെ (āṉakaḷe) || മനുഷ്യനെ (maṉuṣyaṉe) || മനുഷ്യരെ (maṉuṣyare) || പട്ടിയെ (paṭṭiye) || പട്ടികളെ (paṭṭikaḷe)
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| മരത്തിന്റെ (marattiṉṯe) || മരങ്ങളുടെ (maraṅṅaḷuṭe) || ആനയുടെ (āṉayuṭe) || ആനകളുടെ (āṉakaḷuṭe) || മനുഷ്യന്റെ (maṉuṣyaṉstandard) || മനുഷ്യരുടെ (maṉuṣyaruṭe) || പട്ടിയുടെ (paṭṭiyuṭe) || പട്ടികളുടെ (paṭṭikaḷuṭe)
|-
! '''Dative'''
| മരത്തിന് (marattiṉŭ) || മരങ്ങൾക്ക് (maraṅṅaḷkkŭ) || ആനയ്ക്ക് (āṉaykkŭ) || ആനകൾക്ക് (āṉakaḷkkŭ) || മനുഷ്യന് (maṉuṣyaṉŭ) || മനുഷ്യർക്ക് (maṉuṣyarkkŭ) || പട്ടിക്ക് (paṭṭikkŭ) || പട്ടികൾക്ക് (paṭṭikaḷkkŭ)
|-
! '''Instrumental'''
| മരത്താൽ (marattāl) || മരങ്ങളാൽ (maraṅṅaḷāl) || ആനയാൽ (āṉayāl) || ആനകളാൽ (āṉakaḷāl) || മനുഷ്യനാൽ (maṉuṣyaṉāl) || മനുഷ്യരാൽ (maṉuṣyarāl) || പട്ടിയാൽ (paṭṭiyāl) || പട്ടികളാൽ (paṭṭikaḷāl)
|-
! '''Locative'''
| മരത്തിൽ (marattil) || മരങ്ങളിൽ (maraṅṅaḷil) || ആനയിൽ (āṉayil) || ആനകളിൽ (āṉakaḷil) || മനുഷ്യനിൽ (maṉuṣyaṉil) || മനുഷ്യരിൽ (maṉuṣyaril) || പട്ടിയിൽ (paṭṭiyil) || പട്ടികളിൽ (paṭṭikaḷil)
|-
! '''Sociative'''
| മരത്തോട് (marattōṭŭ) || മരങ്ങളോട് (maraṅṅaḷōṭŭ) || ആനയോട് (āṉayōṭŭ) || ആനകളോട് (āṉakaḷōṭŭ) || മനുഷ്യനോട് (maṉuṣyaṉōṭŭ) || മനുഷ്യരോട് (maṉuṣyarōṭŭ) || പത്തിയോട് (paṭṭiyōṭŭ) || പട്ടികളോട് (paṭṭikaḷōṭŭ)
|}

== Adjectives ==
Malayalam is thought to have no semantic category for adjectives, and instead relies heavily on using participial relative clauses for modifying nouns.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mathew|first=Rosmin|title=SIMPLy Malayalam Participials|url=https://www.hum2.leidenuniv.nl/pdf/lucl/sole/console14/console14-mathew.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339787782|title=Taxonomy of Word Formation in Malayalam}}</ref> There are two classes of words that typically act as adjectives.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Menon|first=Mythili|title=The grammatical life of property concept roots in Malayalam|journal=Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung |year=2014 |volume=18 |pages=289–302 |url=https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/sub/index.php/sub/article/view/318/251}}</ref>

# Native roots + ''-(iy)a'': This includes words such as നൽ > നല്ല (''nalla'', good), വൽ > വലിയ (''valiya'', big), നനഞ്ഞു > നനഞ്ഞ (''naṉañña'', wet), and ചെറു/ചിറു > ചെറിയ/ചിറ്റ (''ceṟiya/ciṟṟa'', short). All such words can be directly used as adjectives, without further modification. The conventional view regarding this category of words is that they typically encode the possession of the property they signify in the participial marker (-''a'') attached to them, meaning a word such as നല്ല (''nalla'') would actually mean "''having goodness''". For instance: ഇതൊരു നല്ല പുസ്തകമാണ് (''itoru nalla pustakamāṇŭ''), translating to "this is a good book", could be thought to mean "this is a goodness-having book". Note that when used in typical relative clauses, the marker -''a'' can be inflected for tense, but not when used here in an adjectival sense.
# Removing the noun formative -am: This includes words such as സങ്കടം (''saṅkaṭaṁ'', sadness), മരം (''maraṁ'', tree), and ഉയരം (''uyaraṁ'', height/tallness). As in ''marattaṭi'' "timber", ''mara vīṭŭ'' "wooden house". Another way is in the form of -ഉള്ള (''uḷḷa''), the suffix for the non-finite existential copula. For instance: അവൻ ഉയരമുള്ള കുട്ടിയാണ് (''avaṉ uyaramuḷḷa kuṭṭiyāṇŭ'', translating to "he is a tall child") could be thought to mean "he is a tallness-having child". Since the suffix is non-finite it does not vary with tense or person. The exception is with color words like (skt. ''nīla'' >) ''nīla'' "blue" which can act as both a noun and an adjective.
* Words ending with -ṟu, -tu, -ṭu can have the plosive doubled to make an adjective as in ''kāṭŭ > kāṭṭŭ, kāṭṭu tī'' "forest fire"; ''cōṟŭ > cōṟṟŭ'', ''cōṟṟupātram'' "tiffin box".
* Words ending with -vu can have the suffix removed to make an adjective, eg. nilāvŭ > nilā niḻal, rājāvŭ > rāja putraṉ.
* Another adjectivizing suffix is -m added to some words ending with vowels, ''pai > paim'' "green, gorgeous," ''paiṅkiḷi'' > "green bird, parrot"; ''pū > pūm'' "flowery", ''pūmpāṟṟa'' "flower lizard, butterfly".
* Another adjectivizing suffix is -aṉ, eg. ''kaṭu > kaṭṭaṉ'' "strong, thick", ''kaṭṭaṉ cāya'' "strong tea, black tea".

== Verbs ==
Inflection of Malayalam verbs occurs for [[Tense–aspect–mood|tense, aspect, and mode (TAM)]], and not for number (plurality) or gender. The dictionary form of verbs typically have the ending -ഉക (-''uka''), although some verbs have the ending ഇക (-''ika'') too.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jiang, Haowen|title=Malayalam: a Grammatical Sketch and a Text|url=https://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~hj3/pub/Malayalam.pdf}}</ref>

===Tenses===
Broadly, there are three tenses in Malayalam language: present, past and future. Verb forms in different tenses are created by either simply replacing the citation form ending (for present and future tense), or by suffixing the verb stem (obtained by removing the citation form ending and the preceding consonant) with a special marker depending on the class of the verb (for past tense).

==== Present tense ====
The present tense is formed by replacing the citation form ending with -ഉന്നു (-''unnu''). For example, the present tense form of പറയുക (''paṟayuka'', 'to say') is പറയുന്നു (''paṟayunnu'').

==== Future tense ====
The future tense is formed by replacing the citation form ending with -ഉം (-''um''). For example, the future tense form of നടക്കുക (''naṭakkuka'', 'to walk') is നടക്കും (''naṭakkum'').

==== Past tense ====
For most verbs the marker -ഇ (-''i'') (or യി, (''-yi'') if the verb stem ends in a vowel) is added to the verb stem to create the past tense form, but other verb classes have different rules. A non-exhaustive list of the rules for different classes, as well as some exceptions, is given below.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Common Past Tense Formations
|-
! Citation Ending !! Change Rule !! Example
|-
| -ടുക (''-ṭuka'') (after short vowel)
| Replace -ടുക with '''-ട്ടു''' (''-ṭṭu'')
| ഇടുക → ഇട്ടു (''iṭuka'' → ''iṭṭu'')
|-
| -യ്യുക (''-yyuka'')
| Replace ending with '''-യ്തു''' (''-ytu'')
| ചെയ്യുക → ചെയ്തു (''ceyyuka'' → ''ceytu'')
|-
| -അക്കുക (''-akkuka'')
| Replace ending with '''-ന്നു''' (''-nnu'')
| നടക്കുക → നടന്നു (''naṭakkuka'' → ''naṭannu'')
|-
| -ഇക്കുക (''-ikkuka'')
| Replace ending with '''-ച്ചു''' (''-ccu'')
| അടിക്കുക → അടിച്ചു (''aṭikkuka'' → ''aṭiccu'')
|-
| -ഉക്കുക (''-ukkuka'')
| Replace ending with '''-ത്തു''' (''-ttu'')
| തണുക്കുക → തണുത്തു (''taṇukkuka'' → ''taṇuttu'')
|-
| -ർക്കുക (''-ṟkkuka'')
| Replace ending with '''-ർത്തു''' (''-ṟttu'')
| ഓർക്കുക → ഓർത്തു (''ōṟkkuka'' → ''ōṟttu'')
|-
| -ൽക്കുക (''-lkkuka'')
| Replace ending with '''-റ്റു''' (''-ṯṯu'')
| തോൽക്കുക → തോറ്റു (''tōlkkuka'' → ''tōṯṯu'')
|-
| -ൾക്കുക (''-ḷkkuka'')
| Replace ending with '''-ട്ടു''' (''-ṭṭu'')
| കേൾക്കുക → കേട്ടു (''kēḷkkuka'' → ''kēṭṭu'')
|-
| -യുക (''-yuka'')
| Replace ending with '''-ഞ്ഞു''' (''-ññu'')
| പറയുക → പറഞ്ഞു (''paṟayuka'' → ''paṟaññu'')
|-
| -രുക (''-ruka'')
| Replace ending with '''-ർന്നു''' (''-ṟnnu'')
| തീരുക → തീർന്നു (''tīruka'' → ''tīṟnnu'')
|-
| -ലുക (''-luka'') / -ല്ലുക (''-lluka'')
| Replace ending with '''-ന്നു''' (''-nnu'')
| അകലുക → അകന്നു (''akaluka'' → ''akannu'')
|-
| -ളുക (''-ḷuka'') / -ള്ളുക (''-ḷḷuka'')
| Replace ending with '''-ണ്ടു''' (''-ṇṭu'')
| ഉരുളുക → ഉരുണ്ടു (''uruḷuka'' → ''uruṇṭu'')
|-
| -രിക (''-rika'')
| Replace ending with '''-ന്നു''' (''-nnu'')
| വരിക → വന്നു (''varika'' → ''vannu'')
|-
| -ണുക (''-ṇuka'')
| Replace ending with '''-ണ്ടു''' (''-ṇṭu'')
| കാണുക → കണ്ടു (''kāṇuka'' → ''kaṇṭu'')
|}

==== Exceptions and Irregulars ====
* '''നക്കുക''' (''nakkuka'', to lick) → '''നക്കി''' (''nakki''). (Exception to the -akkuka rule).
* '''ഇരിക്കുക''' (''irikkuka'', to sit) → '''ഇരുന്നു''' (''irunnu''). (Exception to the -ikkuka rule).
* '''നിൽക്കുക''' (''nilkkuka'', to stand) → '''നിന്നു''' (''ninnu''). (Exception to the -lkkuka rule).
* '''തിന്നുക''' (''tinnuka'', to eat) → '''തിന്നു''' (''tinnu'').
* '''വേകുക''' (''vēkuka'', to cook) → '''വെന്തു''' (''ventu'').
* '''നോവുക''' (''nōkuka'', to pain) → '''നൊന്തു''' (''nontu'').
* '''ചാകുക''' (''cākuka'', to die) → '''ചത്തു''' (''cattu'').

===Aspect===
Verb conjugations for the verb "പോകുക" (''pōkuka'', to go) based on the commonly recognized aspects in Malayalam are given below.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2015|title=Difficulties in Processing Malayalam Verbs for Statistical Machine Translation|journal=International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Applications|volume=6|issue=3|pages=13–24|doi=10.5121/ijaia.2015.6302|s2cid=49981659 |doi-access=free|last1=V |first1=Jayan |last2=v k |first2=Bhadran }}</ref> The past tense marker in this case is -ഇ (''-i'').

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tenses
|-
! colspan="1" |

! colspan="1" | Past
! colspan="1" | Present
! colspan="1" | Future
|-
! Simple
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|പോയി|pōyi|}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|പോകുന്നു|pōkunnu|}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|പോകും|pōkum|}}
|-
! Continuous
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|പോകുകയായിരുന്നു|pōvukayāyirunnu|}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|പോകുകയാണ്|pōvukayāṇŭ|}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|പോകുകയായിരിക്കും|pōyikkoṇṭirikkum|}}
|-
! Perfect
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|പോയിട്ടുണ്ടായിരുന്നു/പോയിരുന്നു|pōyiṭṭuṇṭāyirunnu|}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|പോയിട്ടുണ്ട്|pōyiṭṭuṇṭŭ|}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|പോയിട്ടുണ്ടാകും|pōyiṭṭuṇṭākum|}}
|-
! Perfect continuous
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|പോയിക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കുകയായിരുന്നു|pōyikkoṇṭirikkunnuṇṭāyirunnu|}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|പോയിക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കുകയാണ്|pōyikkoṇṭirikkunnuṇṭŭ|}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|പോയിക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കുകയായിരിക്കും|pōyikkoṇṭirikkunnuṇṭākum|}}
|-
! Habitual
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|പോകാറുണ്ടായിരുന്നു|pōkāṟuṇṭāyirunnu|}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|പോകാറുണ്ട്|pōkāṟuṇṭŭ|}}
| –
|}

===Mood===
====Imperative====
Bare root can act as an imperative, eg. ''cey!'' "do!", another way is by suffixing -ṇam, ''ceyyaṇam'' "must do!".

====Potential====
-ām is used for potential mood, ''ceyyām'' "will do", ''ceytēkkām'' "may do".

=== Copula ===
Malayalam employs two defective verbs as its [[Copula (linguistics)|copulas]]. The first, -ആക് (''ākŭ''), is the plain equative copula. The second, -ഉണ്ട് (''uṇṭŭ''), is the locative copula and also used to indicate possession (with the subject/possessor in the dative case). These verbs change forms in different tenses and are usually suffixed to the noun phrases that are specified by the copula. The table below lists some examples.

{| class="wikitable"
!Example
!Notes
|-
! colspan="2" |Equative
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|അവൻ സന്തുഷ്ടനാണ്|avaṉ santuṣṭaṉāṇŭ|He is happy}}
| Present tense form of ആക് is ആണ് (āṇŭ)
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|അവൻ സന്തുഷ്ടനായിരുന്നു|avaṉ santuṣṭaṉāyirunnu|He was happy}}
| Past tense form of ആക് is ആയിരുന്നു (āyirunnu)
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|അവൻ സന്തുഷ്ടനാകും|avaṉ santuṣṭaṉākuṁ|He will be happy}}
| Future tense form of ആക് is ആകും (ākuṁ)
|-
! colspan="2" |Locative
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|അവൻ വീട്ടിലുണ്ട്|avaṉ vīṭṭiluṇṭŭ|He is in the house}}
| ഉണ്ട് stays the same in the present tense
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|അവൻ വീട്ടിൽ ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നു|avaṉ vīṭṭil uṇṭāyirunnu|He was in the house}}
| Past tense form of ഉണ്ട് is ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നു (uṇṭāyirunnu)
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|അവൻ വീട്ടിൽ ഉണ്ടാകും|avaṉ vīṭṭil uṇṭākuṁ|He will be in the house}}
| Future tense form of ഉണ്ട് is ഉണ്ടാകും (uṇṭākuṁ)
|-
! colspan="2" |Possessive
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|അവൾക്ക് ഒരു പുസ്തകമുണ്ട്|avaḷkkŭ oru pustakamuṇṭŭ|She has a book}}
|
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|അവൾക്ക് ഒരു പുസ്തകം ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നു|avaḷkkŭ oru pustakaṁ uṇṭāyirunnu|She had a book}}
|
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|അവൾക്ക് ഒരു പുസ്തകം ഉണ്ടാകും|avaḷkkŭ oru pustakaṁ uṇṭākuṁ|She will have a book}}
|
|}

===Causatives===
Malayalam has 3 levels of causatives, usually verb happening, 1st person causing it to happen and making someone do it. Usually the last consonant is doubled to make the 2nd level but some verbs can use -kku- for it; 3rd level suffixes -ppikku-. Example ''ōṭuka'' "to run", ''ōṭikkuka/ōṭṭuka'' "to make someone run/ to drive", ''ōṭippikkuka/ōṭṭikkuka'' "to make someone make someone run/to make someone drive". Another suffix for 2nd level is -ttu, eg. ''cāruka/cāṟttuka/cāṟttikkuka, akaluka/akaṟṟuka/akaṟṟikkuka, kāṇuka/kāṭṭuka/kāṭṭikkuka'', last 2 with sandhi for -ttu. 2nd level can be made 1st by adding ''peṭuka'' after it, eg. ''kāṇappeṭuka'' "get seen". Not all verbs have causatives like ''pōkuka''.

=== Negation ===
Standard negation is expressed through the use of the negative particle/suffix -ഇല്ല (-''illa'', literally "no"), regardless of tense.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lindblom|first=Camilla|title=Negation in Dravidian languages|url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:772967/FULLTEXT01.pdf}}</ref> The equative copula -ആക്, however, is negated by the negative suffix -അല്ല (-''alla'') in the present tense; in all other tenses -ഇല്ല is used. When these particles are suffixed to their corresponding noun phrases, ''sandhi'' (സന്ധി) rules must be obeyed.

