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List of commanders of the LTTE

2026-05-15T21:14:04Z

Anilsharma:

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2010}}
The following is a '''list of commanders of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]]''' ('''LTTE'''), also known as the Tamil Tigers, a separatist militant [[Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism|Tamil nationalist]] organisation, which operated in northern and eastern [[Sri Lanka]] from the late 1970s to May 2009, until it was defeated by the [[Sri Lankan Military]].<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/featuredCrisis/idUSCOL391456 | work=Reuters | title=SCENARIOS-The end of Sri Lanka's quarter-century war | date=16 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="VOA">{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-05-17-voa11.cfm |title=VOA News - Sri Lanka Rebels Concede Defeat |access-date=2009-06-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611092130/http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-05-17-voa11.cfm |archive-date=11 June 2009 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! width="140"|[[Nom de Guerre]] !! width="140"|Real Name !! width="100"|Date & Place of Birth !! width="100"|Date & Place of Death !! width="150"|Position(s) !! Notes
|-
| valign=top|Thambi (used only by closest associates), Anna (elder brother) and Karikalan(another name)|| valign=top|[[Velupillai Prabhakaran|Velupillai Prabhakaran]]{{KIA}} || valign=top|{{Birth date|1954|11|26|df=yes}} [[Valvettithurai]] || valign=top|{{Death date and age|2009|05|18|1954|11|26|df=yes}}<ref name="lttechiefdead-TOI">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Tigers-extinct-now-what-lies-ahead-for-Tamils-in-Lanka/articleshow/4546294.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023235502/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-19/south-asia/28210187_1_tamil-tiger-velupillai-prabhakaran-soosai|url-status=live|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=LTTE chief Prabhakaran killed: Lanka army sources|date=18 May 2009|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="lttechiefdead-TimesOnline">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6309915.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519190039/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6309915.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 May 2009|title=Tamil Tigers supreme commander Prabhakaran 'shot dead'|date=18 May 2009 |work=The Times |location=London |access-date=18 May 2009 | first=Robert | last=Bosleigh}}</ref><ref name="lttechiefdead-telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/srilanka/5342331/Tamil-Tiger-leader-Velupillai-Prabhakaran-shot-dead.html|title=Tamil Tiger leader Velupillai Prabhakaran 'shot dead'|last=Nelson |first=Dean |date=18 May 2009|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=18 May 2009 | location=London}}</ref> [[Vellamullivaikkal]] || valign=top|Leader of the LTTE || Supreme leader of the LTTE, which waged a 25-year civil war in Sri Lanka against the Sri Lankan government. His death in Nanthikadal lagoon, [[Vellamullivaikkal]], [[Mullaitivu]], brought an immediate end to the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]].
|-
| valign=top|Lt. Colonel Bharathan || valign=top|Barathan Rajanayagam|| valign=top|{{Birth date|1960|12|06|df=yes}} [[Thirunelveli, Sri Lanka|Thirunelveli]] || valign=top|{{Death date and age|2021|03|18|1960|12|06|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ripbook.com/barathan-rajanayagam-606700833a668/notice/obituary-606700ab9036b | title=Late Barathan Rajanayagam – Obituary }}</ref> [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|London, United Kingdom]] || valign=top|Founder of Nitharsanam and Pulikalin Kural || Major Commander of the LTTE, Bharathan pushed for the formation of a media division of the LTTE. He created Nitharsanam (meaning reality in truth, it was the television and newspaper department of the LTTE) and Pulikalin Kural (meaning the tigers' voice, it was the radio for the LTTE). Bharathan’s fearless style of cinematography allowed the LTTE to showcase live footage of the battlefield locally and globally. The rapid growth of the LTTE and their following abroad is largely credited to the success of their Media outlet.
|-
| valign=top|[[Pottu Amman (Tamil militant)|Pottu Amman]] ''alias'' Papa Oscar ''alias'' Sobhigemoorthy ''alias'' Kailan ''alias'' Kuruvi|| valign=top|Shanmugalingam Shivashankar{{KIA}} || valign="top" |1962 Nayanmarkaddu<ref name="dbsj1">{{cite news|url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/1073 |title="Pottu Amman" and the Intelligence Division of the LTTE|date=11 September 2009|work=D. B. S. Jeyaraj|access-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> || valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|2009|05|18}} (aged 47) [[Vellamullivaikkal]] || valign=top|Leader of Tiger Organization Security Intelligence Service (TOSIS) and [[LTTE Black Tiger|Black Tigers]] || Second-in-command of the LTTE. His death was initially disputed because the body was not found. But in October 2010, [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act|TADA court]] judge K. Dakshinamurthy dropped charges against Amman, on the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]], accepting the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]]'s report on his demise.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/rajiv-trial-names-of-prabhakaran-pottu-amman-dropped-62491|title=Rajiv trial: Names of Prabhakaran, Pottu Amman dropped|date=26 October 2010|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=17 June 2011 }}</ref><ref name="army.lk2">{{cite news|url=http://www.army.lk/detailed.php?NewsId=486|title=Notorious Pottu Amman, Bhanu confirmed killed|date=18 May 2009|publisher=[[Sri Lanka Army]]|access-date=6 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328002346/http://www.army.lk/detailed.php?NewsId=486|archive-date=28 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| valign=top|[[Selvarasa Pathmanathan]]{{POW}} ''alias'' Kumaran Pathmanathan ''alias'' KP (23+ aliases) || valign=top|Shanmugam Kumaran Tharmalingam || valign=top|{{Birth date|1955|04|06|df=yes}} [[Kankesanthurai]]|| || valign=top|Leader of the LTTE since the death of Prabhakaran. Prior to that, served as the chief procurer of arms and head of the "Department of International Relations" of the LTTE || As the chief arms procurer since the origin of the organisation, Pathmanathan was involved in all the vital administrative issues of the LTTE. He held 200+ passports with himself. On 21 July 2009, the Executive Committee of the LTTE, issued a statement announcing that Patmanathan had been appointed leader of the LTTE. But on 5 August 2009, [[State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)|Sri Lankan intelligence agents]] with the aid of the local authorities, captured Pathmanathan in [[Malaysia]] and deported him to Sri Lanka.
|-
| valign=top|Colonel [[Karuna Amman]] || valign=top|Vinayagamoorthy Muralitharan || valign=top| 1966 [[Kiran, Sri Lanka|Kiran]], [[Batticaloa]] || || valign=top|LTTE leader of the [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern Province]] || Major commander of the LTTE. He was involved in many successful LTTE attacks including the [[Second Battle of Elephant Pass]]. In March 2004, he broke away from the Tamil Tigers and claimed to renounce violence. In 2007, he created the political party [[TMVP]]. In 2008, he was appointed as a National List Member of [[Parliament of Sri Lanka|Parliament]]. Later, he was sworn in as Minister of National Integration.
|-
| valign=top|Lt. [[Seelan]]{{KIA}} || valign=top|Charles Lucas Anthony || valign=top|Church Street, [[Trincomalee]] || valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|1983|07|15}} Meesalai || valign=top|Second-in-command of LTTE as of 1983 || Prabhakaran's right-hand man in the early stages of the LTTE. He was instrumental in the transformation of the LTTE from an armed criminal gang to a deadly military force. Seelan's death on 15 July 1983 prompted Prabhakaran to ambush the [[Sri Lanka Army]] patrol [[Four Four Bravo]] to avenge his death. The killing of 13 soldiers on 23 July 1983, resulted in the [[Black July]] ethnic riots, which marked the beginning of 26-year civil war.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story, Chapter 29 – Prisoners massacred |url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DC02Df02.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020331150953/http://atimes.com/ind-pak/DC02Df02.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=31 March 2002|work=Asia Times|date=2 March 2002 |access-date=12 July 2011}}</ref> Prabhakaran paid tribute to Seelan by naming his elder son and the premier fighting brigade of LTTE after him.
|-
| valign=top|Colonel [[Kittu (Tamil militant)|Kittu]]{{KIA}} || valign=top|Sathasivam Krishnakumar || valign=top|{{Birth date|1960|01|02|df=yes}} [[Velvettithurai]] || valign=top|{{Death date and age|1993|01|16|1960|01|02|df=yes}} [[Indian Ocean]] || valign=top|Second-in-Command of LTTE, Leader of shipping || Second-in-Command of the LTTE in the 1980s. He became crippled in a shoot-out in 1987. In 1993, Kittu committed suicide before he could be captured by the [[Indian Navy]].<ref>{{cite news |first= K. T. |last= Rajasingham |title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story – Chapter 57: Kittu, the LTTE legend |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DI14Df01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021021094345/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DI14Df01.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=21 October 2002|work=Asia Times|date=2 March 2002 |access-date=6 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| valign=top|[[Mahattaya]] || valign=top|Gopalaswamy Mahendraraja || valign=top|1956 [[Point Pedro]] || valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|1994|12|28}} (aged 38) [[Chavakacheri]] || valign=top|Second-in-Command of LTTE (1987–1993), Leader of [[People's Front of Liberation Tigers]], Political wing of LTTE || The LTTE intelligence wing found that Mahattaya was leaking information to India's [[Research and Analysis Wing]], and plotting to assassinate Prabhakaran. He was arrested in March 1993, and executed in December 1994, on Prabhakaran’s orders. It was said that Mahattaya, along with nearly 257 cadres who were loyal to him, were lined up in a coconut estate located near [[Chavakacheri]] and shot, and their bodies dumped.<ref>{{cite news |first= K. T. |last= Rajasingham |title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story – Chapter 56: The execution of Mahattaya |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DI07Df01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021025020427/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DI07Df01.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=25 October 2002|work=Asia Times|date=2 March 2002 |access-date=6 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| valign=top|Thamilselvan || valign=top|[[S. P. Thamilselvan]] || valign=top|{{Birth date|df=yes|1967|08|29}} [[Chavakacheri]] || valign=top|{{Death date and age|df=yes|2007|11|02|1967|08|29}} [[Kilinochchi]] || valign=top|Political leader of LTTE || valign=top|One of the prominent negotiators of LTTE. Killed by a precise [[Sri Lanka Air Force]] bombing targeting him.
|-
|valign=top|Colonel [[Shankar (Tamil militant)|Shankar]] || valign=top|Vaithilingam Sornalingam{{KIA}} || valign=top|September 1949|| valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|2001|09|26}} (aged 52) [[Oddusuddan]] || valign=top|Founder and leader of the air wing and marine division of LTTE || Shankar was a relative and one of the closest lieutenants of LTTE leader Prabhakaran. He was killed by a [[claymore mine|claymore]] attack of the [[Sri Lanka Army|Sri Lankan Army]]’s [[Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (Sri Lanka)|deep penetration unit]] in 2001.
|-
| valign=top|Admiral Colonel [[Soosai]]{{KIA}} || valign=top|Thillaiyampalam Sivanesan || valign=top|{{Birth date|df=yes|1963|10|16}} || valign=top|{{Death date and age|df=yes|2009|05|18|1963|10|16}} [[Vellamullivaikkal]] || valign=top|Head of the [[Sea Tigers]], naval wing of the LTTE || Responsible for many successful attacks against the [[Sri Lanka Navy]]. He narrowly escaped during the [[Vadamarachchi Operation]], but was killed during the [[Sri Lanka Army]]'s final onslaught towards LTTE held areas in 2009.
|-
| valign=top|Brigadier [[Balraj]] ''alias'' Leema || valign=top|Balasegaram Kandiah || valign=top|{{Birth date|df=yes|1965|11|27}} [[Kokkuththoduvai]] || valign=top|{{Death date and age|df=yes|2008|05|18|1965|11|27}} [[Vellamullivaikkal]] || valign=top|Commander of the Charles Antony Brigade || Responsible for many successful operations, including the [[Second Battle of Elephant Pass]]. Died of a sudden heart attack in 2008.
|-
| valign=top|Brigadier [[Theepan]]{{KIA}} ''alias'' Tango Papa || valign=top|Velayuthapillai Baheerathakumar || valign=top|1965 [[Vavuniya]] || valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|2009|04|05}} (aged 44) [[Aanandapuram]] || valign=top|Overall military commander of LTTE in the final phase of [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] || Posthumously promoted to Brigadier.<ref name="thesundayleader.lk" /> He was a native of [[Thenmarachi]] division of [[Jaffna District]]. He joined LTTE in 1984 and eventually became a senior commander. He participated and led a number of battles<ref name="LTTE suffers worst defeat" /> against the [[Sri Lankan Army]]. He was killed along with 615 others in early April 2009 in [[Puthukkudiyiruppu (Mullaitivu)]]. Before his death he was the unofficial military commander of the LTTE Northern fighting formations.<ref>[http://www.dailymirror.lk/DM_BLOG/Sections/frmNewsDetailView.aspx?ARTID=45957 THEEPAN OF THE LTTE: HEROIC SAGA OF A NORTHERN WARRIOR] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414100818/http://www.dailymirror.lk/DM_BLOG/Sections/frmNewsDetailView.aspx?ARTID=45957 |date=14 April 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| valign=top|Rathnam Master{{KIA}} || || || valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|2009|05|18}} [[Vellamullivaikkal]] || valign=top|Head of LTTE Military Intelligence wing, head of the [[Air Tigers|air wing]] and the Radha Brigade || valign=top|A personal bodyguard of Prabhakaran; led the LTTE military wing after Colonel Theepan was killed in April 2009.
|-
| valign=top|Mathavan Master{{KIA}} || valign=top|Ragunathan Pathmanathan || valign=top|1958 [[Alaveddy]]|| valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|2009|05|18}} (aged 50) [[Vellamullivaikkal]] || valign=top|Head of LTTE Intelligence Training Centre, Training and Technology Department, Research & Publications Department. || valign=top|Senior member of the Tiger Organization Security Intelligence Service (TOSIS). He joined the LTTE in 1987. He was responsible for the training and development of advanced technologies for support of both the National and Military Intelligence: modifying weapons, explosive-filled vehicles, spy tools, etc. He also undertook the task of training TOSIS operatives. He was killed while fighting in [[Vellamullivaikkal]], [[Mullaitivu]] in 2009 and his body was recovered by the SLA, which listed him as the LTTE Internal Intelligence leader.
|-
| valign=top|Kapil Amman{{KIA}} || Rajadurai Selvaraja || 11.11.1957
Trincomalee
|{{Death date|df=yes|2009|05|18}} [[Vellamullivaikkal]]
|Deputy leader of Tiger Organization Security Intelligence Service (TOSIS)
|Long-time deputy of the LTTE intelligence head Pottu Amman.
|-
| valign=top|Nadesan || valign=top|[[Balasingham Nadesan]] || || valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|2009|05|18}} [[Vellamullivaikkal]] || valign=top|Political leader of LTTE (Since November 2007), Chief of LTTE Police || Police Chief of the LTTE. He also held the position of political leader since the death of S. P. Thamilselvan in 2007. Nadesan was killed on 18 May 2009 in [[Vellamullivaikkal]], [[Mullaitivu]].
|-
| valign=top|Brigadier Bhanu (Banu) ''alias'' Bravo{{KIA}} || valign=top|Sivanadan Somasekaran || valign=top|1960 || valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|2009|05|18}} (aged 49) [[Vellamullivaikkal]] || valign=top|Leader of the LTTE's Mortar wing || Led the LTTE's Kutti Sri Mortar Regiment and Johnson Mortar Regiment in the [[Second Battle of Elephant Pass]] and hoisted the LTTE flag at the [[Elephant Pass]] base in 2000. He later became the leader of the Kutti Sri Mortar regiment.<ref>{{cite news|title=The taking of Elephant Pass|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1710/17100100.htm|work=HinduOnNet|date=13 May 2000|access-date=7 October 2008|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917171521/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1710/17100100.htm|archive-date=17 September 2008}}</ref> He was killed during the final battle of the war, on 18 May 2009.<ref name="army.lk2" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Identified LTTE leaders who were killed during the Last Battle|url=http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090621_02_TerrList|work=Ministry of Defense, Sri Lanka|date=18 May 2009|access-date=18 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903230327/http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090621_02_TerrList|archive-date=3 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| valign=top|Colonel [[Charles (Tamil militant)|Charles]]{{KIA}} || valign=top|Shanmuganathan Ravishankar || valign=top|1965 || valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|2008|01|06}} (aged 43) [[Mannar District]] || valign=top|Head of LTTE Military Intelligence wing || Killed by a Sri Lankan Army [[Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (Sri Lanka)|LRRP]] unit in 2008. He was involved in the planning of the [[Central Bank bombing]] and many other successful Black Tiger attacks.<ref name="Vanni pays homage to Col. Charles" />
|-
| valign=top|Colonel Ramesh{{KIA}} ''alias'' Romeo Siera || T. Thurairajasingham || || valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|2009|05|18}} [[Vellamullivaikkal]] || valign=top|[[Batticaloa District]] & [[Ampara District]] commander || LTTE commander for the [[Batticaloa District|Batticaloa]] and [[Ampara District|Ampara]] districts during the 2002 ceasefire era.<ref>{{cite news |title=SL propaganda aims to create fear psychosis in East-Ramesh|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=12251|work=Tamilnet|date=20 June 2004|access-date=21 January 2009}}</ref> Believed to have been killed on 18 May 2009.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}
|-
| valign=top|Colonel [[Sornam]] (Swarnam){{KIA}} || Soosapillai Joseph Anthonydas || valign=top|{{Birth date|1964|04|01|df=yes}} [[Trincomalee]] || valign=top|{{Death date and age|2009|05|16|1964|04|01|df=yes}} [[Vellamullivaikkal]] || valign=top|LTTE leader of [[Trincomalee]] || Personal bodyguard of LTTE leader Velupillai Prabhakaran, and a senior commander of the LTTE. Believed to have been killed in May 2009.<ref name="tamilnet.com">{{cite news |title=Colonel Sornam visits army-controlled areas in Trinco | url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=13797 |work=Tamilnet |date=7 October 2008 |access-date=7 October 2008}}</ref><ref name="army.lk">{{cite news|title=LTTE's Swarnam & Shashi Master reported killed|url=http://www.army.lk/detailed.php?NewsId=465|work=[[Sri Lanka Army]]|date=16 May 2009|access-date=6 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419143835/http://www.army.lk/detailed.php?NewsId=465|archive-date=19 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| valign=top|Pulidevan{{KIA}} || [[Seevaratnam Pulidevan]] || || valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|2009|05|18}} [[Vellamullivaikkal]] || valign=top|Head of the LTTE Peace Secretariat || Member of the LTTE negotiating team during peace talks.
|-
| valign=top|Shashikumar Master{{KIA}} || Mithiran Selvarathnam || || valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|2009|05|18}} [[Vellamullivaikkal]] || valign=top|Head of the LTTE mapping and surveying division || valign=top|Died during the final battle on 18 May 2009.<ref name="army.lk" />
|-
| valign=top|Daya Master{{POW}} || valign=top|Velayutham Dayanidhi || || || valign=top|Head of the LTTE media division || valign=top|Surrendered to the Sri Lankan Army during the final stages of the war.<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite news |title=LTTE killed Tamil civilians: surrendered Tiger leaders | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ltte-killed-tamil-civilians-surrendered-tig/452611/ |work=The Indian Express|date=29 April 2009 |access-date=6 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="lankanewspapers">{{cite news |title=Who is George Master? Who is Daya Master? | url=https://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2009/4/42639_space.html |work=lankanewspapers.com |date=22 April 2009 |access-date=6 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| valign=top|George Master{{POW}} || valign=top|Velupillai Kumaru Pancharatnam || || || valign=top|Translator of LTTE leader Prabhakaran and S. P. Thamilsenvan || valign=top|Surrendered to the Sri Lankan Army towards the end of the war.<ref name="indianexpress" /><ref name="lankanewspapers" />
|-
| valign=top|Brigadier Gadaffi{{KIA}} || || valign=top|1961 || valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|2009|04|05}} (aged 48) [[Aanandapuram]] || valign=top|Head of LTTE military school || Senior commander of the LTTE. He was from [[Nelliyady Sri Lanka|Nelliyady]]. He was killed in early April 2009 in [[Puthukkudiyiruppu (Mullaitivu)]]. At the time of his death, he was the head of [[Tamil Tigers|Tamil Tiger]] military school.<ref name="LTTE suffers worst defeat">[http://www.dailymirror.lk/DM_BLOG/Sections/frmNewsDetailView.aspx?ARTID=45885 LTTE suffers worst defeat] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413145818/http://www.dailymirror.lk/DM_BLOG/Sections/frmNewsDetailView.aspx?ARTID=45885 |date=13 April 2009 }}</ref> He also functioned as either deputy or leader of some of the [[Tamil Tigers|Tamil Tiger]] military divisions. It is claimed<ref name="thesundayleader.lk">[http://www.thesundayleader.lk/20090412/FOCUS.HTM LTTE debacle at Aanandapuram: Top Tiger leaders killed]</ref> that Gadaffi brought down several [[Sri Lankan Air Force]] aircraft using shoulder fired SAM-7 missiles.
|-
| valign=top|Colonel Jeyam<ref>{{cite news |title=Peace sacrificed for counter insurgency by Colombo – Col. Jeyam|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=18263|work=Tamilnet|date=24 May 2006 |access-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> (Jayam){{KIA}} || || || valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|2009|04|21}} [[Mullaitivu District]] || || A senior LTTE commander, originally from the east of Sri Lanka. He was a member of the LTTE delegation that attended the [[Geneva]] peace talks between the LTTE and the [[Government of Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Northern LTTE puts command changes to the east on hold|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/927|work=AsianTribume|date=5 July 2006 |access-date=18 January 2009}}</ref> He is not to be confused with a [[TMVP]] commander by the same name, who is also from the east of Sri Lanka.
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| valign=top|Colonel Ilankeeran{{KIA}} ''alias'' A Chetan ''alias'' AC ''alias'' Ravi|| || valign="top" |1972 [[Batticaloa]] || valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|2009|03|19}} [[Aanandapuram]] || valign=top|Special commander and later appointed as Leader of the [[Divisions of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam#Victor Anti-Armour Regiment|Victor anti-tank regiment]] ||Served as the special commander and leader of Victor anti-armor/tank regiment from 2006–2009. He led these forces when it was first formed in LTTE's counter attack of Operation Jayasikuru (1997), and led the forces in the decisive battles of Elephant Pass under Brigadier Balraj (1999–2000). He was killed along with 17 others in early March 2009 in [[Puthukkudiyiruppu (Mullaitivu)]]
|-
| valign=top|Colonel [[Raju (Tamil militant)|Raju]] ''alias'' Kuyilan || valign=top|Ambalavanar Neminathan || valign=top|Elalai, [[Jaffna]] || valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|2002|08|25}} || || Served as the special commander of the elite LTTE Leopard Commandos and played a key role in developing its artillery wing.
|-
| valign=top|Captain Ram
|| Ramesh Arivazhagan K.|| 1980, Jaffna|| || valign=top|Commander of Jaffna District|| The former LTTE commander for the [[Trincomalee District]] during the 2002 ceasefire period.<ref>{{cite news |title=Colonel Pathuman speaks to TamilNet|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=11430|work=Tamilnet|date=9 March 2004|access-date=21 January 2009}}</ref>
|-
| valign=top|Colonel Ramanan{{KIA}} || valign=top|[[Kandiah Ulaganathan]] || valign=top|1966 Palukamam, [[Batticaloa]] || valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|2006|05|21}} (aged 40) [[Vavunathivu]] || || valign=top|LTTE explosives expert.
|-
| valign=top|Nediyavan || valign=top|[[Perinpanayagam Sivaparan]] || || || valign=top|LTTE leader of [[Norway]] || With the demise of LTTE in May 2009, Nediyavan appeared as the military leader of the LTTE. He was apprehended by Norwegian authorities in May 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dutch officials question KP and 12 others|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/110619/News/nws_03.html|date=19 June 2011|access-date=19 June 2011}}</ref>
|-
| valign=top|Brigadier Thurka{{KIA}} || || || valign=top|{{Death date|2009|04|05|df=yes}} [[Aanandapuram]] || valign=top|Commander of [[Divisions of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam#Sothiya Regiment|Sothiya Regiment]] || A female commander of the LTTE, she was the leader of the all-female [[Divisions of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam#Sothiya Regiment|Sothiya Regiment]]. Reported to have been killed on 5 April 2009 during the [[Battle of Aanandapuram]].<ref name="dbsj2" />
|-
| valign=top|[[Brigadier Vithusha]]{{KIA}} || || || valign=top|{{Death date|2009|04|05|df=yes}} [[Aanandapuram]] || valign=top|Commander of [[Divisions of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam#Malathi Regiment|Malathi Regiment]] || A female commander of the LTTE, and the leader of the all-female Malathi Regiment.<ref name="tamilnet">{{cite news |title= Reserved hero: Brigadier Balraj TamilNet|url= http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=79&artid=25730|work=Tamilnet|date=23 May 2008|access-date=21 January 2009}}</ref> Reported to have been killed on 5 April 2009 during the [[Battle of Aanandapuram]].<ref name="dbsj2" />
|-
| valign=top|Lt. Colonel Akbar{{KIA}} || valign=top|Veerapathirar Pernibarasa || || valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|2006|10|07}} [[Muhamalai Forward Defence Line|Muhamalai FDL]] || Leader of the [[Divisions of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam#Victor Anti-Armour Regiment|Victor anti-tank regiment]] || Killed on 7 October 2006 at the [[Muhamalai Forward Defence Line]].
|-
| valign=top|Lt. Colonel Amuthab{{KIA}} || || || valign=top|{{Death date|2009|04|05|df=yes}} [[Aanandapuram]] || valign=top|[[Charles Anthony Brigade]] commander || Senior LTTE commander,<ref name="tamilnet2">[http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=17735 Charles Anthony Brigade celebrates 15th anniversary of inauguration]</ref> and the head<ref name="Two top LTTE leaders killed">[http://www.priu.gov.lk/news_update/Current_Affairs/ca200904/20090403two_top_ltte_leaders_killed.htm Two top LTTE leaders killed] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215085643/http://www.priu.gov.lk/news_update/Current_Affairs/ca200904/20090403two_top_ltte_leaders_killed.htm |date=15 December 2009 }}</ref> of the [[Charles Anthony Brigade]]. Killed in April 2009 in the [[Battle of Aanandapuram]].<ref name="dbsj2">{{cite web|url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/315|title=Anatomy of the LTTE military debacle at Aanandapuram|date=10 April 2009|publisher=dbsjeyaraj.com|access-date=7 February 2012|archive-date=14 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414105720/http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/315|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| valign=top|Lt. Colonel Appaiah<ref>{{KIA}}{{cite news |title=One Hundred Tamils of the 20th century|url=http://www.tamilnation.org/hundredtamils/index.htm#Appaiah|work=Tamilnation|date=21 April 1999|access-date=3 January 2009}} {{dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> || valign=top|I. Rasiah || || valign=top|{{Death date|1997|12|24|df=yes}} || || Known as the 'Scientist of the LTTE'.
|-
| valign=top|Lt. Colonel Arivu{{KIA}} || || || || valign=top|[[Trincomalee District]] || Senior commander<ref name="tamilnet2" /> of the LTTE, served in [[Charles Anthony Brigade]] as a senior commander. Believed to have been in killed<ref>[http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/318 Theepan of the LTTE: Heroic saga of a Northern warrior]</ref> in [[Trincomalee District]] in the mid 2000s.
|-
| valign=top|Lt. Colonel Gobith{{KIA}} || || || valign=top|{{Death date|2009|04|05|df=yes}} [[Aanandapuram]] || valign=top|Commander of [[Charles Anthony Brigade]] || Senior LTTE commander; head<ref name="Two top LTTE leaders killed" /> of the [[Charles Anthony Brigade]]. Killed in April 2009 in the [[Battle of Aanandapuram]].<ref name="dbsj2" />
|-
| valign=top|Lt. Colonel Kumarappa{{KIA}} || valign=top|B. Rathnapalan || || valign=top|{{Death date|1987|10|5|df=yes}} [[Palali, Sri Lanka|Palali]] || || He was taken into custody by [[Sri Lanka Navy]] along with 16 others at sea, and brought to a [[Palaly Military Base|Sri Lanka Army base in Palali]]. When the Sri Lanka Army attempted to take the detainees to [[Colombo]] for interrogation, he committed suicide on 5 October 1987.<ref name="http">{{cite news |title=Kumarappa, Pulendran Eighteenth anniversary held in Jaffna|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=16019|work=Tamilnet|date=5 October 2005|access-date=20 December 2008}}</ref>
|-
| valign=top|{{Visible anchor|Lt. Colonel Lawrence}}{{KIA}} || || || valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|2009|05|16}} [[Vellamullivaikkal]] ||| || He was a senior commander of the LTTE, he served in the northern front.<ref>[http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=7463 SLA meets LTTE's Northern Forces Commander]</ref><ref name="tamilnet3">[http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=18281 LTTE FDL commander dies in accidental explosion]</ref> It is believed that he was killed in May 2009.
|-
| valign=top|Colonel Nakulan{{KIA}} (Nagulan) || || || May 2007 [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern Province]] ||| || He was a senior commander<ref name="tamilnet2" /> of the [[Tamil Tigers]]; served in the [[Charles Anthony Brigade]] as a senior commander. Believed to have been killed<ref>[http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2007/5/15279_space.html Col Nagulan Charles Anthoney head and former boss of velu's security detail, killed...] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070908183923/http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2007/5/15279_space.html |date=8 September 2007 }}</ref> in eastern [[Sri Lanka]] in May 2007.
|-
| valign=top|Lt. Colonel Nizam{{KIA}} || valign=top|Thambirasa Kuhasanthan || || valign=top|2001 [[Mullaitivu District]] || valign=top|Head of Military Intelligence (East)|| LTTE military intelligence wing leader for the east of Sri Lanka. He was killed by a Sri Lanka Army [[Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (Sri Lanka)|LRRP]] unit in 2001.<ref name="lrrp.wordpress.com">{{cite news |title=LRRP infiltration demolishes impregnable Tiger terrain myth|url=https://lrrp.wordpress.com/2008/03/12/lrrp-infiltration-demolishes-impregnable-tiger-terrain-myth/|work=LRRP WordPress|date=12 March 2008|access-date=20 December 2008}}</ref>
|-
| valign=top|Lt. Colonel Ponnamman{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Lt Col Ponnamman's 19th anniversary celebrated |url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=17218|work=Tamilnet|date=17 February 2006|access-date=18 December 2008}}</ref> || valign=top|Yogaratnam Kugan || || valign=top|1987 [[Navatkuly]] || || Graduate of [[Jaffna Hindu College]] and a college all-rounder. He was killed in 1987 in an explosion during an attempt to attack the Sri Lanka Army camp in [[Navatkuly]], [[Jaffna]].
|-
| valign=top|Lt. Colonel Pulendran{{KIA}} || valign=top|K. Dharmarajah || || valign=top|{{Death date|1987|10|10|df=yes}} [[Palali, Sri Lanka|Palali]] || valign=top|[[Trincomalee District]] commander || One of the early members of the LTTE. He was the military commander in the [[Trincomalee District]]. He was the head of the unit responsible for the [[Aluth Oya massacre]] in April 1987. He committed suicide as the Army attempted to take him to [[Colombo]] for interrogation, after being apprehended.<ref name="http" /><ref name=Krishna>{{cite book | last=Krishna | first=Sankaran | title= Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood | year=2005 | publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn=0-8166-3330-4}} p.182-183</ref>
|-
| valign=top|Lt Colonel Radha{{KIA}} || valign=top|Anthony Kaththiar ||valign=top| Arialai, [[Jaffna]] || ||valign=top| [[Mannar District]] commander || [[Mannar District]] commander of the Tamil Tigers following Victor's death. While under Victor's command, he organized and executed the Anuradhapura massacre.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} He has been credited<ref>[http://www.tamilnation.org/women/90womenguerillas.htm Women & the Struggle for Tamil Eelam]</ref><ref>[http://www.tamilnation.org/tamileelam/maveerar/sothia.htm Maria Vasanthi Michael – Sothia]</ref> with many attack against Sri Lankan forces. He was killed in the late 1980s. The [[Divisions of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam#Ratha regiment|Radha Regiment]]<ref>[http://www.srilankawatch.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=174&Itemid=2 Prabha's Pet Regiment Hit, 3 Charles Anthony Lt. Colonels Killed]</ref> is named in honour of him.
|-
| valign=top|Lt. Colonel Santhosham{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Death anniversary of Lt. Col Santhosham observed |url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=7686|work=Tamilnet|date=23 October 2002|access-date=18 December 2008}}</ref> || valign=top|K. Umainesan || || valign=top|{{Death date|1987|10|21|df=yes}} [[Kondavil]] || || Killed on 21 October 1987 at Kondavil in Jaffna in a battle with the [[IPKF]]. He was active in the [[Trincomalee District]] of Sri Lanka. He was from [[Ariyalai]], [[Jaffna District]], [[Sri Lanka]].
|-
| valign=top|Lt. Colonel Thileepan || valign=top|[[Rasaiah Parthipan]] || valign=top|1962 || valign=top|{{Death date|df=yes|1987|09|26}} (aged 25) [[Jaffna]] || || valign=top|Died during a [[hunger strike]] against the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force|IPKF]] operations in Sri Lanka.
|-
| valign=top|Lt. Colonel Veeramani{{KIA}} || valign=top|Subramaniam Vadivel || || valign=top|{{Death date|2006|05|24|df=yes}} || || He was a senior commander<ref name="tamilnet2" /> of the LTTE, he was killed in an accidental explosion<ref name="tamilnet3" /> on 24 May 2006. He served as a senior commander in the [[Charles Anthony Brigade]] and [[Tamil Tigers|Tamil Tiger]] northern forces. He was from [[Vavuniya District]].
|-
| valign=top|Lt. Colonel Victor{{KIA}} || valign=top| {{visible anchor|Marcelin Fuselus}} || || valign=top|1984 || valign=top|[[Mannar District]] commander || He was a [[Mannar District]] commander of the Tamil Tigers, until he was killed in October 1986 by the [[Sri Lanka Army]]. He ordered the infamous [[Anuradhapura massacre]], which killed 146 Sinhalese civilians in May 1985.<ref name="richardson">{{cite book |last1=Richardson |first1=John Martin |title=Paradise Poisoned: Learning about Conflict, Terrorism, and Development from Sri Lanka's Civil Wars |date=2005 |publisher=International Center for Ethnic Studies |isbn=9789555800945 |page=76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sIRxpjfd-EC&pg=PA76 |access-date=13 June 2019}}</ref> The [[Divisions of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam#Victor Anti-Armour Regiment|Victor Anti Tank and Armoured Unit]] of the LTTE was named after him.
|-
| valign=top|Major Mano{{KIA}} || || || 2001 || valign=top|Head of Communications (East) || The LTTE's head of eastern communications, he was killed by a Sri Lanka Army [[Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (Sri Lanka)|LRRP]] unit in 2001.<ref name="lrrp.wordpress.com" />
|-
| valign=top|Captain Miller{{KIA}} || valign=top|[[Captain Miller (Tamil militant)|Vallipuram Vasanthan]] || valign=top|{{Birth date|1966|01|01|df=yes}}|| valign=top|{{Death date and age|1987|07|05|1966|01|01|df=yes}} || || First [[Black Tigers|Black Tiger]] for the LTTE. He drove a small truck laden with explosives into a Sri Lanka Army camp in Nelliady MMV, Karaveddy in Jaffna peninsula, killing himself and 128 Sri Lankan soldiers.
|-
| valign=top|Captain Pandithar{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Limbo between war and peace |url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DC23Df05.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021001211016/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DC23Df05.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=1 October 2002|work=AsiaTimes|date=23 March 2002|access-date=2 January 2009}}</ref> || valign=top|S. Ravindran || || valign=top|{{Death date|1985|01|09|df=yes}} || || He was a childhood friend of Velupillai Prabhakaran and was the LTTE's accredited vice captain.<ref>[https://www.nation.lk/2007/12/23/special5.htm After Prabha, who?] – D. B. S. Jeyaraj</ref> He was killed by the Sri Lanka Army on 9 January 1985.
|-
| valign=top|[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sathasivam_Selvanayakam&redirect=no# Lieutenant Sellakil] i{{KIA}}<ref name="sangam.org">{{cite news |title=The loss of Sellakili |url=https://www.sangam.org/articles/view/?id=349|work=SangamOrg|date=30 April 2004|access-date=2 January 2009}}</ref> || valign="top" |Sathasivam Selvanayakam || || valign=top|{{Death date|1983|07|23|df=yes}} [[Thirunelveli (Sri Lanka)|Thirunelveli]] || || He was the only LTTE cadre to be killed in an ambush in [[Thirunelveli (Sri Lanka)|Thirunelveli]] in Jaffna that killed 13 Sri Lanka Army soldiers on 23 July 1983, the incident that sparked the [[Black July]] riots across the country. He was the leader of the group that carried out the attack.<ref name="sangam.org" />
|-
| valign=top|Lt.Conol Cheliyan{{KIA}} || || || valign=top|October 2008? May 2009? || valign=top|Deputy Leader, [[Sea Tigers]] || He was a [[Sea Tiger]] deputy leader. It is claimed that a Sri Lankan Army [[Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (Sri Lanka)|LRRP]] killed him in October 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cheliyan – Deputy Sea Tiger Leader killed|url=http://lankadailynews.com/2008/10/cheliyan-%E2%80%93-deputy-sea-tiger-leader-killed/|work=LankaDailyNews|date=11 October 2008|access-date=28 December 2008}}</ref> However, there were reports that he was killed in May 2009.<ref>[http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/05/11/sec03.asp Cheliyan Killed] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513182501/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/05/11/sec03.asp |date=13 May 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| valign=top|Lt.Conol Gangai Amaran{{KIA}} || || || valign=top|2001 || valign=top|Deputy Leader, [[Sea Tigers]] || He was a deputy [[Sea Tigers|Sea Tiger]] commander.<ref name="lrrp.wordpress.com" /> He was killed along with his family by a Sri Lanka Army [[Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (Sri Lanka)|LRRP]] unit in 2001.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040117080556/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/08/16/stories/03160005.htm LTTE leaders come under bomb attacks] ''The Hindu'' – 16 August 2001</ref>
|-
| valign=top|Colonel Gopal{{KIA}} || valign=top|Nadarasa Dushiyanthan || || valign=top|{{Death date|2009|04|05|df=yes}} [[Aanandapuram]] || valign=top|2nd Commander of [[Divisions of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam#Kutti Sri mortar Brigade|Kutti Sri mortar regiment]] || He was a senior commander of the LTTE and was also the leader of Kutti Sri Mortar Unit.<ref name="LTTE suffers worst defeat" /> He participated in many battles against the [[Sri Lankan Army]], was killed in early April 2009 in [[Puthukkudiyiruppu (Mullaitivu)]].
|-
| valign=top|Colonel Keerthi{{KIA}} || valign=top|Manikkapodi Easwaran || || valign=top|{{Death date|2009|04|05|df=yes}} [[Aanandapuram]] || valign=top|Head of Intelligence, [[Batticaloa District]]|| He was a senior commander of the [[Tamil Tigers]], he was killed in early April 2009 in [[Puthukkudiyiruppu (Mullaitivu)]]. He was from [[Batticaloa District]] and served as the [[Tamil Tigers|Tamil Tiger]] intelligence chief there.<ref name="thesundayleader.lk" /> He also served in the [[Jeyanthan Brigade]] as a senior commander.
|-
| valign=top|Marshall{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news | title=War Worsens as Sri Lanka Puts Pressure on Rebels|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/28/world/asia/28lanka.html?fta=y|work=The New York Times|date=27 September 2008|access-date=18 January 2009}}</ref> || valign=top|Irasaiah Ilanthirayan || || || valign=top|LTTE spokesperson || He was the [[LTTE]]'s military spokesperson and was often in contact with international media during the immediate post-ceasefire era.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4792943.stm Sri Lanka fears for school safety] BBC News – 14 August 2006</ref>
|-
| valign=top|Colonel Nagesh{{KIA}} || valign=top|Selvarathnam Sundaram || valign=top|{{Birth date|1970|01|15|df=yes}} [[Batticaloa District]] || valign=top|{{Death date and age|2009|04|05|1970|01|05|df=yes}} [[Aanandapuram]] || || He was a senior commander of the LTTE, participated in may battles<ref name="LTTE suffers worst defeat" /> against the [[Sri Lankan Army]] in the east and north of [[Sri Lanka]]. He was killed in early April 2009 in [[Puthukkudiyiruppu (Mullaitivu)]]. He was a senior commander of the [[Jeyanthan Brigade]].
|-
| || valign=top|[[Ramalingam Paramadeva]]{{KIA}} || || valign=top|1984 || Senior leader, [[Batticaloa]] || One of the architects of the [[1983 Batticaloa Jailbreak]].
|-
| valign=top|Major Sothiya (Sothia){{KIA}} || valign=top|Maria Vasanthi Michael || valign=top|{{Birth date|1963|9|20|df=yes}}|| valign=top|{{Death date and age|1990|01|11|1963|9|20|df=yes}} || || She died of illness in 1990 and had one of the female fighting formations of the LTTE, the Sothiya Regiment, named after her.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maria Vasanthi Michael – Sothia |url=http://www.tamilnation.org/tamileelam/maveerar/sothia.htm |work=TamilNation |date=17 December 2008 |access-date=17 December 2008}} {{dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
|-
| valign=top|[[Captain Morris (M.O)|Captain Morris]]{{KIA}} || valign=top|Paratharajan Thiyagarajah|| valign=top|{{Birth date|1969|9|12|df=yes}}|| valign=top|{{Death date and age|1989|05|01|1969|9|12|df=yes}} [[Point Pedro]] || valign=top|Point Pedro District Leader || He was in charge of Point Pedro area & was killed in May 1989 in the battle of military offensives of Indian Peace Keeping Forces (IPKF).<ref name="Vanni pays homage to Col. Charles" /> It was during that difficult time Col.Charles functioning under the leadership of Captain Morris who was in charge of Point Pedro area, faced the military offensives of Indian Peace Keeping Forces (IPKF).
|-
| valign=top|Lt.Conol Jonny (MO){{KIA}} || valign=top|Viyakumar|| valign=top|{{Birth date|1962|9|12|df=yes}}|| valign=top|{{Death date and age|1988|05|01|1969|9|12|df=yes}} [[Point Pedro]] || valign=top|Point Pedro District Leader || He was in charge of Point Pedro area & was killed in May 1989 in the battle of military offensives of Indian Peace Keeping Forces (IPKF).<ref name="Vanni pays homage to Col. Charles">{{cite news |title=Vanni pays homage to Col. Charles|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=24205|work=Tamilnet |date=6 January 2008 |access-date=17 December 2008}}</ref> Jony who was killed by IPKF{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} on his way back to India after meeting LTTE chief Velupillai Prabhakaran at his Manal Aru hideout. (IPKF).
|-
|Lt. Col. Bhutto{{KIA}}
|Kanakaratnam Stanley Julian
|25 July 1974
[[Mannar District]]
|11 August 2006 (aged 32)
|
|Julian, escapes from Indian forces in Sri Lanka and joins a militant movement fighting for Tamil Eelam. Julian goes through intense training and becomes a skilled fighter, leader, and strategist. He uses his talents in painting, poetry, and singing to entertain and inspire his fellow soldiers. Julian becomes known as "Bhutto" and is tasked with coordinating attacks and leading teams. He plays a key role in the successful defeat of enemy camps in [[Mullaitivu]] but also faces danger and injury.<ref>{{Cite web |title=தேசத்தையும், தலைவரையும் நேசித்த "நம்பர் வண்" கரும்புலி லெப். கேணல் பூட்டோ.! |url=https://www.thaarakam.com/news/147071 |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=www.thaarakam.com}}</ref>
|-
|Lt. Col. Johnson{{KIA}}
|Junaideen
|22 August 1963
Ottumadam, [[Jaffna District]]
|30 November 1985 (aged 22)
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-03 |title=தமிழீழ விடுதலைப் புலிகளின் முதல் முஸ்லிம் மாவீரன் லெப் ஜுனைதீன் (ஜோன்சன்) |url=https://telibrary.com/lt-junaidin-johnson/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Tamil Heritage |language=ta-IN}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
*[[Black July]]
*[[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]]
*[[1987 Suicide of Tamil Tigers]]
*[[Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (Sri Lanka)]]
*[[List of Sri Lankan Civil War battles]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam}}

[[Category:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam members]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil people]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan rebels]]

Obulavaripalle–Krishnapatnam section

2026-05-07T00:16:39Z

Anilsharma: Started post

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Obulavaripalle–Krishnapatnam branch line
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type =
| system = [[Indian Railways]]
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| start = Obulavaripalle
| end = {{stnlnk|Krishnapatnam}}
| stations = 6
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = {{start date and age|2019|09|01|df=y}}
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Vijayawada railway division|Vijayawada division]] of [[South Coast Railway zone]]
| character = At-grade street running
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength = {{Convert|112|km|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = 1
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification =
| speed =
| elevation =
| website =
| map =
| map_name =
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Obulavaripalle–Krishnapatnam branch line''' is a railway section project in [[South Central Railway zone]], which connects [[Obulavaripalle]] of [[Tirupati district]] and {{stnlnk|Krishnapatnam}} of [[Nellore district]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="rvnl">{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2015-16 |url=https://www.rvnl.org/en/AnnualReportsDocuments/RVNL%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%202015-16%20ENGLISH.pdf |website=Rail Vikas Nigam Limited |access-date=30 April 2019 |page=33 |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Sarthak |title=Plans afoot for passenger trains to chug on Krishnapatnam-Obulavaripalli rail line |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/plans-afoot-for-passenger-trains-to-chug-on-krishnapatnam-obulavaripalli-rail-line/articleshow/68040043.cms |access-date=30 April 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=28 February 2019 |location=Hyderabad }}</ref> Further, this section intersects [[Howrah–Chennai main line]], [[Guntakal–Renigunta section]] and [[Nadikudi–Srikalahasti section]].<ref name="map">{{Cite web|url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1540210612510-SCR-sysmapA1_2018.pdf|title=SCR Railway Map 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=South Central Railway|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref> This section has a total length of {{convert|33.85|km|abbr=on}} and is administered under [[Vijayawada railway division]] of [[South Coast Railway zone]].<ref name="rvnl" /><ref name="map" /> On 2 March 2014, {{stnlnk|Venkatachalam}}–{{stnlnk|Krishnapatnam}} part of the section was commissioned.<ref name="rvnl" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{South Central Railway zone}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Obulavaripalle-Krishnapatnam branch line}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Vijayawada railway division|*]]
[[Category:Transport in Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Transport in Nellore district]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]

Purba Medinipur district

2026-05-06T08:13:30Z

Anilsharma: basic refine article for clarity

{{Short description|District in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Purba Medinipur district
| official_name =
| native_name =
| other_name = East Medinipur district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]] of [[West Bengal]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|photo1a = Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Memorial - Dariapur - East Midnapore 2016-06-18 4348.JPG
|photo1b = College Junction - Contai - East Midnapore 2016-06-18 4143.JPG
|photo2a = Bargabhima temple at Tamluk town under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 07.jpg
|photo2b = Mahishadal Rajbari at Mahishadal Town under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 13.jpg
|photo3a = Sunset at New Digha Beach 1.jpg
|size = 300
|foot_montage = Clockwise from top-left: Memorial to [[Bankim Chfandra Chatterjee|Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] at [[Dariapur, Purba Medinipur|Dariapur]], College Junction at [[Contai|Kanthi]], [[Mahishadal]] Rajbari, New Digha Beach at [[Digha]], Bargabhima temple in [[Tamluk]]
}}
| image_map =
| image_map1 = Purba Medinipur in West Bengal (India).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption1 = Location of East Midnapore district in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|22.3|N|87.92|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Medinipur division|Medinipur]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Tamluk]]


| leader_title = Member of Parliament
| leader_name =
| leader_party =
| leader_title2 = [[District collector|Collector & District Magistrate]]
| leader_name2 = Unice Rishin Ismail, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title3 = [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name3 = Parijat Biswas, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]

| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 4,785
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 5,095,875
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 87.66 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 936 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|http://purbamedinipur.gov.in}}
}}

[[File:Ramsey Clark in Nandigram.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ramsey Clark]] visiting [[Nandigram]]]]
'''Purba Medinipur''' (English: ''East Medinipur'', alternative spelling ''Midnapore'') district is an [[district|administrative unit]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It is the southernmost district of [[Medinipur division]] – one of the five [[Divisions of West Bengal|administrative divisions]] of West Bengal. The headquarters is [[Tamluk]]. It was formed on 1 January 2002 after the [[Partition of Midnapore|Partition of Medinipur]] into [[Purba Medinipur|East Midnapore]] and [[Paschim Medinipur|West Midnapore]] which lies at the northern and western border of it. The state of [[Odisha]] is at the southwest border; the [[Bay of Bengal]] lies in the south; the [[Hooghly River]] and [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]] to the east; [[Howrah district]] to the [[north-east]]; [[Paschim Medinipur district|West Midnapore district]] to the west.

East Midnapore comprises the sub-divisions of Tamluk, Contai and Haldia of erstwhile [[Midnapore district|Medinipur district]].<ref name="MP">{{cite web
|last = Jana
|first = Naresh
|date = 31 December 2001
|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1011231/national.htm#head3
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20140314222620/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1011231/national.htm#head3
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 14 March 2014
|title = Tamluk readies for giant's partition
|publisher = [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]]
|access-date = 1 September 2008
}}</ref> Another sub-division, Egra has been created out of the erstwhile Contai sub-division during the partition of Midnapore. In 2011, the state government proposed to rename the district as '''Tamralipta district''' after the ancient port city of [[Tamralipta]] which used to lie near the modern district headquarters.

East Midnapore saw many political movements during the [[British Raj]]. A parallel government named the [[Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar]] was formed during the [[Quit India Movement]] in Tamluk.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jansamachar.net/display.php3?id=&num=1287&lang=English
| title = Sushil Dhara:Dreams of '42 Service in '90s| access-date = 22 August 2009 | publisher = janasamachar.net.}}</ref> In 2007, East Midnapore witnessed the [[Nandigram violence]], an incident of police firing that killed 14 farmers.<ref name=telegraph140307>{{cite news | title = Red-hand Buddha: 14 killed in Nandigram re-entry bid | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070315/asp/frontpage/story_7519166.asp | archive-url = https://archive.today/20121204181250/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070315/asp/frontpage/story_7519166.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 4 December 2012 | newspaper = [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] | date = 15 March 2007 | access-date = 15 March 2007}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|Midnapore district}}

===Tamralipta===
[[Tamralipta]], the port in ancient India, is believed by scholars to have been around modern-day Tamluk. It is mentioned in the writings of [[Ptolemy]] (150 AD), the Greco-Egyptian writer, as well as [[Faxian]] and [[Xuanzang]], Chinese monks and travellers. It was the main port used by [[Ashoka]], the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] emperor. With too much siltation the port lost its importance around eighth century A.D. The supreme leader of Tamralipta Jatiya sarkar was [[Satish Chandra Samanta|Satish chandra Samanta]].<ref name=humandev1>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Purba Medinipur| work = Chapter I Introduction| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 18 November 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160923122628/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf| archive-date = 23 September 2016| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Geography==

===Overview===
East Midnapore district is part of the lower [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] and [[Eastern coastal plains]]. Topographically, the district can be divided into two parts – (a) almost entirely flat plains on the west, east and north, (b) the coastal plains on the south. The vast expanse of land is formed of [[alluvium]] and is composed of younger and coastal alluvial. The elevation of the district is within 10 meters above the mean sea level. The district has a long coastline of 65.5  km along its southern and south eastern boundary. Five coastal CD Blocks, namely, Khejuri II, Contai II (Deshapran), Contai I, Ramnagar I and II, are occasionally affected by cyclones and tornadoes. Tidal floods are quite regular in these five CD Blocks. Normally floods occur in 21 of the 25 CD Blocks in the district. The major rivers are [[Haldi River|Haldi]], [[Rupnarayan River|Rupnarayan]], [[Rasulpur]], [[Bagui]] and [[Keleghai]], flowing in north to south or south-east direction. River water is an important source of irrigation. The district has a low 899 hectare forest cover, which is 0.02% of its geographical area.<ref name=humandev1/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dcmsme.gov.in/dips/PURBA%20MIDNAPORE-wb.pdf |title = Brief Industrial Profile of Purba Midnapur District |publisher= Ministry of Micro Small and Medium Industries, Government of India | access-date = 18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262525164 |title = Mapping Dynamics of land utilization and its changing Patterns of Purba Medinipure District - W.B | access-date = 18 November 2016}}</ref>

===Major cities and towns===
Major cities and towns include [[Panskura]], [[Tamluk]], [[Nandakumar, Purba Medinipur|Nandakumar]], [[Contai]], [[Egra]], [[Haldia]], [[Mecheda]], [[Mahishadal]], [[Digha]], [[Mandarmani]], [[Khejuri]], [[Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur|Ramnagar]], [[Patashpur]], [[Kolaghat]], [[Nandigram]]. Chandipur

==Divisions==

===Administrative subdivisions===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Rural Population % (2001)||Urban Population % (2001)
|-
| [[Tamluk subdivision|Tamluk Sadar]]||[[Tamluk]]||1084.30||1,791,695||94.08||5.92
|-
| [[Haldia subdivision|Haldia]]||[[Haldia]]||683.94||959,934||79.19||20.81
|-
| [[Egra subdivision|Egra]]||[[Egra]]||940.96||958,939||96.96||3.04
|-
| [[Contai subdivision|Contai]]||[[Contai]]||1251.21||1,385,307||93.55||6.45
|-
|}

Tamluk Sadar subdivision consists of [[Tamluk]] municipality, [[Panskura]] municipality and seven community development blocks: Nandakumar, Moyna, Tamluk, Shahid Matangini, Panskura–I, Panskura–II and Chandipur (Nadigram–III). Haldia subdivision consists of [[Haldia]] municipality and five community development blocks: Mahishadal, Nandigram–I, Nandigram–II, Sutahata and Haldia. Egra subdivision consists of [[Egra]] municipality and five community development blocks: Bhagawanpur–I, Egra–I, Egra–II, Pataspur–I and Pataspur–II. Contai subdivision consists of [[Contai]] municipality and eight community development blocks: Contai–I, Contai–II, Contai–III, Khejuri–I, Khejuri–II, Ramnagar–I and Ramnagar–II, Bhagawanpur–II.<ref name=blocdir>{{cite web| url = http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc| title = Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008| date = 19 March 2008| access-date = 6 December 2008| work = West Bengal| publisher = National Informatics Centre, India| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090225032419/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc| archive-date = 25 February 2009| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

[[Tamluk]] is the district headquarters. There are 21 police stations, 25 development blocks, 5 municipalities and 223 [[gram panchayat]]s in this district.<ref name=blocdir/><ref name=adminsetup>{{cite web
|url = http://purbamedinipur.gov.in/ADMIN.htm
|title = Administration Setup
|publisher = Official website of Purba Medinipur district
|access-date = 6 December 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080425202901/http://purbamedinipur.gov.in/ADMIN.htm
|archive-date = 25 April 2008
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

Other than in the municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocks which in turn are divided into rural areas and census towns. In total there are 10 urban units: five municipalities and five [[census town]]s.<ref name=adminsetup/> Panskura municipality was established in 2001.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.jnnurmwestbengal.gov.in/DIS/MUNI_ULB_Panskura.htm
|title = Municipalities: Panskura Municipality
|access-date = 6 December 2008
|publisher = Department of Urban Development, West Bengal
}}</ref>

====Tamluk Sadar subdivision====
* Two municipalities: [[Tamluk]] and [[Panskura]]
* [[Nandakumar (community development block)|Nandakumar]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 12 gram panchayats.
* [[Moyna (community development block)|Moyna]] community development block consists of rural areas with 11 gram panchayats and one census town: [[Goasafat|Garsafat.]]
* [[Tamluk (community development block)|Tamluk]] community development block consists of rural areas with 12 gram panchayats and two census towns: Anantapur and [[Dakshin Baguan|South Baguan]].
* [[Sahid Matangini (community development block)|Sahid Matangini]] community development block consists of rural areas with 10 gram panchayats and two census towns: [[Kakdihi]] and Shantipur.
* [[Panskura (community development block)|Panskura]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 14 gram panchayats.
* [[Kolaghat (community development block)|Kolaghat]] community development block consists of rural areas with 13 gram panchayats and four census towns: [[Kolaghat]], Amalhara, Mihitikri and Kharisha.
* [[Chandipur (community development block)|Chandipur]] community development block consists of rural areas with 10 gram panchayats and two census towns: Kotbar and Ershal.

====Haldia subdivision====
* One municipality: [[Haldia]].
* [[Mahishadal (community development block)|Mahishadal]] community development block consists of rural areas with 11 gram panchayats and one census town: Garh Kamalpur.
* [[Nandigram I]] community development block consists of rural areas with 10 gram panchayats and one census town: [[Nandigram]].
* [[Nandigram II]] community development block consists of rural areas with 7 gram panchayats and one census town: Ashadtalya.
* [[Sutahata (community development block)|Sutahata]] community development block consists of rural areas with 6 gram panchayats and one census town: Barda
* [[Haldia (community development block)|Haldia]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 4 gram panchayats.

====Egra subdivision====
* One municipality: [[Egra]].
* [[Bhagabanpur I]] community development block consists of rural areas with 10  gram panchayats and two census towns: Benudiya and Hincha Gerya.
* [[Egra I]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 8  gram panchayats.
* [[Egra II]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 8  gram panchayats.
* [[Patashpur I]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 9  gram panchayats.
* [[Patashpur II]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 7  gram panchayats.

====Contai subdivision====
* One municipality: [[Contai]].
* [[Contai I]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 8  gram panchayats.
* [[Deshapran (community development block)|Deshapran]] community development block consists of rural areas with 8  gram panchayats and one census town: Basantia.
* [[Contai III]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 8  gram panchayats.
* [[Khejuri I]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 6  gram panchayats.
* [[Khejuri II]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 5  gram panchayats.
* [[Ramnagar I]] community development block consists of rural areas with 9  gram panchayats and one census town: Khadalgobra.
* [[Ramnagar II]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 8  gram panchayats.
* [[Bhagabanpur II]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 9 gram panchayats.

=== Assembly Constituencies ===
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Name
!Lok Sabha
!MLA
! colspan="2" |2026 Winner
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
| 203
|[[Tamluk Assembly constituency|Tamluk]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency|Tamluk]]
|Hare Krishna Bera
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=16}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=9}}
|-
| 204
|[[Panskura Purba Assembly constituency|Panskura Purba]]
|Subrata Maity
|-
| 205
|[[Panskura Paschim]]
|[[Ghatal Lok Sabha constituency|Ghatal]]
|Sintu Senapati
|-
| 206
|[[Moyna Assembly constituency|Moyna]]
|rowspan="5" |[[Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency|Tamluk]]
|[[Ashok Dinda]]
|-
| 207
|[[Nandakumar Assembly constituency|Nandakumar]]
|Nirmal Khanra
|-
| 208
|[[Mahisadal Assembly constituency|Mahisadal]]
|Subhas Chandra Panja
|-
| 209
|[[Haldia Assembly constituency|Haldia (SC)]]
|Pradip Kumar Bijali
|-
| 210
| [[Nandigram Assembly constituency|Nandigram]]
|[[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|-
| 211
|[[Chandipur Assembly constituency|Chandipur]]
|rowspan="7" |[[Kanthi Lok Sabha constituency|Kanthi]]
|Pijush Kanti Das
|-
| 212
|[[Patashpur Assembly constituency|Patashpur]]
|Tapan Maity
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| 213
|[[Kanthi Uttar Assembly constituency|Kanthi Uttar]]
|Sumita Sinha
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
| 214
| [[Bhagabanpur Assembly constituency|Bhagabanpur]]
|Santanu Pramanik
|-
| 215
| [[Khejuri Assembly constituency|Khejuri (SC)]]
|Subrata Paik
|-
| 216
|[[Kanthi Dakshin Assembly constituency|Kanthi Dakshin]]
|[[Arup Kumar Das]]
|-
| 217
|[[Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]
|Chandra Sekhar Mondal
|-
| 218
|[[Egra Assembly constituency|Egra]]
|[[Medinipur Lok Sabha constituency|Medinipur]]
|[[Dibyendu Adhikari]]
|}

Purba Medinipur contains 16 assembly constituencies, equally divided between two Lok Sabha constituencies Tamluk and Kanthi. The MP for Tamluk is [[Abhijit Gangopadhyay]] (BJP) while the MP for Kanthi is [[Soumendu Adhikari]] (BJP). These are members of the Adhikari family which has dominated politics in the district whose prominent member has been Suvendu Adhikari, now Leader of Opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly.

==Demographics==

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] East Midnapore district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 5,095,875,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Purba Medinipur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1358/download/4446/DH_2011_1919_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA_MEDINIPUR.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the [[United Arab Emirates]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = United Arab Emirates 5,148,664}}</ref> or the US state of [[Colorado]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=30 September 2011| quote =Colorado 5,029,196}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 20th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|1076|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 15.32%.<ref name=districtcensus/> East Midnapore has a [[sex ratio]] of 936 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 88.60%. 11.63% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 14.63% and 0.55% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 98.31% of the population. The Bengali dialect around [[Contai]] is heavily influenced by nearby dialect of [[Odia language|Odia]] and along the Odisha border, and the two dialects cannot be distinguished.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
|title = Religion in East Midnapore district (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.24}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|14.59}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.17}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Religion in present-day East Midnapore district{{Efn|This is the Contai and Tamluk subdivisions of the former Medinipur district}}
!Religion
!Population (1941)<ref name="1941religion">{{cite web |title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI BENGAL PROVINCE |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/37365/GIPE-020591.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>{{rp|76}}
!Percentage (1941)
!Population (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
!Percentage (2011)
|-
|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|16x16px]]
|1,365,664
|90.19%
|4,343,972
|85.24%
|-
|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]] [[File:Star_and_Crescent.svg|15x15px]]
|139,408
|9.21%
|743,436
|14.59%
|-
|Others {{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Ad-Dharmi]]s, or not stated}}
|9,165
|0.61%
|8,467
|0.17%
|-
|'''Total Population'''
|'''1,514,237'''
|'''100%'''
|'''5,095,875'''
|'''100%'''
|}
Hindus are the majority religion in the district. Muslims are the second largest religion.<ref name="religion"/>

==Economy==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named East Midnapore one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 11 districts in West Bengal receiving funds from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]] Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj|date=8 September 2009|title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme|publisher=National Institute of Rural Development|url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|access-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> in East Midnapore Mat "[[Madurkathi|Madur]]" industry are very popular, it's occupation of most people. In the agriculture sector paddy, wheat, chilli, vegetable are also popular in [[India]].

{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#ffffcc; color:black; width:20em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="background-color:#cccccc;" | Concentration of Handicraft Activities in Purba Medinipur
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
* '''Horn Craft''' - Kolaghat
* '''Pata Chitra''' - Chandipur, Nandakumar,
* '''Sea Shell''' – Ramnagar I & II, Patashpur I
* '''Mat & Mat Diversified Products''' – Ramnagar I, Egra I & II, Patashpur I
* '''Brass & Bell Metal''' – Ramnagar I, Mahisadal, Patashpur II, Egra I
* '''Diversified Jute Products''' – Ramnagar II, Nandakumar, Kolaghat, Shahid Matangini
* '''Cane & Bamboo Products''' - Chandipur, Nandakumar, Kolaghat, Shahid Matangini
* '''Sola Craft''' - Tamluk, Kolaghat
* '''Pottery/Terracotta''' - Panskura, Tamluk, Sahid Matangini, Nandakumar
* '''Wood Craft''' - Tamluk
* '''Zari work'''- Sutahta, Mahishadal, Haldia, Nandakumar

|}

==Literacy and education==
{{quote box
| quote = '''Educational facilities in East Midnapore district:'''<ref name=eastmidnapore/> 
High School (including higher secondary school)–456 Junior High School–189 Junior High Madarsa–5 High Madarsa–8 Senior Madarsa–2 Primary School–3217 Sishu Sikhsha Kendra–1516 Ishwar chandra Jana Chetna Centre–3089 College–15 Engineering colleges–2 Skill development institutions–44
| width = 220px
}}
According to the 2011 census, the district has a literacy rate of 87.66<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php|title=District Census 2011|access-date=29 October 2012}}</ref> up from 80.20% of 2001 census. As per 2001 census, this district had a male literacy rate of 89.1% and female literacy rate was 70.7%. The education index of this district is 0.74<ref name="purbamedinipur">{{cite web|url=http://purbamedinipur.gov.in/EDUCATION-NEW.htm|title=Official website of the Purba Medinipur District|access-date=29 October 2012}}</ref> and it is ranked first in literacy in comparison to other districts of [[West Bengal]].<ref>[[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]</ref>

{{See also| List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate}}

Given in the table below (data in numbers) is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in East Midnapore district for the year 2013–2014. It may be noted that primary schools include junior basic schools; middle schools, high schools, and higher secondary schools include madrasahs; technical schools include junior technical schools, junior government polytechnics, industrial technical institutes, industrial training centres, nursing training institutes, etc.; technical and professional colleges include engineering colleges, polytechnics, medical colleges, Allied & Healthcare institutes, management colleges, teachers training, and nursing training colleges, law colleges, art colleges, music colleges etc. Special and non-formal education centres include sishu siksha kendras, madhyamik siksha centre, centres of Rabindra mukta vidyalaya, recognised Sanskrit tols, institutions for the blind and other handicapped persons, Anganwadi centres, reformatory schools etc.<ref name=handbook2014ed>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Basic data: Table 4.4, 4.5, Clarifications: other related tables | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 November 2016 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!colspan="2"|Primary School
!colspan="2"|Middle School
!colspan="2"|High School
!colspan="2"|Higher Secondary School
!colspan="2"|General College, Univ
!colspan="2"|Technical / Professional Instt
!colspan="2"|Non-formal Education
|-
!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student 
|-
|align=left|[[Tamluk subdivision|Tamluk]]
|align="center"|1,084
|align="center"|84,258
|align="center"|78
|align="center"|5,789
|align="center"|77
|align="center"|43,408
|align="center"|144
|align="center"|171,516
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|12,728
|align="center"|17
|align="center"|2,747
|align="center"|2,704
|align="center"|112,411
|-
|align=left|[[Haldia subdivision|Haldia]]
|align="center"|557
|align="center"|43,173
|align="center"|40
|align="center"|5,082
|align="center"|54
|align="center"|36,767
|align="center"|77
|align="center"|83,659
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|9,792
|align="center"|16
|align="center"|6,256
|align="center"|1,359
|align="center"|59,879
|-
|align=left|[[Egra subdivision|Egra]]
|align="center"|629
|align="center"|41,418
|align="center"|76
|align="center"|11,537
|align="center"|49
|align="center"|32,167
|align="center"|74
|align="center"|90,730
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|9,498
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|154
|align="center"|1,595
|align="center"|62,200
|-
|align=left|[[Contai subdivision|Contai]]
|align="center"|983
|align="center"|50,945
|align="center"|99
|align="center"|10,557
|align="center"|81
|align="center"|46,690
|align="center"|102
|align="center"|120,128
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|12,223
|align="center"|10
|align="center"|1,602
|align="center"|2,316
|align="center"|90,552
|-
|align=left|Purba Medinipur district
|align="center"|3,253
|align="center"|219,794
|align="center"|293
|align="center"|32,965
|align="center"|261
|align="center"|159,032
|align="center"|397
|align="center"|466,093
|align="center"|19
|align="center"|44,241
|align="center"|45
|align="center"|10,759
|align="center"|7,974
|align="center"|375,042
|}

==Healthcare==
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in East Midnapore district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Table 3.1, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 November 2016 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!width="160" colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Health & Family Welfare Deptt, WB

!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Other State Govt Deptts
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Local bodies
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Central Govt Deptts / PSUs
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|NGO / Private Nursing Homes
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Beds
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Doctors
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Indoor Patients
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Outdoor Patients
|-
!width="40"|Hospitals 
!width="40"|Rural Hospitals 
!width="40"|Block Primary Health Centres 
!width="40"|Primary Health Centres 
|-
|align=left|[[Tamluk subdivision|Tamluk]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|70
|align="center"|92
|align="center"|1,506
|align="center"|96
|align="center"|61,84
|align="center"|1,251,099
|-
|align=left|[[Haldia subdivision|Haldia]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|10
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|19
|align="center"|35
|align="center"|803
|align="center"|67
|align="center"|27,586
|align="center"|757,876
|-
|align=left|[[Egra subdivision|Egra]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|11
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|21
|align="center"|38
|align="center"|489
|align="center"|42
|align="center"|23,699
|align="center"|419,829
|-
|align=left|[[Contai subdivision|Contai]]
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|8
|align="center"|16
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|22
|align="center"|48
|align="center"|688
|align="center"|88
|align="center"|59,882
|align="center"|890,607
|-
|align=left|Purba Medinipur district
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|22
|align="center"|51
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|132
|align="center"|213
|align="center"|3,486
|align="center"|293
|align="center"|172,251
|align="center"|3,319,411
|}

== Tourism ==
The coastal region of East Midnapore district is in the face of river Hoogly. With good coastal, landform, seasonal, rural and heritage diversity, it offers the potential for tourism in its typical coastlines and rural areas. The famous tourist spots are<ref name="purbamedinipur" />

=== Tamluk (Tamralipta) ===
[[File:Bargabhima Temple Arnab Dutta.jpg|thumb|Bargabhima Temple, Tamluk]]
Tamluk, district headquarters of East Midnapore district is situated on the bank of river Rupnarayan which is a very popular picnic spot. The other places are:
*'''[[Bargabhima Temple]]''' is an 1150 years old Kali temple and is considered one of the 51 Shakti Peethas. According to Puran, the left ankle of Sati/Parvati fell here when Lord Vishnu cut the sacred body of Goddess Sati into several pieces to make Lord Shiva quiet.
*'''Archeological Museum''' of Tamluk is a must-see place. It contains artifacts of tamra (copper) and has preserved a tamralipta with Greek inscriptions. It preserves the historical heritage of Bengal.
*'''Rakhit Bati''' is another important place to visit in Tamluk. At the beginning of the 19th century, it was famous as a secret centre of the then revolutionary parties ''Anusilan Samiti'' and ''Gupta Samiti''.
* There are many other ancient temples in Tamluk town to visit, i.e., Jagannath Temple, Hari Temple, Mahaprabhu Temple, Ram Jiu Temple, Rajbari Temple, etc.

