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Goutham Vincent

2023-10-06T00:55:42Z

Anil Khetri: Created page with '{{Short description|Indian Music Director and Composer}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Goutham Vincent | image = | caption = | birth_date = April 19, 1997 | birth_place = Kottayam, Kerala, India | origin = {{IND}} | occupation = Music Director, Composer | website = {{URL|https://gouthamvincent.com}} }} '''Goutham Vincent'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-10 |title=...'

{{Short description|Indian Music Director and Composer}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2023}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Goutham Vincent
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = April 19, 1997
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| origin = {{IND}}
| occupation = Music Director, Composer
| website = {{URL|https://gouthamvincent.com}}
}}

'''Goutham Vincent'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-10 |title=Covers of popular hits composed by this young musician from Kerala a hit on social media |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/covers-of-popular-hits-composed-by-this-young-musician-from-kerala-a-hit-on-social-media/articleshow/75662627.cms |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is an [[India|Indian]] [[music director]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-31 |title=Kerala: Mother-son song collaboration is a social media hit |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kerala-mother-son-song-collaboration-is-a-social-media-hit/articleshow/77844343.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-25 |title=Singers lift the spirit of camp residents |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/singers-lift-the-spirit-of-camp-residents/articleshow/65535889.cms?utm_source=whatsapp&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=TOIMobile |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and [[composer]] born on April 19, 1997, in [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goutham Vincent News {{!}} Latest News on Goutham Vincent - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/goutham-vincent/news |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Philip |first=Susan Joe |date=2020-08-29 |title=Independent musician Goutham Vincent released his latest single, ‘Onam Vannee’ |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/independent-musician-goutham-vincent-released-his-latest-single-onam-vannee/article32473159.ece |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A peppy tribute to the spirit of Onam - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2023/aug/31/a-peppy-tribute-to-the-spirit-of-onam-2610105.amp |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Music to remember |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/sep/25/music-to-remember-2363292.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Discography
! Year !! Title !! Language !! Music
|-
| 2016 || Chavarul || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2022 || Bali<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-30 |title=Onam song of this Kerala woman and son a big hit on social media |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/onam-song-of-this-kerala-woman-and-son-a-big-hit-on-social-media/articleshow/77838128.cms |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>|| Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2017 || The Lent || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2017 || Jalakeli || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2018 || Aarpoo || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2019 || We Want Bypass || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2018 || Manjil Nananja Raavu || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2019 || Pulkootile Varam || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2020 || Onam Vannee || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2020 || Nidhraye Punarnittum || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2021 || The Lost Hope || Instrumental || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2021 || The Faded Memories || Instrumental || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2021 || Vaanil Naadhan || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2021 || Karunamayan || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2021 || Kanavale || Tamil || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2021 || Manam Akale || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2022 || Niramezhum || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2022 || AARTICS KERALA TITLE SONG || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2022 || Maa - Vande Matharam<ref>{{Cite web |title=Check Out Latest Malayalam Music Video Song 'Theerayathra' Sung By Benny Dayal {{!}} Malayalam Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/malayalam/check-out-latest-malayalam-music-video-song-theerayathra-sung-by-benny-dayal/videoshow/95820005.cms |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>|| Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2022 || Unniykkurangaan || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2022 || Nilaave || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2022 || Theerayathra || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2022 || Oduvile Ithal || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2022 || Nin Kalamozhi || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2022 || Swapnatheru || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2022 || Paithalam Unni || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2022 || Divya Thaaram || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2023 || Nithya Prakashame || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2023 || Maangalyam || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2023 || Guzra Zamana || Hindi || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2023 || Alappuzhayude Shuchithva Geetham<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-18 |title='I am For Alleppey' for rebuilding flood-hit Alappuzha a huge draw |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/i-am-for-alleppey-for-rebuilding-flood-hit-alappuzha-a-huge-draw/articleshow/65860057.cms |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>|| Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2023 || Vellichundan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2023-08-10 |title=Experience boat race through virtual reality |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/experience-boat-race-through-virtual-reality/article67180765.ece |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>|| Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2023 || Thiruvonam || Malayalam || Goutham Vincent
|-
| 2023 || Agony<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gautham, Amritha in 99 challenge glory |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/jun/26/gautham-amritha-in-99-challenge-glory-2321473.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>|| Instrumental || Goutham Vincent
|}

== Film Projects ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Film Projects
! Title !! Year !! Language !! Director !! Music
|-
| The Deception<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-30 |title=മധു ബാലകൃഷ്ണനും സോണി മോഹനും ആലപിച്ച 'തിരുവോണം'; ശ്രദ്ധനേടി ഗൗതം വിൻസെന്റിന്റെ ഓണപ്പാട്ട് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/thiruvonam-onam-special-song-by-gautham-vincent-1.8861945 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>|| 2021 || Tamil || Sivaram Sivakumar || Goutham Vincent
|-
| Rose<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-29 |title='ഉണ്ണിയ്ക്കുറങ്ങുവാൻ'; താരാട്ട് പാട്ടുമായി ഇന്ദുലേഖ വാര്യരും മകനും |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/unniykkurangaan-indulekha-warrier-goutham-vincent-celluloid-junction-malayalam-lullaby-1.7828610 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>|| 2021 || Malayalam || Shanu Johnson || Goutham Vincent
|-
| Swapnangal Urangunna Semitheri || 2022 || Malayalam || Sam Sibin || Goutham Vincent
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{YouTube|channel=UC6aIw88ThOvj15VSX00LZOA}}
* {{Instagram|id=goutham_vincent}}
{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Music}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vincent, Goutham}}
[[Category:Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Music directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century composers]]
[[Category:Composers by genre]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Indian record producers]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]

Chaiyo

2023-10-03T14:33:06Z

Anil Khetri: Redirected page to Amphoe Chaiyo

{{Short description|Thai exclamation}}
{{Otheruses}}

'''''Chaiyo''''' ({{lang|th|ไชโย}}, {{IPA-th|tɕʰāj.jōː|pron}}) is a [[Thai language|Thai-language]] exclamation used to express joy or approval, comparable to '[[hurrah]]/hooray' in English. It is largely synonymous with '''''chayo''''' ({{lang|th|ชโย}}, {{IPA-th|tɕʰa.jōː|}}), which is more often used in poetry.

The words' modern use was initiated by King [[Vajiravudh]] (Rama VI), who took inspiration from a similar word used by Indian performers in a [[Ramayana]] dance. Its first recorded use was on 28 January 1914, when the King made a pilgrimage to the newly discovered ruins of the stupa believed to mark the site of King [[Naresuan]]'s legendary [[elephant duel]] (now the [[Don Chedi Monument]] in [[Suphan Buri Province]]). When his [[Wild Tiger Corps]] retinue failed to respond in unison to the traditional yodel-like [[call and response]] ''ho-hiw'',{{efn|This traditional call is still commonly used in wedding processions and other ''[[klong yao]]'' parades.}} Vajiravudh instructed them to shout ''yo'' in response to the call ''chai'', hence completing the cheer ''chai''-''yo'', three times in succession (much like ''[[hip hip hooray]]'' in English). Its use subsequently spread and entered popular usage.<ref>{{List journal |work=Sarakadee |date=January 2003}} Quoted in {{cite web |title=คำว่า “ไชโย” ซึ่งเป็นคำที่มาพร้อมอาการโห่ร้องด้วยความดีใจ... |url=https://www.facebook.com/sarakadeelite/posts/pfbid02X3M6w9wifBkzBmxYh3djgWGn3av32HBk2dUi7qvSJKMMBD2JZLVMuSMaeY9VGxgdl |website=Sarakadee Lite Facebook page |publisher=Sarakadee |access-date=29 September 2023 |language=th |date=28 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Rome Bunnag |title=ทำไมต้องร้อง “ไชโย” แทน “โห่..ฮิ้ว”! คำแสดงความยินดีแทนการโห่ ๓ ลา!! |url=https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9630000008595 |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=Manager |date=27 January 2020 |language=th}}</ref>

In later writings, Prince [[Damrong Rajanubhab]] noted that ''chaiyo'' as an interjection was actually an old term, found in Thai poetry from the reign of King [[Rama II]] (1809–1824), but which had fallen out of common usage by then.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Damrong Rajanubhab |title=สาส์นสมเด็จ พุทธศักราช ๒๔๘๑: วันที่ ๒ กุมภาพันธ์ พ.ศ. ๒๔๘๑ ดร |url=https://vajirayana.org/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A-%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%94%E0%B9%98%E0%B9%91/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88-%E0%B9%92-%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A8-%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%94%E0%B9%98%E0%B9%91-%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3 |website=Vajirayana Digital Library |access-date=29 September 2023 |language=th |date=22 October 2019}}</ref> Such usage is also found in folk songs and poems of [[Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province|Ayutthaya]], [[Ang Thong Province|Ang Thong]] and Suphan Buri.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sukanya Patrachai |title=สารานุกรมวัฒนธรรมไทย ภาคกลาง |volume=4 |date=1999 |publisher=Thai Commercial Bank Foundation for the Encyclopedia of Thai Culture |location=Bangkok |isbn=9748365301 |page=1762 |language=th |chapter=ชโย-ไชโย }} Reproduced in {{cite web |title=(เกร็ดความรู้เรื่องไทยศึกษา) ชโย-ไชโย |url=https://www.facebook.com/ThaiStudiesCU/posts/1837679469704320 |website=สถาบันไทยศึกษา จุฬาฯ Institute Of Thai Studies, Chulalongkorn university Facebook page |publisher=Institute of Thai Studies, Chulalongkorn University |access-date=29 September 2023 |date=26 October 2020}}</ref> According to the ''[[Royal Institute Dictionary]]'', ''chayo'' is a variant form of {{lang|th|ชัย}} (''chai''), itself a loanword from [[Pali]]/[[Sanskrit]] {{IAST|jaya}} ({{lang|sa|जय}}), meaning 'victory'.<ref>{{Cite RID|platform=web|access-date=29 September 2023}}</ref>

Today, ''chaiyo'' is commonly used in celebratory [[toast (honor)|toast]]s, especially at weddings.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Kru Lilly |title=ทำไมต้อง “ไชโย” |url=https://www.thairath.co.th/content/356600 |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=Thairath |date=12 July 2013 |language=th}}</ref> The poetic use of ''chayo'' remains familiar as it is the final word in the royal anthem ''[[Sansoen Phra Barami]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=ชโย-ไชโย (๑๔ มิถุนายน ๒๕๕๑) |url=http://legacy.orst.go.th/?knowledges=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B9%91%E0%B9%94-%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99-%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%91 |website=legacy.orst.go.th |publisher=Office of the Royal Society of Thailand |access-date=29 September 2023 |language=th |date=14 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=พีรญา ทองโสภณ |title=ชย ชโย |url=https://www.finearts.go.th/promotion/view/36263-%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2 |website=finearts.go.th |publisher=Public Relations Group, Fine Arts Department |access-date=29 September 2023 |language=th}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Thai words and phrases]]
[[Category:Interjections]]
[[Category:Rama VI period]]

Kanna Phaneendra

2023-09-16T15:48:29Z

Anil Khetri: Just finished crafting a new article.