{| class="wikitable"
!Example
!Notes
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|അവൻ സന്തുഷ്ടനല്ല|avaṉ santuṣṭaṉalla||He is not happy}}
| Equative copula negated by -അല്ല (-alla) in the present tense
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|അവൻ സന്തുഷ്ടനായിരുന്നില്ല|avaṉ santuṣṭaṉāyirunnilla|He was not happy}}
| Equative copula negated by -ഇല്ല (-illa) in any tense other than the present tense
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|അവൾക്ക് ഒരു പുസ്തകമില്ല|avaḷkkŭ oru pustakamilla|She does not have a book}}
| rowspan="3" | All other negations use -ഇല്ല (-illa)
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|അവൾ പോകുന്നില്ല|avaḷ pōkunnilla|She is not going}}
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ml|അവർ ഇവിടെയില്ല|avaṟ iviṭeyilla|They are not here}}
|}
* Old Malayalam -ā is rare, used mostly in the standard language, eg. paṟakkā kiḷi "flightless bird", commonly paṟakkātta kiḷi / paṟakkillātta kiḷi.

''Prohibitive''
{| class="wikitable"
|Dismissive/Insistent/Low "don't"
|ചെയ്യല്ലേ (ceyyallē)
|-
|Non-polite "don't"
|ചെയ്യാൻ പാടില്ല (ceyyān pāṭilla)
|-
|Polite "please don't"
|ചെയ്യാതെ (ceyyāte)
|-
|Recommending "shouldn't"
|ചെയ്യരുത് (ceyyarutu)
|-
|Forbidding "mustn't"
|ചെയ്യണ്ട (ceyyaṇṭa)
|}

==Others==
===Comparatives===
* -kāḷ and -kāṭṭi are used interchangeably as comparatives after adding the accusative case, eg. ''pattiṉekkāṭṭi/pattiṉekkāḷ valutŭ nūṟāṇŭ''. -um can be added for intensification ''pattiṉekkāṭṭum valutŭ nūṟāṇŭ''.

== Sandhi (സന്ധി) ==
Malayalam is an agglutinative language, and words can be joined in many ways. These ways are called sandhi (literally 'junction'). There are basically two genres of Sandhi used in Malayalam – one group unique to Malayalam (based originally on Old Tamil phonological rules, and in essence common with Tamil), and the other one common with Sanskrit. Thus, we have the "Malayāḷa Sandhi" and "Saṁskr̥ta Sandhi".

=== Sandhi unique to Malayalam, based on Old Tamil ===
There are basically four Sandhi types unique to Malayalam – the "lōpa sandhi", "dvitva sandhi", "āgama sandhi" and "ādēśa sandhi".

==== Lōpa sandhi or "[[Elision]]"(ലോപ സന്ധി) ====
The Lopa sandhi occurs when the varna (vowel) at the end of a word is lost when it merges with another word. In most cases, the varna is the "samvr̥tōkāram". (the "closed u sound").

{{fs interlinear|number=ex:
|കണ്ട് + ഇല്ല {{=}} കണ്ടില്ല
|kaṇṭŭ + illa {{=}} kaṇṭilla|}}

{{fs interlinear|number=ex:
|നായ + കുട്ടി {{=}} നായ്ക്കുട്ടി
|nāya + kuṭṭi {{=}} nāykuṭṭi|}}

==== Dvitva Sandhi or "Rule of doubling" ====
In Malayalam, gemination is more in tense consonants and less in lax consonants. When two words combine in which the first is the qualifier and the qualified, the tense consonant initial to the second word geminates.

{{fs interlinear|number=ex:
|മര + കൊമ്പ് {{=}} മരക്കൊമ്പ്
|mara + kombŭ {{=}} marakkombŭ|}}

{{fs interlinear|number=ex:
|കൈ + കൂലി {{=}} കൈക്കൂലി
|kai + kūli {{=}} kaikkūli|}}

==== Āgama sandhi or "Rule of arrival" (ആഗമ സന്ധി)====
When two vowels undergo Sandhi, a consonant ("y" or "v") is added to avoid the pronunciation difficulty.

{{fs interlinear|number=ex:
|വഴി + അമ്പലം {{=}} വഴിയമ്പലം
|vaḻi + ampalam {{=}} vaḻi'''y'''ampalam.|}}

{{fs interlinear|number=ex:
|പൊതു + ആയി {{=}} പൊതുവായി
|potu + āyi {{=}} potu'''v'''āyi|}}

==== Ādēśa Sandhi or "Rule of substitution" ====
In this Sandhi, one letter is substituted by another during concatenation.

{{fs interlinear|number=ex:
|വിൺ + തലം {{=}} വിണ്ടലം
|viṇ + talam {{=}} viṇṭalam
|c2= (t replaced by ṭ)|}}

{{fs interlinear|number=ex:
|വലം + കൈ {{=}} വലങ്കൈ
|valam + kai {{=}} valaṅkai
|c2= (m replaced by ṅ)|}}

{{fs interlinear|number=ex:
|നൽ + -മ {{=}} നന്മ
|nal + ma {{=}} naṉma
|c2= (l replaced by ṉ)|}}

This sandhi also includes Sanskrit Sandhi forms like vi + '''s'''amam = vi'''ṣ'''amam, but the latter rule isn't absolute, its pati'''s'''andhya, ni'''ss'''āram, vi'''s'''mayam not patiṣandhya, niṣṣāram, viṣmayam.

=== Sandhi common with Sanskrit ===
These Sandhi rules are basically inherited from Sanskrit, and are used in conjunction with Sanskrit vocabulary which forms approximately 60% of Modern Standard Malayalam (the entire Sanskrit vocabulary is also usable with appropriate changes).<ref>{{Cite web| title=Difficulties in processing Malayalam verbs for statistical machine translation | url=https://aircconline.com/ijaia/V6N3/6315ijaia02.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329151718/http://aircconline.com:80/ijaia/V6N3/6315ijaia02.pdf | archive-date=2017-03-29}}</ref><ref>Malayalam Literary Survey, Volume 27, Kerala Sahitya Akademi, 2005</ref> The rules like savarṇadīrgha sandhi, yaṇ sandhi, guṇa sandhi, vr̥ddhi sandhi and visarga sandhis are used without changes.

==== Samāsam (സമാസം) ====
All the Sanskrit samāsa rules are adapted to Malayalam compounds. In Malayalam, the tatpuruṣa compounds are classified according to the vibhakti they are based on, during compounding. The "alaṅkāraṁ" is also used to classify tatpuruṣa compounds. There are 4 types of samasam: 1) āvyayi bhavaṉ, 2) tatpuruṣa, 3) dvandaṉ, and 4) bahuvr̥hi.

==== Vr̥ttaṁ (വൃത്തം) ====
The vr̥ttaṁ consists of metres of Malayalam prosody. Like Sandhi, there are specific vr̥ttaṁs unique to Malayalam apart from the metres common with Sanskrit. As in case of Sandhi, the Malayalam vrittams are also named in Sanskrit.

==== Alaṅkāram (അലങ്കാരം) ====
Alaṅkāraṁ or "ornamentation" is also based on Sanskritic grammarian classification. It consists of the different [[Figures of Speech|figures of speech]] used in Malayalam poetry. Being successor to Sanskrit and Maṇipravāḷam, most of Sanskrit alankaras are used in Malayalam. Thus, the common figures of speech in poems are rūpakaṁ, utprēkṣā, upamā etc.

== Words adopted from Sanskrit ==
When words are adopted from Sanskrit, their endings are usually changed to conform to Malayalam norms:

=== Nouns ===
# Masculine [[Sanskrit]] nouns with a [[word stem]] ending in a short "a" take the ending "an" in the nominative singular. For example, [[Krishna|Kr̥ṣṇa]] -> Kr̥ṣṇaṉ. The final "n" is dropped before masculine surnames, honorifics, or titles ending in "an" and beginning with a consonant other than "n" – e.g. Krishna Menon, Kr̥ṣṇa Kaṇiyāṉ etc., but Kr̥ṣṇan Eḻuttaccaṉ. Surnames ending with "aṟ" or "aḷ" (where these are plural forms of "aṉ" denoting respect) are treated similarly – Kr̥ṣṇa Potuvāḷ, Kr̥ṣṇa Cākyāṟ, but Kr̥ṣṇaṉ Nāyaṟ, Kr̥ṣṇaṉ Nambyāṟ, as are Sanskrit surnames such "Vaṟma(ṉ)", "Śaṟma(ṉ)", or "Gupta(ṉ)" (rare) – e.g. Kr̥ṣṇa Vaṟma, Kr̥ṣṇa Śaṟmaṉ.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} If a name is a compound, only the last element undergoes this transformation – e.g. Kr̥ṣṇa + dēva = Kr̥ṣṇadēvaṉ, not Kr̥ṣṇandēvaṉ. This is also done to personify something like śukraṉ, śvāṉaṉ etc.
# Feminine words ending in a long "ā" or "ī" are changed so that they now end in a short "a" or "i", for example [[Sita|Sītā]] -> Sīta and [[Lakshmi|Lakṣmī]] -> Lakṣmi. However, the long vowel still appears in compound words, such as Sītādēvi or Lakṣmīdēvi. The long ī is generally reserved for the [[vocative case|vocative]] forms of these names, although in Sanskrit the vocative actually takes a short "i". There are also a small number of nominative "ī" endings that have not been shortened – a prominent example being the word "strī" "woman".
# Nouns that have a stem in -an and which end with a long "ā" in the masculine nominative singular have a "vŭ" added to them, for example [[Brahmā]] (stem Brahman) -> Brahmāvŭ. When the same nouns are declined in the neuter and take a short "a" ending in Sanskrit, Malayalam adds an additional "m", e.g. Brahma (neuter nominative singular of [[Brahman]]) becomes Brahmam. This is again omitted when forming compounds.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}
# Words whose roots end in -an but whose nominative singular ending is -a – for example, the Sanskrit root of "[[Karma]]" is actually "Karman" –are also changed. The original root is ignored and "Karma" (the form in Malayalam being "Karmam" because it ends in a short "a") is taken as the basic form of the noun when declining.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varma |first=A.R. Rajaraja |title=Keralapanineeyam |publisher=D C Books |year=2005 |isbn=81-7130-672-1 |location=Kottayam |pages=303}}</ref> However, this does not apply to all consonant stems, as "unchangeable" stems such as "manasa" ("mind") and "suhr̥ta (friend)" are identical to the Malayalam nominative singular forms (although the regularly derived "manam" sometimes occurs as an alternative to "manasa").
# Sanskrit words describing things or animals rather than people with a stem in short "a" end with an "m" Malayalam. For example, [[Ramayana|Rāmāyaṇa]] -> Rāmāyaṇam. In most cases, this is actually the as the Sanskrit ending, which is also "m" (or allophonically anusvara due to Sandhi) in the neuter nominative. However, "things and animals" and "people" are not always differentiated based on whether or not they are sentient beings – for example [[Narasimha]] becomes Narasiṃham and not Narasiṃhan, whereas [[Ananta Shesha|Ananta]] becomes Anantan even though both are sentient.
# Nouns with short vowel stems other than "a", such as "[[Vishnu|Viṣṇu]]", "[[Prajapati|Prajāpati]]" etc. are declined with the Sanskrit stem acting as the Malayalam nominative singular (the Sanskrit nominative singular is formed by adding a visarga, e.g. Viṣṇuḥ) {{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}
# The original Sanskrit vocative is often used in formal or poetic Malayalam, e.g. "Harē" (for [[Hari]]) or "Prabhō" (for "Prabhu" – "lord"). This is restricted to certain contexts – mainly when addressing deities or other exalted individuals, so a normal man named Hari would usually be addressed using a Malayalam vocative such as "Harī". The Sanskrit genitive is also occasionally found in Malayalam poetry, especially the personal pronouns "mama" (my/ mine) and "tava" (thy/ thine). Other cases are less common and generally restricted to the realm of Maṇipravāḷam.
# Along with these [[tatsama]] borrowings, there are also many [[tadbhava]] words in common use. These were borrowed into Malayalam before it became distinct from Tamil. As the language did not then accommodate Sanskrit phonology as it now does, words were changed to conform to the native phonological system. For example: Kr̥ṣṇa -> Kaṇṇan, suṣira > tuḻiraṁ.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varma |first=A.R. Rajaraja |title=Keralapanineeyam |publisher=D C Books |year=2005 |isbn=81-7130-672-1 |location=Kottayam |pages=301–302}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
* Ravi Sankar S Nair 2012 A Grammar of Malayalam [http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2012/ravisankarmalayalamgrammar.pdf]

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Malayalam grammar}}
{{Grammars of South Asian languages}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{language grammars}}

[[Category:Malayalam grammar| ]]
[[Category:Malayalam language]]
[[Category:Dravidian grammars]]

Rajbeer Singh

2026-02-10T02:48:49Z

Anis: minor fix citations per sources and updated info per standard format

{{short description|Indian television actor}}
{{For|Academic|Rajbir Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajbeer Singh
| image = Rajbeer Singh.jpg
| image_size =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Pathankot]], [[Punjab, India]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[Model (person)|model]]}}
| years_active = 2009–2016
}}

'''Rajbeer Singh''' is an Indian actor and model who works in Hindi film and television.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rajbir-singh-pooja-bannerjee-in-legend-of-hatim-1894069|title=Rajbir Singh, Pooja Bannerjee in Legend of Hatim|date=26 September 2013|work=dna}}</ref> He appeared in the Hindi horror film ''Who's There?'' as Sunny Malhotra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533315|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205020526/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533315|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 February 2012|title=Who's There?|author=Bollywood Hungama|work=bollywoodhungama.com}}</ref> Singh made his television debut on the [[STAR Plus]] reality show ''[[Perfect Bride]]''. From 2013 to 2014, he played the lead role of Hatim on the [[Life OK]] series ''[[The Adventures of Hatim]]''.

==Career==
Singh made his television debut on the [[STAR Plus]] reality show ''[[Perfect Bride]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/shows/perfect-bride/Amrita-Rao-with-Rajveer-Singh-at-Perfect-Bride/articleshow/5064178.cms|title=On this auspicious occasion, one of the Gujarati mothers seemed so fascinated by Amrita Rao that she gifted Amrita an ancestral jewel that she was wearing - Photogallery|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref> He also played an episodic role on ''[[Rishta.com]]''.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} From 2013 to 2014, Singh played the lead role of Hatim on the [[Life OK]] series ''[[The Adventures of Hatim]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/i-ve-physical-stamina-to-play-a-warrior-rajbir-on-hatim-s-role_148140.html|title=I've physical stamina to play a warrior: Rajbir on Hatim's role|work=Zee News}}</ref> He then performed as Azaad, the lead male role in Zee TV's ''[[Qubool Hai]]'' Season 4, from August 2015 to November 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.zeetv.com/shows/qubool-hai/cast/ | title=Qubool Hai TV Serial - Watch Qubool Hai Online All Episodes (1-864) on ZEE5 }}</ref> In ''Qubool Hai'', Singh acted as a half-vampire opposite female lead [[Surbhi Jyoti]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==Filmography==

===Television===
*2009 ''[[Perfect Bride]]'' as himself
*2010 ''[[Rishta.com]]''
*2013–2014 ''[[The Adventures of Hatim]]'' as [[Hatim al-Tai|Hatim]]
*2015 ''[[Qubool Hai]]'' as Azaad Iqbal Khan

===Films===
*2011 ''Who's There?''
*2016 ''[[Ishq Junoon]]''
*2016 ''Club Dancer''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4777474}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|rajbeer-singh}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rajbeer}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:People from Pathankot district]]

Etawah Safari Park

2026-02-05T04:22:44Z

Anis: updated details

{{short description|Safari park in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox zoo
|name = Etawah Safari Park
|image = Etawah Safari Park.jpg
|image_caption = Etawah Safari Park entrance
|date_opened = {{Start date and age|df=y|2019|11|24}}
|location = [[Etawah]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
|coordinates = {{Coord|26.767261|79.001896|type:landmark_scale:10000|display=it}}
|area = {{convert|350|hectare}}<ref name=details>{{cite web |title=Lion Breeding Centre and Multiple Safari Parks information |url=http://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/zoos/information/english/498.pdf |publisher=[[Central Zoo Authority]] |access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>
|num_animals = 260 (March 2023)
|num_species = 5
|annual_visitors = {{down}} 110,023 (2023-24 Financial Year)
|owner = Forest Department, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|director = Anil Patel, IFS
|publictransit = [[Etawah Junction railway station]], [[Agra Airport]], [[Gwalior Airport]]
|website = {{URL|https://etawahlionsafari.org}}
}}
'''Etawah Safari Park''' (formerly '''Etawah Lion Safari''') is a drive-through [[safari park]] in [[Etawah]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It was opened to the public in November 2019. It includes multiple safaris, an [[Asiatic lion]] breeding centre and a visitor centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/reports/english/Annual%20report.etwah%20lion%20safari%201718pdf.pdf#pagr5 |title=Annual report |website=cza.nic.in |format=PDF |access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref>

==History==
Etawah Lion Safari was first proposed in 2006.<ref name="jagran.com1">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/elections/lok-sabha-16-year-go-but-lion-safari-park-not-opened-for-tourist-in-etawah-19120271.html|title=Loksabha Election 2019 : बड़ा मुद्दा : सियासी शोर में दब गई सफारी पार्क के शेरों की दहाड़|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref> Work was started in May 2012. The park was designed by Spanish company Art Urbà.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arturba.com/portfolio_page/lion-safari-etawah/|title=Lion Safari Etawah}}</ref> At first, six lions were migrated to the park in 2014.{{contradictory inline|date=January 2019|reason=later section cites a source saying there were 11 lions}} In 2015 a deer safari, antelope safari, bear safari and leopard safari were added and the park was renamed as Etawah Safari Park.<ref name="jagran.com1"/> The deer safari was inaugurated on 6 October 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/akhilesh-yadav-etawah-lion-safari-two-cubs3069477/|title=Four months on, Lion Safari sees birth of two cubs|date=7 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news/kanpur/article1-CM-Akhilesh-Yadav-will-inaugurate-Deer-Safari-in-Etawah-Lion-Safari-571719.html|title=मुख्यमंत्री अखिलेश यादव आज इटावा में करेंगे हिरन सफारी का शुभारंभ|website=livehindustan.com|language=hi}}</ref> and the remaining safaris as well as the park itself were inaugurated on 1 June 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://12go.asia/en/post/5630/etawah-safari-park-will-be-opened-in-october|title=Etawah Safari Park Will Be Opened in October News|website=12go.asia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/etawah-civic-18028257.html|title=आम जनता को समर्पित हुआ इटावा सफारी पार्क|access-date=2018-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629130751/https://m.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/etawah-civic-18028257.html|archive-date=2018-06-29|url-status=live}}</ref> The park opened to the public on 24 November 2019 without the lion segment.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