=== Panskura ===
[[File:Flower valley of Panskura.jpg|thumb|left |Panskura]][[File:Valley of Flowers in Panskura.jpg|thumb|right|Panskura]]
It is a municipality upgraded in 2002. It is one of the busiest towns in East Midnapore district. Panskura is known as "Valley of Flowers" with large supplies of flowers to other places. Panskura is also known for its green vegetables wholesale market near the [[Panskura Junction railway station]]. It is open every day after 10 pm until 7 am the next morning with a regular gathering of lakhs of people. Panskura is one of the busiest railway stations which extends up to Digha or Haldia directly through this station or by bus. The river Kansabati is a good picnic spot and Mahakali (Bhavatarini) temple nearby old Panskura bazar is a pilgrimage spot. Panskura is also well known for its cultural side. Many cultural schools and institutes are there. Panskura is famous for the recitation institute Chandabani [ছন্দবাণী].

=== Mahishadal ===

Mahishadal is only 16 km from Tamluk town where tourists can visit the Mahishadal Rajbari, the museum there and Gopal Jiu temple. Geonkhali is a place 8 km from Mahishadal, a perfect picnic spot at the junction (mohona) of three rivers.

=== Digha ===
[[Digha]] is a seaside resort town of East Midnapore district and, at the northern end of the Bay of Bengal, is the most popular seaside resort of [[West Bengal]]. Renowned for its beaches, Digha is visited by thousands of tourists every year.
[[File:New Digha Beach 0221.JPG|thumb|New Digha Beach]]

=== Mandarmani ===
Mandarmani is a small virgin beach on the Bay of Bengal under Kalindi Gram Panchayat, only 14 km from Digha-Contai Road from Chaulkhola Bus Stop. It is a small fishing harbour and a fast developing tourist spot.

=== Haldia ===
[[File:Haldia port@.png|thumb|200px|[[Haldia Port]]]]
Haldia, a city and a municipality in East Midnapore, is a major seaport approximately {{cvt|100|km}} southwest of Kolkata near the mouth of the Hooghly River, one of the distributaries of the Ganges. It is being developed as a major trade port for Kolkata, intended mainly for bulk cargoes.

==Notable people==

*[[Birendranath Sasmal]], independence activist, [[barrister]], freedom fighter and politician
*[[Satish Chandra Samanta]], freedom fighter, politician and principal leader of [[Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar]]
*[[Sushil Kumar Dhara]], freedom fighter, politician & another leader of [[Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar]]
*[[Ajoy Mukherjee]], freedom fighter, politician & former Chief Minister of West Bengal
*[[Matangini Hazra]], freedom fighter, martyr in [[Quit India Movement]]
* [[Madhusudan Jana]], [[Doctor of Medicine|doctor]], [[journalist]], teacher and social worker. Founder of ''Nihar Press''
*[[Basanta Kumar Das (Indian politician)|Basanta Kumar Das]], freedom fighter, politician, member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] which helped to create the [[Constitution of India]]
*[[Nikunja Behari Maiti]], Independence activist, politician, first Education Minister of [[West Bengal]]
*[[Anil Ghorai]], poet, novelist and short story writer
*[[Mani Lal Bhaumik]], [[Indian Americans|Indian American]] physicist and an internationally bestselling author, entrepreneur and philanthropist
*[[Anil Kumar Gain]], Indian statistician and Mathematician, founder of [[Vidyasagar University]]
*[[Samit Bhanja]], famous Indian actor
*[[Abha Maiti]], Indian politician and lawyer, minister of state for Industry in the [[Morarji Desai]] government
*[[Ashok Dinda]], Indian cricketer turned politician
*[[Suryakant Tripathi]], Indian poet, novelist, essayist and writer. One of the most significant poets of [[Hindi literature]]
* [[Rai Sahib]] [[Bipin Bihari Sasmal]], [[Zamindar]], educationist and politician
*[[Phulrenu Guha]], educationist and politician
*[[Biswanath Mukherjee (politician)|Biswanath Mukherjee]], Indian politician and leader of [[Communist Party of India]], one of the founder members of [[All India Secular Front|AISF]]
*[[Paresh Maity]], painter and [[Padma Shri]] and awardee 2014
*[[Jadugopal Mukherjee]], Indian politician and [[revolutionary]], one of the leaders of [[Jugantar]] group
*[[Somenath Maity]], Indian artist famous for [[urban landscape]] paintings
*[[Bhupal Chandra Panda]], Indian revolutionary and politician
* [[Biplab Roy Chowdhury]], politician
*[[Ashutosh Kuila]], Indian revolution, freedom fighter, famously martyred during the [[Quit India Movement]]
*[[Suvendu Adhikari]], Politician, Leader of Opposition, West Bengal

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://purbamedinipur.gov.in/}}
* [http://www.midnapore.in Legacy of Midnapore (Medinipur, Midnapur, Purba Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur, East Midnapore, West Midnapore)]
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110514053213/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/01/02/stories/2002010201551300.htm News of district bifurcation]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050319130531/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/maps/medinipur.htm Map of old Medinipur district (district has now been split)]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Purba Medinipur district
|North = [[Howrah district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[South 24 Parganas district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Bay of Bengal]]
|Southwest = [[Balasore district]], [[Odisha]]
|West = [[West Midnapore|West Midnapore district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Districts of West Bengal}}
{{Purba Medinipur District}}
{{Purba Medinipur topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Purba Medinipur district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of West Bengal]]

Bolpur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-04T17:10:53Z

Anilsharma:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Bolpur {{Small|WB-41}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Bolpur.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bolpur Lok Sabha Constituency
|established = 1967
|reservation = SC
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|assembly_cons = [[Ausgram Assembly constituency|Ausgram]] [[Bolpur Assembly constituency|Bolpur]] [[Ketugram Assembly constituency|Ketugram]] [[Labpur Assembly constituency|Labpur]] [[Mayureswar Assembly constituency|Mayureswar]] [[Mangalkot Assembly constituency|Mangalkot]] [[Nanoor Assembly constituency|Nanoor]]
|mp = [[Asit Kumar Mal]]
|party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|electors = 18,39,234
}}

'''Bolpur Lok Sabha constituency''' is in [[West Bengal]], in India. While four assembly segments of No. 41 Bolpur Lok Sabha constituency are in [[Birbhum district]], three are in [[Purba Bardhaman district]]. The seat was a free seat till 2004, but was declared reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]] from 2009 general elections.

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' – 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur]]

As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] issued in 2006 in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, parliamentary constituency no. 41 Bolpur, reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled castes (SC)]], is composed of the following [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] segments:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 27 May 2009 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|271
|[[Ketugram Assembly constituency|Ketugram]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
|Anadi Ghose
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
| 272
|[[Mangalkot Assembly constituency|Mangalkot]]
|Shisir Ghosh
|-
|273
|[[Ausgram Assembly constituency|Ausgram]] (SC)
|Kalita Majhi
|-
|286
|[[Bolpur Assembly constituency|Bolpur]]
|rowspan="4" |[[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
|[[Chandranath Sinha]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|287
|[[Nanoor Assembly constituency|Nanoor]] (SC)
|[[Bidhan Chandra Majhi]]
|-
|288
|[[Labpur Assembly constituency|Labpur]]
|Debasis Ojha
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|290
|[[Mayureswar Assembly constituency|Mayureswar]]
|Dudhkumar Mondal
|}

Prior to delimitation, Bolpur Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] segments:<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 1 October 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>[[Ausgram Assembly constituency|Ausgram (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 267), [[Mangalkot Assembly constituency|Mangalkot]] (assembly constituency no. 281), [[Nanoor Assembly constituency|Nanoor (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 283), [[Bolpur Assembly constituency|Bolpur]] (assembly constituency no. 284), [[Labpur Assembly constituency|Labpur]] (assembly constituency no. 285), [[Dubrajpur Assembly constituency|Dubrajpur]] (assembly constituency no. 286) and [[Mayureswar Assembly constituency|Mayureswar (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 290)

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Duration!!Name of M.P.!!colspan=2|Party Affiliation
|-
||1967||[[Anil Kumar Chanda|A.K.Chanda]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=loksabha1967>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1967 – Constituency Wise Detailed Results | work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 2 June 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf | archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
||1971||rowspan="4"|[[Saradish Roy]]||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=12}}<ref name=loksabha1971>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971 – Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission |access-date = 2 June 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/bolpur-lok-sabha|title=Bolpur Lok Sabha Election Result – Parliamentary Constituency}}</ref>
|-
||1977
|-
||1980
|-
||1984
|-
||1985^||rowspan="7" |[[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|-
||1989
|-
||1991
|-
||1996
|-
||1998
|-
||1999
|-
||2004
|-
||2009||[[Ram Chandra Dome|Dr. Ram Chandra Dome]]
|-
||2014||[[Anupam Hazra]]||{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
||2019||rowspan="2"|[[Asit Kumar Mal]]
|-
||2024
|}

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Bolpur<ref name="Bolpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Bolpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/bolpur |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327162355/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/bolpur |archive-date=27 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bolpur">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results – Bolpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2541.htm |access-date=27 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327162401/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2541.htm |archive-date=27 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Asit Kumar Mal]]|votes=855,633|percentage=55.98|change={{increase}}8.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Piya Saha|votes=528,380|percentage=34.57|change={{decrease}}6.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Shyamali Pradhan]]|votes=99,383|percentage=6.50|change={{increase}}0.21}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=21,722|percentage=1.42|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =3,27,253
|percentage =21.41
|change ={{up}}14.13
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,528,470|percentage=82.66|change={{decrease}}3.08}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Bolpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Asit Kumar Mal|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=6,99,172|percentage=47.85|change=-0.48}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ram Prasad Das|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=592,769|percentage=40.57|change=+25.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ram Chandra Dome|Dr. Ram Chandra Dome]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=91,964|percentage=6.29|change=-23.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abhijit Saha|party=Indian National Congress|votes=30,112|percentage=2.06|change=-1.53}}
{{Election box candidate ||candidate=Simanta Mondal|party=RJVP|votes=17,013|percentage=1.16|change=+1.16}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,06,403|percentage=7.28|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=14,61,929|percentage=85.74|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Bolpur]]<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 – Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 19 June 2016 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Anupam Hazra]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:630693}}
|percentage = 48.33
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ram Chandra Dome|Dr. Ram Chandra Dome]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:394584}}
|percentage = 30.24
|change = -19.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kamini Mohan Sarkar
|votes = {{formatnum:197474}}
|percentage = 15.13
|change = +8.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Tapan Kumar Saha
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 46,953
|percentage = 3.59
|change = -34.55
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 17,322
|percentage = 1.32
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:236109}}
|percentage = 18.09
|change = +6.33
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:1304756}}
|percentage = 84.81
|change = +2.32
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = +38.50
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Bolpur]]<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 – Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Ram Chandra Dome]]
|votes = 508,383
|percentage = 49.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Asit Kumar Mal
|votes = 411,501
|percentage = 38.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Arjun Saha
|votes = 70,084
|percentage = 6.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Assam United Democratic Front
|candidate = Adara Bauri
|votes = 21,325
|percentage = 1.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Professor Bijay Dalui
|votes = 14,581
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Nihar Hazra
|votes = 11,798
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vidyasagar Mete
|votes = 11,139
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 96,882
|percentage = 11.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:1078811}}
|percentage = 82.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Bolpur]]<ref name=loksabha2004>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 – Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|votes = 504,836
|percentage = 65.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Dr. Nirmal Kumar Maji
|votes = 194,531
|percentage = 25.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dhananjoy Saha
|votes = 48,756
|percentage = 6.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Budhen Soren
|votes = 9,860
|percentage = 1.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Bhabotosh Mandal
|votes = 6,561
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Bijoy Dolui
|votes = 5,515
|percentage = 0.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 310,305
|percentage = 40.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 7,67,695
|percentage = 74.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: [[Bolpur]]<ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=General Elections, 1999 – Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|votes = 464,199
|percentage = 59.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Suniti Chattaraj
|votes = 277,810
|percentage = 35.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Sushil Banerjee
|votes = 37,093
|percentage = 4.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Nazma
|votes = 2,852
|percentage = 0.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 186,389
|percentage = 23.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 7,81,954
|percentage = 76.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: [[Bolpur]]<ref name=loksabha1998>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=General Elections, 1998 – Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|votes = 470,645
|percentage = 59.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Gour Hari Chanda
|votes = 219,553
|percentage = 27.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Suniti Chattaraj
|votes = 110,091
|percentage = 12.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 251,092
|percentage = 31.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 7,81,954
|percentage = 78.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: [[Bolpur]]<ref name=loksabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title = General Elections, 1996 – Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|votes = 471,549
|percentage = 58.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sunil Das
|votes = 217,903
|percentage = 27.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tara Prosanna Sinha
|votes = 76,548
|percentage = 9.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Modassar Hossain
|votes = 8,670
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Md. Sadakas
|votes = 1,987
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Maharaj Mistry
|votes = 1,482
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Abu Taher Mirza
|votes = 669
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 253,646
|percentage = 31.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,02,298
|percentage = 82.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: [[Bolpur]]<ref name=loksabha1991>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title = General Elections, 1991 – Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2 June 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|votes = 394,496
|percentage = 55.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jivan Mukhopadhyay
|votes = 167,872
|percentage = 23.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tara Prosanna Sinha
|votes = 117,394
|percentage = 16.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Aloke Mukherjee
|votes = 7,577
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sailendranath Majumder
|votes = 2,654
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Jharkhand Party
|candidate = Shyamali Ghosh
|votes = 2,392
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Sunil Kumar Mitra
|votes = 2,149
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Doordarshi Party
|candidate = Maharaj Mistry
|votes = 920
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Manohar Murmu
|votes = 615
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Abu taher Mirza
|votes = 428
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 226,624
|percentage = 31.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 7,13,844
|percentage = 77.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]: [[Bolpur]]<ref name=loksabha1989>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title = General Elections, 1989 – Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2 June 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|votes = 421,483
|percentage = 59.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sachindranath Sahu
|votes = 257,890
|percentage = 36.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Modassar Hossain
|votes = 8,164
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party (Secular)
|candidate = Mahonmbd Saddu Kas
|votes = 5,045
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Rabindranath Ghosh
|votes = 2,587
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Abu Taher Mirza
|votes = 1,437
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Sanat Kumar Datta
|votes = 1,027
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 163,593
|percentage = 23.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 7,11,128
|percentage = 79.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1984 Election===
* Saradish Roy CPI(M) : 317,749 votes
* Nihar Dutta (Congress) : 256,818

====By-election 1985====
A by-election was held in this constituency in 1985 which was necessitated by the Sudden Death of sitting CPIM-MP Dr. Saradish Roy. In the by-election, [[Somnath Chatterjee]] of CPIM defeated his nearest rival [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]] of Congress by 98,999 votes.
{{Election box begin | title=Indian Parliamentary bye election, 1985: Bolpur constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|votes = 339,078
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]
|votes = 240,079
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = K.K Roy
|votes = 10,087
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = M.Hossain
|votes = 4,182
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = N.C.Mandal
|votes = 2,245
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 98,999
|percentage = 7.92
|change = +6.12
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 5,95,671
|percentage = 62.82
|change = -14.07
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1980 Election===
* Saradish Roy CPI(M) : 264,798 votes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/bolpur-lok-sabha#1980|title = Bolpur Lok Sabha Election Result – Parliamentary Constituency}}</ref>
* [[Pranab mukherjee]] (Cong-Indira) : 196,169

===General elections 1967–2004===
Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Voters
!Voter turnout
!Winner
|
|
!Runners up
|
|
|-
|
|
!%age
!Candidate
!%age
!Party
!Candidate
!%age
!Party
|-
|1967
|259,965
|53.75
|A.K.Chanda
|52.73
|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
|Saradish Roy
|47.27
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<ref name=loksabha1967/>
|-
|1971
|270,782
|52.77
|Saradish Roy
|45.39
|CPI(M)
|Phulrenu Guha
|31.01
|Congress<ref name=loksabha1971/>
|-
|1977
|255,130
|48.36
|Saradish Roy
|50.19
|CPI(M)
|Durga Banerjee
|36.20
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]<ref name=loksabha1977>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title = General Elections, 1977 – Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2 June 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1980
|493,810
|74.04
|Saradish Roy
|54.97
|CPI(M)
|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|40.72
|INC(I)<ref name=loksabha1980>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title = General Elections, 1980 – Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2 June 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1984
|589,190
|78.26
|Saradish Roy
|55.09
|CPI(M)
|Nihar Dutta
|44.53
|INC<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title = General Elections, 1984 – Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2 June 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|Bye Polls 1985
|
|
|[[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|
|CPI(M)
|[[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]
|
|CPI(M)<http://www.indiavotes.com/pc/byeDetail/279>
|-
|1989
|711,130
|79.20
|[[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|60.42
|CPI(M)
|Sachidanandan Sau
|36.97
|INC<ref name=loksabha1989/>
|-
|1991
|713,840
|77.17
|Somnath Chatterjee
|56.64
|CPI(M)
|Jivan Mukhopadhyay
|24.10
|Independent<ref name=loksabha1991/>
|-
|1996
|802,300
|82.10
|Somnath Chatterjee
|60.55
|CPI(M)
|Sunil Das
|27.98
|INC<ref name=loksabha1996/>
|-
|1998
|803,380
|78.55
|Somnath Chatterjee
|59.55
|CPI(M)
|Gour Hari Chandra
|27.78
|WBTC<ref name=loksabha1998/>
|-
|1999
|792.87
|76.43
|Somnath Chatterjee
|59.36
|CPI(M)
|Suniti Chattaraj
|35.53
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<ref name=loksabha1999/>
|-
|2004
|770.12
|74.41
|Somnath Chatterjee
|65.56
|CPI(M)
|Dr. Nirmal Kumar Maji
|25.26
|AITC<ref name=loksabha2004/>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Birbhum topics}}

{{coord|23.67|N|87.72|E|format=dms|source:fallingraingenomics_region:IN-WB|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bolpur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Birbhum district]]

Indian Antarctic Programme

2026-05-01T07:57:34Z

Anilsharma: Created Basic Info Initial Version!

{{Short description|Scientific programme started in 1981}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

[[File:An aerial view of the Indian Station Maitri, Antarctica on February 2, 2005.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of the Indian Station Maitri on 25 February 2005]]

The '''Indian Antarctic Programme''' is a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional programme under the control of the [[National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research]], [[Ministry of Earth Sciences (India)|Ministry of Earth Sciences]], [[Government of India]]. It was initiated in 1981 with the first Indian expedition to [[Antarctica]].<ref name=Walawalkar05&Gad08>Walawalkar (2015), Gad (2008)</ref> The programme gained global acceptance with India's signing of the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]] and subsequent construction of the [[Dakshin Gangotri]] Antarctic research base in 1983,<ref name=Walawalkar05&Gad08/> superseded by the [[Maitri (research station)|Maitri]] base from 1989. The newest base commissioned in 2012 is [[Bharati (research station)|Bharati]], constructed out of 134 [[shipping container]]s. Under the programme, [[atmospheric science|atmospheric]], [[biological science|biological]], [[earth science|earth]], [[chemistry|chemical]], and [[medical science]]s are studied by India, which has carried out 40 scientific expeditions to the Antarctic.
[[File:Zaman (1).jpg|thumb|Mohammed Ghous uzzaman, a member of 7th Indian Antarctic Expedition Team at library, Dakshin Gangotri. (26 January 1988)|alt=]] [[File:Zaman (2).jpg|thumb|Mohammed Ghous uzzaman (Left) and M.Vyghreswara Rao (Right), members of 7th Indian Antarctic Expedition Team at Dakshin Gangotri, Antarctica. (26 January 1988)|alt=]] [[File:Bajaj-Polar-1.jpg|thumb|Col. Jatinder Kumar Bajaj, a member of one of the Indian expeditions to Antarctica, standing at the South Pole (17 January 1989)|alt=]]

[[File:Deck of the excursion ship Finnpolaris.jpg|thumb|Deck of the excursion ship Finnpolaris which was used for the second Indian expedition to Antartica.]] In 1999 India's first base of until it became supply day

==History==

The origin of the Indian missions to the Antarctic are traced to the joint [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] – [[Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia]] agreements, which led to Indians, such as Dr. Paramjit Singh Sehra, joining the 17th Soviet Antarctic expedition of 1971–1973.<ref name="Anas 07">Anas (2007)</ref>, Parmjit Singh Sehra – First Indian in Antarctica, (in References).

India officially acceded to the [[Antarctic Treaty System]] on 1 August 1983. On 12 September 1983, the country became the fifteenth Consultative Member of the Antarctic Treaty.<ref name="Annual report">Department of Ocean Development, Government of India. ''Annual Report 1983-1984'', TECHNICAL PUBLICATION NO. 3., Printed at Dee Kay Printers Kirtinagar, New Delhi</ref>

==Organization==



The National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research—a [[research and development]] body functioning under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, [[Government of India]]—controls the Indian Antarctic Programme.<ref name=Gad08>Gad (2008)</ref> The NCPOR and the Department of Ocean Development select the members for India's Antarctic expeditions.<ref name="Anas 07" /> After medical tests and subsequent acclimatisation training at the [[Himalayas]], these selected members are also trained in survival, environment ethics, firefighting and operating in a group.<ref name="Anas 07" />

One expedition costs up to {{INRConvert|200|m}}.<ref name="Anas 07" /> Logistical support to the various activities of the Indian Antarctic Programme is provided by the relevant branches of the [[Indian armed forces]].<ref name=Gad08/> The launching point of Indian expeditions has varied from [[Goa]] in India to [[Cape Town]] in South Africa on 19th expedition during the time of NCAOR Founding Director [[Prem Pandey|Dr. P C Pandey]] in December 1999.<ref name="Anas 07" /> Over 70 institutes in India contributed to its Antarctic Programme as of 2007.<ref name="Anas 07" />

==Global cooperation==

The Indian Antarctic Programme is bound by the rules of the [[Antarctic Treaty System]], which India signed in 1983.<ref name=Gad08/> Pandey (2007) outlines the various international activities that India has undertaken as a part of its Antarctic Programme:

{{Quotation|1=On 12 September 1983, India achieved the status of Consultative Party, on 1 October became a member of [[Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research]] (SCAR), and in 1986 became a member of the [[Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources]] (CCAMLR). In 1997 India also ratified the [[Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty]] thus reaffirming India's commitment to protecting the Antarctic environment. India hosted the eleventh [[COMNAP]]/SCALOP (Standing Committee on Antarctic Logistics and Operations) meeting in Goa in 1999, and the working group meeting on eco-system monitoring and management of CCAMLR in August 1998 at [[Cochin]]. India occupied the CCAMLR chair beginning in November 1998 for a period of 2 years.<ref name="Anas 07" />}}

India also collaborates with the international community as a member of the [[Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission]], Regional Committee of Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission in Coastal Indian Ocean (IOCINDIO), [[International Seabed Authority]] (ISBA), and the State Parties of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS).<ref name=Gad08/><ref name=IAS_book_351>Pursuit and Promotion of Science – The Indian Experience (2001), 351</ref><ref name=Walawalkar05>Walawalkar (2005)</ref>

==Research==
[[File:krilldistribution.jpg|thumb|[[Krill]] distribution on a [[NASA]] [[SeaWIFS]] image – the main concentrations are in the [[Scotia Sea]] at the [[Antarctic Peninsula]]. India carries out krill exploration in the [[Southern Ocean]] region of the Antarctic.<ref name=Gad08/><ref name=IAS_book_352>Pursuit and Promotion of Science – The Indian Experience (2001), 352</ref>]]

Antarctica holds scientific interest for global research projects due to a number of reasons: 'Origin of continents, climate change, meteorology and pollution' are among the reasons cited by S.D. Gad (2008).<ref name=Gad08/> Mrinalini G. Walawalkar (2005) holds that: 'ice–ocean interaction and the global processes; paleoenvironment and paleoclimatic studies; geological evolution of earth and [[Gondwanaland]] reconstruction; Antarctic ecosystems, biodiversity and environment physiology; solar terrestrial processes and their coupling; medical physiology, adaptation techniques and human psychology; environment impact assessment and monitoring; enabling low temperature technology development; and studies on earthquakes' are among the areas of study under the Indian Antarctic Programme.<ref name=Walawalkar05/>

Close to 1,300 Indians had been to the continent as of 2001 as a part of the country's Antarctic Programme.<ref name=IAS_book_352/> Indian expeditions to the Antarctic also study the fauna and the molecular biodiversity of the region.<ref name=IAS_book_173>Pursuit and Promotion of Science – The Indian Experience (2001), 173</ref><ref name=IAS_book_213>Pursuit and Promotion of Science – The Indian Experience (2001), 213</ref> A total of 120 new microbes had been discovered as a result of international scientific effort in the Antarctic by 2005.<ref name=Walawalkar05/> 30 of these microbes had been discovered by Indian scientists.<ref name=Walawalkar05/> India has also published over 300 research publications based on Antarctic studies as of 2007.<ref name="Anas 07" />

The 'ice cores' retrieved by drilling holes in Antarctic's vast ice-sheets yield information 'on the [[palaeoclimate]] and eco-history of the earth as records of wind-blown dust, [[volcanic ash]] or [[radioactivity]] are preserved in the ice as it gets accumulated over time'.<ref name=Gad08/> The NCAOR developed a polar research & development laboratory with a 'low-temperature laboratory complex at −20 °C for preservation and analysis of ice core and snow samples' according to S.D. Gad (2008).<ref name=Gad08/> The 'ice core' samples are held, processed, and analysed in containment units designed by such technology.<ref name=Gad08/> Storage cases made of poly propylene also ensure that the samples do not alter characteristics and are preserved for analysis in the form that they were recovered.<ref name=Gad08/>

==Research stations==
In 1981 the Indian flag unfurled for the first time in Antarctica, marking the start of Southern Ocean expeditions under the [[environmental protocol]] of the [[Antarctic Treaty]] (1959).

=== Dakshin Gangotri ===
{{Main|Dakshin Gangotri}}

The first permanent settlement was built in 1983 and named [[Dakshin Gangotri]]. In 1989 it was excavated and is being used again as supply base and transit camp. Dakshin Gangotri was decommissioned in the year 1990 after half of it got buried under the ice. It is nothing more than a historical site now. In its times, it used to double up as a place for multiple support systems, including the presence of an ice-melting plant, laboratories, storage, accommodation, recreation facilities, a clinic and also a bank counter.

=== Maitri ===
{{Main|Maitri (research station)|l1 = Maitri}}

The second permanent settlement, [[Maitri (research station)|Maitri]], was put up in 1989 on the [[Schirmacher Oasis]] and has been conducting experiments in geology, geography and medicine. India built this station close to a freshwater lake around Maitri known as [[Lake Priyadarshini]]. Maitri accomplished the mission of geomorphologic mapping of Schirmacher Oasis.

=== Bharati ===
{{Main|Bharati (research station)|l1 = Bharati}}

Located beside Larsmann Hill at 69°S, 76°E, [[Bharati (research station)|Bharati]] is established in March 2012. This newest research station for oceanographic research will collect evidence of continental break-up to reveal the 120-million-year-old ancient history of the Indian subcontinent. In news sources this station was variously spelled "Bharathi",<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/20/stories/2009022052310500.htm |title=The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Cuddalore News : Third Antarctica research station by 2011 |date=11 April 2009 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411063558/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/20/stories/2009022052310500.htm |archive-date=11 April 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> "Bharti"<ref name="timesofindia">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025174421/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-06/chennai/28199800_1_antarctica-new-station-maitri "Bharti to be 3rd Indian station in Antarctica"], ''The Times of India'', 6 August 2009</ref> and "Bharati".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/holnus/008200902161911.htm |title=The Hindu News Update Service |access-date=4 August 2010 |archive-date=7 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107085557/http://www.hindu.com/holnus/008200902161911.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== India Post Office in Antarctica ===
It was established in the year 1984 during the third Indian expedition to Antarctica. It was located at Dakshin Gangotri. As many as 10,000 letters were posted and cancelled in this post office in total in the first year of its establishment. Although the post office is no more there, it is a favourite stopover for Indian tourists who visit the place in cruise ships.

The current Indian post office in Antarctica is situated at Maitri, where the country's current research station is also situated.

==Air Support Operations==

The Indian Air Force has supported logistical operations in Antarctica, including air-dropping critical supplies to research teams in remote camps. In the 1980s and 1990s, IAF’s Helicopters—most notably the Mi-8 played a role in delivering equipment and airdropping scientists and material near Indian research stations. IAF aircrew flying these missions was referred to as "Flyboys in the land of flightless penguins", a nod to the extreme flying conditions and novelty of these high-latitude operations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |title=Flyboys in the Land of the Flightless Penguins |url=https://iafhistory.in/2024/02/10/flyboys-in-the-land-of-the-flightless-penguins/ |website=IAFHistory |date=10 February 2024 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>

==Indian Antarctic expeditions==

{| class="wikitable"
! Date
! Expedition
! Leader
! Deputy Leader
!Leader (Summer Team)
!Deputy Leader (Summer Team)
|-
| 1981–1982
| First Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| [[Zahoor Qasim|Dr. Sayed Zahoor Qasim]]
| C. P. Vohra, Dr. B. N. Desai, [[Hassan Nasiem Siddiquie|H. N. Siddiquie]]
|
|
|-
| 1982–1983
| Second Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| [[Vijay Kumar Raina|V. K. Raina]]
| Dr C. R. Sreedharan
|
|
|-
| 1983–1985

| Third Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Dr [[Harsh Gupta|Harsh K. Gupta]]
| Lieutenant Colonel Satya Swarup Sharma
|
|
|-
| 1984
| Fourth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Dr B.B. Bhattacharya
| Col. P. Kumaresh
|
|
|-
|1985-86
| Fifth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| M.K. Kaul
| Dr Vinod K Dhargalkar
|
|
|-
|1986-87
| Sixth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
|Dr A M Parulekar
|Col. V.S.Iyer (V.S.M)
|
|
|-
| 1987-1989
| Seventh Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Dr R. Sen Gupta
| Col P Ganeshan
| Dr G. S. Mittal
|-
| 1988–1990
| Eighth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Dr Amitava Sen Gupta
| Col S Jagannathan
| Lt Col J P Khadilkar
|
|-
| 1989–1991
| Ninth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Rasik Ravindra
|
|
|
|-
| 1990–1992
| Tenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Dr A. K. Hanjura
|
|
|
|-
| 1991–1993
| Eleventh Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Dr Shardendu Mukherjee
|
|
|
|-
|1992-94
| Twelfth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Dr Vinod K Dhargalkar
|
|
|
|-
|1993-95
| Thirteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| G Sudhakar Rao
|
|
|
|-
| 1994-96
| Fourteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Dr S D Sharma
|
|
|
|-
| 1995-1996
| Fifteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Arun Chaturvedi
|
|
|
|-
| 1996-98
| Sixteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Dr Anand L. Koppar
|
|
|
|-
| 1997-99
| Seventeenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| K. R. Shivan
|
|
|
|-
| 1998-2000
| Eighteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Ajay Dhar
|
|
|
|-
| 1999-2001
| Nineteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Arun Chaturvedi
| M. Javed Beg
|
|
|-
| 2000-2003
| Twentieth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Marvin D'Souza
|
|
|
|-
| 2001–2003
| Twenty first Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Ram Prasad Lal
|
|
|
|-
| 2002-04
| Twenty Second Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Dr Arun Hanchinal
|
|
|
|-
| 2003-05
| Twenty third Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| S. Jayaram
|
|
|
|-
| 2004-06
| Twenty fourth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Rajesh Asthana
| M. Javed Beg
|
|
|-
| 2005-2007
| Twenty fifth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| L. Prem Kishore
|
|
|
|-
|
| Twenty sixth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
|Mr Jayapaul D
|
|
|
|-
|
| Twenty seventh Indian Expedition to Antarctica
|Mr Arun Chaturvedi
|
|
|
|-
| 2008–2009
| Twenty eighth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Dr. P. Malhotra
| Ajay Dhar
|
|
|-
| 2009–2010
| Twenty ninth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| P. Elango
| Rajesh Asthana
|
|
|-
| 2010–2011
| Thirtieth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| K. Jeeva
| Rajesh Asthana
|
|
|-
| 2011–2012
| Thirty first Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Dr. Rupesh M. Das (Bharati) & Shree Uttam Chand (Maitri)
| Rajesh Asthana
|
|
|-
| 2013–2014
| Thirty third Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Mohd. Yunus Shah (Bharati)
| Abhijit Patil (Bharati)
|
|
|-
| 2014–2015
| Thirty fourth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Kailash Bhindwar (Bharati)
| Syed Shadab (Bharati)
|
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| Thirty seven Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| Dr. Shailesh Pednekar (Bharati)
| Bagati Sudarshan Patro (Bharati)
|
|
|-
| 2018–2020
| 38th Indian Expedition to Antarctica
| K. Jeeva, Matri- P. Elengo, Bharati
|
|
|
|-
|2019-2020
|39th Indian Expedition to Antarctica
|Shri Deepak Gajbhiye (Maitri) - Shri Debdip Chakraborty (Bharati) - Dr Shailendra Saini (Voyage Leader)
|
|
|
|-
|2020-2021
|40th Indian Expedition to Antarctica
|Dr Yogesh Ray (Voyage leader) - Mr Ravindra S. More (Maitri) - Mr Atul Kulkarni (Bharati)
|
|
|-
|2021-22
|41st Indian Expedition to Antarctica
|Mr Huidram Singh (Maitri) - Mr Anoop K Soman (Bharati) - Dr.Shailendra Saini (Voyage Leader)
|
|
|
|-
|2022-23
|42nd Indian Expedition to Antarctica
|Mr Arun Sable (Maitri) - Mr Pranjal Saikia (Bharati) - Mr Mohammad Sadiq (Voyage Leader)
|
|
|
|-
|}

==Notes==

{{reflist}}

==References==
* Gad, S. D. (2008), "India in the Antarctic", ''Current Science'', '''95''' (2): 151, Bangalore: Indian Academy of Sciences.
* Pandey, P.C. (2007) in "India: Antarctic Program", ''Encyclopedia of the Antarctic'' edited by Beau Riffenburgh, pp. 529–530, Abingdon and New York: Taylor & Francis, {{ISBN|0-415-97024-5}}.
* ''Pursuit and Promotion of Science – The Indian Experience'' (2001), New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy.
* Walawalkar, M. G. (2005), "Antarctica and Arctic: India's contribution", ''Current Science'', 685, Bangalore: Indian Academy of Science.
* {{Cite web |url=http://14.139.119.23:8080/dspace/bitstream/123456789/126/3/INTRODUCTION.pdf |title=Scientific Report of First Indian Expedition to Antarctica|date=2016 |publisher=Department of Ocean Development, Government of India}}
* Polar Journal AG Team (2026), Parmjit Singh Sehra – First Indian in Antarctica, Polar Journal, Editorial office, Ackersteinstrasse 20, CH-8049, Zürich, Switzerland.

==External links==
* [http://www.ncaor.gov.in/ National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research (NCAOR)], Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India.

{{Science in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian Antarctic Programme| ]]
[[Category:Science and technology in India|Antarctic programme]]
[[Category:Antarctica research agencies|India]]

Abraham Mar Thoma

2026-04-27T02:24:11Z

Anilsharma: Made New Post

{{multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=June 2017}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=June 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2017}}}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = [[His Beatitude]] {{pre-nominal styles|MRevd}} Aboon Dr.
| name = Abraham Mar Thoma XVII
| honorific-suffix =
| bishop_of = of the Apostolic Throne of St Thomas
| image = Mar Thoma XVII.jpg
| caption =
| diocese =
| ordination = 5 December 1914
| consecration = 24 December 1916
| enthroned = 1944
| ended = 1 September 1947
| predecessor = [[Titus II Mar Thoma]]
| successor = [[Juhanon Mar Thoma]]
| birth_name = M. N. Abraham
| birth_date = 30 October 1879
| birth_place = Kalloopara
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1947|9|1|1879|10|30}}
| death_place = [[Tiruvalla]]
| buried = [[Tiruvalla]]
| nationality = Indian
| signature =
| honorific_suffix = Mar Thoma Metropolitan
| rank = Mar Thoma Metropolitan (Ecclesiastical Title of the Head of the Ancient Indian Church)
}}

{{Indian name|Abraham|Maret Ninan}}'''Abraham Mar Thoma XVII''' (born '''Maret Ninan Abraham''') (30 October 1879 – 1 September 1947) was the Metropolitan of the [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]] from 1944 to 1947. He was called ''Maret Kochu Thirumeni'' by his people. Among the bishops of [[Malankara Churches]] Including [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]], Abraham Mar Thoma was the first to earn a Doctoral degree.

==Early life==

Bishop Abraham was born on 30 October 1879 and was the only son of Ninan and Mariamma. Ninan was the son of Abraham of the Maret house. Mariamma was the eldest daughter of Oommachen, Karikattu. Eraviperoor. Mariamma's mother was from Chemmarapallil, Puthupally, [[Kottayam]].<ref>Daniel, K. N. ''Dr. Abraham Marthoma Metropolitan – Biography'', pp. 9, 10.</ref>

Bishop Abraham was named after his paternal grandfather Abraham. He had two elder sisters. His parents called him Kochavarachen. His school record shows his name as M. N. Abraham.<ref>Daniel, K. N. ''Dr. Abraham Marthoma Metropolitan – Biography'', p. 11.</ref><ref>Mathew, N. M. ''History of the Marthoma Church'', Volume II (2007), pp. 210–213.</ref>

===Education===

He was not good as a student. Many times he failed in his school final exam and degree examination. That helped him in later years to encourage the students who failed in examinations and showed them how to succeed.<ref>Zac Varghese Dr. & Mathew A. Kallumpram. ''Glimpses of [[Mar Thoma Church]] History'', pp. 125–129.</ref>

==Ordination==
M. N. Abraham and M. P. Pothen (Philipose), Velliyampallil, [[Mallappally]], were the first Indians with university degrees to be ordained as deacons in the [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]]. [[Titus II Mar Thoma]] ordained them on 30 April 1912.

On 5 December 1914, at his native place Eraviperoor, Deacon Abraham, and Deacon Pothen were ordained as priests. Abraham was appointed as [[Kayamkulam]] divisional secretary.

==Politics==
The Metropolitan was a staunch nationalist who stood for the people's democratic rights. He resisted the undemocratic and dictatorial actions of Dewan Sir [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]] and was instrumental in getting a resolution passed by the Sabha Council (church council) condemning Sir C. P.'s move to proclaim [[Travancore]] as an independent state.<ref>Mar Thoma Sabha Directory (1999), pp. 26–27.</ref>

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|Mar Thoma Church Titles}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Titus II Mar Thoma]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=XVII Mar Thoma Metropolitan of the [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]]|years=1944–1947}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Juhanon Mar Thoma]]}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
*[[Mar Thoma Church]]
*[[Throne of St. Thomas]]
*[[List of Malankara metropolitans]]
*[[Syrian Malabar Nasrani]]
*[[Saint Thomas Christians]]
*[[Christianity in India]]
*[[Malankara Metropolitan]]
*[[List of Saint Thomas Christians]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
English
* Juhanon Marthoma Metropolitan. (1952). ''Christianity in [[India]] and a Brief History of the Marthoma Syrian Church''. Pub: K.M. Cherian.
* Zac Varghese Dr. & Mathew A. Kallumpram. (2003). ''Glimpses of [[Mar Thoma Church]] History''. London, England. {{ISBN|978-81-900854-4-1}}.
* Zac Varghese Dr. & Mathew A. Kallumpram. ''Metropolitan Abraham Mar Thoma.'' "Light of Life", Vol. 3, Issue 11, September 2004.

Malayalam.
* Eapen, Prof. Dr. K. V. (2001). ''Malankara Marthoma Suryani Sabha Charitram'' (History of Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church). Pub: Kallettu, Muttambalam, [[Kottayam]].
* Mar Thoma Voluntary Evangelistic Association, (1998). Abraham Mar Thoma
* Mathew, N. M. ''Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charitram'' (History of the Marthoma Church), Volume I (2006), Volume II (2007), Volume III (2008). Pub. E.J. Institute, Thiruvalla.
* Varghese, (1950) ''Dr. Abraham Mar Thoma Metropolitan''.
* Daniel, K. N. ''Dr. Abraham Marthoma Metropolitan – Biography''. V.V. Press, Kollam. 1948.

==External links==
*[http://marthomasyrianchurch.org http://marthomasyrianchurch.org]
*[http://marthoma.in http://marthoma.in]
*[http://kuwaitmarthoma.com Mar Thoma Sunday School, Kuwait] at kuwaitmarthoma.com
*[http://martomachurchpallipad.com Pallipad Mar Thoma]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Christianity in Kerala}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thoma, Abraham Mar}}
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:Metropolitans of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:20th-century Anglican archbishops]]
[[Category:People associated with Wycliffe College, Toronto]]

Noy Number Bipod Sanket

2026-04-25T09:34:07Z

Anilsharma: Started new stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Noy Number Bipod Sanket
| image = Noy Number Bipod Sanket (2007).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = নয় নম্বর বিপদ সংকেত
| director = [[Humayun Ahmed]]
| producer = Ebne Hasan Khan, [[Faridur Reza Sagar]]
| writer = Humayun Ahmed
| screenplay = Humayun Ahmed
| story = Humayun Ahmed
| based_on = 
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Rahmat Ali (actor)|Rahmat Ali]]
* [[Challenger (actor)|Challenger]]
* [[Jayanta Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Shadhin Khosru]]
* [[Rupok Talukder]]
* [[Tania Ahmed]]
* [[Shabnam Parvin]]
* [[Maznun Mizan]]
* [[Parveen Sultana Diti|Diti]]
* [[Taniya Sultana Munni]]
* Choity
}}
| narrator =
| music =
| cinematography = Mostafa Kamal
| editing =
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|2007|7|6|Bangladesh}}
| runtime =
| country = [[Bangladesh]]
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Noy Number Bipod Sanket''''' (English: Danger Signal Number Nine) is a 2007 [[Bangladesh]]i [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Comedy-Drama|comedy-drama]] film directed by [[Humayun Ahmed]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bioscopelive.com/en/watch?v=8CrY1QFvWaG|title = Bioscope | 503}}</ref> The film stars [[Rahmat Ali (actor)|Rahmat Ali]], [[Challenger (actor)|Challenger]], [[Jayanta Chattopadhyay]], [[Shadhin Khosru]], [[Tania Ahmed]], [[Rupok Talukder]], [[Shabnam Parvin]], [[Maznun Mizan]] and [[Parveen Sultana Diti|Diti]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.banglamovies.me/2011/11/noy-number-bipod-shonket.html |title=Noy Number Bipod Shonket | Bangladeshi Bangla Movie Online | Full Movie |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-date=18 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818054612/http://www.banglamovies.me/2011/11/noy-number-bipod-shonket.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was shot in [[Nuhash Polli]].

==Plot==
''Mr. Shobhan'' (Rahmat Ali) is an unhappy father, whose two daughters and a son live away from him. So busy are they in their lives that they hardly visit their father. So ''Mr. Shobhan'' hits a plan and lies to his daughters and son about his death and tricks them to come to his mansion. When they come, they find out that it was just a trick to bring them. So, the family reunites. But everybody was frightened and surprised at ''Mr. Shobhan''. Then suddenly a girl called ''Ranjana'' ([[Tania Ahmed]]) comes. No one knows by who she was invited. But she makes everyone happy except the two sisters. They are jealous of ''Ranjana'' as their husbands are talking to her, dancing with her. Many funny incidents happen around ''Ranjana''. Later, it shows that ''Ranjana'' was invited by ''Togor (son of Mr. Shobhan)'', who forgot that he invited her. At the end of the film ''Togor'' marries ''Ranjana'', ''Manager'' marries ''Mutky'' and ''Mizan'' marries ''Rohima (house-maid of Hasan)''. The film ends with ''Mr. Shobhan'' saying, "If you like the movie - it's ok. If you don't like - no problem."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bioscopelive.com/en/watch?v=8CrY1QFvWaG|title = Bioscope | 503}}</ref>

==Cast ==
* [[Rahmat Ali (actor)|Rahmat Ali]] ''as Mr. Shobhan''
* [[Jayanta Chattopadhyay]] ''as The Manager''
* [[Challenger (actor)|Challenger]] ''as Karim (Husband of Ratri)''
* [[Shadhin Khosru]] ''as Hasan (Husband of The youngest daughter)''
* [[Rupok Talukder]] ''as Togor (The son of Mr. Shobhan)''
* [[Tania Ahmed]] ''as Ranjana / Jori''
* [[Shabnam Parvin]] ''as Mutky (The house-maid)''
* [[Maznun Mizan]] ''as Mizan (The man with the manager)''
* [[Parveen Sultana Diti|Diti]] ''as Ratri (The eldest daughter)''
* [[Taniya Sultana Munni]] ''as The youngest daughter''
* Choity ''as Hasan's house-maid''

;Guest Appearance
* Shohel Khan ''as doctor''
* [[Asaduzzaman Noor]] ''as blacksmith''
* [[Faruque Ahmed (actor)|Faruque Ahmed]] ''as first Mawlana''
* Komol ''as second Mawlana''
* Syed Hasan Sohel ''as third Mawlana''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4059646}}

{{Humayun Ahmed}}

[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Bangladeshi films]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Humayun Ahmed]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:2007 Bangladeshi films]]
[[Category:2007 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Impress Telefilm films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Humayun Ahmed]]

Rajam Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:33:36Z

Anilsharma: Started article - done

{{short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajam
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (9-Rajam highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Rajam Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established = 2008
| type = SLA
| district = [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency|Vizianagaram]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Kondru Murali Mohan]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 219,313
| constituency_no = 9
}}

'''Rajam''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] reserved constituency in [[Vizianagaram district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects represtatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf |title=Electors Summary| date=25 May 2019 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=16, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Kondru Murali Mohan]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Rajam Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajam-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916949.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 219,313 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web |title=Electors Summary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=24 May 2019 |date=25 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 2008, as per the Delimitation Orders ''(2008)''.

== Mandals ==
The four [[Tehsil|mandals]] that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Rajam, Andhra Pradesh|Rajam]]
|-
| [[Vangara, Srikakulam|Vangara]]
|-
| [[Santhakavati|Santhakaviti]]
|-
| [[Regidi Amadalavalasa]]
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Rajam Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2734072,Q59834185,Q59834189,Q10968392"}</mapframe>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Kondru Murali Mohan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Kambala Jogulu]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Kondru Murali Mohan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kondru Murali Mohan]]
|votes = 94,385
|percentage = 41.33
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Dr. Tale Rajesh]]
|votes = 73,663
|percentage = 32.25
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kambala Rajavardhana]]
|votes = 3,684
|percentage = 1.61
|change = --
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate = Remaining
|votes = 2,226
|percentage = 0.97
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,536
|percentage = 1.11
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,76,494
|percentage = 77.27
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 2,28,390
| change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,722
|percentage = 11.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Kambala Jogulu]]
|votes = 83,561
|percentage = 37.98
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kondru Murali Mohan]]
|votes = 66,713
|percentage = 30.32
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = [[Mutcha Srinivasa Rao]]
|votes = 4,987
|percentage = 2.27
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate = Remaining
|votes = 3,686
|percentage = 1.68
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 3,587
|percentage = 1.63
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,62,534
|percentage = 73.88
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 2,20,006
| change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,848
|percentage = 7.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Kambala Jogulu]]
|votes = 69,192
|percentage = 34.71
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kavali Prathibha Bharathi]]
|votes = 68,680
|percentage = 34.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kondru Murali Mohan]]
|votes = 4,790
|percentage = 2.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate = Remaining
|votes = 4,531
|percentage = 2.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 694
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,47,887
|percentage = 74.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,99,349
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 512
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kondru Murali Mohan]]
|votes = 61,771
|percentage = 46.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kavali Pratibha Bharathi]]|votes=34,638|percentage=25.8|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Kambala Jogulu|votes=27,923|percentage=20.8|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Paka Rajarao|votes=4,234|percentage=3.2|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Bosi Manmadharao|votes=1,741|percentage=1.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Lok Satta Party|candidate=Adinarayana Dukka|votes=1,645|percentage=1.2|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bhupathi Apparao|votes=1,271|percentage=1.0|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=27,133|percentage=0.3|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=133,223|percentage=74.2|change={{increase}}1.5}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|18.45|83.66|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Jalalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T16:25:12Z

Anilsharma: Created New Stub From Scratch

{{Short description|Constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jalalpur
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Saran district|Saran]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no =
| established = 1967
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Jalalpur Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Saran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]], Jalalpur Assembly constituency ceased to exist in 2010.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

== Members of Vidhan Sabha ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Kamakhya Narain Singh]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Jan Kranti Dal}}" |
|Jan Kranti Dal
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |Kumar Kalika Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|INC}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Kameshwar Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Kumar Kalika Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|1982^
| rowspan="2" |Sudhir Kumar Singh
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Nirmala Singh
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Abhay Raj Kishore
|style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Janardan Singh Sigriwal]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
||[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2010 onwards: Constituency does not exist''}}
|}<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp40.htm |title = 40 - Jalalpur Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-02-25 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|25.9020916|N|84.6917367|E|display=title|format=dms|}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Saran Division topics}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Saran district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in India]]

Sumawali Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:45:33Z

Anilsharma: Done

{{short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sumawali
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 5
| map_image = 5-Sumawali.svg
| mla = [[Adal Singh Kansana]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| preceded_by = [[Ajab Singh Kushwah]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Morena district|Morena]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Morena (Lok Sabha constituency)|Morena]]
| established = 1976
| reservation = None
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
}}

'''Sumawali Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=31 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1976, following the delimitation of the legislative assembly constituencies.

Sumawali (constituency number 5) is one of the six Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Morena district]]. This constituency covers parts of Joura and Morena [[tehsil]]s.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=226, 250}}</ref>

Sumawali is part of [[Morena (Lok Sabha constituency)|Morena Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan=2 |Party
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Jahar Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Yogender Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Kirat Ram Singh Kansana
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Gajraj Singh Sikarwar
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|rowspan=2|[[Adal Singh Kansana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Gajraj Singh Sikarwar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[Adal Singh Kansana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Satyapal Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Satya Pal Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Adal Singh Kansana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|2020]]{{efn|by-poll}}
|[[Ajab Singh Kushwah]]
|-
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Madhya Pradesh Assembly Elections Results 2023: Check full and final list of winners here">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-leading-candidates-from-bjp-congress/articleshow/105701279.cms|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Elections Results 2023: Check full and final list of winners here|last1=The Times of India|date=4 December 2023|accessdate=13 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213082108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-leading-candidates-from-bjp-congress/articleshow/105701279.cms|archivedate=13 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of the winners constituency wise and seat wise">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-results-2023-live-updates-winning-candidates-full-list-how-many-seats-bjp-congress-won-101701564801639.html|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of the winners constituency wise and seat wise|last1=Hindustan Times|date=3 December 2023|accessdate=13 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213082157/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-results-2023-live-updates-winning-candidates-full-list-how-many-seats-bjp-congress-won-101701564801639.html|archivedate=13 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Adal Singh Kansana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sumawali<ref name="Madhya Pradesh Assembly Elections Results 2023: Check full and final list of winners here"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Adal Singh Kansana]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:72508}}
|percentage = 38.95
|change = -6.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kuldeep Singh Sikarwar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:56500}}
|percentage = 30.35
|change = +28.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ajab Singh Kushwah]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:55289}}
|percentage = 29.7
|change = -21.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:562}}
|percentage = 0.3
|change = -0.13
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16008}}
|percentage = 8.6
|change = +2.10
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:186139}}
|percentage = 72.44
|change = +2.76
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 bypolls ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Sumawali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ajab Singh Kushwah]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 86909
|percentage = 51.65
|change = +10.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Adal Singh Kansana]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 75962
|percentage = 45.15
|change = +12.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rahul Dandotiya
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 3468
|percentage = 2.06
|change = -17.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 726
|percentage = 0.43
|change = -0.25
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 10947
|percentage = 6.5
|change = -1.85
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 168250
|percentage = 69.68
|change = -2.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sumawali<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Adal Singh Kansana]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:65455}}
|percentage = 41.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ajab Singh Kushwah]]
|votes = {{formatnum:52142}}
|percentage = 32.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gandhi Manvendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:31331}}
|percentage = 19.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sobran Singh Ghaletha
|votes = {{formatnum:6873}}
|percentage = 4.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1086}}
|percentage = 0.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13313}}
|percentage = 8.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:159367}}
|percentage = 71.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Morena district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.71|78.23|display=title}}

[[Category:Morena district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1976]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

V. Sriram

2026-04-14T15:27:24Z

Anilsharma: Pg...

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur, columnist and music historian}}
{{Indian patronymic|Sriram|Venkatakrishnan}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Venkatakrishnan Sriram
| image = Sriram V.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age text|22 June 1966}}
| birth_place = [[United Kingdom]]
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]
}}

'''Sriram Venkatakrishnan''' (born 22 June 1966) is an Indian entrepreneur, columnist, music historian and heritage activist.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/history-beckons-walks-gain-currency/article26690500.ece|title = History beckons: Chennai heritage walks gain currency|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 31 March 2019|last1 = Lakshmi|first1 = K.}}</ref> He was schooled in Madras and Calcutta. His bachelor's in engineering from the [[Delhi College of Engineering]] in 1987 was followed by a master's in business administration specializing in marketing and advertising from [[Delhi University]]. Sriram then moved on to a varied career in marketing and advertising before joining his family businesses in Industrial Hydraulics and Software.<ref>from the author's profile in Carnatic Summer.</ref>

==Works==
* {{cite book|title=Carnatic summer: Life of twenty great exponents|last=Sriram|first=V.|publisher=[[Westland Books|East West Books]]|year=2004|isbn=8188661260|pages=}}
* {{cite book|title=The Devadasi and the Saint – the Life and Times of Bangalore Nagarathnamma|isbn=9788188661701|year=2007|first=V.|last=Sriram|publisher=[[Westland Books]]}}
* {{cite book|title=Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer, Life & Music|first=V.|last=Sriram|publisher=Westland|isbn= 9788188661787 |year=2008}}
* {{cite book|title=Historic Residences of Chennai|first=V.|last=Sriram|publisher=Chandra Sankar|year=2008}}
* {{cite book|title=Four Score and more - The History of the Music Academy Madras|publisher=[[Westland Books]]|year=2009|first1=V.|last1=Sriram|first2=Malathi|last2=Rangaswami|isbn=978-9384030476}}
* {{cite book|title=Championing Enterprise: 175 years of the Madras Chamber of Commerce and Industry|first=V.|last=Sriram|publisher=The Madras Chamber of Commerce and Industry|year=2012}}
*{{cite book|title=Friends of the Earth, the T Stanes Story|first = V|last= Sriram}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/the-stanes-story/article3609268.ece|title = The Stanes story|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 6 July 2012|last1 = Srinivasan|first1 = Pankaja}}</ref>
*{{cite book|title=Goodness and Mercy, the life and times of Dr Mathuram Santosham|first = V|last= Sriram|year=2013}}<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Historian-V-Srirams-book-Goodness-and-Mercy-The-Life-and-times-of-Dr-Mathuram-Santosham-will-be-released-today-Dr-Santosham-is-renowned-for-his-work-on-childhood-vaccines-and-oral-rehyadration-therapyORT-GovernorK-Rosaiah-and-Gopal-Krishna-Gandhi-are-the-chief-guests-at-the-event-which-is-scheduled-at-6-30pm-/articleshow/20697680.cms|title=Historian V Sriram's book 'Goodness and Mercy-The Life and times of Dr Mathuram Santosham' will be released today. Dr Santosham is renowned for his work on childhood vaccines and oral rehyadration therapy(ORT). Governor, K Rosaiah and Gopal Krishna Gandhi are the chief guests at the event which is scheduled at 6.30pm.|website=Times of India|access-date=2021-11-26}}</ref>
* {{cite book|title=Brick by brick - The Vidya Mandir Story|first1=V.|last1=Sriram|first2=Karthik|last2=Bhatt|year=2016}}
*{{cite book |title = An Unbeaten Century, Hundred Years of Karur Vysya Bank|first = V|last= Sriram|year=2016}}<ref name="kvb">{{cite web|url=https://www.kvb.co.in/docs/kvb-history-book-part1.pdf|date=2017-02-22|title= An Unbeaten Century – Chronicling a 100 Years of Karur Vysya Bank|author=Sriram, V. |access-date=2021-11-26}}</ref>
*{{cite book|title=An Eye For Detail – the Chronicle of CAMS|first = V|last= Sriram|year=2016}}<ref name="acsysindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.acsysindia.com/links/CAMS_An_Eye_for_Detail.pdf|date=2016-07-02|title=An Eye for Detail – The Chronicle of CAMS|author=Sriram, V. |access-date=2021-11-26}}</ref>
*{{cite book|title=Brotherhood and Benevolence, the 300 year history of English Freemasonry in South India|first = V|last= Sriram|year=2017}}<ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/miscellaneous/how-masonry-built-integration-in-india/articleshow/60977201.cms?from=mdr|title=How masonry built integration in India|website=The Economic Times|access-date=2021-11-26|last1=Doctor |first1=Vikram }}</ref>
*{{cite book|title=A guide to Fort St George, Palaniappa Brothers| isbn=9788183797566|first = V|last= Sriram|year=2017}}
*{{cite book|title=The Rane Story, a Journey in Excellence|first = V|last= Sriram|year=2018}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rane.co.in/pdf/aboutus/RaneHistory.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-03-21 |archive-date=2014-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327015928/http://rane.co.in/pdf/aboutus/RaneHistory.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*{{cite book|title=Integrity and Excellence, The Sanmar Story|first=V|last=Sriram|year=2018}}<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/sanmar-group/article26627299.ece|title=A story of grit and determination|website=The Hindu|date=24 March 2019 |access-date=2021-11-26|last1=Kumar |first1=K. Bharat }}</ref>
* {{cite book|title=When Mercy Seasons Justice: the Life and Times of Habibullah Badsha|first1=V.|last1=Sriram|year=2018}}<ref>{{cite news |date=January 12, 2019 |title=Book tracks life of legendary lawyer Habibullah Badsha |work=[[News Today]] |location=Chennai |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/01/12/book-tracks-life-of-legendary-lawyer-habibullah-badsha/}}</ref>

==Heritage walks==

Sriram pioneered the concept of heritage walks in Chennai. This was in 1999, when he led a heritage walk in Mylapore<ref name="outlookindia">{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/here-clive-ate-his-noonday-tiffin/298578|title=Here Clive Ate His Noonday Tiffin {{pipe}} Outlook India Magazine|website=outlookindia.com|access-date=2021-11-26}}</ref>
. Since then his monthly heritage tours in different areas of the city and his quarterly heritage tours in other parts of India have attracted a wide audience. As of 2018, Sriram has completed 75 different historic tours in Chennai and elsewhere.<ref name="citizenmatters">{{cite web|url=http://chennai.citizenmatters.in/chennai-historian-sriram-is-75-walks-old-5993|title=Chennai historian Sriram is 75... walks old! - Citizen Matters, Chennai|website=chennai.citizenmatters.in|date=August 2018 |access-date=2021-11-26}}</ref>

==Other details==

Sriram is a regular columnist with The Hindu and is Associate Editor of [[Madras Musings]], the fortnightly brought out by S Muthiah, the city's best-known chronicler. He is currently one of the four Secretaries of the Music Academy, Madras,<ref name="musicacademymadras">{{cite web|url=https://www.musicacademymadras.in/executive-committee-2017-2020|title=Committee|website=Music Academy|access-date=2021-11-26|archive-date=2019-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321091338/https://www.musicacademymadras.in/executive-committee-2017-2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> in which capacity he is the Convenor of its Annual Conference. Sriram's blog Madras Heritage and Carnatic Music is a popular site for trivia on the two subjects that he writes on. He was also Convenor of the Chennai Chapter of the [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage]] during 2012/13.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chennai topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sriram, V.}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian music historians]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]

S. V. Ramamurthy

2026-04-11T23:40:52Z

Anilsharma: Started details - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Sir
| name = Sonti Venkata Ramamurthy
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]]
| image = S_V_Ramamurthy.jpg
| order1 = Chief Secretary to the Government of Madras Presidency
| term_start1 = 1939
| term_end1 = 1943
| governor1 = [[Arthur Hope, 2nd Baron Rankeillour]]
| premier1 = None (Governor's rule)
| predecessor1 = [[G. T. Boag]]
| successor1 = [[C. H. Masterman]]
| birth_date = 1 August 1888
| birth_place = Vizagapatam
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1964|01|19|1888|08|01|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[United Kingdom]]
| alma_mater = London Mission High School, Vizagapatam, [[University of Madras]], [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
| profession =
| occupation =
| spouse =
}}

'''Sir Sonti Venkata Ramamurthy''' [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] (1 August 1888 - 19 January 1964) was an Indian civil servant who served as Chief Secretary to the Government of [[Madras Presidency]] from 1939 to 1943 and as advisor to the Madras government from 1941 to 1945.<ref name="indianreview">{{cite book|title=The Indian Review|volume=63|publisher=[[G. A. Natesan]]|year=1964|page=104}}</ref> He was the first Indian to be appointed Chief Secretary of Madras.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} Ramamurthy also acted as the [[Governor of Bombay Presidency]] from 19 May 1947 to 30 May 1947.

== Early life and education ==

Born in [[Vizagapatam]] on 1 August 1888,<ref name="indiaofficep840">{{cite book|title=Ramamurthy, Sonti Venkata|work=The India Office and Burma Office List|year=1922|publisher=Harrison and Sons|page=840}}</ref> Ramamurthy studied at the London Mission High School and after graduating from [[Madras University]], did his masters' at the [[Trinity College, Cambridge]].<ref name="indiaofficep840" /><ref name="univmumbaip333">{{cite book|title=The Cloister's Pale: A Biography of the University of Mumbai|page=333|first=Arun|last=Tikekara|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2006|isbn=8179912930|id=}}</ref> Ramamurthy passed the [[Indian Civil Service]] examinations in 1911 and was allocated to the Madras Presidency.<ref name="indiaofficep840" /> During his stay in Cambridge, Ramamurthy gained a reputation for his mathematical abilities.<ref name="icarusp64">{{cite book|title=Icarus Went East|page=64|first=Sir Herbert|last=Thomson|year=2013|publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1304581846|id=}}</ref>

== Career ==

Ramamurthy joined the Indian Civil Service in November 1911 and served his entire career in the Madras Presidency, In 1923, he was appointed [[District Collector]] of [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramnad]]. In September 1927, he succeeded [[H. S. Shield]] as the District Collector of [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore district]], the second native Indian to be appointed to the post.<ref name="district_site">{{cite web|title=List of District Collectors of Thanjavur|url=http://www.thanjavur.tn.nic.in/collectors.html|publisher=worldstatesmen|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031012518/http://www.thanjavur.tn.nic.in/collectors.html|archivedate=2015-10-31}}</ref> In 1928, he was appointed Secretary of the Development Department of Madras Presidency and served a short stint as the Director of Agriculture before being appointed District Collector of Salem. In 1937, Ramamurthy was removed as District Collector of Salem at the insistence of the Premier, [[C. Rajagopalachari]] and replaced with an Englishman, [[A. F. W. Dixon]], who achieved remarkable success in imposing prohibition in Salem district.<ref name="cyclopediap231">{{cite book|title=Salem cyclopedia: a cultural and historical dictionary of Salem District, Tamil Nadu|page=231|first=Busnagi|last=Rajanan|year=1992|publisher=Institute of Kongu Studies}}</ref> Ramamurthy responded when, appointed to head a commission after the Governor had dismissed Rajaji's government, he recommended the abolition of prohibition throughout the province.