'''Kanna Phaneendra'''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ride responsibly, cheat death |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/ride-responsibly-cheat-death/articleshow/10020219.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=HC denies bail to Chandana brothers |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hc-denies-bail-to-chandana-brothers/articleshow/55633983.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>, is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]] from the [[Telugu Desam Party]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh BJP chief Kanna's son approaches Cyberabad police due to suspicion over wife's demise - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2020/jul/25/andhra-pradesh-bjp-chief-kannas-son-approaches-cyberabad-police-due-to-suspicion-over-wifes-demise-2174476.amp |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannas Son seeks help |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/nation/crime/250720/andhra-bjp-chiefs-son-seeks-police-probe-into-his-wifes-death.html}}</ref>He is the elder son<ref>{{Cite news |title=Godman's idea lands businessman behind bars |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Godman%E2%80%99s-idea-lands-businessman-behind-bars/article16723367.ece |access-date=2023-09-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> of former Minister [[Kanna Lakshminarayana]] who was five times an MLA from Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mantri's son held at RGI for 'smuggling' Scotch |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/mantris-son-held-at-rgi-for-smuggling-scotch/articleshow/11547364.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>He joined the Telugu Desam Party on February 23, 2023, at [[Mangalagiri]] TDP's headquarters in the presence of party chief [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanna Phaneendra Archives |url=https://telugu.themangonews.com/tag/kanna-phaneendra/ |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=Mango News |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]

Skyroot Aerospace

2023-01-27T03:16:38Z

Anil Khetri: Just published a comprehensive article.

{{short description|Indian aerospace company}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Skyroot Aerospace
| logo = Skyroot Logo.svg
| logo_caption =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Aerospace]]
| founder = {{ubl
| Pawan Kumar Chandana
| Naga Bharath Daka
}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=y|2018|06|12}}
| hq_location_city = Hyderabad, Telangana
| hq_location_country = India
| key_people = Pawan Kumar Chandana {{small|(Co-founder, [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] & [[Chief technology officer|CTO]])}} Naga Bharath Daka {{small|([[Chief operating officer|COO]])}}
| products = {{ubl|[[Vikram S]]|[[Vikram (rocket)|Vikram I]]|Vikram II|Vikram III}}
| services = [[Launch vehicle]]s
| revenue = Pre-Revenue
| members = {{ubl
| Pawan Kumar Chandana (CEO & CTO)
| Naga Bharath Daka (COO, Head Avionics & GNC)
| [[Vasudevan Gnana Gandhi|V Gnanagandhi]] (Sr. Vice President, Propulsion)
| V. Eswaran (Vice President, Propulsion)
| [[Mukesh Bansal]] (Board of Directors & Advisor)
| M Amardeep (Director - Vehicle Engineering)
| M Yagnanarayana (Chief Designer & Lead - Fluid Control Components)
| A. Subhananda Rao (Chief Consultant & Advisor - Propulsion)
| Ignatious C.A (Advisor - Avionics)
| P. Sireesh (Lead - Business Development)
| [http://www.cvskiran.com C. V. S. Kiran] (Lead - R&D and Strategy)
| Kunal Gupta (Lead - Org. Strategy and Investments)
}}
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''Skyroot Aerospace Private Limited''' is an Indian private [[aerospace manufacturer]] and commercial [[launch service provider]] headquartered in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sukumar|first=C. R.|title=Skyroot India's first private company to test upper-stage rocket engine|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/skyroot-indias-first-private-company-to-test-upper-stage-rocket-engine/articleshow/77496420.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Narasimhan|first=T. E.|title=Skyroot Aerospace first private company to test upper stage rocket engine|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/skyroot-aerospace-first-private-company-to-test-upper-stage-rocket-engine-120081200445_1.html|access-date=2020-08-12}}</ref> The company was founded by former engineers and scientists from [[ISRO]]. It aims to develop and launch its own series of [[Small-lift launch vehicle|small lift launch vehicles]] especially crafted for the small satellite market.

Incubated in [[T-Hub]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Skyroot's space success story began in Hyderabad's T-Hub|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/nov/19/skyroots-space-success-story-began-in-hyderabads-t-hub-2519788.html|access-date=2023-06-13|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and supported by [[T-Works]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=TS to host Skyroot facility to design, make, test rockets|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/ts-to-host-skyroot-facility-to-design-make-test-rockets/article66185165.ece|access-date=2023-06-13|website=The Hindu}}</ref> Skyroot Aerospace is India's first rocket launching private company.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's first private player to successfully test a homegrown rocket engine is on track for its first full rocket launch by 2021|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/skyroot-aerospace-successfully-tests-homegrown-rocket-engine-is-on-track-for-its-first-full-rocket-launch-by-2021/articleshow/77506716.cms|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

==History==

[[File:Skyroot-logo.svg|thumb|Skyroot initial logo]]
[[File:Vikram-S rocket's Mission Prarambh 04.webp|thumb|Pawan Kumar Chandana (CEO & CTO) and Naga Bharath Daka (COO) (standing on left and right respectively of Union minister [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]] in middle) on the eve of successful Vikram-S launch<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skyroot {{!}} Opening Space For All |url=https://skyroot.in/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=skyroot.in}}</ref>]]
Skyroot Aerospace was formed in July 2018 by former [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] scientists Pawan Kumar Chandana, Naga Bharath Daka through the support of [[Vasudevan Gnana Gandhi|Vasudevan Gnanagandhi]] as well as a small group of entrepreneurs including CureFit founders [[Mukesh Bansal]] and Ankit Nagor.<ref>{{Cite news|first1=CR|last1=Kumar|first2=Raghu|last2=Krishnan|title=With a simpler rocket, Skyroot is eyeing the space|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://m.economictimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/with-a-simpler-rocket-skyroot-is-eyeing-the-space/articleshow/68915442.cms|access-date=2020-08-21}}</ref> Skyroot has initially raised {{currency|4.3}} million, including from space and defence contractor Solar Industries.<ref name="instnews-20210911">{{cite news |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Shubhangi |title=Skyroot Aerospace becomes first private company to formally enter into an agreement with ISRO |url=https://indianstartupnews.com/news/skyroot-aerospace-becomes-first-private-company-to-formally-enter-into-an-agreement-with-isro/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |work=IndianStartupNews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911174707/https://indianstartupnews.com/news/skyroot-aerospace-becomes-first-private-company-to-formally-enter-into-an-agreement-with-isro/ |archive-date=2021-09-11 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The company has been developing its first launch vehicle, the "[[Vikram 1]]," which is on track for its initial launch around the end of 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Etherington|first=Darrell|title=India's first private space launch startup Skyroot succeeds with upper-stage engine fire test|work=Tech Crunch|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/08/12/indias-first-private-space-launch-startup-skyroot-succeeds-with-upper-stage-engine-fire-test/|access-date=2020-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India's first private player to successfully test a homegrown rocket engine is on track for its first full rocket launch by 2021|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/skyroot-aerospace-successfully-tests-homegrown-rocket-engine-is-on-track-for-its-first-full-rocket-launch-by-2021/articleshow/77506716.cms|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

On 6 October 2020, the National Startup Awards 2020 were declared by the Union minister of commerce and industry [[Piyush Goyal]], where Skyroot Aerospace has emerged as the winner. The National Startup Awards are given in recognition of startups across several categories that offer novel solutions for complex problems in the country, and creating businesses that are scalable and sustainable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/3-hyd-firms-bag-top-startup-awards/articleshow/78523768.cms|title = 3 Hyderabad firms bag top startup awards | Hyderabad News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

On 20 November 2020, Skyroot Aerospace entered into a memorandum of understanding with [[Dhruva Space]], an Indian private satellite manufacturer.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Dhruva Space |author-link=Dhruva Space |user=DhruvaSpace |number=1329704970287890432 |title=Broadening the value of our Space and Launch Services we entered into an MoU with @SkyrootA today, India's very own Private Launch Provider. #NewSpace #Satellite #Launch #NewSpaceIndia #skyroot #DhruvaSpace https://t.co/cT0aWdX25h |language=en |access-date=2021-01-11}}</ref>

On 2 February 2021, [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) and Skyroot Aerospace signed a [[non-disclosure agreement]] (NDA). The NDA will allow Skyroot Aerospace to access the facilities and technical expertise in ISRO centers to develop their launch vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-feb-2021/non-disclosure-agreement-signed-with-m-s-skyroot|title = Non-Disclosure Agreement signed with M/S Skyroot - ISRO}}</ref>

On 8 February 2021, Skyroot Aerospace Announced that they partnered with [[Bellatrix Aerospace]] to use the Orbital Transfer Vehicle of [[Bellatrix Aerospace]] with their Vikram series of Launch Vehicles.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1358626875082305536|user=SkyrootA|title=We are delighted to announce our...}}</ref>

In March 2021, Skyroot Aerospace team won the Aegis Graham Bell Award for Jury choice award under innovation category for the year 2020.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=AegisGrahamBell|number=1366365362862780417|title=Congratulations Pawan K Chandana and Skyroot team for winning the Aegis Graham Bell Jury's Choice Award.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301123323/https://twitter.com/AegisGrahamBell/status/1366365362862780417 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 20 May 2021, Skyroot Aerospace has raised $11 million in Series A funding round led by promoters of renewable energy firm Greenko Group (Anil Chalamalasetty and Mahesh Kolli), with participation of investors including Solar Industries and former [[WhatsApp]] [[Chief business officer|Chief Business Office]] (CBO) Neeraj Arora, [[Mukesh Bansal]] founder of [[Myntra]] & Curefit, Worldquant Ventures, Graph Ventures, Sutton Capital, Vedanshu Investments and few other angels. Skyroot Aerospace will be deploying these funds to grow its team and complete the full development and testing of all subsystems of [[Vikram 1]] launch vehicle.