==Safaris==
Multiple safaris includes a lion safari, a [[deer]] safari, an [[antelope]] safari, a [[bear]] safari and a [[leopard]] safari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/02/04/a-sneak-peek-at-indias-lion-safari-a-conservation-effort-for-asias-last-lions/|title=A Sneak Peek at India's Lion Safari: A Conservation Effort for Asia's "Last Lions"|website=Blog.nationalgeographic.org|access-date=2018-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322015220/https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/02/04/a-sneak-peek-at-indias-lion-safari-a-conservation-effort-for-asias-last-lions/|archive-date=2018-03-22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/etawah-etawah-safari-chr39-s-green-flag-for-governance-16882836.html|title=इटावा सफारी को शासन की हरी झंडी|access-date=2017-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032026/http://m.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/etawah-etawah-safari-chr39-s-green-flag-for-governance-16882836.html|archive-date=2017-12-01|url-status=live}}</ref> {{as of|2019|11}}, the lion and leopard safaris are waiting for approval from the [[Central Zoo Authority]] (CZA).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/etawah-safari-opens-for-public-lion-segment-to-wait/articleshow/72214891.cms|title=Etawah Safari opens for public, lion segment to wait|website=The Times of India|date=26 November 2019 |access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jhon |first1=Mukao |title=Tanzania Safari Packages |url=https://africanscenicsafaris.com/tanzania-safari-tours |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref>

==Asiatic lion breeding centre==
The [[Asiatic lion]] breeding centre has twelve breeding dens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/environment/flora-fauna/etawah-safari-to-get-four-lions-from-gujarats-sakarbaug-zoo/articleshow/21887435.cms?from=mdr|title=Etawah safari to get four lions from Gujarat's Sakarbaug Zoo|date=18 August 2013|work=The Economic Times}}</ref> It was started with eleven lions that arrived in September 2014 mostly from zoos of [[Gujarat]].<ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gir-lions-gifted-to-etawah-wildlife-lion-safari-park-die-mulayams-dream-project-could-be-in-question-in-next-years-elections/articleshow/52696694.cms|title=Gir lions gifted to Etawah Wildlife Lion Safari Park die; Mulayam's dream project could be in question in next year's elections|newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=Rai|first1=Manmohan}}</ref> Four of the lions and five cubs died because of [[canine distemper]],<ref name="The Economic Times"/> after which the lions were vaccinated by an imported vaccine from the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/etawah-lion-safari-roars-back-to-life-from-the-edge-of-oblivion/story-u3fRZsUB1AnhCtoj4FPFFK.html|title=Etawah lion safari roars back to life from the edge of oblivion|website=hindustantimes.com|date=2 July 2019}}</ref> {{as of|2020|12}}, the center has nine cubs who are born there.<ref>{{Cite web|title=इटावा लॉयन सफारी: शेरनी जेसिका ने दो शावकों को दिया जन्‍म, चौथी बार मां बनी|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-etawah-lion-safari-lioness-jessica-gave-birth-to-two-cubs-3679651.html|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Hindustan|language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=लॉयन सफारी में शेरनी ने दिया शावक को जन्म|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/etawah-auraiya/story-lion-lion-gave-birth-to-cub-in-lion-safari-3151926.html|access-date=2021-03-05|website=www.livehindustan.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Faiz Rahman Siddiqui|date=Apr 16, 2020|title=Cub born to lioness Jennifer at Etawah Safari |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/cub-born-to-lioness-jennifer-at-etawah-safari/articleshow/75168381.cms|access-date=2021-03-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/etawah-safari-may-begin-with-deer-antelope-next-mth/articleshow/71120176.cms|title=Etawah safari may begin with deer, antelope next month|website=The Times of India|date=14 September 2019 }}</ref>

==Facilities==
[[File:Visitor Facilitation Centre, Etawah Safari Park.jpg|thumb|Visitor Facilitation Centre]]
A visitor facilitation centre includes a multimedia museum with digital signage and large format displays, and a '[[4D film|4D]]' education theatre for informing and guiding visitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/reports/english/Annual%20report.etwah%20lion%20safari%201718pdf.pdf |title=Annual report |website=cza.nic.in |access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Cabinet-nod-to-citys-thirdastro-turf-likely/articleshow/54152817.cms|title=Cabinet nod to city's thirdastro-turf likely|newspaper=The Times of India|date=8 September 2016|access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>
==Statistics==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Number of Visitors
|-
! Financial Year !! Indian Adult and Teenager !! Indian Children (0-6yr) !! Indian Children (6-12yr) !! Total Indian !! Total Foreigners !! Total Visitors !! Reference
|-
| 2022-2023 || 90326 || 8920 || 19474 || 118720 || 26 || 118746 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/reports/english/AR_etwahzoo_2223.pdf |title=Annual report FY 2022-23|website=cza.nic.in |access-date=2024-09-22}}</ref>
|-
| 2023-2024 || 85291 || 8489 || 16217 || 109997 || 26 || 110023 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/reports/english/AR_etwahasafaripark_2324.pdf|title=Annual report FY 2023-24|website=cza.nic.in |access-date=2024-09-22}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Taj Mahal]]
* [[Saman Bird Sanctuary]]
* [[Sarsai Nawar Wetland]]
* [[Gir National Park]]
* [[Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project]]
* [[Tiger and Lion Safari]]
* [[Etawah gharana]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://etawahlionsafari.org Official website]

{{Kanpur division topics}}
{{Tourist attractions in Agra}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Safari parks]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Etawah district]]
[[Category:Etawah]]
[[Category:Kanpur division]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Zoos established in 2019]]

Muhammad in the Baháʼí Faith

2026-02-04T06:39:18Z

Anis: enhanced content additionally and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|none}}
{{religious text primary|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Muhammad
| image = Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door.jpg
| caption = Gates of the [[Prophet's Mosque]] in [[Medina]]
| birth_date = c. 570 CE
| birth_place = [[Mecca]], Hejaz, Arabia
| death_date = 8 June 632 CE (Aged 61)
| death_place = [[Medina]], Hejaz, Arabia
| resting_place = [[Green Dome]] at the Prophet's Mosque, Medina, Arabia
| predecessor = [[ʿĪsā]]
| successor = [[The Báb]]
| spouse = See [[Wives of Muhammad]]
| children = See [[Children of Muhammad]]
| parents = [[Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] (father)
[[Amina bint Wahb]] (mother)
}}
[[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]] venerate [[Muhammad]] as one of a number of prophets or "[[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestations of God]]", but consider his teachings (as with the teachings of [[Religious perspectives on Jesus#Baháʼí Faith|Jesus]] and [[Moses#Baháʼí Faith|Moses]]) to have been superseded by those of [[Baháʼu'lláh]], the founder of the [[Baháʼí Faith]].<ref name="Smith">{{cite book |last= Smith |first= Peter |title= A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith |year= 2000 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |location= Oxford |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pYfrAQAAQBAJ |isbn= 1-85168-184-1 |page = 251}}</ref>

== Overview ==

Baháʼís believe in Muhammad as a prophet of [[God in the Baháʼí Faith|God]], and in the [[Qurʼan]] as the Word of God. Bahá'í teachings "affirm that Islam is a true religion revealed by Allah"; accordingly, members of the faith can give full assent to the traditional words of the [[Shahada]]h.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Islam and the Baha'i Faith|last = Momen|first = Moojan|publisher = George Ronald Pub Ltd|year = 2000|isbn = 9780853984467|location = Oxford|pages = 10}}</ref> Muhammad is taken to be one of the most important messengers of God as an "independent" Manifestation of God. Furthermore, Baháʼís believe that [[Báb|the Báb]], a central figure in the Baháʼí Faith, was a descendant of Muhammad through [[Husayn ibn Ali|Imam Husayn]],<ref name=lambden1991>{{cite journal | author= Lambden, Stephen | title =Islam, Muhammad, and the Qurʼan: Some Introductory Notes | journal =Baháʼí Studies Review | volume =1 | issue =1 | publisher = Association for Baha'i Studies English-Speaking Europe | location =London, UK | date =1991 | url =http://bahai-library.com/lambden_islam_muhammad_quran | access-date = Dec 15, 2015 }}</ref> whose coming was foretold by Muhammad. [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]], the son and successor of Baháʼu'lláh, wrote that "His Holiness the Prophet Muhammad made a covenant concerning His Holiness the Báb and the Báb was the One promised by Muhammad, for Muhammad gave the tidings of his coming."<ref>{{cite book |last = Terry |first = Peter |year = 2008 |title = Proofs of the Prophets |publisher = Lulu Press |isbn = 978-1435713468 |pages = 22 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UYLRAQAAQBAJ }}</ref>

In the [[Baháʼí literature|Baháʼí writings]], [[Muhammad]] is known by the titles the "Apostle of God", the "Seal of the Prophets" and the "Day-Star of Truth".<ref name=JBS5-3>{{cite journal |author1= Fazel, Seena |author2= Fananapazir, Khazeh | title =A Baháʼí Approach to the Claim of Finality in Islam | journal = Journal of Baháʼí Studies | volume =5 | issue =3 | pages =17–40 | publisher =Association for Baha'i Studies North America | date =1993 | url =http://bahai-library.com/fananapazir_fazel_finality_islam
| access-date = Dec 15, 2015|doi= 10.31581/JBS-5.3.2(1993) | doi-access =free | url-access =subscription }}</ref> Writing of Muhammad, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá states that through God's aid, he was able to unite the warring tribes of the Arabian Peninsula "to such an extent that one thousand tribes were welded into one tribe".<ref>{{Cite book |last = ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |author-link = ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |orig-year = 1916–17 |year = 1991 |title = Tablets of the Divine Plan |publisher = Baháʼí Publishing Trust |place = Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn = 0-87743-233-3 |url = http://www.bahai.org/r/191427232 |pages = 105–106 (14.10)}}</ref> This, he writes, despite the fact that he (Muhammad) was an illiterate man born into a cruel and barbarous culture. He was nevertheless responsible for producing "a book in which, in a perfect and eloquent style. He explained the divine attributes and perfections, the prophethood of the Messengers of God, the divine laws, and some scientific facts."{{sfn|ʻAbdu'l-Bahá|2015|pp=27 (7.11)}}

In the Baháʼí Faith Muhammad is regarded as one of the class of "independent Prophets" – that is, those prophets "who are followed" and who "establish a new religion and make new creatures of men". They also "change the general morals, promote new customs and rules, [and] renew the cycle and the law."{{sfn|ʻAbdu'l-Bahá|2015|pp=187 (43.2–3)}} Along with Muhammad, [[Abraham#Baháʼí Faith|Abraham]], [[Moses#Baháʼí Faith|Moses]], [[Religious perspectives on Jesus#Baháʼí Faith|Jesus]], [[Báb|the Báb]] and [[Baháʼu'lláh]] are classed among the "independent Prophets". The religion teaches the unity and the oneness of all the prophets of God. As such, Abraham, Moses, Jesus Christ, Muhammad, the Báb and Baháʼu'lláh are believed to have proclaimed the same message at different times. It is only due to the "difference in their station and mission" that their "words and utterances" ever "appear to diverge and differ."{{sfn|Baháʼu'lláh|2003|pp=177 (§ 192)}} As with all the Prophets of God, Baháʼís believe that Muhammad was sinless. Being holy, these prophets are believed to be pure from sin and purged of faults. In response to Sura 48:2 of the Qurʼan which, referring to Muhammad, states that God forgives his past and future sins, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá states that this address was "in reality for all the people" and is only "apparently directed to Muhammad".{{sfn|ʻAbdu'l-Bahá|2015|pp=194 (44.11)}}

The Baháʼí Faith teaches that Muhammad was a man of peace. On the occasions when he did fight, he only did so in order to defend himself and his followers from the hostile pagan [[Quraysh|Arab tribes]] who inhabited the [[Arabian Peninsula]] in his time.{{sfn|ʻAbdu'l-Bahá|2015|pp=24 (7.7)}} ʻAbdu'l-Bahá claimed that "Muhammad never fought against the Christians".{{sfn|ʻAbdu'l-Bahá|2015|pp=26 (7.9)}}

== Hadith ==
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá taught that some [[Sunnah|stories]] about the teachings, deeds and sayings of Muhammad as described in certain [[hadith]] which he perceived to be negative, were fabricated due to fanaticism, ignorance or enmity. He told that most of those who narrated such stories were either members of the "clergy", "antagonistic" or "ignorant Muslims who repeated unfounded traditions about Muhammad which they ignorantly believed to be to His praise." Thus, he says, "some benighted Muslims made His polygamy the pivot of their praises".

While disregarding some hadith about Muhammad as fabrications and exaggerations, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá accepted the authenticity of others. For example, traditions about Muhammad's friendly treatment of the Christians of Najran of whom Muhammad is said to have proclaimed: "If any one infringes their rights, I myself will be his enemy, and in the presence of God I will bring a charge against him." According to Baháʼí belief, in this time Muslims and Christians lived in harmony with each other, however, "after a certain time", due to 'the transgression of both the Muhammadans and the Christians, hatred and enmity arose between them.'{{sfn|ʻAbdu'l-Bahá|2015|pp=26 (7.9)}}

== Seal of the Prophets ==
In contrast to the Muslims, Baháʼís do not believe that Muhammad is the final messenger of God,<ref name=JBS5-3 /><ref>{{cite journal
| author= Wittman, Brian | title =Keys to the Proper Understanding of Islam in The Dispensation of Baha'u'llah | journal = Lights of Irfan | volume =2 | pages =135–48 | publisher = Irfan Colloquia | location = Wilmette, IL | date =2001 | url =http://bahai-library.com/wittman_understanding_islam.html | access-date = Dec 15, 2015}}</ref> or rather define [[eschatology]] and [[Eschatology|end times]] references as metaphorical for changes in the ages or eras of mankind but that it and progress of God's guidance continues. Although, in common with Islam, the title the [[Seal of the prophets|Seal of the Prophets]] is reserved for Muhammad, Baháʼís interpret it differently. They believe that the term Seal of the Prophets applies to a specific epoch, and that each prophet is the "seal" of his own epoch. Therefore, in the sense that all the prophets of God are united in the same "Cause of God", having the same underlying message, and all "abiding in the same tabernacle, soaring in the same heaven, seated upon the same throne, uttering the same speech, and proclaiming the same Faith", they can all claim to be "the return of all the Prophets". Likewise, since they all have "a definitely prescribed mission, a predestined revelation, and specially designated limitations", they can all claim to be the "seal of the prophets" for their own epoch.{{sfn|Baháʼu'lláh|2003|pp=176 (§ 191)}} According to this understanding, there is no reason why another prophet cannot follow with a message which is a seal for his own specific epoch.

Baháʼu'lláh cited Sura 5:64 of the Qurʼan in arguing that the censure applied to the Jews in that [[ayah]] (that they had sought to limit the power of God to do as he wills) was just as applicable to Muslims who held to the doctrine that no prophets could follow Muhammad. He writes that: "For over a thousand years they have been reciting this verse, and unwittingly pronouncing their censure against the Jews, utterly unaware that they themselves, openly and privily, are voicing the sentiments and belief of the Jewish people".{{sfn|Baháʼu'lláh|2003|pp=137 (§ 148)}}

Muhammad is seen as ending the ''[[Progressive revelation (Baháʼí)#Universal cycles|Adamic cycle]]'', also known as the ''Prophetic cycle'', which is stated to have begun approximately 6,000 years ago,<ref>Letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice to an individual believer, March 13, 1986. Published in {{cite book |first=Shoghi |last=Effendi |author-link= Shoghi Effendi |author2= The Universal House of Justice |editor= Hornby, Helen|year= 1983 |title= Lights of Guidance: A Baháʼí Reference File |publisher= Baháʼí Publishing Trust, New Delhi, India |isbn= 81-85091-46-3 |url= http://bahai-library.com/hornby_lights_guidance | pages = 500}}</ref><ref name="rob2_352">{{cite book |last= Taherzadeh |first= Adib |author-link= Adib Taherzadeh |year= 1977 |title= The Revelation of Baháʼu'lláh, Volume 2: Adrianople 1863–68 |publisher= George Ronald |location=Oxford, UK |isbn= 0-85398-071-3 |pages=352 |url=http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha%27i/Others/ROB/V2/p337-369Ch16.html#p351}}</ref> and the Báb and Baháʼu'lláh as starting the ''Baháʼí cycle'', or ''Cycle of Fulfillment'', which will last at least five hundred thousand years with numerous Manifestations of God appearing throughout that time.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Seena Fazel and Khazeh Fananapazir |year= 1993|title= A Baháʼí Approach to the Claim of Finality in Islam|journal=Journal of Baháʼí Studies |volume=5 |issue= 3|pages= 17–40 |doi= 10.31581/jbs-5.3.2(1993)| url = http://bahai-library.com/fananapazir_fazel_finality_islam|doi-access= free|url-access= subscription}}</ref><ref>[http://bahai-library.com/hakim_seal_prophets Kamran Hakim: A Personal Interpretation of the Term 'Seal of the Prophets']</ref> In fact, [[Ali]], the Commander of the Faithful, stated: "Allah completed the system of warning and presentation of proofs with him (Muhammad) and stopped arguing about and providing proof of the status of His friends who possess divine authority among His creatures.",<ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Islam |first=Thiqatu|year=2015 |title=Al-Kafi Volume 8 of 8 English Translation|publisher=The Islamic Seminary, Inc. |location=New York|page=22|isbn=978-1-943081-00-4 }}</ref> In the ''[[Kitáb-i-Íqán]]'', Baháʼu'lláh makes a direct link between Qurʼan 33:40,<ref name="qur3340">{{cite quran|33|40|s=ns}}</ref> about the seal of the prophets, and 33:44,<ref>{{Cite quran|33|44|s=ns}}</ref> about the promise of the "attainment of the divine Presence" on the day of resurrection, which he interprets as the meeting with the Manifestation of God. The day of resurrection is interpreted as the day of the advent of the [[Al-Qāʾim Āl Muḥammad|Qaʼim]]<ref>Buck, Christopher (2007). ''[http://christopherbuck.com/Buck_PDFs/Buck_Seal_2007.pdf Beyond the 'Seal of the Prophets': Bahaʼullah's Book of Certitude (Ketab-e Iqan).] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009101751/http://christopherbuck.com/Buck_PDFs/Buck_Seal_2007.pdf |date=2011-10-09 }}'' Religious Texts in Iranian Languages. Edited by Clause Pedersen & Fereydun Vahman. København (Copenhagen): Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. Pp. 369–378.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Buck |first = Christopher |year = 1995 |title = Symbol & Secret: Qur'án Commentary in Baháʼu'lláh's Kitáb-i-Iqán, pp. 191–198 |publisher = Kalimát Press |location = Los Angeles, USA |isbn = 0-933770-80-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbVTViPK8JsC}}</ref> or [[Mahdi]].