In 1939, Ramamurthy was appointed Chief Secretary to the Madras government, the first Indian to occupy the post.<ref name="encyclopediap89">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of India: Tamil Nadu|work=Encyclopedia of India|volume=18|first=Pran Nath|last=Chopra|year=1992|publisher=Rima Publishing House|page=89}}</ref> He served till 1941 during the time when the [[Second World War]] broke out and introduced food rationing in the province. He retired as advisor to the Madras government in 1946.

== Later life ==
Following his retirement, Ramamurthy accepted an invitation to act as the [[Governor of Bombay]] for a few days. Later that year, he accepted an appointment as the [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of [[Udaipur State]]. Ramamurthy served for a year and oversaw the state's [[accession to the Indian Union]].

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramamurthy, S. V.}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]

Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport

2026-04-10T09:56:24Z

Anilsharma: adding new bio

{{Short description|Airport serving Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport
| image-width = 200
| IATA = LKO
| ICAO = VILK
| type = Public
| owner = [[Airport Authority of India]]
| operator = [[Adani Enterprises Limited|Lucknow International Airport Limited]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbonds.com/company/229203/|title=Lucknow International Airport|website=cbonds.com|access-date=7 March 2023}}</ref>
| city-served = [[Lucknow|Lucknow Metropolitan Region]]
| location = Amausi, [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| opened = {{start date and age|1986|||df=y|p=n|br=n}}
| focus_city = [[IndiGo]]
| elevation-m = 123
| metric-elev = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|26|45|38|N|080|53|25|E|region:IN-UP|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|www.adani.com/ccsia-lucknow-airport|CCSIA Lucknow}}
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label = '''LKO'''/VILK
| r1-number = 09/27
| r1-length-m = 2,744
| r1-surface = [[Runway#Surface type codes|PEM]]
| metric-rwy = Yes
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 6,438,506 ({{increase}} 4.1%)
| stat-year = April 2024 – March 2025
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref name="aai.aero">{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 49,662 ({{increase}} 9%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 22,102 ({{increase}} 5.3%)
| image2 = T3, CCSIA.jpg
| image2-width = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Amausi, [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| image = Lucknow Airport Logo.svg
| caption2 =
}}

'''Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport''' ({{Abbr|abbr.|abbreviated}} CCSIA) {{airport codes|LKO|VILK}} is an [[international airport]] serving [[Lucknow]], the capital of the [[List of states of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lucknow Airport |url=https://www.aai.aero/hi/airports/lucknow |website=AAI |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811101439/https://www.aai.aero/hi/airports/lucknow |url-status=live }}</ref> It is located in Amausi, {{cvt|14|km}} from the city centre, and was earlier known as <nowiki>''Amausi Airport''</nowiki>. It is named after [[Charan Singh|Chaudhary Charan Singh]], the [[List of Prime Ministers of India|fifth Prime Minister of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mynation.com/video/politics/chaudhary-charan-singh-the-5th-prime-minister-of-india-q2ysz6|title=Chaudhary Charan Singh, The 5th Prime Minister of India|publisher=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|website=My Nation|access-date=27 August 2020|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804085922/https://www.mynation.com/video/politics/chaudhary-charan-singh-the-5th-prime-minister-of-india-q2ysz6|url-status=live}}</ref> It is owned and operated by the Lucknow International Airport Limited (LIAL), a [[Public–private partnership|public–private consortium]] led by [[Adani Group]].

The airport is the [[List of the busiest airports in India|11th-busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic in India]]. It handled over 6.4 million passengers, with more than 49,660 aircraft movements in the fiscal year 2024–25,<ref name="aai.aero"/> The [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport metro station|CCSIA metro station]], southernmost station of the [[Red Line (Lucknow Metro)|Red Line]], lies in front of Terminal-2. Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], passenger traffic declined by 55.1% in the FY 2020-2021 and aircraft movements by 40.4% in the same year. The airport has three operational terminals, of which Terminal 3 was inaugurated and opened by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 10 March 2024.<ref name="The Times of India-2024">{{cite news|title=PM Modi inaugurates T3 of Lucknow airport along with 5 other airports in Uttar Pradesh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-t3-of-lucknow-airport-along-with-5-other-airports-in-uttar-pradesh/articleshow/108442417.cms|work=The Times of India|date=12 March 2024|access-date=16 March 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Passenger convenience hallmark of Lucknow airport's new terminal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/passenger-convenience-hallmark-of-lucknow-airport-s-new-terminal-101710094925208.htmls|work=The Hindustan Times|date=11 March 2024|access-date=16 March 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The airport was constructed in 1986 to facilitate service to corporate and government officials. With an increasing number of passengers, demand, traffic and airlines, the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) decided to upgrade and expand the airport in 1996.<ref name="Lucknow Airport">{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/lucknowtravelguide/lucknow-airport|title=Lucknow Airport- Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport, Lucknow – Lucknow Travel Guide|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203140310/https://sites.google.com/site/lucknowtravelguide/lucknow-airport|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 July 2008, the [[Government of India]] officially renamed the airport to Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport, after [[Charan Singh|Chaudhary Charan Singh]], the [[List of prime ministers of India|fifth Prime Minister of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Saurabh |date=17 July 2008 |title=Airport to be named after Charan Singh? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/airport-to-be-named-after-charan-singh/articleshow/3242385.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=25 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The second terminal, Terminal 2, was then built in 2012 to handle the increasing domestic traffic.<ref name="Lucknow Airport" /> It was inaugurated by the then [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]], [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]], and granted international status on 19 May 2012. It covers an area of {{cvt|17000|sqm}} with two [[Jet bridge|aerobridges]], and is equipped with all basic and modern facilities and amenities.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Times Of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Amausis-got-terminal-illness-Chaudhary-Charan-Singh/articleshow/15347004.cms|date=4 August 2012|access-date=21 August 2014|archive-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013104324/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Amausis-got-terminal-illness-Chaudhary-Charan-Singh/articleshow/15347004.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The announcement of a new passenger terminal, Terminal 3, at the airport was made in 2016 by the then Minister of Civil Aviation, [[Suresh Prabhu]], owing to the growing traffic and demands for more international flights and destinations. In 2018, the [[Government of India]] approved the new Terminal 3, to be built in two phases at a cost of about {{INRConvert|2400|c}}.<ref name="The Times of India-2018" /> The terminal's first phase began construction in February 2018, and was expected to be completed by December 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Construction of New Integrated Passenger Terminal Building at C.C.S. International Airport, Lucknow|url=https://www.aai.aero/en/node/73915|website=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref> However, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], which caused shortage of labour and slowdowns in work, it got delayed, and was expected to be completed by December 2023.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chauhan|first=Arvind|title=Lucknow: Pandemic delays work on swanky Terminal 3 at CCS Airport by a year|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-pandemic-delays-work-on-swanky-terminal-3-at-ccs-airport-by-a-year/articleshow/77906039.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2 September 2020|access-date=16 March 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Agarwal|first=Priyangi|title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor on track for June 2025 completion|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor-on-track-for-june-2025-completion/articleshow/97183830.cms|work=The Times of India|date=21 January 2023|access-date=18 February 2024|language=en}}</ref> It was completed and inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 10 March 2024. It covers an area of {{cvt|111367|sqm}}, has seven [[Jet bridge|aerobridges]] and three floors, including the first floor for departures, the second floor for arrivals and a large basement of {{cvt|20461|sqm}}. An elevated four-lane approach road corridor links Terminals 2 and 3 with the city through [[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 27]] (NH-27), which connects [[Lucknow]] with [[Kanpur]], of {{cvt|6646|sqm}} covering about {{cvt|1.8|km}}. The terminal is be capable of serving over 13 million passengers annually. It is designed to match the local culture and heritage, and has been built on the lines of [[Frankfurt Airport]]{{cn|date=April 2025}} in [[Frankfurt]], [[Germany]] to match its modern, developed and advanced technological amenities and features. The second phase of the terminal will be extended{{when|date=April 2025}} eastwards by demolishing the existing Terminal 1 between Terminals 2 and 3.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

In February 2019, the [[Adani Enterprises]] led–Lucknow International Airport Limited (LIAL) won the rights of operations, management and development of the airport under the [[Public–private partnership|public-private partnership (PPP) model]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Adani To Take Over Airport Ops At Mangaluru, Lucknow, Ahmedabad Soon|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/adani-to-take-over-airport-ops-at-mangaluru-lucknow-ahmedabad-soon-2314373|last=PTI|access-date=2 November 2020|work=NDTV|date=22 October 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101155236/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/adani-to-take-over-airport-ops-at-mangaluru-lucknow-ahmedabad-soon-2314373|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the agreement, the airports would be handed to the company for a period of 50 years at the highest bid of ₹ 171 per passenger. The company will pay the per-passenger fee (PPF) to the AAI for every domestic and international passenger handled at the airport.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 August 2020|title=Airport makeover: No takeoff in sight for Adani operations|work=The Financial Express|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/airlines-aviation/airport-makeover-no-takeoff-in-sight-for-adani-operations/2062753/|access-date=7 September 2020|archive-date=7 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907215003/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/airlines-aviation/airport-makeover-no-takeoff-in-sight-for-adani-operations/2062753/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Runway==
The airport has one runway oriented 09/27, with a length of {{cvt|2744|m}} and a width of {{cvt|60|m}}. It has an [[Instrument landing system|ILS CAT IIIB]] capability on the eastern threshold, which enables landing in low visibility and abnormal weather conditions. Along with the airport, [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]], and [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport|Amritsar]] are the only 6 airports in India with ILS CAT IIIB which helps flights land safely, even with visibility as low as 50 metres.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Airport-ready-to-facilitate-landing-in-50-m-visibility/articleshow/55885858.cms |title=Airport ready to facilitate landing in 50 m visibility | Lucknow News – Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=9 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2018 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907102053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Airport-ready-to-facilitate-landing-in-50-m-visibility/articleshow/55885858.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> As of March 2024, the runway is being revamped to handle more flights and bigger aircraft like the [[Airbus A350]] and [[Boeing 787]]. It will have new ground lights for aircraft operations, introduction of three new link taxiways and extension of the [[Runway safety area|runway end safety area]] (RESA).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/lucknow-international-airport-will-remain-closed-for-night-flight-operations-for-four-months/articleshow/97310840.cms | title=Lucknow international airport will remain closed for night flight operations for four months | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

==Terminals==
===Terminal 1===
The original terminal, built in 1986 to cater government and private officials and flights, has been designed to complement the architecture of [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station]]. It has two arrival and three departing gates as well as two immigration counters. The terminal was expanded in 1996. It is currently used for only international flights after the opening of Terminal 2 in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 December 2011|title=Swanky Amausi ready for take-off after a month|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Swanky-Amausi-readyfor-take-off-after-a-month/articleshow/11138334.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104053440/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-17/lucknow/30528060_1_terminal-at-amausi-airport-new-terminal-check-in-counters|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=4 November 2013}}</ref> It has only basic facilities available to cater to the needs of passengers. It will be demolished in the second phase of the airport expansion project to link Terminals 2 and 3.<ref name="Pandemic delays work on swanky Terminal 3 at CCS Airport by a year-2020">{{cite news|title=Pandemic delays work on swanky Terminal 3 at CCS Airport by a year|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-pandemic-delays-work-on-swanky-terminal-3-at-ccs-airport-by-a-year/articleshow/77906039.cms|date=3 September 2020|access-date=3 September 2020|archive-date=4 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904023831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-pandemic-delays-work-on-swanky-terminal-3-at-ccs-airport-by-a-year/articleshow/77906039.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Terminal 2===
[[File:T2, CCSIA.jpg|thumb|295x295px|Departure area of Terminal 2]]
[[File:T2, CCSIA Lucknow.jpg|right|frameless]]
Terminal 2 had been built to become the international terminal and serve the growing traffic and demands. However, considering the large domestic travel demand, it was later decided to be used only for domestic flights. Renowned for its design, the terminal's elevation to the sky resembles the folded wings of a paper plane. Large wing-like cantilevers on either side of the {{cvt|200|m}}-long roof depict vibrancy and swiftness. The building itself appears as a dynamic object preparing to take flight. Inside, the gently curving ceiling gives the feeling of being under the belly of a giant aircraft. The design of the building does not labour to represent the culture and heritage of the city, instead gets imprinted with the architects' own experiences of nightmares about an aircraft crashing down through the roof, the exhilaration of flight, lightness, the indented front of the city as it wraps around the [[Gomti River]] and the ruins of the British Residency after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|mutiny of 1857]]. Frosted etchings on the glass façade of the building bear the intricate patterns of [[Chikan (embroidery)|Chikankari]], the famous embroidery work of Lucknow.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rosenfield |first1=Karissa |title=New Terminal at Lucknow Airport / S. Ghosh & Associates |url=https://www.archdaily.com/239099/new-terminal-at-lucknow-airport-s-ghosh-associates |access-date=1 August 2023 |work=ArchDaily |date=29 May 2012}}</ref> The terminal was inaugurated by then [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]], [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]], on 19 May 2012, before opening on 2 June 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airport-int.com/news/new-terminal-at-lucknow-airport.html|title=New Terminal at Lucknow Airport|publisher=Airport International|date=31 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601165437/http://www.airport-int.com/news/new-terminal-at-lucknow-airport.html|archive-date=1 June 2012}}</ref>

Covering an area of {{cvt|17000|sqm}}, the terminal can handle 1,200 passengers per hour and around 4 million passengers per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/lucknow_technicalinfo.jsp|title=Airports Authority of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915095108/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/lucknow_technicalinfo.jsp|archive-date=15 September 2014}}</ref> The terminal was being used more than its capacity which led the Lucknow International Airport Limited (LIAL), the owner of the airport headed by [[Adani Group]], increasing the passenger handling capacity per hour by 200 passengers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-lucknow-domestic-airport-terminal-is-too-small-now-decision-to-increase-200-passengers-capacity-22292808.html | title=छोटा पड़ रहा लखनऊ एयरपोर्ट का घरेलू टर्मिनल, 200 यात्रियों की क्षमता बढ़ाने का फैसला }}</ref> The terminal was refurbished by the Adani Group in 2022 after their takeover in 2020, as per its plan to refurbish terminals of airports taken over from the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI). After the commissioning of Terminal 3, the pressure on Terminal 2 has been significantly relieved. It is also likely that the Terminal 2 will be converted into an administrative building for airport operations.<ref name="The Times of India-2023">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-airport-to-undergo-rs-5000-crore-upgrade-get-new-terminal/articleshow/98350621.cms | title=Lucknow airport to undergo Rs 5,000 crore upgrade, get new terminal | newspaper=The Times of India | date=2 March 2023 }}</ref>

===Terminal 3===
[[File:T3, Lucknow International Airport.jpg|thumb|285x285px|Terminal 3 as seen from the departures flyover]]
[[File:T3, CCSIA.jpg|thumb|281x281px|Departures of the T3]]
In 2018, [[Suresh Prabhu]], the then [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]], announced that a new third passenger terminal building will be constructed with an area of {{cvt|111362|sqm}}, including a basement area of {{cvt|20461|sqm}} and a connecting corridor between Terminals 2 and 3, which will cover an area of {{cvt|6646|sqm}}. To be built in two phases, the first phase will be able to serve more than 13 million passengers annually. It has been built at a cost of {{INRConvert|1383|c}}, which is now estimated at {{INRConvert|2400|c}}.<ref name="The Times of India-2018">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/govt-nod-for-3-new-airport-terminal-buildings-at-chennai-lucknow-and-guwahati/articleshow/63999941.cms |title=Govt nod for 3 new airport terminal buildings at Chennai, Lucknow and Guwahati – Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 May 2018 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=3 May 2018 |archive-date=3 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503114531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/govt-nod-for-3-new-airport-terminal-buildings-at-chennai-lucknow-and-guwahati/articleshow/63999941.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The Peak-Hour Handling (PHP) capacity of the new terminal is 4,000 passengers, of which 3,200 is domestic and 800 international.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aai.aero/en/services/domestic-projects |title=Domestic Projects | AIRPORTS AUTHORITY OF INDIA |publisher=Aai.aero |date=17 August 2017 |access-date=21 December 2021 |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614022229/https://www.aai.aero/en/services/domestic-projects |url-status=live }}</ref> There are a total of 75 check-in counters, of which 60 are for domestic and 15 for international passengers, and 18 check-in kiosks for passengers travelling through the terminal.<ref name="jagran.com">{{Cite web |title=लखनऊ एयरपोर्ट का नया टर्मिनल तीन साल में, ये सुविधाएं होंगी खास |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-lucknow-airport-new-terminal-will-be-built-in-three-years-18778939.html |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> It is equipped with six [[Jet bridge|aerobridges]], which will be increased to eight after the completion of the second phase, through which the passengers can board directly to the flight from their respective boarding gates.<ref name="jagran.com"/> It has 30 lifts and 5 escalators.<ref name="jagran.com"/> In January 2018, the construction of the terminal building was started by Nagarjuna Construction Company (NCC). All design and interiors have been designed based on the [[Frankfurt Airport]] in [[Frankfurt]], [[Germany]], by the British architectural firm, [[Pascall+Watson]]. The second phase, which includes the extension of part of Terminal 3 after demolition of Terminal 1 and constructing a connecting corridor between Terminals 2 and 3 will be completed in the next five years.<ref name="Pandemic delays work on swanky Terminal 3 at CCS Airport by a year-2020" /> On 25 February 2019, the [[Adani Group]] was awarded with the operations and expansion of the existing as well as the new Terminal 3.<ref>{{cite web|last=Manoj|first=Ashwini Phadnis & P.|title=Adani lands 5 airports with winning bids|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/adani-group-makes-splashes-into-airports-business/article26362852.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114115902/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/adani-group-makes-splashes-into-airports-business/article26362852.ece|archive-date=14 November 2019|access-date=26 January 2020|website=@businessline|date=25 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 February 2019|title=Adani group wins bids to operate five airports|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/adani-group-wins-bids-to-operate-five-airports-5600070/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108014021/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/adani-group-wins-bids-to-operate-five-airports-5600070/|archive-date=8 November 2020|access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref> It is a multi-storeyed terminal building with departures at the first floor and arrivals at the ground floor. The terminal's architecture will endeavour to express the position of Lucknow as a key city and will display the traditional culture and heritage of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The building is also provided with interior decorations to match the modern structure and enhance passenger experience.<ref>{{cite web |author=Pascall+Watson / redboxmedia |url=https://www.pascalls.co.uk/work/aviation/chaudhary-charan-singh-international-airport-new-terminal/ |title=Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport, New Terminal • Aviation • Work • Pascall+Watson |publisher=Pascalls.co.uk |date= |access-date=21 December 2021 |archive-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831082658/https://www.pascalls.co.uk/work/aviation/chaudhary-charan-singh-international-airport-new-terminal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Along with the terminal, a multi-storey parking facility is also under construction, which will have a parking of 1,500 vehicles. Also, over {{cvt|5|km}} of storm water drains have been constructed parallel to the runway on either side to facilitate the outflow of the water into the Bijnor Canal. Terminal 3 was inaugurated and opened by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 10 March 2024.<ref name="The Times of India-2024"/><ref name="The Times of India-2023"/>

As of September 2025, FTI-TTP has commenced at Chaudhary Charan Singh (Lucknow) International Airport<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2025 |title=Amit Shah launches faster immigration clearance programme at 5 more airports |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amit-shah-launches-faster-immigration-clearance-programme-at-5-more-airports/article70038909.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

===Cargo terminal===
It was opened in March 2022. The facility has increased the cargo handling capacity of the airport by 40 per cent to 7000 tonnes per year. The airport has also increased to over 1000 tones per month by the end of FY 2022–2023. At present, [[e-commerce]], courier, post office mails, general cargo, valuables, [[mobile phone]]s, and perishables are exported as well as imported at the airport. The airport is also in talks with various multi-national companies to use the airport as a regional distribution hub.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-airport-gets-new-facility-for-inbound-cargo/articleshow/90161125.cms | title=Lucknow Airport Gets New Facility for Inbound Cargo | Lucknow News | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=12 March 2022 }}</ref> A new integrated cargo terminal with a capacity of 30,000 tonnes is planned at the airport by the administration.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

==Airlines and destinations==

{{Airport-dest-list

| {{nowrap|[[Air India Express]]}} |[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Air India Express launched daily twice direct flight between Delhi and Lucknow|url=https://travelmedia.in/2025/october/air-india-express-launched-daily-twice-direct-flight-between-delhi-and-lucknow.html#gsc.tab=0 |work=Travel Media}}</ref>, [[Ras Al Khaimah International Airport|Ras Al Khaimah]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Air India Express restarts flights to Ras Al Khaimah|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/aviation/air-india-express-resumes-direct-flights-lucknow-ras-al-khaimah |work=Khaleej Times}}</ref> [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]],{{cn|date=November 2025}}
[[Pune Airport|Pune]] <ref>{{cite web |title=Air Air India Express has launched direct flights between Lucknow and Pune|url=https://travelmedia.in/2025/november/air-india-express-has-launched-direct-flights-between-lucknow-and-pune.html#gsc.tab=0 |work=Travel Media}}</ref>, [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]]{{cn|date=November 2025}}

| [[Akasa Air]] | [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Akasa Air Flight Network|url=https://www.akasaair.com/fly-with-akasa/flight-schedule|website=Akasa Air|access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref>

| [[Air Asia]] | [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]<ref> AirAsia spreads its wings to Lucknow, India’s famed ‘City of Nawabs’ https://newsroom.airasia.com/news/airasia-spreads-its-wings-to-lucknow-indias-famed-city-of-nawabs#gsc.tab=0}</ref>

| [[Flydubai]] | [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Dubai, United Arab Emirates DXB|pages=337-343}}</ref>

| [[IndiGo]] | [[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indigo-adds-flights-to-abu-dhabi-dubai-from-lucknow-airport/articleshow/101399609.cms|title=IndiGo adds flights to Abu Dhabi, Dubai from Lucknow|work=Economic Times|date=30 June 2023 |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> [[Raja Bhoj Airport|Bhopal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/indigo-to-resume-bhopal-to-lucknow-flight-from-march-31|title=IndiGo to Resume Bhopal to Lucknow Flight From March 31|website=Free Press Journal|access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref> [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai–Navi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indigo-to-commence-navi-mumbai-international-airport-operations-from-december-25/articleshow/125342581.cms?from=mdr|title=IndiGo to commence flight operations for Navi Mumbai International Airport on December 25|work=The Economic Times |access-date=15 November 2025|date=15 November 2025}}</ref>

| [[SalamAir]] | [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Network & Routes|url=https://www.salamair.com/en/plan/our-network|website=[[SalamAir]]|access-date=23 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cherian|first=Dona|title=Oman's SalamAir launches routes to five destinations in India|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/omans-salamair-launches-routes-to-five-destinations-in-india-1.1700584250064|work=[[Gulf News]]|date=21 November 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|language=en}}</ref>

| [[Saudia]] | [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Jeddah, Saudi Arabia JED|pages=597-600}}</ref>

| [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]] | [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-star-air-launches-new-flights-connecting-hyderabad-to-lucknow-and-raipur-via-jharsuguda-from-this-date-3689548/|title=Star Air new routes}}</ref> [[Veer Surendra Sai Airport|Jharsuguda]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/star-air-launches-new-flights-from-jharsuguda-airport-in-january-2025/articleshow/116076648.cms|title=Star Air to start services from J'guda airport in Jan|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=7 December 2024|access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref> [[Kishangarh Airport|Kishangarh]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Star Air expands its network with new flights from Ajmer to Lucknow|url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/domestic/star-air-expands-its-network-with-new-flights-from-ajmer-to-lucknow/107239951|work=ET TravelWorld|date=29 February 2024|access-date=1 March 2024|language=en}}</ref>

| [[Thai AirAsia]] | [[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok–Don Mueang]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Bangkok, Thailand BKK|pages=109-113}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Thai Air Asia to Lucknow|url=https://curlytales.com/fly-from-bangkok-to-lucknow-as-thai-air-asia-launches-new-routes-for-travellers/|access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref>

}}



==Future==

=== Airport expansion ===
* The runway expansion from 2744 m to 3500 m.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.india.com/news/lucknow-airport-terminal-3-update-night-operations-to-remain-suspended-from-this-date-for-three-months-6787720/ | title=Lucknow Airport Terminal-3 Update: Night Operations to Remain Suspended from This Date for Three Months | date=14 March 2024 }}</ref>
* The Adani Group will invest Rs 10,700 crore into Lucknow Airport's expansion so that its annual passenger handling capacity zooms from 4 million passengers per annum (MPPA) to 39 MPPA.{{cn|date=November 2025}}
* The airport's expansion plan received clearance from the Union Environment Ministry on 15 December. However, the plan submitted to the ministry did not mention the deadline for the expansion.{{cn|date=November 2025}}
* The plan of Lucknow International Airport Limited (LIAL), an Adani group company, said: "CCSIA (Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport) in Lucknow has a total land area of 509.41 hectares (1258.80 acres), making it one of the most land-constrained airports in India." LIAL now proposes expansion of CCSIA within an area of 457.1 hectares, it added.{{cn|date=November 2025}}
* Along with Terminal 3, a new terminal building (Terminal 4), 3 parallel taxiways along the runway with associated infrastructure, support facilities, and utilities will be built to accommodate 39 MPPA, the plan noted.{{cn|date=November 2025}}
* Total built up area for Terminal 4 along with Terminal 3 modification would be 4,26,131 square meter whereas the total footprint area of Terminal 4 and Terminal 3 modification would be 1,39,020 square meters <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.adani.com/ccsia-lucknow-airport/downloads | title=Downloads |work=Lucknow International Airport }}</ref>
* LIAL's plan said a cargo complex would be developed at CCSIA in a total area of 23.14 hectares to handle cargo up to 0.25 million tonnes per annum.{{cn|date=November 2025}}
* During its construction phase, the expansion project will employ about 2,000 people directly and indirectly, and once operational, about 25,000 people will be employed, the plan said.{{cn|date=November 2025}}
* A multi-modal transport hub — which includes metro connectivity, multi-level car parking, cityside check-in and self-bag drop facility, and curbside facilities for passengers/visitors arriving at the airport from surrounding areas — will also be developed, it said.{{cn|date=November 2025}}
* LIAL has proposed multi-level car parking to accommodate 4,000 car spaces, the plan noted.{{cn|date=November 2025}}
* "Pedestrian walkways are planned to connect multi-level car parking to terminal departure and arrival areas, for passengers and greeters to park in multi-level car parking and walk down to the pick-up/drop off kerbs," it mentioned.{{cn|date=November 2025}}
* About 9.6 million litres per day (MLD) of water would be required to handle 39 MPPA, it said. 4.5 MLD will be supplied by the Uttar Pradesh government or borewells and the remaining 5.1 will be sourced from the sewage treatment plant for landscaping and flushing, it added.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/adani-group-to-invest-rs-10-700-crore-to-expand-lucknow-airport-122121800597_1.html | title=Adani group to invest Rs 10,700 crore to expand Lucknow airport | date=18 December 2022 }}</ref>
* New integrated cargo terminal with a capacity of 30,000 tonnes, new fuel storage facility with 5,000 KL capacity are among other key initiatives that have been planned at the Lucknow International Airport by the administration.<ref name="The Times of India-2023"/>

===Aerocity===
Aerocity project is a mixed-use development that comprises the following:{{cn|date=November 2025}}
* Retail space (Multiplex, Entertainment, Virtual Reality, and F&B)
* Business Centre (Convention Center and Flexi Office)
* Hotel
* Associated connectivity, utilities and facilities

The total population of the project will be 31,108 persons.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

Adequate provision will be made for the heavy vehicle parking at the project site to allow smooth movement at the site. The proposed parking area will be 4087 ECS.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

The total project cost of the proposed City Side Development project is 1116.50 crores.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

The Aero City will be constructed between the new Terminal 3 and the [[Lucknow Metro|CCSIA Metro Station]]. Estimated date of completion for the project is 2026.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/adani-plans-to-create-aero-cities-near-its-airports-article-92893076 | title=Adani Group plans to build aero cities near its airports | date=15 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Report Part 1(FORM - B) |url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/state/FORM_B_PDF.aspx?cat_id=SIA/UP/MIS/76873/2022&pid=New |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=environmentclearance.nic.in}}</ref>


==Awards==
[[file:Terminal-2, Lucknow International airport.jpg|thumb|Terminal 2, CCS International Airport]]
* The airport was awarded [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]'s "Best Airport" award in July 2013 along with [[Jodhpur Airport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/misc/best_airport_08012014.pdf|title=Airports Authority of India|date=23 January 2014|access-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123173526/http://www.aai.aero/misc/best_airport_08012014.pdf|archive-date=23 January 2014}}</ref>
* Lucknow Airport was rated second-best in the category of small airports catering to 5–10 million passengers per annum by [[Airports Council International]], a global non-profit organisation of airport operators.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-airport-judged-second-best-in-small-airport-category/articleshow/51244136.cms|title=Lucknow airport judged second-best in small airport category – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 March 2016 |access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106202202/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-airport-judged-second-best-in-small-airport-category/articleshow/51244136.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In 2018, Lucknow Airport was awarded the best airport in the category "Best Airport by Size and Region (2–5 million passengers per year in Asia-Pacific Region)" by the [[Airports Council International]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aci.aero/Customer-Experience-ASQ/ASQ-Awards/Current-Winners/Best-Airport-by-Size-and-Region/Asia-Pacific |title=Asia-Pacific |publisher=Aci.aero |access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref>
* The Passenger Terminal 2 Building's Architects, S. Ghosh & Associates were awarded the NDTV-Grohe Infrastructure Architecture Design of the Year Award in 2014 for the project.<ref>{{cite news |title=Infrastructure Architecture Design of the Year (Sports, Transport, Bridges) |url=https://sites.ndtv.com/daawards/awards-2014-infrastructure-architecture-design-of-the-year-sports-transport-bridges/ |access-date=27 August 2020 |work=NDTV Design And Architecture Awards 2017 |date=17 July 2015 |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711054533/https://sites.ndtv.com/daawards/awards-2014-infrastructure-architecture-design-of-the-year-sports-transport-bridges/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In 2019, the Airport was awarded first position in ASQ awards in Asia Pacific region for 5 to 15 million capacity pet annum by [[Airport Council International]] (ACI).<ref>{{cite news |title=Proud achievement! Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, 6 other Indian airports bag awards for World's best airports |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/airlines-aviation/proud-achievement-delhi-mumbai-bengaluru-6-other-indian-airports-bag-awards-for-worlds-best-airports/1894472/ |access-date=27 August 2020 |work=The Financial Express |date=11 March 2020 |archive-date=25 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825005218/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/airlines-aviation/proud-achievement-delhi-mumbai-bengaluru-6-other-indian-airports-bag-awards-for-worlds-best-airports/1894472/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In January 2021, Lucknow Airport was accredited in the Airports Council International (ACI) Airport Health Accreditation programme. The global recognition demonstrates extraordinary proactive measures put in place by the airport to ensure passenger safety.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=792305 |title=Three Adani Airports including Mangaluru awarded ACI Airport Health Accreditation for safe travel |publisher=Daijiworld.com |date=18 January 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130073756/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=792305 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In January 2023, Assocham announced the best regional airport awards for [[Lucknow]] and [[Ahmedabad]] airports.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/we-are-looking-to-acquire-new-airports-through-govt-bids-adani-airports-ceo/articleshow/97088266.cms|title=We are looking to acquire new airports through govt bids: Adani Airports CEO|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport]]
* [[Airports in India]]
* [[List of busiest airports in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|lucknow.adaniairports.com}}
* {{ASN|LKO}}

{{Adani Group}}
{{Portalbar|India|Aviation}}
{{Airports in India}}
{{Lucknow}}

[[Category:Transport in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Airports in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Airports in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Memorials to Chaudhary Charan Singh]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1986]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Adani Group]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

G M Harish Balayogi

2026-04-04T22:36:09Z

Anilsharma: adding a stub...

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = G M Harish Balayogi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|03|22}}
| birth_place = Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| father = [[G. M. C. Balayogi]]
| mother = [[Ganti Vijaya Kumari]]
| education = Bachelor of Business Management, [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management|GITAM University]], Visakhapatnam
| occupation = Politician
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Amalapuram]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Chinta Anuradha]]
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| image = File:G M Harish Balayogi in a white background.jpg
}}

'''G M Harish Balayogi''' is an Indian politician from the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP). He is a Member of Parliament in the [[18th Lok Sabha]], representing the [[Amalapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amalapuram constituency]] of Andhra Pradesh. He also serves as a party whip in the Lok Sabha.

He is the son of [[Ganti Mohana Chandra Balayogi]], who served as the speaker of the [[12th Lok Sabha]] until his untimely death in a helicopter crash.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Will bring railway line to Konaseema to fulfil my father's dream, says G.M.C. Balayogi's son |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/will-bring-railway-line-to-konaseema-to-fulfil-my-fathers-dream-says-gmc-balayogis-son/article68149230.ece |website=The Hindu|date=7 May 2024 |last1=Naidu |first1=T. Appala }}</ref> Both his father and mother have represented the [[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency]] as Members of Parliament.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Balayogi's widow wins from Amalapuram |newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 June 2002 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/balayogis-widow-wins-from-amalapuram/articleshow/11807351.cms }}</ref><ref name="Inheritors {{!}} Next-gen netas">{{cite news|title=Inheritors {{!}} Next-gen netas|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-inheritors-next-gen-netas-2565854-2024-07-13|accessdate=25 March 2025|publisher=India Today|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325141549/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-inheritors-next-gen-netas-2565854-2024-07-13|archivedate=25 March 2025|language=en}}</ref> He is currently a member of the [[Telugu Desam Party]].

==Early life and education==
G M Harish Balayogi was born on 22 March 1991 in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh.<ref>https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5722?from=members</ref> He completed his schooling at Vishakha Valley School, Visakhapatnam,<ref>https://www.linkedin.com/in/g-m-harish-balayogi-639b5468/</ref> and obtained a Bachelor of Business Management degree from [[GITAM University]], Visakhapatnam. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5026 | title=Ganti Harish Madhur(TDP):Constituency- AMALAPURAM(ANDHRA PRADESH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate }}</ref>

Before entering politics, he worked in the private sector as a technical associate at Goldstone Technologies (2012–2015) and Nfinity (2015–2017).<ref>https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5722?from=members</ref>

==Politics==
G M Harish Balayogi joined the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) in 2017, marking the beginning of his active political engagement.<ref>https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5722?from=members</ref> He contested the [[2019 Indian general election]] from the Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency as a Telugu Desam Party (TDP) candidate but lost to [[Chinta Anuradha]] of the [[YSR Congress Party]] (YSRCP) by a margin of 39,966 votes. In the [[2024 Indian general election]], he again contested from the same constituency and won by a margin of 342,196 votes, defeating [[Rapaka Vara Prasada Rao]] of YSRCP.<ref name="ECI1">{{Cite web |date= |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Parliamentary Constituency 7 - Amalapuram (SC) (Andhra Pradesh) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S017.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612071149/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S017.htm |archive-date=2024-06-12 |access-date= |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref> In June 2024, he was appointed as the Telugu Desam Parliamentary Party whip.<ref name="TDP's Krishna Devarayalu to lead party in Lok Sabha, Andhra CM Naidu confirms">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |first1= |date=28 June 2024 |title=TDP's Krishna Devarayalu to lead party in Lok Sabha, Andhra CM Naidu confirms |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jun/28/tdps-krishna-devarayalu-to-lead-party-in-lok-sabha-andhra-cm-naidu-confirms |archive-date= |access-date=28 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

As a first-term MP, Balayogi has been an active participant in parliamentary proceedings. He has participated in 16 debates and has raised 107 questions in the 18th Lok Sabha. He is also a member of the following committees :
*Member, Joint Committee on the Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Ninth Amendment) Bill, 2024 and the Union Territories Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024
*Member, Standing Committee on Labour, Textiles and Skill Development

G M Harish Balayogi has spoken on issues ranging from agriculture and aquaculture to infrastructure development, sports, and constitutional matters. A full list of his debates is below: <ref>https://prsindia.org/mptrack/18-lok-sabha/ganti-harish-madhur</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Date !! Debate title / Bill name
|-
| 18.08.2025 || Regarding the establishment of a second campus of the National Institute of Water Sports in Konaseema district, Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 04.08.2025 || Regarding the need to consider Konaseema district in Andhra Pradesh as a regular centre for entrance and recruitment examinations
|-
| 29.07.2025 || Regarding the need to operationalise and promote the Coconut Farmer Producer Organisations in Konaseema and other districts of Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 21.03.2025 || Discussion on the Demands for Grants Nos. 1 and 2 under the control of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
|-
| 19.03.2025 || Regarding the need to undertake extensive awareness campaigns and training programmes to promote sustainable aquaculture in Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 19.03.2025 || Discussion on the Demands for Grants Nos. 62 and 63 under the control of the Ministry of Jal Shakti
|-
| 17.03.2025 || Discussion on the Demands for Grants No. 85 under the control of the Ministry of Railways
|-
| 04.02.2025 || Motion of Thanks on the President's Address
|-
| 17.12.2024 || Regarding the need to promote Education for All in Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 14.12.2024 || Discussion on the glorious journey of 75 years of the Constitution of India
|-
| 04.12.2024 || Regarding comprehensive execution of Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana in Konaseema region of Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 04.12.2024 || The Railways (Amendment) Bill, 2024
|-
| 08.08.2024 || Submission on the introduction of The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024
|-
| 08.08.2024 || Regarding the need to set up a National Coir Training and Design Centre in Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district of Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 24.07.2024 || Urge upon the minister to allocate the necessary funds for the completion of the railway line between Kotipalli and Kakinada
|-
| 22.07.2024 || Discussion on India's preparedness for the upcoming Olympic Games
|}

In May 2025, he was part of an all-party parliamentary delegation headed by [[Shashi Tharoor]] that travelled to the [[United States]], [[Panama]], [[Guyana]], [[Brazil]] and [[Colombia]] to brief the respective heads of state and important dignitaries on the [[2025 Pahalgam attack]] and subsequent [[Operation Sindoor]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-17 |title=Shashi Tharoor to lead high-profile US delegation to brief on Operation Sindoor; Milind Deora, Sudip Bandyopadhyay included |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/shashi-tharoor-to-lead-high-profile-us-delegation-to-brief-on-operation-sindoor-milind-deora-sudip-bandyopadhyay-included/articleshow/121229147.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-24 |title=Will not be silenced by terrorism: Shashi Tharoor as his delegation heads to US |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shashi-tharoor-delegation-heads-us-will-not-be-silenced-by-terrorism-2729751-2025-05-24 |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Public Image and Media ==
G M Harish Balayogi has written opinion pieces in national media pertaining to technology and MSME, namely [https://www.businessworld.in/article/making-india-for-the-world-boosting-msme-exports-via-ecommerce-547374 "Making India For The World: Boosting MSME Exports via E-Commerce"] and [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/cryptocurrency/strengthening-indias-tax-sovereignty-in-the-age-of-crypto-the-case-for-swift-carf-implementation/articleshow/122778031.cms?from=mdr "Strengthening India’s Tax Sovereignty in the Age of Crypto: The Case for Swift CARF Implementation"].

==Electoral history==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%; text-align: center;"
|+Election results
!Year
!Office
!Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Opponent
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Result
!Ref
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Amalapuram]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan=2 |[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|frameless|21x21px]]
|445,347
|36.18
|[[Chinta Anuradha]]
|rowspan=2 |[[YSR Congress Party]]
|rowspan=2 |[[File:Indian Election Symbol Ceiling Fan.svg|frameless|21x21px]]
|485,313
|39.43
|{{Lost}}
|rowspan=2 |<ref name=ECI1 />
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|796,981
|61.25
|[[Rapaka Vara Prasada Rao]]
|454,785
|34.95
|{{Won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:GM, Harish Balayogi}}
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

Kodencheri

2026-03-28T15:50:01Z

Anilsharma:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{distinguish|Kozhencherry}}
{{distinguish|Kolenchery}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kodanchery
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Kodanchry
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.4719|N|75.96899|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 18461
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 673580
| registration_plate = KL-57
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Thamarassery]] [[Kozhikode]]
| website = {{URL|www.kodancherry.com}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| subdivision_type3 = Taluk
| subdivision_name3 = [[Thamarassery]]
| subdivision_type4 = Block Panchayat
| subdivision_name4 = [[Koduvally]]
| subdivision_name5 = Kodanchery
| subdivision_type5 = Grama Panchayath
}}
''' Kodanchery''' is a town in [[Kozhikode district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-08 }}</ref> The town is a [[Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996|Panchayat]] headquarters.

Nearby towns are [[Thamarassery]], [[Thiruvambady]], [[Nellipoyil]], and [[Thusharagiri Falls]]. Kodanchery falls under [[Thiruvambady|Thiruvambadi]] Assembly Constituency.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Kodanchery had a population of 18,738 with 9211 males and 9,527 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kodencheri Village Population - Kozhikode - Kozhikode, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627410-kodencheri-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />

[[Thiruvambady]], Pullurampara, [[Nellipoyil]], and Engapuzha are nearby villages of kodanchery. St. Mary's Forane Church, which is a Marian Pilgrimage Center, and St. Joseph's HSS school<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stjosephshsskodenchery.org/|title=St.Joseph's Higher Secondary School Pullurampara|website=www.stjosephshsskodenchery.org|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> are located in the heart of the city. It is a plantation destination that abounds in rubber, areca nut, pepper, ginger and various spices. The famous tourist destination Thusharagiri waterfalls is just 10 km from Kodanchery town and 50 km from Kozhikode City.

==Culture and people==
Though the population is diverse, Kodanchery is a hub of [[Christians]], mainly [[Saint Thomas Christians]]. It is known as mini Kottayam, as most of the people are migrated from different parts of Kottayam.

== Administration ==
Kodanchery is part of [[Thiruvambady (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvambady legislative assembly]] constituency and [[Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wayanad]] parliamentary constituency. The current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] is Linto Joseph (Indian politician)]. The current [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] is [[Priyanka Gandhi]].The Grama Panchayat President is Sri Alex Thomas. It is divided into 21 wards. It is in the limits of three Villages - Kodancherry, Koodathai and Nellipoil but in only one Police Station - Kodancherry. PIN Code of Kodancherry is 673580.

== History ==
The first church in Kodenchery was started at Ambalamkunnu near Kannoth. As the population increased, it was moved to Ambattupadi for convenience, and later to the town where the Kodanchery LP School is situated.

== Tourism ==
[[Thusharagiri Falls]] are a tourist destination in the Malabar region, with five water falls right in the middle of the forest. Two streams originating from the Western Ghats meet here to form the Chalippuzha River. The river diverges into three waterfalls creating a snowy spray, which gives the name, 'Thusharagiri' ("snow capped mountains"). The highest waterfall is the Thenpara (honey hill) that falls from an altitude of 75 metres.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}
[[Chembukkadavu Weir]] is a small diversion dam situated in Chalippuzha river

The place is very well known for Extreme white water river Kayaking which an International level competition conducted every year during The Malabar River Festival, one of Asia’s biggest and most exciting white-water kayaking events, held each year (usually in July) in Kodenchery.

== Education ==
* Govt.College Kodancherry
*St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School
*Markaz Knowledge City
* St.Mary's English medium school Kodenchery.(CBSE)
* St. George's Higher Secondary School Velamcode
* St. Antony's High School Kannoth

==Transportation==
Kodenchery village connects to other parts of India through [[Calicut]] city on the west and [[Thamarassery]] town on the east. [[National Highway 66 (India)|National highway 66]] passes through [[Kozhikode]] and the northern stretch connects to [[Mangalore]], [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]]. The southern stretch connects to [[Cochin]] and [[Trivandrum]]. The eastern [[National Highway 766 (India)|National Highway 766]] going through Adivaram connects to [[Kalpetta]], [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]]. The nearest airports are at [[Kannur Airport|Kannur]] and [[Kozhikode Airport|Kozhikode]]. The nearest railway station is at Kozhikode.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Kozhikode district}}
{{Malabar}}

[[Category:Thamarassery area]]

{{Kozhikode-geo-stub}}

Orissa Official Language Act, 1954

2026-03-25T18:22:33Z

Anilsharma:

{{Short description|Act recognizing Odia as an official language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Orissa Official Language Act, 1954
| legislature =
| image =
| imagesize = 100
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| long_title = An Act to confer upon the Orissa Government certain powers to ensure and encourage use of Odia in official correspondence.
| citation = Act No. 14 of 1954
| territorial_extent =
| enacted_by = [[Orissa Legislative Assembly]]
| date_enacted =
| date_assented =
| date_signed =
| date_commenced =
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by =
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| white_paper =
| committee_report =
| amended_by = Act 18 of 1963 & Act 12 of 1985
| repeals =
| related =
| summary =
| keywords =
| status =
}}
The '''Orissa Official Language Act, 1954''' (Act No. 14 of 1954) is an Act of [[Orissa Legislative Assembly]] that recognizes Odia "to be used for all or any of the official purposes of the State of Orissa (now [[Odisha]]).<ref name=Odishagovernment>{{cite web|title=Acts, Ordinances and Regulations|url=http://odisha.gov.in/law/acts/default.html|website=Odisha.gov.in|publisher=Govt. of Odisha|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref>

== History ==
Article 345 of the [[Constitution of India]] empowers the Legislature of the State to adopt 'any one or more of the languages in use in the State or Hindi as the language or languages to be used for all or any of the official purposes' of the concerned State. But it provides for the continued use of English for the 'purposes within the state for which it was being used before the commencement of the Constitution', until the Legislature of the State otherwise provides by law.<ref name=ebooks>{{cite web|title=Constitution of India|url=http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/langUse/policy.html|website=ciil-ebooks.net|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref> Orissa is the first state to be evolved on the basis of language. So The Orissa Official Language Act, 1954 was enacted in 1954.<ref name=languageinindia>{{cite web|last1=Mallikrjuna|first1=B|title=LANGUAGE IN INDIA|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/sep2012/mallikarjunlanguagemonographfinal.pdf|website=languageinindia.com|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref>

== Development ==
Despite the enactment, the implementation has not been done in a mass scale for which people of Orissa have voiced to ensure the use of Odia language in all official correspondence. The hunger strike by activist Gajanana Mishra was a prominent step in this direction and was one such significant instance.<ref name=orissamatters>{{cite web|last1=Pattnaik|first1=Subash Chandra|title=Odia Bhasa Sangram Samiti|url=http://orissamatters.com/tag/official-language-act/|website=orissamatters.com|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=sambadepaper>{{cite news|title=ଅନଶନ ଭାଙ୍ଗିଲେ ଗଜାନନ|url=http://sambadepaper.com/Details.aspx?id=177001&boxid=2925698|accessdate=9 July 2015|agency=Sambad|date=9 July 2015}}</ref>

== Salient features ==
The Orissa Official Language Act, 1954 is the Orissa Act 14 of 1954 which received the assent of Governor on 1 October 1954 and was published in the Orissa Gazette on 15 October 1954.<ref name="Mahapatra1989">{{cite book|author=B. P. Mahapatra|title=Constitutional languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC&pg=PA361|date=1 January 1989|publisher=Presses Université Laval|isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1|pages=361–}}</ref>

=== Important Sections ===

==== Section 3A ====
This section has been inserted by the Amendment Act 1963 which states about Continuance of English language for use in Legislature:

{{Rquote|center|"Notwithstanding the expiration of the period of fifteen years from the commencement of the Constitution of India, the English language may, as from the 26th day of January, 1965, continue to be used, in addition to Oriya for the transaction of business in Legislature of the State of Orissa".|Amendment Act 1963}}

== Amendments ==
* The 1963 Orissa Official Language (Amendment) Bill makes provision for continuing use of English in addition to Odia for transaction of business in legislature of the state of Orissa.<ref name=googlebooks.co>{{cite book|last1=Benedicter|first1=Thomas|title=Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India|year=2009|pages=91–92|isbn=9783643102317|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&q=The+Orissa+Official+Language+Act%2C+1954&pg=PA91}}</ref>
* One new amendment was added to this act under Amendment Act 12 of 1985.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Odisha}}

[[Category:1954 in Indian law]]
[[Category:1950s in Orissa]]
[[Category:Odisha state legislation]]

Adolescence

2026-03-23T23:41:46Z

Anilsharma: minor cleanup intro per sources

{{Short description|Human transition from puberty to adult}}
{{Redirect-several|Adolescence|Adolescent|Teen|Teenager}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2020}}
[[File:Teens sharing a song.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Two adolescents listening to music using earphones]]
{{Human growth and development sidebar|state=collapsed}}
'''Adolescence''' ({{etymology|la|adolescere|to mature}}) is a transitional stage of human [[Developmental biology|physical]] and [[psychological]] [[Human development (biology)|development]] that generally occurs during the period from [[puberty]] to [[adulthood]] (typically corresponding to the [[age of majority]]).<ref name="Stehlik">{{Cite book|last=Stehlik|first=Thomas|title=Educational Philosophy for 21st Century Teachers|date=2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-75969-2|page=131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rqZWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131}}</ref><ref name="Hu">{{Cite book|last1=Hu|first1=Julie Xuemei|last2=Nash|first2=Shondrah Tarrezz|title=Marriage and the Family: Mirror of a Diverse Global Society|date=2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-27984-6|page=302|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xVKWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT302}}</ref> Adolescence is usually associated with the [[Teenager (word)|teenage]] years,<ref name="MedlinePlus archive 001950 Puberty and adolescence">{{cite web|title=Puberty and adolescence|website=[[MedlinePlus]]|access-date=July 22, 2014|archive-date=April 3, 2013|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001950.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403080324/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001950.htm}}</ref><ref name="psychtoday">{{cite magazine|title=Adolescence|magazine=[[Psychology Today]]|access-date=April 7, 2012|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/adolescence}}</ref> but its physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier or end later. Puberty typically begins during [[preadolescence]], particularly in females.<ref name="psychtoday"/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Dorn L. D. |author2=Biro F. M. | year = 2011| title = Puberty and Its Measurement: A Decade in Review. [Review] | journal = Journal of Research on Adolescence | volume = 21 | issue = 1| pages = 180–195 | doi = 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00722.x |issn=1050-8392 }}</ref> Physical growth (particularly in males) and cognitive development can extend past the teens. Age provides only a rough marker of adolescence, and scholars have not agreed upon a precise definition. Some definitions start as early as 10 and end as late as 30.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jaworska |first1=Natalia |last2=MacQueen |first2=Glenda |title=Adolescence as a unique developmental period |journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience |date=September 2015 |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=291–293 |doi=10.1503/jpn.150268 |pmid=26290063 |pmc=4543091 }}</ref><ref>{{cite bioRxiv | biorxiv=10.1101/2022.04.25.489387 | title=Changes in prefrontal GABA and glutamate through adolescence supports excitation/Inhibition balance | date=2022 | last1=Perica | first1=Maria I. | last2=Calabro | first2=Finnegan J. | last3=Larsen | first3=Bart | last4=Foran | first4=Will | last5=Yushmanov | first5=Victor E. | last6=Hetherington | first6=Hoby | last7=Tervo-Clemmens | first7=Brenden | last8=Moon | first8=Chan-Hong | last9=Luna | first9=Beatriz }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmc=6473801 | date=2017 | last1=Steinberg | first1=L. | last2=Icenogle | first2=G. | last3=Shulman | first3=E. P. | last4=Breiner | first4=K. | last5=Chein | first5=J. | last6=Bacchini | first6=D. | last7=Chang | first7=L. | last8=Chaudhary | first8=N. | last9=Di Giunta | first9=L. | last10=Dodge | first10=K. A. | last11=Fanti | first11=K. A. | last12=Lansford | first12=J. E. | last13=Malone | first13=P. S. | last14=Oburu | first14=P. | last15=Pastorelli | first15=C. | last16=Skinner | first16=A. T. | last17=Sorbring | first17=E. | last18=Tapanya | first18=S. | last19=Tirado | first19=L. M. | last20=Alampay | first20=L. P. | last21=Al-Hassan | first21=S. M. | last22=Takash | first22=H. M. | title=Around the World, Adolescence is a Time of Heightened Sensation Seeking and Immature Self-Regulation | journal=Developmental Science | volume=21 | issue=2 | article-number=10.1111/desc.12532 | doi=10.1111/desc.12532 | pmid=28150391 }}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] definition officially designates adolescence as the phase of life from ages 10 to 19.<ref name="WHO1">{{cite web |title=Adolescent health |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health#tab=tab_1 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref>

==Biological development==
===Puberty in general===
{{Main|Puberty}}
[[File:Cubes teenager.jpg|thumb|left|Upper body of a teenage boy. The structure has changed to resemble an [[adult]] form.]]
Puberty is a period of several years in which rapid physical growth and psychological changes occur, culminating in sexual maturity. The average age of onset of puberty is 10–11 for girls and 11–12 for boys.<ref name=Kail>{{cite book| last = Kail | first = RV |author2=Cavanaugh JC | title = Human Development: A Lifespan View | isbn = 978-0-495-60037-4 | publisher = [[Cengage Learning]] | year = 2010|access-date= September 11, 2014| page = 296 | edition = 5th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-n5E7oyCgoC&pg=PA296}}</ref><ref name="PAmf.org">{{Cite news|title=Teenage Growth & Development: 11 to 14 Years|publisher=[[Palo Alto Medical Foundation]]|url=http://www.pamf.org/teen/parents/health/growth-11-14.html|quote=For girls, puberty begins around 10 or 11 years of age and ends around age 16. Boys enter puberty later than girls-usually around 12 years of age-and it lasts until around age 16 or 17.}}</ref> Every person's individual timetable for puberty is influenced primarily by [[heredity]], although environmental factors, such as diet and exercise, also exert some influences.<ref name=Tanner/><ref name=Kaplowitz01>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1542/peds.108.2.347 |vauthors=Kaplowitz PB, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC, Pedlow SE, Herman-Giddens ME |title=Earlier onset of puberty in girls: relation to increased body mass index and race |journal=Pediatrics |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=347–53 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11483799 |bibcode=2001Pedia.108..347K |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11483799|url-access=subscription }}</ref> These factors can also contribute to [[precocious puberty|precocious]] and [[delayed puberty]].<ref name="Delayed puberty">{{cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Cooney|title=Puberty gap: Obesity splits boys, girls. Adolescent males at top of the BMI chart may be delayed|work=[[NBC News]]|date=February 11, 2010|access-date=May 22, 2010|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/35332881|archive-date=January 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111055843/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/35332881}}</ref><ref name=Kaplowitz01/>

Some of the most significant parts of pubertal development involve distinctive physiological changes in individuals' height, weight, body composition, and [[circulatory system|circulatory]] and [[respiratory system|respiratory]] systems.<ref>Marshal, W. (1978). Puberty. In F. Falkner & J.Tanner (Eds.), ''Human growth'', Vol. 2. New York: Plenum.</ref> These changes are largely influenced by hormonal activity. [[Hormones]] play an organizational role, priming the body to behave in a certain way once puberty begins,<ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Cheryl Sisk |last1=Sisk |first1=Cheryl L |last2=Foster |first2=Douglas L |title=The neural basis of puberty and adolescence |journal=Nature Neuroscience |date=October 2004 |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=1040–1047 |doi=10.1038/nn1326 |pmid=15452575 |s2cid=2932858 }}</ref> and an active role, referring to changes in hormones during adolescence that trigger behavioral and physical changes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Coe |first1=Christopher L. |last2=Hayashi |first2=Kevin T. |last3=Levine |first3=Seymour |chapter=Hormones and Behavior at Puberty: Activation or Concatenation |pages=17–41 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_J1oKCvCMEC&pg=PA17 |editor1-last=Gunnar |editor1-first=Megan R. |editor2-last=Collins |editor2-first=W. Andrew |title=Development During the Transition to Adolescence |date=1988 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-8058-0194-1 }}</ref>

Puberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production, which in turn causes a number of physical changes. It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of [[secondary sex characteristic]]s (for example, a deeper voice and larger [[Adam's apple]] in boys, and development of [[breast]]s and more curved and prominent [[hips]] in girls) and a strong shift in hormonal balance towards an adult state. This is triggered by the [[pituitary gland]], which secretes a surge of [[Hormone|hormonal]] agents into the blood stream, initiating a chain reaction. The male and female [[gonads]] are thereby activated, which puts them into a state of rapid growth and development; the triggered gonads now commence mass production of hormones. The testes primarily release [[testosterone]], and the ovaries predominantly dispense [[estrogen]]. The production of these hormones increases gradually until sexual maturation is met. Some boys may develop [[gynecomastia]] due to an imbalance of [[sex hormone]]s, tissue responsiveness or [[obesity]].<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nydick M, Bustos J, Dale JH, Rawson RW |title=Gynecomastia in adolescent boys |journal=JAMA |volume=178 |issue= 5|pages=449–54 |date=November 1961 |pmid=14480779|doi=10.1001/jama.1961.03040440001001 }}</ref>

[[Facial hair]] in males normally appears in a specific order during puberty: The first facial hair to appear tends to grow at the corners of the upper lip, typically between 14 and 17 years of age.<ref name="pamf.org">{{Cite news|title=Puberty – Changes for Males|publisher=pamf.org|access-date=February 20, 2009 |url=http://www.pamf.org/teen/health/puberty/physicalchanges.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090303201905/http://www.pamf.org/teen/health/puberty/physicalchanges.html| archive-date= March 3, 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="www.ppwr">{{cite web|title=Getting The Facts: Puberty|publisher=ppwr|access-date=February 20, 2009|url=http://www.ppwr.on.ca/03_07.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226191204/http://www.ppwr.on.ca/03_07.html|archive-date=February 26, 2009}}</ref> It then spreads to form a [[moustache]] over the entire upper lip. This is followed by the appearance of hair on the upper part of the cheeks, and the area under the lower lip.<ref name="pamf.org"/> The hair eventually spreads to the sides and lower border of the chin, and the rest of the lower face to form a full beard.<ref name="pamf.org"/> As with most human biological processes, this specific order may vary among some individuals. Facial hair is often present in late adolescence, around ages 17 and 18, but may not appear until significantly later.<ref name="www.ppwr"/><ref name="pbskids.org">{{Cite news|title=The No-Hair Scare|publisher=[[PBS]]|access-date=February 20, 2009|url=http://pbskids.org/itsmylife/body/puberty/article7.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205115944/http://pbskids.org/itsmylife/body/puberty/article7.html|archive-date=February 5, 2009}}</ref> Some men do not develop full facial hair for 10 years after puberty.<ref name="www.ppwr"/> Facial hair continues to get coarser, much darker, and thicker for another 2–4 years after puberty.<ref name="www.ppwr"/>

The major landmark of puberty for males is [[spermarche]], the first [[ejaculation]], which occurs, on average, at age 13.<ref name="Jorgensen & Keiding">(Jorgensen & Keiding 1991).{{full citation needed|date=October 2022}}</ref> For females, it is [[menarche]], the onset of menstruation, which occurs, on average, between ages 12 and 13.<ref name="Tanner">(Tanner, 1990).{{full citation needed|date=October 2022}}</ref><ref name="U.S. menarche">{{cite journal |vauthors=Anderson SE, Dallal GE, Must A |title=Relative weight and race influence average age at menarche: results from two nationally representative surveys of US girls studied 25 years apart |journal=Pediatrics |volume=111 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=844–50 |date=April 2003 |pmid=12671122 |doi=10.1542/peds.111.4.844 |bibcode=2003Pedia.111..844A }}</ref><ref name="Canadian menarche">{{cite journal |title=Age at menarche in Canada: results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children & Youth|year= 2010 |pmid=21110899 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-10-736 |pmc=3001737 |volume=10 |journal=BMC Public Health |article-number=736 |vauthors=Al-Sahab B, Ardern CI, Hamadeh MJ, Tamim H |issue=1 |doi-access= free }}</ref><ref name="UK menarche">{{cite journal |url=http://vstudentworld.yolasite.com/resources/final_yr/gynae_obs/Hamilton%20Fairley%20Obstetrics%20and%20Gynaecology%20Lecture%20Notes%202%20Ed.pdf |title=Obstetrics and Gynaecology |first=Diana |last=Hamilton-Fairley |edition=Second |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |journal= |access-date=December 9, 2011 |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009065351/http://vstudentworld.yolasite.com/resources/final_yr/gynae_obs/Hamilton%20Fairley%20Obstetrics%20and%20Gynaecology%20Lecture%20Notes%202%20Ed.pdf }}</ref> The age of menarche is influenced by heredity, but a girl's diet and lifestyle contribute as well.<ref name=Tanner/> Regardless of genes, a girl must have a certain proportion of body fat to attain menarche.<ref name=Tanner/> Consequently, girls who have a high-fat diet and who are not physically active begin menstruating earlier, on average, than girls whose diet contains less fat and whose activities involve fat reducing exercise (e.g. ballet and gymnastics).<ref name=Tanner/><ref name=Kaplowitz01/> Girls who experience malnutrition or are in societies in which children are expected to perform physical labor also begin menstruating at later ages.<ref name=Tanner/>

The timing of puberty can have important psychological and social consequences. Early maturing boys are usually taller and stronger than their friends.<ref name=abbassi1998>{{Cite journal|author=Abbassi V |title=Growth and normal puberty |journal=Pediatrics |volume=102 |issue=2 Pt 3 |pages=507–11 |year=1998 |doi=10.1542/peds.102.S3.507 |pmid=9685454 |s2cid=24733669 }}</ref> They have the advantage in capturing the attention of potential partners and in being picked first for sports. Pubescent boys often tend to have a good body image, are more confident, secure, and more independent.<ref name="Garn">{{cite journal |last1=Garn |first1=Stanley Marion |title=Physical growth and development |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |date=June 1952 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=169–192 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330100215 |pmid=14952566 |bibcode=1952AJPA...10..169G }}</ref> Late maturing boys can be less confident because of poor body image when comparing themselves to already developed friends and peers. However, early puberty is not always positive for boys; early sexual maturation in boys can be accompanied by increased aggressiveness due to the surge of hormones that affect them.<ref name=Garn/> Because they appear older than their peers, pubescent boys may face increased social pressure to conform to adult norms; society may view them as more emotionally advanced, despite the fact that their [[Cognition|cognitive]] and [[Social change|social development]] may lag behind their appearance.<ref name=Garn/> Studies have shown that early maturing boys are more likely to be sexually active and are more likely to participate in risky behaviors.<ref name=Susman>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/0471264385.wei0612 |chapter=Puberty, Sexuality, and Health |title=Handbook of Psychology |year=2003 |last1=Susman |first1=Elizabeth J. |last2=Dorn |first2=Lorah D. |last3=Schiefelbein |first3=Virginia L. |isbn=978-0-471-26438-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odIVt4_OGqcC&pg=PA295 |pages=295–324 |editor1-last=Weiner |editor1-first=Irving B. |editor2-last=Freedheim |editor2-first=Donald K. |editor3-last=Lerner |editor3-first=Richard M. |editor4-last=Easterbrooks |editor4-first=M. Ann |editor5-last=Mistry |editor5-first=Jayanthi }}</ref>

For girls, early maturation can sometimes lead to increased self-consciousness, a typical aspect in maturing females.<ref name="Pamf.org">{{Cite news|title=Teenage Growth & Development: 15 to 17 Years|publisher=[[Palo Alto Medical Foundation]]|access-date=February 20, 2009 |url=http://www.pamf.org/teen/parents/health/growth-15-17.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090226174419/http://www.pamf.org/teen/parents/health/growth-15-17.html| archive-date= February 26, 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> Because of their bodies' developing in advance, pubescent girls can become more insecure and dependent.<ref name="Pamf.org"/> Consequently, girls that reach sexual maturation early are more likely than their peers to develop [[eating disorder]]s (such as [[anorexia nervosa]]). Nearly half of all American high school girls' diets are to lose weight.<ref name="Pamf.org"/> In addition, girls may have to deal with sexual advances from older boys before they are emotionally and mentally mature.<ref>(Peterson, 1987).{{full citation needed|date=October 2022}}</ref> In addition to having earlier sexual experiences and more unwanted pregnancies than late maturing girls, early maturing girls are more exposed to [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]] and [[drug abuse]].<ref>Caspi et al.1993{{full citation needed|date=October 2022}}</ref><ref>Lanza and Collins, 2002{{full citation needed|date=October 2022}}</ref> Those who have had such experiences tend to not perform as well in school as their "inexperienced" peers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stattin |first1=Håkan |title=Pubertal Maturation in Female Development |last2=Magnusson |first2=David |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-315-78901-9 |page=25 |doi=10.4324/9781315789019 |s2cid=143088283}}</ref>

Girls have usually reached full physical development around ages 15–17,<ref name="MedlinePlus archive 001950 Puberty and adolescence"/><ref name="PAmf.org"/><ref name="PAMf.org">{{Cite news|title=Teenage Growth & Development: 15 to 17 Years|publisher=[[Palo Alto Medical Foundation]]|url=http://www.pamf.org/teen/parents/health/growth-15-17.html}}</ref> while boys usually complete puberty around ages 16–17.<ref name="PAmf.org"/><ref name="PAMf.org"/><ref name="Marshall17677">Marshall (1986), p. 176–7</ref> Any increase in height beyond the post-pubertal age is uncommon. Girls attain reproductive maturity about four years after the first physical changes of puberty appear.<ref name="MedlinePlus archive 001950 Puberty and adolescence"/> In contrast, boys develop more slowly but continue to grow for about six years after the first visible pubertal changes.<ref name="Garn"/><ref name="Marshall17677"/>

[[File:Child development stages.svg|thumb|center|800px|Approximate outline of development periods in [[child development|childhood]] and early adulthood development. Adolescence is marked in red at top right.]]

===Growth spurt===
The physical development of girls during their teenage years can be broken down into three distinct stages. At the start, which generally coincides with the beginning of rapid growth, there is the development of breast buds and pubic hair. The peak period of physical growth occurs approximately one year later in concert with stage two of sexual maturity. Approximately 1 to 1.6 years after the onset of secondary sex characteristics, girls enter into the third stage which typically includes menarche. By this time, they will have finished their growth spurt and experience a notable broadening of the hips as well as an adult fat distribution. Additionally, breast development is complete and hair in both the pubic region and armpits (axillary hair) will be darker and more widespread. In comparison to girls, it can be tricky to define when exactly sexual development in boys begins.