Skyroot has already started bookings for launches starting end 2022 and are actively engaging global customers<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/skyroot-aerospace-raises-11-million-in-series-a-round-led-by-greenko-founders/articleshow/82811322.cms|title=Skyroot Aerospace raises $11 million in Series-A round led by Greenko founders - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The [[Department of Space]] has signed its first-ever agreement with Skyroot Aerospace for providing it access to [[ISRO]]'s facilities and expertise towards testing of sub-systems and systems of launch vehicles. Skyroot Aerospace has, therefore, become the first Indian startup to formally enter into an agreement with [[ISRO]] for using its assets since the announcement of the new policy decision of the Government of India in May 2020, when finance minister opened up the space sector and [[ISRO]] facilities for private players. Finally on 11 September 2021, [[ISRO]]’s scientific secretary and chairman of interim IN-SPACe ([[Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre]]) committee R Umamaheswaran, who represented Department of Space, Skyroot Aerospace CEO Pawan Kumar Chandana and COO Naga Bharath Daka signed this framework MoU.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/space-tech-firm-skyroot-inks-pact-to-use-isro-facilities/articleshow/86129915.cms|title=In a first, space dept signs pact with Hyderabad startup to provide access to Isro facilities | Hyderabad News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

On 22 September 2021, the list of "The 2021 [[LinkedIn]] Top Startups" was revealed with 25 young, emerging companies where India wants to work. Skyroot Aerospace was ranked 7th on this LinkedIn's 2021 Top Startups List in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/linkedin-top-startups-2021-25-indian-companies-rise-/?trackingId=bF67gJiWV5zfC1fZZRyI%2Bg%3D%3D|title=LinkedIn Top Startups 2021: The 25 Indian companies on the rise}}</ref>

On 27 January 2022, Skyroot Aerospace raised of $4.5 million in a bridge round to Series B funding led by Google's founding board member Ram Shriram's Sherpalo Ventures. The bridge round also witnessed participation by Wami Capital, existing investors – former WhatsApp chief business officer Neeraj Arora and ex-Google executive Amit Singhal. Skyroot plans to use the fund to build the infrastructure required to launch space vehicles. This round aids Skyroot to build critical infrastructure early on and helps accelerate towards their launch of [[Vikram 1]] in 2022. This fresh investment round brings the total capital raised by the startup to around $17 million, which is the largest by an Indian Space start-up yet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/skyroot-raises-45-mn-in-funding-led-by-googles-founding-board-member-ram-shriram/article64941328.ece|title=Skyroot raises funding led by Google's Ram Shriram}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width="auto"
|+ Rebranding
|-
! colspan = "2" | New Logo [[File:Skyroot New Logo.jpg|thumb|alt=Skyroot New Logo|New Logo]]
! colspan = "2" | Old Logo [[File:Skyroot-logo.svg|thumb|alt=Skyroot Old Logo|Old Logo]]
|}
On 10 May 2022, Skyroot Aerospace announced their new identity reflecting their ambition to reach the stars with a goal of ‘Opening Space for all’. Their logo subtly crystallizes the acronym ‘SR’ of SKYROOT into a rocket-plane, while the sharp elegant edges represent their cutting-edge tech.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rebranding|url=https://twitter.com/SkyrootA/status/1523883385160372224|access-date=2022-05-10|website=Twitter}}</ref>

On the 11th May 2022, Skyroot Aerospace was recognized with yet another National Award, the National Technology day 2022. The Technology Startup Award was won by Skyroot Aerospace for Cryogenic, Liquid and Solid Propulsion Technologies catering to the needs of small satellite launch vehicle market. Jitendra Singh, Union Minister of State, Science and Technology Minister, has given this prestigious award.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Award for Technology Startups|url=https://twitter.com/SkyrootA/status/1524688272802283521|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Twitter}}</ref>

On 18 November 2022 Skyroot Aerospace performed the maiden launch of its Vikram-S suborbital rocket, becoming the first Indian private company to reach outer space (apogee was 89.5 km).<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Skyroot Aerospace |user=SkyrootA |number=1593485494142525440 |title=89.5 Kms peak altitude achieved. Vikram-S rocket meets all flight parameters. It's history in the making for India. }}</ref>

== Earth-Storable Rocket Engine ==
{{Main|Raman Engine}}

=== Raman-1 ===
In August 2020, Skyroot first came into the limelight when it test-fired the ''Raman-I (named after [[C. V. Raman]])'' hypergolic-fuel upper stage engine. This liquid-fuel upper stage is a component of ''Vikram-I'' and Skyroot was the first Indian private entity to test such an engine.<ref>{{Cite news|author=PTI |title=Hyderabad startup Skyroot Aerospace test-fires upper stage rocket engine 'Raman'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/companies/hyderabad-startup-skyroot-aerospace-test-fires-upper-stage-rocket-engine-raman/articleshow/77520662.cms|access-date=2020-08-16|work=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109183145/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/companies/hyderabad-startup-skyroot-aerospace-test-fires-upper-stage-rocket-engine-raman/articleshow/77520662.cms |archive-date=2022-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandey|first=Ashish|title=Hyderabad-based startup Skyroot Aerospace's Raman: India's first homegrown rocket engine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hyderabad-based-startup-skyroot-aerospace-s-raman-india-s-first-homegrown-rocket-engine-1711254-2020-08-14|access-date=2020-08-16|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Goyal|first=Shikha|title=First Indian start-up firm Skyroot Aerospace to test fire rocket engine 'Raman': All you need to know|publisher=Jagran Josh|url=https://m.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/skyroot-aerospace-to-test-fire-rocket-engine-raman-1597670857-1|access-date=2020-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Skyroot Aerospace becomes first Indian startup to test upper-stage rocket engine|url=https://www.asianage.com/science/130820/skyroot-aerospace-indias-first-private-company-test-fires-upper-stage-rocket-engine.html|access-date=2020-12-14|website=The Asian Age}}</ref>

== Solid Rocket Motor ==
{{Main|Solid-propellant rocket}}

=== Kalam-5 ===
On 22 December 2020, Skyroot tested the solid-fuel rocket engine ''Kalam-5 (named after [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]])'', the first of five planned [[Carbon composite|carbon-composite]] ''Kalam'' rocket motors which are expected to power its launch vehicles.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Skyroot tests solid propulsion rocket engine, aims at a rocket by 2021 end|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://m.economictimes.com/tech/startups/skyroot-tests-solid-propulsion-rocket-engine-aims-at-a-rocket-by-2021-end/articleshow/79991647.cms|access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Etherington|first=Darrell|title=Skyroot successfully test fires India's first privately-made solid rocket stage|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/12/29/skyroot-successfully-test-fires-indias-first-privately-made-solid-rocket-stage/|url-status=live|work=TechCrunch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110182405/https://techcrunch.com/2020/12/29/skyroot-successfully-test-fires-indias-first-privately-made-solid-rocket-stage/ |archive-date=2021-11-10 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Skyroot Aerospace: Kalam-5 Solid Rocket Motor Test Fire|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VF6DgH1jxK4|language=en|access-date=2021-11-25}}</ref> The test happened in Nagpur at a private test facility owned by Solar Industries, which is also an investor in Skyroot. In the name "Kalam-5", the 5 refers to the peak sea level thrust of 5.3 kN.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Skyroot Aerospace becomes first Indian company to test-fire solid-fueled rocket engine|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/skyroot-aerospace-becomes-first-indian-company-to-test-fire-solid-fueled-rocket-engine-2333360.html}}</ref> The final engine in the series will be four times the size of ''Kalam-5''.