== The Báb and Muhammad ==
The Báb in a letter written to Mulla Shaykh Ali Turshizi, claims:<blockquote>The first to swear allegiance to me was Muḥammad the Prophet of God, then 'Alī, then those who were witnesses after him [i.e., the next eleven Imāms], then the Gates of Guidance, then those to whom God had accorded such grace of the prophets and holy ones and witnesses and those who believed in God and his verses.<ref>{{Cite book|last=MacEoin|first=Dennis|url=https://brill.com/view/title/14923|title=The Messiah of Shiraz: Studies in Early and Middle Babism|date=2008-11-30|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-474-4307-0|pages=341|language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

==See also==
* [[Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion]]
* [[Muqatta'at#In the Bábí and Baháʼí Faiths|Isolated letters of the Qurʼan in the Baháʼí Faith]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book
|author=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
|author-link=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
|orig-year=1908
|year=2015
|title=Some Answered Questions
|publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust
|location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA
|isbn=978-0-87743-190-9
|title-link=Some Answered Questions
}}
*{{Cite book
|author = Baháʼu'lláh
|author-link = Baháʼu'lláh
|orig-year = 1862
|year = 2003
|title = Kitáb-i-Íqán: The Book of Certitude
|publisher = Baháʼí Publishing Trust
|location = Wilmette, Illinois, USA
|isbn = 1-931847-08-8
|url = http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/kitab-i-iqan
}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
|author=Balyuzi, H. M.
|title=Muḥammad and the Course of Islám
|year=1976
|publisher=George Ronald
|isbn=978-0-85398-060-5
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7kbAAAAMAAJ
}}
*{{cite book
|last = Momen
|first = Moojan
|year = 2000
|title = Islam and the Baháʼí Faith
|publisher = George Ronald
|location = Oxford, UK
|isbn = 0-85398-446-8
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gMAQAQAAIAAJ
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Momen
|first = Moojan
|title=An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0OL5Z8S-V0C
|year=1985
|publisher=Yale University Press
|isbn=978-0-300-03531-5
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Monajem
|first = Jamshid
|title=Stories of the Life of Muhammad: A Compilation from the Writings of Early Muslim Chronicles
|year=1999
|publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust
|location=New Delhi, India
|isbn=8186953507
}}

* Rafati, Vahid. (2023). "A Survey of Qurʾān commentaries as reflected in the Bābī-Bahāʼī writings." [https://jsai.huji.ac.il/about-jsai-0 Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam], 54: 321–354.
*{{cite book
| last = Saiedi
| first = Nader
| year = 2000
| title = Logos and Civilization - Spirit, History, and Order in the Writings of Baháʼu'lláh
| publisher = University Press of Maryland and Association for Baha'i Studies
| location = USA
| isbn = 1883053609
| ol = 8685020M
}}
* {{cite journal
| author= Stockman, Robert
| title =Notes on Islam from a Baháʼí Perspective
| journal =Notes for the Wilmette Institute
| publisher =Wilmette Institute
| date =1998
| url =http://bahai-library.com/stockman_history_islam
}}
* {{cite journal
| author= Troxel, Duane
| title =Islam and the Baháʼí Faith: A Brief Guide
| journal =Deepen Magazine
| volume =3
| issue =2
| publisher =Tsavo West Baháʼí Institute
| date =1994
| url =http://bahai-library.com/troxel_islam_bahai_guide
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad in the Baha'i Faith}}
[[Category:Baháʼí Faith and other religions]]
[[Category:Islam and other religions]]
[[Category:Religious perspectives on Muhammad|Bahai]]

Kamboj

2026-01-30T23:22:07Z

Anis: fixes

{{Short description|Social group in India and Pakistan}}
{{other uses|Kamboja (disambiguation){{!}}Kamboja}}
{{pp-move}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{infobox ethnic group|
| group = Kamboj
| image = Portrait of two unidentified men of the Kamboj (or Kamboh) tribe of Multan, ca.1862–72.png
| image_caption = Portrait of two unidentified men of the Kamboj (or Kamboh) tribe of Multan, ca.1862–72
| poptime =
| popplace = [[India]] • [[Pakistan]]
| langs = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] • [[Dogri language|Dogri]] • [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] • [[Hindi]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]] • [[Sikhism]] • [[Islam]]
| related =
}}

The '''Kamboj''' ([[Devanagari]]: कम्बोज, [[Nastaliq]]: کمبوج, [[Gurumukhi]]: ਕੰਬੋਜ [[ALA-LC]]: {{Transliteration|ur|ALA-LC|''Kamboj''}}), also '''Kamboh''' ([[Nastaliq]]: کمبوہ [[ALA-LC]]: {{Transliteration|ur|ALA-LC|''Kamboh''}}), is a caste and agrarian community of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Imran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MgUABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |title=The Punjab Under Imperialism, 1885-1947 |date=14 July 2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5958-0 |page=47 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qUZuAAAAMAAJ |title=Haryana |last2=Bhatia |first2=A. K. |last3=Sharma |first3=Madan Lal |date=1994 |publisher=[[Anthropological Survey of India]] |isbn=978-81-7304-091-7 |pages=284}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

=== Religion ===
As per the 1931 census of [[Punjab Province (British India)|British Punjab]], most Kambojs followed [[Sikhism]] (42.4%) and [[Islam]] (41.5%), with a considerable minority following [[Hinduism]] (16.1%).<ref>{{cite report |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables.: Census Reports - 1931 |date=1933 |pages=291–292 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793242 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031110212/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Hindu]] Kambojs and the [[Sikh]] Kambojs are found in the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]] and [[Jammu division|Jammu]] regions in India, while most of the [[Muslim]] Kambojs, known as Kambohs, are found in the province of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |date=27 March 2014 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-100411-7 |page=84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ&dq=Kamboj++caste&pg=PA84}}</ref>

The Muslim Kambohs were particularly influential in the administration and the military of the [[Mughal Empire]] from the times of [[Akbar]] onward. Some famous personalities include Mughal general [[Shahbaz Khan Kamboh]] and 16-century [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint [[Shaikh Gadai Kamboh]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Umar |first1=Mohammad |date=1992 |title=The Kambohs: A Prominent Community of Indian Muslims in the Sixteenth Century (summary) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142802 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=53 |pages=328–330 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44142802 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901195449/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142802 |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>

=== Numbers ===
As per the [[2017 Pakistani census]], Kamboh made around 5% of [[Lahore District|Lahore]]'s population, which back then amounted to some 550,000 individuals out of a total population of 11 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Profile |url=https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127195943/https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-date=27 November 2023 |website=District Lahore - [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Government of Punjab]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kambojas]]
*[[Khmer people]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category: Muslim communities of Haryana]]
[[Category: Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category: Muslim communities of India]]

Maria Bellett Browne

2026-01-29T18:54:23Z

Anis: entry

{{Infobox person/Wikidata

|fetchwikidata=ALL

}}

'''Maria Bellett Browne''' (30 December 1786 – 13 February 1828) was a British [[Portrait miniature|miniature]] painter in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].

Maria Bellett Roberts was born on 30 December 1786 in London, the daughter of Arundel Roberts and Mary Bellett Roberts. She was educated in [[Sampford Arundel|Samford Arundel]]. At the age of 19, she accompanied her brother Arundel Roberts, Jr., an [[East India Company]] agent, to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. In 1806, she married Marmaduke Browne, an East India Company military officer stationed at [[Fort William, West Bengal|Fort William]]. They had two sons, Arthur and Tom, and two daughters who died in infancy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ormond |first=Richard |date=1972 |title=Chinnery and His Pupil, Mrs Browne |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41829435 |journal=The Volume of the Walpole Society |volume=44 |pages=123–214 |issn=0141-0016 |archive-date=2025-01-02 |access-date=2025-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102145240/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41829435 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Calcutta, she painted at least a hundred portrait miniatures of British people, usually giving them as gifts or in trade. She studied under the painter [[George Chinnery]] and they carried on an extensive correspondence about art techniques and theories. <ref name=":0" />

In 1823, she and her husband returned to England. Plagued with poor health, she remained in Samford Arundel while he returned to India. She died on 13 February 1828.<ref name=":0" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Jane Eliza Sherwood.jpg|Jane Eliza Sherwood Russell
File:Maria Bellet Browne - Portrait of Mrs Thomas Browne.jpg|Mrs. Thomas Browne
File:Mrs Marmaduke Brown - portrait of James Atkinson, 1780-1852 SNG PG 435.jpg|[[James Atkinson (Persian scholar)|James Atkinson]]

</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bellett, Maria}}
[[Category:Created via preloaddraft]]
[[Category:1786 births]]
[[Category:1828 deaths]]
[[Category:Miniature painting]]
[[Category:British women painters]]
[[Category:Painters from London]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Works of Narmad

2026-01-29T12:13:42Z

Anis: Creating The Pg Basic Info!

The '''Works of [[Narmadashankar Dave|Narmadashankar Lalshankar Dave]]''' (1833 – 1886), popularly known as '''Narmad''', consist essays, poems, plays and other prose were published in collections by [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. He is considered as the founder of modern [[Gujarati literature]].<ref name="Dave1983">{{cite book|last=Dave|first=Narmadashanker Lalshanker|editor=Ramesh M. Shukla|title=Mari Hakikat|url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/537875|edition=1|year=1994|publisher=Kavi Narmad Yugavart Trust|location=Surat|pages=183–184|chapter=Apendix XII (Timeline of Life)|language=gu|archive-date=2016-10-25|access-date=2016-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050702/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/537875|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="GSP">{{cite web | title=નર્મદશંકર દવે (Narmadashankar Dave)| website=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] | url=http://www.gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Narmadashankar-Dave.html | language=gu | accessdate=25 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="toi2010">{{cite web|author1=Bharat Yagnik |author2=Ashish Vashi|title=No Gujarati dept in Veer Narmad, Hemchandracharya varsities |website=[[The Times of India]] | date=2 July 2010 | url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOI/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOI&BaseHref=TOIA%2F2010%2F07%2F02&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=5&EntityId=Ar00503&AppName=1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113123441/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOI/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOI&BaseHref=TOIA%2F2010%2F07%2F02&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=5&EntityId=Ar00503&AppName=1 | url-status=dead | archive-date=November 13, 2016 | accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref>

He introduced many creative forms of writing in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. He wrote pioneering work in such forms as [[autobiography]], [[poetry]], [[lexicography]], historical plays and research in folk literature. He was also an outspoken journalist and a pamphleteer. Narmad was a strong opponent of [[religious fanaticism]] and [[orthodoxy]]. He promoted [[nationalism]] and [[patriotism]] with famous songs like ''Sahu Chalo Jeetva Jang,'' wrote about [[self-government]] and talked about one national language, [[Hindustani language|Hundustani]], for all of India, nearly five decades before [[Mahatma Gandhi]] or [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]]. He wrote a poem ''[[Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat (Poem)|Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat]]'' in which he listed with a sense of pride all the cultural symbols that go into constituting the Gujarati identity. These symbols include even the things non-Hindu, implying that Gujarat belongs to all the castes, communities, races, religions and sects that inhabit Gujarat. The poem is now state song of Gujarat. Mahatma Gandhi had acknowledged him for his philosophy of nonviolence.<ref name="Dave1983"/><ref name="Mumbai Samachar">{{cite web | title='ડાંડિયા', 'નર્મકોશ' અને જય જય ગરવી ગુજરાત |author=Saurabh Shah | website=Mumbai Samachar | url=http://www.bombaysamachar.com/frmStoryShow.aspx?sNo=89514 | language=gu | accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=poemhunter>{{cite web|title=Biography of Narmadashankar Dave|url=http://www.poemhunter.com/narmadashankar-dave/biography/|publisher=poemhunter.com|accessdate=18 February 2014}}</ref><ref name=kamat>{{cite web|title=Poet Narmad|url=http://www.kamat.com/database/biographies/narmad.htm|publisher=kamat.com|accessdate=18 February 2014}}</ref><ref name=sangeetbhavantrust>{{cite web|title=Narmad, Gujarati Saraswats, Sangeet Bhavan|url=http://sangeetbhavantrust.com/narmad.html|publisher=sangeetbhavantrust.com|accessdate=18 February 2014}}</ref><ref name=indianmirror>{{cite web|title=Gujarati Language, History of Gujarati Language|url=http://www.indianmirror.com/languages/gujarati-language.html|publisher=indianmirror.com|accessdate=18 February 2014}}</ref>

His major collected works are ''[[Narmagadya]]'' ({{langx|gu|નર્મગદ્ય}}), collection of essays; ''Narmakavita'' ({{langx|gu|નર્મકવિતા}}), collection of poems; ''Narmakathakosh'' ({{langx|gu|નર્મકથાકોશ}}), collection of stories of characters of mythological literature and ''[[Narmakosh]]'' ({{langx|gu|નર્મકોશ}}), dictionary. His ''[[Mari Hakikat]]'', the first autobiography in Gujarati,{{efn-ua|In the 1840s, [[Durgaram Mehta]] had written his personal diary , ''Nityanondh'' but it was not an attempt of autobiography as in western style. Mahipatram Rupram had written a biography, ''Durgaram Charitra'' (1879) based on the diary.<ref name="Dattax">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA527|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|page=527}}</ref>}} was published posthumously.{{efn-ua|Narmad had written his autobiography in 1866 but he had requested it to be published posthumously. It was published in 1933, on his birth centenary. Two autobiographies were published before it, ''Hu Pote'' (1900) by Narayan Hemchandra and ''[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth|Satyana Prayogo]]'' (1925-1929) by [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name="Kusum2016">{{cite book | last=Pandya | first=Kusum H| title=Gujarati Atmakatha Tena Swarupagat Prashno. Thesis. Department of Gujarati, Sardar Patel University.| website=Shodhganga web | date=31 December 1986 | url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/98617 | accessdate=28 October 2016|language=gu|pages=200–220| hdl=10603/98617}}</ref>}}

==Poetry==
His ''Narmakavita:1-3'' (1858), ''Narmakavita:4-8'' (1859) and ''Narmakavita:9-10'' (1860) were collected in ''Narmakavita:Book 1'' (1962). Later ''Narmakavita:Book 2'' (1863) was published. His all poetry were later collected in ''Narmakavita'' (1864).<ref name="GSP"/>

His poem, "[[Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat]]", (1873) is used as a ''[[de facto]]'' state song of [[Gujarat]].<ref name="toi2010"/>

==Prose==
His ''Rasapravesh'' (1858), ''Pingalpravesh'' (1857), ''Alankarpravesh'' (1858), ''Narmavyakaran'' Part I and II (1865), ''Varnavichar'' (1865), ''Nayika Vishaypravesh'' (1866) are his collections of essays on [[poetics]] with historical importance.<ref name="GSP"/>

''Rituvarnan'' (1861), ''Hinduoni Padati'' (1864), ''Kavicharit'' (1865), ''Suratni Mukhtesar Hakikat'' (1865), ''[[Iliad]]no Sar'' (1870), ''Mahipatram Rupram Mehta'' (1870), ''Mahapurushona Charitra'' (1870), ''[[Mahabharata]]no Sar'' (1870), ''[[Ramayana]]no Sar'' (1870), ''Sarshakuntal'' (1881), ''Bhagvadgitanu Bhashantar'' (1882) are his prose works. His other writings between 1850 and 1865 collected in ''Narmagadya'' (1865) and posthumously published ''Narmagadya-2'' (1936) are his other prose works. ''Mari Hakikat'', his autobiography written in 1866 and published posthumously in 1933, is the first autobiography of Gujarati. ''Uttar Narmad Charitra'' (1939) was also published chronicling his later life.<ref name="GSP"/>

His essays are collected and edited in three volumes. They are ''Narmadgadya'' or ''Narmadashankar Lalashankarna Gadyatmak Granthono Sangrah'' (1875) edited by Mahipatram Rupram Nilkanth, ''Narmadnu Mandir''-Gadya Vibhag (1937) edited by Vishwanath Bhatt and ''Narmadgadya''(1975) edited by Gambhirsinh Gohil. His fifteen prose were collected in ''Junu Narmadgadya'' Part I, II (1865, 1874) are also important.<ref name="GSP"/>

He had researched and edited several works. Manohar Swami's ''Manhar Pad'' (1860), ''Narmakosh'': Issue 1 (1861), ''Narmakosh'': Issue 2 (1862), ''Narmakosh'':Issue 3 (1864), ''Narmakosh'':Issue 4 (1865). ''Narmakathakosh'' (1870), ''Dayaramkrut Kavyasangrah'' (1865), ''Stree Geet Sangrah'' (1870) of songs popular in [[Nagar Brahmin]] ladies, [[Premanand]]'s ''Dashamskandh'' (1872) and the complete issue of ''Narmakosh'' (1873) are his edited and researched works.<ref name="GSP"/>