For boys, puberty typically takes around 5 years to finish, as opposed to just {{frac|3|1|2}} years for girls (menarche). By this point in time, they have already experienced their growth spurt and there are evident changes in their body shape – wider hips and fat distribution is more adult-like. Breast development will also be completed by this stage. In boys, four stages in development can be correlated with the curve of general body growth at adolescence. The initial sign of sexual maturation in boys usually is the "fat spurt". The maturing boy gains weight and becomes almost chubby, with a somewhat feminine fat distribution. This probably occurs because estrogen production by the Leydig cells in the testes is stimulated before the more abundant Sertoli cells begin to produce significant amounts of testosterone. During this stage, boys may appear obese and somewhat awkward physically. Approximately 1 year after the scrotum begins to increase in size, stage II can be seen. During this time, there is a redistribution of subcutaneous fat and the start of pubic hair growth. Following 8 to 12 months of the peak velocity in height gain, stage III ensues. This period is marked by an obvious widenening of hips with a more adult-like fat distribution and full development of the breasts. All together, these three stages culminate in a complete growth spurt for most individuals. At this time, axillary hair appears and facial hair appears on the upper lip only. A spurt in muscle growth also occurs, along with a continued decrease in subcutaneous fat and an obviously harder and more angular body form. Pubic hair distribution appears more adult but has not yet spread to the medial area of the thighs. The penis and scrotum are near adult size. Stage IV for boys, which occurs anywhere from 15 to 24 months after stage III, is difficult to pinpoint. At this time, the spurt of growth in height ends. There is facial hair on the chin and the upper lip, adult distribution and color of pubic and axillary hair, and a further increase in muscular strength.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Proffit |first=William R. |title=Contemporary orthodontics |date=2019 |others=Henry W., Jr. Fields, Brent E. Larson, David M. Sarver |isbn=978-0-323-54387-3 |edition=Sixth |location=Philadelphia, PA |oclc=1089435881}}</ref>

The adolescent growth spurt is a rapid increase in the individual's [[human height|height]] and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, [[thyroid hormone]]s, and [[androgens]].<ref name="Steinberg, L. 2008">{{Cite book |last=Santrock |first=John W. |title=Adolescence |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-07-803548-7 |edition=15th}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=55–56}} Males experience their growth spurt about two years later, on average, than females. During their peak height velocity (the time of most rapid growth), adolescents grow at a growth rate nearly identical to that of a toddler—about 10.3 cm (4 inches) per year for males and 9 cm (3.5 inches) per year for females.<ref name="Susman, E. 2004">{{Cite book |last1=Susman |first1=Elizabeth J. |title=Handbook of Adolescent Psychology |last2=Rogol |first2=Alan |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2004 |editor-last=Lerner |editor-first=Richard M. |edition=2nd |location=Hoboken |page=20 |chapter=Puberty and Psychological Development |editor-last2=Steinberg |editor-first2=Laurence}}</ref> In addition to changes in height, adolescents also experience a significant increase in weight (Marshall, 1978). The weight gained during adolescence constitutes nearly half of one's adult body weight.<ref name="Susman, E. 2004"/> Teenage and early adult males may continue to gain natural muscle growth even after puberty.<ref name=Garn/>

The accelerated growth in different body parts happens at different times, but for all adolescents, it has a fairly regular sequence. The first places to grow are the extremities—the head, hands and feet—followed by the arms and legs, then the torso and shoulders.<ref name=Tanner1971>{{cite journal |last1=Tanner |first1=J. M. |title=Sequence, Tempo, and Individual Variation in the Growth and Development of Boys and Girls Aged Twelve to Sixteen |journal=Daedalus |date=1971 |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=907–930 |jstor=20024040 }}</ref> This non-uniform growth is one reason why an adolescent body may seem out of proportion.

During puberty, bones become harder and more brittle. At the conclusion of puberty, the ends of the long bones close during the process called [[epiphysis]]. There can be ethnic differences in these skeletal changes. For example, in the United States, [[bone density]] increases significantly more among black than white adolescents, which might account for decreased likelihood of black women developing [[osteoporosis]] and having fewer bone fractures there.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gilsanz V. |author2=Roe T. |author3=Mora S. |author4=Costin G. |author5=Goodman W. | year = 1991 | title = Changes in vertebral bone density in Black girls and White girls during childhood and puberty | journal = New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 325 | issue = 23| pages = 1597–1600 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM199112053252302 | pmid = 1944449 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Another set of significant physical changes during puberty happen in bodily distribution of fat and muscle. This process is different for females and males. Before puberty, there are nearly no sex differences in fat and muscle distribution; during puberty, boys grow muscle much faster than girls, although both sexes experience rapid muscle development. In contrast, though both sexes experience an increase in body fat, the increase is much more significant for girls. Frequently, the increase in fat for girls happens in their years just before puberty. The ratio between muscle and fat among post-pubertal boys is around three to one, while for girls it is about five to four. This may help explain sex differences in athletic performance.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Smoll F. |author2=Schutz R. | year = 1990 | title = Quantifying gender differences in physical performance: A developmental perspective | journal = Developmental Psychology | volume = 26 | issue = 3| pages = 360–369 | doi = 10.1037/0012-1649.26.3.360 }}</ref>

Pubertal development also affects [[circulatory system|circulatory]] and [[respiratory system|respiratory]] systems as an adolescents' heart and lungs increase in both size and capacity. These changes lead to increased strength and tolerance for exercise. Sex differences are apparent as males tend to develop "larger hearts and lungs, higher systolic blood pressure, a lower resting heart rate, a greater capacity for carrying oxygen to the blood, a greater power for neutralizing the chemical products of muscular exercise, higher blood hemoglobin and more red blood cells".<ref>Peterson, A., & Taylor, B. (1980). The biological approach to adolescence: Biological change and psychological adaptation. In J. Adelson (Ed.), ''Handbook of adolescent psychology'', pp.129. New York: Wiley.</ref>

Despite some genetic sex differences, environmental factors play a large role in biological changes during adolescence. For example, girls tend to reduce their physical activity in preadolescence<ref>{{cite journal | author = Goran M. | year = 1998 | title = Developmental changes in energy expenditure and physical activity in children: Evidence for a decline in physical activity in girls before puberty | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 101 | issue = 5| pages = 887–891 | display-authors = 1 | doi = 10.1542/peds.101.5.887 | pmid = 9565420 | last2 = Gower | first2 = BA | last3 = Nagy | first3 = TR | last4 = Johnson | first4 = RK }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Savage M. |author2=Scott L. | year = 1998 | title = Physical activity and rural middle school adolescents | journal = Journal of Youth and Adolescence | volume = 27 | issue = 2| pages = 245–253 | doi = 10.1023/A:1021619930697 |s2cid=142764336 }}</ref> and may receive inadequate nutrition from diets that often lack important nutrients, such as iron.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Johnson R. |author2=Johnson D. |author3=Wang M. |author4=Smiciklas-Wright H. |author5=Guthrie H. | year = 1994 | title = Characterizing nutrient intakes of adolescents by sociodemographic factors | journal = Journal of Adolescent Health | volume = 15 | issue = 2| pages = 149–154 | doi = 10.1016/1054-139X(94)90542-8 | pmid = 8018688 }}</ref> These environmental influences, in turn, affect female physical development.

===Reproduction-related changes===
Primary sex characteristics are those directly related to the [[sex organ]]s. In males, the first stages of puberty involve growth of the testes and scrotum, followed by growth of the penis.<ref name=Tanner1971/> At the time that the penis develops, the [[seminal vesicle]]s, the [[prostate]], and the [[bulbourethral gland]] also enlarge and develop. The first ejaculation of seminal fluid generally occurs about one year after the beginning of accelerated penis growth, although this is often determined culturally rather than biologically, since for many boys the first ejaculation occurs as a result of masturbation.<ref name=Tanner1971/> Boys are generally fertile before they have an adult appearance.<ref name="Steinberg, L. 2008"/>{{Rp|page=54}}

In females, changes in the primary sex characteristics involve growth of the uterus, vagina, and other aspects of the reproductive system. [[Menarche]], the beginning of menstruation, is a relatively late development which follows a long series of hormonal changes.<ref>{{cite journal |author1 = Dorn L.D. | author2 = Nottelmann E.D. | author3 = Sussman E.J. | author4 = Inoff-Germain G. | author5 = Chrousos G.P. | last6 = Cutler | year = 1999 | title = Variability in hormone concentrations and self-reported menstrual histories in young adolescents: Menarche as an integral part of a developmental process | journal = Journal of Youth and Adolescence | volume = 28 | issue = 3| pages = 283–304 | doi = 10.1023/A:1021680726753 | s2cid = 142626631 }}</ref> Generally, a girl is not fully fertile until several years after menarche, as regular ovulation follows menarche by about two years.<ref>Hafetz, E. (1976). Parameters of sexual maturity in man. In E. Hafetz (Ed.), ''Perspectives in human reproduction'', Vol. 3: ''Sexual maturity: Physiological and clinical parameters.'' Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science Publishers.</ref> Unlike males, therefore, females usually appear physically mature before they are capable of becoming pregnant.

Changes in [[secondary sex characteristic]]s include every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction. In males, these changes involve appearance of pubic, facial, and body hair, deepening of the voice, roughening of the skin around the upper arms and thighs, and increased development of the sweat glands. In females, secondary sex changes involve elevation of the breasts, widening of the hips, development of pubic and underarm hair, widening of the [[Areola|areolae]], and elevation of the [[Nipple|nipples.]]<ref name="Steinberg, L. 2008" />{{Rp|pages=57–58}} The changes in secondary sex characteristics that take place during puberty are often referred to in terms of five [[Tanner scale|Tanner stages]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://healthvermont.gov/family/toolkit/tools%5CJ-1%20CARD%20Tanner%20Stages.pdf |title=Tanner stages |access-date=September 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205151003/http://healthvermont.gov/family/toolkit/tools/J-1%20CARD%20Tanner%20Stages.pdf |archive-date=December 5, 2010 }}</ref> named after the British pediatrician who devised the categorization system.

===Changes in the brain===
The human brain is not finished developing by the time a person reaches puberty, or even finishes it. The frontal lobe of the brain has been known to shape itself well into one's 30s.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1073/pnas.1105108108 | title=Extraordinary neoteny of synaptic spines in the human prefrontal cortex | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | date=August 9, 2011 | volume=108 | issue=32 | pages=13281–13286 | last1=Petanjek | first1=Zdravko | last2=Judaš | first2=Miloš | last3=Šimić | first3=Goran | last4=Rašin | first4=Mladen Roko | last5=Uylings | first5=Harry B. M. | last6=Rakic | first6=Pasko | last7=Kostović | first7=Ivica | pmid=21788513 | pmc=3156171 | bibcode=2011PNAS..10813281P | doi-access=free }}</ref> Neuroscientists often cannot agree precisely on when this developmental period ends or if there is an exact age for the end of brain development.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid=28009272 | doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2016.10.059 | title=Searching for Signatures of Brain Maturity: What Are We Searching For? | journal=Neuron | date=December 21, 2016 | volume=92 | issue=6 | pages=1164–1167 | last1=Somerville | first1=Leah H. | s2cid=207217254 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Below the age of about roughly 30, the human brain has been implicated in human behavior and [[Maturity (psychological)|social immaturity.]] However, there has been no empirical study indicating a causal relationship with the development of the prefrontal cortex in adolescence and into early adulthood with any irrational behaviors.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid=19699416 | pmc=2892678 | doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.05.016 | title=Adolescent Maturity and the Brain: The Promise and Pitfalls of Neuroscience Research in Adolescent Health Policy | journal=The Journal of Adolescent Health | date=September 2009 | volume=45 | issue=3 | pages=216–221 | last1=Johnson | first1=Sara B. | last2=Blum | first2=Robert W. | last3=Giedd | first3=Jay N. }}</ref> The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by six years of age.<ref name="Casey, B. J. 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Casey B. J. |author2=Getz S. |author3=Galvan A. | year = 2008 | title = The adolescent brain | journal = Developmental Review | volume = 28 | issue = 1| pages = 62–77 | doi = 10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.003 | pmid = 18688292 | pmc = 2500212 }}</ref> Thus, the brain does not grow in size much during adolescence.

Over the course of adolescence, the amount of [[white matter]] in the brain increases linearly, while the amount of [[grey matter]] in the brain follows an inverted-U pattern.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Giedd|first1=Jay, N|title=Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Adolescent Brain|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|year=2004|volume=1021|issue=1|pages=77–85|doi=10.1196/annals.1308.009|pmid=15251877|bibcode=2004NYASA1021...77G|s2cid=20947602}}</ref> Through a process called [[synaptic pruning]], unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain are eliminated and the amount of grey matter is pared down. However, this does not mean that the brain loses functionality; rather, it becomes more efficient due to increased [[myelin]]ation (insulation of axons) and the reduction of unused pathways.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Giedd J. N. |author2=Blumenthal J. |author3=Jeffries N. O. |author4=Castellanos F. X. |author5=Liu H. |author6=Zijdenbos A. |author7=Rapoport J. L. | year = 1999 | title = Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study | journal = Nature Neuroscience | volume = 2 | issue = 10| pages = 861–863 | doi = 10.1038/13158 | pmid = 10491603 |s2cid=204989935 }}</ref>

The first areas of the brain to be pruned are those involving primary functions, such as motor and sensory areas. The areas of the brain involved in more complex processes lose matter later in development. These include the lateral and [[prefrontal cortex|prefrontal]] cortices, among other regions.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gogtay N. |author2=Giedd J. N. |author3=Lusk L. |author4=Hayashi K. M. |author5=Greenstein D. |author6=Vaituzis A. C. |author7=Thompson P. M. | year = 2004 | title = Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 101 | issue = 21| pages = 8174–8179 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0402680101 | pmid = 15148381 | pmc = 419576 | bibcode = 2004PNAS..101.8174G |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some of the most developmentally significant changes in the brain occur in the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in [[decision making]] and cognitive control, as well as other higher cognitive functions. During adolescence, myelination and synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex increases, improving the efficiency of information processing, and neural connections between the prefrontal cortex and other regions of the brain are strengthened.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Segalowitz S. J. |author2=Davies P. L. | year = 2004 | title = Charting the maturation of the frontal lobe: An electrophysiological strategy | journal = Brain and Cognition | volume = 55 | issue = 1| pages = 116–133 | doi = 10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00283-5 | pmid = 15134847 |s2cid=16152759 }}</ref> This leads to better evaluation of risks and rewards, as well as improved control over impulses. Specifically, developments in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are important for controlling impulses and planning ahead, while development in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is important for decision making. Changes in the orbitofrontal cortex are important for evaluating rewards and risks.

Three [[neurotransmitter]]s that play important roles in adolescent brain development are [[Glutamic acid|glutamate]], [[dopamine]] and [[serotonin]]. Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter. During the synaptic pruning that occurs during adolescence, most of the neural connections that are pruned contain receptors for glutamate or other excitatory neurotransmitters.<ref>Weinberger, D.R., Elvevåg, B., Giedd, J.N. (2005). The Adolescent Brain: A Work in Progress. ''The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy''.</ref> Because of this, by early adulthood the synaptic balance in the brain is more inhibitory than excitatory.

[[Dopamine]] is associated with pleasure and attuning to the environment during decision-making. During adolescence, dopamine levels in the [[limbic system]] increase and input of dopamine to the prefrontal cortex increases.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Spear L. P. | year = 2000 | title = The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations | url = http://faculty.weber.edu/eamsel/Classes/Child%203000/Adolescent%20Risk%20taking/Lectures/3-4%20Biological/Spear%20LV%20%20(2000).pdf| journal = Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews | volume = 24 | issue = 4| pages = 417–463 | doi = 10.1016/S0149-7634(00)00014-2 | pmid = 10817843 | bibcode = 2000NBRev..24..417S | s2cid = 14686245 }}</ref> The balance of excitatory to inhibitory neurotransmitters and increased dopamine activity in adolescence may have implications for adolescent risk-taking and vulnerability to boredom (see [[#Cognitive development|Cognitive development]] below).

[[Serotonin]] is a neuromodulator involved in regulation of mood and behavior. Development in the limbic system plays an important role in determining rewards and punishments and processing emotional experience and social information. Changes in the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and [[serotonin]] in the limbic system make adolescents more emotional and more responsive to rewards and stress. The corresponding increase in emotional variability also can increase adolescents' vulnerability. The effect of serotonin is not limited to the limbic system: Several serotonin receptors have their gene expression change dramatically during adolescence, particularly in the human frontal and prefrontal cortex.<ref name="pmid24721318">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.02.009 |author=Shoval, G. |author2=Bar-Shira O. |author3=Zalsman G. |author4=John J. Mann |author5=Chechik G. | pmid = 24721318 | year = 2014 | title = Transitions in the transcriptome of the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in the human brain during adolescence | journal = European Neuropsychopharmacology | volume=24 | issue=7 | pages=1123–32|s2cid=14534307 }}</ref>

==Cognitive development==
Adolescence is a time of rapid cognitive development.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s916RMYHgJIC&q=adolescents+rapid+%22cognitive+development%22&pg=PA237 |title=S.R. Smith & L. Handler: ''The clinical assessment of children and adolescents: a practitioner's handbook.'' (2007) |access-date=September 15, 2012|isbn=978-0-8058-6075-7 |year=2007 |last1=Handler |first1=Leonard |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates }}</ref> [[Jean Piaget|Piaget]] describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form and the [[Egocentrism|egocentric]] thoughts decrease, allowing the individual to think and reason in a wider perspective.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://etr.org/recapp/theories/AdolescentDevelopment/developmentalTheories.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227022804/http://etr.org/recapp/theories/AdolescentDevelopment/developmentalTheories.htm|archive-date=February 27, 2009 |title=ReCAPP: Theories & Approaches: Adolescent Development |publisher=Etr.org |access-date=August 16, 2013}}</ref> A combination of behavioural and [[functional magnetic resonance imaging|fMRI]] studies have demonstrated development of [[executive functions]], that is, cognitive skills that enable the control and coordination of thoughts and behaviour, which are generally associated with the [[prefrontal cortex]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Suparna |last2=Blakemore |first2=Sarah-Jayne |last3=Charman |first3=Tony |title=Social cognitive development during adolescence |journal=Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience |date=December 2006 |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=165–174 |doi=10.1093/scan/nsl024 |pmid=18985103 |pmc=2555426 }}</ref> The thoughts, ideas and concepts developed at this period of life greatly influence one's future life, playing a major role in character and personality formation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pedersen |first1=Stefi |title=Personality formation in adolescence and its impact upon the psycho-analytical treatment of adults |journal=The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis |date=July 1961 |volume=42 |pages=381–388 |id={{ProQuest|1298181998}} |pmid=14484851 |url=https://pep-web.org/browse/document/IJP.042.0381A }}</ref>

Biological changes in brain structure and connectivity within the brain interact with increased experience, knowledge, and changing social demands to produce rapid cognitive growth (see [[#Changes in the brain|Changes in the brain]] above). The age at which particular changes take place varies between individuals, but the changes discussed below begin at puberty or shortly after that and some skills continue to develop as the adolescent ages. The [[dual systems model]] proposes a maturational imbalance between development of the socioemotional system and cognitive control systems in the brain that contribute to impulsivity and other behaviors characteristic of adolescence.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steinberg |first1=Laurence |title=A dual systems model of adolescent risk-taking |journal=Developmental Psychobiology |date=2010 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=216–224 |doi=10.1002/dev.20445 |pmid=20213754 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some studies like the [[ABCD Study]] are researching on the baseline of adolescent cognitive development.

===Theoretical perspectives===
There are at least two major approaches to understanding cognitive change during adolescence. One is the [[constructivism (learning theory)|constructivist view]] of cognitive development. Based on the work of [[Jean Piaget|Piaget]], it takes a quantitative, state-theory approach, hypothesizing that adolescents' cognitive improvement is relatively sudden and drastic. The second is the [[Information processing (psychology)|information-processing perspective]], which derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

===Improvements in cognitive ability===
By the time individuals have reached ages 12–14 or so<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.190772/2015.190772.The-Growth-Of-Logical-Thinking-From-Childhood-To-Adolescence_djvu.txt | title=The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence | year=1958 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203835111/adolescent-rationality-development-david-moshman | doi=10.4324/9780203835111 | title=Adolescent Rationality and Development | date=2011 | last1=Moshman | first1=David | isbn=978-1-136-85420-0 }}</ref> their critical thinking and decision-making competency <ref>{{cite journal | title=The Competency of children and adolescents to make informed decisions | year=1982| pmid=7172783 | last1=Weithorn | first1=L. A. | last2=Campbell | first2=S. B. | journal=Child Development | volume=53 | issue=6 | pages=1589–1598 | doi=10.2307/1130087 | jstor=1130087 }}</ref> are comparable to those of adults. These improvements occur in five areas during adolescence:
# Attention: Improvements are seen in [[Attention#Types|selective attention]], the process by which one focuses on one stimulus while tuning out another. [[Attention|Divided attention]], the ability to pay attention to two or more stimuli at the same time, also improves.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Higgins |first1=Anne T. |last2=Turnure |first2=James E. |title=Distractibility and Concentration of Attention in Children's Development |journal=Child Development |date=October 1984 |volume=55 |issue=5 |page=1799 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.1984.tb00422.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schiff |first1=Andrew R. |last2=Knopf |first2=Irwin J. |title=The Effect of Task Demands on Attention Allocation in Children of Different Ages |journal=Child Development |date=June 1985 |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=621–630 |doi=10.2307/1129752 |jstor=1129752 }}</ref>
# Memory: Improvements are seen in both [[working memory]] and [[long-term memory]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keating |first=Daniel P. |title=Handbook of Adolescent Psychology |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2004 |isbn=0-471-20948-1 |editor-last=Lerner |editor-first=Richard M. |edition=2nd |location=Hoboken |page=54 |chapter=Cognitive and Brain Development |editor-last2=Steinberg |editor-first2=Laurence}}</ref>
# Processing speed: Adolescents think more quickly than children. Processing speed improves sharply between age five and middle adolescence; it then begins to level off at age 14/15 and does not appear to change between late adolescence and adulthood.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kail |first1=Robert V. |last2=Ferrer |first2=Emilio |title=Processing Speed in Childhood and Adolescence: Longitudinal Models for Examining Developmental Change |journal=Child Development |date=November 2007 |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=1760–1770 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01088.x |pmid=17988319 |citeseerx=10.1.1.856.4293 }}</ref>
# Organization: Adolescents are more aware of their thought processes and can use mnemonic devices and other strategies to think more efficiently.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/S0065-2407(08)60009-9 |chapter=The Development of Memory: Knowing, Knowing About Knowing, and Knowing How to Know |title=Advances in Child Development and Behavior Volume 10 |year=1975 |last1=Brown |first1=Ann L. |volume=10 |pages=103–152 |pmid=1101659 |isbn=978-0-12-009710-4 }}</ref>
# [[Metacognition]]: Improved knowledge of their own thinking patterns increase self-control and social insight.

Studies newer than 2005 indicate that the brain is changing in efficiency well past its twenties, a 'point of maturity' in the twenties is somewhat arbitrary as many important parts of the brain are noted to be mature by 14 or 15, making 'maturity' hard to define and has often been disagreed with.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Edwards |first1=Lin |title=Brain is not fully mature until 30s and 40s |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2010-12-brain-fully-mature-30s-40s.html |work=Medical Xpress |date=22 December 2010 }}</ref>

Prefrontal cortex pruning has been recorded to level off by age 14 or 15,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Benes |first1=Francine M. |author-link1=Francine M. Benes |title=Myelination of a Key Relay Zone in the Hippocampal Formation Occurs in the Human Brain During Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |date=1 June 1994 |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=477–484 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950060041004 |pmid=8192550 }}</ref> and has been seen to continue as late as into the sixth decade of life.<ref name="Cazard Ricard Facchetti 1992">{{cite journal |last1=Cazard |first1=P |last2=Ricard |first2=F |last3=Facchetti |first3=L |title=Dépression et asymétrie fonctionnelle |trans-title=Depression and functional EEG asymmetry |language=fr |journal=Annales médico-psychologiques |date=1992 |volume=150 |issue=2–3 |pages=230–239 |pmid=1343525 |oclc=118095174 }}</ref> White matter is recorded to increase up until around the age of 45, and then it is lost via progressive aging.

===Hypothetical and abstract thinking===
Adolescents' thinking is less bound to concrete events than that of children: they can contemplate possibilities outside the realm of what currently exists. One manifestation of the adolescent's increased facility with thinking about possibilities is the improvement of skill in [[deductive reasoning]], which leads to the development of hypothetical thinking. This provides the ability to plan ahead, see the future consequences of an action and to provide alternative explanations of events. It also makes adolescents more skilled debaters, as they can reason against a friend's or parent's assumptions. Adolescents also develop a more sophisticated understanding of probability.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is another notable aspect of cognitive development during adolescence. For example, adolescents find it easier than children to comprehend the sorts of higher-order abstract logic inherent in puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies. Their increased facility permits them to appreciate the ways in which language can be used to convey multiple messages, such as satire, metaphor, and [[sarcasm]]. (Children younger than age nine often cannot comprehend sarcasm at all.)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Demorest |first1=Amy |last2=Meyer |first2=Christine |last3=Phelps |first3=Erin |last4=Gardner |first4=Howard |last5=Winner |first5=Ellen |title=Words Speak Louder Than Actions: Understanding Deliberately False Remarks |journal=Child Development |date=August 1984 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=1527–1534 |doi=10.2307/1130022 |jstor=1130022 }}</ref> This also permits the application of advanced reasoning and logical processes to social and ideological matters such as interpersonal relationships, politics, philosophy, religion, morality, friendship, faith, fairness, and honesty.

===Metacognition===
A third gain in cognitive ability involves thinking about thinking itself, a process referred to as [[metacognition]]. It often involves monitoring one's own cognitive activity during the thinking process. Adolescents' improvements in knowledge of their own thinking patterns lead to better self-control and more effective studying. It is also relevant in social cognition, resulting in increased [[introspection]], [[self-consciousness]], and intellectualization (in the sense of thought about one's own thoughts, rather than the Freudian definition as a defense mechanism). Adolescents are much better able than children to understand that people do not have complete control over their mental activity. Being able to introspect may lead to two forms of adolescent egocentrism, which results in two distinct problems in thinking: the [[imaginary audience]] and the [[personal fable]]. These likely peak at age fifteen, along with self-consciousness in general.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rankin |first1=Jane L. |last2=Lane |first2=David J. |last3=Gibbons |first3=Frederick X. |last4=Gerrard |first4=Meg |title=Adolescent Self-Consciousness: Longitudinal Age Changes and Gender Differences in Two Cohorts |journal=Journal of Research on Adolescence |date=March 2004 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1111/j.1532-7795.2004.01401001.x }}</ref>

Related to metacognition and [[abstraction|abstract thought]], perspective-taking involves a more sophisticated [[theory of mind]].<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy001008 |chapter=Social Cognitive Development in Adolescence |title=Handbook of Adolescent Psychology |year=2009 |last1=Smetana |first1=Judith G. |last2=Villalobos |first2=Myriam |isbn=978-0-470-47919-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HtdwZDroKxQC&pg=PA187 |pages=187–228 |editor1-first=Richard M. |editor1-last=Lerner |editor2-first=Laurence |editor2-last=Steinberg }}</ref> Adolescents reach a stage of social perspective-taking in which they can understand how the thoughts or actions of one person can influence those of another person, even if they personally are not involved.<ref>Selman, R. (1980) ''The growth of interpersonal understanding: Developmental and clinical analyses''. New York: Academic Press.{{page needed|date=October 2022}}</ref>

===Relativistic thinking===
Compared to children, adolescents are more likely to question others' assertions, and less likely to accept facts as absolute truths. Through experience outside the family circle, they learn that rules they were taught as absolute are in fact relativistic. They begin to differentiate between rules instituted out of common sense—not touching a hot stove—and those that are based on culturally relative standards (codes of etiquette, not dating until a certain age), a delineation that younger children do not make. This can lead to a period of questioning authority in all domains.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Chandler M | year = 1987 | title = The Othello effect: Essay on the emergence and eclipse of skeptical doubt | journal = Human Development | volume = 30 | issue = 3| pages = 137–159 | doi=10.1159/000273174}}</ref>

===Risk-taking===
Because most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to risky behavior (alcohol consumption and drug use, reckless or distracted driving, [[unprotected sex]]), a great deal of research has been done on the cognitive and emotional processes underlying adolescent risk-taking. In addressing this question, it is important to distinguish whether adolescents are more likely to engage in risky behaviors (prevalence), whether they make risk-related decisions similarly or differently than adults (cognitive processing perspective), or whether they use the same processes but value different things and thus arrive at different conclusions.

The behavioral decision-making theory proposes that adolescents and adults both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action. However, research has shown that adolescents seem to give more weight to rewards, particularly social rewards, than do adults.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Albert |first1=Dustin |last2=Steinberg |first2=Laurence |title=Judgment and Decision Making in Adolescence |journal=Journal of Research on Adolescence |date=March 2011 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=211–224 |doi=10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00724.x |url=https://repository.brynmawr.edu/psych_pubs/52 }}</ref>

Research seems to favor the hypothesis that adolescents and adults think about risk in similar ways, but hold different values and thus come to different conclusions. Some have argued that there may be evolutionary benefits to an increased propensity for risk-taking in adolescence. For example, without a willingness to take risks, teenagers would not have the motivation or confidence necessary to leave their family of origin. In addition, from a population perspective, there is an advantage to having a group of individuals willing to take more risks and try new methods, counterbalancing the more conservative elements more typical of the received knowledge held by older adults.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

Risk-taking may also have reproductive advantages: adolescents have a newfound priority in sexual attraction and dating, and risk-taking is required to impress potential mates. Research also indicates that baseline [[sensation seeking]] may affect risk-taking behavior throughout the lifespan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=C. Anderson |last2=Xiao |first2=Lin |last3=Palmer |first3=Paula |last4=Sun |first4=Ping |last5=Wang |first5=Qiong |last6=Wei |first6=Yonglan |last7=Jia |first7=Yong |last8=Grenard |first8=Jerry L. |last9=Stacy |first9=Alan W. |last10=Bechara |first10=Antoine |title=Affective decision-making deficits, linked to a dysfunctional ventromedial prefrontal cortex, revealed in 10th grade Chinese adolescent binge drinkers |journal=Neuropsychologia |date=2008 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=714–726 |doi=10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.09.012 |pmid=17996909 |pmc=3498846 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=David C. |last2=Byrnes |first2=James P. |title=The role of contextual and personal factors in children's risk taking. |journal=Developmental Psychology |date=1997 |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=814–823 |doi=10.1037/0012-1649.33.5.814 |pmid=9300214 }}</ref> Given the potential consequences, engaging in sexual behavior is somewhat risky, particularly for adolescents. Having unprotected sex, using poor birth control methods (e.g., withdrawal), having multiple sexual partners, and poor communication are some aspects of sexual behavior that increase individual or social risk.

Aspects of adolescents' lives that are correlated with [[risky sexual behavior]] include higher rates of parental abuse, and lower rates of parental support and monitoring.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Luster Tom |author2=Small Stephen A | year = 1994 | title = Factors Associated with Sexual Risk-Taking Behaviors Among Adolescents | doi = 10.2307/352873 | journal = Journal of Marriage and Family | volume = 46 | issue = 3| pages = 622–632 |jstor=352873 }}</ref>

=== Inhibition ===
Related to their increased tendency for risk-taking, adolescents show impaired behavioral inhibition, including deficits in [[Extinction (psychology)|extinction learning]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCallum |first1=Jessica |last2=Kim |first2=Jee Hyun |last3=Richardson |first3=Rick |title=Impaired Extinction Retention in Adolescent Rats: Effects of D-Cycloserine |journal=Neuropsychopharmacology |date=September 2010 |volume=35 |issue=10 |pages=2134–2142 |doi=10.1038/npp.2010.92 |pmid=20592716 |pmc=3055297 }}</ref> This has important implications for engaging in risky behavior such as [[Safe sex|unsafe sex]] or illicit drug use, as adolescents are less likely to inhibit actions that may have negative outcomes in the future.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spear |first1=Linda Patia |title=Adolescent Neurodevelopment |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |date=February 2013 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=S7–S13 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.05.006 |pmid=23332574 |pmc=3982854 }}</ref> This phenomenon also has consequences for behavioral treatments based on the principle of extinction, such as cue exposure therapy for anxiety or [[drug addiction]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Jee Hyun |last2=Richardson |first2=Rick |title=New Findings on Extinction of Conditioned Fear Early in Development: Theoretical and Clinical Implications |journal=Biological Psychiatry |date=February 2010 |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=297–303 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.003 |pmid=19846065 |s2cid=33444381 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Jee Hyun |last2=Ganella |first2=Despina E |title=A Review of Preclinical Studies to Understand Fear During Adolescence |journal=Australian Psychologist |date=1 February 2015 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=25–31 |doi=10.1111/ap.12066 |s2cid=142760996 }}</ref> It has been suggested that impaired inhibition, specifically extinction, may help to explain adolescent propensity to relapse to drug-seeking even following behavioral treatment for addiction.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zbukvic |first1=Isabel C. |last2=Ganella |first2=Despina E. |last3=Perry |first3=Christina J. |last4=Madsen |first4=Heather B. |last5=Bye |first5=Christopher R. |last6=Lawrence |first6=Andrew J. |last7=Kim |first7=Jee Hyun |title=Role of Dopamine 2 Receptor in Impaired Drug-Cue Extinction in Adolescent Rats |journal=Cerebral Cortex |date=June 2016 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=2895–2904 |doi=10.1093/cercor/bhw051 |pmid=26946126 |pmc=4869820 }}</ref>

==Psychological development==
[[File:G. Stanley Hall.jpg|thumb|G. Stanley Hall]]
The formal study of adolescent psychology began with the publication of [[G. Stanley Hall]]'s ''Adolescence'' in 1904. Hall, who was the first president of the [[American Psychological Association]], defined adolescence to be the period of life from ages 14 to 24, and viewed it primarily as a time of internal turmoil and upheaval ({{Lang|de|sturm und drang|size=90%}}).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=G. Stanley |title=Adolescence: Its psychology and its relations to physiology, anthropology, sociology, sex, crime, religion, and education (Vols. I & II) |date=1904 |publisher=D. Appleton & Co. |location=New York}}</ref> This understanding of [[youth]] was based on two then-new ways of understanding [[human behavior]]: [[Darwinism|Darwin's evolutionary theory]] and Freud's [[Psychodynamics|psychodynamic theory]]. He believed that adolescence was a representation of our human ancestors' phylogenetic shift from being primitive to being civilized. Hall's assertions stood relatively uncontested until the 1950s when psychologists such as [[Erik Erikson]] and [[Anna Freud]] started to formulate their theories about adolescence. Freud believed that the psychological disturbances associated with youth were biologically based and culturally universal while Erikson focused on the dichotomy between [[identity formation]] and role fulfillment.<ref name="Lerner, R.M, & Steinberg, L.D. 2004">{{cite book|title=Handbook of Adolescent Psychology|year=2004|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|location=Hoboken, NJ|author=Lerner, R.M |author2=Steinberg, L.D. |name-list-style=amp|edition=2}}</ref> Even with their different theories, these three psychologists agreed that adolescence was inherently a time of disturbance and psychological confusion. The less turbulent aspects of adolescence, such as peer relations and cultural influence, were left largely ignored until the 1980s. From the '50s until the '80s, the focus of the field was mainly on describing patterns of behavior as opposed to explaining them.<ref name="Lerner, R.M, & Steinberg, L.D. 2004"/>

[[Jean Macfarlane]] founded the [[University of California, Berkeley]]'s Institute of Human Development, formerly called the Institute of Child Welfare, in 1927.<ref name=NYT19890318>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/18/obituaries/jean-macfarlane-95-psychology-professor.html |title=Jean Macfarlane, 95, Psychology Professor |work=The New York Times |date=March 18, 1989 |access-date=August 16, 2013}}</ref> The institute was instrumental in initiating studies of healthy development, in contrast to previous work that had been dominated by theories based on pathological personalities.<ref name=NYT19890318 /> The studies looked at human development during the [[Great Depression]] and [[World War II]], unique historical circumstances under which a generation of children grew up. The Oakland Growth Study, initiated by Harold Jones and Herbert Stolz in 1931, aimed to study the physical, intellectual, and social development of children in the Oakland area. Data collection began in 1932 and continued until 1981, allowing the researchers to gather longitudinal data on the individuals that extended past adolescence into adulthood. [[Jean Macfarlane]] launched the Berkeley Guidance Study, which examined the development of children in terms of their socioeconomic and family backgrounds.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Oakland Growth and Berkeley Guidance Studies of the Institute of Human Development at the University of California, Berkeley|url=http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/lifecourse/research_projects/oakland_berkeley|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912072515/http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/lifecourse/research_projects/oakland_berkeley|archive-date=September 12, 2012|publisher=University of North Carolina|access-date=October 4, 2012}}</ref> These studies provided the background for [[Glen Elder (sociologist)|Glen Elder]] in the 1960s to propose a [[life course approach|life course perspective]] of adolescent development. Elder formulated several descriptive principles of adolescent development. The principle of historical time and place states that an individual's development is shaped by the period and location in which they grow up. The principle of the importance of timing in one's life refers to the different impact that life events have on development based on when in one's life they occur. The idea of linked lives states that one's development is shaped by the interconnected network of relationships of which one is a part and the principle of [[human agency]] asserts that one's life course is constructed via the choices and actions of an individual within the context of their historical period and social network.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Elder |first1=Glen H. |title=The Life Course as Developmental Theory |journal=Child Development |date=February 1998 |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06128.x |pmid=9499552 |s2cid=36081480 }}</ref>

In 1984, the Society for Research on Adolescence (SRA) became the first official organization dedicated to the study of adolescent psychology. Some of the issues first addressed by this group include: the [[nature versus nurture]] debate as it pertains to adolescence; understanding the interactions between adolescents and their environment; and considering culture, social groups, and historical context when interpreting adolescent behavior.<ref name="Lerner, R.M, & Steinberg, L.D. 2004"/>

Evolutionary biologists like [[Jeremy Griffith]] have drawn parallels between adolescent psychology and the developmental evolution of modern humans from hominid ancestors as a manifestation of [[Recapitulation theory|ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Griffith|first=Jeremy|title=Freedom|year=2011|isbn=978-1-74129-011-0|url=http://www.worldtransformation.com/freedom-book1-sobered-and-depressed-adolescentman/}}</ref>

==Social development==

===Identity development===
Identity development is a stage in the adolescent life cycle.<ref name="Kroger, J. 1996 pp. 40-46">Kroger, J. (1996). ''The Balance Between Self and Other''. (pp. 40–46). New York CityA. [[Routledge]]</ref> For most, the search for identity begins in the adolescent years. During these years, adolescents are more open to 'trying on' different behaviours and appearances to discover who they are.<ref name="Strasburger, V.C. 2014 pp. 11-19">{{cite book |last1=Strasburger |first1=V.C. |last2=Wilson |first2=B.J. |last3=Jordan |first3=A.B. |year=2014 |chapter=Children and Adolescents: Unique Audiences |title=Children, Adolescents, and the Media |pages=11–19 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] }}{{isbn missing}}</ref> In an attempt to find their identity and discover who they are, adolescents are likely to cycle through a number of identities to find one that suits them best. Developing and maintaining identity (in adolescent years) is a difficult task due to multiple factors such as family life, environment, and social status.<ref name="Kroger, J. 1996 pp. 40-46"/> Empirical studies suggest that this process might be more accurately described as [[Identity formation|identity development]], rather than formation, but confirms a normative process of change in both content and structure of one's thoughts about the self.<ref>Steinberg, L. (2008). ''Adolescence'', 8th ed. New York, NY: [[McGraw-Hill]].</ref> The two main aspects of identity development are self-clarity and self-esteem.<ref name="Strasburger, V.C. 2014 pp. 11-19"/> Since choices made during adolescent years can influence later life, high levels of self-awareness and self-control during mid-adolescence will lead to better decisions during the transition to adulthood.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arain |first1=Mariam |last2=Haque |first2=Maliha |last3=Johal |first3=Lina |last4=Mathur |first4=Puja |last5=Nel |first5=Wynand |last6=Rais |first6=Afsha |last7=Sandhu |first7=Ranbir |last8=Sharma |first8=Sushil |title=Maturation of the adolescent brain |journal=Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat |date= Apr 3, 2013|volume=9 |pages=449–461 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S39776 |pmid=23579318 |pmc=3621648 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Researchers have used three general approaches to understanding identity development: self-concept, sense of identity, and self-esteem. The years of adolescence create a more conscientious group of young adults. Adolescents pay close attention and give more time and effort to their appearance as their body goes through changes. Unlike children, teens put forth an effort to look presentable (1991).<ref name="psychtoday"/> The environment in which an adolescent grows up also plays an important role in their identity development. Studies done by the [[American Psychological Association]] have shown that adolescents with a less privileged upbringing have a more difficult time developing their identity.<ref name="APA on adolescent environment">[[American Psychological Association]] (APA). [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]].</ref>

====Self-concept====
{{See also|Self-concept}}
The idea of self-concept is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent and stable.<ref name="Valkenburg & Peter 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Valkenburg |first1=Patti M. |last2=Peter |first2=Jochen |title=Online Communication Among Adolescents: An Integrated Model of Its Attraction, Opportunities, and Risks |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |date=February 2011 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=121–127 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.08.020 |pmid=21257109 |s2cid=205650071 }}</ref> Early in adolescence, [[cognitive development]]s result in greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others and their thoughts and judgments, the ability to think about abstract, future possibilities, and the ability to consider multiple possibilities at once. As a result, adolescents experience a significant shift from the simple, concrete, and global self-descriptions typical of young children; as children, they defined themselves by physical traits whereas adolescents define themselves based on their values, thoughts, and opinions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Carlson|first=Neil R.|title=Psychology: the science of behaviour|year=2010|publisher=Pearson Education Canada|location=Toronto, Ontario}}{{page needed|date=October 2022}}</ref>

Adolescents can conceptualize multiple "possible selves" that they could become<ref name="Markus1986">{{cite journal|author1=Markus H. |author2=Nurius P. |year = 1986 | title = Possible selves|journal = American Psychologist|volume = 41|issue = 9| pages = 954–969 | doi = 10.1037/0003-066X.41.9.954 |bibcode=1986AmPsy..41..954M |s2cid=550525 }}</ref> and long-term possibilities and consequences of their choices.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9780471726746.ch4 |chapter=Socialization and Self-Development: Channeling, Selection, Adjustment, and Reflection |title=Handbook of Adolescent Psychology |year=2004 |last1=Nurmi |first1=Jari-Erik |pages=85–124 |isbn=978-0-471-20948-5 }}</ref> Exploring these possibilities may result in abrupt changes in self-presentation as the adolescent chooses or rejects qualities and behaviors, trying to guide the [[self-discrepancy theory#Actual|actual]] self toward the [[self-discrepancy theory#Ideal|ideal]] self (who the adolescent wishes to be) and away from the feared self (who the adolescent does not want to be). For many, these distinctions are uncomfortable, but they also appear to motivate achievement through behavior consistent with the ideal and distinct from the feared possible selves.<ref name="Markus1986" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oyserman |first1=Daphna |last2=Markus |first2=Hazel R. |title=Possible selves and delinquency |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |date=1990 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=112–125 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.59.1.112 |pmid=2213484 }}</ref>

Further distinctions in self-concept, called "differentiation," occur as the adolescent recognizes the contextual influences on their own behavior and the perceptions of others, and begin to qualify their traits when asked to describe themselves.<ref name="Harter, S. 1999">Harter, S. (1999). ''The construction of the self''. New York: Guilford Press.{{page needed|date=October 2022}}</ref> Differentiation appears fully developed by mid-adolescence.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marsh |first1=Herbert W. |title=Age and sex effects in multiple dimensions of self-concept: Preadolescence to early adulthood |journal=Journal of Educational Psychology |date=September 1989 |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=417–430 |doi=10.1037/0022-0663.81.3.417 }}</ref> Peaking in the 7th-9th grades, the [[personality traits]] adolescents use to describe themselves refer to specific contexts, and therefore may contradict one another. The recognition of inconsistent content in the self-concept is a common source of distress in these years (see [[Cognitive dissonance]]),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harter |first1=Susan |last2=Monsour |first2=Ann |title=Development analysis of conflict caused by opposing attributes in the adolescent self-portrait. |journal=Developmental Psychology |date=March 1992 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=251–260 |doi=10.1037/0012-1649.28.2.251 }}</ref> but this distress may benefit adolescents by encouraging structural development.

====Sense of identity====
[[Egocentrism]] in adolescents forms a self-conscious desire to feel important in their peer groups and enjoy social acceptance.<ref>Carlson, N. R., & Heth, C. (2010).</ref> Unlike the conflicting aspects of self-concept, identity represents a coherent sense of self stable across circumstances and including past experiences and future goals. Everyone has a self-concept, whereas [[Erik Erikson]] argued that not everyone fully achieves identity. Erikson's theory of [[Erikson's stages of psychosocial development|stages of development]] includes the [[identity crisis]] in which adolescents must explore different possibilities and integrate different parts of themselves before committing to their beliefs. He described the resolution of this process as a stage of "identity achievement" but also stressed that the identity challenge "is never fully resolved once and for all at one point in time".<ref>Steinberg, L. (2008). ''Adolescence'', 8th ed. 287. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.</ref> Adolescents begin by defining themselves based on their [[Crowds (adolescence)|crowd membership]]. "Clothes help teens explore new identities, separate from parents, and bond with peers." Fashion has played a major role when it comes to teenagers "finding their selves"; fashion is always evolving, which corresponds with the evolution of change in the personality of teenagers.<ref>"You're Wearing That?" by Stacey Schultz. U.S. News & World Report Special Issue</ref> Adolescents attempt to define their identity by consciously styling themselves in different manners to find what best suits them. Trial and error in matching both their perceived image and the image others respond to and see, allows for the adolescent to grasp an understanding of who they are.<ref name="Rawlins">{{Citation |last=Rawlins |first=W.K. |title= Friendship matters: Communication, dialectics, and life course |publisher= [[Transaction Publishers|Aldine de Gruyter]] |place= New York |year= 1992}}</ref>

Just as fashion is evolving to influence adolescents so is the media. "Modern life takes place amidst a never-ending barrage of flesh on screens, pages, and billboards."<ref>"The Media Assault on Male Body Image" by Brandon Klein. Seed Magazine.</ref> This barrage consciously or subconsciously registers into the mind causing issues with self-image a factor that contributes to an adolescence sense of identity. Researcher James Marcia developed the current method for testing an individual's progress along these stages.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Marcia J | s2cid = 29342469 | year = 1966 | title = Development and validation of ego identity status | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 3 | issue = 5| pages = 551–558 | doi = 10.1037/h0023281 | pmid = 5939604 | bibcode = 1966JPSP....3..551M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Marcia J | s2cid = 29342469 | year = 1976 | title = Identity six years after: A follow-up study | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 3 | issue = 5| pages = 551–558 | pmid = 5939604 | doi=10.1037/h0023281 | bibcode = 1966JPSP....3..551M }}</ref> His questions are divided into three categories: occupation, ideology, and [[interpersonal relationship]]s. Answers are scored based on the extent to which the individual has explored and the degree to which he has made commitments. The result is classification of the individual into a) identity diffusion in which all children begin, b) Identity Foreclosure in which commitments are made without the exploration of alternatives, c) Moratorium, or the process of exploration, or d) Identity Achievement in which Moratorium has occurred and resulted in commitments.<ref name="ReferenceA">Steinberg, L. (2008). ''Adolescence'', 8th ed. 286. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.</ref>

Research since reveals self-examination beginning early in adolescence, but identity achievement rarely occurring before age 18.<ref>Marcia, J. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.), ''Handbook of adolescent psychology'', pp. 159–187. New York: Wiley.</ref> The freshman year of college influences identity development significantly, but may actually prolong psychosocial moratorium by encouraging reexamination of previous commitments and further exploration of alternate possibilities without encouraging resolution.<ref>Montemayor, R., Brown, B., & Adams, G. (1985). Changes in identity status and psychological adjustment after leaving home and entering college. Paper presented at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Toronto.{{verify source|did this ever get published? Or did the published title change?|date=October 2022}}</ref> For the most part, evidence has supported Erikson's stages: each correlates with the personality traits he originally predicted.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Studies also confirm the impermanence of the stages; there is no final endpoint in identity development.<ref>Steinberg, L. (2008). ''Adolescence'', 8th ed. 288. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.</ref>

====Environment and identity====
An adolescent's environment plays a huge role in their identity development.<ref name="APA on adolescent environment"/> While most adolescent studies are conducted on white, middle class children, studies show that the more privileged upbringing people have, the more successfully they develop their identity.<ref name="APA on adolescent environment"/> The forming of an adolescent's identity is a crucial time in their life. It has been recently found that demographic patterns suggest that the transition to adulthood is now occurring over a longer span of years than was the case during the middle of the 20th century. Accordingly, youth, a period that spans late adolescence and early adulthood, has become a more prominent stage of the life course. This, therefore, has caused various factors to become important during this development.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Furstenberg|first=Frank F.|title=The Sociology of Adolescence and Youth in the 1990s: A Critical Commentary|journal=Journal of Marriage and Family|date=November 2000|volume=62|issue=4|pages=896–910|doi=10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00896.x}}</ref> So many factors contribute to the developing social identity of an adolescent from commitment, to coping devices,<ref>How do Young Adolescents Cope With Social Problems? An Examination of Social Goals, Coping With Friends, and Social Adjustment. ''Journal of Early Adolescence''.</ref> to social media. All of these factors are affected by the environment an adolescent grows up in. A child from a more privileged upbringing is exposed to more opportunities and better situations in general. An adolescent from an inner city or a crime-driven neighborhood is more likely to be exposed to an environment that can be detrimental to their development. Adolescence is a sensitive period in the development process, and exposure to the wrong things at that time can have a major effect on future decisions. While children that grow up in nice suburban communities are not exposed to bad environments they are more likely to participate in activities that can benefit their identity and contribute to a more successful identity development.<ref name="APA on adolescent environment"/>

====Sexual orientation and identity====
[[Sexual orientation]] has been defined as "an erotic inclination toward people of one or more genders, most often described as sexual or erotic attractions".<ref name="Saewyc">{{cite journal|last=Saewyc|first=E.M.|title=Research on Adolescent Sexual Orientation: Development, Health Disparities, Stigma, and Resilience|journal=Journal of Research on Adolescence|year=2011|volume=21|issue=1|pages=256–272|doi=10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00727.x|pmid=27099454|pmc=4835230}}</ref> In recent years, psychologists have sought to understand how sexual orientation develops during adolescence. Some theorists believe that there are many different possible developmental paths one could take, and that the specific path an individual follows may be determined by their sex, orientation, and when they reached the onset of puberty.<ref name="Saewyc"/>

In 1989, Troiden proposed a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Troiden|first=R. R.|title=The formation of homosexual identities|journal=Journal of Homosexuality|year=1989|volume=17|pages=43–73|doi=10.1300/J082v17n01_02|pmid=2668403|issue=1–2}}</ref> The first stage, known as sensitization, usually starts in childhood, and is marked by the child's becoming aware of same-sex attractions. The second stage, identity confusion, tends to occur a few years later. In this stage, the youth is overwhelmed by feelings of inner turmoil regarding their sexual orientation, and begins to engage in sexual experiences with same-sex partners. In the third stage of identity assumption, which usually takes place a few years after the adolescent has left home, adolescents begin to come out to their family and close friends, and assumes a self-definition as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Floyd|first=Frank J.|author2=Stein, Terry S.|title=Sexual orientation identity formation among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths: Multiple patterns of milestone experiences|journal=Journal of Research on Adolescence|year=2002|volume=12|issue=2|pages=167–191|doi=10.1111/1532-7795.00030}}</ref> In the final stage, known as commitment, the young adult adopts their sexual identity as a lifestyle. Therefore, this model estimates that the process of coming out begins in childhood, and continues through the early to mid 20s. This model has been contested, and alternate ideas have been explored in recent years.

In terms of [[sexual identity]], adolescence is when most gay/lesbian and [[transgender youth|transgender]] adolescents begin to recognize and make sense of their feelings. Many adolescents may choose to [[coming out|come out]] during this period of their life once an identity has been formed; many others may go through a period of [[Questioning (sexuality and gender)|questioning]] or denial, which can include experimentation with both homosexual and heterosexual experiences.<ref name="Morrow 2004 91–99">{{cite journal|last=Morrow|first=Deana|title=Social work practice with gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender adolescents|journal=Families in Society|date=Jan–Mar 2004|volume=85|issue=1|pages=91–99|doi=10.1606/1044-3894.246|s2cid=144872473}}</ref> A study of 194 lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths under the age of 21 found that having an awareness of one's sexual orientation occurred, on average, around age 10, but the process of coming out to peers and adults occurred around age 16 and 17, respectively.<ref>{{cite journal|last=D'Augelli|first=Anthony|author2=Scott Hershberger|title=Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth in community settings: Personal challenges and mental health problems|journal=American Journal of Community Psychology|year=1993|volume=21|issue=4|pages=421–448|doi=10.1007/BF00942151|pmid=8192119|s2cid=39475366}}</ref> Coming to terms with and creating a positive [[LGBT]] identity can be difficult for some youth for a variety of reasons. Peer pressure is a large factor when youth who are questioning their sexuality or [[gender identity]] are surrounded by [[Heteronormativity|heteronormative]] peers and can cause great distress due to a feeling of being different from everyone else. While coming out can also foster better psychological adjustment, the risks associated are real. Indeed, coming out in the midst of a heteronormative peer environment often comes with the risk of ostracism, hurtful jokes, and even violence.<ref name="Morrow 2004 91–99"/> Because of this, statistically the [[suicide rate]] amongst LGBT adolescents is up to four times higher than that of their heterosexual peers due to bullying and rejection from peers or family members.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gaylife.about.com/od/gayteens/a/gaysuicide.htm |title=Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Questioning Teen Suicide Statistics – Gay Teen Suicide Statistics |publisher=Gaylife.about.com |date=April 9, 2012 |access-date=September 15, 2012 |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208075811/http://gaylife.about.com/od/gayteens/a/gaysuicide.htm }}</ref>

====Self-esteem====
The final major aspect of identity formation is [[self-esteem]]. Self-esteem is defined as one's thoughts and feelings about one's self-concept and identity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marmot |first1=Michael |title=Self esteem and health |journal=BMJ |date=13 September 2003 |volume=327 |issue=7415 |pages=574–575 |doi=10.1136/bmj.327.7415.574 |pmid=12969900 |pmc=194072 }}</ref> Most theories on self-esteem state that there is a grand desire, across all genders and ages, to maintain, protect and enhance their self-esteem.<ref name="Valkenburg & Peter 2011"/> Contrary to popular belief, there is no empirical evidence for a significant drop in self-esteem over the course of adolescence.<ref>Steinberg, L. (2008). ''Adolescence'', 8th ed. 270. New York, NY: [[McGraw-Hill]].</ref> "Barometric self-esteem" fluctuates rapidly and can cause severe distress and anxiety, but baseline self-esteem remains highly stable across adolescence.<ref>Rosenberg, M. (1986). Self-concept from middle childhood through adolescence. In J. Suls & A. Greenwald (Eds.), ''Psychological perspectives on the self'', Vol. 3. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.</ref> The validity of global self-esteem scales has been questioned, and many suggest that more specific scales might reveal more about the adolescent experience.<ref>Steinberg, L. (2008). ''Adolescence'', 8th ed. 273. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.</ref>
Girls are most likely to enjoy high self-esteem when engaged in supportive relationships with friends, the most important function of friendship to them is having someone who can provide social and moral support. Girls suffer from low self-esteem when they fail to win friends' approval or cannot find someone with whom to share common activities and common interests. In contrast, boys are more concerned with establishing and asserting their independence and defining their relation to authority.<ref>"Psychology: The Science of Behaviour" 3rd Canadian Edition</ref> As such, they are more likely to derive high self-esteem from their ability to successfully influence their friends; on the other hand, the lack of romantic competence, for example failure to win or maintain the affection of the gender(s) they are attracted to, is the major contributor to low self-esteem in adolescent boys. Due to the fact that both men and women happen to have a low self-esteem after ending a romantic relationship, they are prone to other symptoms that is caused by this state. Depression and hopelessness are only two of the various symptoms and it is said that women are twice as likely to experience depression and men are three to four times more likely to commit suicide (Mearns, 1991; Ustun & Sartorius, 1995).<ref>Osvelia Deeds, Jeannette Delgado, Miguel Diego, Tiffany Field, and Martha Pelaez (2009). "Adolescence".</ref>

===Relationships===

====In general====
The relationships adolescents have with their peers, family, and members of their social sphere play a vital role in the social development of an adolescent. As an adolescent's social sphere develops rapidly as they distinguish the differences between friends and acquaintances, they often become heavily emotionally invested in friends.<ref name="Adolescent peer pressure">{{cite web|title=Adolescents and Peer Pressure|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|access-date=November 6, 2012|url=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/356.darnell/peer_pressure|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212114507/http://sitemaker.umich.edu/356.darnell/peer_pressure|archive-date=December 12, 2012}}{{self-published inline|date=October 2022}}</ref> This is not harmful; however, if these friends expose an individual to potentially harmful situations, this is an aspect of [[peer pressure]]. Adolescence is a critical period in social development because adolescents can be easily influenced by the people they develop close relationships with. This is the first time individuals can truly make their own decisions, which also makes this a sensitive period. Relationships are vital in the social development of an adolescent due to the extreme influence peers can have over an individual.

These relationships become significant because they begin to help the adolescent understand the concept of personalities, how they form, and why a person has that specific type of personality. "The use of psychological comparisons could serve both as an index of the growth of an implicit personality theory and as a component process accounting for its creation. In other words, by comparing one person's personality characteristics to another's, we would be setting up the framework for creating a general theory of personality (and, ... such a theory would serve as a useful framework for coming to understand specific persons)."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barenboim |first1=Carl |title=The Development of Person Perception in Childhood and Adolescence: From Behavioral Comparisons to Psychological Constructs to Psychological Comparisons |journal=Child Development |date=March 1981 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=129–144 |doi=10.2307/1129222 |jstor=1129222 }}</ref> This can be likened to the use of social comparison in developing one's identity and self-concept, which includes one's personality, and underscores the importance of communication, and thus relationships, in one's development. In social comparison, we use reference groups, with respect to both psychological and identity development.<ref>Adler, R.B., Rosenfeld, L.B., Proctor, R.F., & Winder, C. (2012). "Interplay: The Process of Interpersonal Communication, Third Canadian Edition" Oxford University Press. pp. 42–45</ref> These reference groups are the peers of adolescents. This means that who the teen chooses/accepts as their friends and who they communicate with on a frequent basis often makes up their reference groups and can therefore have a huge impact on who they become. Research shows that relationships have the largest affect over the social development of an individual.

====Family====
{{See also|Depression in childhood and adolescence|Sibling relationship}}
[[File:James Collinson - The Sisters.jpg|thumb|180px|''[[The Sisters (Collinson)|The Sisters]]'', by James Collinson]]
Adolescence marks a rapid change in one's role within a family. Young children tend to assert themselves forcefully, but are unable to demonstrate much influence over family decisions until early adolescence,<ref>Grotevant, H. (1997). Adolescent development in family contexts. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), ''Handbook of child psychology'' (5th ed.), Vol. 3: ''Social, emotional, and personality development'', pp. 1097–1149. New York: Wiley.</ref> when they are increasingly viewed by parents as equals. The adolescent faces the task of increasing independence while preserving a caring relationship with their parents.<ref name="Rawlins"/> When children go through puberty, there is often a significant increase in parent–child conflict and a less cohesive familial bond. Arguments often concern minor issues of control, such as curfew, acceptable clothing, and the adolescent's [[right to privacy]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steinberg |first1=Laurence |title=We Know Some Things: Parent-Adolescent Relationships in Retrospect and Prospect |journal=Journal of Research on Adolescence |date=March 2001 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1111/1532-7795.00001 |s2cid=54649194 }}</ref> which adolescents may have previously viewed as issues over which their parents had complete authority.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smetana |first1=Judith G. |title=Adolescents' and Parents' Conceptions of Parental Authority |journal=Child Development |date=April 1988 |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=321–335 |doi=10.2307/1130313 |pmid=3359858 |jstor=1130313 }}</ref> Parent–adolescent disagreement also increases as friends demonstrate a greater impact on one another, introducing new influences on the adolescent that may be in opposition to parents' values.

Social media has also played an increasing role in adolescent and parent disagreements.<ref name="Teens Today">{{cite web |url=http://www.theantidrug.com/advice/teens-today/teens-and-technology/social-networking.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103162953/http://www.theantidrug.com/advice/teens-today/teens-and-technology/social-networking.aspx |archive-date=November 3, 2012 |title=Social Networking |publisher=theantidrug.com |access-date=November 6, 2012}}</ref> While parents never had to worry about the threats of social media in the past, it has become a dangerous place for children. While adolescents strive for their freedoms, the unknowns to parents of what their child is doing on social media sites is a challenging subject, due to the increasing amount of predators on social media sites. Many parents have very little knowledge of social networking sites in the first place and this further increases their mistrust. An important challenge for the parent–adolescent relationship is to understand how to enhance the opportunities of online communication while managing its risks.<ref name="Valkenburg & Peter 2011" /> Although conflicts between children and parents increase during adolescence, these are just relatively minor issues. Regarding their important life issues, most adolescents still share the same attitudes and values as their parents.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Neil R. |author2=Carlson C. |author3=Donald Heth |title=Psychology the Science of Behaviour, 4th Canadian Edition}}</ref>

During [[childhood]], siblings are a source of conflict and frustration as well as a support system.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lempers |first1=Jacques D. |last2=Clark-Lempers |first2=Dania S. |title=Young, middle, and late adolescents' comparisons of the functional importance of five significant relationships |journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence |date=February 1992 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=53–96 |doi=10.1007/BF01536983 |pmid=24263682 |s2cid=40262274 }}</ref> Adolescence may affect this relationship differently, depending on the sibling's gender. In same-sex sibling pairs, intimacy increases during early adolescence, then remains stable. Mixed-sex siblings pairs act differently; siblings drift apart during early adolescent years, but experience an increase in intimacy starting at middle adolescence.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Ji-Yeon |last2=McHale |first2=Susan M. |last3=Wayne Osgood |first3=D. |last4=Crouter |first4=Ann C. |title=Longitudinal Course and Family Correlates of Sibling Relationships From Childhood Through Adolescence |journal=Child Development |date=November 2006 |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=1746–1761 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00971.x |pmid=17107458 }}</ref> Sibling interactions are children's first relational experiences, the ones that shape their social and self-understanding for life.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Marano, Hara Estroff|title=Oh, Brother!|date=July 1, 2010|magazine=Psychology Today|volume=43|issue=4|pages=54–61|publisher=SIRS Researcher|access-date=October 25, 2010|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/201007/oh-brother}}</ref> Sustaining positive sibling relations can assist adolescents in a number of ways. Siblings are able to act as peers, and may increase one another's sociability and feelings of self-worth. Older siblings can give guidance to younger siblings, although the impact of this can be either positive or negative depending on the activity of the older sibling.

A potential important influence on adolescence is change of the family dynamic, specifically divorce. With the divorce rate up to about 50%,<ref>U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, updated and revised from "Families and Work in Transition in 12 Countries,1980–2001," Monthly Labor Review, September 2003</ref> divorce is common and adds to the already great amount of change in adolescence. [[Child custody|Custody]] disputes soon after a divorce often reflect a playing out of control battles and ambivalence between parents. Divorce usually results in less contact between the adolescent and their noncustodial parent.<ref name="Vangelisti">{{Citation |last=Vangelisti |first=A.L. |title= Handbook of family communication |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |place=New Jersey |year=2004}}</ref> In extreme cases of instability and abuse in homes, divorce can have a positive effect on families due to less conflict in the home. However, most research suggests a negative effect on adolescence as well as later development. A recent study found that, compared with peers who grow up in stable post-divorce families, children of divorce who experience additional family transitions during late adolescence make less progress in their math and social studies performance over time.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Sun Y. |author2=Li Y. | year = 2009 | title = Postdivorce family stability and changes in adolescents' academic performance: A growth-curve model | journal = Journal of Family Issues | volume = 30 | issue = 11| pages = 1527–1555 | doi=10.1177/0192513x09339022 }}</ref> Another recent study put forth a new theory, entitled the adolescent epistemological trauma theory,<ref name="Ziemer" /> which posited that traumatic life events, such as parental divorce, during the formative period of late adolescence portend lifelong effects on adult conflict behavior that can be mitigated by effective behavioral assessment and training.<ref name="Ziemer">{{cite thesis |id={{ProQuest|1018397533}} |last1=Ziemer |first1=Brian S |year=2012 |title=Epistemological Effects of Divorce During Adolescence On Adult Conflict Behavior }}</ref> A parental divorce during childhood or adolescence continues to have a negative effect when a person is in their twenties and early thirties. These negative effects include romantic relationships and conflict style, meaning that, as adults, they are more likely to use the styles of avoidance and competing in conflict management.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cherlin |first1=Andrew J. |last2=Chase-Lansdale |first2=P. Lindsay |last3=McRae |first3=Christine |title=Effects of Parental Divorce on Mental Health Throughout the Life Course |journal=American Sociological Review |date=April 1998 |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=239–249 |doi=10.2307/2657325 |jstor=2657325 }}</ref>

Despite changing family roles during adolescence, the home environment and parents are still important for the behaviors and choices of adolescents.<ref name="trends">{{cite book |last1=Aufseeser |first1=Dena |last2=Jekielek |first2=Susan |last3=Brown |first3=Brett |title=The Family Environment and Adolescent Well-Being: Exposure to Positive and Negative Family Influences |date=June 2006 |id={{ERIC|ED510628}} |oclc=652132631 |publisher=Child Trends |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822130027/http://www.childtrends.org/Files/FamilyEnvironmentRB.pdf |archive-date=August 22, 2006 |url=http://www.childtrends.org/Files/FamilyEnvironmentRB.pdf }}</ref> Adolescents who have a good relationship with their parents are less likely to engage in various risky behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, fighting, or unprotected [[sexual intercourse]].<ref name="trends" />
In addition, parents influence the education of adolescence. A study conducted by Adalbjarnardottir and Blondal in 2009 showed that adolescents at the age of 14 who identify their parents as authoritative figures are more likely to complete secondary education by the age of 22, as support and encouragement from an authoritative parent motivates the adolescence to complete schooling to avoid disappointing that parent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blondal |first1=Kristjana S. |last2=Adalbjarnardottir |first2=Sigrun |title=Parenting practices and school dropout: a longitudinal study |journal=Adolescence |date=22 December 2009 |volume=44 |issue=176 |pages=729–750 |id={{Gale|A217847446}} |pmid=20432598 }}</ref>

====Peers====
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Peer groups are essential to social and general development. Communication with peers increases significantly during adolescence and peer relationships become more intense than in other stages<ref>Papalia, D.E., Olds, S.W., Feldman, R.D., & Kruk, R. (2004). ''A Child's World: Infancy through Adolescence (First Canadian Ed.)'' McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. pp. 444–451</ref> and more influential to the teen, affecting both their decisions and choices.<ref name="Swanson">{{Citation |last1= Swanson |first1= D.P. |last2=Edwards |first2=M.C. |last3=Spencer |first3=M.B. |title=Adolescence: Development during a global era |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |place= Boston |year=2010}}</ref> High-quality friendships may enhance children's development regardless of the characteristics of those friends. As children begin to bond with various people and create friendships, it later helps them when they are adolescent and sets up the framework for adolescence and peer groups.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Berndt|first=Thomas J.|title=Friendship Quality and Social Development | journal = Current Directions in Psychological Science|date=February 2002|volume=11|issue=1|pages=7–10|doi=10.1111/1467-8721.00157|s2cid=14785379}}</ref>
[[Peer group]]s are especially important during adolescence, a period of development characterized by a dramatic increase in time spent with peers<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Larson R. |author2=Richards M. |year = 1991 | title = Daily companionship in late childhood and early adolescence: Changing developmental contexts | journal = Child Development | volume = 62 | issue = 2| pages = 284–300 | doi = 10.2307/1131003 | pmid = 2055123|jstor=1131003 }}</ref> and a decrease in adult supervision.<ref>Brown, B. (1990). Peer groups. In S. Feldman & G. Elliot (Eds.), ''At the threshold: The developing adolescent'', pp. 171–196. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</ref> Adolescents also associate with friends of the opposite sex much more than in childhood<ref>Brown, B. (2004). Adolescents' relationships with peers. In R. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), ''Handbook of adolescent psychology''. New York: Wiley.</ref> and tend to identify with larger groups of peers based on shared characteristics.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Eder D | year = 1985 | title = The cycle of popularity: Interpersonal relations among female adolescence | journal = Sociology of Education | volume = 58 | issue = 3| pages = 154–165 | doi = 10.2307/2112416 | jstor = 2112416 }}</ref> It is also common for adolescents to use friends as coping devices in different situations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shin |first1=Huiyoung |last2=Ryan |first2=Allison M. |title=How do Young Adolescents Cope With Social Problems? An Examination of Social Goals, Coping With Friends, and Social Adjustment |journal=The Journal of Early Adolescence |date=December 2012 |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=851–875 |doi=10.1177/0272431611429944 |s2cid=144031307 }}</ref> A three-factor structure of dealing with friends including avoidance, mastery, and nonchalance has shown that adolescents use friends as coping devices with [[social stress]]es.