=== Kalam-100 ===

Skyroot Aerospace, on 19 May 2022, has announced the successful completion of a full duration test-firing of its ‘Vikram-1’ rocket stage, representing a major milestone for the company. Named ‘Kalam-100’ after former president and the renowned Indian rocket scientist A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the third stage of ‘Vikram-1’ produces a peak vacuum thrust of 100 kN (or ~10 Tons) and has a burn time of 108 sec. The rocket stage has been built with high-strength carbon fiber structure, solid fuel, novel thermal protection system, and carbon ablative nozzle. This testing will help Skyroot in development of orbital vehicle Vikram-1 and gives great confidence for the other rocket stages planned to be tested soon. This is largest rocket stage ever designed, manufactured, and tested completely in the private sector. There was a good match of test results with the design predictions in the very first attempt, which is a testimony to the team's capabilities. The state-of-the-art technology like carbon composite case, high propellant volumetric loading up to 94%, lighter EPDM based thermal protection system, and submerged nozzle have been validated through the successful static test.<ref>{{Citation|title=Skyroot successfully test fires space launch vehicle 'Vikram-1' rocket stage|newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/skyroot-successfully-test-fires-space-launch-vehicle-vikram-1-rocket-stage/article65429218.ece|language=en|access-date=2022-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Indian launch startup Skyroot successfully completes full-duration stage test|url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/05/20/indian-launch-startup-skyroot-successfully-completes-full-duration-stage-test/|language=en|access-date=2022-05-19}}</ref> The video of the firing<ref>{{Citation|title=Static Fire Test, Vikram-1 Stage 3, Kalam-100|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LWiX3YC9Lc|language=en|access-date=2022-05-19}}</ref>

== Cryogenic rocket engine ==
{{Main|Cryogenic rocket engine}}

=== Dhawan-1 ===
On 25 September 2020, Skyroot Aerospace unveiled the ''Dhawan-1 (named after [[Satish Dhawan]])'' upper stage [[Cryogenic rocket engine|cryogenic engine]] that will power heavier-lift systems such as ''Vikram-II.''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Burgess2020-09-25T09:58:00+01:00|first=Molly|title=Skyroot Aerospace unveils cryogenic rocket engine|url=https://www.gasworld.com/skyroot-aerospace-unveils-cryogenic-rocket-engine/2019855.article|access-date=2020-09-26|website=gasworld|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Siddarth MP|title=Startup Skyroot Aerospace unveils India's first privately developed Cryogenic Rocket engine|publisher=Zee News|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/startup-skyroot-aerospace-unveils-india-s-first-privately-developed-cryogenic-rocket-engine-2312281.html|access-date=2020-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925105041/https://zeenews.india.com/india/startup-skyroot-aerospace-unveils-india-s-first-privately-developed-cryogenic-rocket-engine-2312281.html|archive-date=2020-09-25}}</ref> This is the first cryogenic engine in India that will use [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG) as fuel; this fuel has the advantages of being clean, renewable and suited for long duration space missions. ''Dhawan-1'' is 3D printed and designed with a [[Regenerative cooling (rocket)|regenerative cooling]] configuration.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Space startup unveils India's first privately developed Cryogenic Rocket engine|url=https://www.wionews.com/technology/space-startup-unveils-indias-first-privately-developed-cryogenic-rocket-engine-330170|access-date=2020-09-25|website=WION|language=en}}</ref>

Skyroot successfully test fired India's first privately developed small cryogenic engine called Dhawan-1 running on [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG) and [[liquid oxygen]] (LOX) on 25 November 2021. It was a technology demonstration experiment for the upper stage of Vikram-2 rocket that is under active development. Solar Industries provided the test site. The engine made by [[3D printing|3D printing process]] and using [[Superalloy|super alloys]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Chethan |title=Cryogenic: India's first private cryogenic engine test fired by Skyroot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-first-private-cryogenic-engine-test-fired-by-skyroot/articleshow/87902608.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-25|website=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127142551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-first-private-cryogenic-engine-test-fired-by-skyroot/articleshow/87902608.cms |archive-date=2021-11-27 }}</ref>

==Launch vehicles==
[[File:Stand de Skyroot Aerospace IAC 2022.jpg|thumb|Skyroot Aerospace launch vehicles featured at [[International Astronautical Congress|IAC]] 2022.]]
Skyroot Aerospace has been working on its [https://skyroot.in/launch-vehicle/ ''Vikram'' series] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215065720/https://skyroot.in/launch-vehicle/ }} of [[Expendable launch system|expendable]] [[Small-lift launch vehicle|small lift launchers]]. Rockets are designed for very quick assemblies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Launch Vehicle|url=https://skyroot.in/launch-vehicle/|work=Skyroot Aerospace|access-date=2020-08-21|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215065720/https://skyroot.in/launch-vehicle/|url-status=dead}}</ref> They also have plans to develop a fully reusable vehicle.

On November 18, Skyroot Aerospace successfully completed the first launch of a private developed rocket from Indian soil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhok |first=Swati Gupta,Diksha |title=India's first private rocket Vikram-S is launched into space {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/18/business/india-skyroot-vikram-s-rocket-launch-hnk-intl/index.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable" width="auto"
|+ Planned rockets in the series
|-
! rowspan = "2" | Launch Vehicle
! colspan = "2" | Payload capacity
! rowspan = "2" | First flight
! rowspan = "2" | Total launches
|-
! [[Polar orbit#Sun orbits|SSPO]] ({{small|500 km}})
! [[Low Earth orbit]] ({{small|500 km; [[Orbital inclination|45°]]}})
|-
| [[Vikram-S]] (Suborbital)
| -
| -
| 18 November 2022
| 1
|-
| [[Vikram 1]]
| {{cvt|290|kg}}
| {{cvt|480|kg}}
| Q3 2023 (planned)
| 0
|-
| Vikram II
| {{cvt|400|kg}}
| {{cvt|595|kg}}
| TBD
| 0
|-
| Vikram III
| {{cvt|560|kg}}
| {{cvt|815|kg}}
| TBD
| 0
|}

== Skyroot Rockets model ==
<gallery class="center">
File:Vikram-S rocket's Mission Prarambh (cropped wide).png|Vikram-S rocket
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry|Spaceflight}}
* [[Space industry of India]]
* [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
* [[New Space India Limited]]
* [[Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre|IN–SPACe]]
* [[Indian Space Association]]
* [[AgniKul Cosmos]]
* [[Bellatrix Aerospace]]
* [[Pixxel]]
* [[Satellize]]
* [[List of private spaceflight companies]]
* [[Vikram 1]]
* [[Agnibaan]]
* [[Kalam-series engines]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|www.skyroot.in}}

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Portal bar|Spaceflight}}

[[Category:Aerospace companies]]
[[Category:Rockets and missiles]]
[[Category:Indian private spaceflight companies]]
[[Category:Private spaceflight companies]]
[[Category:Rocket engine manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Commercial launch service providers]]
[[Category:Spacecraft manufacturers]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2018]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Space programme of India]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Telangana]]

Gadowar Singh Sahota

2022-10-28T00:23:29Z

Anil Khetri: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Gama Singh]]
{{R from move}}

European Space Agency

2022-02-13T05:15:57Z

Anil Khetri:

{{Short description|European organization dedicated to space exploration}}
{{Distinguish|European Union Agency for the Space Programme}}
{{Redirect|ESA}}
<noinclude>{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use British English}}
{{Infobox Space agency
|name = European Space Agency
|native_name = {{Collapsible list
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|{{lang-cs|Evropská kosmická agentura}}
|{{lang-da|Den Europæiske Rumorganisation}}
|{{lang-de|link=no|Europäische Weltraumorganisation}}
|{{lang-et|Euroopa Kosmoseagentuur}}
|{{lang-fr|link=no|Agence spatiale européenne}}
|{{lang-fi|Euroopan avaruusjärjestö}}
|{{lang-el|Ευρωπαϊκός Οργανισμός Διαστήματος}}
|{{lang-hu|Európai Űrügynökség}}
|{{lang-ga|Gníomhaireacht Spáis na hEorpa}}
|{{lang-it|Agenzia Spaziale Europea}}
|{{lang-lb|Europäesch Weltraumorganisatioun}}
|{{lang-nl|Europese Ruimtevaartorganisatie}}
|{{lang-no|Den europeiske romfartsorganisasjon}}
|{{lang-pl|Europejska Agencja Kosmiczna}}
|{{lang-pt|Agência Espacial Europeia}}
|{{lang-ro|Agenția Spațială Europeană}}
|{{lang-rm|Agenzia spaziala europeica}}
|{{lang-es|link=no|Agencia Espacial Europea}}
|{{lang-sv|Europeiska rymdorganisationen}}
}}

|headquarters = Paris, France
|coordinates = {{Coord|48|50|54|N|02|18|15|E|type:landmark_region:FR-IDF|display=inline,title}}
|spaceport = [[Guiana Space Centre]]
|seal = ESA Patch 2022.png
|image = Views in the Main Control Room (12052189474).jpg
|size =
|caption =
|acronym = {{hlist|class=nowrap |ESA |ASE}}
|established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1975|5|30}}
|employees = 2,200<ref>{{cite web |title=ESA facts |url=https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/ESA_facts |website=European Space Agency |access-date=13 February 2022 |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028013441/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/ESA_facts |url-status=live }}</ref>
|administrator = [[Director General of the European Space Agency|Director General]] [[Josef Aschbacher]]
|budget = {{increase}} €4.9 billion (2023)<ref name=budget2023>{{cite web|url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2023/01/ESA_budget_2023|title=ESA budget 2023|publisher=www.esa.int|access-date=4 February 2023|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204215637/https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2023/01/ESA_budget_2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
|language = English and French (working languages) <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/Frequently_asked_questions2#:~:text=ESA's%20working%20languages%20are%20English,considered%20to%20be%20an%20asset. |title=Languages |access-date=5 November 2017 |archive-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118070326/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/Frequently_asked_questions2#:~:text=ESA's%20working%20languages%20are%20English,considered%20to%20be%20an%20asset. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/Frequently_asked_questions |title=Frequently asked questions |last=esa |access-date=20 August 2017 |archive-date=27 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827120826/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/Frequently_asked_questions |url-status=live }}</ref>
|website = {{official URL}}
|logo = European Space Agency logo.svg
|logo_caption = Logo
|image_caption = European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) Main Control Room, Darmstadt, Germany
}}