''Tusli Vaidhvyachitra'' (dialogue, 1859), ''Rmjanaki Darshan'' (1876), ''Draupadidarshan'' (1878), ''Balkrishnavijay'' (1886), ''Krishnakumari'' are his plays and dialogues. His ''Seetaharan'' (1878) is unpublished play. ''Rajyarang'' Part I, II (1874, 1876) are his works on ancient and modern history of world. ''Dharmavichar'' is his work on [[philosophy]]. ''Gujarat Sarvasangrah'' (1887) and ''Kathiawar Sarvasangrah'' (1887) are his historical works.<ref name="GSP"/>

''[[Mari Hakikat]]'', his autobiography written in 1866 and published posthumously in 1933, is the first autobiography of Gujarati. His some notes and letters were published as ''Uttar Narmad Charitra'' (1939).<ref name="Kusum2016"/><ref name="GSP"/><ref name="Dave1983"/>

==List of works==
The list is as follows:<ref name="Dave1983"/>
{| {{table}}
! No.
! Year of Publication
! Name of the Publication
|-
| 1||1850 - 51||''Mandaii Malvathi Thata Labh''
|-
| 2||1856||''Vyabhichar Nishedhak''
|-
| 3||1856||''Muvan Pachhvade Rova Kutvani Ghelai''
|-
| 4||1856||''Swadeshabhiman''
|-
| 5||1856||''Nirashrit Pratye Shreemantna Dharma''
|-
| 6||1857||''Pingal Pravesh''
|-
| 7||1857||''Streena Dharma''
|-
| 8||1857||''Guru ane Stree''
|-
| 9||1858||''Narmakavita'' - 1, 2
|-
| 10||1858||''Alamkar Pravesh''
|-
| 11||1858||''Rasa Pravesh''
|-
| 12||1858||''Garibai Vishe Bhikharidasno Samvad''
|-
| 13||1858||''Kavi ane Kavita''
|-
| 14||1859||''Samp''
|-
| 15||1859||''Vishayi Guru''
|-
| 16||1859||''Guruni Satta''
|-
| 17||1859||''Narmakavita'' - 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
|-
| 18||1860||''Narmakavita'' - 9, 10
|-
| 19||1860||''Dayaramkrut Kavyasamgrah''
|-
| 20||1860||''Punarvivah''
|-
| 21||1860||''Lagna tatha Punariagna''
|-
| 22||1860||''Bhakti''
|-
| 23||1860||''Sakar''
|-
| 24||1860||''Manhar Pad (Manohar Swaminan Pad)''
|-
| 25||1859 - 63||''Tulji Vaidhvya Chitra'' (In the form of a dialogue)
|-
| 26||1861||''[[Narma Kosh]] - I''
|-
| 27||1861||''Rituvaman''
|-
| 28||1862||''Narmakavita - Book 1'' (Collection of Poems for the last seven years)
|-
| 29||1862||''Narma Kosh - 2''
|-
| 30||1863||''Narmakavita - Book - 2''
|-
| 31||1864||''Hinduoni Padti''
|-
| 32||1864||''Narmakavita'' (Comprehensive volume)
|-
| 33||1864||''Dandio'' (The journal was started)
|-
| 34||1864||''Narma Kosh'' - 3
|-
| 35||1864||''Ranman Pachhan Pagian Na Karva Vishe''
|-
| 36||1865||''[[Narmagadya]]''
|-
| 37||1865||''Kavicharitra''
|-
| 38||1865||''Dayaramkrut Kavya Samgrah''
|-
| 39||1865||''Narma Vyakaran'' Vol. I
|-
| 40||1865||''Suratni Mukhtesar Hakikat''
|-
| 41||1865||''Narma Vyakaran'' Vol. 2. Part 1
|-
| 42||1865||''Narrna Kosh'' - 4
|-
|43||1866||''Nayika Vishay Pravesh''
|-
| 44||1867||''Mevadni Hakikat''
|-
| 45||1868||''Sajivaropan''
|-
| 46||1868||''Stree Kelavni''
|-
| 47||1868-69||''Gujarationi Sthiti''
|-
| 48||1869||''Kelavni Vishe''
|-
| 49||1869||''Kul Motap''
|-
| 50||1869||''Udyog tatha Vruddhi''
|-
| 51||1869||''Sukh''
|-
| 52||1870||''Ramayanno Sar''
|-
| 53||1870||''Mahabharatno Sar''
|-
| 54||1870||''Diadno Sar''
|-
| 55||1870||''Narma Kathakosh''
|-
| 56||1870||''Narma Kathakosh''
|-
| 57||1870||''Nagar Streeoman Gavatan Geet''
|-
| 58||1872||''Premanandkrut Dasham Skandh''
|-
| 59||1873||''Narma Kosh'' (Complete)
|-
| 60||1874||''Mahadarshan (Jagatna Pracheen Itihasnun Samagra Darshan)''
|-
| 61||1874||''Rajyarang -1 (Jagatna Pracheen tatha Arvacheen Itihas)''
|-
| 62||1875||[[Nalakhyan|''Premanandkrut Nalakhyan'']]
|-
| 63||1876||''Ram Janaki Darshan''
|-
| 64||1878||''Shree Draupadi Darshan Natak''
|-
| 65||1878||''Seetaharan Natak'' (Unpublished)
|-
| 66||1881||''Shree Sarshakuntal''
|-
| 67||1886||''Balkrishna Vijay Natak*''
|-
| 68||1886||''Dharma Vichar''
|-
| 69||1889||''Kathiawad Sarva Sangrah'' (posthumous)
|-
| 70|| ||''Rajyarang - Vol. 2''
|-
| 71|| ||''Arya Darshan''
|-
| 72|| ||''Krishna Kumari Natak''
|-
| 73|| ||''Shreemad Bhagvad Geeta''
|-
| 74||1887 ||''Gujarat Sarva Samgrah'' (posthumous)
|-
| 75||1911 ||''Desh Vyavahar Vyavastha''
|-
| 76||1933 ||''[[Mari Hakikat]]'' (completed in 1866)
|}

==Works about Narmadashankar Dave==
The list of works published about Narmad:<ref name="Brokara1977">{{cite book|last=Broker|first=Gulabdas|authorlink=Gulabdas Broker|title=Narmadashankar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eesPAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|page=86}}</ref>
{| {{table}}
! No.
! Title
! Author
! Publisher
|-
| 1||''[[Kavijivan]]''||[[Navalram Pandya]]
|
|-
| 2||[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.305051|''Veer Narmad'']]||Vishwanath Bhatt
|
|-
| 3||''Narmad Shatabdi Granth''||
|Mumbai Narmad Shatabdi Samiti
|-
| 4||''Kavi Narmad Shatabdi Smarak Chitravali''||
|[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]
|-
| 5||''Narmad: Arvachinoma Adya''||[[K. M. Munshi]]
|
|-
| 6||''Narmadashankar Kavi''||[[Ramnarayan V. Pathak]]
|
|-
| 7||[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.305158|''Narmad: Arvachin Gadya Padyano Adya Praneta'']]||Ramnarayan V. Pathak
|
|-
| 8||''Navyugno Prahari: Narmad''||[[Bhogilal Gandhi]]
|
|-
| 9||''Narmadashankar'' (in English)||[[Gulabdas Broker]]
|
|-
| 10||[[iarchive:NarmadEkCharacter|''Narmad: Ek Character'']] (Humorous sketch of Narmad)||[[Vinod Bhatt]]
|
|-
| 11||''Society and Literature: Narmad in Critical Discourse''||Rakesh Desai (ed.)
|
|}

==Adaptation==
''Narmad:Mari Hakikat'' or ''Narmad:My Life'', a [[soliloquy]] based on his autobiography and life, was written and directed by Harish Trivedi while it was performed by Chandrakant Shah. It was premiered in [[Dayton, Ohio]], US in 1995 and later toured India, UK, France.<ref name="Kumar">{{cite web | last=Kumar | first=Alok | title=India Foundation, Dayton, OH | website=OoCities | url=http://www.oocities.org/india_found/narmad.htm | accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Internet Archive 2011">{{cite web | title=Narmad | website=Internet Archive | date=24 September 2011 | url=http://www.narmad.com/factsheetmain.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924231846/http://www.narmad.com/factsheetmain.html | accessdate=24 October 2016| archive-date=2011-09-24 }}</ref> It was critically acclaimed.<ref name="Internet Archive 2011"/>

== Notes ==
{{notelist-ua}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Works by Indian writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati literature]]

National Aerospace Laboratories

2026-01-26T15:10:40Z

Anis: corrected lead further and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Aerospace research company in India}}
{{about|the Indian institution||National Aerospace Laboratory (disambiguation){{!}}National Aerospace Laboratory}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{promotional|date=November 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2012}}
}}
{{Infobox laboratory
|name = National Aerospace Laboratories
|native_name =
|image = CSIR-National_Aerospace_Laboratories_Logo.png
|caption =
|established = {{Start date|1959|06|01|df=y}}
|research_field = Aerospace
|director = Abhay Pashilkar
|staff =
|students =
|address =
|city = [[Bangalore]]
|country = [[India]]
|coor =
|campus =
|operating_agency = [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]]
|website = [https://www.nal.res.in/en nal.res.in]
|footnotes =
}}


The '''National Aerospace Laboratories''' ('''NAL''') is an [[aerospace]] research institution in India, established by the [[CSIR India|Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) in [[Delhi]] in 1959. NAL collaborates with organizations such as [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL), the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO), and the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). Its research focuses on civilian aircraft development and advanced topics in aerospace and related fields.

Based in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], the NAL employs a staff of about 2500 people.

NAL is equipped with the Nilakantan [[Wind tunnel]] Centre and a computerized [[Fatigue testing|fatigue test]] facility [[company]]. NAL also has facilities for investigating failures and accidents in the aerospace engineering domain.

== History ==
On 1 June 1959, the National Aeronautical Research Laboratory (NARL) was set up in Delhi, with P Nilakantan as its first director. In March 1960, it set up an office in the stables of the Palace of Maharaja of Mysore in the Indian state of Karnataka, on Jayamahal Road, [[Bangalore]], as the National Aeronautical Laboratory (NAL). The first Executive Council was chaired by [[J. R. D. Tata]]. Its members included [[Satish Dhawan]] and the designer [[Vishnu Madav Ghatage|V M Ghatage]]. Originally started as the National Aeronautical Laboratory, it was renamed National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) in April 1993. The renaming aimed to reflect its growing involvement in the Indian space program and its multidisciplinary activities.

===Flosolver===
'''Flosolver''' was a series of [[Supercomputing in India|Indian]] [[supercomputer]]s designed and assembled by the NAL.<ref name="1990-bhatkar" /><ref name="1997-ECMWF-flosolver" /><ref name="1998-sinha" /> Work began on the initial computer in 1986 to help with computational fluid dynamics.<ref name="1990-bhatkar" />

==Current Projects==

===RTA-70 (Indian Regional Jet)===
The '''HAL/NAL Regional Transport Aircraft''' ('''RTA''') or '''Indian Regional Jet''' ('''IRJ''') is a [[regional airliner]] being designed by National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) and to be manufactured by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL). The aircraft is planned to be a turboprop or a jet with 80–100 passengers capacity. Its basic version will have 70–90 seats (RTA-70)<ref>{{cite web |last=Waldron |first=Greg |date=2010-12-23 |title=India's regional aircraft could be a jet |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/indias-regional-aircraft-could-be-a-jet/97580.article |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=Flight Global }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2019 |title=Ministry of Defence gives nod for proposal to produce Saras civil aircraft developed by NAL |url=http://www.uniindia.com/ministry-of-defence-gives-nod-for-proposal-to-produce-saras-civil-aircraft-developed-by-nal/business-economy/news/1507051.html |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=United News of India}}</ref>

The 90-seater variant of the aircraft is being designed as of 2021 and is expected to enter service in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-18 |title=IIMB hosts International Conference on the Future of Aviation and Aerospace |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/iimb-hosts-international-conference-on-the-future-of-aviation-and-aerospace/ |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== High-Altitude Platform (HAP) ===
The National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) has undertaken the High-Altitude Platform (HAP) project in 2023. The development is parallel with a similar project — [[HAL Combat Air Teaming System#CATS Infinity (HAPS)|CATS Infinity]] — which is being developed by an Indian private sector firm, NewSpace Research & Technologies (NRT).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2023-12-23 |title=India closer to new drone power as indigenous solar-powered pseudo-satellite flies for over 21 hrs |url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-closer-to-new-drone-power-as-indigenous-solar-powered-pseudo-satellite-flies-for-over-21-hrs/1898027/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-10 |title=Meet HAPS: India's very own UAV that can fly 20 km high and float for months |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/meet-haps-indias-very-own-uav-that-can-fly-20-km-high-and-float-for-months-9153929/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116074020/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/meet-haps-indias-very-own-uav-that-can-fly-20-km-high-and-float-for-months-9153929/ |archive-date=2025-11-16 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In early February 2024, a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-gEThrp2Yg test flight] of a [[Scale model|scaled-down]] prototype was conducted at the [[Chitradurga Aeronautical Test Range]]. The UAV remained in air for about eight and a half hours while it achieved an altitude of {{convert|3000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. An additional trial was scheduled for the March where an endurance of 24 hours would be tested. During the scheduled 24 hour-long trial, the sequence of power generation along with the recharging of solar cells and batteries in the day and consuming the energy at night could be tested. While NAL will develop the technology and prototype, an industrial production partner would be engaged to commence the actual production of the aircraft.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=2024-02-10 |title=CSIR NAL flies test-drone that can double up as 'pseudo satellite' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/csir-nal-flies-test-drone-that-can-double-up-as-pseudo-satellite/article67833049.ece |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In May 2024, NAL conducted another flight trial by utilising open-source [[autopilot]] system. This trial also lasted 8.5 hours but the UAV achieved an altitude of {{convert|7000|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-05-19 |title=India's HAP prototype, built for border patrol, complete's key test |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-hap-prototype-built-for-border-patrol-completes-key-test/articleshow/121260774.cms |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> During these trials, [[Bengaluru]]-based private space firm, GalaxEye, tested its [[Synthetic Aperture Radar]] (SAR) technology on the HAP platform. A [[memorandum of understanding]] had been signed between NAL and GalaxEye with the aim of exploring the development, integration, and testing of SAR payloads for HAPS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Soumya |date=2024-05-21 |title=Paving way for all-weather & all-time imaging, Bengaluru space firm tests SAR on HAPS platform |url=https://theprint.in/science/paving-way-for-all-weather-all-time-imaging-bengaluru-space-firm-tests-sar-on-haps-platform/2095312/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

Between 8 and 13 May 2025, NAL completed multiple consecutive pre-monsoon flight trials of the HAP prototype at the Chitradurga Aeronautical Test Range. The prototype was equipped with an upgraded, certified autopilot system, known as "sensor redundant control system hardware". The system enables autonomous vehicle operation through custom control laws, navigation algorithms, and automated fail safes for all possible scenarios. NAL expects to have an operational full-scale HAP by the first quarter of 2026.<ref name=":2" />

The existing scaled-down version is one-third the size of the proposed aircraft. The prototype has a length and wingspan of {{convert|5|m||abbr=on}} and {{convert|12|m||abbr=on}}, respectively.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> It has a weight of less than {{Convert|22|kg|abbr=on}}, carries a {{Convert|1|kg|abbr=on}} payload and can achieve an [[Ceiling (aeronautics)|altitude ceiling]] of {{Convert|25000|ft|km|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref name=":2" /> Multiple tests of the scaled-down model will be conducted until 2027. Following these trials, the [[full-scale]] model will be developed which will have a wingspan of {{convert|30|m||abbr=on}}, [[Ceiling (aeronautics)|altitude ceiling]] of {{Convert|23|km|ft|abbr=on}} and an endurance of 90 days.<ref name=":1" />

=== Loitering Munition-UAV ===
This is a long range [[loitering munition]] project which is being developed by NAL in collaboration with a private sector firm, Solar Defence and Aerospace Limited (SDAL). Under the project, NAL would [[transfer technology]] of its indigenously developed, [[CEMILAC]]-certified {{Convert|30|hp|abbr=on}} [[Wankel engine]] which will be followed by the joint development of the UAV. The {{Convert|150|kg|abbr=on}}-class UAV will have a range of over {{Convert|900|km|abbr=on}}, [[service ceiling]] of {{Convert|5|km|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}} and an endurance of 9 hours. The aircraft will have a low [[radar cross section]] (RCS). The development of {{Convert|50|hp|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|90|hp|abbr=on}} class engines for heavier UAVs is also underway with the earlier in testing and certification stage.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2025-11-30 |title=In a first, NAL to partner with private co for making long-range drones |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/in-a-first-nal-national-aerospace-laboratories-to-partner-with-pvt-co-for-making-long-range-drones/articleshow/125677699.cms |access-date=2025-12-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Products ==

===Aircraft===

* [[NAL Hansa|'''NAL HANSA''']] - Light-weight Trainer Aircraft

The maiden flight of CSIR-NAL's light trainer aircraft, now called Hansa, took place on 17 November 1993. The aircraft is an ab-initio two-seat, all-composite aircraft, certified by the DGCA in the year 2000 under JAR-VLA certification. DGCA has promoted the use of the Hansa-3 by various flying clubs; a total of fourteen aircraft are in operation. Thirteen aircraft are currently operational in India. Ten of these are with various flying clubs, and one is with IIT-Kanpur.
* '''[[NAL Saras|NAL/HAL SARAS]]''' - Multirole light transport aircraft

SARAS had its maiden flight on 29 May 2004. The aircraft took off at 08:15 and flew for about 25 minutes. SARAS is the first civilian aircraft designed and developed in India. Two prototypes have been built and flown (176 flights) by ASTE (IAF) flight crew. The third prototype aircraft (production standard) is under production at CSIR-NAL. Features include composite wing VERITy (Vacuum Enhanced Resin Infusion Technology), empennage, rear pressure bulkhead, front fuselage top skin, and control surfaces. The aircraft will be equipped with an all-glass cockpit, including EICAS and 3-axis autopilot (limited authority). It will be powered by 2x1200 SHP turboprop PT6A-67A engines (Pratt & Whitney) driving 5-blade MT-Propellers. SARAS is capable of flying up to 30,000 ft (cabin altitude 8,000 ft) and is capable of operation from short runways. Certification is in progress by CEMILAC and is to be completed by 2013. SARAS has been designed for many roles, including executive transport, light package carrier, remote sensing, air ambulance, etc.