Communication within peer groups allows adolescents to explore their feelings and identity as well as develop and evaluate their social skills. Peer groups offer members the opportunity to develop social skills such as empathy, sharing, and leadership. Adolescents choose peer groups based on characteristics similarly found in themselves.<ref name="Rawlins"/> By utilizing these relationships, adolescents become more accepting of who they are becoming. Group norms and values are incorporated into an adolescent's own self-concept.<ref name="Swanson"/> Through developing new communication skills and reflecting upon those of their peers, as well as self-opinions and values, an adolescent can share and express emotions and other concerns without fear of rejection or judgment. Peer groups can have positive influences on an individual, such as on academic motivation and performance. However, while peers may facilitate social development for one another, they may also hinder it. Peers can have negative influences, such as encouraging experimentation with drugs, drinking, vandalism, and stealing through peer pressure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minddisorders.com/Ob-Ps/Peer-groups.html |title=Peer groups – children, therapy, adults, drug, people, skills, effect, women |publisher=Minddisorders.com |access-date=September 15, 2012}}</ref> Susceptibility to peer pressure increases during early adolescence, peaks around age 14, and declines thereafter.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=18020830|year=2007|last1=Steinberg|first1=L|last2=Monahan|first2=KC|title=Age Differences in Resistance to Peer Influence|volume=43|issue=6|pages=1531–43|doi=10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1531|pmc=2779518|journal=Developmental Psychology}}</ref> Further evidence of peers hindering social development has been found in Spanish teenagers, where emotional (rather than solution-based) reactions to problems and emotional instability have been linked with physical aggression against peers.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Carlo G. |author2=Mestre M. V. |author3=McGinley M. M. |author4=Samper P. |author5=Tur A. |author6=Sandman D. | year = 2012 | title = The interplay of emotional instability, empathy, and coping on prosocial and aggressive behaviors | journal = Personality and Individual Differences | volume = 53 | issue = 5| pages = 675–680 | doi=10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.022| hdl=10550/77037 |s2cid=2672618 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Both [[Assault|physical]] and [[relational aggression]] are linked to a vast number of enduring psychological difficulties, especially depression, as is [[social rejection]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=French D. |author2=Conrad J. | year = 2001 | title = School dropout as predicted by peer rejection and antisocial behavior | journal = Journal of Research on Adolescence | volume = 11 | issue = 3| pages = 225–244 | doi = 10.1111/1532-7795.00011 }}</ref> Because of this, bullied adolescents often develop problems that lead to further victimization.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hodges E, Perry D | year = 1999 | title = Personal and interpersonal antecedents and consequences of victimization by peers | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 76 | issue = 4| pages = 677–685 | doi = 10.1037/0022-3514.76.4.677 | pmid = 10234851 }}</ref> Bullied adolescents are more likely to both continue to be bullied and to bully others in the future.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Jose P. E. |author2=Kljakovic M. |author3=Scheib E. |author4=Notter O. | year = 2012 | title = The Joint Development of Traditional Bullying and Victimization With Cyber Bullying and Victimization in Adolescence | journal = Journal of Research on Adolescence | volume = 22 | issue = 2| pages = 301–309 | doi = 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2011.00764.x }}</ref> However, this relationship is less stable in cases of [[cyberbullying]], a relatively new issue among adolescents.

Adolescents tend to associate with "cliques" on a small scale and "crowds" on a larger scale. During early adolescence, adolescents often associate in [[Adolescent cliques|cliques]], exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close which may help adolescents become socially acclimated and form a stronger sense of identity. Within a clique of highly athletic male peers, for example, the clique may create a stronger sense of fidelity and competition. Cliques also have become somewhat a "collective parent", i.e. telling the adolescents what to do and not to do.<ref>Grier, Peter. "The Heart of a High School: Peers As Collective Parent." ''The Christian Science Monitor''. April 24, 2000: n.p. ''SIRS Researcher''. Web. October 25, 2010.</ref> Towards late adolescence, cliques often merge into mixed-sex groups as teenagers begin romantically engaging with one another.<ref name="Connolly J 2004">{{cite journal |author1=Connolly J. |author2=Craig W. |author3=Goldberg A. |author4=Pepler D. | year = 2004 | title = Mixed-gender groups, dating, and romantic relationships in early adolescence | journal = Journal of Research on Adolescence | volume = 14 | issue = 2| pages = 185–207 | doi = 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2004.01402003.x |citeseerx=10.1.1.578.7047 }}</ref> These small friend groups then break down further as socialization becomes more couple-oriented.

On a larger scale, adolescents often associate with ''crowds'', groups of individuals who share a common interest or activity. Often, crowd identities may be the basis for stereotyping young people, such as [[Jock (athlete)|jocks]] or [[nerd]]s. In large, multi-ethnic high schools, there are often ethnically determined crowds.<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Brown, B. |last2=Subrahmanyam| first2=Kaveri | last3=Greenfield| first3=Patricia|date= Spring 2008|title= Online Communication and Adolescent Relationships|journal= The Future of Children| volume=18| issue=1 |pages=119–146| doi=10.1353/foc.0.0006| pmid= 21338008 |s2cid=10958863}}</ref> Adolescents use online technology to experiment with emerging identities and to broaden their peer groups, such as increasing the amount of friends acquired on Facebook and other social media sites.<ref name="Swanson" /> Some adolescents use these newer channels to enhance relationships with peers however there can be negative uses as well such as cyberbullying, as mentioned previously, and negative impacts on the family.<ref name="Subrahmanyam">{{Cite journal|last1=Subrahmanyam| first1=Kaveri | last2=Greenfield| first2=Patricia|date= Spring 2008|title= Online Communication and Adolescent Relationships|journal= The Future of Children| volume=18| issue=1 |pages=119–146| doi=10.1353/foc.0.0006| pmid=21338008 | s2cid=10958863 }}</ref>

====Romance and sexual activity====
{{Main|Adolescent sexuality}}

[[File:Teen kiss.jpg|thumb|Adolescent couple kissing]]
[[Intimate relationship|Romantic relationships]] tend to increase in prevalence throughout adolescence. By age 15, 53% of adolescents have had a romantic relationship that lasted at least one month over the course of the previous 18 months.<ref name="Carver K. 2003">Carver K., Joyner K., Udry J.R. (2003). National estimates of adolescent romantic relationships. In ''Adolescent Romantic Relationships and Sexual Behavior: Theory, Research, and Practical Implications'', 291–329.</ref> In a 2008 study conducted by [[YouGov]] for [[Channel 4]], 20% of 14−17-year-olds surveyed revealed that they had their first sexual experience at 13 or under in the United Kingdom.<ref name="sex stats">{{cite web|url=http://sexperienceuk.channel4.com/teen-sex-survey|title=Teen Sex Survey|access-date=September 11, 2008|publisher=Channel 4|year=2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912225248/http://sexperienceuk.channel4.com/teen-sex-survey|archive-date=September 12, 2008}}</ref> A 2002 American study found that those aged 15–44 reported that the average age of first sexual intercourse was 17.0 for males and 17.3 for females.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstrategist.com/productdetails/Sex.SamplePgs.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120093911/http://www.newstrategist.com/productdetails/Sex.SamplePgs.pdf|archive-date=November 20, 2006 |title=Seventeen Is the Average Age at First Sexual Intercourse, ''American Sexual Behavior'', p.4-5 |url-status=usurped|access-date=September 15, 2012}}</ref> The typical duration of relationships increases throughout the teenage years as well. This constant increase in the likelihood of a long-term relationship can be explained by [[sexual maturity|sexual maturation]] and the development of cognitive skills necessary to maintain a romantic bond (e.g., caregiving, appropriate attachment), although these skills are not strongly developed until late adolescence.<ref>Allen, J., & Land, D. (1999). Attachment in adolescence. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.), ''Handbook of attachment theory and research.'' New York: Guilford Press.</ref> Long-term relationships allow adolescents to gain the skills necessary for high-quality relationships later in life<ref>Madsen S., Collins W. A. (2005). Differential predictions of young adult romantic
relationships from transitory vs. longer romantic experiences during adolescence. Presented at ''Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research on Child Development'', Atlanta, GA.</ref> and develop feelings of self-worth. Overall, positive romantic relationships among adolescents can result in long-term benefits. High-quality romantic relationships are associated with higher commitment in early adulthood<ref>Seiffge-Krenke I., Lang J. (2002). Forming and maintaining romantic relations
from early adolescence to young adulthood: evidence of a developmental sequence. Presented at ''Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence'', 19th, New Orleans, LA.</ref> and are positively associated with self-esteem, self-confidence, and social competence.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Pearce M. J. |author2=Boergers J. |author3=Prinstein M.J. |year = 2002 | title = Adolescent obesity, overt and relational peer victimization, and romantic relationships | journal = Obesity Research | volume = 10 | issue = 5| pages = 386–93 | doi = 10.1038/oby.2002.53 | pmid = 12006638 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Zimmer-Gembeck M.J. |author2=Siebenbruner J. |author3=Collins W.A. | year = 2004 | title = A prospective study of intraindividual and peer influences on adolescents' heterosexual romantic and sexual behavior | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 33 | issue = 4| pages = 381–394 | doi = 10.1023/B:ASEB.0000028891.16654.2c | pmid = 15162084 |s2cid=1054833 }}</ref> For example, an adolescent with positive self-confidence is likely to consider themselves a more successful partner, whereas negative experiences may lead to low confidence as a romantic partner.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Furman |first1=Wyndol |last2=Shaffer |first2=Laura |chapter=The role of romantic relationships in adolescent development |pages=3–22 |chapter-url=https://liberalarts.du.edu/sites/default/files/2021-04/furman-shaffer-2003.pdf |editor1-last=Florsheim |editor1-first=Paul |title=Adolescent Romantic Relations and Sexual Behavior: Theory, Research, and Practical Implications |date=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-1-135-64863-3 }}</ref> Adolescents often date within their demographic in regards to race, ethnicity, popularity, and physical attractiveness.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Simon | first1 = V. A. | last2 = Aikins | first2 = J. W. | last3 = Prinstein | first3 = M. J. | year = 2008 | title = Romantic partner selection and socialization during early adolescence | journal = Child Development | volume = 79| issue = 6| pages = 1676–92 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01218.x | pmid = 19037942 | pmc = 3420070 }}</ref> However, there are traits in which certain individuals, particularly adolescent girls, seek diversity. While most adolescents date people approximately their own age, boys typically date partners the same age or younger; girls typically date partners the same age or older.<ref name="Carver K. 2003"/>

Some researchers are now focusing on learning about how adolescents view their own relationships and sexuality; they want to move away from a research point of view that focuses on the problems associated with adolescent sexuality.{{why|This sounds pov, in itself without an explanation|date=April 2014}} College Professor Lucia O'Sullivan and her colleagues found that there were no significant gender differences in the relationship events adolescent boys and girls from grades 7–12 reported.<ref name="O'Sullivan">{{cite journal |author = O'Sullivan L. F. |author2=Cheng M. |author3=Brooks-Gunn J. |author4=Mantsun K. Harris | year = 2007 | title = I wanna hold your hand: The progression of social, romantic and sexual events in adolescent relationships | journal = Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health | volume = 39 | issue = 2| pages = 100–107 | doi = 10.1363/3910007 | pmid = 17565623 |url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/gb19ff89v }}</ref> Most teens said they had kissed their partners, held hands with them, thought of themselves as being a couple, and told people they were in a relationship. This means that private thoughts about the relationship as well as public recognition of the relationship were both important to the adolescents in the sample. Sexual events (such as sexual touching and sexual intercourse) were less common than romantic events (holding hands) and social events (being with one's partner in a group setting). The researchers state that these results are important because the results focus on the more positive aspects of adolescents and their social and romantic interactions rather than focusing on sexual behavior and its consequences.<ref name="O'Sullivan" />

Adolescence marks a time of sexual maturation, which manifests in social interactions as well. While adolescents may engage in [[casual sex|casual sexual encounters]] (often referred to as hookups), most sexual experience during this period of development takes place within romantic relationships.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Manning W. |author2=Longmore M. |author3=Giordano P. | year = 2000 | title = The relationship context of contraceptive use at first intercourse | url = http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3210400.html| journal = Family Planning Perspectives | volume = 32 | issue = 3| pages = 104–110 | doi = 10.2307/2648158 | pmid = 10894255 |jstor=2648158 }}</ref> Adolescents can use technologies and social media to seek out romantic relationships, as they feel it is a safe place to try out dating and identity exploration. From these social media encounters, a further relationship may begin.<ref name="Swanson"/> Among young adolescents, "heavy" sexual activity, marked by genital stimulation, is often associated with violence, depression, and poor relationship quality.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Welsh D. P. |author2=Haugen P. T. |author3=Widman L. |author4=Darling N. |author5=Grello C. M. | year = 2005 | title = Kissing is good: a developmental investigation of sexuality in adolescent romantic couples | journal = Sexuality Research and Social Policy | volume = 2 | issue = 4| pages = 32–41 | doi = 10.1525/srsp.2005.2.4.32 |s2cid=144037962 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Trish |last2=Connolly |first2=Jennifer |last3=Cribbie |first3=Robert |title=Light and Heavy Heterosexual Activities of Young Canadian Adolescents: Normative Patterns and Differential Predictors |journal=Journal of Research on Adolescence |date=March 2008 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=145–172 |doi=10.1111/j.1532-7795.2008.00554.x |hdl=10315/34629 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> This effect does not hold true for sexual activity in late adolescence that takes place within a romantic relationship.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Grello C. M. |author2=Welsh D. P. |author3=Harper MS |author4=Dickson J. | year = 2003 | title = Dating and sexual relationship trajectories and adolescent functioning | journal = Adolescent & Family Health | volume = 3 | pages = 103–12 }}</ref> Some research suggest that there are genetic causes of early sexual activity that are also risk factors for [[juvenile delinquency|delinquency]], suggesting that there is a group who are at risk for both early sexual activity and emotional distress. For older adolescents, though, sexual activity in the context of romantic relationships was actually correlated with lower levels of deviant behavior after controlling for genetic risks, as opposed to sex outside of a relationship (hook-ups).<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Harden K. |author2=Mendle J. | year = 2011 | title = Adolescent sexual activity and the development of delinquent behavior: The role of relationship context | journal = Journal of Youth and Adolescence | volume = 40 | issue = 7| pages = 825–838 | doi = 10.1007/s10964-010-9601-y |pmid=21069562 |s2cid=11855204 }}</ref>

[[Dating abuse|Dating violence]] can occur within adolescent relationships. When surveyed, 12–25% of adolescents reported having experienced physical violence in the context of a relationship while a quarter to a third of adolescents reported having experiencing psychological aggression. This reported aggression includes hitting, throwing things, or slaps, although most of this physical aggression does not result in a medical visit. Physical aggression in relationships tends to decline from high school through college and young adulthood. In heterosexual couples, there is no significant difference between the rates of male and female aggressors, unlike in adult relationships.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Halpern C. |author2=Oslak S. |author3=Young M. |author4=Martin S. |author5=Kupper L. | year = 2001 | title = Partner violence among adolescents in opposite-sex romantic: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 91 | issue = 10| pages = 1679–1685 | doi = 10.2105/AJPH.91.10.1679 | pmid = 11574335 | pmc = 1446854 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Halpern C. |author2=Young M. |author3=Waller M. |author4=Martin S. |author5=Kupper L. | year = 2004 | title = Prevalence of partner violence in same-sex romantic and sexual relationships in a national sample of adolescents | journal = Journal of Adolescent Health | volume = 35 | issue = 2| pages = 124–131 | pmid = 15261641 | doi = 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.09.003 }}</ref><ref name="Collins2009">{{cite journal |author1=Collins W. A. |author2=Welsh D. P. |author3=Furman W. | year = 2009 | title = Adolescent romantic relationships | journal = Annual Review of Psychology | volume = 60 | issue = 1| pages = 631–652 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163459 | pmid = 19035830 |s2cid=207671931 }}</ref>

Female adolescents from minority populations are at increased risk for [[intimate partner violence]] (IPV). Recent research findings suggest that a substantial portion of young urban females are at high risk for being victims of multiple forms of IPV. Practitioners diagnosing depression among urban minority teens should assess for both physical and non-physical forms of IPV, and early detection can help to identify youths in need of intervention and care.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Teitelman | first1 = AM | last2 = Ratcliffe | first2 = SJ | last3 = McDonald | first3 = CC | last4 = Brawner | first4 = BM | last5 = Sullivan | first5 = C | year = 2011 | title = Relationships between physical and non-physical forms of intimate partner violence and depression among urban minority adolescent females | journal = Child and Adolescent Mental Health | volume = 16 | issue = 2| pages = 92–100 | doi = 10.1111/j.1475-3588.2010.00572.x | pmid = 21617762 | pmc = 3100197 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Volpe | first1 = EM | last2 = Morales-Aleman | first2 = MM | last3 = Teitelman | first3 = AM | year = 2014 | title = Urban adolescent girls' perspectives on romantic relationships: Initiation, involvement, negotiation and conflict | journal = Issues in Mental Health Nursing | volume = 35 | issue = 10| pages = 776–790 | doi = 10.3109/01612840.2014.910582 | pmid = 25259641 | pmc = 4670570 }}</ref> Similarly to adult victims, adolescent victims do not readily disclose abuse, and may seek out medical care for problems not directly related to incidences of IPV. Therefore, screening should be a routine part of medical treatment for adolescents regardless of chief complaint. Many adults discount instances of IPV in adolescents or believe they do not occur because relationships at young ages are viewed as "puppy love," however, it is crucial that adults take IPV in adolescents seriously even though often policy falls behind.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=Kristie A. |last2=Sorenson |first2=Susan B. |author2-link=Susan Sorenson|last3=Joshi |first3=Manisha |title=Police-Documented Incidents of Intimate Partner Violence Among Young Women |journal=Journal of Women's Health |date=June 2010 |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=1079–1087 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2009.1612 |pmid=20482254 }}</ref>

In contemporary society, adolescents also face some risks as their sexuality begins to transform. While some of these, such as emotional distress (fear of abuse or exploitation) and [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infections]]/diseases (STIs/STDs), including [[HIV/AIDS]], are not necessarily inherent to adolescence, others, such as [[teenage pregnancy]] (through non-use or failure of contraceptives), are seen as social problems in most western societies. One in four sexually active teenagers will contract an STI.<ref name="Mulrine, A 2010">{{cite magazine |last1=Mulrine |first1=A |date=27 May 2002 |title=Risky business: teens are having more sex—and getting diseases. But is telling them to wait the answer? |magazine=US News and World Report |pages=42–49 }}</ref> Adolescents in the United States often choose "anything but intercourse" for sexual activity because they mistakenly believe it reduces the risk of STIs. Across the country, clinicians report rising diagnoses of [[Herpes simplex|herpes]] and [[human papillomavirus]] (HPV), which can cause genital warts, and is now thought to affect 15 percent of the teen population. Girls 15 to 19 have higher rates of gonorrhea than any other age group. One-quarter of all new HIV cases occur in those under the age of 21.<ref name="Mulrine, A 2010"/> Multrine also states in her article that according to a March survey by the [[Kaiser Family Foundation]], eighty-one percent of parents want schools to discuss the use of condoms and contraception with their children. They also believe students should be able to be tested for STIs. Furthermore, teachers want to address such topics with their students. But, although 9 in 10 [[sex education]] instructors across the country believe that students should be taught about contraceptives in school, over one quarter report receiving explicit instructions from school boards and administrators not to do so. According to anthropologist [[Margaret Mead]], the turmoil found in adolescence in Western society has a cultural rather than a physical cause; they reported that societies where young women engaged in free sexual activity had no such adolescent turmoil.

==Culture==
{{See also|Youth culture}}
[[File:Shibuya Gal (3).jpg|thumb|upright|[[109 (department store)|Shibuya 109]] {{transliteration|en|Hepburn|''gyaru''}} store staff from the Japanese brand ''Golds Infinity'' in 2010. ''Gyaru'' is a fashion style popular with youth.]]
There are certain characteristics of adolescent development that are more rooted in culture than in human biology or cognitive structures. Culture has been defined as the "symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued".<ref>{{cite book|last=Lerner|first=J.V.|title=Adolescence in America: an encyclopedia|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara.|isbn=978-1-57607-205-9|page=807|author2=Lerner, R.M.|author3=Finkelstein, J.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781576072059|url-access=registration}}</ref> Culture is learned and socially shared, and it affects all aspects of an individual's life.<ref name="Lerner 2001 807">{{cite book|last=Lerner|first=Jacqueline V.|title=Adolescence in America: an encyclopedia|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-57607-205-9|page=807|author2=Rosenberg, Richard M.|author3=Jordan Finkelstein|others=Mark L.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781576072059|url-access=registration}}</ref> Social responsibilities, sexual expression, and belief system development, for instance, are all things that are likely to vary by culture. Furthermore, distinguishing characteristics of youth, including dress, music and other uses of media, employment, art, food and beverage choices, recreation, and language, all constitute a [[youth culture]].<ref name="Lerner 2001 807"/> For these reasons, culture is a prevalent and powerful presence in the lives of adolescents, and therefore we cannot fully understand today's adolescents without studying and understanding their culture.<ref name="Lerner 2001 807"/> However, "culture" should not be seen as synonymous with nation or ethnicity. Many cultures are present within any given country and racial or socioeconomic group. Furthermore, to avoid [[ethnocentrism]], researchers must be careful not to define the culture's role in adolescence in terms of their own cultural beliefs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lerner|first=Jacqueline V.|title=Adolescence in America: an encyclopedia|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-57607-205-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781576072059/page/271 271]|author2=Rosenberg, Richard M.|editor=Jordan Finkelstein|others=Mark L.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781576072059/page/271}}</ref>

In his short book "The Teenage Consumer" published in July 1959, the British market research pioneer Mark Abrams identified the emergence of a new economic group of people aged 13–25. Compared to children, people in this age range had more money, more discretion on how they chose to spend it, and greater mobility through the advent of the motor car. Compared to adults, people in this age range had fewer responsibilities and therefore made different choices on how to spend their money. These unique characteristics of this new economic group presented challenges and opportunities to advertisers. Mark Abrams coined the term "teenager" to describe this group of consumers aged 13–25.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abrams |first1=Mark |title=The Teenage Consumer |date=1959 |publisher=London Press Exchange |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2_qMgEACAAJ}}</ref>

In Britain, teenagers first came to public attention during the Second World War, when there were fears of juvenile delinquency.<ref>Melanie Tebbutt, ''Making Youth: A History of Youth in Modern Britain'' (2016).</ref> By the 1950s, the media presented teenagers in terms of generational rebellion. The exaggerated moral panic among politicians and the older generation was typically belied by the growth in intergenerational cooperation between parents and children. Many working-class parents, enjoying newfound economic security, eagerly took the opportunity to encourage their teens to enjoy more adventurous lives.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Todd |first1=Selina |author-link1=Selina Todd |last2=Young |first2=Hilary |title=Baby-Boomers to 'Beanstalkers': Making the Modern Teenager in Post-War Britain |journal=Cultural and Social History |date=September 2012 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=451–467 |doi=10.2752/147800412X13347542916747 |s2cid=147390707 }}</ref> Schools were falsely portrayed as dangerous blackboard jungles under the control of rowdy kids.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tisdall | first1 = Laura | year = 2015 | title = Inside the 'blackboard jungle' male teachers and male pupils at English secondary modern schools in fact and fiction, 1950 to 1959 | journal = Cultural and Social History | volume = 12 | issue = 4| pages = 489–507 | doi = 10.1080/14780038.2015.1088265 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The media distortions of the teens as too affluent, and as promiscuous, delinquent, counter-cultural rebels do not reflect the actual experiences of ordinary young adults, particularly young women.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mills | first1 = Helena | year = 2016 | title = Using the personal to critique the popular: women's memories of 1960s youth | journal = Contemporary British History | volume = 30 | issue = 4| pages = 463–483 | doi = 10.1080/13619462.2016.1206822 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Autonomy===
The degree to which adolescents are perceived as autonomous beings varies widely by culture, as do the behaviors that represent this emerging autonomy. Psychologists have identified three main types of [[autonomy]]: emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy.<ref name="Lerner 2001 79">{{cite book|last=Lerner|first=Jacqueline V.|title=Adolescence in America: an encyclopedia|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-57607-205-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781576072059/page/79 79]|editor=Rosenberg, Richard M.|editor2=Jordan Finkelstein|others=foreword by Mark L.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781576072059/page/79}}</ref> Emotional autonomy is defined in terms of an adolescent's relationships with others, and often includes the development of more mature emotional connections with adults and peers.<ref name="Lerner 2001 79"/> Behavioral autonomy encompasses an adolescent's developing ability to regulate their own behavior, to act on personal decisions, and to self-govern. Cultural differences are especially visible in this category because it concerns issues of dating, social time with peers, and time-management decisions.<ref name="Lerner 2001 79"/> Cognitive autonomy describes the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation.<ref name="Lerner 2001 79"/> Converging influences from adolescent cognitive development, expanding social relationships, an increasingly adultlike appearance, and the acceptance of more rights and responsibilities enhance feelings of autonomy for adolescents.<ref name="Lerner 2001 79"/> Proper development of autonomy has been tied to good mental health, high self-esteem, self-motivated tendencies, positive self-concepts, and self-initiating and regulating behaviors.<ref name="Lerner 2001 79"/> Furthermore, it has been found that adolescents' mental health is best when their feelings about autonomy match closely with those of their parents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Juang |first1=Linda P. |last2=Lerner |first2=Jacqueline V. |last3=McKinney |first3=John P. |last4=von Eye |first4=Alexander |title=The Goodness of Fit in Autonomy Timetable Expectations between Asian-American Late Adolescents and their Parents |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Development |date=December 1999 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=1023–1048 |doi=10.1080/016502599383658 |s2cid=54881083 }}</ref>

A questionnaire called the teen timetable has been used to measure the age at which individuals believe adolescents should be able to engage in behaviors associated with autonomy.<ref name="Steinberg, L. 2011">Steinberg, L. (2011). "Adolescence," 9th ed. 292. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.</ref> This questionnaire has been used to gauge differences in cultural perceptions of adolescent autonomy, finding, for instance, that White parents and adolescents tend to expect autonomy earlier than those of Asian descent.<ref name="Steinberg, L. 2011"/> It is, therefore, clear that cultural differences exist in perceptions of adolescent autonomy, and such differences have implications for the lifestyles and development of adolescents. In sub-Saharan African youth, the notions of individuality and freedom may not be useful in understanding adolescent development. Rather, African notions of childhood and adolescent development are relational and interdependent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=B. Bradford |last2=Larson |first2=Reed W. |last3=Saraswathi |first3=T. S. |title=The World's Youth: Adolescence in Eight Regions of the Globe |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-00605-7 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjK6A8NMuCIC&pg=PA69 }}</ref>

===Social roles and responsibilities===
[[File:Frank Duveneck - The Cobbler’s Apprentice.jpg|thumb|Painting of an apprentice [[Shoemaking|cobbler]], 1877. Despite his youthful appearance, he has taken on adult roles – working for pay and smoking tobacco.]]
[[File:Alessandro Allori 003.jpg|thumb|180px|Portrait of a noble girl {{Circa|1571}}]]
The lifestyle of an adolescent in a given culture is profoundly shaped by the roles and responsibilities he or she is expected to assume. The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior. For instance, adolescents in certain cultures are expected to contribute significantly to household chores and responsibilities.<ref name="Lerner 2001 115">{{cite book|last=Lerner|first=Jacqueline V.|title=Adolescence in America: an encyclopedia|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-57607-205-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781576072059/page/115 115]|editor=Rosenberg, Richard M.|editor2=Jordan Finkelstein|others=Mark L.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781576072059/page/115}}</ref> Household chores are frequently divided into self-care tasks and family-care tasks. However, specific household responsibilities for adolescents may vary by culture, family type, and adolescent age.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lerner|first=Jacqueline V.|title=Adolescence in America: an encyclopedia|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-57607-205-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781576072059/page/116 116]|editor=Rosenberg, Richard M.|editor2=Jordan Finkelstein|others=Mark L.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781576072059/page/116}}</ref> Some research has shown that adolescent participation in family work and routines has a positive influence on the development of an adolescent's feelings of self-worth, care, and concern for others.<ref name="Lerner 2001 115"/>

In addition to the sharing of household chores, certain cultures expect adolescents to share in their family's financial responsibilities. According to family economic and financial education specialists, adolescents develop sound money management skills through the practices of saving and spending money, as well as through planning ahead for future economic goals.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lerner|first=Jacqueline V.|title=Adolescence in America: an encyclopedia|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-57607-205-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781576072059/page/44 44]|editor=Rosenberg, Richard M.|editor2=Jordan Finkelstein|others=Mark L.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781576072059/page/44}}</ref> Differences between families in the distribution of financial responsibilities or provision of [[Allowance (money)|allowance]] may reflect various social background circumstances and intrafamilial processes, which are further influenced by cultural norms and values, as well as by the business sector and market economy of a given society.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lerner|first=Jacqueline V.|title=Adolescence in America: an encyclopedia|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-57607-205-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781576072059/page/44 44–45]|editor=Rosenberg, Richard M.|editor2=Jordan Finkelstein|others=Mark L.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781576072059/page/44}}</ref> For instance, in many developing countries it is common for children to attend fewer years of formal schooling so that, when they reach adolescence, they can begin working.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Larson |first1=Reed W. |last2=Verma |first2=Suman |title=How children and adolescents spend time across the world: Work, play, and developmental opportunities. |journal=Psychological Bulletin |date=1999 |volume=125 |issue=6 |pages=701–736 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.701 |pmid=10589300 |bibcode=1999PsycB.125..701L }}</ref>

While adolescence is a time frequently marked by participation in the workforce, the number of adolescents in the workforce is much lower now than in years past as a result of increased accessibility and perceived importance of formal higher education.<ref name="National Research Council 2005">National Research Council. (2005). "Growing up global". Washington, DC: National Academy Press.{{page needed|date=October 2022}}</ref> For example, half of all 16-year-olds in China were employed in 1980, whereas less than one fourth of this same cohort were employed in 1990.<ref name="National Research Council 2005"/>

Furthermore, the amount of time adolescents spend on work and leisure activities varies greatly by culture as a result of cultural norms and expectations, as well as various socioeconomic factors. American teenagers spend less time in school or working and more time on leisure activities—which include playing sports, socializing, and caring for their appearance—than do adolescents in many other countries.<ref name="Larson, R. 1990">{{cite journal |author1=Larson R. |author2=Verma S. | year = 1999 | title = How children and adolescents spend time across the world:Work, play, and developmental opportunities | journal = Psychological Bulletin | volume = 125 | issue = 6| pages = 701–736 | pmid = 10589300 | doi=10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.701 |bibcode=1999PsycB.125..701L }}</ref> These differences may be influenced by cultural values of education and the amount of responsibility adolescents are expected to assume in their family or community.

Time management, financial roles, and social responsibilities of adolescents are therefore closely connected with the education sector and processes of career development for adolescents, as well as to cultural norms and social expectations. In many ways, adolescents' experiences with their assumed social roles and responsibilities determine the length and quality of their initial pathway into adult roles.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lerner|first=Jacqueline V.|title=Adolescence in America: an encyclopedia|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-57607-205-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781576072059/page/101 101]|editor=Rosenberg, Richard M.|editor2=Jordan Finkelstein|others=Mark L.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781576072059/page/101}}</ref>

===Belief system development===
Adolescence is frequently characterized by a transformation of an adolescent's understanding of the world, the rational direction towards a life course, and the active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority.<ref name="Lerner 2001 577">{{cite book|last=Lerner|first=Jacqueline V.|title=Adolescence in America: an encyclopedia|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-57607-205-9|page=577|editor=Rosenberg, Richard M.|editor2=Jordan Finkelstein|others=Mark L.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781576072059|url-access=registration}}</ref> An adolescent begins to develop a unique [[belief system]] through their interaction with social, familial, and cultural environments.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lerner|first=Jacqueline V.|title=Adolescence in America: an encyclopedia|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-57607-205-9|pages=577–579|editor=Rosenberg, Richard M.|editor2=Jordan Finkelstein|others=Mark L.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781576072059|url-access=registration}}</ref> While organized religion is not necessarily a part of every adolescent's life experience, youth are still held responsible for forming a set of beliefs about themselves, the world around them, and whatever higher powers they may or may not believe in.<ref name="Lerner 2001 577"/> This process is often accompanied or aided by cultural traditions that intend to provide a meaningful transition to adulthood through a ceremony, ritual, confirmation, or [[rite of passage]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Lerner|first=Jacqueline V.|title=Adolescence in America: an encyclopedia|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-57607-205-9|page=578|editor=Rosenberg, Richard M.|editor2=Jordan Finkelstein|others=Mark L.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781576072059|url-access=registration}}</ref>

===Sexuality===
Many cultures define the transition into adultlike sexuality by specific biological or social milestones in an adolescent's life. For example, [[menarche]] (the first menstrual period of a female), or [[semenarche]] (the first ejaculation of a male) are frequent sexual defining points for many cultures. In addition to biological factors, an adolescent's sexual socialization is highly dependent upon whether their culture takes a restrictive or permissive attitude toward teen or premarital sexual activity. In the United States specifically, adolescents are said to have "raging hormones" that drive their sexual desires. These sexual desires are then dramatized regarding [[Adolescent sexuality|teen sex]] and seen as "a site of danger and risk; that such danger and risk is a source of profound worry among adults".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fields |first1=Jessica |title=Sexuality Education in the United States: Shared Cultural Ideas across a Political Divide: Sexuality Education in the United States |journal=Sociology Compass |date=January 2012 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-9020.2011.00436.x }}</ref> There is little to no normalization regarding teenagers having sex in the U.S., which causes conflict in how adolescents are taught about [[sex education]]. There is a constant debate about whether [[abstinence-only sex education]] or [[comprehensive sex education]] should be taught in schools and this stems back to whether or not the country it is being taught in is permissive or restrictive. Restrictive cultures overtly discourage sexual activity in unmarried adolescents or until an adolescent undergoes a formal rite of passage. These cultures may attempt to restrict sexual activity by separating males and females throughout their development, or through [[Public humiliation|public shaming]] and physical punishment when sexual activity does occur.<ref name="Connolly J 2004"/><ref name="Ford, C. 1951">{{cite book |last1=Ford |first1=Clellan Stearns |last2=Beach |first2=Frank Ambrose |title=Patterns of Sexual Behavior |date=1951 |publisher=Harper |oclc=569957165 }}{{page needed|date=October 2022}}</ref> In less restrictive cultures, there is more tolerance for displays of adolescent sexuality, or of the interaction between males and females in public and private spaces. Less restrictive cultures may tolerate some aspects of adolescent sexuality, while objecting to other aspects. For instance, some cultures find teenage sexual activity acceptable but teenage pregnancy highly undesirable. Other cultures do not object to teenage sexual activity or [[teenage pregnancy]], as long as they occur after marriage.<ref name="ReferenceB">Steinberg, L. (2011). "Adolescence", 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.{{page needed|date=October 2022}}</ref> In permissive societies, overt sexual behavior among unmarried teens is perceived as acceptable, and is sometimes even encouraged.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Regardless of whether a culture is restrictive or permissive, there are likely to be discrepancies in how females versus males are expected to express their sexuality. Cultures vary in how overt this double standard is—in some it is legally inscribed, while in others it is communicated through [[social convention]].<ref>Diamond, L., Savin- Williams, R. (2009). Adolescent Sexuality. In R. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), "Handbook of adolescent psychology" (3rd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 479–523). New York: Wiley.</ref> Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth face much discrimination through bullying from those unlike them and may find telling others that they are gay to be a traumatic experience.<ref>Furlong, Andy (2013). "Youth Studies", New York, NY: Routledge.{{page needed|date=October 2022}}</ref> The range of sexual attitudes that a culture embraces could thus be seen to affect the beliefs, lifestyles, and societal perceptions of its adolescents.

===Legal issues, rights and privileges===
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2011}}

====General issues====
[[File:2009-04-13 Cherry Pie sign.jpg|thumb|A sign outside a sex shop reads "Must Be 18 To Enter" in [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina]].]]
Adolescence is a period frequently marked by increased rights and privileges for individuals. While cultural variation exists for legal rights and their corresponding ages, considerable consistency is found across cultures. Furthermore, since the advent of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 (children here defined as under 18), almost every country in the world (except the U.S. and South Sudan) has legally committed to advancing an anti-discriminatory stance towards young people of all ages. This includes protecting children against unchecked [[child labor]], enrollment in the military, prostitution, and pornography.
In many societies, those who reach a certain age (often 18, though this varies) are considered to have reached the [[age of majority]] and are legally regarded as [[adults]] who are responsible for their actions. People below this age are considered [[Minor (law)|minors]] or children. A person below the age of majority may gain adult rights through [[Emancipation of minors|legal emancipation]].

The [[legal working age]] in Western countries is usually 14 to 16, depending on the number of hours and type of employment under consideration. Many countries also specify a minimum [[school leaving age]], at which a person is legally allowed to leave [[compulsory education]]. This age varies greatly cross-culturally, spanning from 10 to 18, which further reflects the diverse ways formal education is viewed in cultures around the world.

In most democratic countries, a citizen is [[Voting age|eligible to vote]] at age 18. In a minority of countries, the voting age is as low as 16 (for example, Brazil), and at one time was as high as 25 in [[Uzbekistan]].

The [[age of consent]] to sexual activity varies widely between jurisdictions, ranging from 12 to 20 years, as does the [[marriageable age|age at which people are allowed to marry]].<ref name="ageofconsent">{{cite web |url=http://www.ageofconsent.com/ageofconsent.htm |title=Ageofconsent.com |publisher=Ageofconsent.com |access-date=September 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023184559/http://www.ageofconsent.com/ageofconsent.htm |archive-date=October 23, 2012 }}</ref> Specific legal ages for adolescents that also vary by culture are enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of [[alcoholic beverage|alcohol]], cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels.
The legal coming of age often does not correspond with the sudden realization of autonomy; many adolescents who have legally reached adult age are still dependent on their guardians or peers for emotional and financial support. Nonetheless, new legal privileges converge with shifting social expectations to usher in a phase of heightened independence or social responsibility for most legal adolescents.

====Alcohol and illicit drug use====

=====Prevalence=====
Following a steady decline beginning in the late 1990s up through the mid-2000s and a moderate increase in the early 2010s, illicit drug use among adolescents has roughly plateaued in the U.S. Aside from alcohol, [[marijuana]] is the most commonly indulged drug habit during adolescent years. Data collected by the [[National Institute on Drug Abuse]] shows that between the years of 2015 and 2018, past year marijuana usage among 8th graders declined from 11.8% to 10.5%; among 10th grade students, usage rose from 25.4% to 27.50%; and among 12th graders, usage rose slightly from 34.9% to 35.9%.<ref name="Abuse">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/trends-statistics/monitoring-future/monitoring-future-study-trends-in-prevalence-various-drugs|title=Monitoring the Future Study: Trends in Prevalence of Various Drugs|last=Abuse|first=National Institute on Drug|website=drugabuse.gov|access-date=July 21, 2019}}</ref> Additionally, while the early 2010s saw a surge in the popularity of [[MDMA]], usage has stabilized with 2.2% of 12th graders using MDMA in the past year in the U.S.<ref name="Abuse"/> The heightened usage of ecstasy most likely ties in at least to some degree with the rising popularity of [[Rave|rave culture]].

One significant contribution to the increase in teenage [[substance abuse]] is an increase in the availability of [[Prescription drug|prescription medication]]. With an increase in the diagnosis of behavioral and attentional disorders for students, taking pharmaceutical drugs such as Vicodin and Adderall for pleasure has become a prevalent activity among adolescents: 9.9% of high school seniors report having abused prescription drugs within the past year.<ref name="Abuse"/>

In the U.S., teenage alcohol use rose in the late 2000s and is currently stable at a moderate level. Out of a polled body of U.S. students age 12–18, 8.2% of 8th graders reported having been on at least one occasion having consumed alcohol within the previous month; for 10th graders, the number was 18.6%, and for 12th graders, 30.2%.<ref name="NIDA">[http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/high-school-youth-trends] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930053712/http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/high-school-youth-trends|date=September 30, 2012}}, National Institute of Drug Abuse. (July 2012). "Drugfacts: High school and youth."</ref> More drastically, cigarette smoking has become a far less prevalent activity among American middle- and high-school students; in fact, a greater number of teens now smoke marijuana than smoke cigarettes, with one recent study showing a respective 23.8% versus 43.6% of surveyed high school seniors.<ref name="NIDA" /> Recent studies have shown that male late adolescents are far more likely to smoke cigarettes rather than females. The study indicated that there was a discernible gender difference in the prevalence of smoking among the students. The finding of the study shows that more males than females began smoking when they were in primary and high schools whereas most females started smoking after high school.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mudhovozi |first1=Pilot |last2=Mashamba |first2=Tshilidzi |last3=Sodi |first3=Tholene |title=Gender differences in cigarette smoking among university students |journal=African Journal for Physical Health Education, Recreation and Dance |date=1 September 2012 |volume=18 |issue=sup-3 |pages=117–130 |hdl=10520/EJC128326 }}</ref> This may be attributed to recent changing social and political views towards marijuana; issues such as medicinal use and legalization have tended towards painting the drug in a more positive light than historically, while cigarettes continue to be vilified due to associated health risks.

Different drug habits often relate to one another in a highly significant manner. It has been demonstrated that adolescents who drink at least to some degree may be as much as sixteen times more likely than non-drinkers to use illicit drugs.<ref name="Greenblatt">{{cite report |last1=Greenblatt |first1=Janet C. |year=2000 |title=Patterns of Alcohol Use Among Adolescents and Associations with Emotional and Behavioral Problems |id={{ERIC|ED448387}} |citeseerx=10.1.1.365.6700 |publisher=Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration }}</ref>

=====Social influence=====
[[File:Night Life in Cork, Ireland.jpg|thumb|Irish teenagers over 18 hanging around outside a bar. People under 18 are not allowed to drink alcohol outside the home.]]
Peer acceptance and social norms gain a significantly greater hand in directing behavior at the onset of adolescence; as such, the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped largely by the substance use of friends and other classmates. In fact, studies suggest that more significantly than actual drug norms, an individual's perception of the illicit drug use by friends and peers is highly associated with their own habits in substance use during both middle and high school, a relationship that increases in strength over time.<ref name="Duan et al">{{cite journal|last=Duan|first=L.|author2=Chou, C.|author3=Andreeva, V.|author4=Pentz, M.|title=Trajectories of Peer Social Influences as Long-term Predictors of Drug Use from Early Through Late Adolescence|journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence|date=July 2009|volume=38|issue=3|pages=454–465|doi=10.1007/s10964-008-9310-y|pmid=19636757|s2cid=24306753}}</ref> Whereas social influences on alcohol use and marijuana use tend to work directly in the short term, peer and friend norms on smoking cigarettes in middle school have a profound effect on one's own likelihood to smoke cigarettes well into high school.<ref name="Duan et al" /> Perhaps the strong correlation between peer influence in middle school and cigarette smoking in high school may be explained by the addictive nature of cigarettes, which could lead many students to continue their smoking habits from middle school into late adolescence.

=====Demographic factors=====
Until mid-to-late adolescence, boys and girls show relatively little difference in drinking motives.<ref name="Kuntsche et al">{{cite journal|last=Kuntsche|first=E.|author2=Knibbe, R.|author3=Gmel, G.|author4=Engels, R.|title=Who drinks and why? A review of socio-demographic, personality, and contextual issues behind the drinking motives in young people|journal=Addictive Behaviors|year=2006|volume=31|issue=10|pages=1844–1857|doi=10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.12.028|pmid=16460883}}</ref> Distinctions between the reasons for alcohol consumption of males and females begin to emerge around ages 14–15; overall, boys tend to view drinking in a more social light than girls, who report on average a more frequent use of alcohol as a coping mechanism.<ref name="Kuntsche et al" /> The latter effect appears to shift in late adolescence and onset of early adulthood (20–21 years of age); however, despite this trend, age tends to bring a greater desire to drink for pleasure rather than coping in both boys and girls.<ref name="Kuntsche et al" />

Drinking habits and the motives behind them often reflect certain aspects of an individual's personality; in fact, four dimensions of the [[Big Five personality traits|Five-Factor Model]] of personality demonstrate associations with drinking motives (all but 'Openness'). Greater enhancement motives for alcohol consumption tend to reflect high levels of extraversion and sensation-seeking in individuals; such enjoyment motivation often also indicates low conscientiousness, manifesting in lowered inhibition and a greater tendency towards aggression. On the other hand, drinking to cope with [[negative emotion]]al states correlates strongly with high neuroticism and low agreeableness.<ref name="Kuntsche et al" /> Alcohol use as a negative emotion control mechanism often links with many other behavioral and emotional impairments, such as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem.<ref name="Kuntsche et al" />

Research has generally shown striking uniformity across different cultures in the motives behind teen alcohol use. Social engagement and personal enjoyment appear to play a fairly universal role in adolescents' decision to drink throughout separate cultural contexts. Surveys conducted in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canada have each indicated the most common reason for drinking among adolescents to relate to pleasure and recreation; 80% of Argentinian teens reported drinking for enjoyment, while only 7% drank to improve a bad mood.<ref name="Kuntsche et al" /> The most prevalent answers among Canadian adolescents were to "get in a party mood," 18%; "because I enjoy it," 16%; and "to get drunk," 10%.<ref name="Kuntsche et al" /> In Hong Kong, female participants most frequently reported drinking for social enjoyment, while males most frequently reported drinking to feel the effects of alcohol.<ref name="Kuntsche et al" />

===Media===

====Body image====
[[File:Ignoring Each Other (33390897436) (cropped).jpg|100px|thumb|A girl looking at her smartphone]]
Much research has been conducted on the psychological ramifications of [[body image]] on adolescents. Modern day teenagers are exposed to more media on a daily basis than any generation before them. As such, modern day adolescents are exposed to many representations of ideal, societal beauty. The concept of a person being unhappy with their own image or appearance has been defined as "body dissatisfaction". In teenagers, body dissatisfaction is often associated with body mass, low [[self-esteem]], and atypical eating patterns that can result in health procedures.<ref name="Makinen">{{cite journal | last1 = Mäkinen | first1 = M |display-authors=et al | year = 2012 | title = Body dissatisfaction and body mass in girls and boys transitioning from early to mid-adolescence: additional role of self-esteem and eating habits | journal = BMC Psychiatry | volume = 12 | article-number = 35 | doi=10.1186/1471-244x-12-35| pmid = 22540528 | pmc = 3370989 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Inge|first1=Thomas H.|last2=Coley|first2=R. Yates|last3=Bazzano|first3=Lydia A.|last4=Xanthakos|first4=Stavra A.|last5=McTigue|first5=Kathleen|last6=Arterburn|first6=David|last7=Williams|first7=Neely|last8=Wellman|first8=Rob|last9=Coleman|first9=Karen J.|last10=Courcoulas|first10=Anita|last11=Desai|first11=Nirav K.|date=2018|title=Comparative effectiveness of bariatric procedures among adolescents: the PCORnet bariatric study|journal=Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases|language=en|volume=14|issue=9|pages=1374–1386|doi=10.1016/j.soard.2018.04.002|pmc=6165694|pmid=29793877}}</ref> Scholars continue to debate the effects of media on body dissatisfaction in teens.<ref name="Ata">{{cite journal | last1 = Ata | first1 = R. N. | last2 = Ludden | first2 = A. | last3 = Lally | first3 = M. M. | year = 2007 | title = The effects of gender and family, friends, peers, and media influences on eating behaviors and body image during adolescence | journal = Journal of Youth and Adolescence | volume = 36 | issue = 8| pages = 1024–1037 | doi = 10.1007/s10964-006-9159-x | s2cid = 145646823 }}</ref><ref name="Review of General Psychology">{{cite journal | last1 = Ferguson | first1 = C. J. | last2 = Winegard | first2 = B. | last3 = Winegard | first3 = B. | year = 2011 | title = Who is the fairest one of all? How evolution guides peer and media influences on female body dissatisfaction | url = http://www.tamiu.edu/~cferguson/Who%20Is%20the%20Fairest.pdf | journal = Review of General Psychology | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–28 | doi = 10.1037/a0022607 | s2cid = 4848392 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015802/http://www.tamiu.edu/~cferguson/Who%20Is%20the%20Fairest.pdf | archive-date = March 14, 2012 }}</ref>

====Media profusion====

Because exposure to media has increased over the past decade, adolescents' use of computers, cell phones, stereos and televisions to gain access to various mediums of popular culture has also increased. Almost all American households have at least one television, more than three-quarters of all adolescents' homes have access to the Internet, and more than 90% of American adolescents use the Internet at least occasionally.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lenhart|first=Amanda|title=Teens and social media|journal=Pew Internet and American Life Project|year=2007}}</ref> As a result of the amount of time adolescents spend using these devices, their total media exposure is high. From 1996 to 2006, the amount of time that adolescents spent on the computer greatly increased.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Greene|first=M|title=Trajectories of perceived adult and peer discrimination among Black, Latino, and Asian American adolescents: patterns and psychological correlates.|journal=Developmental Psychology|date=March 2006|volume=42|pages=391–396|pmid=16569162|doi=10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.218|issue=2}}</ref> Online activities with the highest rates of use among adolescents are video games (78% of adolescents), email (73%), instant messaging (68%), social networking sites (65%), news sources (63%), music (59%), and videos (57%).

====Social networking====

In the 2000s, social networking sites proliferated and a high proportion of adolescents used them. As of 2012, 73% of 12–17 year olds reported having at least one social networking profile;<ref>{{cite journal|last=Reich|first=Stephanie M.|author2=Kaveri Subrahmanyam |author3=Guadalupe Espinoza|title=Friending, IMing, and Hanging Out Face-to-Face: Overlap in Adolescents' Online and Offline Social Networks|journal=Developmental Psychology|date=March 2012|volume=48|issue=2|pages=356–368|doi=10.1037/a0026980|pmid=22369341}}</ref> two-thirds (68%) of teens texted every day, half (51%) visited social networking sites daily, and 11% sent or received tweets at least once every day. More than a third (34%) of teens visited their main social networking site several times a day. One in four (23%) teens were "heavy" social media users, meaning they used at least two different types of social media each and every day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Teens are avid, daily users of social media|url=http://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/social-media-social-life/key-finding-1%3A-teens-are-avid,-daily-users-of-social-media|work=Social Media, Social Life: How Teens View Their Digital Lives|publisher=Common Sense Media|access-date=December 6, 2012|archive-date=May 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515235615/https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/social-media-social-life/key-finding-1%3A-teens-are-avid,-daily-users-of-social-media}}</ref>

Although research has been inconclusive, some findings have indicated that electronic communication negatively affects adolescents' social development, replaces face-to-face communication, impairs their social skills, and can sometimes lead to unsafe interaction with strangers. A 2015 review reported that "adolescents lack awareness of strategies to cope with cyberbullying, which has been consistently associated with an increased likelihood of depression."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamm|first1=MP|last2=Newton|first2=AS|last3=Chisholm|first3=A|last4=Shulhan|first4=J|last5=Milne|first5=A|last6=Sundar|first6=P|last7=Ennis|first7=H|last8=Scott|first8=SD|last9=Hartling|first9=L|title=Prevalence and Effect of Cyberbullying on Children and Young People: A Scoping Review of Social Media Studies|journal=JAMA Pediatrics|date=June 22, 2015|pmid=26098362|doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0944|volume=169|issue=8|pages=770–7}}</ref> Furthermore, in 2020, 32% of adolescent girls that use Instagram reported feeling worse about their body image after using the platform.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-09-15|title=Facebook under fire over secret teen research|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-58570353|access-date=2021-10-03}}</ref> Studies have shown differences in the ways the internet negatively impacts adolescents' social functioning. Online socializing tends to make girls particularly vulnerable, while socializing in [[Internet café]]s seems only to affect boys' academic achievement. However, other research suggests that Internet communication brings friends closer and is beneficial for [[Social anxiety|socially anxious]] teens, who find it easier to interact socially online.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chen|first=Su-Yen|author2=Fu, Yang-Chih|title=Internet use and academic achievement in early adolescence|journal=Adolescence|year=2009|volume=44|issue=176|pages=797–812|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/47715864|access-date=October 4, 2012|pmid=20432601}}</ref>

===Transitions into adulthood===
{{further|Leaving the nest}}
[[File:Da Nang, Vietnam. A young Marine private waits on the beach during the Marine landing. - NARA - 532432 (restored).jpg|thumbnail|160px|A young U.S. Marine in the [[Vietnam War]], 1965]]
A broad way of defining adolescence is the transition from child-to-adulthood. According to Hogan & Astone (1986), this transition can include markers such as leaving school, starting a full-time job, leaving the home of origin, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shanahan |first1=Michael J. |title=Pathways to Adulthood in Changing Societies: Variability and Mechanisms in Life Course Perspective |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |date=August 2000 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=667–692 |id={{Gale|A67051625}} |doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.667 |jstor=223461 }}</ref> However, the time frame of this transition varies drastically by culture. In some countries, such as the United States, adolescence can last nearly a decade, but in others, the transition—often in the form of a ceremony—can last for only a few days.<ref>Steinberg, L. (2011). "Adolescence", 9th ed. 101. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.</ref>

Some examples of social and religious transition ceremonies that can be found in the U.S., as well as in other cultures around the world, are [[Confirmation]], [[Bar and Bat Mitzvah]]s, [[Quinceañera]]s, [[Sweet sixteen (birthday)|sweet sixteens]], [[cotillion]]s, and [[débutante]] balls. In other countries, initiation ceremonies play an important role, marking the transition into adulthood or the entrance into adolescence. This transition may be accompanied by obvious physical changes, which can vary from a change in clothing to tattoos and scarification.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Furthermore, transitions into adulthood may also vary by gender, and specific rituals may be more common for males or for females. This illuminates the extent to which adolescence is, at least in part, a social construction; it takes shape differently depending on the cultural context, and may be enforced more by cultural practices or transitions than by universal chemical or biological physical changes.

==Promoting positive changes in adolescents==
At the decision-making point of their lives, youth are susceptible to drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities. Developmental Intervention Science (DIS) is a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences. This association conducts youth interventions that mutually assist both the needs of the community as well as psychologically stranded youth by focusing on risky and inappropriate behaviors while promoting positive self-development along with self-esteem among adolescents.<ref>"The initiative to promote positive changes in youth". The Hindustan Times (New Delhi). April 19, 2008.</ref>

==Criticism==
The concept of adolescence has been criticized by experts, such as [[Robert Epstein]], who state that an undeveloped brain is not the main cause of teenagers' turmoils.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Epstein |first1=Robert |title=The Myth of the Teen Brain |journal=Scientific American |date=June 2007 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=68–75 |jstor=24939607 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0607-68sp |bibcode=2007SciAm..17...68E |url=https://drrobertepstein.com/pdf/Epstein-THE_MYTH_OF_THE_TEEN_BRAIN-Scientific_American_Mind-4-07.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Romer |first1=Dan |title=Why it's time to lay the stereotype of the 'teen brain' to rest |url=https://theconversation.com/why-its-time-to-lay-the-stereotype-of-the-teen-brain-to-rest-85888 |work=The Conversation |date=29 October 2017 }}</ref> Some have criticized the concept of adolescence because it is a relatively recent phenomenon in human history created by modern society,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199501/the-invention-adolescence|title=The Invention of Adolescence|magazine=Psychology Today|date=June 9, 2016|access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ482132|title=On the "Invention" of Adolescence.|last=Fasick|first=Frank A.|journal=Journal of Early Adolescence|volume=14|number=1|pages=6–23|date=February 1994|doi=10.1177/0272431694014001002|s2cid=145165641}} "[...] the application of technology to increase productivity, the affluence generated by it, and the related structural changes in society have contributed to the creation of adolescence in the North American urban-industrial society."</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OENf1J45SS0C|title=Teen 2.0: Saving Our Children and Families from the Torment of Adolescence|last=Epstein|first=Robert|publisher=Linden Publishing|date=2010|isbn=978-1-61035-101-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Demos|first1=John|last2=Demos|first2=Virginia|year=1969|title=Adolescence in Historical Perspective|journal=Journal of Marriage and Family|volume=31|pages=632–638|doi=10.2307/349302|jstor=349302|number=4}} "The idea of adolescence is today one of our most widely held and deeply imbedded assumptions about the process of human development. Indeed, most of us treat it not as an idea but as a ''fact''. [...] The concept of adolescence, as generally understood and applied, did not exist before the last two decades of the nineteenth century."</ref> and have been highly critical of what they view as the [[infantilization]] of young adults in American society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://help.fortroubledteens.com/the-danger-of-treating-teens-like-children.html|title=The Danger of Treating Teens Like Children|website=help.fortroubledteens.com}}</ref> In an article for ''[[Scientific American]]'', Robert Epstein and Jennifer Ong state that "American-style teen turmoil is absent in more than 100 cultures around the world, suggesting that such mayhem is not biologically inevitable. Second, the brain itself changes in response to experiences, raising the question of whether adolescent brain characteristics are the cause of teen tumult or rather the result of lifestyle and experiences."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-teens-who-behave-reck/|title=Are the Brains of Reckless Teens More Mature Than Those of Their Prudent Peers?|author1-last=Epstein|author1-first=Robert|author2-last=Ong|author2-first=Jennifer|magazine=Scientific American|date=August 25, 2009|access-date=October 5, 2017}}</ref> David Moshman has also stated in regards to adolescence that brain research "is crucial for a full picture, but it [[Correlation does not imply causation|does not provide an ultimate explanation]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-moshman/adolescents-and-their-tee_b_858360.html|title=The Teenage Brain: Debunking the 5 Biggest Myths|last=Moshman|first=David|date=May 17, 2011|website=HuffPost|access-date=November 20, 2017}}</ref>

Other critics of the concept of adolescence point at individual differences in brain growth rate, citing that some (though not all) early teens still have infantile undeveloped [[corpus callosum]]s, concluding that "the adult in ''every'' adolescent" is too generalizing. These people tend to support the notion that a more interconnected brain makes more precise distinctions (citing [[Ivan Pavlov|Pavlov]]'s comparisons of [[conditioned reflex]]es in different species) and that there is a [[critical phenomena|non-arbitrary threshold]] at which distinctions become sufficiently precise to correct assumptions afterward as opposed to being ultimately dependent on exterior assumptions for communication. They argue that this threshold is the one at which an individual is objectively capable of speaking for himself or herself, as opposed to culturally arbitrary measures of "maturity" which often treat this ability as a sign of "immaturity" merely because it leads to questioning of authorities. These people also stress the low probability of the threshold being reached at a birthday, and instead advocate non-chronological emancipation at the threshold of afterward correction of assumptions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Paul|first=Richard W.|year=1988|title=Ethics without Indoctrination.|url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ373375|journal=Educational Leadership|volume=45|issue=8|pages=10–19}}</ref> They sometimes cite similarities between "adolescent" behavior and KZ syndrome (inmate behavior in adults in prison camps) such as aggression being explainable by oppression and "immature" financial or other risk behavior being explainable by a way out of captivity being more worth to captive people than any incremental improvement in captivity, and argue that this theory successfully predicted remaining "immature" behavior after reaching the [[age of majority]] by means of longer-term traumatization. In this context, they refer to the [[fallibility]] of official assumptions about what is good or bad for an individual, concluding that [[paternalism|paternalistic]] "rights" may harm the individual. They also argue that since it never took many years to move from one group to another to avoid inbreeding in the [[Paleolithic]], [[evolutionary psychology]] is unable to account for a long period of "immature" risk behavior.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Thinker's Guide to Ethical Reasoning|last1=Paul|first1=Richard W.|last2=Elder|first2=Linda|publisher=Foundation for Critical Thinking|year=2013|isbn=978-0-944583-17-3|edition=2nd|location=Dillon Beach, CA|oclc=51633820}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Society}}
* [[Adolescent medicine]]
* [[Adolescent sleep]]
* [[Children and adolescents in the United States]]
* [[Clique]]
* [[Emerging adulthood and early adulthood]]
* [[Ephebophilia]] – a sexual preference in which an adult is primarily or exclusively sexually attracted to mid to late adolescents
* [[Fear of youth]]
* [[Student voice]]
* [[Suitable age and discretion]]
* [[Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Timeline of young people's rights in the United States]]
* [[Young adult fiction]]
* [[Young adult (psychology)]]
* [[Young worker safety and health]]
* [[Youth]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Preadolescence]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Stages of human development]]|years='''Adolescence'''}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Young adult (psychology)|Young adult]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Humandevelopment}}
{{Subject bar|commons=yes|commons-search=Category:Adolescence|wikt=yes|b=yes|q=yes|q-search=Teenagers|s=yes|d=Q131774}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Adolescence| ]]
[[Category:Puberty]]

Batanagar

2026-03-22T13:51:52Z

Anilsharma: updated article also and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Maheshtala, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Batanagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Maheshtala
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5133|N|88.2230|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type4 = Region
| subdivision_name4 = [[Kolkata metropolitan area|Greater Kolkata]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = [[Maheshtala|Maheshtala Municipality]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 9
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 700140
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Maheshtala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maheshtala]]
| website = {{URL|www.maheshtalamunicipality.org}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Batanagar''' is a neighbourhood in [[Maheshtala]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by the [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html
|title=Base Map of Kolkata Metropolitan area
|access-date=3 September 2007
|publisher=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000049/http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html
|archive-date=28 September 2007
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==History==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2023}}

Batanagar was established to build the first shoe factory in India by Czechoslovak industrialist [[Tomáš Baťa]]. The [[Bata Corporation|Bata]] brand was launched on 24 August 1894 in [[Zlín]], then in [[Austria-Hungary]] (now in the [[Czech Republic]]). The company first established itself in India in 1931 by renting a building to start an experimental shoe production plant in [[Konnagar]], with 75 Czechoslovak experts. [[Jan Antonín Baťa]] then built up an industrial manufacturing city called Batanagar in 1934 as well as other factories in [[Delhi]] and [[Patna]] and elsewhere in India, employing more than 7,000 people. Later, Batanagar became one of the bigger suburban cities near [[Kolkata]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=360| height=300| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|26|30|N|88|12|35|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the western part of Alipore Sadar subdivision (including Budge Budge I & II, Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly Bakrahat is in Bishnupur II CD block, but Lakshmibala Rural Hospital at Bakrahat serves Budge Budge II CD block and so it is included here.

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|27|15|N|88|8|2|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Pujali | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Pujali]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|28|0|N|88|10|25|E}} | label-pos2=top|label2=Budge Budge| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Budge Budge]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|28|8|N|88|11|59|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Uttar Raypur | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Uttar Raypur]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|28|37|N|88|12|51|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Balarampur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Balarampur, Budge Budge]] (CT)| shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|26|55|N|88|11|7|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Buita| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Buita]] (CT)| shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|27|37|N|88|10|27|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Benjanhari Acharial| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Benjanhari Acharial]] (CT)| shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|27|38|N|88|10|0|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Abhirampur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Abhirampur]] (CT)| shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|27|20|N|88|10|22|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Nischintapur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Nischintapur, Budge Budge]] (CT)| shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|25|40|N|88|9|18|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9=Birlapur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Birlapur]] (CT)| shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|25|48|N|88|10|25|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Chak Kashipur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Chak Kashipur]] (CT)| shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|24|56|N|88|9|55|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Chak Alampur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Chak Alampur]] (CT)| shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|24|30|N|88|11|7|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Bowali| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Bowali]] (CT)| shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|24|15|N|88|9|4|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Dakshin Raypur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Dakshin Raypur]] (CT)| shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|22|55|N|88|8|51|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Poali| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Poali]] (CT)| shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|24|5|N|88|10|41|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Nodakhali| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Nodakhali]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|23|55|N|88|10|5|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16= Dongaria| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Dongaria]] (R)|shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|22|6|N|88|6|40|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Burul| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Burul]] (R)|shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|23|45|N|88|13|15|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Bakrahat| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Bakrahat]] (R)|shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|30|43|N|88|15|3|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Maheshtala| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Maheshtala]] (M)
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|28|45|N|88|15|45|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Chata Kalikapur| numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Chata Kalikapur]] (CT)|shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|27|15|N|88|13|55|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Rameswarpur| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Rameswarpur, Maheshtala]] (CT)| shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|28|19|N|88|16|0|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Ganye|labela22= Gangadharpur| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Ganye Gangadharpur]] (CT)| shape-color22=#A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|27|35|N|88|15|40|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23=Asuti| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Asuti]] (CT)| shape-color23=#A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|26|52|N|88|17|25|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Hanspukuria| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= [[Hanspukuria]] (CT)| shape-color24=#A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|25|1|N|88|15|47|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Samali| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Samali]] (CT)| shape-color25=#A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|29|50|N|88|13|17|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Nungi| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Nungi]] (R)|shape-color26=#C42222
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|30|47|N|88|12|47|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Batanagar| numbered27=R| mark-title27= Batanagar (R) |shape-color27=black| label-size27=13|label-color27=black 
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|22|0|N|88|6|5|E}} |label28=Hooghly | label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-75| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|23|0|N|88|6|45|E}} |label29= River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=-45| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none}}

===Area overview===
Alipore Sadar subdivision is the most urbanized part of the South 24 Parganas district. 59.85% of the population lives in the urban areas and 40.15% lives in the rural areas. In the northern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 21 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the subdivision, on the east bank of the [[Hooghly River]], is an [[alluvium|alluvial]] stretch, with industrial development.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Batanagar is located at {{coord|22.5133|N|88.2230|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|9|m}}.