The '''European Space Agency'''{{efn|'''ESA'''; {{lang-fr|Agence spatiale européenne|link=no}} {{pronunciation|LL-Q150 (fra)-Poslovitch-Agence spatiale européenne.wav}}, {{lang-it|Agenzia Spaziale Europea|link=no}}, {{lang-es|Agencia Espacial Europea|link=no}} '''ASE''';<ref name="European Space Agency">{{cite book |title=ESA Convention and Council Rules of Procedure |url=http://esamultimedia.esa.int/multimedia/publications/SP-1317-EN/pageflip.html |chapter=Annex 1 Resolution 8 |page=116 |format=PDF |isbn=978-92-9092-965-9 |edition=5th |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=16 November 2014 |archive-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606174053/http://esamultimedia.esa.int/multimedia/publications/SP-1317-EN/pageflip.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://lannuaire.service-public.fr/institutions-europeennes/institution-europeenne_185293 |title=Agence spatiale européenne (ASE)|trans-title=European Space Agency (ESA) |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010235105/https://lannuaire.service-public.fr/institutions-europeennes/institution-europeenne_185293 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{lang-de|Europäische Weltraumorganisation|link=no}}}} is an [[intergovernmental organisation]] of 22 member states<ref name="members">{{Cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Member_States_Cooperating_States |title=Welcome to ESA: New Member States |website=ESA |access-date=26 July 2017 |archive-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108134756/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Member_States_Cooperating_States |url-status=live }}</ref> dedicated to the [[Space exploration|exploration of space]]. Established in 1975 and headquartered in [[Paris]], ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,200, as of 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/What_is_ESA |title=What is ESA? |last=esa |website=European Space Agency |language=en-GB |access-date=8 January 2019 |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921203122/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/What_is_ESA |url-status=live }}</ref> and an annual budget of about €4.9 billion, as of 2023.<ref name=budget2023/>

ESA's space flight programme includes [[human spaceflight]] (mainly through participation in the [[International Space Station]] program); the launch and operation of uncrewed exploration missions to other planets (such as [[Mars]]) and the Moon; Earth observation, science and telecommunication; designing [[European Space Agency#Launch vehicle fleet|launch vehicles]]; and maintaining a major [[spaceport]], the [[Guiana Space Centre]] at [[Kourou]] ([[French Guiana]]), France. The main European launch vehicle [[Ariane 5]] is operated through [[Arianespace]] with ESA sharing in the costs of launching and further developing this launch vehicle. The agency is also working with [[NASA]] to manufacture the [[Orion spacecraft]] [[European Service Module|service module]] that flies on the [[Space Launch System]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Orion |title=Orion |website=European Space Agency |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626141216/https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Orion |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Orion/European_Service_Module |title=European Service Module |website=European Space Agency |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626143857/https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Orion/European_Service_Module |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}}

==History==
{{more citations needed|section}}

===Foundation===
{{See also|European Space Research Organisation|European Launcher Development Organisation}}
[[File:ESA-ESTEC5.jpg|thumb|right|[[European Space Research and Technology Centre|ESTEC]] buildings in [[Noordwijk]], Netherlands. ESTEC was the main technical centre of ESRO and remains so for the successor organisation (ESA).]]

After [[World War II]], many European scientists left Western Europe in order to work with the United States. Although the 1950s boom made it possible for Western European countries to invest in research and specifically in space-related activities, Western European scientists realised solely national projects would not be able to compete with the two main superpowers. In 1958, only months after the [[Sputnik crisis|Sputnik shock]], [[Edoardo Amaldi]] (Italy) and [[Pierre Victor Auger|Pierre Auger]] (France), two prominent members of the Western European scientific community, met to discuss the foundation of a common Western European space agency. The meeting was attended by scientific representatives from eight countries.

The Western European nations decided to have two agencies: one concerned with developing a launch system, [[European Launcher Development Organisation|ELDO]] (European Launcher Development Organisation), and the other the precursor of the European Space Agency, [[ESRO]] (European Space Research Organisation). The latter was established on 20 March 1964 by an agreement signed on 14 June 1962. From 1968 to 1972, ESRO launched seven research satellites, but ELDO was not able to deliver a launch vehicle. Both agencies struggled with underfunding and diverging interests of its participants.

ESA in its current form was founded with the ESA Convention in 1975, when ESRO was merged with ELDO. ESA had ten founding member states: [[Belgium]], [[Denmark]], France, [[West Germany]], Italy, [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]], Spain, Sweden, [[Switzerland]], and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Press_Releases/ESA_turns_30!_A_successful_track_record_for_Europe_in_space |title=ESA turns 30! A successful track record for Europe in space |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920085556/http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Press_Releases/ESA_turns_30!_A_successful_track_record_for_Europe_in_space |url-status=live }}</ref> These signed the ESA Convention in 1975 and deposited the instruments of ratification by 1980, when the convention came into force. During this interval the agency functioned in a de facto fashion. ESA launched its first major scientific mission in 1975, [[Cos-B]], a space probe monitoring [[Gamma-ray astronomy|gamma-ray emissions]] in the universe, which was first worked on by ESRO.

===Later activities===
[[File:Ariane 1 Le Bourget FRA 001.jpg|thumb|upright|Mock-up of the {{Nowrap |[[Ariane 1]]}}]]

ESA collaborated with [[NASA]] on the [[International Ultraviolet Explorer]] (IUE), the world's first high-orbit telescope, which was launched in 1978 and operated successfully for 18 years. A number of successful Earth-orbit projects followed, and in 1986 ESA began [[Giotto mission|Giotto]], its first deep-space mission, to study the comets [[Comet Halley|Halley]] and [[26P/Grigg–Skjellerup|Grigg–Skjellerup]]. [[Hipparcos]], a star-mapping mission, was launched in 1989 and in the 1990s [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory|SOHO]], ''[[Ulysses probe|Ulysses]]'' and the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] were all jointly carried out with NASA. Later scientific missions in cooperation with NASA include the ''[[Cassini–Huygens]]'' space probe, to which ESA contributed by building the [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] landing module ''[[Huygens (spacecraft)|Huygens]]''.

As the successor of [[European Launcher Development Organisation|ELDO]], ESA has also constructed rockets for scientific and commercial payloads. [[Ariane 1]], launched in 1979, carried mostly commercial payloads into orbit from 1984 onward. The next two versions of the Ariane rocket were intermediate stages in the development of a more advanced launch system, the [[Ariane 4]], which operated between 1988 and 2003 and established ESA as the world leader<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Ariane_42 |title=Ariane 4 / Launchers / Our Activities / ESA |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=25 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225130619/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Ariane_42 |url-status=live }}</ref> in commercial space launches in the 1990s. Although the succeeding [[Ariane 5]] experienced a failure on its first flight, it has since firmly established itself within the heavily competitive commercial space launch market with 112 successful launches until 2021. The successor launch vehicle, the [[Ariane 6]], is under development and is envisioned to enter service in late 2023.

The beginning of the new millennium saw ESA become, along with agencies like NASA, [[JAXA]], [[ISRO]], the [[Canadian Space Agency|CSA]] and [[Roscosmos]], one of the major participants in scientific [[Space science|space research]]. Although ESA had relied on co-operation with NASA in previous decades, especially the 1990s, changed circumstances (such as tough legal restrictions on information sharing by the [[Military of the United States|United States military]]) led to decisions to rely more on itself and on co-operation with Russia. A 2011 press issue thus stated:<ref name="international-coop">{{cite web |title=Launchers Home: International cooperation |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/International_cooperation |publisher=ESA |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-date=25 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225125227/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/International_cooperation |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{blockquote|Russia is ESA's first partner in its efforts to ensure long-term access to space. There is a framework agreement between ESA and the government of the Russian Federation on cooperation and partnership in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, and cooperation is already underway in two different areas of launcher activity that will bring benefits to both partners.}}

Notable ESA programmes include [[SMART-1]], a probe testing cutting-edge space propulsion technology, the ''[[Mars Express]]'' and ''[[Venus Express]]'' missions, as well as the development of the Ariane 5 rocket and its role in the [[International Space Station|ISS]] partnership. ESA maintains its scientific and research projects mainly for astronomy-space missions such as [[Corot (space mission)|Corot]], launched on 27 December 2006, a milestone in the search for [[exoplanet]]s.

On 21 January 2019, [[ArianeGroup]] and [[Arianespace]] announced a one-year contract with ESA to study and prepare for a mission to mine the Moon for lunar [[regolith]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nypost.com/2019/01/23/mining-on-the-moon-could-be-a-reality-as-early-as-2025/ |title=Mining on the moon could be a reality as early as 2025 |last=Wehner |first=Mike |website=[[New York Post]] |access-date=23 January 2019 |archive-date=23 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123180716/https://nypost.com/2019/01/23/mining-on-the-moon-could-be-a-reality-as-early-as-2025/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021 the ESA ministerial council agreed to the "[[Matosinhos]] manifesto" which set three priority areas (referred to as ''accelerators'') "space for a green future, a rapid and resilient crisis response, and the protection of space assets", and two further high visibility projects (referred to as ''inspirators'') an icy moon sample return mission; and human space exploration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Space can help solve Earth's most pressing challenges |url=https://www.euronews.com/next/2021/11/26/space-can-help-to-solve-the-biggest-challenges-facing-our-planet-here-s-how |access-date=15 June 2022 |website=euronews |language=en |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615091745/https://www.euronews.com/next/2021/11/26/space-can-help-to-solve-the-biggest-challenges-facing-our-planet-here-s-how |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Council Resolution on "Accelerating the Use of Space in Europe" |url=https://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/corporate/ESA_C_2021_176_EN.pdf |website=ESA |publisher=ESA |access-date=15 June 2022 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409155833/https://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/corporate/ESA_C_2021_176_EN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year the recruitment process began for the [[2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Astronaut selection 2021–22 FAQs |url=https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/ESA_Astronaut_Selection/Astronaut_selection_2021-22_FAQs |access-date=15 June 2022 |website=www.esa.int |language=en |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603140705/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/ESA_Astronaut_Selection/Astronaut_selection_2021-22_FAQs |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Facilities===
The agency's facilities date back to ESRO and are deliberately distributed among various countries and areas. The most important are the following centres:

*ESA headquarter is in Paris, France
*ESA science missions are based at [[European Space Research and Technology Centre|ESTEC]] in [[Noordwijk]], Netherlands;
*Earth Observation missions at [[ESA Centre for Earth Observation]] in [[Frascati]], Italy;
*ESA Mission Control ([[European Space Operations Centre|ESOC]]) is in [[Darmstadt]], Germany;
*the [[European Astronaut Centre]] (EAC) that trains astronauts for future missions is situated in [[Cologne]], Germany;
*the [[European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications]] (ECSAT), a research institute created in 2009, is located in [[Harwell Science and Innovation Campus|Harwell]], England;
*the [[European Space Astronomy Centre]] (ESAC) is located in [[Villanueva de la Cañada]], [[Comunidad de Madrid|Madrid]], Spain.
*the [[European Space Security and Education Centre]] (ESEC), located in Redu, Belgium;
*the [[ESTRACK]] tracking and deep space communication network.
*Many other facilities are operated by national space agencies in close collaboration with ESA.
**[[Esrange]] near [[Kiruna]] in Sweden.
**[[Guiana Space Centre]] in Kourou, France
**[[Toulouse Space Centre]], France.
**[[Institute of Space Propulsion]] in [[Lampoldshausen]], Germany.
**[[Columbus Control Centre]] in [[Oberpfaffenhofen]], Germany.