[[File:The first flight of C-NM5 on sep 1,2011.jpg|thumbnail|The first flight of C-NM5 on 1 September 2011.]]

* '''[[NAL NM5]]''' - Five Seater - General Aviation Aircraft
C-NM5 is the country's first public-private partnership (PPP) for the development of civil transport aircraft in collaboration with [[Mahindra Aerospace|M/s Mahindra Aerospace Pvt Ltd (MAPL)]]. On 1 September 2011, a milestone event for India's first public-private partnership in aircraft development and a bold dream became reality; C-NM5, designed & developed jointly by CSIR-NAL & Mahindra Aerospace, successfully undertook its first flight in Australia. C-NM5 is powered by a 300 HP piston engine driving a 3-blade propeller cruising at a speed of 160 knots with a maximum AUW (All Up Weight) of 1525 kg; a glass cockpit is a customer option. It is an ideal aircraft for air taxis, air ambulances, training, tourism, and cargo.

===Unmanned aerial vehicles===
* [[NAL / ADE Black Kite]]
* [[NAL / ADE Golden Hawk]]
* [[NAL / ADE Pushpak]]

===Gas Turbines===
The [[Council for Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) has been developing a Small Gas Turbine Engine(SGTE).The organisation is developing a 100 kg thrust class gas turbine engine intended for stand-off weapons, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and gliders, amongst others.<ref>{{Cite web | title=CSIR pursuing small jet engine development - defenceWeb | url=https://www.defenceweb.co.za/aerospace/aerospace-aerospace/csir-pursuing-small-jet-engine-development/ | access-date=2025-08-30 | website=www.defenceweb.co.za | date=22 February 2019 }}</ref>

===Superalloy===
GTM-900, an alpha-beta [[titanium]] alloy, was developed by [[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory]] in collaboration with NAL, This collaboration aimed to produce a high-performance titanium alloy suitable for aerospace applications, particularly for gas turbine engines.It is ideal for components like low-pressure compressor blades in aircraft engines.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/20553/1/IJEMS%209(5)%20351-358.pdf | title=Wear behaviour of titanium alloy GTM-900 under dry sliding | website=nopr.niscpr.res.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=High strain rate behavior of GTM-900 titanium alloy - CSIR - NAL | url=https://www.nal.res.in/en/publication/high-strain-rate-behavior-gtm-900-titanium-alloy | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206032744/https://www.nal.res.in/en/publication/high-strain-rate-behavior-gtm-900-titanium-alloy | access-date=2025-08-30 | archive-date=2022-12-06}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
* [[Mahindra Aerospace]]
* [[Tata Advanced Systems]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name="1990-bhatkar">{{cite book |last1=Bhatkar |first1=Vijay P. |title=Conpar 90 — Vapp IV |chapter=Parallel computing : An Indian perspective |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |date=1990 |volume=457 |pages=10–25 |doi=10.1007/3-540-53065-7_84 |isbn=978-3-540-53065-7 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-53065-7_84 |access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="1997-ECMWF-flosolver">{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=UN |editor1-last=Hoffmann |editor1-first=Geerd-R |title=Making its mark : proceedings of the Seventh ECMWF Workshop on the Use of Parallel Processors in Meteorology, Reading, UK, November 2-6, 1996 |date=1997 |publisher=World Scientific |pages=449–460 |language=en |chapter=A Decade of Parallel Meteorological Computing on the Flosolver|oclc=246121972 }}</ref>
<ref name="1998-sinha">{{cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=U. N. |title=On parallel computing — Indian trends |journal=Resonance |date=November 1998 |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=2–5 |doi=10.1007/BF02838704 |s2cid=119381130 |accessdate=30 October 2020 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02838704 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
</references>
*HAL Abandons RTA-70 Project, [http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/hal-abandons-regional-transport-aircraft-project/175060.html HAL abandons Regional Transport Aircraft project], The Tribune, 29 November 2016

==External links==
* [http://www.nal.res.in/ National Aerospace Laboratories]
* [http://www.cmmacs.ernet.in/csir/ CSIR, India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011220112546/http://www.cmmacs.ernet.in/csir/ |date=20 December 2001 }}
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071013162713/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2113/stories/20040702002408900.htm A soaring success]}}

{{Bangalore topics}}
{{Education in Bangalore}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Executive branch of the government of India|Aerospace]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Aerospace companies of India]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Delhi]]

Gurdas Maan

2026-01-16T06:22:25Z

Anis: Enhanced article with new information

{{short description|Indian actor, singer and writer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Gurdas Maan
| image = Gurdas Mann.jpg
| caption = Maan in 2012
| background = solo_singer
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|1|4}}<ref name="quint">{{cite news|title=Gurdas Maan Songs That'll Make You Feel Like a Punjabi at Heart|url=http://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/01/04/gurdas-maan-songs-thatll-make-you-feel-like-a-punjabi-at-heart|website=[[The Quint]]|author=Ayushee Syal|date=4 January 2016|access-date=20 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="ZeeGoldenMoments"/>
| birth_place = [[Giddarbaha]], [[East Punjab|Punjab]], [[India]]<ref name="ZeeGoldenMoments">{{cite news|title=Watch Golden Moments|publisher=[[Zee TV]]|url=https://www.zee5.com/te/tvshows/details/golden-moments/0-6-tvshow_834578311/golden-moments-episode-07/0-1-goldenmoments-season1_1763846148-episode_415422274|quote=[3:30 to 4:00] Actor and singer Gurdas Maan was born on January 4, 1957 in Gidderbaha district, Muktasar to Gurdev Singh and Tej Kaur. He did his initial schooling in Gidderbaha|language=pa|access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref>
| genre = [[Folk music of Punjab|Folk]] [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer-songwriter|actor|musician}}
| years_active = 1979–present
| spouse = [[Manjeet Maan]]
| associated_acts = [[Sukshinder Shinda]], [[Abrar-Ul-Haq]], [[Jaidev Kumar]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]] [[Jatinder Shah]]
}}

'''Gurdas Maan''' (born 4 January 1957) is an Indian singer, songwriter and actor mainly associated with [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] language [[Music of Punjab|music]] and [[Punjabi cinema|films]]. He gained national attention in 1980 with the song "Dil Da Mamla Hai". Since then, he had gone on to record over 34 albums and had written over 305 songs. In 2015 he performed on the song "Ki Banu Dunia Da" with [[Diljit Dosanjh]] in [[Coke Studio (India)|MTV Coke studio India]] that was aired in season 4 episode 5 (16 August 2015) on [[MTV India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtvindia.com/cokestudio/|title=MTV coke studio|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513222932/http://www.mtvindia.com/cokestudio/|url-status=live}}</ref> He is widely regarded as one of the greatest and the most influential Punjabi musicians of all time.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Yash |date=30 January 2024 |title=Top 10 Punjabi Singers: From Diljit Dosanjh to Gurdas Maan |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/top-punjabi-singers-1275050 |work=Pinkvilla |access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==
Maan was born to Gurdev Singh and Tej Kaur in [[Giddarbaha]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and is a native of the town.<ref name=ZeeGoldenMoments/><ref name="hometown">{{cite news |title=Singer-actor Gurdas Maan's mother passes away |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/singer-actor-gurdas-maan-s-mother-passes-away/story-cDMoa3MRue8xN6WyTvinDK.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=16 November 2016 |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-date=15 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215050713/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/singer-actor-gurdas-maan-s-mother-passes-away/story-cDMoa3MRue8xN6WyTvinDK.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He did his initial schooling from Giddarbaha and completed his graduation from DAV college, Malout.<ref name=ZeeGoldenMoments/><ref>{{cite web |title=Self Study Report: DAV College, Malout |url=https://davcollegemalout.com/NAAC%20SSR%20DAV%20COLLEGE%20MALOUT.pdf |website=D.A.V. College, Malout |page=123 |access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> He was interested in music and mimicry since childhood.<ref name="ZeeGoldenMoments" />

==Career==
Maan initially worked in the electricity board, a job he was offered by officials he met at a singing event. In 1980, a producer approached him to perform the song "Dil Da Mamla Hai" in [[DD National]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Did you know about Gurdas Maan's journey from an electricity board employee to Punjab's living legend? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-about-gurdas-maans-journey-from-an-electricity-board-employee-to-punjabs-living-legend/articleshow/68269344.cms |access-date=25 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=5 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

===Awards and honours===
Maan is the only Punjabi singer to win the national award for Best Male Playback Singer at the [[54th National Film Awards]] for building the entire narrative through his singing of Heer in [[Waris Shah: Ishq Daa Waaris]].
The said film also entered the Academy Awards (Oscars) in the General Category. The official entry from the U.S.A. was pioneered by India Waves TV, a San Francisco-based media entity on behalf of Golden Palms Entertainment Inc.

Maan shot to fame with his hit song "Dil Da Mamla Hai." Soon after that came "Mamla Gadbad Hai" and "Chhalla", the latter being the hit film song from the Punjabi film 'Laung Da Lishkara' (1983), which Maan recorded under the music direction of legendary [[Jagjit Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wlv.ac.uk/default.aspx?page=24698 |title=Honorary award for global star |website=[[University of Wolverhampton]] |access-date=15 September 2010 |date=8 September 2009 |archive-date=15 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915102805/http://www.wlv.ac.uk/default.aspx?page=24698 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On other fronts, Maan has starred in blockbuster Bollywood films and has received numerous awards, including the Jury's Award, presented to him by the president of India in 2005. He also sang the popular track, Ki Banu Duniya Da on Coke Studio MTV Season 4 with singer Diljit Dosanjh. The song was released on 15 August 2015 and hit more than 32 million views on YouTube in one week.

In 2009, he won "Best International Album" at the [[UK Asian Music Awards]] for ''Boot Polishan''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.desihits.com/news/view/uk-ama-award-winners-20090306|title=2009 UK AMA Award Winners |access-date=24 August 2010|date=6 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810021538/http://www.desihits.com/news/view/uk-ama-award-winners-20090306|archive-date=10 August 2010|url-status=dead |website=desihits.com }}</ref>

In 2017, he won the "Filmfare Award for Living Legend" in the first [[Filmfare Awards Punjabi]] event.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jio Filmfare Awards (Punjabi) 2017: Gurdas Maan to Diljit Dosanjh, <nowiki>here''s</nowiki> [sic] list of winners |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/jio-filmfare-awards-punjabi-2017-gurdas-maan-to-diljit-dosanjh-here-s-list-of-winners-385598 |access-date=25 January 2021 |work=Tribune |date=1 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

===Film===
Aside from singing in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], he is fluent in [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] and [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]. As an actor, he has performed in Punjabi, Hindi and Tamil movies, but he is best known for his starring role in ''[[Waris Shah: Ishq Daa Waaris]]'', a depiction of the Punjabi poet [[Waris Shah]] during the creation of his epic poem [[Heer Ranjha]], again co-starring [[Juhi Chawla]] and [[Divya Dutta]]. He made a special appearance in ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' with [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Preity Zinta]].

==Personal life==
He is married to [[Manjeet Maan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Gurdas Mann's wife appreciated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Gurdas-Manns-wife-appreciated/articleshow/11512478.cms?referral=PM |access-date=3 January 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN |date=16 January 2012 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108181638/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Gurdas-Manns-wife-appreciated/articleshow/11512478.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live }}</ref> They have a son, Gurickk Maan, who is married to actress [[Simran Kaur Mundi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gurdas Maan's son Gurikk Maan shoots video for Badshah's song |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/aug/08/gurdas-maans-son-gurikk-maan-shoots-video-for-badshahs-song-1855076.html |website=[[New Indian Express]] |author=IANS |date=8 August 2018 |access-date=3 January 2019 |author-link=Indo-Asian News Service |archive-date=3 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103210434/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/aug/08/gurdas-maans-son-gurikk-maan-shoots-video-for-badshahs-song-1855076.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gurdas Maan's son Gurickk G Maan, wife Simmran Mundi's 'vidaayi' in vintage car goes viral |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/gurdas-maans-son-gurickk-g-maan-wife-simmran-mundis-vidaayi-in-vintage-car-goes-viral-34474 |access-date=4 January 2021 |work=Tribune |date=1 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

At a village near [[Karnal]], Haryana, India on 20 January 2007 Maan was involved in a car accident in which his [[Range Rover]] was hit and severely damaged by a truck. Maan escaped with minor injuries on his face, hands, and chest. His driver Ganesh was injured seriously but recovered soon after.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070121/main8.htm |access-date=18 September 2019 |work=www.tribuneindia.com |date=21 January 2007 |archive-date=30 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430181359/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070121/main8.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1340498.cms|title=singer Gurdas Maan accident - Navbharat Times|date=20 January 2007|work=indiatimes.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125015247/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1340498.cms|archive-date=25 January 2007}}</ref>

This was the second car accident of two that Gurdas Maan was involved in. The first accident was a head-on collision between Maan's vehicle and a truck on 9 January 2001 at a village near [[Rupnagar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. In this accident Maan's driver Tejpal died. Maan later admitted that his driver asked him to wear his seat belt minutes before the accident. Maan believes that if it had not been for his driver's advice, he would have been dead as well. Later he wrote and performed a song "Baithi sade naal savari utter gayi" dedicated to his driver, who was also his good friend.

In a newspaper interview Maan revealed to the ''[[Express & Star]]'', that he is an avid supporter of [[Manchester United]] football club.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.expressandstar.com/news/2010/09/08/gurdas-maan-on-his-honorary-degree/ |title= Gurdas Maan on his honorary degree |author= Express & Star |date= 8 September 2010 |work= News Article |publisher= Express & Star |access-date= 8 September 2010 |archive-date= 9 September 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100909153309/http://www.expressandstar.com/news/2010/09/08/gurdas-maan-on-his-honorary-degree/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

His mother, Tej Kaur, died in 2016.<ref name="hometown"/>

==Discography==
;Albums
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Record label
|-

| 1981
| ''Dil Da Mamla Hai''
| [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
|-
|1983
|''Masti''
|HMV
|-
|1984
|''Chakkar''
|
|-
| 1988
| ''Raat Suhani''
| T-Series
|-
| 1989
| ''Nacho Babbeo''
| T-Series
|-
| 1992
| ''Tu Daati Asi Mangte Tere''
| Catrack Entertainment Private Limited
|-
| 1992
| ''Ibbadat Gurdas Maan''

| [[Saregama]]

|-
| 1993
| ''Teri Khair Hove''
| Roma ll Limited / Empire Music Limited
|-
| 1993
| ''Kirpa Daati Di''
| Catrack Entertainment Private Limited

|-
| 1994
| ''Vekhin Kite Yaar Na Hove''
| Catrack Entertainment Private Limited
|-
| 1988
| ''Wah Ni Jawaniye''
| T-Series
|-
| 1995
| ''Chugliyaan''
| T-Series
|-
| 1997
| ''Yaar Mera Pyar''
| T-Series
|-
| 1997
| ''Peerh Prahoni''
| T-Series
|-
| 1998
| ''Bhanven Kakh Na Rahe''
| T-Series
|-
| 1998
| ''Dil Hona Chahida Jawaan''
| Venus
|-
| 1999
| ''Five Rivers''
| Moviebox Birmingham, Ltd.
|-
| 1999
| ''Jaadugarian''
| Venus
|-
| 2001
| ''Larh Geya Pecha''
| SAGA MUSIC
|-
| 2001
| ''Aaja Sajna''
| Hi-Tech Music Ltd
|-
| 1994
| ''Ishq Da Gidda''
| TIPS Music
|-
| 2003
| ''Haee Shawa Baee Haee Shawa ''
| T-Series
|-
| 2003
| ''Punjeeri''
| T-Series
|-
| 2004
| ''Heer''
| T-Series
|-
| 2004
| ''Dil Da Badshah''
| Saregama
|-
| 2005
| ''Vilayatan''
| MOVIEBOX BIRMINGHAM LTD
|-
| 1995
| ''Ishq Na Dekhe Zaat''
| TIPS Music
|-
| 2008
| ''Boot Polishan''
| Sony BMG Music Entertainment
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Jogiya (album)|Jogiya]]''
| [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|-
| 2011
| ''Sada Punjab - Duniya Mela Do Din Da''
| Saregama
|-
| 2013
| ''Roti''
| Speed Records
|-
| 2013
| ''Punjab Di Shaan''
| Saregama
|-
| 2014
| ''The Pop Sensation - Gurdas Maan''
| Saregama
|-
| 2015
| ''Pyar Kar Le''
| TIPS Music
|-
| 2017
| ''Punjab''
| SAGA MUSIC
|-
| 2023
| ''Tu Nimaniya Da Mann''
| [[Sai Productions]]
|-
| 2023
| ''Chinta Na Kar Yaar''
| [[Sai Productions]]
|-
| 2023
| ''Gal Sunoh Punjabi Dosto''
| [[Sai Productions]]
|-
| 2024
| ''Sound Of Soil''
| [[Speed Records]] & [[Times Music]]
|}

===Duo collaboration===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Year
! Song
! Record label
! Music
! Album
|-
| 2006
| "Collaboration"
| MovieBox/Planet Recordz/Speed Records
| [[Sukshinder Shinda]]
| ''Collaborations''
|-
| 2009
| "Jaag Dhe Reehnah"
| VIP Records/Saregama
| Tru-Skool & Kaos Productions
| ''In Tha House''
|-
| 2015
| "Apna Punjab Hove"
| VIP Records/Saregama
| Tru-Skool & Kaos Productions
| ''In Tha House 2''
|-
|2015
| "Ki Banu Duniya Da"
| Coke Studio India
| ft. Diljit Dosanjh
|
|-
|2016
| "Jaag De Rehnah"
| Moviebox
| ft. Tru Skool
|
|-
|2019
| "Maan Punjabi Hon Te"
| Zee studio
|
|Single track
|-
|2024
| "Bulaava Aaya"
| Salim Sulaiman Music
|
|Single track
|}