==Economy==
[[File:BATA_INDIA_LTD_Batananagar_West_Bengal_02.jpg|left|thumb|Entrance of the Bata shoe factory]]
It is one of the places named after the multinational shoe company [[Bata Shoes|Bata]]. There is a plant of the Bata company here. The employees mostly reside in Batanagar. Shoe-making is a predominant cottage industry in Batanagar, with houses and families dedicated to manufacturing shoes from leather, PVC, jute, etc. for shoe brands in India. For example - [[Khadim's]], [[Sreeleathers]], Titas and Liberty have outsourced a major portion of their shoe making process to the various entities in Batanagar.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

This feature was born out of necessity, as most of the families residing in Batanagar are dependent on the Bata factory for their livelihood, hence whenever the factory gets locked-out, these families are very severely affected. Hence shoe making from their homes has given them an alternate source of earning.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==Education==
[[Techno International Batanagar]], established in 2012, offers diploma, undergraduate and postgraduate degree courses in Engineering and Technology and other allied fields.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://tib.edu.in/ |title = Techno International Batanagar |publisher= TIB | access-date = 29 October 2019 }}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Maheshtala,Budge Budge Trunk Road.jpg|thumb|[[Batanagar Flyover]] along with the BBT Road]]
Batanagar is on the Budge Budge Trunk Road.<ref name="google">Google maps</ref>

[[Nangi railway station]] is located nearby.<ref name="google"/>
==Notable residents==
*[[Smaranjit Chakraborty]], Writer

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Neighbourhoods in South Kolkata}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

Kavita Singh (scholar)

2026-03-17T17:25:01Z

Anilsharma: Created The Bio W/ Infobox!

{{Short description|Indian art historian (1964–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Kavita Singh
| image = Kavita Singh.jpeg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1964|11|5|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|7|30|1964|11|5|df=yes}}
| alma_mater = [[Lady Shri Ram College]] [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] [[Panjab University]]
| awards = [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] [[Infosys Prize]]
| workplaces = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
| occupation = Professor, writer and curator
| sub_discipline = [[Museum Studies]], [[Mughal Painting]], [[Rajput Painting]] and [[Iconoclasm]]
| discipline = [[Art History]]
| titles = Doctor
| notable_works = Scent upon a Southern Breeze: The Synaesthetic Arts of the Deccan
| main_interests = Manuscript Painting Traditions in India, history of museums in [[South Asia]] and the Repatriation of Cultural Artefacts
| boards = [[J. Paul Getty Trust]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] [[English literature]] [[M.S.]] [[Ph.D.]]
| notable_ideas = Historical function and role of museums, museums and nationalism
}}

'''Kavita Singh''' (5 November 1964 – 30 July 2023) was an Indian art historian. A professor of art history, she served as the dean at the School of Arts and Aesthetics of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]].

==Education==
Kavita Singh obtained her [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree at [[Lady Shri Ram College]], her [[Master of Fine Arts|MFA]] in 1987 from [[M.S. University]], [[Baroda]] and her PhD in 1996 from [[Panjab University, Chandigarh|Punjab University]].<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Singh was appointed to Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) in 2001, where she was a co-founder of the internationally recognized School of Art and Aesthetics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-21 |title=Kavita Singh |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/kavita-singh |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> She served there as a professor till her death. Her research interests covered the history of Indian painting, particularly the [[Mughal painting|Mughal]] and [[Rajput painting|Rajput schools]], and the history and politics of museums, with a special focus on India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/saa/faculty.htm |title=School of the Arts |access-date=5 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502203743/http://www.jnu.ac.in/saa/faculty.htm |archive-date=2 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Before joining JNU, Singh taught at the [[College of Art, Delhi]] and the [[National Institute of Technology Delhi]]. She was also a research editor for [[Marg (magazine)|Marg Publications]], and a visiting guest curator at the San Diego Museum of Art, during which time she co-curated the exhibition ''Power and Desire: South Asian Paintings from the San Diego Museum of Art, Edwin Binney 3rd Collection''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sites.asiasociety.org/arts/power_desire/about.html|title=Power & Desire|website=sites.asiasociety.org}}</ref> The exhibition ran in New York from 10 October 2000 to 7 January 2001. A catalogue by Omina Okada appeared subsequently.<ref>Amina Okada, ''Power and desire : Indian miniatures from the San Diego Museum of Art Edwin Binney 3rd Collection'' Musée des arts asiatiques (Nice, France); San Diego Museum of Art. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746014996]</ref>

In 2007, Singh led a curatorial team for the second exhibition of the newly opened Devi Art Foundation. The exhibition was titled ''Where in the World''. An abridged version of Singh's introduction to the catalogue appeared online.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://globalartmuseum.de/site/guest_author/163 |title=Global Art and the Museum |access-date=5 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122205657/http://globalartmuseum.de/site/guest_author/163 |archive-date=22 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> From 2009–2012 she was a partner at the [[Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz]] of the [[Max Planck Society]] with Professor Dr. Gerhard Wolf and Hannah Baader for a project called ''The Temple and the Museum: Sites for Art in India''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mpg.de/274644/Partner_Groups_in_India|title=Partner Groups in India|website=www.mpg.de}}</ref>

==Death==
Kavita Singh died of cancer on 30 July 2023, at the age of 58.<ref>{{cite news |title=Art historian Kavita Singh passes away |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/art-historian-kavita-singh-passes-away-101690742051317-amp.html |access-date=30 July 2023 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=31 July 2023}}</ref>

==Recognition==
Kavita Singh was elected as an International Honorary Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-21 |title=Kavita Singh |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/kavita-singh |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> one of 37 foreign inductees that year,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-23 |title=New 2020 Members Announced |url=https://www.amacad.org/2020-member-announcement |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> and the only one from India in the field of Arts and Humanities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Members |url=https://www.amacad.org/new-members-2020 |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, she was awarded the [[Infosys Prize]] in Humanities for her work in the field of art history and visual culture.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/laureates/2018/kavita-singh.asp|title=Infosys Prize - Laureates 2018 - Prof. Kavita Singh|website=www.infosys-science-foundation.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref> In her acceptance speech, she joked that her presence at the ceremony was illegitimate as her leave from JNU to visit Bangalore had not been approved.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dogra |first=Nandita Jayaraj and Aashima |title=In our current political climate, art history is more important than ever before: Infosys Prize winner Kavita Singh |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/arts/infosys-prize-winner-kavita-singh |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=The Caravan |language=en}}</ref>

She received numerous fellowships and scholarships throughout her career, including from the [[Getty Research Institute]], the [[Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute]], [[Williams College]], the Nehru Trust for the Indian Collections at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], and the [[Asia Society]] in [[New York City|New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Getty|url=https://www.getty.edu/about/governance/trustees.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |language=en}}</ref>

==Lectures==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2VtLofWU0U Looking East, Looking West: Mughal Painting between Persia and Europe] (Getty Research Institute, 2015)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W9_eWgSRQAo Congress of Kings: Thoughts on a painting of Muhammad Shah Rangila] (Kiran Nadar Museum of Art, 2018)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNSN5rbF0ss Word against Image in Mughal Chronicles] (Bangalore International Centre, 2021)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cW7kKch4TEI A New Museum for a New Nation] (Fralin Museum of Art at The University of Virginia, 2021)
* [https://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/collection-areas/islamic-art/islamic-art-in-solitude-lectures?v=endless-prospects-view-from-a-terrace-in-18th-century-awadh-by-kavita-singh Endless Prospects: View from a Terrace in 18th-century Awadh] (Met Museum, 2022)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXvLD0pJFYU Book of Gold] (American Institute of Indian Studies, 2022)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-5o2WdTJpY An Embarrassment of Riches: Indian Architectural Exhibits at the V&A] (Sydney Asian Art Series, 2023)

==Publications==
* ''New Insights Into Sikh Art'' (2003, ed.)
* ''InFlux: Contemporary Art in Asia'' (2013, co-ed.)
* ''No Touching, No Spitting, No Praying: The Museum in South Asia'' (2014, co-ed.)
* ''Nauras - The Many Arts of the Deccan'' (2015, co-ed.)<ref>This book has inspired an online exhibition: {{Cite web |title=Nauras: The Many Arts of the Deccan|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/nauras-the-many-arts-of-the-deccan-national-museum-delhi/_gVRsSkMl8_LJw |access-date=2023-07-30 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Museums, Heritage, Culture: Into the Conflict Zone'' (2015, co-ed.)
* ''Real Birds in Imagined Gardens: Mughal Painting Between Persia and Europe'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donde |first=Dipanwita |date=2019-07-29 |title=Kavita Singh: "Real Birds in Imagined Gardens: Mughal Painting between Persia and Europe". |url=https://bilderfahrzeuge.hypotheses.org/3950 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=BILDERFAHRZEUGE |doi=10.58079/m0j8 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Scent Upon A Southern Breeze: The Synaesthetic Arts of the Deccan'' (2018, ed.)<ref>{{Cite web |title="Scent upon a Southern Breeze", Marg's new book brings together scholarship on the Deccani arts - Transforming lives |url=https://www.tatatrusts.org/our-stories/article/scent-upon-a-southern-breeze |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Tata Trusts |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Ghosts of Future Nations: Gods, Migrants and Tribals in the Late Modern Museum'' (2024, co-ed. Museum of Ephemera, forthcoming, part of the series India Since the 90s).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kavita}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian art historians]]
[[Category:Indian women historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:Historians of Indian art]]
[[Category:20th-century women writers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]

Indian Airlines Flight 403

2026-03-16T07:52:06Z

Anilsharma: Made Some Entry W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Airline accident}}
{{Distinguish|Air India Flight 403}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| name = Indian Airlines Flight 403
| image = Indian Airlines Boeing 737-2A8; VT-EGE, December 1998 BUI (5404996252).jpg
| caption = An Indian Airlines Boeing 737-200 similar to the one involved
| occurrence_type = Accident
| date = {{start date|1978|12|17|df=y}}
| summary = [[Runway overrun]] due to mechanical failure
| site = [[Begumpet Airport]], [[Telangana]], India
| total_fatalities = 4
| aircraft_type = [[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-2A8]]
| operator = [[Indian Airlines]]
| tail_number = VT-EAL
| ICAO = IAC403
| IATA = IC403
| callsign = INDAIR 403
| origin = Begumpet Airport, Telangana
| destination = [[Bangalore International Airport]]
| occupants = 132
| passengers = 126
| crew = 6
| fatalities = 1
| survivors = 131
| ground_fatalities = 3
}}
'''Indian Airlines Flight 403<ref name="timetableimages">{{Cite web |url=http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/ai/ai77/ai77-9.jpg |title=Indian Airlines flight schedule, September 1977 |access-date=1 December 2021 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305112517/https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/ai/ai77/ai77-9.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref>''' was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from [[Begumpet Airport]] in [[Hyderabad]] to [[Bangalore]]. On 17 December 1978, the [[Boeing 737-2A8]] crashed during [[takeoff]], killing one passenger and causing three additional ground casualties.<ref name="asn">{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-2A8 VT-EAL Hyderabad-Begumpet Airport (HYD)|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19781217-0|access-date=1 April 2021|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]]}}</ref>

== Aircraft ==
The aircraft involved was a Boeing 737-2A8 registered as VT-EAL. The plane was seven years and ten months old at the time of the crash.<ref name="asn" /> It was powered by two [[Pratt & Whitney JT8D|Pratt & Whitney JT8D-9A]] turbojet engines.{{cn|date=June 2025|reason=Unreliable source removed}}

== Accident ==
During takeoff from Runway 09 at Begumpet Airport, the aircraft entered a [[Stall (fluid dynamics)|stall]]. The flight crew [[Aborted take-off|aborted]] the takeoff and attempted a [[wheels-up landing]]. The aircraft skidded {{Convert|3080|ft|m}}, overshooting the runway and breaking the airport's perimeter fence before coming to a stop in flames. One passenger was killed, along with three more people who were cutting grass near the airport fence at the time of the accident.<ref name="asn" />

== Investigation ==
Investigators determined that the leading edge devices were not extended during [[Rotation (aeronautics)|rotation]] due to a technical fault.<ref name="asn" />

== See also ==

* [[China Northwest Airlines Flight 2119]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in India}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1978}}
{{Air India}}
{{coord|17|27|11|N|078|28|03|E|display=title}}

[[Category:History of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1978]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737 Original]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by mechanical failure]]

2012 Indian Federation Cup

2026-03-11T06:07:37Z

Anilsharma: refine structure additionally and cleaned formatting per sources

{{Short description|34th edition of the Federation Cup}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{infobox football tournament season
| title = Federation Cup
| year = 2012
| other_title =
| image = Sports 4.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Kanchenjunga Stadium hosted the final on 30 September 2012
| country = India
| num_teams = 20
| champions = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| count = 8
| runner-up = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| continentalcup1 = [[2013 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
| continentalcup1_qualifiers = East Bengal
| matches = 33
| goals = 102
| top goal scorer = [[Chidi Edeh]] (5)
| player =
| prevseason = [[2011 Indian Federation Cup|2011]]
| nextseason = [[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup|2013–14]]
}}

The '''2012 Indian Federation Cup''' was the 34th season of the top knock-out competition in [[India]]. The qualifiers started in August while the final round took place from 19 September 2012 to 30 September 2012.<ref>{{cite web|last=Choudhuri|first=Arunava|title=AIFF release Indian Calendar 2012/13 season|url=http://arunfoot.blogspot.de/2012/06/aiff-release-indian-calendar-201213.html|work=Arunava Football|access-date=6 June 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121130104747/http://arunfoot.blogspot.de/2012/06/aiff-release-indian-calendar-201213.html|archive-date=30 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=BS>{{cite news|title=Federation Cup football from September 19|url=http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/federation-cup-footballseptember-19/47773/|work=Business Standard|date=24 August 2012 |access-date=24 August 2012|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>

[[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]] were the [[2011 Indian Federation Cup Final|defending]] champions, having beaten [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] 3–1 in the [[2011 Indian Federation Cup|2011]] Final.

DD Sports Friday agreed to telecast live the semifinals and final of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sportzpower.com/?q=content/dd-telecast-federation-cup-semifinals-final | title=Home | SportzPower }}</ref>

The cup was eventually won by East Bengal after they defeated [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] in the [[2012 Indian Federation Cup Final|final]] on 30 September 2012.<ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha |first=Anselm |title=East Bengal 3–2 Dempo SC: Trevor Morgan gifted with a Federation Cup title on his birthday |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/94449/east-bengal-vs-dempo-sports-club/report |work=Goal.com |access-date=16 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103205134/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/94449/east-bengal-vs-dempo-sports-club/report |archive-date=3 November 2012 }}</ref>

==Teams==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Round !!Clubs involved !! Winners from previous round !! New entries this round !! Leagues entering at this round
|-
| [[2012 Indian Federation Cup qualifiers|Qualifiers]] || style="text-align:center;"| 6 || style="text-align:center;"| N/A || style="text-align:center;"| N/A || [[2012 I-League 2nd Division final round]] + [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|HAL]]
|-
| [[2012 Indian Federation Cup group stage|Group stage]] || style="text-align:center;"| 16 || style="text-align:center;"| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| 14 || [[I-League]]
|-
| Semi-finals || style="text-align:center;"| 4 || style="text-align:center;"| 4 || style="text-align:center;"| N/A || N/A
|-
| Final || style="text-align:center;"| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| N/A || N/A
|}

==Calendar==
The calendar for the 2012 Indian Federation Cup, as announced by the [[All India Football Federation]]:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Round !! Main date !! Number of fixtures !! style="width:100px;"| Clubs
|-
| Qualification || August || 6 || 6
|-
| Group stage || 19–26 September || 24 || 16
|-
| Semi-finals || 27–28 September || 2 || 4
|-
| Final || 30 September || 1 || 2
|}

==Qualifying rounds==
{{main|2012 Indian Federation Cup qualifiers}}

All of the teams entering the competition that are not members of the [[I-League]] and have to compete in the qualifying rounds.

==Group stage==
{{main|2012 Indian Federation Cup group stage}}
{{col-start}}
{{col-2}}

===Group A===
{{:2012 Indian Federation Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group A}}
{{col-2}}

===Group B===
{{:2012 Indian Federation Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group B}}
{{col-end}}
{{col-start}}
{{col-2}}

===Group C===
{{:2012 Indian Federation Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group C}}
{{col-2}}

===Group D===
{{:2012 Indian Federation Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group D}}
{{col-end}}

==Semi-finals==
{{football box collapsible
| date = 27 September 2012
| time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| score = 0–1
| aet=yes
| report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103060026/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/94164/churchill-brothers-sc-vs-east-bengal/report Report]
| team2 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Lalrindika Ralte|Ralte]] {{goal|111}}
| stadium = [[Kanchenjunga Stadium]], [[Siliguri]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| nobars = 1
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 28 September 2012
| time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/94165/dempo-sports-club-vs-salgaocar-football-club/report Report]
| team2 = [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
| goals1 = [[Joaquim Abranches|Abranches]] {{goal|70}} [[Koko Sakibo|Sakibo]] {{goal|84}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kanchenjunga Stadium]], [[Siliguri]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| nobars = 1
}}

==Final==
{{main|2012 Indian Federation Cup final}}

{{football box collapsible
| date = 30 September 2012
| time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| score = 3–2
| aet = yes
| report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103205134/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/94449/east-bengal-vs-dempo-sports-club/report Report]
| team2 = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| goals1 = [[Arnab Mondal|Mondal]] {{goal|60}} [[Manandeep Singh|Singh]] {{goal|100}} [[Chidi Edeh|Edeh]] {{goal|109}}
| goals2 = [[Climax Lawrence|Lawrence]] {{goal|51}} [[Mahesh Gawli|Gawli]] {{goal|111}}
| stadium = [[Kanchenjunga Stadium]], [[Siliguri]]
| attendance = 35,000 (est)<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal win Federation Cup|url=http://www.espnstar.com/football/news/detail/item866181/|work=ESPN Star Sports|access-date=16 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122100716/http://www.espnstar.com/football/news/detail/item866181/|archive-date=22 January 2013|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
| referee =
| nobars = 1
}}

==Goalscorers==
'''5 goals:'''
*{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Chidi Edeh]] ([[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])

'''4 goals:'''
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manandeep Singh]] ([[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])
*{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Koko Sakibo]] ([[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]])
{{div col end}}

'''3 goals:'''
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anthony D'Souza]] ([[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]])
*{{flagicon|LIB}} [[Akram Moghrabi]] ([[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Clifford Miranda]] ([[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]])
*{{flagicon|LBR}} [[Christopher Chizoba]] ([[Kalighat MS]])
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Katsumi Yusa]] ([[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]])
*{{flagicon|NGA}} [[David Opara]] ([[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]])
{{div col end}}

'''2 goals:'''
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Roberto Mendes Silva|Beto]] ([[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]] ([[Prayag United S.C.|Prayag United]])
*{{flagicon|LBR}} [[James Gbilee]] ([[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]])
*{{flagicon|GAB}} [[Henry Antchouet]] ([[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mackroy Peixote]] ([[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]])
*{{flagicon|NGA}} David Sunday ([[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Holicharan Narzary]] ([[Pailan Arrows]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dawson Fernandes]] ([[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]])
*{{flagicon|NGA}} Oneyama Eke ([[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]])
{{div col end}}

'''1 goal:'''
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Luciano Sabrosa]] ([[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bikramjit Singh]] ([[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Climax Lawrence]] ([[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} Tanmoy Kundu ([[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chinadorai Sabeeth]] ([[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} Lalmuanpuia ([[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prabir Das]] ([[Pailan Arrows]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nicholas Colaco]] ([[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]])
*{{flagicon|LBR}} [[Johnny Menyongar]] ([[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]])
*{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Gbeneme Friday]] ([[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]])
*{{flagicon|CRC}} [[Carlos Hernández (footballer, born 1982)|Carlos Hernández]] ([[Prayag United S.C.|Prayag United]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Joaquim Abranches]] ([[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalrindika Ralte]] ([[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} Mohammed Mukhtar ([[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} Sachin Gawas ([[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhanpal Ganeshan]] ([[Pailan Arrows]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] ([[Pune F.C.|Pune]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Victorino Fernandes]] ([[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]])
*{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Junior Obagbemiro]] ([[Air India FC|Air India]])
*{{flagicon|NGA}} Ebi Sukore ([[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} Bineesh Balan ([[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahesh Gawli]] ([[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arnab Mondal]] ([[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manish Mathani]] ([[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohan Bagan]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tarif Ahmed]] ([[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepak Devrani]] ([[Pailan Arrows]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arata Izumi]] ([[Pune F.C.|Pune]])
*{{flagicon|CIV}} [[Pierre Djidjia Douhou]] ([[Pune F.C.|Pune]])
*{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Henry Ezeh]] ([[Air India FC|Air India]])
*{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Ángel Guirado]] ([[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]])
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120828040351/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/index.php?tournamentdetail=18 The Indian Federation Cup at the-aiff.com]

{{Federation Cup (India)}}
{{2012-13 in Indian football}}
{{2012 in Asian Football (AFC)}}

[[Category:2012 Indian Federation Cup| ]]
[[Category:Indian Federation Cup seasons|2012-13]]
[[Category:2012–13 in domestic association football cups|India]]
[[Category:2012–13 in Indian football|Federation Cup]]

New Jalpaiguri–Ranchi Weekly Express

2026-03-09T16:16:33Z

Anilsharma: Started stub

{{Short description|Train belonging to Indian Railways}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = New Jalpaiguri - Ranchi Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|13 February 2015}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Ranchi Junction}} (RNC)
| stops = 19
| end = {{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri}} (NJP)
| distance = {{convert|839|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 22 hours 05 mins
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper 3 Tier, Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Yes
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities=
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 18630/18629
| speed = {{cvt|37|km/h}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}
'''New Jalpaiguri–Ranchi Weekly Express''' is an Express train of the [[Indian Railways]] connecting {{stnlnk|Ranchi Junction}} in [[Jharkhand]] and {{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri}} in [[Siliguri]], [[West Bengal]]. It is currently being operated with 18630/18629 train numbers on twice in week basis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Jalpaiguri Ranchi Weekly Express|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-jalpaiguri-ranchi-weekly-express-18630/23104/444/384|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> The train passes through [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], and [[West Bengal]].
<ref>{{Cite web|title= New Jalpaiguri Ranchi Weekly Express|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/njp-rnc-weekly-exp-18630-train|website=ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ministry of Railways has decided to divert cancel trains Keeping in view the safety of passengers|url=https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,423&dcd=1701&did=1497351692094BD5D3F58DC5250A1E686976419DD88B0.web91|website=www.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New trains set to begin journey|url=https://assamtimes.org/node/11743|website=assamtimes.org|date=September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ranchi New Jalpaiguri Express flagged off on Tuesday|url=http://exploreodisha.in/?p=15164|website=exploreodisha.in}}</ref>

==Timings==
The train starts from Platform Number 01 of {{rws|Ranchi}} at 05:45 on every Thursday and reaches Platform Number 1/4/2 of {{rws|New Jalpaiguri}} at 04:00 on Friday.

The train starts from Platform Number 1/4/2 of {{rws|New Jalpaiguri}} at 05:25 every Friday and reaches Platform Number 02 {{rws|Ranchi}} at 03:30 on Saturday.

The train covers total distance of 829 kilometres in 22 hours 15 minutes.

==Locomotive==
The train is hauled by [[WAP-5]] /[[WAP-7]] locomotive of [[Electric Loco Shed, Asansol]] for the entire journey and vice versa.

==Coach composition==
The train contains 6 General Coaches, 1 AC Second Tier, 3 AC Third Tier, 6 Sleeper Coaches and 2 Second Sitting Coaches.

==Route==
#'''{{rws|New Jalpaiguri}}''' (Starts)
#{{rws|Siliguri Junction}}
#{{rws|Thakurganj}}
#{{rws|Aluabari Road Junction}}
#{{rws|Kishanganj}}
#{{rws|Barsoi Junction}}
#{{rws|Katihar}}
#{{rws|Naugachia}}
#{{rws|Khagaria Junction}}
#{{rws|Begusarai}}
#{{rws|Barauni Junction}}
#{{rws|Kiul Junction}}
#{{rws|Jhajha}}
#{{rws|Jasidih Junction}}
#{{rws|Madhupur Junction}}
#{{rws|Chittaranjan}}
#{{rws|Dhanbad Junction}}
#{{rws|Chandrapura}}
#{{rws|Bokaro Steel City}}
#{{rws|Muri Junction}}
#'''{{rws|Ranchi Junction}}''' (Ends)

==Loco reversal==
The train reverses its direction in {{rws|Barauni Junction}}.
==See also==
*[[Ranchi–Kamakhya Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Transport in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:New Jalpaiguri-Ranchi Weekly Express}}

Sirphire

2026-03-08T02:53:02Z

Anilsharma: updated page

{{more citations needed|date=May 2012}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sirphire
| image = Sirphire_Film_Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = Harjit Singh Ricky
| producer = Gurpreet Singh Sidhu Speed Records
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Preet Harpal]] [[Roshan Prince]] [[Monica Bedi]] [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]] [[Karamjit Anmol]] [[Gurleen Chopra]] [[Harwant Brar Mojukhera]]
| music = Jatinder Shah
| cinematography = Sameer Shrivastava
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor = [[White Hill Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|8|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sirphire''''' is a 2012 Punjabi film directed by Harjit Ricky. It was released on 10 August 2012<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.cinemapunjabi.com/films/sirphire-punjabi-movie | title= Sirphire Movie Cinemapunjabi.com | access-date= 22 June 2012 | archive-date= 18 August 2012 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120818234722/http://www.cinemapunjabi.com/films/sirphire-punjabi-movie | url-status= dead }}</ref> and was choreographed by Tejas Dattani.

==Story==
The film follows six friends, including Priyanshu Chatterjee as the son of a rich Punjabi businessman, and Monica Bedi as his love interest. When the group must deal with an evil and corrupt policeman, they realize how invaluable their friendship is.

==Cast==

* [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]] as Inder
* [[Monica Bedi]] as Simran
* [[Preet Harpal]] as Preet
* [[Roshan Prince]] as Bittu
* [[Binnu Dhillon]] as Happy
* [[Karamjit Anmol]] as Kala
* [[Gurleen Chopra]] as Jazz
{{Infobox album
| name = Sirphire (Music Album)
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Jatinder Shah
| cover =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|07|27}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Film soundtrack
| length = 46:42
| label = Speed Records
| producer = Gurpreet Singh Sidhu
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Sirphire
| extra_column = Singer

| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =

| all_music = [[Jatinder Shah]] with some additional tracks by Amdad Ali
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =

| title1 = Patang
| extra1 = [[Master Saleem]] & [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]

| title2 = Look/Lak
| extra2 = [[Roshan Prince]]

| title3 = Gaani
| extra3 = [[Preet Harpal]]

| title4 = Chamkila
| extra4 = Roshan Prince

| title5 = Bhuchal
| extra5 = [[Lehmber Hussainpuri]]

| title6 = Sirphire
| extra6 = Preet Harpal

| title7 = Jhanjar Gurlej
| extra7 = Roshan Prince & Gurlej Akhtar

| title8 = Look/Lak (Unplugged)
| extra8 = Roshan Prince

| title9 = Patang (Remix)
| extra9 = [[Master Saleem]] & [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]

| title10 = Jhanjar
| extra10 = Roshan Prince & Jaspinder Narula

| title11 = Gabru
| extra11 = Preet Harpal feat. [[Tigerstyle]]

}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.punjabimoviesonline.net/sirphire-punjabi-movie-new-movie-by-famous-singer-roshan-prince/ Sirphire Punjabi Movie Information]
* [http://www.cinemapunjabi.com/reviews/sirphire-review Sirphire – Movie Review]
* {{IMDb title}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:2012 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jatinder Shah]]

{{Punjabi-film-stub}}

Pancha Thanthram

2026-03-03T21:06:32Z

Anilsharma: Started entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Panchathanthram
| image = Pancha Thanthram Malayalam film.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[J. Sasikumar]]
| producer = E. K. Thyagarajan
| writer =
| screenplay = [[J. Sasikumar]]
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Jayabharathi]] [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[Jose Prakash]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = C. J. Mohan
| editing = K. Sankunni
| studio = Sree Murugalaya
| released = {{Film date|1974|03|22|df=y}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Pancha Thanthram''''' is a 1974 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[J. Sasikumar]] and produced by E. K. Thyagarajan. The script was written by Sasikumar, Sreemoolanagaram Vijayan, music by G. Devarajan and lyrics by Sreekumaran Thampi. The cast includes Prem Nazir, Jayabharathi, Adoor Bhasi, Jose Prakash, Sankaradi, Sreelatha, T. R. Omana, T. S. Muthaiah, Bahadoor. K. P. Ummer and Vincent were in guest appearances. The film was released on 22 March 1974.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=28 September 2014 |title=Panchathantram: 1974 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/panchathantram-1974/article6452869.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203012156/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/panchathantram-1974/article6452869.ece |archive-date=3 December 2014}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story pivots around the mysterious death of Raja Vamana Varma, the king of a small city-state in Kerala. A huge bronze statue of the king murders several people with a sword. It is believed that the ghost of the king enters the statue and commits the murders. The statue attempts to murder the queen, Gayathri Devi, and her five-year-old son. The queen escapes and the prince runs away from the palace.

She shifts to the annex of the palace. Years roll by. The government appoints anthropologist Dr. Menon to investigate the murders in and around the palace. Menon comes to the palace with his daughter Sindhu and his assistant Krishnankutty to investigate the mystery. The ghost murders Menon. Sindhu decides to stay back in the palace to solve the mystery behind the murders by the king's 'ghost'.

The ghost also murders a police officer appointed for the investigation. Detective officers Rajendran and Gupta are sent by the Central Government for the investigation. Rajendran centres his investigation on Hotel Ding Mona, owned by a Chinese woman Kochang Farooka.

Hotel dancer Julie, receptionist Charlie, a regular visitor to the hotel – Sardar Garnayal Singh are the prime suspects in the mystery behind the murders. Rajendran falls in love with Sindhu.

Rajendran's lookalike and brother, Shekhar, comes to the hotel and joins the suspects in the murder case. And several twists and turns in the investigation unravel the facts behind the mysteries around the palace.

It turns out that the palace manager Kurup and the queen's faithful servant Kochu Paru are the real culprits. Their aim is to unearth treasures – gold, gems and diamonds – hidden in the palace by the king's faithful servant Dinesh Chandran. Kochu Paru disguised as Kochang Farooka and Kurup disguised as an Arab were implementing their plan to find the hidden treasure. Dinesh Chandran, held captive by them does not reveal where the treasure is hidden.

Rajendran succeeds in solving the mystery and it turns out that he is none other than the prince who ran away from the palace years ago. The queen identifies him by the scar on his chest. It is revealed that Shekhar, Rajendran's lookalike brother, was in fact Rajendran himself. It was all a part of his plan to crack the mystery murders. Kurup and his men murdered the king and the 'ghost' was Kurup himself. Kurup committed the murders by getting into a bronze mould identical to the statue.

The dancer Julie is none other than Vimala Gupta, Rajendran's assistant Gupta's wife. She took up the job at the hotel, which was the culprits' hangout, in order to uncover their plans. The culprits get arrested and Rajendran marries Sindhu.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Rajendran
*[[Jayabharathi]] as Sindhu
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Krishnankutty
*[[Bahadoor]] as Gupta
*[[Jose Prakash]] as Sardar Garnayal Singh
*[[Mohan Sharma]]
*[[Sankaradi]] as Kurup
*[[Sreelatha Namboothiri]]
*[[T. R. Omana]]
*[[Sadhana (Malayalam actress)|Sadhana]] as Julie
*[[T. S. Muthaiah]]
*[[Paul Vengola]]
*Baby Vijaya
*[[Kaduvakulam Antony]] as Charlie
*Lakshmanan
*[[M. G. Soman]]
*[[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]]
*Vijaya
*[[K. P. Ummer]] as Professor(Guest appearance)
*[[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]]
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] with lyrics by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=പഞ്ചതന്ത്രം (1974) |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4763 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924081625/https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4763 |archive-date=24 September 2021 |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |language=ml}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Aavanipponpulari" || [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| "Jeevithamoru Madhushaala" || K. J. Yesudas, Chorus
|-
| "Kasthoorimanam" || [[P. Madhuri]]
|-
| "Raajamallikal" || K. J. Yesudas, P. Madhuri
|-
| "Shaarada Rajanee" || K. J. Yesudas
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0279309}}

[[Category:1974 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by J. Sasikumar]]

Rowdy Fellow

2026-03-03T17:53:57Z

Anilsharma: Started new pg

{{short description|2014 film written and directed by Krishna Chaitanya}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rowdy Fellow
| image = Rowdy fellow Poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| director = [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]]
| producer = T. Prakash Reddy
| writer =
| starring = [[Nara Rohit]] [[Vishakha Singh]]
| music = [[Sunny M.R.]]
| cinematography = Aravindan P. Gandhi
| editing = [[Karthika Srinivas]]
| studio = Moviemills & Cinema5
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|11|21}}<ref name=sgm>{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/61674/tollywood/rowdy-fellow-grand-release-on-21st-nov-news-details |title=Rowdy Fellow Grand release on 21st Nov |publisher=supergoodmovies.com |date=16 November 2014 |accessdate=17 November 2014 |archive-date=4 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504015701/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/61674/tollywood/rowdy-fellow-grand-release-on-21st-nov-news-details |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

''''' Rowdy Fellow ''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[political]] [[action comedy film]], written and directed by [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]] and produced by T. Prakash Reddy under his banner Moviemills, and presented by Cinema 5. This hybrid genre film stars [[Nara Rohit]] and [[Vishakha Singh]] in the lead roles, while [[Rao Ramesh]], [[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]], [[Posani Krishna Murali]], [[Supreeth]], [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]], [[Ahuti Prasad]], and [[Madhunandan]], among others, play supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/rowdy-fellows-next-schedule-in-hyderabad.html |title=Rowdy Fellow's next schedule in Hyderabad |date=14 December 2013 |publisher=123telugu.com |accessdate=15 December 2013 |archive-date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215180116/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/rowdy-fellows-next-schedule-in-hyderabad.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.strikingsoon.in/nara-rohit-rowdy-fellow |title=Nara Rohit New Film Rowdy Fellow Launched |date=December 2013 |publisher=strikingsoon.in |access-date=1 December 2013 |archive-date=1 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201170000/http://www.strikingsoon.in/nara-rohit-rowdy-fellow/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/rowdyfellow-nararohit.html |title=Nara Rohit as Rowdy Fellow |publisher=idlebrain.com |date=30 November 2013 |accessdate=10 December 2013 |archive-date=14 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214134119/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/rowdyfellow-nararohit.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/nara-rohit-set-to-surprise-all-in-rowdy-fellow.html |title=Nara Rohit set to surprise all in 'Rowdy Fellow' |date=December 2013 |publisher=123telugu.com |accessdate=10 December 2013 |archive-date=6 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100101/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/nara-rohit-set-to-surprise-all-in-rowdy-fellow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sunny has composed music for the film. The film was later dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Mard The Khiladi'' and released by [[Aditya Music|Aditya Movies]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Nagarjuna-pleased-with-Uyyala-Jampala/articleshow/28379700.cms |title=Nagarjuna pleased with Uyyala Jampala |newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.com |accessdate=28 May 2014 |archive-date=21 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121001822/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Nagarjuna-pleased-with-Uyyala-Jampala/articleshow/28379700.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Rana Prathap Jayadev is rich and egotistical. Once he was disturbed by a political rally who was organizing by MP Asuragana Durga Prasad's henchmen. He then quarrels with them. This issue then leads to the police station in the dealing. The SP demands that Rana should apologise to the henchmen, but Rana did not oblige. Rana then argues with the police, but when SP grabs his collar he gets angry towards the SP and apologizes to the henchmen, and warns SP that he would be hearing about him soon.

After that, Rana decides to become a police officer to take revenge on the SP. He then uses high influence and huge money as a bribe to a minister. He becomes a Sub-Inspector to a rural area. He focuses on the law and order, settles the disputes in his own style, and becomes a headache to SP. Rana befriends Constable Reddy, who becomes a trusted aid to him. He soon falls in love with the SP's daughter Megha, and after comical encounters, she also falls for him.

Afterwards, Rana takes up the head constable's missing case. On the enquiry, he learns that he was missing since his joining date in the department. While investigating, he learns that with the help of the CI, Prasad's henchmen were involved in this case for a lockup death issue. Rana then finds out the sole witness: the colleague of the constable. The colleague confesses that the CI killed the person in the police station and blackmails them to bribe him for a ransom. The colleague ran away from the village, and as the constable could not fight for his ethics, he kills himself. The CI then tries to hide his body, but it was founded by Rana. Rana tries to arrest the CI, but while in a chase, the CI met with an ambulance accident and died.

From that day onwards, Rana intervenes in all of Prasad's activities and understands the corruption in the police system. With the help of his father, he gives more salaries to his lower police and orders them to work honestly and sincerely. He also comprises with SP and with his acceptance Megha and Rana get married. Rana continues targeting Prasad, during one fight he kills Prasad's brother. Then, Prasad attacks Rana, but while in the fight, he is backstabbed by Reddy and is injured. Rana was then rescued by his father's appointed private securities, led by Rana's other trusted aid: his private security guard James. Prasad then learns that Rana was alive and then he arranges a meeting to compromise with him through Reddy. In the meeting, they both quarrel, and finally, Rana shoots Prasad to death. Finally, the film ends with Rana forgiving Reddy for his actions and joining with him.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Nara Rohit]] as Rana Prathap Jayadev
*[[Vishakha Singh]] as Megha
*[[Rao Ramesh]] as Asuragana Durga Prasad
*[[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Head Constable
*[[Giri Babu]] as High Court Judge
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Silk Babu
*[[Supreeth]] as Titla
*[[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Constable Reddy
*[[Ahuti Prasad]] as Megha's father and ACP
*[[Madhunandan]] as Bobby
*[[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]]
*[[Pruthviraj Balireddy|Prudhviraj]]
*[[Talluri Rameshwari]]
*[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Ajay
*[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Gavaskar
*Lal
{{colend}}

== Filming ==
The principal photography was shot in various locations of India, including [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Goa]].

''Rowdy Fellow'' also features an unused number by the late music director Anil Reddy who is remembered for his music in films like 'Sambhavami Yuge Yuge', 'Gamyam', 'LBW', 'Kalavar King' etc. This enchanting melody song was shot in the beautiful locales of Virginia, Washington DC and Maryland of the United States, but was later removed from the movie for reasons unknown. The team launched the promotion of the film
with a digital poster on 25 May, to commemorate the late music director's birthday.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/nara-rohit-finishes-rowdy-fellow-shoot.html |title=Rowdy Fellow Shoot |date=19 April 2014 |publisher=idlebrain.com |accessdate=27 May 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529090955/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/nara-rohit-finishes-rowdy-fellow-shoot.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/rowdy-fellow/cast-crew.html |title=Rowdy Fellow Produced by Prakash Reddy |publisher=Oneindia |access-date=27 May 2014 |archive-date=28 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528010955/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/movies/rowdy-fellow/cast-crew.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Rowdy-Fellows-audio-to-be-launched-on-Sep-16/articleshow/42442797.cms |publisher=timesofindia.com |title=Rowdy Fellow Shoot |newspaper=The Times of India |accessdate=20 September 2014 |archive-date=17 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917025557/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Rowdy-Fellows-audio-to-be-launched-on-Sep-16/articleshow/42442797.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's music released on 16 September 2014 to enthusiastic reviews on the web. Honourable [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], Shri [[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Nara
Chandra Babu Naidu]], blessed the unit members on the eve of the event. Thereafter, the album topped Telugu music charts for weeks to follow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.audista.com/telugutop10/2014-W43 |title=Telugu Top10 {{!}} audista |website=www.audista.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111101839/http://www.audista.com/telugutop10/2014-W43 |archive-date=2014-11-11}} </ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ap7am.com/lv-163487-chandrababu-naidu-speech-at-rowdy-fellow-audio-release.html |publisher=ap7am.com |title=Rowdy Fellow Audio Release |accessdate=20 September 2014 |archive-date=20 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920013048/http://www.ap7am.com/lv-163487-chandrababu-naidu-speech-at-rowdy-fellow-audio-release.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Rowdy Fellow
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Sunny M.R.]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 16 September 2014
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 20:01
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[Sunny M.R.]]
| prev_title = [[Uyyala Jampala]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Dohchay]]
| next_year = 2015
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 20:01
| title1 = Ra Ra Rowdy – Gaana Veera Soora
| length1 = 3:27
| lyrics1 = [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]]
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Aditi Singh Sharma]]
| title2 = Yedo
| length2 = 3:57
| lyrics2 = [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]]
| extra2 = [[Armaan Malik]], Harshika Gudi
| title3 = Aa Seetadevi Navvula
| length3 = 4:16
| lyrics3 = [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]]
| extra3 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| title4 = Yentha Vaaru Gaani – Remix
| extra4 = [[Nakash Aziz]], Natasha Pinto
| length4 = 3:07
| lyrics4 = [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
| title5 = Red & Yellow
| extra5 = [[Shalmali Kholgade]], Samrat Kaushal
| length5 = 3:05
| lyrics5 = Vasishta Sharma
| title6 = Call of the Rowdy – Theme Music
|note6 = [[Instrumental]]
| extra6 = Jennifer Abraham, [[Sunny M.R.]]
| length6 = 2:09
}}

==Release==
The movie was given 'U/A' certificate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/rowdy-fellow-gets-u-certificate-censor-board-set-grand-release-614656 |title='Rowdy Fellow' Gets 'U/A' Certificate from Censor Board: Set for Grand Release |publisher=ibtimes.co.in |date=20 November 2014 |accessdate=21 November 2014 |archive-date=24 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124084036/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/rowdy-fellow-gets-u-certificate-censor-board-set-grand-release-614656 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the film released on 21 November 2014.<ref name=sgm/>

==Critical reception==
The film received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/press-note-rowdy-fellow-showing-his-night-at-the-box-office.html |title=Press Note : Rowdy Fellow showing his fall at the box office |date=23 November 2014 |publisher=123telugu.com |accessdate=24 November 2014 |archive-date=25 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125174527/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/press-note-rowdy-fellow-showing-his-night-at-the-box-office.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 123telugu wrote Nara Rohit requires to work more on his expressions to evolve as an actor and just an ok to watch and rated the film 3 out of 5.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/rowdy-fellow-telugu-movie-review.html |title=Review : Rowdy Fellow – Arrogant cop drama |date=22 November 2014 |publisher=123telugu.com |accessdate=24 November 2014 |archive-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123192928/http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/rowdy-fellow-telugu-movie-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[idlebrain.com]] gave 3 out of 5 and said Rowdy Fellow is an attempt narrate a story of an egoist turning into good Samaritan by doing selfless help to the people in a village.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/rowdyfellow.html |title=Rowdy Fellow jeevi review |publisher=[[idlebrain.com]] |accessdate=24 November 2014 |archive-date=24 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124042342/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/rowdyfellow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> HOURDOSE stated "Overall ‘Rowdy Fellow’ is a good one-time watch commercial film with some decent performances by the cast, good music, nice dialogues and some stylish visuals."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hourdose.com/10-reasons-watch-rowdy-fellow/ |title=10 Reasons To Watch "Rowdy Fellow" |publisher=www.hourdose.com |accessdate=24 November 2014 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129091824/http://www.hourdose.com/10-reasons-watch-rowdy-fellow/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.no
! Year
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|1
|rowspan="1"|2015
|[[62nd Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt4087914}}
* [http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/rowdyfellow-nararohit.html]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203082706/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/100571.html]

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Fiction about law enforcement]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2014 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2014 masala films]]

Ekram (film)

2026-03-02T09:39:30Z

Anilsharma: fixes

{{short description|2018 film}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2020}}

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ekram
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Saheem Khan
| producer =
| writer = Shamael Khan
| screenplay =
| based_on =
| starring = Saheem Khan Sakshi Lathaik
| music = Aslam Keyi
| cinematography =
| editing = Miraj Ali
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|11||Creation International Film Festival|ref1=<ref>https://www.facebook.com/Creation-International-Film-Festival-212036895831724/?skip_nax_wizard=true {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 95 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ekram''''' ({{translation|इकराम}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/news-from-bollywood/saheem-khan-wins-best-actor-award-for-his-film-ekram-in-creation-international-film-festival-canada/articleshow/67452666.cms|title=Saheem Khan wins best actor award for his film Ekram in Creation International Film Festival Canada|work=navbharattimes.indiatimes.com|author=Navbharat Times}}</ref> is an Indian [[Bollywood]] [[drama]] film, written and directed by Saheem Khan.

==Cast==
* Saheem Khan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/actor-saheem-khan-wins-big-at-ciff-canada-brings-home-best-actor-best-foreign-language-film-award/|title=Actor Saheem Khan wins big at CIFF Canada best actor foreign lang award|work=www.koimoi.com|author=KoiMoi|date=12 December 2018}}</ref> as Ekram Siddiqui
* Sakshi lathaik as Nafeesha
* Asit Redij as Officer Randeep Singh
* Arshad Khan
* Sharat Sonu as Ishtiyaq Siddiqui

==Plot==
The film is about a young college student who is picked up by a [[police]] team during a tense situation following a [[terrorist attack]] in the capital [[Delhi]]. The film revolves around the life of this young man named Ekram Siddiqui, when he is convicted for a [[terrorist attack]] and kept in jail for ten years before being acquitted in [[court]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thelallantop.com/bherant/saheem-khan-awarded-best-actor-for-his-movie-ekram-in-ciff-canada/|title=Ekram actor Saheem Khan awarded best actor for the same film|work=thelallantop.com|author=The Lallantop}}</ref>

==Production==
This film has been shot in [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Aligarh]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] ([[India]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/289401-Saheem-Khan-thanks-for-this-film!!!|title=Saheem Khan, Thanks for this film|work=www.5dariyanews.com|author=5Dariya News}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ekram
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Master Saleem]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|2020|02|27|df=y}}
| recorded = 2019–2020
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 10:19
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = [[MX Player]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|kBrDAjplgl4|Video}}}}
}}

The music of the film is composed by Aslam Keyi and sung by singers like [[Master Saleem]], [[Altamash Faridi]] and [[Mohammad Imran Pratapgarhi]].
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=10|s=19}}
| title1 = Sazaa Hai Kis Gunah Ki
| extra1 = [[Master Saleem]]
| music1 = Aslam Keyi
| lyrics1 = Sagar Ilyas
| length1 = 03:25
| note1 = [[Hindi]]
| title2 = Rab Ishq Da
| note2 = [[Hindi]]
| extra2 = [[Altamash Faridi]]
| music2 = Aslam keyi
| lyrics2 = Sagar Ilyas
| length2 = 04:48
| title3 = Suna Tha Ki Behad
| note3 = [[Hindi]]
| extra3 = [[Mohammad Imran Pratapgarhi]]
| music3 = Not exist
| lyrics3 = [[Mohammad Imran Pratapgarhi]]
| length3 = 02:06
}}

==Release==
The film is going to be released in [[India]] in coming month of 2020, but unreleased.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mediahindustan.com/hindi/saheem-khans-film-ekram-one-of-the-best-films-of-2020/|title=Ekram film one of the best films of 2020|work=www.mediahindustan.com|author=Media Hindustan|date=April 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hungama.com/movie/EKRAM/52318457/ EKRAM Movie]
* {{IMDb title|9179040}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Unreleased Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Sanjay Agarwal

2026-02-24T20:41:57Z

Anilsharma: improve structure further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanjay Agarwal
| image = Mr. Sanjay Agarwal, MD & CEO, AU Small Finance Bank.jpg
| image_upright =
| landscape = 
| alt = 
| caption = Agarwal in July 2023
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education = Chartered Accountant
| alma_mater = [[Government College, Ajmer]] [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]]
| occupation = MD & CEO of [[AU Small Finance Bank]]
| years_active =
| era =
| employer =
| organization =
| agent = 
| known_for =
| notable_works = 
| boards =
| spouse =
| partner = 
| children = 2
| awards = [[Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year]], 2018
| website = 
}}
'''Sanjay Agarwal''' is an Indian businessperson and the founder of [[AU Small Finance Bank]], where he has served as the managing director and CEO since April 2017.<ref name=forbes>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Samar |title=AU Financiers: Making it Easy to Buy Second-Hand Commercial Vehicles |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/hidden-gems/au-financiers-making-it-easy-to-buy-secondhand-commercial-vehicles/36027/1 |work=[[Forbes India]] |date=4 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ray |first1=Atmadip |last2=Sinha |first2=Shilpy |title=Small finance banks: Who will be the lucky ones as firms like AU Financier and FINO await licenses |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/small-finance-banks-who-will-be-the-lucky-ones-as-firms-like-au-financier-and-fino-await-licenses/articleshow/47090378.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=29 April 2015}}</ref> He was named [[Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Siddhartha Lal wins the EY Entrepreneur Of the Year for 2018|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/entrepreneurship/siddhartha-lal-wins-the-ey-entrepreneur-of-the-year-for-2018/articleshow/67965219.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-03-04}}</ref> Award 2018 in financial services.<ref>{{Citation|title=EOY India 2018 'Financial Services' Category Winner - Sanjay Agarwal| date=14 February 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2TkRR-SYhVQ|language=en|access-date=2021-03-04}}</ref>

== Education ==
He has a bachelor's degree in commerce from the [[Government College, Ajmer]].<ref name=Reuters/> In 1995, he cleared the [[chartered accountant]] exam from the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]].<ref name=forbes/>

== Career ==
In 1996, Agarwal started [[AU Small Finance Bank|Au Financiers]], a financing firm in [[Jaipur]] to cater to rural and semi-urban [[Rajasthan]],<ref name=Frontiers>{{cite news |author1=Mohan |title=AU Small Finance Bank to leverage its NBFC basics |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/banking-frontiers/20170725/281526521124652 |publisher=[[Banking Frontiers]] |date=25 July 2017}}</ref> with the help of a few [[high-net-worth individual]]s (HNIs) in Jaipur.<ref name=forbes/><ref name=Frontiers/>

Agarwal was first appointed as managing director of [[AU Small Finance Bank|Au Financiers]] on 14 February 2008. In 2015, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] introduced the [[small finance bank]] (SFB) category in India to encourage financial inclusion. Of the 72 companies that applied for the SFB license, 10 received licenses, including AU Financiers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Sahib |title=AU Financiers gets final licence from RBI to start small finance bank |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/lVb708XL5KuMeVwfDPGlUL/AU-Financiers-gets-final-licence-from-RBI-to-start-small-fin.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=28 December 2016}}</ref> As the company turned into a small finance bank on 19 April 2017, he became the Managing Director & CEO of [[AU Small Finance Bank]].<ref name=Reuters>{{cite web |title=AU Small Finance Bank Ltd |url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-officers/AUFI.NS |website=[[Reuters.com]] |date=1 August 2019}}</ref>

In 2017, [[AU Small Finance Bank]] went public with an [[initial public offering]]. In May 2021, the bank had a valuation of about {{INRConvert|30000|c|0}} and Agarwal's net worth was about {{INRConvert|11597|c|0}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prudence Pays |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/prudence-pays/story/279509.html |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=15 July 2018}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* [[Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year]] Award 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=एयू बैंक के एमडी संजय अग्रवाल को ईवाई एंटरप्रेन्योर ऑफ द ईयर अवार्ड |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/pali/news/rajasthan-news-ev-entrepreneur-of-the-year-award-by-sanjay-agarwal-md-of-au-bank-054622-3900746.html |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=14 February 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref>
* [[Business Leader of the Year]] Award, 2016 under financial category by [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=संजय अग्रवाल को 'बिजनेस लीडर ऑफ द ईयर का मिला अवॉर्ड |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/sanjay-agarwal-business-leader-of-the-year-2466608/ |publisher=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |date=2 February 2017 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal |Biography|India}}
* [[List of Indian entrepreneurs]]
* [[List of people from Rajasthan]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Sanjay-K-Agarwal-09RJZ9-E/biography/ Sanjay Agarwal Profile]
* [https://www.dnaindia.com/business/interview-liquidity-crisis-helped-us-grow-deposits-biz-says-sanjay-agarwal-2698206 Sanjay Agarwal's Interview] at ''[[DNA India]]''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Sanjay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian microfinance people]]
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Urimajalu Ram Bhat

2026-02-24T14:48:45Z

Anilsharma: Done...

{{Short description|Indian politician (1928/29–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Urimajalu K. Rama Bhat''' (born {{Birth based on age at death|92|
2021|12|06}} - died 6 December 2021) was an Indian politician, educationist who had served as the Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Puttur Assembly constituency]] for two-terms.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-12-06 |title=Rama Bhat, veteran BJP leader, passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/rama-bhat-veteran-bjp-leader-passes-away/article37874580.ece |access-date=2024-12-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He also served as a former chairman of [[Campco|Central Arecanut and Cocoa Marketing and Processing Co-operative Limited]] and was a co-founder of Sri Vivekananda Educational Society, Puttur. He was the founder member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Karnataka]]. He announced Swabhimani Vedike, a political party to fight Indian general elections in 2009 along with Sangh Parivar hardliners who were dumped by the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghuram |first=M. |title=BJP jittery in Mangalore |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-bjp-jittery-in-mangalore-1238328 |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangalore: Swabhimani Vedike to Contest LS Polls? |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=57603 |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-03-23 |title=No talks with Vedike on Bhat: BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/no-talks-with-vedike-on-bhat-bjp/articleshow/4306856.cms |access-date=2024-12-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He had served as a trustee of Puttur Sri Mahalingeshwara Temple and Mentor of Vivekananda Vidyavardhaka Sangha,

== Early life ==
He was born into an undivided Havyaka family in Urimajalu near Kabak-Vittal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-06 |title=Urimajalu Ram Bhat, man responsible for BJP's ascendancy in Karnataka Coast, no more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/urimajalu-ram-bhat-man-responsible-for-bjps-ascendancy-in-karnataka-coast-no-more/articleshow/88129048.cms |access-date=2024-12-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Activism ==
He was also known as the ‘[[Bhishma|Bheeshma]]’ of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Bheeshma' of BJP, former MLA Urimajalu K Rama passes away |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=901514 |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> He protested against the emergency imposed by [[Indira Gandhi]] and was imprisoned due to his activism. He had taught Kannada to [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishn Advani]] while in jail.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Former MLA Urimajalu K Rama Bhat passes away |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/former-mla-urimajalu-k-rama-bhat-passes-away-1058369.html |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

== Career ==
He joined [[Janata Party]], led by [[Jayaprakash Narayan|Jayprakash Narayan]] in 1977 and found [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] from Puttur Assembly constituency and successfully won the election. He then became a founding Member of the Bharatiya Janata Party, Karnataka in 1980 and fought [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] from the same constituency and won it consecutively for the second time.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-09 |title=How coastal Karnataka was saffronised; part 8: Bharatiya Jan Sangh emerges amid nationwide crackdown on Hindu nationalists |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/how-coastal-karnataka-was-saffronised-part-8-bharatiya-jan-sangh-emerges-amid-nationwide-crackdown-on-hindu-nationalists-6415821.html |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> He was succeeded by [[Vinay Kumar Sorake]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-06 |title=Rama Bhat, veteran BJP leader, passes away |url=https://www.inkl.com/news/rama-bhat-veteran-bjp-leader-passes-away |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=inkl |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news9live.com/opinion-analysis/bjp-stands-strong-in-coastal-districts-but-congress-hopes-to-give-it-a-tough-fight-au2327-2108273 | title=BJP stands strong in coastal districts, but Congress hopes to give it a tough fight | date=17 April 2023 }}</ref>

=== 2009 Indian general elections ===
He opposed [[B. S. Yediyurappa]] for not giving ticket to [[Shakunthala T. Shetty|Shakuntala T. Shetty]] and eventually he left Bharatiya Janata Party same year after trying to reform the party through BJP elders forum, along with [[Anna Vinayachandra]] .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karunakaran |first=Shreyas HS,Binu |date=2023-04-28 |title=Paradox in communal tinder box: It's Hindutva vs BJP in Karnataka's Puttur |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/paradox-communal-tinder-box-it-s-hindutva-vs-bjp-karnataka-s-puttur-176510 |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> He fought [[2009 Indian general election in Karnataka|2009 Indian general elections]] from [[Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency]] as an Independent candidate and supported by Swabhimani Vedike.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-03-09 |title=Ram Bhat likely to contest as Independent |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ram-bhat-likely-to-contest-as-independent/articleshow/4246627.cms |access-date=2024-12-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=K RAMA BHAT URIMAJALU(Independent(IND)):Constituency- Dakshina Kannada(KARNATAKA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/ls2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=5910 |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> Which he lost and managed to have 5,960 votes and got the 6th position.

== Death ==
He died at his residence in Kombettu near Puttur on 6 December 2021, at the age of 92 due to age-related illness. He was cremated with State Honours and his death was condoled by [[Narendra Modi]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indianeconomicobserver.com/news/pm-modi-condoles-demise-of-rss-leader-urimajalu-rama-bhat20211207090659/ | title=PM Modi condoles demise of RSS leader Urimajalu Rama Bhat }}</ref> and [[Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri|Vishweshwara Hegde Kageri]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udayavani |title=PM Modi and other BJP leaders condole demise of Urimajalu Rama Bhat |url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/pm-modi-and-other-bjp-leaders-condole-demise-of-urimajalu-rama-bhat |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=Udayavani |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Urimajalu Ram Bhat cremated with full state honours |url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Urimajalu-Ram-Bhat-cremated-with-full-state-honours.html |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.mangaloretoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RSS नेता उरीमाजालु राम भट के निधन पर प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी ने शोक व्यक्त किया |url=https://ndtv.in/india/pm-modi-condoles-demise-of-rss-leader-urimajalu-rama-bhat-2640218/amp/1 |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref>

Consoling his death, Kageri said:<blockquote>"Rama Bhat's demise has brought to an end a glorious chapter in the Sangh Pariwar in particular and public life in general. I pay my humble tributes to the noble soul"<ref>{{Cite web |title=RSS leader, former MLA Urimajalu Rama Bhat passes away at 92 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/rss-leader-former-mla-urimajalu-rama-bhat-passes-away-at-9220211207012754/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>Modi said:<blockquote>“In the history of the Jana Sangh and BJP, stalwarts like Urimajalu K. Rama Bhat Ji have a special place. He assiduously worked to strengthen our Party in Karnataka and served tirelessly among people. I am saddened by his demise. Condolences to his family. Om Shanti.”<ref>{{Cite news |title=PM condoles demise of former MLA Shri Urimajalu K. Rama Bhat |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-condoles-demise-of-former-mla-shri-urimajalu-k-rama-bhat/ |work=www.pmindia.gov.in}}</ref></blockquote>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite web | url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=55748 | title=Puttur: Dr Acharya's Meets Ram Bhat, Succeeds in Mission }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat, Urimajalu Ram}}
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh members]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

Maathu

2026-02-23T19:12:47Z

Anilsharma: update intro also and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maathu
| birth_date =
| spouse = {{ubl|{{Marriage|Dr. Jesu Jacob|end=divorced}}| {{Marriage|Anbalagan George|2018}}}}
| children = 2
| parents = {{ubl|Venkit|Shantha}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Dancer}}
| years_active = 1977 {{endash}} 1979 1988 {{endash}} 1999 2019
}}
'''Madhavi''', better known by her [[stage name]] '''Maathu''', is an Indian actress who was active during the 1980s and 1990s in [[Malayalam cinema]]. She is born to [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking parents Venkit and Shantha.<ref name="mangalam1">{{Cite web |url=http://origin.mangalam.com/women/interview/355332?page=0,1 |title=മൗനം സ്വരമായ്‌... - Page 2 | mangalam.com |access-date=31 August 2016 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916155211/http://origin.mangalam.com/women/interview/355332?page=0,1 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She is best known for her role as ''Radha'' in the 1991 Malayalam movie ''[[Amaram]]'', alongside [[Mammootty]].

==Early life==

Maathu was born as Madhavi in [[Chennai]] to a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking couple named Venkit Rao and Shantha. Her father was a manager in the film industry. She began her film career as a child artist and later went on to play lead roles. During this time, she underwent a spiritual awakening and converted to Christianity and adopted the name Meena.