==Mission==
The treaty establishing the European Space Agency reads:<ref name="treaty">Article II, Purpose, Convention of establishment of a European Space Agency, SP-1271(E) from 2003 .{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/ESA_s_Purpose |title=ESA's Purpose |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-date=10 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910021142/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/ESA_s_Purpose |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{blockquote|The purpose of the Agency shall be to provide for and to promote, for exclusively peaceful purposes, cooperation among European States in space research and technology and their space applications, with a view to their being used for scientific purposes and for operational space applications systems…}}

ESA is responsible for setting a unified space and related industrial policy, recommending space objectives to the member states, and integrating national programs like satellite development, into the European program as much as possible.<ref name="treaty" />

[[Jean-Jacques Dordain]] – ESA's Director General (2003–2015) – outlined the European Space Agency's mission in a 2003 interview:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaxa.jp/news_topics/interview/vol4/index_e.html |title=Launching a New Era with JAXA: Interview with Jean-Jacques Dordain |publisher=[[JAXA]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050706132534/http://www.jaxa.jp//news_topics/interview/vol4/index_e.html |archive-date=6 July 2005 }}</ref>

{{blockquote|Today space activities have pursued the benefit of citizens, and citizens are asking for a better quality of life on Earth. They want greater security and economic wealth, but they also want to pursue their dreams, to increase their knowledge, and they want younger people to be attracted to the pursuit of science and technology.

I think that space can do all of this: it can produce a higher quality of life, better security, more economic wealth, and also fulfill our citizens' dreams and thirst for knowledge, and attract the young generation. This is the reason space exploration is an integral part of overall space activities. It has always been so, and it will be even more important in the future.}}

==Activities and programmes==
{{Main|List of European Space Agency programs and missions}}

ESA describes its work in two overlapping ways:
* For the general public, the various fields of work are described as "Activities".
* Budgets are organised as "Programmes".

These are either mandatory or optional.

===Activities===
According to the ESA website, the activities are:
*Observing the Earth
*Human Spaceflight
*Launchers
*Navigation
*Space Science
*Space Engineering & Technology
*Operations
*Telecommunications & Integrated Applications
*Preparing for the Future
*Space for Climate

===Programmes===
{{cmn|colwidth=20em|
*[[Copernicus Programme]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus|title=Copernicus|website=www.esa.int|access-date=14 May 2022|archive-date=14 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514235714/https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Cosmic Vision]]
*[[ExoMars]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://exploration.esa.int/web/mars/-/46048-programme-overview |title=ESA – Robotic Exploration of Mars – The ExoMars programme 2016–2022 |website=exploration.esa.int |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127144043/https://exploration.esa.int/web/mars/-/46048-programme-overview |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[FAST20XX]]
*[[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Navigation/Galileo/What_is_Galileo|title=What is Galileo?|website=www.esa.int|access-date=14 May 2022|archive-date=14 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514235710/https://www.esa.int/Applications/Navigation/Galileo/What_is_Galileo|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Horizon 2000]]
*[[Living Planet Programme]]
*[[Spanish Trainees]]
*[https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/Terrae_Novae_Europe_s_exploration_vision Terrae Novae Programme]
}}

====Mandatory====
Every member country must contribute to these programmes:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.czechspaceportal.cz/en/section-2/space-policy-eu---esa/mandatory-activities/ |title=Mandatory activities – ITS, Space Activities and R&D Department |website=www.czechspaceportal.cz |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=16 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216115313/http://www.czechspaceportal.cz/en/section-2/space-policy-eu---esa/mandatory-activities/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[European Space Agency Science Programme]] is a long-term programme of space science and space exploration missions.

*Technology Development Element Programme<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Engineering_Technology/Shaping_the_Future/About_the_Technology_Development_Element_programme_TDE |title=About the Technology Development Element programme (TDE) |last=esa |website=European Space Agency |language=en-GB |access-date=4 September 2019 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904133200/https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Engineering_Technology/Shaping_the_Future/About_the_Technology_Development_Element_programme_TDE |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Science Core Technology Programme
*General Study Programme
*European Component Initiative

====Optional====
Depending on their individual choices the countries can contribute to the following programmes, listed according to:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Ministerial_Council_2012/FACT_SHEET |title=FACT SHEET |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=16 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216112224/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Ministerial_Council_2012/FACT_SHEET |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{cmn|colwidth=20em|
*Launchers
*Earth Observation
*Human Spaceflight and Exploration
*Telecommunications
*Navigation
*Space Situational Awareness
*Technology
}}

====ESA_LAB@====
ESA has formed partnerships with universities. ESA_LAB@ refers to research laboratories at universities. Currently there are ESA_LAB@

*[[Università Bocconi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sdabocconi.it/en/news/18/6/a-new-agreement-for-the-space-economy-between-sda-bocconi-and-the-european-space-agency-esa |title=A new agreement for the Space Economy between SDA Bocconi and the European Space Agency ESA |last=esa |website=SDA Bocconi |language=en-GB |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924081956/https://www.sdabocconi.it/en/news/18/6/a-new-agreement-for-the-space-economy-between-sda-bocconi-and-the-european-space-agency-esa |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Technische Universität Darmstadt]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/ger/ESA_in_your_country/Germany/Gemeinsame_Mission |title=Gemeinsame Mission |last=esa |website=European Space Agency |language=de-DE |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801124141/https://www.esa.int/ger/ESA_in_your_country/Germany/Gemeinsame_Mission |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[HEC Paris|École des hautes études commerciales de Paris (HEC Paris)]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2017/06/The_creation_of_ESA_Lab_HEC_the_first_ESA_Lab_between_ESA_and_HEC_Paris |title=The creation of ESA_Lab@HEC, the first ESA_Lab@ between ESA and HEC Paris |website=European Space Agency |language=en-GB |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801124057/https://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2017/06/The_creation_of_ESA_Lab_HEC_the_first_ESA_Lab_between_ESA_and_HEC_Paris |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[PSL Research University|Université de recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/ESA_and_Universite_PSL_agree_plans_for_new_ESA_Lab_programme |title=ESA and Université PSL agree plans for new ESA_Lab@ programme |last=esa |website=European Space Agency |language=en-GB |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801124057/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/ESA_and_Universite_PSL_agree_plans_for_new_ESA_Lab_programme |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[University of Central Lancashire]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_in_your_country/United_Kingdom/Setting_Up_an_ESA_LAB2 |title=Setting Up an ESA_LAB |last=esa |website=European Space Agency |language=en-GB |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801124055/https://www.esa.int/ESA_in_your_country/United_Kingdom/Setting_Up_an_ESA_LAB2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[University College London]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_in_your_country/United_Kingdom/Setting_Up_an_ESA_LAB2 |title=Setting Up an ESA_LAB |last=esa |website=European Space Agency |language=en-GB |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801124055/https://www.esa.int/ESA_in_your_country/United_Kingdom/Setting_Up_an_ESA_LAB2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Member states, funding and budget==
===Membership and contribution to ESA===
{{Multiple image
|width=300
|direction=vertical
|image1=ESA Members Map.svg
|caption1={{legend|#0e2d6d|ESA member states}}{{legend|#3e5d9d|ESA associate states}}{{legend|#5e7dbd|ESA cooperating state}}{{legend|#7e9ddd|ESA ECS states}}{{legend|#aecdff|ESA Cooperation Agreement states}}
|caption2={{legend|#439CC6|ESA member states}}{{legend|#0000ff|ESA associate members}}{{legend|#47C2B4|European cooperating states (ECS)}}{{legend|#23A552|Signatories of the Cooperation Agreement}}
}}

By 2015, ESA was an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states.<ref name="members" /> Member states participate to varying degrees in the mandatory (25% of total expenditures in 2008) and optional space programmes (75% of total expenditures in 2008).<ref name="czechspace.cz">{{cite web |url=http://www.czechspace.cz/cs/system/files/AO6052-ws00pe.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511110444/http://www.czechspace.cz/cs/system/files/AO6052-ws00pe.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2013 |title=ESA programmes with Czech participation |publisher=[[Czech Space Office]] |year=2009}}</ref> The 2008 budget amounted to €3.0 billion whilst the 2009 budget amounted to €3.6 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/corporate/ESA_2009_Budgetsweb.pdf |title=ESA budget for 2009 |publisher=ESA |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-date=30 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130213055/http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/corporate/ESA_2009_Budgetsweb.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The total budget amounted to about €3.7 billion in 2010, €3.99 billion in 2011, €4.02 billion in 2012, €4.28 billion in 2013, €4.10 billion in 2014 and €4.33 billion in 2015.<ref name="Budgets">*{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Latest_web_news/Budget_as_presented_during_DG_press_conference_24_January_2013 |title=ESA Budget for 2013 |work=esa.int |access-date=21 May 2013 |archive-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021202123/http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Latest_web_news/Budget_as_presented_during_DG_press_conference_24_January_2013 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |url=http://download.esa.int/docs/DG/ESA_2011_Budget_040111_rev2.ppt |title=ESA budget for 2011 |format=PPT |publisher=ESA |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131183314/http://download.esa.int/docs/DG/ESA_2011_Budget_040111_rev2.ppt |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |url=http://spaceinimages.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2013/01/esa_budget_2013/12496038-4-eng-GB/ESA_budget_2013.jpg |title=ESA budget for 2013 |format=JPG |publisher=ESA |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103182759/http://spaceinimages.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2013/01/esa_budget_2013/12496038-4-eng-GB/ESA_budget_2013.jpg |archive-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2014/01/ESA_budget_by_domain_for_2014_M_Million_Euro |title=ESA Budget for 2014 |work=esa.int |access-date=29 January 2015 |archive-date=11 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111022527/http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2014/01/ESA_budget_by_domain_for_2014_M_Million_Euro |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Highlights/ESA_budget_2015 |title=ESA Budget for 2015 |work=esa.int |access-date=16 January 2015 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107082733/http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Highlights/ESA_budget_2015%20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

English is the main language within ESA. Additionally, official documents are also provided in German and documents regarding the [[Spacelab]] are also provided in Italian. If found appropriate, the agency may conduct its correspondence in any language of a member state.