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Role !! Language
|-
| 1983|| ''[[Long Da Lishkara]]'' || Channa || Punjabi
|-
| 1984|| ''Mamla Gadbad Hai''<ref>{{cite news |title=Mamla gadbad hai for Punjabi? |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/mamla-gadbad-hai-for-punjabi-505881 |access-date=16 January 2020 |work=www.tribuneindia.com |date=30 November 2017 |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116093849/https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/mamla-gadbad-hai-for-punjabi-505881 |url-status=live }}</ref> || Amarjeet || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|-
| 1985|| ''Ucha Dar Babe Nanak Da'' || Gurdit || Punjabi
|-
| 1986|| ''Ki Banu Duniya Da'' || Gurwant/Gurmaan (double role) || Punjabi
|-
| 1986|| ''[[Gabhroo Punjab Da]]'' || Shera || Punjabi
|-
| 1987|| ''Chora Haryane Ka''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haryanviportal.com/2014/02/chora-haryane-ka-1987.html|title=Haryanvi Portal.Com is now HaryanviImage.Com: Chora Haryane Ka (1987)|work=haryanviportal.com|access-date=16 June 2015|archive-date=19 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119134021/http://www.haryanviportal.com/2014/02/chora-haryane-ka-1987.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref> || Shera || [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]
|-
| 1990|| ''[[Qurbani Jatt Di]]'' || Karamjeet || Punjabi
|-
| 1991|| ''Roohani Taaqat'' || Shankar || [[Hindi]]
|-
| 1992|| ''Saali Adhi Ghar Waali'' || || Punjabi
|-
| 1994|| ''Wanted: Gurdas Maan Dead or Alive'' || Gurdas Maan || Punjabi
|-
| 1994|| ''[[Kachehri|Kachehari]]'' || Gurdas/Ajit (double role) || Punjabi
|-
| 1995|| ''Pratigya'' || Billa || Punjabi

-
|-
|1995
|''Bagawat''
|Gurjeet
|Punjabi
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Maaman Magal (1995 film)|Maaman Magal]]'' || Guest appearance || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| 1999|| ''[[Shaheed-E-Mohabbat]]'' || Boota Singh || Punjabi
|-
| 1999|| ''[[Sirf Tum]]'' || Himself || Hindi
|-
| 2000|| ''[[Shaheed Udham Singh (film)|Shaheed Udham Singh]]'' || [[Bhagat Singh]] || Punjabi
|-
| 2002|| ''[[Zindagi Khoobsurat Hai]]'' || Amar || Hindi
|-
| 2004|| ''[[Des Hoyaa Pardes]]'' || Gurshaan Singh Somal || Punjabi
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Veer Zaara]]'' || Guest appearance || Hindi
|-
| 2006|| ''[[Waris Shah: Ishq Daa Waaris]]'' || [[Waris Shah]] || Punjabi
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Yaariyan (2008 film)|Yaariyan]]'' || Jasnaavar Singh Jassa || Punjabi
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Mini Punjab]]'' || Prem || Punjab
|-
| 2010|| ''[[Sukhmani: Hope for Life]]'' || Major Kuldeep Singh || Punjabi
|-
| 2010|| ''Chak Jawana'' || Captain Gurjeet Singh || Punjabi
|-
| 2011|| ''[[Mummy Punjabi]]'' || Guest appearance || Hindi
|-
| 2014|| ''[[Dil Vil Pyaar Vyaar]]'' || Agam || Punjabi
|-
| 2016|| ''[[Needhi Singh]]'' || Guest Sppearance || Punjabi
|-
| 2018|| ''[[Nankana (film)|Nankana]]'' || Karam Singh 'Karma' || Punjabi
|-
| 2018|| ''[[Manto (2018 film)|Manto]]'' || Sirajuddin || Hindi, [[Urdu]]
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Channel
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]] [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]''
| Judge<ref>{{cite news |title=High, low & in-between |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/high-low-in-between-129713 |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=Tribune |date=22 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
|}

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb name|0530948}}
{{National Film Award Best Male Playback Singer}}
{{National Film Award Special Mention feature film}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maan, Gurdas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Bhangra (music) musicians]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Male artists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Male actors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Male actors in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Best Male Playback Singer National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Special Mention (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Urdu cinema]]

Gentoo (term)

2026-01-12T14:46:09Z

Anis: added info

{{short description|Historical European term for Hindus of India}}
{{About|a European term referring to people in [[India]]||Gentoo (disambiguation){{!}}Gentoo}}
[[File:The Ordeal Trial practised by the Gentoos.jpg|thumb|300px|"The [[Trial by ordeal|Ordeal Trial]] practis'd by the Gentoos", 1770 [[copper]] [[engraving]]]]
[[File:Robert Mabon - Gentoo Mendicant - B1977.14.22279 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|"Gentoo [[Mendicant]]", Robert Mabon, 1790s]]
'''Gentoo''', also spelled '''Gentue''', '''Gentow''' or '''Jentue''', was a term used by [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]] for the [[Indigenous peoples|native inhabitants]] of [[India]] before the word [[Hindu]], with its religious connotation, was used to distinguish a group from [[Muslims]] and members of other religious groups in India.<ref name="R1">{{cite book |last= Dalgado |first= Sebastião Rodolfo |author2=Anthony Xavier Soares |title= Portuguese vocables in Asiatic languages: from the Portuguese original of Monsignor Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado, Volume 1 |publisher= Asian Educational Services |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3qk-p5hKuccC&dq=Gentoo%2C+anglo-indian%2C+hindu%2C+gentile&pg=PA167|year= 1988 |pages= 167–168 |isbn= 978-8120604131 }}</ref><ref name="R3">{{cite web |url= http://sahoo.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/who-invented-hinduism.pdf |title= Who Invented Hinduism?|pages=1–15 |publisher= sahoo.files.wordpress.com |access-date= March 17, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="R5">{{cite book |last= Ernst |first= Carl W. |title= Eternal garden: mysticism, history, and politics at a South Asian Sufi center|publisher= SUNY Press|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VgIOryEPymcC&dq=Gentoo%2C+anglo-indian%2C+hindu%2C+gentile&pg=PA287|year= 1992 |page= 287 |isbn= 978-0791408841 }}</ref><ref name="R6">
{{cite web |url= http://www.raceandhistory.com/historicalviews/NoDefinitionofHinduism.htm |title= The English Invention of Hinduism|publisher= raceandhistory.com |access-date= March 15, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="R8">{{cite book |last= Yule |first= Henry |author2=A. C. Burnell |author3=William Crooke |title= A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases |publisher= Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&dq=Gentoo,+anglo-indian,+hindu,+gentile&pg=PA367|year= 1996 |pages= 367–368 |isbn= 978-0700703210 }}</ref>

''Gentio'' and ''Gentoo'' terms were applied historically to [[indigenous peoples]] of India; later, to [[Telugu people|Telugus]] and [[Telugu language|their language]] in then [[Madras Presidency|Madras Province]] (now the [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] and [[Telangana]] regions),<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.27436 |title=A vocabulary of Gentoo and English |date=1818 |publisher=Commercial Press, Madras}}</ref> as opposed to the [[Malbars]], or [[Tamil people|Tamils]] and [[Tamil language|their language]] (in what is now [[Tamil Nadu]]).<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R3"/><ref name="R6"/><ref name="R2">{{cite journal |title= Situating the Gentoo in History |journal= Economic and Political Weekly|volume= 36|issue= 7|pages= 576–594|jstor = 4410294|last1 = Srivastava|first1 = Sushil|year= 2001}}</ref><ref name="R7">{{cite web |url= http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lr/2002/03/03/stories/2002030300300300.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20031110000759/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lr/2002/03/03/stories/2002030300300300.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= November 10, 2003 |title= Origins of 'India' |author=Anand |work= [[The Hindu]] |date= 2002-03-03 |access-date= March 15, 2012 }}</ref> An example from the Monsignor Sebastiao Rodolfo Dalgado is "moros, gentivos e maos christãos".<ref name="R3"/>
It was also an [[Anglo-Indian]] slang term used in the 17th and 18th centuries; however, in the 20th century, the word became derogatory.<ref name="R8"/><ref name="R4">{{cite web |title=Nature Wildlife - Gentoo Penguin |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Gentoo_Penguin |access-date=March 16, 2012 |work=bbc.co.uk |publisher=bbc |archive-date=July 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712233810/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Gentoo_Penguin |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="R10">{{cite web |title=Gliding Gentoos |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/article2044401.ece |access-date=March 16, 2012 |publisher=thehindu.com |quote=As to why they are called Gentoo is not clear. According to the Oxford English Dictionary Gentoo was an Anglo-Indian term |archive-date=February 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204015548/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/article2044401.ece |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

==Etymology==

It is unclear why Indians were called ''Gentoo''. As [[Portuguese people]] arrived in India for trade, [[religious conversion]]s, and [[Colonization|colonisation]] before other Europeans, it is possible that the word was derived from the Portuguese word ''Gentio'': a [[gentile]], a heathen, or native. The Portuguese also appear to have used it to distinguish the inhabitants of India from [[Muslims]], the [[Moro people|Moros]] or [[Moors]].<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R5"/><ref name="R10"/>
{{quote|And before this kingdom of Guzerate fell into the hands of the Moors, a certain race of Gentios whom the moors called Resbutos dwelt therein.<ref name="R1"/>}}

According to 19th century philologist and Orientalist [[Nathaniel Brassey Halhed|N.B. Halhed]], there was a fanciful [[Derivation (linguistics)|derivation]] of ''Gentoo'' from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''jantu'', meaning "creature".<ref name="R3"/>

The word [[Hindu]] is not originally Indian. Instead, the word ''Hindu'' started to acquire religious connotations only after the arrival of [[Muslim]]s. The very first attempt by the British to establish social laws on the [[Indian subcontinent]] for administrative purposes (in order to assert the distinctiveness of Indian jurisprudence) was named ''[[Gentoo Code|A Code of Gentoo Law]]''. The first digest of Indian legislation was published in 1776, was funded by the [[East India Company]], supported by [[Warren Hastings]], and was translated from [[Persian language|Persian]] into [[English language|English]] by [[Nathaniel Brassey Halhed|Halhed]].<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R3"/><ref name="R6"/><ref name="R8"/><ref name="R7"/>
{{quote|The Gentues, the portugal idiom for Gentiles, are the Aborigines, who enjoyed their freedom, till the Moors or Scythian Tartars... undermining them, took advantage of the civil Commotions.<ref name="R1"/>}}

After the term ''Hindu'' as a religion was established to represent non-Muslims and non-Christians, the word ''Gentoo'' became archaic and then obsolete, while its application on [[Telugu people]] and [[Telugu language]] (present Andhra region, part of [[Andhra Pradesh]]) in then [[Madras Province]] continued to distinguish them from [[Tamil people]] and [[Tamil language]] or [[Malbars]] (''present'': Tamil Nadu) in then Madras Province.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R3"/><ref name="R6"/><ref name="R8"/><ref name="R2"/>

==See also==
*[[Anglo-Hindu law]]
*[[The Asiatic Society]]
*[[Hindoo]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1236/1/Final_Thesis.pdf William Jones and Representations of Hinduism in British Poetry - Author: Kurt Andrew Johnson]
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13968/13968-h/13968-h.htm The Works Of The Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Vol. IX. (of 12) - Author: Edmund Burke]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gentoo, Gentue}}
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic and religious slurs]]
[[Category:Political metaphors referring to people]]

Kohinoor Film Company

2026-01-06T20:17:51Z

Anis: fix content additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian film studio}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Kohinoor Film Company
| image =
| logo =
| type = {{plainlist|
* [[Filmmaking|Film production]]
* [[Film distribution]]}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Fantasy film|Fantasy]]| mythology}}
| foundation = 1918–1919<ref>Some sources date the company's establishment to 1918.
* {{cite book | last1=Chabria | first1=Suresh | last2=Usai | first2=Paolo Cherchi | title=Light of Asia: Indian Silent Cinema, 1912-1934 | publisher=Wiley Eastern | date=1994 | isbn=978-81-224-0680-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CORkAAAAMAAJ | page=15 |quote=Arguably the most important production company in Bombay was Duarkadas Sampat's Kohinoor Film Co. established in 1918.}}
* {{cite book | last=Kaul | first=Gautam | title=Cinema and the Indian Freedom Struggle: Covering the Subcontinent | publisher=Sterling Publishers | year=1998 | isbn=978-81-207-2116-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNxkAAAAMAAJ|page=160|quote=On the 'Diwali day'* of 1918, Sampat opened his own Kohinoor Film Company and went into filmmaking.}}
* {{cite book | last=Thoraval | first=Yves | title=The Cinemas of India | publisher=Macmillan India | date=2000 | isbn=978-0-333-93410-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OpkAAAAMAAJ | page=9 |quote=The studio system dominated the scene until the 1940s and '50s. One of the legendary ones was the Kohinoor Film Company, founded in 1918, in Bombay, by Dwarkadas N Sampat, a professional showman of repute.}}</ref>
| founder = Dwarkadas Sampat
| defunct = 1932{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 126]}}
| location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = India
| industry = [[Entertainment]]
| products = Mostly [[silent film]]s
}}
'''Kohinoor Film Company''' was an Indian [[film studio]] established in 1919 by Dwarkadas Sampat (1884-1958).{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 126]}}<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Cinema in India |url=http://www.filmbirth.com/india.html |access-date=25 December 2011 |archive-date=6 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506014334/http://www.filmbirth.com/india.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to [[Ashish Rajadhyaksha]] and [[Paul Willemen]], it was the largest and most influential studio of the Indian silent film era.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 126]}} The studio gained national prominence when its 1921 film ''[[Bhakta Vidur]]'', was banned by the British colonial government{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 126]}} on the ground that the character ''Vidur'', played by its producer Sampat, was "portrayed as a 'thinly-clad version' of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]."<ref>{{cite book | last=Nowell-Smith | first=Geoffrey | title=The Oxford History of World Cinema | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | date=1996 | isbn=978-0-19-874242-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZwVDAAAQBAJ | page=403}}</ref>

Under Kohinoor, directors such as [[Kanjibhai Rathod]] and [[Homi Master]] made some of the most popular films of the era.{{sfn|Abel|2005|p=522}} For example, under Rathod's direction, the 1924 film ''[[Gul-e-Bakavali (1924 film)|Gul-e-Bakavali]]'' is widely regarded as the 'first all-India super hit'.<ref>_
* {{harvnb|Thomas|2015|p=[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WHrmBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 9], "The first all-India super hit, a storm across the country in 1924, was Gul-e-Bakavali (The Bakavali Flower, Kanjibhai Rathod)"}}
* {{harvnb|Rajadhyaksha|2016|p=[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=88mSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 21], "Gul-e-Bakavali was almost certainly the first truly national commercial hit in India"}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Gooptu | first=Sharmistha | title=Hundred years of Indian cinema | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=6 June 2012 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/hundred-years-of-indian-cinema/articleshow/13854661.cms | access-date=8 July 2025|quote=There was also the genre of films like Gul-e-Bakavali (1924), inspired by the popular Parsi theatres of Bombay and Calcutta, and which also became the first blockbuster talkies.}}</ref> Several stars of the time such as [[Zubeida]], [[Khalil (actor)|Khalil]], and [[P. K. Raja Sandow|Raja Sandow]] started their careers at the studio.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 126]}} Film scholar ''Suresh Chabria'', a former director of the [[National Film Archive of India]],<ref>{{cite news | last=Chabria | first=Suresh | title=Personal essay: How films became a bridge to my past and my present | website=[[Scroll.in]] | date=20 April 2023 | url=https://scroll.in/reel/1047582/personal-essay-how-films-became-a-bridge-to-return-to-my-past-and-my-present | access-date=29 December 2025}}</ref> argues that Kohinoor Film Company was "perhaps the first Indian studio to decisively move away from the artisanal production practices of [[Dadasaheb Phalke|D. G. Phalke]], [[S. N. Patankar]], and others."{{sfn|Abel|2005|p=521–522}}

==History==
Dwarkadas Narendas Sampat (1884–1958) started his career in Indian cinema in 1904, when he brought a projector and began to organise film screenings in [[Rajkot]], [[Bombay Presidency]].{{sfn|Gokulsing|Dissanayake|2013|p=89}} He later entered film production and, through a partnership with [[S. N. Patankar]], established ''Patankar Friends & Co'',{{sfn|Gokulsing|Dissanayake|2013|p=89}} which, according to [[Ashish Rajadhyaksha|Rajadhyaksha]] and [[Paul Willemen|Willemen]], 'took off in 1917' with Sampat's entry.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA172 172]}}

Film historian [[Amrit Gangar]] notes that Sampat established the ''Kohinoor Film Company'' after differences with Patankar.{{sfn|Gokulsing|Dissanayake|2013|p=90}}

The studio also trained such people as [[Nandlal Jaswantlal]] and [[Mohan Bhavnani]], and produced artists such as [[Goharbai]], [[Zebunissa (actress)|Zebunissa]] and [[Rampiyari]].{{cn|date=December 2025}}