Maathu married Dr. Jacob, and the couple later divorced. They have a son, Luke, and a daughter, Jaime.<ref name="mangalam1" /> In 2018, the actress, who had immigrated to the [[United States]], married a [[Malaysians|Malaysian]] native, Anbalagan George. In a 2019 interview, she spoke about her return to the film industry after a 19-year hiatus.<ref>{{cite news |last=Punnoose |first=Aby |date=11 November 2021 |title=Maathu: I realised how much I missed doing Malayalam films on the sets of my comeback film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/maathu-i-realised-how-much-i-missed-doing-malayalam-films-on-the-sets-of-my-comeback-film/articleshow/68241701.cms |access-date=11 November 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language
|-
| 2019 || ''Aniyan Kunjum Thannalayathu'' ||Jancy || Malayalam
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Uppukandam Brothers: Back in Action]]'' || Leena (Archive footage cameo) || Malayalam
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Ente Priyappatta Muthuvinu]]'' ||- || Malayalam
|-
| rowspan=5 |1999 || ''[[Tokyo Nagarile Viseshangal]]'' || Ganga || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Aanamuttathe Aangalamar]]'' || Jayalakshmi Menon || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Aayiram Meni]]'' || Lakshmi || Malayalam
|-
| ''Mohakottaram'' || Lekshmi|| Malayalam
|-
| ''Khalanayaka'' || Jyoti|| Kannada
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1998 || ''[[Rakthasakshikal Sindabad]]'' || Kunji || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Manthri Maalikayil Manasammatham]]'' || Rexy || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Mattupetti Machan]]'' || Parvathy Prabhu|| Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Samaantharangal]]'' || Amina || Malayalam
|-
| rowspan=5 |1997 || ''[[Kalyana Unnikal]]'' || Sugandhi || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Muddina Kanmani]]'' || Ambika || Kannada
|-
| ''Rajanna'' || Suma|| Kannada
|-
| ''[[Sankeerthanampole]]'' || Thulasi || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Vaachalam]]'' || Meenakshi || Malayalam
|-
| rowspan=2 |1996 || ''[[Harbour (film)|Harbour]]'' || Panchami || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Kanjirappally Kuriachan]]'' ||Annie || Malayalam
|-
| rowspan=6|1995 || ''Manikya Chempazhukka'' || Sreedevi/Rajavalli || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Oru Abhibhashakante Case Diary]]'' || Shalini || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Kaattile Thadi Thevarude Aana]]'' || Sindhu || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Indian Military Intelligence]]'' || || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Radholsavam]]'' || Meenu || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Samudhayam]]'' || Sathi || Malayalam
|-
| rowspan=8 |1994 || ''[[Napoleon (1994 film)|Napoleon]]'' || Geetha || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Gamanam (1994 film)|Gamanam]]'' || Syama || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Prathakshinam]]'' || Rahel || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Malappuram Haji Mahanaya Joji]]'' || Gouri || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Rudraksham]]'' || Revathi || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Varaphalam]]'' || Anjali || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Moonnam Loka Pattalam]]'' || Gopika || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Avan Ananthapadmanabhan]]'' || || Malayalam
|-
| rowspan=10|1993 || ''[[Addeham Enna Iddeham]]'' || Nancy || Malayalam
|-
| ''Dollar'' || Mini || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Ente Sreekuttikku]]'' || Sreekutty || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Uppukandam Brothers]]'' || Leena || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Oru Kadankatha Pole]]'' || Sandhya || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Sakshal Sreeman Chathunni]]'' || Maya Rajagopal || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Aagneyam]]'' || Emi || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Ekalavyan (film)|Ekalavyan]]'' || Malu || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Padaleeputhram]]'' || || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Agnishalabhangal]]'' || || Malayalam
|-
| rowspan=8 |1992 || ''[[Kallan Kappalil Thanne]]'' || Savithri || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Savidham]]'' || Reena || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Sadayam]]'' || Jaya || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Pramaanikal]]'' || || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Cheppadividya]]'' || Indulekha || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Aayushkalam]]'' || Sobha || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Babai Hotel]]'' || Swapna || Telugu
|-
| ''Pudhusa Padukkiren Paattu'' || Kalyani || Tamil
|-
| rowspan=6 |1991 || ''[[Sandhesam]]'' || Lathika || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Parallel College (film)|Parallel College]]'' || Indu || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Kadalorakkattu]]'' || Jayanthi || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Thudar Katha]]'' || Lakshmi Thampuratti || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Amaram]]'' || Radha || Malayalam
|-
| ''Naathu Nattaachu'' || - || Tamil
|-
| rowspan=3 |1990 || ''[[Kuttettan]]'' || Indhu || Malayalam
|-
| ''Kaliyuga Krishna'' || Jyothi || Kannada
|-
| ''Neene Nanna Jeeva'' || Raadha|| Kannada
|-
| rowspan=3 |1989 || ''Adrushta Rekhe'' || Shyamala || Kannada
|-
| ''Pooram'' || Maathu || [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]
|-
| ''Manmada Samrajyam'' ||- || [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]
|-
| rowspan=2 |1988 || ''Jadikketha Moodi'' || Uma || Tamil
|-
| ''Koil Mani Osai'' || Valli|| Tamil
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Neeya?]]'' || Child artist || Tamil
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Bairavi]]'' || Child artist || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Sanaadi Appanna]]'' || Child artist || [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]]
|-
|}

==Advertisement==
* Hawalker Hawai Chappal

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0558981}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141027182946/http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Maathu Maathu at MSI]
* https://archive.today/20130827035011/http://cinidiary.com/peopleinfo1.php?searchtext=Mathu&pigsection=Actor&picata=2&Search=Search

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Serum Institute of India

2026-02-18T09:05:34Z

Anilsharma: added article for consistency and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian biotechnology and biopharmaceuticals company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Serum Institute of India Private Limited
| logo = Serum-Institute-of-India-logo.png
| logo_size = 300px
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| traded_as =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1966}}
| founder = [[Cyrus S. Poonawalla]] (Chairman & MD)
| defunct = 
| hq_location = 212/2, [[Hadapsar]], [[Pune]], India<ref>{{cite web |title=Serum institute HQ Address |url=https://www.seruminstitute.com/contact_us.php#:~:text=Dr.%20Cyrus%20Poonawalla%20(Chairman)%0A212/2%2C%20Hadapsar%2C%20Off%20Soli%20Poonawalla%20Road%2C%0APune%2D411028.%20India}}</ref>
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = [[Adar Poonawalla]] (CEO)
| industry = {{ubl|[[Biotechnology]]|[[Biopharmaceuticals]]}}
| products = {{hlist|[[Vaccine]]s|[[biopharmaceutical]]s |[[generic drug]]s|[[over-the-counter drug]]s}}
| services =
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|25646|mode=historical|year=2021|c}} (FY22)<ref name="Revenue">{{cite news|title=Serum Institute of India Private Limited|url=https://www.careratings.com/upload/CompanyFiles/PR/03012023080634_Serum_Institute_of_India_Private_Limited.pdf|access-date=3 February 2023|work=CARE Ratings}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|17562|mode=historical|year=2021|c}} (FY22)<ref name="Revenue"/>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|11116|mode=historical|year=2021|c}} (FY22)<ref name="Revenue"/>
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent = Cyrus Poonawalla Group
| divisions =
| subsid = Bilthoven Biologicals BV<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bilthoven Biologicals acquired by Serum Institute of India|url=https://www.thepharmaletter.com/article/bilthoven-biologicals-acquired-by-serum-institute-of-india|access-date=2020-07-10|website=www.thepharmaletter.com}}</ref> Vakzine Projekt Management GmbH<ref>{{Cite web|title=Profile|url=https://www.vpm-consult.com/en/company/profile/|access-date=2020-07-10|website=vpm-consult.com|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206230016/https://www.vpm-consult.com/en/company/profile/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| homepage = {{official URL}}
| footnotes =
}}
{{Coord|18.505110|73.945453|display=title}}
'''Serum Institute of India''' ('''SII''') is an Indian multinational [[biotechnology]] and [[biopharmaceuticals]] company, based in [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=12168217|title=Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd.: Private Company Information|website=[[bloomberg.com]]|access-date=2018-09-30}}</ref> It is the world's largest manufacturer of [[vaccines]] by volume.<ref name="cnbc"/><ref name="dw"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kalra |first1=Aditya |title=Indian vaccine giant Serum plans African plant in global expansion |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/indian-vaccine-giant-serum-plans-african-plant-global-expansion-2022-05-23/ |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=Reuters |date=24 May 2022}}</ref> It was founded by [[Cyrus Poonawalla]] in 1966<ref name="cnbc"/> and is a part of Cyrus Poonawalla Group.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poonawalla Investments AND Industries Private Limited Information - Poonawalla Investments AND Industries Private Limited Company Profile, Poonawalla Investments AND Industries Private Limited News on The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/|access-date=2020-07-10|website=The Economic Times|archive-date=8 May 2019|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190508200151/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
The Serum Institute of India was founded in 1966 in the city of [[Pune]], India. The company set out to produce immunobiologicals, which were then being imported into India at high prices. Among the first products the Serum Institute of India manufactured in large quantities were the [[tetanus antitoxin]], snake [[antivenom]], [[DPT vaccine]], and [[MMR vaccine]]. The company's product lines was expanded to include different types of [[vaccine]]s against [[bacterial]] or [[virus]] infections, [[combination vaccine]]s, [[influenza vaccine]], and [[meningococcal vaccine]]. Besides vaccine, the company also manufactures [[antisera]], [[blood plasma]], and [[hormone]] products. As of 2014, the vaccines manufactured by the Serum Institute of India have been used in international vaccination programmes run by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), [[UNICEF]], and the [[Pan American Health Organization]] (PAHO). The Serum Institute of India is run by the [[Poonawalla Group]] and engages in research, development, and manufacturing.<ref>{{cite book|last=Burns|first=Lawton R. |title=India's Healthcare Industry: Innovation in Delivery, Financing, and Manufacturing|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781316021217|pages=488–489}}</ref>

In 2009, the company began developing an intranasal [[swine flu]] vaccine.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health/India-developing-indigenous-swine-flu-vaccine/articleshow/4873696.cms?referral=PM|title=India developing indigenous swine flu vaccine|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Prasad S. |last2=Raut |first2=Sidram K. |last3=Dhere |first3=Rajeev M. |title=A post-marketing surveillance study of a human live-virus pandemic influenza A (H1N1) vaccine (Nasovac ®) in India |journal=Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics |date=27 October 2014 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=122–124 |doi=10.4161/hv.22317 |pmid=23442586|pmc=3667925 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2012, the company's first international acquisition was Bilthoven Biologicals, a biopharmaceutical company in Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Unnikrishnan|first=C. H.|date=2012-07-04|title=Serum Institute buys Bilthoven Biologicals|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/nIr4bpmcCvQMrtuY3pQexI/Serum-Institute-buys-Bilthoven-Biologicals.html|access-date=2020-07-01|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref> In 2016, with support from US-based Mass Biologics of [[University of Massachusetts Medical School]], the Serum Institute of India invented a fast-acting anti-[[rabies]] agent, Rabies Human Monoclonal Antibody (RMAb), also known as ''Rabbishield''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Fast-acting-anti-rabies-drug-set-for-India-launch/articleshow/51114312.cms|title=Fast-acting anti-rabies drug set for India launch - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=24 February 2016 |access-date=2016-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Prasad S. |last2=Sahai |first2=Ashish |last3=Gunale |first3=Bhagwat |last4=Dhere |first4=Rajeev M |title=Development of a new purified vero cell rabies vaccine (Rabivax-S) at the serum institute of India Pvt Ltd |journal=Expert Review of Vaccines |date=3 March 2017 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=303–311 |doi=10.1080/14760584.2017.1294068 |pmid=28276304|s2cid=3382124 }}</ref>

{{As of|2023|}}, the company is the world's largest vaccine producer by number of doses produced,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-23|title=Serum Institute to focus on supplying COVID-19 vaccine to India first|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-india-vaccine-idUSKBN28321S|access-date=2020-11-26}}</ref> manufacturing around 1.9 billion doses of vaccines each year with plans to produce 4 billion doses of vaccines.<ref name="dw">{{Cite web|last=Krishnan|first=Murali|date=2020-09-29|title=Coronavirus vaccine: Why does India's Serum Institute have a head start?|url=https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-vaccine-why-does-indias-serum-institute-have-a-head-start/a-55089750|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="cnbc">{{cite news |last1=Choo |first1=Olivia |title=How this millennial CEO steered the world's largest vaccine maker during the pandemic |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/16/how-this-millennial-ceo-steered-serum-institute-of-india-during-covid.html |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=CNBC |date=16 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The products developed include tuberculosis vaccine ''Tubervac'' ([[BCG vaccine|BCG]]), ''Poliovac'' for [[polio]]myelitis, and other vaccinations for the childhood vaccination schedule.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seruminstitute.com/product_ind_tubervac.php|title=Serum Institute Tubervac (BCG)|website=Serum Institute of India|access-date=2020-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seruminstitute.com/product_ind_poliovac.php|title=Serum Institute Poliovac|website=Serum Institute of India|access-date=2020-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/hc/vaccination-schedule|title=Vaccination Schedule|website=Vaccination as per the National Immunization schedule by Government of India|access-date=2020-06-15}}</ref>

==Notable vaccine projects==
===COVID-19 vaccine development===
[[File:Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine (Indian version) 2021 B.jpg|180px|thumb|A vial of the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine that is locally produced in the Serum Institute of India (SII) as "Covishield" COVID-19 vaccine]]
Serum Institute of India partnered with the British-Swedish multinational pharmaceutical company [[AstraZeneca]] for developing [[AZD1222]] (Covishield) in partnership with the [[University of Oxford]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/astrazeneca-serum-institute-of-india-sign-licensing-deal-for-1-billion-doses-of-oxford-vaccine/articleshow/76202016.cms|title=AstraZeneca & Serum Institute of India sign licensing deal for 1 million doses of Oxford vaccine|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-06-15}}</ref> It was reported that Serum Institute of India would provide 100 million (10 [[crore]]) doses of the vaccine for India and other low and middle-income countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Covid-19 vaccine: Serum Institute signs up for 100 million doses of vaccines for India, low and middle-income countries |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/covid-19-vaccine-serum-institute-signs-up-for-100-million-doses-of-vaccines-for-india-low-and-middle-income-countries/2047884/ |work=The Financial Express |date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Shoumojit |title=Oxford COVID-19 vaccine at least 6 months away from launch: Serum Institute CEO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/oxford-covid-19-vaccine-at-least-6-months-away-from-launch-serum-institute-ceo/article32015508.ece |work=The Hindu |date=7 July 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus (Covid-19) vaccine latest update: Oxford-AstraZeneca corona vaccine production starts; US says 2 billion doses 'ready to go' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/coronavirus/corona-covid-19-vaccine-update-june-oxford-astrazeneca-moderna-serum-institute-of-india-6447030/ |work=The Indian Express |date=10 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> This target was later increased to 1 billion doses by the end of 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Indian company aims for a billion Covid vaccines|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-asia-india-55091890|access-date=2021-03-21}}</ref> It was estimated to be priced at ₹225 (around $3) per dose.<ref>{{cite news |title=Serum Institute of India to provide Covid-19 vaccines through COVAX at Rs 225 a dose |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sii-to-provide-covid-19-vaccines-through-covax-at-rs-225-a-dose-india-6544158/ |work=The Indian Express |date=7 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In September 2020, trials were halted by [[Drugs Controller General of India|DCGI]] after a volunteer in Oxford developed illness following vaccination, but were soon resumed after consent by the British regulators.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Milan|title=Serum Institute halts coronavirus vaccine trials in India after notice from DCGI over volunteer's illness in UK|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/serum-institute-halts-coronavirus-vaccine-trials-in-india-1720423-2020-09-10|access-date=2020-09-10|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-09-09|title=Oxford vaccine trial paused as participant falls ill|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-54082192|access-date=2020-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Poulomi |title=Serum Institute to resume Covid-19 vaccine trial after DGCI gives nod |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/serum-institute-to-resume-covid-19-vaccine-trial-after-dgci-gives-nod/story-1pT8EeMSdwYmUyOJBnz29I.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In December 2020, the Serum Institute of India sought emergency approval for the vaccine developed with AstraZeneca,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-31|title=India will have Covid-19 vaccine within days: AIIMS director|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-will-have-covid-19-vaccine-within-days-aiims-director/story-IIoECY3cPkFMh3THZNfz3M.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> which was approved a month later.<ref name="NYT India">{{cite news | first1=Emily | last1=Schmall | first2=Sameer | last2=Yasir | title=India Approves Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19 Vaccine and 1 Other | website=The New York Times | date=3 January 2021 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/03/world/asia/india-covid-19-vaccine.html | access-date=3 January 2021 | name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> In March 2021, an agreement was reached to supply some doses to the UK.<ref>{{cite web |website =BBC News|title =Covid vaccine: India shortfall behind UK's supply delay|url=
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-56438629|date =18 March 2021}}</ref>

Serum Institute of India also reached an agreement with [[Novavax]] for the production of Novavax's [[NVX-CoV2373]] (Covovax) vaccine for India and other low and middle-income countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Serum Institute, Novavax in covid vaccine deal, may produce 100 crore doses |url=https://www.livemint.com/science/health/serum-institute-novavax-in-covid-vaccine-deal-may-produce-100-crore-doses-11596772315738.html |work=Livemint |date=7 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Novavax signs COVID-19 vaccine supply deal with India's Serum Institute |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-novavax/novavax-signs-covid-19-vaccine-supply-deal-with-indias-serum-institute-idINKCN25139A |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806031243/https://in.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-novavax/novavax-signs-covid-19-vaccine-supply-deal-with-indias-serum-institute-idINKCN25139A |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 August 2020 |work=Reuters |date=5 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The company would also produce Codagenix's [[Nasal administration|nasally administered]] [[COVID-19]] vaccine CDX-005<ref>{{cite news |title=Serum Institute starts manufacturing Codagenix's nasal COVID-19 vaccine |url=https://www.livemint.com/science/health/serum-institute-of-india-starts-manufacturing-codagenix-s-nasal-covid-19-vaccine-11600779086792.html |work=mint |date=22 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India's Serum Institute starts manufacturing Codagenix's potential Covid-19 vaccine |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-serum-institute-starts-manufacturing-codagenix-s-potential-covid-19-vaccine/story-zGhIAtCJN1tc9etIC34PDN.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> (tradename ''[[COVI-VAC (U.S. COVID-19 vaccine)|COVI-VAC]]'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Codagenix and Serum Institute of India Announce Commencement of First-in-Human Trial of COVI-VAC, A Single Dose, Intranasal Live Attenuated Vaccine for COVID-19 |url=https://codagenix.com/news/codagenix-and-serum-institute-of-india-announce-commencement-of-first-in-human-trial-of-covi-vac-a-single-dose-intranasal-live-attenuated-vaccine-for-covid-19/ |website=Codagenix |access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref>

The company also manufactured [[Sputnik V]] vaccine in India in collaboration with [[Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology]] after receiving approval from DCGI.<ref>{{cite news |title=Serum Institute gets DCGI's nod to manufacture Covid vaccine Sputnik V in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/serum-institute-gets-dcgi-s-nod-to-manufacture-covid-vaccine-sputnik-v-in-india-report-11622818500423.html |work=mint |date=2021-06-04 |language=en}}</ref> On 13 July 2021, RDIF published a press release saying SII is starting the production of [[Sputnik V]] doses in September 2021, with the intention to produce over 300 million doses of the vaccine in India per year.<ref>rdif.ru: [https://rdif.ru/Eng_fullNews/6934/ ''press release'']</ref>

In March 2021, [[Reuters]] reported that Chinese state-backed cyber-espionage group [[Red Apollo]] targeted the Serum Institute of India's intellectual property for [[Data theft|exfiltration]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Das|first=Krishna N.|date=2021-03-01|title=Chinese hackers target Indian vaccine makers SII, Bharat Biotech, says security firm|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-india-china-idUSKCN2AT21O|access-date=2021-03-01}}</ref>

=== R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine ===

On 8 October 2023, the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine received a recommendation for use by the [[Strategic Advisory Group of Experts]] (SAGE) of the [[World Health Organization]] and the [[Malaria Policy Advisory Group]] (MPAG).<ref>{{cite news |title=What is the new anti-malaria vaccine cleared by WHO all about? Will it work for India? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/health-wellness/who-clears-anti-malaria-vaccine-sii-work-india-know-8967057/ |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=3 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The vaccine, jointly developed by The [[University of Oxford]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Oxford R21/Matrix-M™ malaria vaccine receives WHO recommendation for use paving the way for global roll-out {{!}} University of Oxford |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2023-10-02-oxford-r21matrix-m-malaria-vaccine-receives-who-recommendation-use-paving-way-global |website=www.ox.ac.uk |access-date=9 October 2023 |language=en |date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Serum Institute Of India. Press Release - 02 October 2023 |url=https://www.seruminstitute.com/press_release_sii_021023.php |website=www.seruminstitute.com |language=English}}</ref> and the Serum Institute of India in collaboration with [[Novavax]]'s [[Immunologic adjuvant|adjuvant]] technology, demonstrated notable efficacy along with a positive safety profile. Furthermore, the Serum Institute of India had successfully established production capacity for 100 million doses annually, with plans to double this capacity over the next two years.

The R21/Matrix-MTM malaria vaccine was jointly developed by the [[Jenner Institute]] at Oxford University and Serum Institute of India, with support from various organizations including the [[European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership]] (EDCTP), the [[Wellcome Trust]], and the [[European Investment Bank]] (EIB). As of now, the vaccine has obtained licenses for use in Ghana, Nigeria, and Burkina Faso.

==See also==
* [[Bharat Biotech]]
* [[Biological E. Limited]]
* [[Biotechnology in India]]
* [[Pfizer]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.seruminstitute.com Official website]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Biotechnology companies of India]]
[[Category:Vaccine producers]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Pune]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1966]]
[[Category:Biotechnology companies established in 1966]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Immunology organizations]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]
[[Category:COVID-19 vaccine producers]]
[[Category:Poonawalla Group]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]

20th Filmfare Awards South

2026-02-09T13:44:31Z

Anilsharma:

{{short description|Award ceremony for South Indian films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox film awards
|number=20
|award=Filmfare Awards South
|award_link=Filmfare Awards South
|image=
|caption=
|date= April 21, 1973
|site= [[Bombay]]
|preshow=
|host=
|producer=
|last = [[19th Filmfare Awards South|19th]]
|next = 21st
}}

The '''20th Filmfare Awards South''' ceremony honoring the winners of the best of South Indian cinema in 1972 was held on April 21, 1973 at Shanmukhananda Hall in Bombay along with Hindi Awards.<ref>https://archive.org/details/20th-filmfare-best-actor-award-winners</ref><ref>https://archive.org/details/20th-filmfare-best-director-actress-winners</ref><ref>https://archive.org/details/20th-filmfare-best-film-winners</ref>

From this year, the awards were regularly presented to four main categories – Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor and Best Actress – in all four South Indian film industries. The president of this year's function was the defence minister Jagjivan Ram. The chief guest of the evening was veteran actor Ashok Kumar.

==Jury==
{| class="wikitable" width=50% |
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] & [[Kannada]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Justice T. Ramaprasada Rao]]''' - (Chairman)
*'''''[[M. R. Menon]]'''''
*'''''[[D. Ramanujam]]'''''
*'''''[[S. Rangaswami]]'''''
*'''''[[P. Ramakrishna Rao]]'''''
*'''''[[R. S. Cunniah]]'''''
*'''''[[C. G. Rangabhashyam]]'''''
*'''''[[Mrs. Rohini Krishna Chandra]]'''''
*'''''[[S. V. Venugopalan]]''''' - (Ex Officio)
|}

==Awards==

===Kannada cinema===
{| class="wikitable" width=100% |
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''''[[Vamsha Vriksha]]''''' - [[G. V. Iyer]]
| valign="top" |
*'''[[B. V. Karanth]], [[Girish Karnad]]''' - ''[[Vamsha Vriksha]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''Venkat Rao Talegiri''' - ''[[Vamsha Vriksha]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]]''' - ''[[Yaava Janmada Maitri]]''
|-
|}

===Malayalam cinema===
{| class="wikitable" width=100% |
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam|Best Film]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''''[[Chembarathi]]''''' - S. K. Nair
| valign="top" |
*'''[[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]''' - ''[[Punarjanmam]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]''' - ''[[Swayamvaram (1972 film)|Swayamvaram]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Roja Ramani]]''' - ''[[Chembarathi]]''
|-
|}

===Tamil cinema===
{| class="wikitable" width=100% |
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]''''' - [[P. Madhavan]]
| valign="top" |
*'''[[P. Madhavan]]''' - ''[[Gnana Oli]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Sivaji Ganesan]]''' - ''[[Gnana Oli]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Jayalalithaa]]''' - ''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]''
|-
|}

===Telugu cinema===
{| class="wikitable" width=100% |
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''''[[Pandanti Kapuram]]''''' - G. Hanumantha Rao
| valign="top" |
*'''[[K. V. Reddy]]''' - ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[N. T. Rama Rao]]''' - ''[[Badi Panthulu]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Jayalalithaa]]''' - ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]''
|-
|}

===Special Awards===
{| class="wikitable" width=50% |
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Special Award - South|Special Commendation Award for Performance]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]''' - ''[[Pandanti Kapuram]]''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8cUQAQAAMAAJ&dq=editions:s7JYM5Ah__kC|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|year=1973}}</ref>
|}

==Awards presentation==

* [[G. V. Iyer]] (Best Film Kannada) Received Award from [[Devendra Goel]]
* '''S. K. Nair''' (Best Film Malayalam) Received Award from [[Sujit Kumar]]
* '''G. Hanumantha Rao''' (Best Film Telugu) Received Award from [[Deven Varma]]
* [[P. Madhavan]] (Best Film Tamil) Received Award from [[Rakesh Roshan]]
* [[N. T. Rama Rao]] Receives [[K. V. Reddy]]'s Award (Best Director Telugu) from [[G. P. Sippy]]
* [[P. Madhavan]] (Best Director Tamil) Received Award from [[Farida Jalal]]
* [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]] (Best Actress Kannada) Received Award from [[Jeetendra]]
* [[Roja Ramani]] (Best Actress Malayalam) Received Award from [[Ajit Wadekar]]
* [[Jayalalithaa]] (Best Actress Telugu) Received Award from [[Ashok Kumar]]
* [[Jayalalithaa]] (Best Actress Tamil) Received Award from [[Paidi Jairaj|Jairaj]]
* '''Venkat Rao Talegiri''' (Best Actor Kannada) Received Award from [[Rekha]]
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] (Best Actor Malayalam) Received Award from [[Sanjay]]
* [[N. T. Rama Rao]] (Best Actor Telugu) Received Award from [[Yogeeta Bali]]
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] (Best Actor Tamil) Received Award from [[Ashok Kumar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Filmfare Magazine April 6, 1973.
* Filmfare Magazine May 18, 1973.

===General===

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.filmfare.com/awards/}}
* {{IMDb event|0001531|Filmfare Awards South}}

{{Filmfare Awards South|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Filmfare Awards South by year]]

Mangammal chatram, Narikkudi

2026-01-21T03:18:32Z

Anilsharma: Put Up Entry

'''Mangammal chatram''' is a [[Choultry|chatram]] located at Narikkudi in [[Virudhunagar district]], [[Tamilnadu]], India.

==Location==
It is located at Mariyur near Narikkudi.<ref name="dinamani">[https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-madurai/virudhunagar/2022/jul/22/villagers-insist-on-rebuilding-dilapidated-mangammal-inn-near-narikudi-3884245.html நரிக்குடி அருகே பாழடைந்த மங்கம்மாள் சத்திரத்தை புனரமைக்க கிராம மக்கள் வலியுறுத்தல், தினமணி, 22 சூலை 2022]</ref>

==Structure==
It was built during the period of [[Mangammal]] as a resting place for her and others. It has many pillars with ornamental works.So many iconographical works are also found in it.<ref name="dinamani"/> Sculptures are found in the pillars. It has mandapa, more than 52 pillars, entrances on either side and other special aspects.<ref name="jayanews">[http://www.jayanewslive.com/tamilnadu/tamilnadu_160720.html அழியும் நிலையில் உள்ள ராணி மங்கம்மாள் சத்திரம் - மாவட்ட நிர்வாகம் மறுசீரமைப்பு பணிகளை மேற்கொள்ள மக்கள் கோரிக்கை, ஜெயாநியூஸ், 10 செப்டம்பர் 2021]</ref>

==Present status==
Five decades a school was functioned there. In due course, due poor to maintenance it is in dilapidated condition.<ref name="dinamani"/> Attempts are made to request to protect this chatram and the chatram of Kariyapatti.<ref>[https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-virudhunagar/news/2357916 கவனியுங்களேன்: சிதிலமடைந்து, கேட்பாரட்டுக்கிடக்கும் சத்திரங்கள், தினமலர், 2 செப்டம்பர் 2019]</ref><ref name="jayanews"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chatrams in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Living arrangements]]
[[Category:Architecture in India]]
[[Category:Virudhunagar district]]
[[Category:Chatrams in Tamil Nadu]]

New Karimganj (Gaya)

2026-01-20T22:10:17Z

Anilsharma: Started stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = New Karimganj
| official_name =
| other_name =
| postal_code = 823001
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|24|47|41|N|84|59|26|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline = New Karimganj, Dec 2021.jpg
| caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
| native_name = {{native name|hi|न्यू करीमगंज}} {{native name|ur|{{Nastaliq|نیو کریم گنج}}}}
| founder =
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| p1 =
| governing_body = Gaya Nagar Nigam
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Magadhi]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
}}
'''New Karimganj''' ({{Langx|hi|न्यू करीमगंज}}, [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{lang|hi-Latn|Nyū Karīmagaṃja}}; {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|نیو کریم گنج}}|Niū Karīmganj}}), also spelled as '''New Kareemganj''' or simply '''Karimganj''', is a residential [[Neighbourhood|neighborhood]] under the Civil Lines [[thana]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-20|title=कार्रवाई: चार लोगों पर बिजली चोरी मामले में हुई प्राथमिकी|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/gaya/news/fir-against-four-people-in-electricity-theft-case-129040139.html|access-date=2021-10-26|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=गया के करीमगंज में डेयरी के मैनेजर के घर आठ लाख की चोरी|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/gaya/story-dairy-manager-s-house-in-karimganj-gaya-stolen-8-lakhs-2231231.html|access-date=2021-10-26|website=Hindustan|language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=गांधी मैदान के आसपास 11 से चार नहीं रहेगी बिजली- काम की खबर|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/gaya/story-there-will-be-no-electricity-from-11-to-4-around-gandhi-maidan-news-of-work-3892943.html|access-date=2021-10-26|website=Hindustan|language=hindi}}</ref> zone of [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Bihar]], [[India]], inhabited mostly by [[Islam in India|Muslims]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=گیا: ویکسینیشن مہم میں کریم گنج قبرستان کا اہم کردار|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/bharat/vaccination-camp-organized-kareem-ganj-cemetery-in-gaya/na20211021140952361|access-date=2021-10-26|website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref> Forming the western wing of the larger Karimganj neighborhood, it shares its proximity with [[Old Karimganj, Gaya|Old Karimganj]] neighborhood to the east and Jagdeo Nagar to the north. The locality is popular for serving the Creane Memorial High School<ref>{{Cite web|title=यहां कभी भी हो सकता है हादसा|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/gaya-14206339.html|access-date=2021-10-27|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref> and is infamous for its congested alleyways.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khair |first=Tabish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXJfjouSjdkC&dq=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C&pg=PA20 |title=The Bus Stopped |date=2012-07-12 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4472-3093-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable landmarks ==
* Creane Memorial High School

== Notable people ==
* [[Hussain Ul Haque]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=پروفیسر حسین الحق ساہتیہ اکادمی ایوارڈ کے لیے نامزد|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/city/delhi/hussainulhaq-got-sahitya-academy-award-2020/na20210312201037323|access-date=2021-10-27|website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=قادری|first=صفدر امام|date=2021-03-14|title=حسین الحق کو ساہتیہ اکادمی انعام تخلیقی ریاضتوں کا اعتراف تو ہے لیکن…|url=http://thewireurdu.com/88267/hussain-ul-haque-amawas-mein-khwab-sahitya-akademi-awards/|access-date=2021-10-27|website=The Wire - Urdu|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=हुसैन उल हक को साहित्य अकादमी अवार्डः परिवार बोला हमारे लिए बड़ा दिन|url=https://www.hindi.awazthevoice.in/lifestyle-news/sahityaakademi-award-forhussain-ul-haq-Family-said-big-day-for-us-1139.html|access-date=2021-10-27|website=www.hindi.awazthevoice.in|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Dr. Syed Ahmad Qadri (Indian poet and writer)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Syed Ahmad Qadri Writer Biography - Bihar Urdu Youth Forum, Patna|url=http://urduyouthforum.org/biography/biography-Syed-Ahmad-Qadri.html|access-date=2021-10-27|website=urduyouthforum.org|archive-date=24 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024182036/http://urduyouthforum.org/biography/biography-Syed-Ahmad-Qadri.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=سید احمد قادری کی ولادت 11؍ستمبر 1952ء بمقام نیو کریم گنج گیا میں ہوئی ان کے والد بدر اورنگ آبادی بھی ہندوستان کے ایک جانے پہچانے افسانہ نگار ہیں۔ نئی نسل کے اف|url=https://ur.freejournal.org/776937/1/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C.html|access-date=2021-10-27|website=ur.freejournal.org|language=ur}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Bihar]]
[[Category:Gaya district]]

{{Gaya-geo-stub}}

Laxmanrao Sardesai

2025-12-22T21:33:13Z

Anilsharma: Put Up Biography - done

{{Short description|Indian poet and writer (1904–1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Laxmanrao Sardessai
| image= Portrait of Laxmanrao Sardesai.jpg
| caption=
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1904|3|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Savoi-Verem]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1986|2|5|1904|3|18|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Poet|writer}}
| other_names = Saimik
| movement = [[Goa liberation movement]]
| relatives = [[Malbarao Sardesai]]
| children = [[Manohar Rai Sardesai]] (son)
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1982)
}}

'''Laxmanrao Sripad Suryarao Sardesai''' (18 March 1904 – 5 February 1986) was an Indian writer, freedom fighter, and educationist from [[Goa]]. A prolific writer in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Konkani language|Konkani]], he was a recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]. Sardesai played a significant role in the [[Goa liberation movement]] through both political activism and literary contributions.

==Early life and education==
Sardesai was born on 18 March 1904 in [[Savoi-Verem]]. He received his primary education at his home in Savoi-Verem and at his grandfather's residence in Durbhat-wadi. He later moved to [[Panaji]] for further studies. In 1918, he passed the ''Sengudgrav'' examination. Over the next three years, he pursued private studies in the [[lyceum]] curriculum. He eventually completed the government lyceum letters course, passing the 7th year examination. During the same year, Sardesai obtained a diploma from the ''Istitur Commerciale''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Vishwakosh - Volume 4 Released.pdf/840 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=840–841 |volume=4 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

==Career==
===Teaching===
Sardesai began his professional life as a teacher, earning a reputation for his skills in the field. He established the ''Cullazio Indianu'', a private educational institution in [[Mapusa]], which offered three years of lyceum education. He managed this institution for approximately four years. Later, he served as the Director of the ''Collage Almaidi'' in [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]], where he taught basic Marathi, Portuguese, and the lyceum curriculum. In 1938, he opened a student hostel but left the leadership of the college due to internal differences. Subsequently, he founded the ''Institute Renaissance'' in [[Margao]], a private entity offering seven years of lyceum education, which he ran for five years.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

===Media and Government service===
In 1959, Sardesai moved to [[New Delhi]], where he worked on a contract basis at the Delhi Radio Station as a Supervisor for the Konkani and Portuguese language departments. During this period, he worked for five years to counter Portuguese propaganda regarding Goan politics. He eventually resigned from this position to return to Goa.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Goa liberation movement==
Sardesai was actively involved [[Goa liberation movement]]. He used his writing to raise social awareness, notably publishing a pamphlet titled ''Phulai Gawdo Conversion Case'' from [[Mumbai]] to expose the Phulai case in South Goa, for which he was jailed for eight days.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

He was a member of the [[Gomantak Congress]] and participated in the civil liberties movement on 18 June. He also worked toward the establishment of the Goa National Congress in Mumbai. On 18 October 1946, he was imprisoned for performing [[Satyagraha]]. Throughout 1947 and 1948, he organized various meetings. He was arrested by Portuguese police while holding a meeting at Sakirwal Dodamarg and sentenced by the Regional Military Court to one year in the ''Dim Aguadilla'' prison.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

In 1949, he attended the National Congress session at [[Londa, Karnataka|Londha]]. He spent nearly a decade in Mumbai continuing his work for the independence movement, where he held conferences and served as the Secretary of the National Congress Goa. He also served as the welcoming president for the Goa Political Conference session in Mumbai. His political associates included [[Laxmikant Bhembre]] and Narayan Bhembre.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Literary career==
Sardesai viewed literature as a tool for social awareness and political activism. His writing career spanned from 1929 to 1983. He began writing under the pseudonym '''Saimik''' in the weekly ''Bharat'' at the age of 18 and later contributed to the ''Hindu''. He attempted to launch his own paper, ''Tej'', and his writings were featured in various Marathi and Portuguese publications, including ''Dudhsagar'', ''Prakash'', ''Kesari'', and ''Oo Herald''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

He is credited with mechanizing the Marathi short story and was known as a "regional storyteller" for his depiction of Goan life, nature, and philosophy. His first foray into fiction was ''Yashvantat Sasukhasini'' (1929). His story ''Mohini'' won second place in the ''Yashvant'' story competition. His work often attracted criticism from orthodox sections of society (Sanatanis) for his portrayal of aesthetics and romance. Notable stories include ''Sagarchya Laata'', ''Shaslalele Buruj'', ''Jagavegala'', ''Vadalati Naukaa'', ''Nivara'', ''Sonori Unhan'', ''Laxmanresha'', and ''Chandal''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

Sardesai also wrote novels, including the political novel ''Mandvi Tu Atali'' and ''Brahman'', a translation of a Portuguese novel. His portrait collection, ''Govyakadachi Manse'', was also popular. Believing that expression was best in one's mother tongue, he later wrote extensively in Konkani. His significant Konkani works include ''Papada Kavalyo'', ''Ramgyaali Waga Bhowandi'' (a children's novel), ''Kathashilpa'' (literary review), and ''Khabri Kaay Varmacheo Kaay Karmacheo'' (fine essays).<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Awards==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1982) for his essay collection ''Khabri''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* State Award for Literature from the [[Government of Goa]] (1980).<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* Goa [[Kala Academy]] Literature Award.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* Gold Medal Awarded at the Gomantak Marathi Sahitya Sammelan in [[Vile Parle]] for his story collection ''Laxmanresha''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* First prize for Marathi in an international story competition by the ''Herald Tribune''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sardesai, Laxmanrao}}
[[Category:Marathi-language poets]]
[[Category:Portuguese-language writers]]
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Poets from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]
[[Category:Konkani-language poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Goa liberation activists]]

Abdul Halim Ghaznavi

2025-12-19T04:33:04Z

Anilsharma: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Indian politician, zamindar and industrialist (1876–1953)}}
{{morefootnotes|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder| image = AbdulHalimGhaznavi.jpg
|name = Sir Abdul Halim Khan Ghuznavi
|office = Member of [[Central Legislative Assembly]]
|term_start = 1930
|term_end = 1945
|predecessor = ''Constituency established''
|successor = [[Tamizuddin Khan]]
|constituency= [[Dhaka Division|Dacca]] cum [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]]
|term_start1 = 1926
|term_end1 = 1930
|constituency1= [[Dhaka Division|Dacca Rural]]
|predecessor1 = [[Nawab family of Dhaka|Khwaja Abdul Karim]] [[Alimuzzaman Chowdhury]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.236436/page/33/mode/2up|title=The Indian Year Book|editor=[[Stanley Reed (British politician)|Reed, Sir Stanley]]|year=1924}}</ref>
|education = [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]]
|birth_date = 11 November 1876
|birth_place = [[Delduar Upazila|Delduar]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1953|6|18|1876|11|11}}
|death_place = Delduar, [[East Bengal]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
|party = [[All-India Muslim League|All India Muslim League]]
|mother = [[Karimunnesa Khanam Chaudhurani]]
|relatives = [[Abdul Karim Ghaznavi]] (brother) [[Begum Rokeya]] (aunt) [[Khurram Khan Panni]] (grandson)
}}

'''Sir Abdul Halim Khan Ghuznavi''' (1876 – 1953), also spelled Sir Abdul Halim Ghaznavi, was an Indian politician, zamindar, and industrialist. He was a member of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] of [[British Raj|British India]].<ref name="vbn">{{cite Banglapedia|author=Abdus Salam, Muhammad|article=Ghaznavi, Abdul Halim}}</ref>

==Early life==
Abdul Halim was born in [[Delduar Upazila|Delduar]], [[Tangail District|Tangail]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] on 11 November 1876 in the Delduar Zamidar Family. His parents were [[Karimunnesa Khanam Chaudhurani|Karimunnesa Khanam]] and Abdul Hakim Khan Ghuznavi. His brother was [[Abdul Karim Ghaznavi|Abdul Karim Ghuznavi]]. He graduated from City School and [[St. Xavier's College]] of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref name="vbn" />

==Career==
Abdul Halim began his political career in 1905 and diligently explored several divergent political avenues for his peoples. Initially he opposed the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|administrative reorganization of Bengal]] done by [[Lord Curzon]] in 1905. He attended the conference of the Bengal Provincial Congress held on 14 and 15 April 1906 at Barisal, and the 23rd session of the All-India National Congress held on 26–27 December 1907 at Surat. But soon he became disillusioned and distanced himself from the Congress politics.

Shortly thereafter, Abdul Halim was elected a member of the Legislative Assembly from the Rural Muslim Constituency of the Dhaka in 1927 as an independent candidate. He presided over the [[All-India Muslim League|All India Muslim League]] Conference held in Kanpur in 1929. He attended all the three Round Table Conferences held in London in 1930, 1931 and 1932 as a delegate of the [[All India Muslim League]]. In the Round Table Conferences, he was a member of the Burma Sub Committee along with U Aung Thin and others. The job of the committee was to consider the nature of the conditions which would enable Burma to be separated from British India on equitable terms. The Burma Sub Committee met in December 1930 in London and presented at the Round Table Conference on January 16, 1930, where the principle of separation of Burma was accepted.<ref name=irtcp>{{cite book|title=Indian Round Table Conference Proceedings|year=1931|publisher=Government of India|url=https://archive.org/details/indianroundtable029616mbp}}</ref> Abdul Halim was again elected a member of the Central Legislative Assembly from the Rural Muslim Constituency of the Dhaka-Mymensingh in 1931 and in 1935 continuing as an independent candidate.

In 1936, he became a founding member and secretary of the all India independent Democratic Party along with [[Khabeeruddin Ahmed]], Anwar-ul-Azim and 11 other members of the Central Legislative Assembly.<ref name=party1>{{cite news|title=A New Party for Assembly|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DcE-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=bkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3935,4100978&dq|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=21 September 1936}}</ref> But soon thereafter he firmly joined the [[All-India Muslim League|All India Muslim League]]. He maintained his elected positions from 1927 to 1945.

Abdul Halim started his career in 1900 as the chairman of the Mymensingh Municipality. He was also an Honorary Magistrate of Mymensingh. He was involved in the publication of [[The Musalman]] and The Star of India, both newspapers were aligned with the [[All-India Muslim League|All India Muslim League]].<ref name="vbn" />

==Honors and awards==
Knight Grand Cross, Order of the Bath, on the birthday of King Emperor [[George V]], Jun 3, 1935.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

Abdul Halim was a Fellow of Calcutta University, Member of Dhaka University Court, Aligarh University Court, and Bengal Royal Asiatic Society.<ref name="vbn" />

A street was named after the former Sheriff of Calcutta.<ref name=sh1>{{cite news|title=Staying put as the world moves|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Staying-put-as-the-world-moves-on/articleshow/3897779.cms|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref>

==Death==
Abdul Halim died on 18 June 1953 in [[Delduar Upazila|Delduar]], [[Tangail District|Tangail]], [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="vbn" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghaznavi, Abdul Halim}}
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Bengali knights]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement activists from Bengal]]
[[Category:Political party founders]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi politicians]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi people of Afghan descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]

Malur R. Narasimha Prasad

2025-12-02T18:55:18Z

Anilsharma: Put Up New Entry - done

{{multiple issues|
{{Promotional|date=October 2012}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2012}}
{{primary sources|date=October 2012}}
{{Notability|Biographies|date=October 2012}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M.R.N. Prasad
| image = M._R._N._Prasad.jpg
| caption = on his 60th birthday in 1983
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1923|05|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1987|10|07|1923|05|01|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| occupation = [[Endocrinologist]], [[Professor]]
}}

'''Malur R. Narasimha Prasad or M.R.N. Prasad''' (1 May 1923 – 7 October 1987) was an Indian [[Endocrinologist]] and [[Professor]], known for his research in the field of [[reproductive physiology]] and the regulation of fertility. His major contributions were in the areas of [[Comparative Endocrinology|comparative endocrinology]], the regulation of [[male fertility]], and the use of [[non-human primates]] in [[biomedical research]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malur R. Narasimha Prasad – Neglected Science |url=https://neglectedscience.com/malur-r-narasimha-prasad/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

He was the Founder of the International Society of [[Andrology]], a member of the Research Committee of the [[International Planned Parenthood Federation]] (1964–1975), and was associated with the Special Program of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction at the [[World Health Organization]] in [[Geneva]], Switzerland (1977–1983). At a national level, he worked closely with the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] and the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Ministry of Health, Government of India]] in research on human reproduction and family planning programs in India.

==Career==

M.R.N. Prasad began his career as a lecturer in [[Zoology]] at [[Central College, Bangalore]], [[University of Mysore]] in 1945. In 1955, he was awarded a [[Fulbright Fellowship]] and began doctoral studies at the [[University of Wisconsin]].

From 1959 to 1977, he was Professor of [[Zoology]] at the [[University of Delhi]], where he established a research group in the Department of Zoology that was recognized internationally in [[reproductive physiology]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Prasad=3AMalur_Ramaswamyiyengar_Narasimha=3A=3A.html|title=Browse by Fellow – Publications of the IAS Fellows}}</ref>

During this period, he assumed advisory roles at the national level. He was a member of the National Coordination Committee of the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], Government of India (1972–77); Member of the Expert Committee on Biomedical Research of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (1971–1973); and Chairman of the Research Committee, Biology Division of the National Institute of Health and Family Welfare (1971–1975).

From 1977 to 1983, he worked with the Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction at the [[World Health Organization]] in [[Geneva]], Switzerland. At this time, he was also involved in the coordination of research and research training at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] in [[New Delhi]], the [[National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health|Institute for Research Reproduction]] in [[Bombay]], and the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in [[Bangalore]].

==Students==
[[A. Hari Reddi|Hari Reddi]] was a graduate student of Professor Prasad from 1963 to 1966.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reddi |first=A. H. |last2=Prasad |first2=M. R. N. |date=1968-11-01 |title=THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF THE MALE INDIAN PALM SQUIRREL, FUNAMBULUS PENNANTI WROUGHTON |url=https://rep.bioscientifica.com/doi/10.1530/jrf.0.0170235 |journal=Reproduction |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=235–245 |doi=10.1530/jrf.0.0170235 |issn=1470-1626}}</ref>

==Books edited==
Progress in Comparative Endocrinology: General and Comparative Endocrinology. Suppl.2. Proceedings of the V International Symposium on Comparative Endocrinology held in New Delhi, 1967. Ed. M.R.N. Prasad, Academic Press, New York, 1969.<ref>{{Cite book| title=Progress in Comparative Endocrinology: General and Comparative Endocrinology. Suppl. 2., Proceedings of the V International Symposium on Comparative Endocrinology held in New Delhi 1967|year=1969|publisher=Academic Press|location=New Delhi|editor=Prasad, M.R.N.}}</ref>

Control of Fertility in the Male, J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl.2. Proceedings of the Fifth Biological Workshop: International Planned Parenthood Federation, held in New Delhi, Eds. M.R.N. Prasad and J.P. Porter, Blackwell, London, 1976.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Control of Fertility in the Male, J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 2., Proceedings of the Fifth Biological Workshop: International Planned Parenthood Federation, held in New Delhi|year=1976|publisher=Blackwell|location=London|editor=M.R.N. Prasad and J.P. Porter}}</ref>

Use of Non-human Primates in Biomedical Research. Proceedings of an International Meeting held in New Delhi, 1975. Eds. M.R.N. Prasad and T.C. Anand Kumar, [[Indian National Science Academy]] and the Delhi University Press, 1976.

==Awards==
* 1955 [[Fulbright Fellowship]], USA (1955–1958)
* 1958 Knapp Centre Fellow: [[University of Wisconsin]], USA
* 1973 [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]], (FICCl) Award for Outstanding Research in Science and Technology
* 1974 National Family Planning Award. [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Ministry of Health and Family Planning, Government of India]]
* 1975 Jagdish Chandra Bose Award for Research in Life Sciences, Hari Om Ashram Trust and the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University of Grants Commission]]
* 1975 [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], Elected Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Academy of Sciences |url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL1975062 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=fellows.ias.ac.in}}</ref>
* 1975 National Lecturer in Zoology, [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]
* 1983 Shantha Rao Memorial Oration. [[National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health|Institute for Research in Reproduction and Indian Council of Medical Research]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Malur R. Narasimha}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian endocrinologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Bengaluru]]

Evangelical Church of Maraland

2025-11-27T16:55:52Z

Anilsharma: fixed information per sources and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Christian denomination in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
'''Evangelical Church of Maraland''' is a church in southern [[Mizoram]] in northeast [[India]]. It was founded by English missionary Reverend and Mr [[Reginald Arthur Lorrain]] (brother of missionary [[James Herbert Lorrain]]) in 1907. It is the largest church among the [[Mara people]]. It is one of the three Mizoram churches pioneered by English missionaries in the 19th century; others are [[Mizoram Presbyterian Church]] and [[Baptist Church of Mizoram]].

== History ==
Prior to his arrival in [[British India]], the Rev. Reginald Arthur Lorrain founded [[James Herbert Lorrain#Lakher Pioneer Mission|Lakher Pioneer Mission]] in 1905 in London.<ref>{{cite book| author=Lorrain, Reginald Arthur|url=https://archive.org/details/fiveyearsinunkno00lorriala |title= Five years in unknown jungles for God and empire|year=1912| publisher=Lakher Pioneer Mission|place=London}}</ref> Two years later he arrived in Saikao (also known as Serkawr), a sleepy town in [[Siaha district]] of [[Mizoram]]. The church began as an Independent Church of Maraland (ICM) which later split into the Evangelical Church of Maraland, India ECMI and [[Congregational Church in India]] (Maraland); his ministry oversaw all the Mara-inhabited areas of British India that included Mara people in western Myanmar, which now function as a separate church under the name of Mara Evangelical Church after the [[partition of India]] in 1947.

The church held a series of celebrations for the 100th year of the Gospel to the Mara people and land in September (26 September 2007) and November 2007.

Rev. S.T. Zawsi is the present moderator of the [[Synod]] of the Evangelical Church of Maraland.

== Association/membership ==
The Evangelical Church of Maraland (India) is a member of
*[[World Communion of Reformed Churches]]
*[[India Evangelical Mission]]
*[[All India Sunday School Union]]
The church had more than 30,000 members and 74 congregations in 2004.<ref name="reformiert-online">{{cite web|url=http://www.reformiert-online.net/adressen/detail.php?id=134&lg=eng|title=Address data base of Reformed churches and institutions|author=Christoph Fasse|publisher=reformiert-online.net|access-date=2014-06-06|archive-date=27 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827072858/http://www.reformiert-online.net/adressen/detail.php?id=134&lg=eng|url-status=live}}</ref>
It also has a partnership with [[Mara Evangelical Church]] in [[Myanmar]].{{fact|date=December 2018}}

== Name ==
The Evangelical Church of Maraland (India) continues to use the word "Maraland" signifying the un-administered part of the world. [[Maraland]] was not part of any country until the British conquered the area inhabited by the [[Mara people]] in 1922,<ref>The Lakhers by N. E. Parry (1932)</ref> whereas the church was already founded in 1907.

==Theologians holding doctorate degrees==
*Rev. Dr. T. Laikai, D.D (Senate of Serampore University, India),<ref>Senate of Serampore University, India. Official website [http://www.seramporecollege.org/ www.seramporecollege.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919181246/http://www.seramporecollege.org/ |date=19 September 2016 }}</ref> 2004.
*Rev. Dr. M. Zakonia, D.Min (United Theological Open University, India), 2002.
*Rev. Dr. Laiu Fachhai, D.Th (Stellenbosch University, South Africa),<ref>[[Stellenbosch University]], Official website [http://www.sun.ac.za/ www.sun.ac.za] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126051209/http://www.sun.ac.za/ |date=26 January 2021 }}</ref> 2007.
*Rev. Dr. S.T. Zawsi, D.Min (University of Jerusalem, India),<ref>University of Jerusalem, India official website [http://www.ujglobal.org/ www.ujglobal.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331142649/http://www.ujglobal.org/ |date=31 March 2012 }}</ref> 2012.

== See also ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080915034651/http://www.marachristian.net/?page_id=12 Evangelical Church of Maraland (ECMI) Entry at MaraChristian.net]
* [[Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India]]
* [[List of Christian denominations in North East India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
The following websites contain a good articles and information on Evangelical Church of Maraland (India):
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091207044315/http://www.maraland.net/ Maraland.NET: Home of Mara people on the internet]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040827024519/http://www.samaw.com/ Samaw.com - First English blog from Maraland]}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080529045533/http://www.marachristian.net/ MaraChristian.net - Mara Christian Network]

[[Category:Reformed denominations in Asia]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1907]]
[[Category:Churches in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Members of the World Communion of Reformed Churches]]
[[Category:1907 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Evangelicalism in India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Evangelical denominations in Asia]]

Hicky's Bengal Gazette

2025-11-24T05:17:47Z

Anilsharma: small refined layout based on references and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{short description|India's First Newspaper}}
{{distinguish|Bengal Gazetti|selfref=, the first Bengali newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Hicky's Bengal Gazette
| image = Hicky's Bengal Gazette, March 10, 1781, University of Heidelberg.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_alt = Hicky
| caption = Front page of ''Hicky's Bengal Gazette'', 10 March 1781, from the University of Heidelberg's archives.
| type = [[Weekly newspaper]]
| founded = 29 January 1780
| ceased_publication = 30 March 1782
| headquarters = 67 Radha Bazar [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| publishing_country = [[British Raj|British India]]
| publisher = [[James Augustus Hicky]]
}}
'''''Hicky's Bengal Gazette or the Original Calcutta General Advertiser''''' was an English-language weekly newspaper published in [[Kolkata]] (then Calcutta), the capital of [[British India]]. It was the first newspaper printed in [[Asia]], and was published for two years, between 1780 and 1782, before the [[East India Company]] seized the newspaper's types and printing press. Founded by [[James Augustus Hicky]], a highly eccentric [[Irish people|Irishman]] who had previously spent two years in jail for debt,<ref>{{harvnb|Otis|2018|pp=9, 16, 19}}</ref> the newspaper was strong critical of the administration of Governor General [[Warren Hastings]]. The newspaper was important for its provocative journalism and its fight for free expression in [[India]].

==Newspaper history==
''Hicky's Bengal Gazette'' was first published on 29 January 1780, its founder, James Augustus Hicky, having earlier printed a prospectus announcing that he would begin printing a newspaper. The idea of printing a newspaper in India had been floated twelve years earlier by the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] Adventurer [[William Bolts]], but Hicky was the first to execute the concept. Hicky's newspaper was printed once a week on Saturday, and retailed for Rs 1. Its circulation was estimated to be around four hundred copies per week, although possibly more.<ref>{{harvnb|Otis|2018|p=290}}</ref>

Hicky initially avoided political controversy.<ref>{{harvnb|Otis|2018|p=68}}</ref> As he observed the effect his paper had, he became more political and his neutral editorial policy shifted to an independent one. His slogan became "Open to all Parties, but influenced by None".<ref>{{harvnb|Otis|2018|p=76}}</ref> After he learned that competitors with ties to the East India Company were intending to launch a rival newspaper, the ''[[The India Gazette|India Gazette]]'', he took a strongly anti-Company stance.<ref>{{harvnb|Otis|2018|pp=103, 108}}</ref> Hicky accused an East India Company employee, Simeon Droz, of supporting the ''India Gazette'' as punishment for Hicky's refusal to pay a bribe to Droz and [[Marian Hastings]], Warren Hastings' wife.<ref>{{harvnb|Otis|2018|pp=98, 100}}</ref>

In retaliation for Hicky's accusation, Hastings' [[Supreme Council of Bengal|Supreme Council]] forbid ''Hicky's Bengal Gazette'' from being mailed through the post office.<ref>{{harvnb|Otis|2018|pp=101–102}}</ref> On 18 November 1780, the same day that the first ''India Gazette'' was published, Hicky modified the name of his newspaper from ''Hicky's Bengal Gazette; or, Calcutta General Advertiser'', to ''Hicky's Bengal Gazette; or the Original Calcutta General Advertiser'' to emphasize that his newspaper was founded first.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Hicky claimed that the Supreme Council's order violated his right to free expression,<ref>{{harvnb|Otis|2018|pp=104–105}}</ref> and accused Hastings of corruption,<ref>{{harvnb|Otis|2018|p=108}}</ref> tyranny, and prosecuting wars of aggression.<ref>{{harvnb|Otis|2018|p=147}}</ref> Hicky also accused other British leaders in Calcutta of corruption, including the Chief Justice of the [[Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William]], [[Elijah Impey]] of taking bribes,<ref>{{harvnb|Otis|2018|pp=110–111}}</ref> and the leader of the Protestant Mission, [[John Zachariah Kiernander|Johann Zacharias Kiernander]] of stealing from an orphaned children's fund.<ref>{{harvnb|Otis|2018|pp=132–133}}</ref> Hicky's editorial independence was short lived as Hastings and Kiernander sued him for libel. After four dramatic trials in June 1781, the Supreme Court found Hicky guilty and sentenced him to jail.<ref>{{harvnb|Otis|2018|pp=147, 160, 190}}</ref>

Hicky continued to print his newspaper from jail, and continued to accuse Hastings and others of corruption.<ref>{{harvnb|Otis|2018|pp=190–192}}</ref> He was finally suppressed when Hastings instituted fresh lawsuits against him. ''Hicky's Bengal Gazette'' ceased publication on 30 March 1782 when its types were seized by an order of the Supreme Court. The next week, its types and printing press were publicly auctioned<ref>{{harvnb|Otis|2018|pp=201–202}}</ref> and sold to the ''India Gazette''.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Editorial policy==
[[File:1780-00-Prospectus of Hicky's Bengal Gazette.png|thumb|Prospectus of ''Hicky's Bengal Gazette'', printed sometime before the first issue.]]
''Hicky's Bengal Gazette'' was known for its sarcastic and provocative writing style. Unlike many newspapers of its time, the newspaper discussed taboo topics like female masturbation,<ref>{{harvnb|Otis|2018|p=72}}</ref> and proto-[[class consciousness]], arguing for the rights of the poor and against [[No taxation without representation|taxation without representation]]. It was strongly [[anti-war movement|anti-war]] and anti-[[colonialism|colonial]] and routinely ridiculed East India Company leadership for their expansionist and imperialist objectives.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==Contemporary views==
The memoirist [[William Hickey (Memoirist)|William Hickey]] (who was not related to the paper's founder) describes its establishment shortly after he had succeeded (in his capacity as an attorney-at-law) in having James Hicky released from debtor's jail:

<blockquote>"At the time I first saw Hicky he had been about seven years in India. During his confinement he met with a treatise upon printing, from which he collected sufficient information to commence [as a] printer, there never having been a press in Calcutta ... it occurred to Hicky that great benefit might arise from setting on foot a public newspaper, nothing of that kind ever having appeared. Upon his types &c., therefore reaching him, he issued proposals for printing a weekly paper, which, meeting with extraordinary encouragement, he speedily issued his first work. As a novelty every person read it, and was delighted. Possessing a fund of low wit, his paper abounded with proof of that talent. He had also a happy knack at applying appropriate nicknames and relating satirical anecdotes".<ref>''The Memoirs of William Hickey'' Vol.II (1775-1782), London: Hurst & Blackett, 1918, p. 175.</ref></blockquote>

Hicky benefited little from the paper, as William Hickey further tells us that he allowed it "to become the channel of personal invective, and the most scurrilous abuse of individuals of all ranks, high and low, rich and poor, many were attacked in the most wanton and cruel manner ... His utter ruin was the consequence".<ref>Hickey, ''Memoirs'', Vol. II, p. 176.</ref>

==Legacy==
''Hicky's Bengal Gazette'' was the first printed [[newspaper]] to be published in Asia.<ref>{{harvnb|Otis|2018|p=26}}</ref> The newspaper became famous not only among the British soldiers posted in India at that time<ref>{{harvnb|Otis|2018|p=27}}</ref> but also inspired Indians to write newspapers of their own.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

==Surviving collections==
Six archives are known to have collections (all incomplete) of ''Hicky's Bengal Gazette:''
# [[University of Melbourne]]
# [[University of Heidelberg]]. From [[George Livius]]. Available for free online.[https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/hbg]
# [[National Library of India]]
# [[High Court of Calcutta]] (only an extraordinary issue dated 25 June 1781).
# [[British Library]]. Two collections. [http://explore.bl.uk/BLVU1:LSCOP-ALL:BLL01013895514 One]{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} originally from the British Museum, from George Livius. The [http://explore.bl.uk/BLVU1:LSCOP-ALL:BLL01008627372 other]{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, less complete collection, is originally from a private auction<ref>Bloomsbury Book Auctions, 25 March 1985. Sale No. 32, 27 February 1985. Lot 67. Hicky's Gazette of 11 March 1780 was purchased by the India Office Library for £200.</ref> and from the India Office Library.
# [[University of California, Berkeley]]'s [[Bancroft Library]]. Collected by [[H. Morse Stephens]] sometime before 1907.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sanial|first=S. C.|date=July 1907|title=The History of Journalism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJFEAQAAMAAJ|journal=Calcutta Review|volume=249|pages=362}}</ref> This collection was likely once owned by [[Paul Ferris (printer)|Paul Ferris]], one of Hicky's assistants.

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! YYYY-MM-DD !![http://www.18thcjournals.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/HickysBengalGazetteOrCalcuttaGeneralAdvertiser British Library]!![https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/hbg University of Heidelberg]!![http://opac.nationallibrary.gov.in/cgi-bin/gw/chameleon?sessionid=2019010918003711142&skin=nl&lng=en&inst=consortium&host=localhost%2b1111%2bDEFAULT&patronhost=localhost%201111%20DEFAULT&searchid=1&sourcescreen=INITREQ&pos=1&itempos=1&rootsearch=SCAN&func National Library of India]!![http://cat.lib.unimelb.edu.au/search~S30?/Xhicky%27s+bengal+gazette&searchscope=30&SORT=D/Xhicky%27s+bengal+gazette&searchscope=30&SORT=D&SUBKEY=hicky%27s+bengal+gazette/1%2C2%2C2%2CB/frameset&FF=Xhicky%27s+bengal+gazette&searchscope=30&SORT=D&2%2C2%2C University of Melbourne]!! High Court of Calcutta !! [http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat04202a&AN=ucb.b10061291&site=eds-live&authtype=ip,guest&custid=s1226370&groupid=main&profile=eds University of California, Berkeley] !! Notes
|-
| Prospectus || No || No || No || Yes || No || No || Likely printed in the week or month before the first issue
|-
| 1780-01-29 || No || No || Yes || No || No || Yes || The first issue
|-
| 1780-02-05 || No || No || No || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-02-12 || No || No || No || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-02-19 || No || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-02-26 || No || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-03-04 || No || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-03-11 || No || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-03-18 || No || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-03-25 || No || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-04-01 || No || No || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-04-08 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-04-15 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-04-22 || No || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-04-29 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-05-06 || Yes || No || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-05-13 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-05-20 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || No ||
|-
| 1780-05-27 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-06-03 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-06-10 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-06-17 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-06-24 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-07-01 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-07-08 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-07-15 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-07-22 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-07-29 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-08-05 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-08-12 || Partial || No || Yes || Yes || No || Yes || BL is missing pages 2&3
|-
| 1780-08-19 || Yes || No || Partial || Yes || No || Yes || NLI is missing part of page 1&2
|-
| 1780-08-26 || Yes || No || Yes || Partial || No || Yes || Melbourne is missing page 1&2
|-
| 1780-09-02 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-09-09 || Yes || No || Partial || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-09-16 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-09-23 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-09-30 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-10-07 || Yes || No || No || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-10-14 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-10-21 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-10-28 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-11-04 || Yes || No || Partial || No || No || Yes || NLI is missing part of pages 3&4
|-
| 1780-11-11 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-11-18 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-11-25 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-12-02 || Yes || No || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-12-09 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-12-16 || Yes || No || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-12-23 || Yes || No || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1780-12-30 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-01-06 || No || No || No || No || No || No || Existence Imputed
|-
| 1781-01-13 || No || No || No || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-01-20 || No || No || No || Yes || No || No ||
|-
| 1781-01-27 || Yes || No || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-02-03 || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-02-10 || Yes || No || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-02-17 || Yes || No || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-02-24 || Yes || No || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-03-03 || Yes || No || No || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-03-10 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-03-17 || Yes || No || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-03-24 || Yes || No || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-03-31 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-04-07 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-04-14 || Yes || No || Yes || Yes || No || Yes || British Museum edition of the BL missing sections on pages 1&2
|-
| 1781-04-21 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-04-28 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-04-28 Extraordinary || Yes || No || No || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-05-05 || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-05-12 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-05-19 || Yes || Yes || Partial || Yes || No || Yes || NLI is missing part of pages 1&2
|-
| 1781-05-26 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-06-02 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-06-09 || Partial || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes || BL missing pages 1&2
|-
| 1781-06-16 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-06-23 || No || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-06-25 Extraordinary || Yes || No || No || No || Yes || No ||
|-
| 1781-06-30 || Partial || Partial || Partial || Partial || No || Partial || All collections are missing sections on pages 3& 4
|-
| 1781-07-07 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-07-07 Supplement || No || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes || Supplement is between pages 3&4
|-
| 1781-07-14 || No || No || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-07-21 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-07-23 Extraordinary || Yes || No || No || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-07-28 || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || No || No || Mislabeled as 30 July
|-
| 1781-08-04 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-08-06 Extraordinary || Yes || Yes || Partial || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-08-11 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-08-18 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-08-25 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-09-01 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-09-08 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-09-15 || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-09-15 Supplement || Yes || No || Yes || No || No || Yes || Supplement is between pages 3&4
|-
| 1781-09-22 || Yes || Yes || Partial || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-09-29 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-10-06 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-10-13 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-10-20 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-10-27 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-11-03 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-11-10 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-11-17 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-11-24 || Yes || No || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-11-26 Extraordinary || Yes || No || No || No || No || No ||
|-
| 1781-12-01 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-12-08 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes || British Museum edition of the BL missing section on page 3
|-
| 1781-12-15 || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-12-22 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1781-12-29 || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Yes ||
|-
| 1782-01-05 || Yes || Yes || No || No || No || Partial || Berkeley is missing pages 3&4
|-
| 1782-01-12 || Yes || No || No || No || No || No ||
|-
| 1782-01-19 || Yes || No || No || No || No || No ||
|-
| 1782-01-26 || Yes || No || No || No || No || No ||
|-
| 1782-02-02 || Yes || No || No || Yes || No || No ||
|-
| 1782-02-09 || Yes || No || No || No || No || No ||
|-
| 1782-02-16 || Yes || No || No || No || No || No ||
|-
| 1782-02-23 || Yes || No || No || No || No || No ||
|-
| 1782-03-02 || Yes || No || No || No || No || No ||
|-
| 1782-03-09 || Yes || No || No || No || No || No ||
|-
| 1782-03-16 || Yes || No || No || No || No || No ||
|-
| 1782-03-23 || Yes || No || No || No || No || No ||
|-
| 1782-03-30 || Yes || No || No || No || No || No || The last issue
|-
| Total Issues (excluding prospectus, partial issues, supplements, and extraordinaries) || 95 || 37 || 88 || 51 || 0 || 96 ||
|-
| Total Issues (including prospectus, partial issues, supplements, and extraordinaries) || 104 || 40 || 97 || 55 || 1 || 103 ||
|-
|}

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=Images of Hicky's Bengal Gazette
|width=220| height=280
|align=center
|footer=
|File:1780-01-29 Berkeley Page 1a.png
|The first page of the first issue of Hicky's Bengal Gazette in a bound volume at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]'s Bancroft Library
|File:1780-01-29 Berkeley Page 2.png
|The second page of the first issue of Hicky's Bengal Gazette
|File:1780-01-29 Berkeley Page 3.png
|The third page of the first issue of Hicky's Bengal Gazette
|File:1780-01-29 Berkeley Page 4.png
|The fourth page of the first issue of Hicky's Bengal Gazette
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Otis|first=Andrew|title=Hicky's Bengal Gazette: The Untold Story of India's First Newspaper|year=2018|publisher=Westland Books|isbn=978-93-86850-91-1}}
{{refend}}
{{commons category|Hicky's Bengal Gazette}}

==External links==
* [http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/hbg ''Hicky's Bengal Gazette''] – [[University of Heidelberg]] (free online)
* [http://cat.lib.unimelb.edu.au/search~S30?/Xhicky&searchscope=30&SORT=D/Xhicky&searchscope=30&SORT=D&SUBKEY=hicky/1%2C8%2C8%2CB/frameset&FF=Xhicky&searchscope=30&SORT=D&7%2C7%2C ''Hicky's Bengal Gazette''] – [[University of Melbourne]]
* [http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=moreTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=BLL01008627372&indx=1&recIds=BLL01008627372&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&frbg=&&vl(488279563UI0)=any&dscnt=0&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&tb=t&vid=BLVU1&mode=Basic&srt=rank&tab=local_tab&dum=true&vl(freeText0)=hicky%27s%20bengal%20gazette&dstmp=1515041260219 ''Hicky's Bengal Gazette''] – [[British Library]] ([http://www.18thcjournals.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/HickysBengalGazetteOrCalcuttaGeneralAdvertiser Digital copy] held by Adam Matthew Digital)
* [http://www.nationallibrary.gov.in/showdetails.php?id=758413 ''Hicky's Bengal Gazette''] – [[National Library of India]]

[[Category:Newspapers established in 1780]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1782]]
[[Category:Defunct weekly newspapers]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:18th century in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Culture of Kolkata]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Gazettes]]
[[Category:1780 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1782 disestablishments in India]]

Government College, Koraput

2025-11-19T06:51:21Z

Anilsharma: adding article...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Government College, Koraput
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| former_name = D.A.V. College, Koraput
| motto =
| established = 1968
| type = [[Public]]
| parent =
| affiliation =
| academic_affiliation = [[Vikram Dev University]]
| president =
| vice-president =
| principal =
| dean =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| city = [[Koraput]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord |18.779016| 82.739469|display=title}}
| campus =
| website = [https://www.govtcollegekoraput.ac.in/ www.govtcollegekoraput.ac.in]
| logo =
}}
'''Government College''', '''Koraput''' is a state government degree college affiliated to [[Vikram Dev University]]. It is situated in Landiguda, [[Koraput]], [[Odisha]] state of [[India]]. It offers graduate courses in Arts, Commerce and Science stream. It also offers Master courses for Arts stream in two subjects: [[Odia language|Oriya]] and Education.

The College was established in 1968 by the [[Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools System|Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College Management Committee]] in collaboration with the Education Development Society of Koraput. It was taken over by the Government of Orissa in 1982, expanded to offer bachelor's and master's degrees. Govt of Odisha, Department of Higher Education on 6-12-2012 notified in an extraordinary Gazette Publication issue that the DAV college is renamed as Government College, Koraput (with effect from 10-07-1982 ).

==See also==

* [[Department of Higher Education (Odisha)|Department of Higher Education, Odisha]]
* [[Vikram Deb Autonomous College]], [[Jeypore]], [[Koraput district|Koraput]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Department of Higher Education, Odisha}}
[[Category:Department of Higher Education (Odisha)]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Koraput district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1968]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Orissa]]

{{Odisha-university-stub}}

1949 in India

2025-11-09T08:32:02Z

Anilsharma: brief adjusted structure per sources and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2022}}
{{Year in India|1949}}
Events in the year '''1949 in India'''.