The following table lists all the member states and adjunct members, their ESA convention ratification dates, and their contributions in 2022:<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESA Funding |url=https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Funding |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=www.esa.int |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115090919/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Funding |url-status=live }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Member state, or source
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | ESA convention
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | National programme
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Contributions
|-
! scope="col" | M€
! scope="col" | % of total
! scope="col" | Per capita (€)<ref>For European states, population is taken from the 2022 column of [https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/bookmark/9cc6dc79-3700-4e53-8259-4e6c12fc98cc?lang=en Eurostat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016205527/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/bookmark/9cc6dc79-3700-4e53-8259-4e6c12fc98cc?lang=en }} table.

For Canada, see the 2022 column of [https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 Statistics Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211032546/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 }} table.</ref>{{full citation needed}}
|-
! colspan="6" |Full member states
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Austria}}<ref group="note" name="Ireland" />
|{{dts|format=dmy|1986|12|30}}
|[[Austrian Space Agency|FFG]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|49.8}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|1.0}}%
|5.55
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Belgium}}{{#tag:ref|Founding members and initial signatories drafted the ESA charter which entered into force on 30 October 1980. These nations were also members of either [[European Launcher Development Organisation|ELDO]] or [[European Space Research Organisation|ESRO]].<ref name="ESA Convention">{{cite book |url=http://www.spacebooks-online.com/product_info.php?products_id=17557 |title=ESA Convention |journal=Esa. STR. |date=December 2010 |edition=7th |publisher=European Space Agency Communications, [[ESTEC]] |isbn=978-92-9221-410-4 |issn=0379-4067 |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906133404/http://www.spacebooks-online.com/product_info.php?products_id=17557 |archive-date=6 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>|name=founding|group=note}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1978|10|3}}
|[[Belgian Federal Science Policy Office|BELSPO]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|238.7}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|5}}%
|20.52
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Czech Republic}}{{#tag:ref |acceded members became ESA member states upon signing an accession agreement.<ref name="enlarging-esa">{{cite journal |url=http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bulletin120/bul120g_poncelet.pdf |title=Enlarging ESA? After the Accession of Luxembourg and Greece |first1=Jean-Pol |last1=Poncelet |first2=Anabela |last2=Fonseca-Colomb |first3=Giulio |last3=Grilli |journal=ESA Bulletin |issue=120 |date=November 2004 |pages=48–53 |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=9 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809053201/http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bulletin120/bul120g_poncelet.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="New Member States">{{cite web |title=New Member States |url=http://www.esa.int/esaMI/About_ESA/SEMP936LARE_0.html |work=esa.int |publisher=ESA |access-date=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827050213/http://www.esa.int/esaMI/About_ESA/SEMP936LARE_0.html |archive-date=27 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Polish flag raised at ESA">{{cite web |title=Polish flag raised at ESA |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Polish_flag_raised_at_ESA |work=esa.int |publisher=ESA |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-date=17 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917061018/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Polish_flag_raised_at_ESA |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |title=Luxembourg becomes ESA's 17th Member State |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Industry/Luxembourg_becomes_ESA_s_17th_Member_State |work=esa.int |publisher=ESA |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911101109/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Industry/Luxembourg_becomes_ESA_s_17th_Member_State |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web |title=Greece becomes 16th ESA Member State |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Industry/Greece_becomes_16th_ESA_Member_State |work=esa.int |publisher=ESA |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911100922/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Industry/Greece_becomes_16th_ESA_Member_State |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web |title=Portugal becomes ESA's 15th Member State |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Portugal_becomes_ESA_s_15th_Member_State |work=esa.int |publisher=ESA |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-date=30 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530145940/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Portugal_becomes_ESA_s_15th_Member_State |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=N° 9-1994: Finland becomes ESA's 14th Member State |url=http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Press_Releases/Finland_becomes_ESA_s_14th_Member_State |work=esa.int |publisher=ESA |access-date=25 July 2012 |archive-date=27 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427095411/http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Press_Releases/Finland_becomes_ESA_s_14th_Member_State |url-status=live }}</ref> |name=acceded|group=note}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|11|12}}
|[[Ministry of Transport (Czech Republic)|Ministry of Transport]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|45.4}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|0.9}}%
|4.32
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Denmark}}<ref group="note" name="founding" />
|{{dts|format=dmy|1977|9|15}}
|[[DTU Space]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|33.8}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|0.7}}%
|5.75
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Estonia}}<ref group="note" name="acceded" />
|{{dts|format=dmy|2015|2|4}}
|[[Estonian Space Office|ESO]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|2}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|0}}%
|1.5
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Finland}}<ref group="note" name="acceded" />
|{{dts|format=dmy|1995|1|1}}
|[[Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|28.7}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|0.6}}%
|5.17
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|France}}<ref group="note" name="founding" />
|{{dts|format=dmy|1980|10|30}}
|[[CNES]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|1178.2}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|24.5}}%
|17.37
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Germany}}<ref group="note" name="founding" />
||{{dts|format=dmy|1977|7|26}}
||[[German Aerospace Centre|DLR]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|1017.5}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|21.1}}%
|12.22
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Greece}}<ref group="note" name="acceded" />
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|3|9}}
|{{ill|Hellenic Space Center|lt=HSC|el|%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C %CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF %CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|20}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|0.4}}%
|1.89
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Hungary}}<ref group="note" name="acceded" />
|{{dts|format=dmy|2015|2|24}}
|[[Hungarian Space Office|HSO]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|21.2}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|0.4}}%
|2.19
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Ireland}}{{refn|These nations are considered initial signatories, but since they were members of neither [[European Space Research Organisation|ESRO]] nor [[European Launcher Development Organisation|ELDO]] (the precursor organisations to ESA) the Convention could only enter into force when the last of the other 10 founders ratified it.|name=Ireland|group=note}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1980|12|10}}
|[[Enterprise Ireland]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|22.9}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|0.5}}%
|4.53
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Italy}}<ref group="note" name="founding" />
|{{dts|format=dmy|1978|2|20}}
|[[Italian Space Agency|ASI]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|680.2}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|14.1}}%
|11.53
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Luxembourg}}<ref group="note" name="acceded" />
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|6|30}}
|[[Luxembourg Space Agency|LSA]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|47.5}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|1}}%
|73.6
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Netherlands}}<ref group="note" name="founding" />
|{{dts|format=dmy|1979|2|6}}
|[[Netherlands Space Office|NSO]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|99.6}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|2.1}}%
|5.66
|-
|{{Flag|Norway}}<ref group="note" name="Ireland" />
|{{dts|format=dmy|1986|12|30}}
|[[Norwegian Space Agency|NSA]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|71.8}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|1.5}}%
|13.23
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Poland}}<ref group="note" name="acceded" />
||{{dts|format=dmy|2012|11|19}}
|[[Polish Space Agency|POLSA]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|44.8}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|0.9}}%
|1.19
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Portugal}}<ref group="note" name="acceded" />
|{{dts|format=dmy|2000|11|14}}
|[[Portugal Space|PT Space]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|25.2}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|0.5}}%
|2.43
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Romania}}<ref group="note" name="acceded" />
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|12|22}}
|[[Romanian Space Agency|ROSA]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|39.4}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|0.8}}%
|2.07
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Spain}}<ref group="note" name="founding" />
|{{dts|format=dmy|1979|2|7}}
|[[Agencia Espacial Española|AEE]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|220.7}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|4.6}}%
|4.65
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Sweden}}<ref group="note" name="founding" />
|{{dts|format=dmy|1976|4|6}}
|[[Swedish National Space Agency|SNSA]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|75}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|1.6}}%
|7.18
|-
|{{Flag|Switzerland}}<ref group="note" name="founding" />
|{{dts|format=dmy|1976|11|19}}
|[[Swiss Space Office|SSO]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|174.7}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|3.6}}%
|20
|-
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}<ref group="note" name="founding" />
|{{dts|format=dmy|1978|3|28}}
|[[UK Space Agency|UKSA]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|437.9}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|9.1}}%
|6.53
|-
! scope="row" |Others
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|216.1}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|4.5}}%
|{{n/a}}
|-
! colspan=6 style="background-color:#e9e9e9; text-align:left;" |Non-full members
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}{{refn|Canada is a Cooperating State of ESA.<ref name="esa.int"/><ref name="assoc">{{cite book |url=http://www.esa.int/esapub/hsr/HSR_25.pdf |title=Canada and The European Space Agency: Three Decades of Cooperation |first=Lydia |last=Dotto |date=May 2002 |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=9 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809053114/http://www.esa.int/esapub/hsr/HSR_25.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>|name=Canada|group=note}} ||{{dts|format=dmy|1979|1|1}}<ref name="esa.int">{{cite journal |url=http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bullet96/LECLERC.pdf |title=Canada and ESA: 20 Years of Cooperation |first1=G. |last1=Leclerc |first2=S. |last2=Lessard |journal=ESA Bulletin |issue=96 |isbn=92-9092-533-7 |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=9 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809053040/http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bullet96/LECLERC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
||[[Canadian Space Agency|CSA]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|16.9}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|0.4}}%
|0.43
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Latvia}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2020|6|30}}<ref name="www.esa.int-2020">{{Cite web |title=Latvia becomes ESA Associate Member State |url=https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Latvia_becomes_ESA_Associate_Member_State |access-date=18 August 2020 |website=www.esa.int |language=en |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111221710/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Latvia_becomes_ESA_Associate_Member_State |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Latvian Space Office|LSO]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|1.1}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|0}}%
|0.59
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Lithuania}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2021|4|28}}<ref name="www.esa.int-2">{{Cite web |title=Lithuania becomes ESA Associate Member state |url=https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Lithuania_becomes_ESA_Associate_Member_state |access-date=14 October 2022 |website=www.esa.int |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222072237/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Lithuania_becomes_ESA_Associate_Member_state |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Lithuanian Space Office|LSO]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|3}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|0.1}}%
|1.07
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Slovakia}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2022|6|14}}<ref name="www.esa.int">{{Cite web |title=Slovakia becomes ESA Associate Member state |url=https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Slovakia_becomes_ESA_Associate_Member_state |access-date=14 October 2022 |website=www.esa.int |language=en |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013201557/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Slovakia_becomes_ESA_Associate_Member_state |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Slovak Space Office|SSO]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|0}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|0}}%
|0
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Slovenia}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2016|7|5}}<ref name="esa.int2">{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Slovenia_signs_Accession_Agreement |title=Slovenia signs Association Agreement |last=esa |access-date=12 October 2017 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416152327/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Slovenia_signs_Association_Agreement |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Ministry of Economic Development and Technology (Slovenia)|Ministry of Economic Development and Technology]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|2.7}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|0.1}}%
|1.28
|- style="background-color:#e9e9e9; font-weight:bold;"
|colspan=3 |{{hs|za}}Members and associates total
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|4,814.8}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{#expr:100*4814.8/7150round1}}%
|
|-
|{{Flag|European Union}} {{hs|zb}}<ref group="note" name="union">Framework Agreement establishing the legal basis for cooperation between ESA and the European Union came into force in May 2004.</ref>
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|5|28}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/App/accords/Default.aspx?command=details&id=297&lang=EN&aid=2003099&doclang=EN |title=Framework Agreement between the European Community and the European Space Agency |publisher=Consilium.europa.eu |access-date=29 August 2011 }}{{Dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|[[European Union Agency for the Space Programme|EUSPA]]
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|2030.6}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|28.4}}%
|4.54
|-
! scope="row" |[[European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites|EUMETSAT]]{{hs|zc}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|171.6}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|2.4}}%
|{{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" |{{hs|zd}}Other income
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|350.35}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|4.9}}%
|{{n/a}}
|- style="background-color:#e9e9e9; font-weight:bold;"
|colspan=3 |{{hs|za}}Other institutional partners total
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|2,335.2}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{#expr:100*2335.2/7150round1}}%
|
|- style="background-color:#e9e9e9; font-weight:bold;"
|colspan=3 |{{hs|ze}}Grand total
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|7,150.0}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{nts|100%}}
|
|}