Along with [[Ranjit Movietone]] and the [[Imperial Film Company]] it was the largest movie studio when Indian [[talkies]] began in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hayward |first=Susan |title=Cinema studies: the key concepts |year=2006 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=9780203020210 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OlPXsA-OBMAC&q=kohinoor+film+company&pg=PA393}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=December 2025}}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
!Film
!Year
!Director
!Notes
|-
!Vikram Urvashi
!1920
![[Kanjibhai Rathod]]
!<ref>{{cite book | last1=Sengupta | first1=S. | last2=Roy | first2=S. | last3=Purkayastha | first3=S. | title='Bad' Women of Bombay Films: Studies in Desire and Anxiety | publisher=Springer International Publishing | year=2019 | isbn=978-3-030-26788-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6z7CDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 | page=96}}</ref>
|-
!Mahasati Ansuya
!1921
!–
!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 244]}}
|-
![[Bhakta Vidur]]
!1921
!–
!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 244]}}
|-
!Sukanya Savitri
!1922
!–
!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 245]}}
|-
![[Gul-e-Bakavali (1924 film)|Gul-e-Bakavali]]
!1924
!–
!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 245]}}
|-
!Bismi Sadi
!1924
![[Homi Master]]
!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 245]}}
|-
!Kala Naag
!1924
!K. Rathod
!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 246]}}
|-
!Cinema Ni Rani
!1925
!Mohan Bhavnani
!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 247]}}
|-
!Fankdo Fituri
!1925
!Homi Master
!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 247]}}
|-
!Kulin Kanta
!1925
!–
!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 247]}}
|-
!Lanka Ni Laadi
!1925
!–
!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 247]}}
|-
![[Mojili Mumbai]]
!1925
![[Manilal Joshi]]
!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA248 248]}}
|-
!Veer Kunal
!1925
!–
!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA249 249]}}
|-
!Telephone Ni Taruni
!1926
!Homi Master
!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA249 249–250]}}
|-
!Bhaneli Bhamini
!1927
!–
!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 250]}}
|-
![[Gunsundari (1927 film)|Gunsundari]]
!1927
![[Chandulal Shah]]
!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 250]}}
|-
!Daily Mail
!1930
!Narayan G. Devare
!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA252 252]}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book | last=Garga | first=Bhagwan Das | title=So Many Cinemas: The Motion Picture in India | publisher=Eminence Designs | date=1996 | isbn=978-81-900602-1-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXRZAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book | last1=Rajadhyaksha | first1=Ashish | last2=Willemen | first2=Paul | title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema | publisher=[[Routledge]] | date=2014 | isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|archive-date=4 December 2018}}
* {{cite book |last=Kaul |first=Gautam |title=Cinema and the Indian freedom struggle |year=1998 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=9788120721166 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WNxkAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book | last=Abel | first=Richard | title=Encyclopedia of Early Cinema | publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] | date=2005 | isbn=978-0-415-23440-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFxwX-dM008C}}
* {{cite book | last=Thomas | first=Rosie | title=Bombay before Bollywood: Film City Fantasies | publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] | date=2015 | isbn=978-1-4384-5677-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHrmBgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book | last=Rajadhyaksha | first=A. | title=Indian Cinema: A Very Short Introduction | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-19-872309-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88mSDAAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite book | last1=Gokulsing | first1=K. | last2=Dissanayake | first2=Wimal | title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas | publisher=Routledge | date=2013 | isbn=978-1-136-77291-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwGgF-rDucEC}}

[[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1918]]
[[Category:1918 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian film studios]]
[[Category:Silent film studios]]
[[Category:Defunct companies of India]]
[[Category:Defunct film and television production companies]]

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Majra

2025-12-22T15:19:12Z

Anis: put up first pg added tags!

{{Short description|Public medical college and hospital in Rewari (Majra), India}}
{{Infobox university
| name = All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rewari
| native_name =
| image_name =
| image_size =
| caption =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = 16 May 2024 (officially notified)
| type = [[Public hospital|Public]] [[Medical School]]
| endowment =
| president =
| head_label =
| head =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = Rewari (Majra M. Bhalkhi)
| state = [[Haryana]]
| country = India
| postalcode = 123102
| coordinates =
| campus = [[Urban area|Semi Urban]] {{small|{{convert|210|acre|ha}}}}
| nickname =
| language = Hindi and English
| colours =
| website = {{Official URL}}
| logo =
| staff =
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| profess =
| academic_affiliations =
}}

'''All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rewari''' ('''AIIMS Majra''') ([[IAST]]: '''Akhil Bhāratiya Āyurvignan Sangsthān Majra''') is an under construction [[Public hospital]] and [[Medical school]] it located at Majra, [[Haryana]], India. AIIMS Majra was Announced on 1 February 2019<ref>{{cite web |title=BUDGET SUMMARY WITH MAJOR HIGHLIGHTS OF THE INTERIM BUDGET 2019-20 |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/documents/Others/Ibudg2019/eallrel.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=24 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and approved on 28 February 2019,<ref name="Cabinet approves">{{cite web |title=Cabinet approves Setting up of New AIIMS at Manethi, Haryana |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1566754 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=24 March 2023 |language=en |date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="pmssy-mohfw">{{cite web |title=Sixteen more AIIMS |url=https://pmssy-mohfw.nic.in/index4.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=81&lid=108 |website=pmssy-mohfw.nic.in |access-date=24 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> construction started in 2023.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web |title=Work on AIIMS Rewari expected to start from March 2023,says Rao Inderjit Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/work-on-aiims-rewari-expected-to-start-from-march-2023-says-rao-inderjit-singh/articleshow/95672840.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=24 March 2023 |language=en |date=22 November 2022}}</ref>

It is the 22nd AIIMS in the country, and will be constructed at a cost of ₹1299 crore.<ref name="Cabinet approves"/><ref name="pmssy-mohfw"/>

'''Campus'''

The campus spans 210 acres (85 hectares) in the semi-urban region of Majra–Bhalkhi (Cheeta Dungra Village Road), located approximately 20–22 km from Rewari city. The land for the project was provided by the Haryana state government. The design includes academic blocks, residential facilities, a hospital complex, and research infrastructure.

== History ==
At Union minister [[Rao Inderjit Singh]]'s request, [[Chief Minister of Haryana]] [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] announced plans to set up AIIMS in Rewari (Manethi) at an election rally at [[Bawal]] in 2015.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> In 2018, Rao Indrajit Singh had met [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] too in this regard.<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web |title=Haryana buys 80 acres, to start construction of AIIMS in Rewari |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-buys-80-acres-construction-aiims-rewari-8023258/ |website=indianexpress.com |access-date=24 March 2023 |language=en |date=11 July 2022}}</ref> On 1 February 2019, in the presentation of the interim budget for 2019–2020, [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] [[Piyush Goyal]] announced an [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]] in [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Interim Budget 2019: 22nd AIIMS to be set up in Haryana, Piyush Goyal announces |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/union-budget-2019/story/interim-budget-2019-22nd-aiims-haryana-piyush-goyal-1444216-2019-02-01 |access-date=24 March 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |date=1 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> This institute was later identified as "Phase-VIII". The Union Cabinet approved to set up the institute at [[Manethi]], [[Rewari district]] on 28 February 2023.<ref name="Cabinet approves"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Cabinet approves setting up of new AIIMS at Manethi, Haryana |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/cabinet-approves-setting-up-of-new-aiims-at-manethi-haryana-119030100417_1.html |access-date=24 March 2023 |work=[[Business Standard]]|date=1 March 2019}}</ref>

Initially, the institute was planned to be built at Manethi village in Rewari. However, the government faced hurdles in acquiring land there,<ref>{{cite web |title=Manethi land ‘not suitable’, another site proposed for AIIMS |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/manethi-land-not-suitable-another-site-proposed-for-aiims-147104 |website=www.tribuneindia.com |access-date=24 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Because most of the area is part of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]]'s forest.<ref name="indianexpress"/> Due to this, the government later had to change its plans and shift AIIMS to Majra village.<ref name="indianexpress"/> The Haryana government was able to acquire 80 acres of land till July 2022, out of which 60 acres of panchayat land.<ref name="indianexpress"/> [[Ministry of Planning (India)|Union Minister of State for Planning]] [[Rao Inderjit Singh]] informed in September 2022 that about 190 acres of land has been acquired for the hospital, and the acquisition process for the remaining parcels of land will be completed soon.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web |last=Yadav |first=Saloni |date=16 November 2025 |title=हरियाणा सरकार का बड़ा फैसला: एम्स रेवाड़ी के लिए 308 करोड़ की इंटरचेंज परियोजना को हरी झंडी |url=https://www.viratbharat.com/state/haryana/rewari/big-decision-of-haryana-government-green-signal-to-rs-308/article-89 |url-status=live |access-date=16 November 2025 |website=www.viratbharat.com |language=hi}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
===Medical facilities===
The AIIMS Majra will have 15-18 super specialty departments.<ref name="Cabinet approves"/>

===Hospital===
The hospital will have around 750 beds.<ref name="indianexpress"/> As per the current operational AIIMS data, it is expected that the hospital will cater to around 1500 [[Outpatient department|OPD]] patients per day<ref name="indianexpress"/> and around 1000 [[Inpatient care|IPD]] patients per month.<ref name="Cabinet approves"/>

<big>'''Connectivity'''</big>

A full trumpet interchange has been approved to provide direct access between AIIMS Rewari and National Highway 48. The project is estimated to cost ₹308 crore, and construction is expected to begin following approval from the concerned authorities. The interchange is planned to improve traffic movement and address waterlogging issues reported near existing underpasses during monsoon months.

==Academics==
Like all other AIIMS the institute will select students for MBBS course through [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET(UG)]] annually. The institute will have 100 UG (MBBS) seats and 60 B.Sc. (Nursing) seats.<ref name="Cabinet approves"/>

==See also==
* [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi#Badsa|AIIMS Badsa]], in Jhajjar in Haryana
* [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|List of AIIMS in India]]
* [[List of medical colleges in India]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{All India Institutes of Medical Sciences}}
{{Universities in Haryana}}
{{authority control}}

{{coord missing|Haryana}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Haryana]]
[[Category:All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]]

Minervarya pentali

2025-12-18T04:14:34Z

Anis: reworked section also to improve readability

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Minervarya pentali (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = Dorsal view of ''M. pentali''
| taxon = Minervarya pentali
| authority = Garg and [[Sathyabhama Das Biju|Biju]], 2021
| range_map = Minervarya pentali map.svg
| range_map_caption = Approximate distribution
{{legend|#F07568|Range}}
}}
'''''Minervarya pentali''''', or '''Pental's Minervaryan frog''', is a species of frog in the fork-tongued frog family, [[Dicroglossidae]]. It is endemic to the Western Ghats in India.

==Etymology==
The species is named ''pentali'' after [[Deepak Pental]], plant geneticist and former vice-chancellor of Delhi University, in recognition of his assistance in setting up the [[Systematics|Systematics Lab]] at the university.<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news|date=2021-08-03|title=DU researchers discover new frog species in Western Ghats|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/du-researchers-discover-new-frog-species-in-western-ghats/article35696317.ece|access-date=2021-08-04|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2021-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803142700/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/du-researchers-discover-new-frog-species-in-western-ghats/article35696317.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The generic name ''Minervarya'' is a portmanteau of the Latin word "''minimus''", which means "smallest", and ''[[Fejervarya]]'', which is ''Minervarya''‘s sister genus. The name also alludes to the Ancient Roman goddess [[Minerva]] - the frogs' behaviour of suddenly jumping up seemingly from mud on the ground is reminiscent of the goddess, who burst suddenly out of her father [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter's]] head, fully clad in armour.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dubois|first1=A|last2=Ohler|first2=A|last3=Biju|first3=S. D.|date=2001|title=A new genus and species of Ranidae (Amphibia, Anura) from south-western India.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273859259|journal=Alytes|volume=19|pages=53–79}}</ref>

==Description==
''M. pentali'' is smaller than other ''Minervarya'' species, with males measuring 20 mm and females measuring 25 mm from [[snout]] to [[Cloaca|vent]]. The skin is folded and granulated. The upper parts of the body are greyish-brown and have the texture of [[shagreen]], while the underparts are smooth and generally paler. The throat is flesh-coloured, and the calling patch is black. A yellow-grey line runs down the middle of the back. The males produce a pulsating call at regular intervals. The tongue is notched at the tip.<ref name="Garg and Biju">{{Cite journal|last1=Garg|first1=Sonali|last2=Biju|first2=S. D.|date=2021|title=DNA Barcoding and Systematic Review of Minervaryan Frogs (Dicroglossidae: Minervarya) of Peninsular India: Resolution of a Taxonomic Conundrum with Description of a New Species|url=http://www.ahr-journal.com/en/oa/darticle.aspx?type=view&id=AHR-2021-0023|journal=Asian Herpetological Research|volume=12|issue=4|pages=1–34|doi=10.16373/j.cnki.ahr.210023}}</ref>

==Behaviour==
===Call===
Male ''M. pentali'' produce a pulsating call, which they repeat at regular intervals. Each call, which has 19 pulses on average, lasts for roughly one-fifths of a second. Calls are made from 6 PM to 10 PM.<ref name="Garg and Biju" />
===Breeding===
The breeding season is from July to September. During this season, males congregate in large numbers in grasses and around water bodies.<ref name="Garg and Biju" />

==Distribution and habitat==
''M. pentali'' is endemic to the southern Western Ghats, where it is widespread and found from sea level up to an elevation of 220 m. Its range extends from [[Kerala]]'s [[Kozhikode district]] in the north to [[Tamil Nadu]]'s [[Kanyakumari district]] in the south.<ref name="Garg and Biju" /> The frogs are found in vegetated wayside areas, plantations, irrigated fields and near natural water sources; they are not recorded from forested areas.<ref name="Hindu" /><ref name="Garg and Biju" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{taxonbar|from=Q107871835}}

[[Category:Dicroglossidae]]
[[Category:Fauna of India]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Frogs of Asia]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Minervarya]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]

Seelamvaripalli

2025-12-03T08:11:34Z

Anis: Creating Basic Data W/ Infobox

{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Seelamvaripalli
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Chandrasekharapuram
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =<ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Prakasam|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2818_PART_B_DCHB_PRAKASAM.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=18 February 2016|page=16|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
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| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 523112
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Seelamvaripalli''' is a village in [[Prakasam district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Chandrasekharapuram]] [[mandal]] of [[Kandukur, Prakasam district|Kandukur]] [[revenue division]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Two killed in road accident|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/two-killed-in-road-accident/article3880040.ece|accessdate=18 February 2016|date=10 September 2012|location=Ongole}}</ref>

The village is the location for [[Kadiri Babu Rao College of Agriculture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://studyhyderabad.com/Kadiri%20Babu%20Rao%20College%20of%20Agriculture.html |title=Kadiri Babu Rao College of Agriculture |publisher=studyhyderabad |date= |accessdate=2018-01-31}}</ref>
he village is the location for [[Muram narayana reddy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://studyhyderabad.com/Kadiri%20Babu%20Rao%20College%20of%20Agriculture.html |title=Muram narayana reddy|publisher=studyhyderabad |date= |accessdate=2018-01-31}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Prakasam district]]

Chekiye

2025-11-28T00:26:10Z

Anis: new

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chekiye
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Chekiye
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of India#Regions|Region]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Northeast India]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| total_type = 
| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude = 
| area_total_km2 = 
| area_land_km2 = 
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rank =
| population_total = 7105<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Nagaland/Dimapur/Chumukedima/Chekiye|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221060651/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Nagaland/Dimapur/Chumukedima/Chekiye|url-status=usurped|archive-date=December 21, 2021|title=Census of India 2011 – Chekiye data|website=indiagrowing.com|access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank1 =
| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_blank2_title = Official
| population_blank2 = [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 797113
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|nagaland.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chekiye''' is a village located in the [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] of [[Nagaland]] and is a suburb of [[Chümoukedima]], the district headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mapsofindia.com/villages/nagaland/dimapur/chumukedima/chekiye.html|title=Map of Chekiye|website=www.mapsofindia.com|access-date=4 January 2023}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Chekiye is situated in the Chümoukedima District of Nagaland. As per the Population Census 2011, there are a total 1293 households in Chekiye. The total population of Chekiye is 7105.

==See also==
*[[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Chümoukedima district]]

LEAD College of Management

2025-11-23T13:32:36Z

Anis: started new stub.

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox university
|name = LEAD College (Autonomous)
|image_name = LEAD LOGO.png
|caption = LEAD College (Autonomous)
|motto =Computer Science, leadership & entrepreneurship
|established = 2011
|native_name =
|type = Private
|free = Prompt Charitable Trust
|city = [[Dhoni, Palakkad]]
|state = [[Kerala]]
|country = [[India]]
|campus = Rural
|affiliations = [[University of Calicut]]
|website = {{URL|http://www.lead.ac.in}}
|director=Dr. Thomas George <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/outlook-spotlight-in-conversation-with-guinness-world-record-winning-entrepreneurship-guru-dr-thomas-george/396293|title=In Conversation With Guinness World Record winning 'Entrepreneurship Guru' – Dr Thomas George}}</ref>
}}

'''LEAD College Autonomous''' ('''LEAD''')<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/palakkad-college-offers-free-mba-for-entrepreneurs/article35044488.ece | title=Palakkad college offers free MBA for entrepreneurs | newspaper=The Hindu | date=29 June 2021 }}</ref> is a college established in 2011 providing [[Master of Business Administration]] degrees. The campus is located in [[Dhoni, Palakkad]], [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]] LEAD was established by Dr. Thomas George<ref name=sheen>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/is-mba-losing-its-sheen-the-shift-from-b-school-to-e-school-has-begun-4660661.html|title=Is MBA Losing Its Sheen? The Shift from B-School to E-School Has Begun|date=15 January 2022|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/palakkad-college-offers-free-mba-for-entrepreneurs/article35044488.ece|title=Palakkad college offers free MBA for entrepreneurs|work=The Hindu |date=29 June 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> under Prompt Charitable Trust.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/videos/originals/thomman-principal-of-lead-college-dr-thomas-george-shares-his-education-policies-1.6287260|title=പ്രിൻസിപ്പൽ ആരാ? തൊമ്മനാ.. ഞങ്ങടെ സ്വന്തം 'തൊമ്മൻ'|date=20 December 2021|website=Mathrubhumi Archives}}</ref><ref name=sheen /><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/calicut-university-comes-to-the-aid-of-foreign-students/articleshow/65048581.cms | title=Kozhikode: Calicut University comes to the aid of foreign students | Kozhikode News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=19 July 2018 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.lead.ac.in}}
{{Educational Institutes in Palakkad}}
{{Education in Kerala}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Business schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated with the University of Calicut]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]
{{Kerala-university-stub}}