==Incumbents==
* [[List of heads of state of India|King]] of [[Dominion of India|India]] – [[George VI]]
* [[Governor-General]] of the [[Dominion of India]] – [[C. Rajagopalachari]]
* [[Prime Minister of India]] – [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]

==Events==
* National income - {{INR}}92,908 million

=== January - June ===
* 1 January –
** After eight months of fighting between the Indian forces and the [[Pakistan Army]] agreed to a [[ceasefire]], ordered by the [[United Nations Security Council]], takes effect in [[Kashmir region]].
** The [[Reserve Bank of India]] was nationalized.
* 20-23 January - An international Conference of 19 nations took place in [[New Delhi]] for [[Indonesian National Revolution]].
* 30 March - Fifteen [[Princely state]]s joined the Dominion of India to form [[Rajasthan|Greater Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-28 |title=HT This Day: March 31, 1949 -- Greater Rajasthan is born |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/htthis-day-march-31-1949-greater-rajasthan-is-born-101648481462734.html |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* 28 April – India issues the [[London Declaration]], enabling it (and, thereafter, any other nation) to remain in the British Commonwealth despite becoming a republic, creating the position of '[[Head of the Commonwealth]]', and renaming the organisation as the '[[Commonwealth of Nations]]'.
* 25 May - [[Parvathy Mills Limited|Kollam Textile Mill]] strike by [[United Trade Union Congress]] demanding payment of bonus to workers.
* 6 June – With the passage of the Bodh Gaya Temple Act by the Indian government, [[Mahabodhi Temple]] is restored to partial [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] control.

=== July - September ===
* 1 July - [[Princely state]] of [[Travancore]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin]] enters into [[Travancore–Cochin|Thiru - Kochi Pact]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=75 years of Kochi-Travancore merger: A far-sighted king who gave up his kingdom for an almanac |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/a-far-sighted-king-who-gave-up-his-kingdom-for-an-almanac/articleshow/111419026.cms |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 27 July – India and Pakistan sign the [[Karachi Agreement]]
* 9 September – Queen Kanchanprabha Devi signs the [[Tripura Merger Agreement]].
* 17 September - [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] a linguistic regional party based in [[Tamil Nadu]] formed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-08-30 |title=Early decades of DMK in 6 volumes |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/early-decades-of-dmk-in-6-volumes/article7598060.ece |access-date=2023-02-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 18 September - [[Indian rupee]] suffers devaluation due to 30% devaluation of [[Pound sterling]] by [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pound devalued 30 per cent {{!}} 1940-1949 {{!}} Guardian Century |url=https://www.theguardian.com/century/1940-1949/Story/0,,105127,00.html |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=www.theguardian.com}}</ref>
* 21 September - [[Manipur (princely state)]] merges with [[India]] following agreement between [[V. P. Menon]] and [[Bodhchandra Singh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akoijam |first=A. Bimol |date=2001 |title=How History Repeats Itself |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4410908 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=36 |issue=30 |pages=2807–2812 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

=== October - December ===
* 11 October - [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] arrived at [[Washington, D.C.]] for a three week visit in [[United States]] and was received by [[Harry S. Truman]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-12 |title=Nehru's 1949 'goodwill tour' of US & how it opened a new chapter in bilateral relations |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/nehrus-1949-goodwill-tour-of-us-how-it-opened-a-new-chapter-in-bilateral-relations/913362/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 15 October – [[Tripura]] becomes a part of the Union of India
* 15 November – [[Nathuram Godse]] and [[Narayan Apte]] executed for assassinating [[Mahatma Gandhi]].
* 26 November - [[Constituent Assembly of India]] adopted the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-27 |title=Explained: What happened on 26.11.1949, celebrated as India’s Constitution Day? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-happened-on-26-11-1949-celebrated-as-indias-constitution-day-6137983/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 22 December - Planting of ram idol inside [[Babri Masjid]] by Abhiram Das.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Untold Story of How the Rama Idol Surfaced Inside Babri Masjid |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/untold-story-rama-idol-surfaced-inside-babri-masjid |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=The Wire}}</ref>
* 28 December – [[Central Reserve Police Force]] Act enacted.
* 31 December - An armed group of [[Communist Party of India]] activists killed four [[Police]] officers in [[Travancore–Cochin]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-15 |title=Sooranad Revolution martyrs remembered |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sooranad-revolution-martyrs-remembered/article8242986.ece |access-date=2024-02-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Law==
* Constitution is adopted by the [[Indian Constituent Assembly]].
* [[Central Reserve Police Force]] Act
*Electricity Act
*Police Act
*Banking Regulation Act
*Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Act
*Industrial Disputes (Banking and Insurance Companies) Act
*Central Reserve Police Force Act
*Mangrol and Manavadar (Administration of Property) Act
*Seaward Artillery Practice Act
*Chartered Accountants Act
*Payment Of Taxes (Transfer Of Property) Act
*Abducted Persons (Recovery and Restoration) Act

==Births==
*1 January – [[Nana Patekar]], actor and filmmaker.
*13 January – [[Rakesh Sharma]], Indian Air Force pilot and cosmonaut.
*16 February – [[Milind Rege]], cricket player and selector (died 2025).
*7 March – [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]], politician.
*4 April – [[Parveen Babi]], actress (died 2005).
*1 June
** [[T. M. Abraham]], theatre director.
** [[Gautam Chattopadhyay]], musicologist and film maker, founder member of [[Moheener Ghoraguli]]. (died 1999).
*29 June – [[A. Anwhar Raajhaa]], politician.
*10 July – [[Sunil Gavaskar]], cricketer.
*21 August – [[Ahmed Patel]], politician (died 2020).
*23 August – [[Bansi Kaul]], theatre director (died 2021).
*30 October – [[Pramod Mahajan]], politician (died 2006).
*12 December – [[Gopinath Munde]], politician (died 2014).

==Deaths==
*2 March - [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[Activism]], (aged 70 years)
*6 April – [[Narendra Nath Dutta]], [[physician]] (born 1884)
*10 April – [[Birbal Sahni]], [[paleobotanist]] (born 1891).
*19 June – [[Syed Zafarul Hasan]], [[Muslim]] [[philosopher]] (born 1885).
*15 November – [[Narayan Apte]], accomplice in assassination of [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]], executed (born 1911).
*15 November – [[Nathuram Godse]], assassin of [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]], executed (born 1910).

== See also ==
* [[Bollywood films of 1949]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Years in India}}
{{Year in Asia|1949}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1949 In India}}
[[Category:1949 in India| ]]
[[Category:1949 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 20th century in India]]
[[Category:1940s in India]]
[[Category:1949 in Asia]]

Gosaba

2025-10-28T15:12:03Z

Anilsharma: adding new article

{{For|the river with the same name|Gosaba River}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gosaba
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Gosaba Police Station.jpg
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption = Gosaba Police Station
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.1652|N|88.8079|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = CD Block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gosaba (community development block)|Gosaba]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.19
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 6
| population_total = 5369
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 743370
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 3218
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gosaba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gosaba (SC)]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
}}
'''Gosaba''' is a village and a [[gram panchayat]] within the jurisdiction of the Gosaba police station in the [[Gosaba (community development block)|Gosaba]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Canning subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
[[File:Bungalow of Daniel Hamilton 01.jpg|thumb|left|House of Sir Daniel Hamilton at Gosaba]]

[[Sir Daniel Mackinnon Hamilton]], a [[Scotsman]], had travelled to [[Kolkata]] to work for MacKinnon & McKenzie, a company with which he had family connections. The company sold tickets for the [[P&O]] shipping line, then one of the largest in the world. Hamilton became head of the company and master of an immense fortune, one of the richest men in [[British India]]. Another man may have taken his money and gone away but Hamilton set his eyes on the deltaic islands in south Bengal. In 1903, he bought {{convert|10000|acre|km2|disp=flip}} of the tide country from the government – it included such islands as Gosaba, Rangabelia, and Satjelia. His efforts at developing these places brought in other people into these islands. They were people who dared not only to struggle against nature but also the predators that lived there – tigers, crocodiles, sharks and lizards. They killed so many people that Hamilton gave rewards to people who killed them.<ref>Ghosh, Amitav, ''The Hungry Tide'', 2004, pp. 49-53, [[HarperCollins]]/[[India Today]], {{ISBN|81-7223-613-1}}.</ref> In December 1932 [[Rabindranath Tagore]] visited and stayed at Gosaba in the house of Sir Daniel Hamilton.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v08xxlHuWtUC&q=rabindranath+hamilton+gosaba&pg=PA381|title=Selected Letters of Rabindranath Tagore|last=Rabindranath Tagore|access-date=28 December 2017|isbn=9780521590181|date=26 June 1997}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.epw.in/journal/2014/50/reports-states-web-exclusives/digitising-endangered-village-archives.html|title=Digitising Endangered Village Archives|journal=[[Economic & Political Weekly]]|volume=50, 50, 50, 50, 50|issue=23, 23, 23, 23, 23|pages=7, 7, 7, 7, 7–8, 8, 8, 8, 8|date=13 December 2014|issn=2349-8846|access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=380| height=450| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|15|0|N|88|41|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Canning subdivision (Canning I & II, Basanti, Gosaba CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' R: rural/ urban centre Places linked with coastal activity are marked in blue Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|23|7|N|88|31|11|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Kalaria| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Kalaria]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|22|20|N|88|31|48|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Gaur Daha| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Gaur Daha]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|22|6|N|88|32|57|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Banshra| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Banshra, Canning]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|20|0|N|88|36|9|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Rajapur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Rajapur, Canning]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|20|45|N|88|36|23|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Taldi| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Taldi]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|20|10|N|88|37|17|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Bayarsingh| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bayarsingh]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|19|24|N|88|38|52|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Matla| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Matla, Canning]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|17|50|N|88|40|4|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Dighirpar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Dighirpar]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|18|37|N|88|39|28|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Canning| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Canning, South 24 Parganas]] (R)|shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|25|20|N|88|39|53|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Jibantala| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Jibantala]] (R)|shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|18|33|N|88|37|18|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Tangrakhali| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Tangrakhali]] (R)|shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|22|50|N|88|33|15|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Makhal Tala| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Makhal Tala]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|28|1|N|88|41|46|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Deuli| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Deuli, Canning]] (R)|shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|11|53|N|88|42|50|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Basanti| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Basanti, South 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|12|45|N|88|42|47|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15= Sonakhali| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Sonakhali, Basanti]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|16|52|N|88|41|3|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Bhangonkhali| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Bhangonkhali]] (R)|shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|1|34|N|88|41|12|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Jharkhali| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Jharkhali]] (R) |shape-color17=#0048BA
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|9|54|N|88|48|28|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Gosaba| numbered18=R| mark-title18= Gosaba (R)|shape-color18=black| label-size18=13|label-color18=black 
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|12|29|N|88|45|6|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Pathankhali| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Pathankhali]] (R)|shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|13|19|N|88|53|44|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Chhota Mollakhali| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Chhota Mollakhali]] (R) |shape-color20=#0048BA
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|22|42|N|88|44|41|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Matherdighi| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Matherdighi]] (R) |shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|22.0482 |N|88.7552|E}}| label22=Sundarbans National Park| label-color22= Black| label-angle22=-0| label-pos22=right| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22=none
|mark-coord23={{coord|22.0882 |N|88.7068|E}}| label23=Bidyadhari River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=-50| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none
|mark-coord24={{coord|22.1182|N|88.6282|E}}| label24=Matla River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=-60| label-pos24=right| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24=none}}

===Area overview===
Canning subdivision has a very low level of urbanization. Only 12.37% of the population lives in the urban areas and 87.63% lives in the rural areas. There are 8 [[census town]]s in Canning I CD block and only 2 in the rest of the subdivision. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] with numerous islands in the southern part of the region. The area (shown in the map alongside) borders on the [[Sundarbans National Park]] and a major portion of it is a part of the [[Sundarbans settlements]]. It is a flat low-lying area in the South Bidyadhari plains. The [[Matla River]] is prominent and there are many streams and water channels locally known as ''khals''. A comparatively recent country-wide development is the guarding of the coastal areas with a special coastal force.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 19, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Gosaba is located at {{coord|22.1652|N|88.8079|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|6|m}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Gosaba.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Gosaba]</ref>

Gosaba is one of the main deltaic islands in the [[Sundarban]] region, bounded by the [[Matla River|Matla]] and Zilli rivers/ creeks. It is the last inhabited area before the deep forests start. [[Kolkata]] to [[Sonakhali, Basanti|Sonakhali]] (opposite Basanti) is {{convert|100|km|mi}}; it takes about three hours by road. Sonakhali to Gosaba is about 1½ hours by powered boat.<ref name = "Sundarban">{{cite web | url = http://www.ksrindia.com/travel-in-india/sunderban-tour-package.htm | title = Sunderban Tiger Tour| access-date = 26 September 2007 }}</ref> Sundarbans are home to some 270 man-eating tigers. Sixteen of them have entered the villages of Gosaba between 2001 and 2004.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_22-12-2004_pg4_21 | title = Man-eating tigers wreak havoc on India's island of widows | access-date = 22 September 2007 | publisher = Daily Times, 22 December 2004 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060525102738/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_22-12-2004_pg4_21 | archive-date = 25 May 2006 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]] Gosaba had a total population of 5,369, of which 2,681 (50%) were males and 2,688 (50%) were females. There were 503 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate persons in Gosaba was 3,994 (82.08% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 26 April 2016}}</ref>

According to the 2001 census, Gosaba community development block had a population of 222,764 out of which 113,827 were males and 108,937 were females. The entire population is classified as rural.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm | title = Census of India 2001 | access-date = 24 August 2007 | work = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4 | publisher = Census Commission of India }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Gram panchayat===
Gosaba is an intermediate [[Panchayati Raj|panchayat]] (local self-government) under the [[South 24 Parganas]] district. Village panchayats under it are – Amtali, Bali I and II, Bipradaspur, [[Chhota Mollakhali]], Gosaba, Kachukhali, Kumirmari, Lahiripur, [[Pathankhali]], Radhanagar-Taranagar, Rangabelia, Satjelia and Sambhunagar.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://panchayat.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumr.asp?selstate=32&pno=7&ptype=V | title = Details of West Bengal till Village Panchayat Tier | access-date = 24 August 2007 | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

===Police station===
Gosaba police station started functioning in 1965. It covers an area of 127 km2, consisting of 4 islands. It has jurisdiction over parts of the Gosaba CD block. Earlier, Gosaba PS had jurisdiction across 9 islands.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://baruipurpolicedistrict.org/images/SUNDARBAN%20COASTAL%20PS.pdf| title = Sundarban Coastal Police Station| work = Baruipur police district| publisher = West Bengal police| access-date = 23 October 2019| archive-date = 23 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181123161123/http://baruipurpolicedistrict.org/images/SUNDARBAN%20COASTAL%20PS.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 2.1 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 October 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of the Gosaba CD block are located at Gosaba village.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==

===Tourism===
The main tourist centre in the region is Sajnekhali in the heart of the Sundarbans tiger reserve, where the state tourist department has a lodge with basic amenities. [[Sajnakhali Wildlife Sanctuary]] is about 1½ hours by boat from Gosaba. Most tourist boats go past Gosaba. Some tourists travel to Gosaba on their way to Pakhiralay (the home of the birds). Foreigners need a special permit to enter Sunderbans, which is issued in Kolkata by the Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal.<ref name = "Sundarban"/> A small Jungle Camp is at Bali island, outside the tiger reserve and Sunderban Tiger Camp at Dayapur, Gosaba.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kolkatabirds.com/sundertripreport.htm | title = Sunderbans Trip Report | access-date = 22 September 2007 | publisher = Water Birds of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071009104431/http://www.kolkatabirds.com/sundertripreport.htm | archive-date = 9 October 2007 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

===Power===
Villages in the deltaic region of Sundarbans do not have access to conventional forms of energy. A 5x100 kW biomass-based power plant was installed at Gosaba island, in June 1997 and has been running successfully, serving about 650 consumers through a network of distribution lines. The power plant is being run on a commercial basis by the Gosaba Rural Energy Cooperative. A 500 kW gasifier-based power plant was commissioned in the remote island of [[Chhota Mollakhali]] in June 2001.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://mnes.nic.in/biogasifier_ach.htm
|title=Biomass gasifier
|access-date=26 September 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815132836/http://mnes.nic.in/biogasifier_ach.htm
|archive-date=15 August 2007
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

Plans are afoot to set up a 3.6 MW power plant in Durgaduani creek using tidal water. The Durgaduani creek is between the rivers Bidyadhari and Gomdi Khal. It is about {{convert|8.5|km|mi}} long and has an average width of {{convert|145|m|ft}}. Tidal water will be stored and then let out to generate electricity using four turbines. There will be two gates at either end at Gosaba and Sonagaon to form a low head.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://in.news.yahoo.com/060605/48/64tha.html | title = First for country: harnessing tides for electricity in the Sundarbans | access-date = 26 September 2007 | publisher = Yahoo News}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

===Honey collection===
Around {{convert|20000|kg|lb}} of honey is collected every year from forests of Sundarbans. Mostly people from the [[Canning, South 24 Parganas|Canning]], [[Basanti, South 24 Parganas|Basanti]], Gosaba, [[Kultali]], [[Mathurapur, South 24 Parganas|Mathurapur]], [[Patharpratima]], [[Namkhana]], [[Sagar Island|Sagar]] and [[Kakdwip]] are honey collectors. The number of honey collectors has dwindled from around 1,500 a few years back to around 700 in 2007. From 1985 through 2004, about 75 honey collectors were killed by tigers in the forests. Now all honey collectors are insured for Rs. 50,000. The forest department has also intensified vigilance during the honey collection period. The range officers and guards are on full alert. No deaths have been reported since 2006.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=181947&usrsess=1 | title = Honey come lately | access-date = 22 September 2007 | publisher = The Statesman, 24 April 2007}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Education==
Educational institutions in Gosaba - Sundarban Hazi Dasarat College (Pathankhali), Gosaba Rural Reconstruction (government-sponsored) Institution, Rangabelia High School, Sambhunagar High School, Bipradaspur High School (Manmathanagar), Mongol Chandra Vidyapith (Chotomollakhali), Satjelia Natavar Vidyayatan (Satjelia), Radhanagar Kali Bari High School (Radhanagar), Sri Gourangha High School (Dakshin Radhanagar), Jatindra Nath Sikshaniketan (Paschim Radhanagar), Satjelia Santigachhi High School, Dayapur P.C. Sen High School (Satjelia Dayapur), Rajat Jubilee High School (Rajat Jubilee, Lahiripur).<ref>{{cite web| url =http://wbchse.nic.in/WEBSITE%202ndPage/_notes/24%20PGS(S).pdf| title =West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education| access-date =26 September 2007| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090410025049/http://wbchse.nic.in/WEBSITE%202ndPage/_notes/24%20PGS%28S%29.pdf| archive-date =10 April 2009}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Shyamal Bose (bishop)]]

==Healthcare==
Although in South 24 Parganas district groundwater is affected by [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]], in Gosaba all the tubewells analysed were [[arsenic]] safe (below 10 μg/L). The probable reason may be that being a coastal area most of the tubewells draw water from less contaminated deep aquifers.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb4.htm | title = Groundwater arsenic contamination status of South 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India | access-date = 26 September 2007 | publisher = SOES | archive-date = 27 September 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002957/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb4.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The [[World Wildlife Fund]] has organised workshops on the treatment of snakebite victims in Gosaba block with the local quacks, ''ojhas'' and ''gunins'', people who attend the local patients, to enhance the scientific knowledge of such people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwfindia.org/news_facts/statenews/westbengal/index.cfm |title=Awareness and Skill Transfer Programme for the Treatment of Snakebite Victims |access-date=26 September 2007 |publisher=World Wildlife Fund India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808030618/http://www.wwfindia.org/news_facts/statenews/westbengal/index.cfm |archive-date=8 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Four launches with doctors carrying medicines, sophisticated portable X-ray and echo-cardiograph machines, provided by the French author [[Dominique Lapierre]] move along the waterways of the Sundarbans to its furthest corners. Residents of such places as [[Sandeshkhali]], Basanti, Gosaba and Kultali have felicitated him when he came in 2004.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041130/asp/bengal/story_4066942.asp
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041209223600/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041130/asp/bengal/story_4066942.asp
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 9 December 2004
| title = Sundarbans gratitude to Lapierre | access-date = 22 September 2007 | publisher = The Telegraph, 30 November 2004}}</ref>

Gosaba Rural Hospital at Gosaba, with 30 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Gosaba CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =30 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{portal|Islands}}
{{Reflist|3}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Villages in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]

Preeti Dahiya

2025-10-26T17:59:25Z

Anilsharma: Started details - done

{{Short description|Indian boxer (born 2004)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox boxer (amateur)
| name = Preeti Dahiya
| image = Priti dahiya.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Preeti Dahiya
| birth_name = 
| full_name = 
| nickname =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|16 June 2004}}
| birth_place = [[Silana, Sonipat]], [[Haryana, India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| height = 
| weight = 
| weight_class = lightweight (60 kg)
| club =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[amateur boxing]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|2022 Amman]]|Featherweight}}
| show-medals = yes
}}

'''Preeti Dahiya''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Boxing Federation Boxer Details |url=http://indiaboxing.in/boxerdetails.php?regno=81407 |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=indiaboxing.in}}</ref> is an Indian amateur boxer. She was a Gold medallist at the 2019 Asian Junior Boxing Championship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preeti Dahiya bags gold as India end campaign on high with 39 medals at Asian Youth Boxing C'ship |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/preeti-dahiya-bags-gold-as-india-end-campaign-on-high-with-39-medals-at-asian-youth-boxing-cship20210831131224/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-10 |title=Preeti Dahiya Leads India In Record Medal Haul At Asian Youth Championships |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-preeti-dahiya-leads-india-in-record-medal-haul-at-asian-youth-championships/393198 |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www.outlookindia.com/ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2021-08-31 |title=Preeti Dahiya, Sneha Kumari, Khushi, Neha win gold at Asian Youth Boxing Championships |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/boxing/six-gold-medals-for-india-asian-youth-boxing-championships-boxing-news/article36195158.ece |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Preeti Dahiya was born on 16 June 2004 in Delhi in Fateh Nagar, Delhi, India, but she and her family belong to Silana Village of Haryana state's sonipat district. Her father, Harinder Dahiya is a farmer, and her mother, Poonam is a housewife.

==Career==
She started boxing in 2016 after taking inspiration from Indian [[kabaddi]] team captain [[Deepak Niwas Hooda]]. After six months of training under the coach Mahendra Singh Dhaka, she won silver medal at the school-level national championships in the same year. She continued her training and in 2019 she won gold medal in the Asian Junior Boxing Championship. She won the lightweight division (60 kg) of the 2021 ASBC Asian Youth Boxing Championships after defeating Kazakhstan's Zuldyz Shayakmetova 3–2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aim to be first woman from country to win gold in Olympics: Haryana boxer Preeti Dahiya |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/aim-to-be-first-woman-from-country-to-win-gold-in-olympics-haryana-boxer-preeti-dahiya |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-31 |title=Preeti Dahiya bags gold as India end campaign on high with 39 medals at Asian Youth Boxing Championship |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/preeti-dahiya-bags-gold-as-india-end-campaign-on-high-with-39-medals-at-asian-youth-boxing-championship-101630396209426.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SPORTS |first=FISTO |date=2021-08-31 |title=Preeti Dahiya and three other youth women bag gold as India end campaign on a high with 39 medals at ASBC Asian Youth & Junior Boxing Championships |url=https://www.fistosports.com/news/preeti-dahiya-and-three-other-youth-women-bag-gold-as-india-end-campaign-on-a-high-with-39-medals-at-asbc-asian-youth-junior-boxing-championships |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www.fistosports.com |language=en |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010032448/https://www.fistosports.com/news/preeti-dahiya-and-three-other-youth-women-bag-gold-as-india-end-campaign-on-a-high-with-39-medals-at-asbc-asian-youth-junior-boxing-championships |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dahiya, Preeti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women boxers]]
[[Category:Boxers from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Sonipat district]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:2004 births]]

Pethia setnai

2025-10-04T03:15:27Z

Anilsharma: added references

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Dahanukar, N. |year=2015 |title=''Pethia setnai'' |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T172411A70413385 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-1.RLTS.T172411A70413385.en |access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref>
| taxon = Pethia setnai
| display_parents = 3
| authority = ([[Boman Framji Chhapgar|Chhapgar]] & Sane, 1992)
| synonyms = *''Puntius setnai'' Chhapgar & Sane, 1992
}}

'''''Pethia setnai''''' is a species of [[cyprinid]] fish native to streams of the [[Western Ghats]], [[India]],<ref name=IUCN/> where it is most commonly found in flowing sections of hill streams and smaller rivers.<ref name=SF>{{Cite web|title=''Pethia setnai'' – Narayan Barb (''Puntius setnai, Puntius narayani'') – Seriously Fish|url=https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/pethia-setnai/|access-date=2021-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Katwate, U.|author2= M.S. Paingankar|author3= S. Jadhav|author4= N. Dahanukar|year=2013 |title=Phylogenetic position and osteology of ''Pethia setnai'' (Chhapgar & Sane, 1992), an endemic barb (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) of the Western Ghats, India, with notes on its distribution and threats|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume= 5|issue=17|pages= 5214–5227|doi=10.11609/JoTT.o3857.5214-27|doi-access=free}}</ref> It can reach a length of up to {{convert|5.7|cm|in}} [[fish measuement|TL]].<ref>{{FishBase |genus= Pethia|species= setnai| month = April | year = 2013}}</ref> The species is named after later Dr. Sam Bomansha Setna,<ref>{{Cite web|title=INSA :: Deceased Fellow Detail|url=https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N43-0742|access-date=2022-02-10|website=insaindia.res.in}}</ref> who was the first Director of Fisheries of the erstwhile Bombay State.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = https://etyfish.org/smiliogastrinae/| title = Family CYPRINIDAE: Subfamily SMILIOGASTRINAE Bleeker 1863 (Small Barbs) | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | editor1 = Christopher Scharpf | editor2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp | date = 15 March 2025 | access-date = 20 July 2025 | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> The species has been imported in recent years for the aquarium trade where it is sometimes referred to as the '''indigo barb''' or '''Narayan barb''', the latter an unfortunate name that has caused confusion between this species and ''[[Pethia narayani]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Department of Fisheries Government of Maharashtra, India.|url=https://fisheries.maharashtra.gov.in/en/history|access-date=10 February 2022|website=fisheries.maharashtra.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Chhapgar, B.F. |author2= S.R. Sane |year=1992|title= A new fish of the genus ''Puntius'' Hamilton (Ostariophysi: Cyprinidae) from Goa |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48732834 |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=89|pages= 357–359}}</ref>

Males tend to be more colorful than females, displaying bright red fins while the fins of females only carry a blush of this color. When in full color, males of ''P. setnai'' can easily be confused with males of ''[[Pethia reval]]'', though the latter tend to be smaller and the red fin color more permanent and less mood-dependent. Also the gold areas on the flanks of ''P. setnai'' are more vivid.<ref name=SF/>

''P. setnai'' can be successfully maintained in water temperatures of {{cvt|20–27|°C}}, pH of 6.0–7.5 and hardness 90–268 ppm. It is an [[omnivore]] and most likely to be found eating worms, as well as insects, other small sized [[invertebrate]]s, plant material and organic detritus.

This fish is thought to hold good potential as an aquarium fish, but currently has a restricted distribution<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=4 January 2016|title=''Pethia setnai'' missed state fish tag, but draws curiosity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/pethia-setnai-missed-state-fish-tag-but-draws-curiosity/articleshow/50430868.cms|access-date=2021-08-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and has been included in [[IUCN Red List]] as vulnerable.<ref name="IUCN" /> Mining operations, tourism activities, organic wastes and sewage are reported as major threats to this species.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3760510}}

[[Category:Pethia|setnai]]
[[Category:Fish of India]]
[[Category:Barbs (fish)]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1992]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of India]]

{{Barbinae-stub}}

Nilamber Dev Sharma

2025-09-28T00:27:39Z

Anilsharma: Started bio - done

{{Short description|Indian scholar and writer (1931–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nilamber Dev Sharma
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|10|6}}
| birth_place = Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|6|23|1931|10|6}}
| death_place = New Delhi
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Scholar, writer
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = Pt. Madan Mohan Shastri
| website = {{URL||Official web site}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Nilamber Dev Sharma''' (October 6, 1931 – June 23 2020) was an Indian scholar and writer of [[Dogri language|Dogri]] and English literature, best known for his work, ''An Introduction to Modern Dogri Literature'',<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Modern-Dogri-Literature/dp/B000KITBKW/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1417095641&sr=1-1 | title=An Introduction to Modern Dogri Literature | publisher=Kranti Press | author=Nilamber Dev Sharma | year=1965 | asin=B000KITBKW}}</ref> the first publication in English about Dogri literature.<ref name=GK>{{cite web | url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/jan/26/prof-punjabi-nilamber-conferred-padma-shri-22.asp | title=Greater Kashmir | publisher=Greater Kashmir | date=25 January 2011 | access-date=27 November 2014}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] honored Sharma in 2011, with the fourth highest civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2014 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Nilamber Dev Sharma was born to a Sanskrit scholar and a renowned astrologer, Madan Mohan Shastri,<ref name=Excelsior/> on 6 October 1931 at Jammu, British India.<ref name=Excelsior>{{cite web | url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/padam-shri-nilambar/ | title=Daily Excelsior | publisher=Daily Excelsior | date=14 February 2013 | access-date=27 November 2014}}</ref> He graduated in English literature from the Government Gandhi Memorial College, Jammu (GGMC), continued his studies at the [[Hindu College, University of Delhi|Hindu College, New Delhi]] from where he obtained a master's degree<ref name=GK/> and started his career as an English lecturer in Kairana, Uttar Pradesh. Thereafter, he went to England and secured an honours degree in English from the [[University of Leeds]], UK.<ref name=GK/> After his return from England, Sharma moved to his ''alma mater'', the Government Gandhi Memorial College, in 1953 as English Professor.<ref name=Excelsior/> Few years later, he joined [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages]] in 1961 as its deputy secretary<ref name=GK/> and rose to the position of the secretary.<ref name=Excelsior/> Nilamber Dev Sharma was the first convenor of the Dogri Advisory Board when [[Sahitya Academy]] officially recognized Dogri in 1969. He was also instrumental in the official recognition and inclusion of Dogri in the 22 Scheduled languages of India, officially recognized in December 2003 through the 92nd Constitutional Amendment, which added it to the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution<ref name=Excelsior/> In 1972, Sharma resigned from the Academy and entered politics, a stay which was short lived.<ref name=Excelsior/>

Sharma is a former director of the Amar Mahal Museum and Library and a former president of ''Dogri Sanstha''.<ref name=Excelsior/>He also served in the J&K Consumer Council. He is credited with several publications<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.abebooks.com/book-search/author/sharma-nilamber-dev/ | title=List of Books on Abe Books | publisher=Abe Books | date=2014 | access-date=27 November 2014}} - {{cite web | url=http://orlabs.oclc.org/identities/np-sharma,%20nilamber%20dev/ | title=Worldcat Profile | publisher=Worldcat | date=2014 | access-date=27 November 2014}}</ref> including ''An Introduction to Modern Dogri Literature'', ''A Brief Survey of Dogri (Modern) Literature'',<ref>{{cite journal | title=A Brief Survey of Dogri (Modern) Literature | author=Nilamber Dev Sharma | journal=Indian Literature | year=2002 | volume=46 | issue=3 | pages=116–126 | jstor=23338590 }}</ref> ''An Introduction to Dogri Folk, Literature, Drama and Art'',<ref name=GK/> ''Chete Kish Khatte'', ''Kish Mitthe'', ''Rishtey'' and ''Kahani di Tapaash''<ref name=Excelsior/> He has edited a number of books for Dogri Sanstha, Jammu<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dogrisanstha.org/publications_contdd.html | title=Dogri Sanstha | publisher=Dogri Sanstha | date=2014 | access-date=27 November 2014}}</ref> and has translated ''Iyaruingam'', an [[Assamese literature|Assamese]] work by the novelist Birendera Kumar Bhattacharyya.<ref name=GK/>

==See also==
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages]]
* [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Modern-Dogri-Literature/dp/B000KITBKW/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1417095641&sr=1-1 | title=An Introduction to Modern Dogri Literature | publisher=Kranti Press | author=Nilamber Dev Sharma | year=1965 | asin=B000KITBKW}}
* {{cite journal | title=A Brief Survey of Dogri (Modern) Literature | author=Nilamber Dev Sharma | journal=Indian Literature | year=2002 | volume=46 | issue=3 | pages=116–126 | jstor=23338590 }}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.abebooks.com/book-search/author/sharma-nilamber-dev/ | title=List of Books on Abe Books | publisher=Abe Books | date=2014 | access-date=27 November 2014}}
* {{cite web | url=http://orlabs.oclc.org/identities/np-sharma,%20nilamber%20dev/ | title=Worldcat Profile | publisher=Worldcat | date=2014 | access-date=27 November 2014}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Nilamber Dev}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Dogri language]]
[[Category:Hindu College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Leeds]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Rabi Narayan Bastia

2025-09-24T23:17:31Z

Anilsharma: Started a post

{{Short description|Indian geoscientist (born 1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rabi Narayan Bastia
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|10|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Odisha]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Geoscientists|Geoscientist]]
| yearsactive =
| known for = KG-D6 Gas field in [[Krishna Godavari Basin]]
| spouse = Rashmi
| domesticpartner =
| children = 2
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Odisha Living Legend Award National Mineral Award [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]] Young Executive Award AEG Gold Medal Infraline Service to Nation Award Ruchi Bharat Gaurav Samman [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Young Scientist Award [[International Biographical Centre|IBC]] International Educator of the Year Oceantex Leadership and Excellence Award
}}
'''Rabi Narayan Bastia''' is an Indian [[Geoscientists|geoscientist]] and the Global Head of Exploration at Lime Petroleum, Norway, known for his contributions in the [[hydrocarbon]] explorations at [[Krishna Godavari Basin]] (2002), at [[Mahanadi]] Basin (2003) and at [[Cauvery River|Cauvery]] (2007).<ref name="Bloomberg profile">{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=137079038&privcapId=216749627 | title=Bloomberg profile | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2015 | access-date=26 December 2015}}</ref> A non-executive director of Asian Oilfield Services Limited and the President at OilMax Energy,<ref name="4 Traders profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.4-traders.com/business-leaders/Rabi-Narayan-Bastia-0CBSTV-E/biography/ | title=4 Traders profile | publisher=4 Traders | date=2015 | access-date=26 December 2015}}</ref> Bastia is a recipient of the ''Odisha Living Legend Award''.<ref name="Odisha Living Legend Award">{{cite web | url=http://www.orissadiary.com/odisha_living_legend/Rabi-Narayan-Bastia.asp | title=Odisha Living Legend Award | publisher=Orissa Diary | date=11 November 2011 | access-date=26 December 2015 | archive-date=20 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820155131/http://www.orissadiary.com/odisha_living_legend/Rabi-Narayan-Bastia.asp | url-status=dead }}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2007, for his contributions to Science and Technology.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Bastia was born on 2 October 1958 in [[Odisha]], India, and graduated in Science from [[Utkal University]].<ref name="Brief Profile of Dr. Rabi Narayan Bastia">{{cite web | url=http://www.pressbox.co.uk/detailed/Science/Brief_Profile_of_Dr._Rabi_Narayan_Bastia_110927.html | title=Brief Profile of Dr. Rabi Narayan Bastia | publisher=Press Box, UK | date=26 March 2007 | access-date=26 December 2015 | archive-date=17 January 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117010933/http://www.pressbox.co.uk/detailed/Science/Brief_Profile_of_Dr._Rabi_Narayan_Bastia_110927.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> His master's degree came in Applied Geology from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur]] which was followed by a doctoral degree (PhD) in Structural Geology from the same institution. Later, he completed an advanced master's course (MS) in petroleum exploration at the [[Norwegian University of Science and Technology]], with a first rank.<ref name="Brief Profile of Dr. Rabi Narayan Bastia" /> His career started at the [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC) in 1980 and he worked there for 16 years till he joined [[Reliance Industries]] (RIL) in 1996 where he founded and headed the [[Upstream (petroleum industry)|exploration and production]] (E&P) Division.<ref name="Bloomberg profile" /> He led the RIL exploration team at [[Krishna Godavari Basin]] and discovered the KG-D6 field in 2002, reportedly the biggest Natural gas find worldwide in the year 2002.<ref name="Why And How Bastia Got Busted">{{cite web | url=http://www.indianoilandgas.com/viewarticle.php?id=16599 | title=Why And How Bastia Got Busted | publisher=Indian Oil and Gas | date=2015 | access-date=26 December 2015}}</ref> He worked with RIL till 2012 during which time the team led by him was successful in discovering gas at [[Mahanadi]] basin of the Northeast coast in 2003 and at [[Cauvery River|Cauvery]] basin in 2007.<ref name="Bloomberg profile" />

In 2012, he resigned from RIL, under controversial circumstances, reportedly due to the decline in the output from the KG-D6.<ref name="Why And How Bastia Got Busted" /><ref name="Ravi Narayan Bastia, the man who discovered KG-D6 fields for RIL quits the company">{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-16/news/31726772_1_kg-d6-dhirubhai-1-krishna-godavari-basin-d6 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105025623/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-16/news/31726772_1_kg-d6-dhirubhai-1-krishna-godavari-basin-d6 | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 January 2016 | title=Ravi Narayan Bastia, the man who discovered KG-D6 fields for RIL quits the company | publisher=Economic Times | date=16 May 2012 | access-date=26 December 2015}}</ref> By that time, he had already been associated with Lime Petroleum, Norway for two years, as a director, where he is the Global Head of Exploration. He is the President of E&P business at OilMax Energy, a Pune-based project management consultants in the energy sector,<ref name="Core Team">{{cite web | url=http://www.oilmax.in/about.htm | title=Core Team | publisher=Oilmax | date=2015 | access-date=26 December 2015 | archive-date=20 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820013324/http://www.oilmax.in/about.htm#team | url-status=dead }}</ref> concurrently serving Asian Oilfield Services as a non-executive independent director and Hibiscus Petroleum Bernhad, Malaysia as a director,<ref name="Board of Directors">{{cite web | url=http://asianoilfield.com/about-us/board-of-directors.html | title=Board of Directors | publisher=Asian Oilfield Services | date=2015 | access-date=26 December 2015 | archive-date=27 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227141733/http://asianoilfield.com/about-us/board-of-directors.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> resigning from the latter board in 2014.<ref name="HIBISCUS PETROLEUM BERHAD ANNOUNCES ">{{cite web | url=http://www.bursamarketplace.com/index.php?ch=ch_content&pg=pg_cont_news&ac=9737 | title=HIBISCUS PETROLEUM BERHAD ANNOUNCES | publisher=Burs Market Place | date=2014 | access-date=26 December 2015}}</ref> He also sits in the director boards of Oil Field Instrumentation India Limited and Synergy Oil and Gas Consultancy Pvt Ltd.<ref name="4 Traders profile" /> In 2005, he was elected as the chairman of the [[International Quality and Productivity Centre]] (IQPC), the first Indian to hold the post.<ref name="Brief Profile of Dr. Rabi Narayan Bastia" /> He is a member of [[American Association of Petroleum Geologists]] and the Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Petroleum Engineers. He is also a member of the Society of Geoscientists and Allied Technologists, Indian Geological Congress and the Association of Petroleum Geologists of India.<ref name="4 Traders profile" />

Bastia is the author of ''Geologic Settings and Petroleum Systems of India's East Coast Offshore Basins : Concepts and Applications'', a text on exploration of hydrocarbons in Indian coast.<ref name="Geologic Settings and Petroleum Systems of India's East Coast Offshore Basins : Concepts and Applications">{{cite book | url=http://www.easternbookcorporation.com/moreinfo.php?txt_searchstring=13840 | title=Geologic Settings and Petroleum Systems of India's East Coast Offshore Basins : Concepts and Applications | publisher=Eastern Book Corporation | author=Ravi Bastia | year=2007 | isbn=978-8190176781 | archive-date=27 December 2015 | access-date=26 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227144111/http://www.easternbookcorporation.com/moreinfo.php?txt_searchstring=13840 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Besides, he has published over fifty articles in peer reviewed national and international journals and serves as a visiting professor at many universities. He has also mentored four students in their doctoral research and has delivered keynote addresses at several international conferences including the ''Petromin Deepwater Conference'' at Malaysia and the ''SEAPEX Conference'' at Singapore.<ref name="Brief Profile of Dr. Rabi Narayan Bastia" />

Bastia is married to Rashmi and the couple has two sons.<ref name="Brief Profile of Dr. Rabi Narayan Bastia" />

== Awards and honours ==
Bastia was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science (DSc) by the [[Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad]], his thesis validated by [[Alberta University]] and the [[University of Oklahoma]].<ref name="Bloomberg profile" /> This was the first instance a scientist in India receiving the honour for petroleum research.<ref name="Board of Directors" /> In 1990, the [[Indian National Science Academy]] awarded him their Young Scientist Award.<ref name="Bloomberg profile" /> While working at the [[Oil and Natural Gas Commission]], he received three institutional awards between 1993 and 1995, including the Young Executive Award.<ref name="Brief Profile of Dr. Rabi Narayan Bastia" /> The [[Geological Society of India]] awarded him the National Mineral Award in 2003 and the Government of India followed it up, three years later, with civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2007;<ref name="Padma Awards" /> a year earlier, he had received the Gold Medal of the ''Association of Exploration Geophysicists''.<ref name="Brief Profile of Dr. Rabi Narayan Bastia" /> The year 2007 brought him two more awards viz. ''Infraline Service to Nation Award'' and ''Ruchi Bharat Gaurav Samman'' of the [[Government of Odisha]].<ref name="Bloomberg profile" /> He was featured in the ''Who's Who in the World'' of the American Continental Research in its 2008 edition and the [[International Biographical Centre]] listed him among the top 100 educators of the world in 2009.<ref name="Bloomberg profile" /> He is also a recipient of the Oceantex Leadership and Excellence Award (2010)<ref name="Bloomberg profile" /> and the Odisha Living Legend Award (2011).<ref name="Odisha Living Legend Award" />

== See also ==
* [[Krishna Godavari Basin]]
* [[Reliance Industries]]
* [[Upstream (petroleum industry)]]
{{portal|India|Science}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | title=Geologic Settings and Petroleum Systems of India's East Coast Offshore Basins : Concepts and Applications | publisher=Eastern Book Corporation | author=Ravi Bastia | year=2007 | isbn=978-8190176781}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bastia, Rabi Narayan}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian geologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Odisha]]
[[Category:Utkal University alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Norwegian University of Science and Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Norway]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian earth scientists]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad alumni]]

Forbidden Love (2020 TV series)

2025-09-07T15:48:31Z

Anilsharma: adding info

{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language miniseries}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre =
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = [[Pradeep Sarkar]] [[Priyadarshan]] [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]] [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Aditya Seal]]
* [[Pooja Kumar]]
* [[Omkar Kapoor]]
* [[Patralekha]]
* [[Ali Fazal]]
* [[Rannvijay Singha]]
* [[Aahana Kumra]]
* [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]]
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
* [[Raima Sen]]
* [[Vaibhav]]
}}
| narrated =
| music =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes =
| producer = Ratan Jain [[Ganesh Jain]] Sanchita Chaterjee
| editor =
| cinematography =
| runtime = 40 minutes
| company = Venus Worldwide Entertainment
| budget =
| network =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|09|09}}
}}

'''''Forbidden Love''''' is a 2020 Indian [[ZEE5]] original [[Hindi]]-language miniseries directed by [[Pradeep Sarkar]], [[Priyadarshan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/anamika-was-very-challenging-priyadarshan-6588431/#|title=Anamika director Priyadarshan: Writing about love at the age of 63 is difficult|website=indianexpress.com|date=9 September 2020}}</ref> Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury and Mahesh Manjrekar starring [[Aditya Seal]], [[Pooja Kumar]], [[Ali Fazal]], [[Omkar Kapoor]], [[Patralekha]], [[Aahana Kumra]], [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]], [[Raima Sen]] and [[Rannvijay Singha]]. The show was released on [[ZEE5]] in 4 chapters. Anamika & Arranged Marriage on 9 September 2020 and Diagnosis of Love & Rule of Games on 24 September.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/digital/zee5-brings-four-thrilling-love-stories-by-four-national-award-winning-directors-in-forbidden-love-54970#|title=ZEE5 Brings Four Thrilling Love Stories By Four National Award-Winning Directors In Forbidden Love|website=mumbailive.com|date=4 September 2020 }}</ref>

== Chapters ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#ffffff;"
|+
|-
! Chapter
! Segment Title !!Director !! Cast !! Writer !!
|-
| 1
| Arranged Marriage
| [[Pradeep Sarkar]] and Arjun Balakrishnan || [[Ali Fazal]], [[Patralekha]], [[Omkar Kapoor]]|| [[Suchhanda Chatterjee]], [[Sonal Sehgal]] ||
|-
|-
| 2
| Anamika
| [[Priyadarshan]] || [[Aditya Seal]], [[Pooja Kumar]], [[Harsh Chhaya]] || Priyadarshan ||
|-
|-
| 3
| Rules of the Game
| [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]]|| [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]], [[Aahana Kumra]], [[Anindita Bose]]|| ||
|-
|-
| 4
| Diagnosis of Love
| Arjun Balakrishnan, [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]|| [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], [[Raima Sen]], [[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]], [[Vaibhav Tatwawadi]]|| ||
|-
|}

== Cast ==
===Arranged Marriage===
* [[Omkar Kapoor]] as Neelanjan "Neel" Sen - Keya's husband and Dev's lover
* [[Patralekha]] as Keya - Neel's wife and Dev's cousin
* [[Ali Fazal]] as Dev - Neel's lover and Keya's cousins
* Reshmi Sen as Neel's mother
* [[Lily Chakravarty]] as Shanti Aunty
* Sayani Mukhopadhyay as Sex Worker 1
* Arundhati Mukharjee as Sex Worker 2

=== Anamika===
* [[Aditya Seal]] as Ishaan/ Amir Qureshi
* [[Pooja Kumar]] as Anamika
* [[Harsh Chhaya]] as Vijayendra - Anamika's husband
* Dean Bose as Adil Khan/ Ishaan's cousin
===Rules of the Game===
* [[Aahana Kumra]] as Priya
* [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]] as Gaurav - Priya's husband
* [[Anindita Bose]] as Nisha - Priya's friend

=== Diagnosis of Love===
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Vaibhav - Sudha's husband
* [[Raima Sen]] as Sudha - Vaibhab's wife
* [[Vaibhav Tatwawadi]] as Harsh - Kalindi's boyfriend
* Mrunmayee Deshpande as Kalindi - Harsh's girlfriend
* [[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]] as Aditya

== Release ==
[[ZEE5]] released the first movie on the platform on 9 September 2020.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt13026912}}
* {{IMDb title|id=tt13057368}}
* {{IMDb title|id=tt13159832}}
* {{IMDb title|id=tt13159656}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/collections/forbidden-love/0-8-6390 Forbidden Love] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related web series]]

National Family Health Survey

2025-08-06T19:15:47Z

Anilsharma: small changes

{{Short description|Government-sponsored cohort study/survey}}
The '''National Family Health Survey''' (NFHS) is an India-wide survey conducted by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of India]], with the [[International Institute for Population Sciences]] serving as the nodal agency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Family Health Survey|url=http://rchiips.org/nfhs/about.shtml|access-date=2021-03-13|website=rchiips.org|archive-date=2023-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926004915/http://rchiips.org/nfhs/about.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> The NFHS is one of the global surveys conducted by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through its Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-28 |title=Understanding India's National Family Health Survey |url=https://www.dataforindia.com/nfhs-explainer/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Data For India |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1992–93, the first round of the National Family Health Survey was conducted in three phases.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=India - National Family Health Survey 1992-1993|url=https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/1404#:~:text=The%20main%20objective%20of%20the,April%201992%20to%20September%201993.|access-date=2021-03-13|website=microdata.worldbank.org}}</ref> The main objective of the survey was to collect reliable and up-to-date information on [[fertility]], [[Family planning in India|family planning]], [[mortality rate|mortality]], and [[maternal]] and [[child health]]. Subsequently, three other rounds were conducted between 1998 and 2016.

The latest survey is NFHS 5, which started in 2019. However, the survey was stalled amid the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19]] associated [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lockdown]]. Eventually, the NFHS-5 findings were released in December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Release of Fact sheets for National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-20) for 22 Phase-I States/ UTs {{!}} Ministry of Health and Family Welfare {{!}} GOI|url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/newshighlights-26|access-date=2021-03-13|website=main.mohfw.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Vital Stats. National Family Health Survey 5.|url=https://prsindia.org/policy/vital-stats/national-family-health-survey-5|access-date=2021-03-13|website=PRS Legislative Research|language=en-US}}</ref> Based on these findings, the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|ministry]] has set up a technical expert group to improve indicators pertaining to [[Malnutrition]], [[Stunted growth|Stunting]], [[Anaemia]], and [[C-Section]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-01-07|title=Panel to study NFHS-5 findings|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/panel-to-study-nfhs-5-findings/article33523146.ece|access-date=2021-03-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==List of surveys==

* National Family Health Survey-1 (1992–93)<ref name=":0" />
* National Family Health Survey-2 (1998–99)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rajan|first1=S. Irudaya|last2=James|first2=K. S.|date=2004|title=Second National Family Health Survey: Emerging Issues|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4414638|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=39|issue=7|pages=647–651|jstor=4414638|issn=0012-9976}}</ref>
* National Family Health Survey-3 (2005-2006)<ref>{{Cite web|title=India - National Family Health Survey 2005-2006|url=https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/1406|access-date=2021-03-13|website=microdata.worldbank.org}}</ref>
* National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-2016)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/national-family-health-survey-nfhs-4-2015-16-india/|title=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015-16: India|date=2017-12-01|language=en}}</ref>
* National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-2021) (''latest'')<ref name=":1" />

==Homepage==
* http://rchiips.org/nfhsnew/nfhsuser/index.php

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Health in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Family Health Survey}}
[[Category:Cohort studies]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Medical Research]]
[[Category:Medical Council of India]]

{{Health-stub}}

Ralegan Siddhi

2025-07-30T12:51:07Z

Anilsharma: Started post

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ralegan Siddhi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position =right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.92|N|74.41|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name = Anna Hazare
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 414302
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02488
| registration_plate = MH-16
| website = {{URL|maharashtra.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ralegan Siddhi''' is a village in [[Parner taluka]] of [[Ahmednagar District]], in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Maharashtra]]. Located 87 km from [[Pune]], the village has an area of 982.31 ha (1991). It is considered a model of [[natural environment|environmental]] [[Conservation ethic|conservation]]. The village has carried out programs like [[tree planting]], [[terrace (agriculture)|terracing]] to reduce [[soil erosion]] and digging [[canal]]s to retain rainwater. For energy, the village uses [[solar power]], [[biogas]] (some generated from the [[community]] [[toilet]]) and a [[Wind turbine|windmill]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/People/RuralJY.htm#anna
|title=Anna Hazare
|publisher=rainwaterhavesting.org
|access-date=2006-12-19
|archive-date=30 August 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830031742/http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/People/RuralJY.htm#anna
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
The project is heralded as a sustainable model of a village republic.

The village's biggest accomplishment is in its use of renewable sources for energy. For example, each streetlight in the village has a separate solar panel.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/renew/rallegan.htm
|title=A model Indian village- Ralegaon Siddhi
|access-date=2006-10-30
|archive-date=11 October 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011121216/http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/renew/rallegan.htm
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The village is headed by a [[Sarpanch]] who is the chief of the [[Gram panchayat]] (village [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]).

==Demographics==
In 2001, the village had 394 households with a total population of 2306 (1265 males and 1041 females).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chronicpoverty.org/uploads/publication_files/CPRC-IIPA_38.pdf|page=8|title=Escaping Poverty: The Ralegan Siddhi Case|author=Kapur Mehta, Asha|author2=Trishna Satpathy |publisher=Chronic Poverty Research Centre and Indian Institute of Public Administration|access-date=10 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723234304/http://www.chronicpoverty.org/uploads/publication_files/CPRC-IIPA_38.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Watershed development==
In 1975 the village was afflicted by [[drought]], poverty prevailed, and trade in illicit liquor was widespread. The village [[Irrigation tank|tank]] could not hold water as the [[Dam|embankment dam]] wall leaked. Work began with the [[percolation]] tank construction. [[Anna Hazare]] encouraged the villagers to donate their labour to repair the embankment. Once this was fixed, the seven wells below filled with water in the summer for the first time in memory.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Rural/Ralegan.htm
|title=Ralegan Siddhi : A village Transformed
|access-date=2006-10-30
}}</ref>

Now the village has water year round, as well as a grain bank, a milk bank, and a school. There is no longer any poverty.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www1.worldbank.org/devoutreach/winter01/article.asp?id=97
|title=Special Report - The Value of Natural Capital
|publisher=World Bank
|access-date=2006-10-30
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061231120202/http://www1.worldbank.org/devoutreach/winter01/article.asp?id=97
|archive-date= 31 December 2006
|url-status= dead
}}</ref>

==Model village==
The [[World Bank Group]] has concluded that the village of Ralegan Siddhi was transformed from a highly degraded village ecosystem in a semi-arid region of extreme poverty to one of the richest in the country. The Ralegan Siddhi example, now 25 years old, by demonstrating that it is possible to rebuild [[natural capital]] in partnership with the local economy, is a model for the rest of the country.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www1.worldbank.org/devoutreach/winter01/article.asp?id=97
|title=The Value of Natural Capital - Communities regenerate natural capital
|publisher=World Bank Institute
|access-date=2006-10-30
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231120202/http://www1.worldbank.org/devoutreach/winter01/article.asp?id=97
|archive-date=31 December 2006
}}</ref>

==Anna Hazare==
Indian [[social activist]] [[Anna Hazare]], leader of the village, is accredited in helping in the development of the village. He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]]—the third-highest civilian award—by the [[Government of India]] in 1992 for his efforts in establishing this village as a model for others.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=410|title=Padma Bhushan Awardees
|access-date=10 April 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110423094740/http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=410| archive-date= 23 April 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/renew/rallegan.htm A model Indian village] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011121216/http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/renew/rallegan.htm |date=11 October 2006 }}
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5669E/x5669e06.htm A successful case of participatory watershed management at Ralegan Siddhi Village in district Ahmadnagar, Maharastra, India]
*[http://edugreen.teri.res.in/misc/path/path.htm Path finders - Anna Hazare] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830185041/http://edugreen.teri.res.in/misc/path/path.htm |date=30 August 2011 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061231120202/http://www1.worldbank.org/devoutreach/winter01/article.asp?id=97 World Bank Development Outreach]

{{Parner tehsil topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Villages in Parner taluka]]

Hiranpur block

2025-07-11T18:31:06Z

Anilsharma: added info

{{About|the community development block in Jharkhand, India|its namesake village|Hiranpur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hiranpur
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|42|22|N|87|42|16|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pakur district|Pakur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 170.51
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 30
| population_total = 84,079
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)
| demographics2_title2 = Total literates
| demographics2_info2 = 35,137 (51.95%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 816104 (Hiranpur)
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 06435
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#JH.E2.80.94Jharkhand|JH]]-16
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Litipara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Litipara]]
| website = {{URL|pakur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Hiranpur''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the Pakur subdivision of the [[Pakur district]], [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]], India.

==Geography==
Hiranpur, the eponymous CD block headquarters, is located at {{coord|24|42|22|N|87|42|16|E}}.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wikimapia.org/14225932/Hiranpur | title= Hiranpur | work= Jharkhand| publisher= Wikimapia | access-date = 17 January 2016}}</ref>

It is located 19 km from [[Pakur]], the district headquarters.

A predominantly hilly area, Pakur district has pockets of plain land. A long but narrow stretch between the [[Farakka Feeder Canal]], located outside the district, and the [[Sahibganj loop]] line is very fertile. The Littipara and Amrapara CD blocks are largely covered by the [[Rajmahal hills]]. The rest of the district is rolling uplands. The district, once famous for its forests, have lost all of it, except a few hill tops in the [[Damin-i-koh]] area.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/New_Soil_Report/Final-Soil-Report-Pakur-District-ADCC.pdf | title = Report of Soil Resource Map | publisher = ADCC Infocad Private Limited | access-date = 20 November 2020 | archive-date = 27 July 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220727113048/http://jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/New_Soil_Report/Final-Soil-Report-Pakur-District-ADCC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2008_PART_A_DCHB_PAKUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Pakur, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 9, PhysicalAspects |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 20 November 2020}}</ref>

Hiranpur CD block is bounded by [[Barharwa (community development block)|Barharwa]] CD block in Sahibganj district on the north, [[Pakur block|Pakur]] CD block on the east, [[Maheshpur block|Mahespur]] CD block on the south, and [[Littipara block|Littipara]] CD block on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/pakur.html | title = CD block/ tehsil map of Pakur | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 20 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/sahibganj.html | title = CD block/ tehsil map of Sahibganj | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 20 November 2020}}</ref>

Hiranpur CD block has an area of 170.51 km2.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2008_PART_B_DCHB_PAKUR.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Pakur, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 25: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref>[[Hiranpur]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/pakur| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315130610/http://www.jhpolice.gov.in/pakur| url-status = dead| archive-date = 15 March 2012| title = District Police Profile - Pakur| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Hiranpur]] village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2008_PART_A_DCHB_PAKUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Pakur, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Pakur on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Hiranpur CD block had a total population of 84,079, all of which were rural. There were 42,506 (51%) males and 41,573 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 16,439. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 4,186 (4.98%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 33,195 (39.48%).<ref name=census2011/>

In 2011, Hiranpur Khas had a population of 1,135. There are several villages surrounding it (2011 population in brackets): Hat Kathi (3,747), Sundarpur (2,611), Baramasia (1,423) and Ranipur (766).<ref name=census2>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 17 January 2016}}</ref>

===Literacy===
{{As of|2011}} census, the total number of literate persons in Hiranpur CD block was 35,137 (51.95% of the population over 6 years) out of which 21,491 (61%) were males and 13,646 (39%) were females. The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 22%.<ref name=census2/>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]
{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Pakur district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Hiranpur CD block (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|56.92}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|27.35}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|8.76}}
{{bar percent|Others*|maroon|6.71}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.35}}
|caption=*mainly tribal religions like [[Sarnaism|Sarna]]
}}

In 2001 census, Hindus constituted 57.22%, Muslims 25.09% and Christians 6.35% of the population in Hiranpur CD block. In the district as a whole, Hindus constituted 44.45%, Muslims 32.74% and Christians 6.01% of the population. The percentage of scheduled tribes in the population of Hiranpur CD block was 41.42%. In the district as a whole, scheduled tribes constituted 44.59% of the population. Around 85% of the tribal population was composed of [[Santali people|Santhals]]. There are two primitive groups – [[Mal Paharia people|Mal Paharias]] and [[Sauria Paharia people|Sauria Paharias]].<ref name=admin>{{cite web| url = http://pakur.nic.in/Pkr_Dev_Report_PDF/chapter%201.pdf| title = Table 1.3: Select indicators of the administrative blocks, 2001| work = District Human Development Report, Pakur| publisher = Pakur District Administration| access-date = 21 November 2020 | url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160128185306/http://pakur.nic.in/Pkr_Dev_Report_PDF/chapter%201.pdf| archive-date = 28 January 2016}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Hiranpur CD block (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value1 = 35.35 |color1 = darkturquoise
|label2 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]] |value2 = 33.20 |color2 = red
|label3 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value3 = 14.12 |color3 = orchid
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 9.04 |color4 = green
|label5 = [[Malto language|Malto]] |value5 = 3.92 |color5 = mediumaquamarine
|label6 = [[Hindi]] |value6 = 1.94 |color6 = orange
|label7 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value7 = 1.33 |color7 = gold
|label8 = Others |value8 = 1.10 |color8 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 35.35% of the population spoke [[Santali language|Santali]], 33.20% [[Khortha language|Khortha]], 14.12% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 9.04% [[Urdu]], 3.92% [[Malto language|Malto]], 1.94% [[Hindi]] and 1.33% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
50-60% of the population of Pakur district were in the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category in 2004–2005, being in the same category as Sahebganj, Deoghar and Garhwa districts.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/1/MPRA_paper_45258.pdf | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhand, India| work = Table I: Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Munich Personal RePEc Archive | access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref> Rural poverty in Jharkhand declined from 66% in 1993–94 to 46% in 2004–05. In 2011, it has come down to 39.1%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Jharkhand%20presentation.pdf | title = Eliminating poverty | publisher = Jharkhand government | access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Hiranpur CD block'''
|value1 = 29.87
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 51.82
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 2.44
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 15.87
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Hiranpur CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 11,729 and formed 29.87%, agricultural labourers numbered 20,351 and formed 51.82%, household industry workers numbered 959 and formed 2.44% and other workers numbered 6,233 and formed 15.87%. Total workers numbered 39,272 and formed 46.71% of the total population. Non-workers numbered 44,807 and formed 56.29% of total population.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2008_PART_A_DCHB_PAKUR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Pakur | work = Tables 34, 30 Series 21, Part XII A, 2011 census| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 21 November 2020 }}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers and entertainment artistes.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2008_PART_A_DCHB_PAKUR.pdf | title= District Census Handbook 2011 Pakur, Series 21 Part XII A | work= Page 11: Census Concepts |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 119 inhabited villages in Hiranpur CD block. In 2011, 39 villages had power supply. 1 village had tap water (treated/ untreated), 113 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 119 villages had hand pumps, and all villages had drinking water facility. 13 villages had post offices, 5 villages had sub post offices, 2 villages had telephones (land lines), 11 villages had public call offices and 26 villages had mobile phone coverage. 108 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 19 villages had bus service (public/ private), 8 villages had autos/ modified autos, 12 villages had taxis/ vans, 18 villages had tractors. 3 villages had bank branches, 1 village had [[Automated teller machine|ATM]], 10 villages had cinema/ video halls, 7 villages had public libraries, public reading room. 31 villages had [[public distribution system]], 13 villages had weekly haat (market) and 4 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref name=directory>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2008_PART_A_DCHB_PAKUR.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Pakur, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 566-568 Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Pakur is predominantly a hilly district. There is a narrow fertile alluvial tract bordering the Ganges Feeder Canal. While the hills stretch from the north to the south-east, the rest is rolling area, which is less conducive to agricultural operations than the alluvial strip. The net sown area of the district is around 28%. Thus though the district is predominantly agricultural it offers only limited opportunities to the people. Many people from the district migrate to the neighbouring districts of West Bengal during the agricultural seasons.<ref name=admin/> In Hiranpur CD block 30.54% of the total area is cultivable area and 11.83% of the cultivable area is irrigated area.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2008_PART_A_DCHB_PAKUR.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Pakur, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Table 41: Distribution of villages according to land use, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref>

===Stone chips industry===
Pakur is a centre of mining of black stone which is in great demand in the construction industry. There are four circles for mining of stone – Pakur, Hiranpur, Mahespur and Pakuria. Stone chips are mined in Hiranpur circle at villages such as Anguthia, Belpahari, Bhandaro, Bishanpur, Dharni Pahar, Dhowapahar, Fatehpur, Ganeshpur, Hathigarh, Harinduba, Jiyajori, Karanpura, Maharo, Mansighpur, Murgadanga, Pipaljoria, Pokharia, Pratappur, Ramakura, Rani Kola, Rajipur, Shiwlidanga, Silpahari, Suraidanga, Shaharpur, Talpahari and Vanpohira.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pakur.nic.in/mining_lease_list.html | title = List of mining leases area-wise | publisher = Pakur District Administration | access-date = 17 January 2016 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160107111014/http://pakur.nic.in/mining_lease_list.html | archive-date = 7 January 2016 }}</ref>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Pakur district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund created by the Government of India is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 21 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Hiranpur CD block had 15 villages with pre-primary schools, 85 villages with primary schools, 29 villages with middle schools, 2 villages with secondary schools, 3 villages with senior secondary schools, 32 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

==Healthcare==
Hiranpur CD block had 2 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 11 villages with primary health subcentres, 1 village with maternity and child welfare centre, 1 village with allopathic hospital, 1 village with dispensary, 1 village with family welfare centre, 1 village with medicine shop.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Blocks of Pakur district}}
{{Santhal Pargana Division topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hiranpur Block}}
[[Category:Community development blocks in Pakur district]]

Vidarbha (tribe)

2025-05-05T06:04:42Z

Anilsharma: Put Up...

{{short description|Ancient people in the Deccan}}
{{for|the kingdom mentioned in the Ramayana and Mahabharata|Vidarbha kingdom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{one source|date=June 2022}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction =vertical
| total_width=250
| image1 = Early Vedic Culture (1700-1100 BCE).png
| caption1 = Location of the Yadu tribe from which the Vaidarbhas were descended among the Vedic tribes
| image2 = Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png
| caption2 = Location of the Vaidarbhas during the late Vedic period
| image3 = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| caption3 = Location of the Vaidarbhas during the post-Vedic period
| footer=
}}
'''Vidarbha''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{Transliteration|sa|Vidarbha}}) was an ancient [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[tribe]] of south-central [[South Asia]] whose existence is attested during the [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]]. The population of Vidarbha were known as the '''Vaidarbhas'''.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=86-87}}

==Location==
The territory of Vidarbha corresponded to the early modern region of [[Vidarbha|Berar]], as well as a large part of the [[Central Provinces]] lying between the [[Wardha River|Varadā]] and [[Wainganga River|Wainganga]] rivers. To the north, Vidarbha reached the [[Purna River (tributary of Tapti)|Payoṣṇī]], a tributary of the [[Tapti River|Tāptī]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=89-87}}

The capital of Vidarbha was Kuṇḍina, which corresponds to the modern-day [[Kaundinyapur]] in the [[Chandur, Maharashtra|Chandur]] [[tehsil]] of the [[Amravati district]] in [[Maharashtra]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=89-87}}

==History==
The Vaidarbhas and their ruling clan, the [[Bhoja dynasty|Bhojas]], were descended from the Ṛgvedic [[List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes#Vedic Tribes|Yadu]] tribe.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=89-87}}{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=90-91}}

The kingdom of Vidarbha was already existing as a famous state during the time of the [[Videha|Vaideha]] king [[Nimi (Vedic king)|Nimi]]. The king of Vidarbha at this time was named Bhīma, who was a contemporary of king [[Nagnajit]] of [[Gandhara|Gāndhāra]] and of Karaṇḍu of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kaliṅga]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=89-87}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |url= |location= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn=}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Ancient peoples of India]]
[[Category:History of Vidarbha]]