{{reflist|group=note|refs=
}}

===Non-full member states===
Previously associated members were Austria, Norway and Finland, all of which later joined ESA as full members

====Slovenia====
Since 2016, Slovenia has been an associated member of the ESA.<ref name="esa.int2" />

====Latvia====
Latvia became the second current associated member on 30 June 2020, when the Association Agreement was signed by ESA Director Jan Wörner and the [[Ministry of Education and Science (Latvia)|Minister of Education and Science of Latvia]], [[Ilga Šuplinska]] in [[Riga]]. The [[Saeima]] ratified it on 27 July.<ref name="www.esa.int-2020" />

====Lithuania====
In May 2021, Lithuania became the third current associated member.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Payer |first=Markus |title=Lithuania becomes ESA Associate Member |url=https://spacewatch.global/2021/05/lithuania-becomes-esa-associate-member/ |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=SpaceWatch.Global |language=en-US |archive-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522142034/https://spacewatch.global/2021/05/lithuania-becomes-esa-associate-member/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As a consequence its citizens became eligible to apply to the [[2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group|2022 ESA Astronaut group]], applications for which were scheduled to close one week later. The deadline was therefore extended by three weeks to allow Lithuanians a fair chance to apply.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESA extends deadline for astronaut applications as new Associate Member joins |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/ESA_Astronaut_Selection/ESA_extends_deadline_for_astronaut_applications_as_new_Associate_Member_joins |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=www.esa.int |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526084734/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/ESA_Astronaut_Selection/ESA_extends_deadline_for_astronaut_applications_as_new_Associate_Member_joins |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Slovakia====
Slovakia's Associate membership came into effect on 13 October 2022, for an initial duration of seven years. The Association Agreement supersedes the European Cooperating State (ECS) Agreement, which entered into force upon Slovakia's subscription to the Plan for European Cooperating States Charter on 4 February 2016, a scheme introduced at ESA in 2001. The ECS Agreement was subsequently extended until 3 August 2022.<ref name="www.esa.int"/>

====Canada====
Since 1 January 1979, Canada has had the special status of a Cooperating State within ESA. By virtue of this accord, the [[Canadian Space Agency]] takes part in ESA's deliberative bodies and decision-making and also in ESA's programmes and activities. Canadian firms can bid for and receive contracts to work on programmes. The accord has a provision ensuring a fair industrial return to Canada.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Press_Releases/ESA_and_Canada_renew_cooperation_agreement_building_on_long-term_partnership |title=ESA and Canada renew cooperation agreement, building on long-term partnership |access-date=6 September 2014 |publisher=European Space Agency |archive-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113052026/http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Press_Releases/ESA_and_Canada_renew_cooperation_agreement_building_on_long-term_partnership |url-status=live }}</ref> The most recent Cooperation Agreement was signed on 15 December 2010 with a term extending to 2020.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?nid=580319 |title=Minister Clement Welcomes Extension of Historic Partnership with European Space Agency  |publisher=Industry Canada |access-date=13 November 2014 |archive-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113034706/http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?nid=580319 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |publisher=Canadian Space Agency |url=http://www.spaceref.ca/news/viewpr.html?pid=32298 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515132748/http://www.spaceref.ca/news/viewpr.html?pid%3D32298 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 May 2016 |title=Europe and Canada: Partners in Space A Model of International Co-Operation }}</ref> For 2014, Canada's annual assessed contribution to the ESA general budget was €6,059,449 ([[Canadian dollar|CAD$]]8,559,050).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www4.asc-csa.gc.ca/transparence-transparency/eng/grants/2013-2014/4/1960.aspx |publisher=Canadian Space Agency |title=Disclosure of grants and contributions awards Fiscal Year 2013–2014 4th quarter |access-date=13 November 2014 |archive-date=5 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805235641/http://www4.asc-csa.gc.ca/transparence-transparency/eng/grants/2013-2014/4/1960.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> For 2017, Canada has increased its annual contribution to €21,600,000 ([[Canadian dollar|CAD$]]30,000,000).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/publications/rpp-2016.asp#s1-expenditures |title=2016–17 Report on Plans and Priorities |first=Government of Canada, Canadian Space Agency, Directions of communications, Information services and new |last=media |website=Canadian Space Agency website |access-date=30 January 2017 |archive-date=17 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117024233/http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/publications/rpp-2016.asp#s1-expenditures |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Budget appropriation and allocation===
[[File:Easbars.png|thumb|upright=2.2|European Space Agency 2016 budget by domain out of a total budget is 5250M€.]]

ESA is funded from annual contributions by individual states as well as from an annual contribution by the [[European Union]] (EU).<ref name=sn20150727>{{cite news |last1=de Selding |first1=Peter B. |title=Tough Sledding for Proposed ESA Reorganization |url=http://spacenews.com/tough-sledding-for-proposed-esa-reorganization/ |access-date=28 July 2015 |work=Space News |quote=The four biggest ESA contributors, Germany and France followed by Italy and Britain – together account for 67 percent of the agency's funding – and more if the annual contribution from the European Union is taken into account. |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416152328/https://spacenews.com/tough-sledding-for-proposed-esa-reorganization/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The budget of ESA was €5.250 billion in 2016.<ref name="esa2016budpie">{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2016/01/ESA_budget_2016_by_domain |title=ESA 2016 Budget by domain |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312173654/http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2016/01/ESA_budget_2016_by_domain |url-status=live }}</ref> Every 3–4 years, ESA member states agree on a budget plan for several years at an ESA member states conference. This plan can be amended in future years, however provides the major guideline for ESA for several years. {{citation needed}} The 2016 budget allocations for major areas of ESA activity are shown in the chart on the right.<ref name="esa2016budpie"/>

Countries typically have their own space programmes that differ in how they operate organisationally and financially with ESA. For example, the French space agency CNES has a total budget of €2015 million, of which €755 million is paid as direct financial contribution to ESA.<ref name="leCNES">{{cite web |url=http://www.cnes.fr/web/CNES-fr/3349-sa-mission.php |title=Le CNES en bref |publisher=CNES |website=Centre National D'etudes Spatiales |access-date=11 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806025700/http://www.cnes.fr/web/CNES-fr/3349-sa-mission.php |archive-date=6 August 2013 }}</ref> Several space-related projects are joint projects between national space agencies and ESA (e.g. [[COROT]]). Also, ESA is not the only European governmental space organisation (for example [[European Union Satellite Centre]] and the [[European Union Agency for the Space Programme|European Union Space Programme Agency]]).

===Enlargement===
{{See also|Enlargement of the European Space Agency}}
After the decision of the ESA Council of 21/22 March 2001, the procedure for accession of the European states was detailed as described the document titled "The Plan for European Co-operating States (PECS)".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/PECS/documents/PECSPresentation2006.pdf |title=The Plan for European Co-operating States (PECS): Towards an enlarged ESA Partnership |first=Bernard |last=Zufferey |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=16 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816020518/http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/PECS/documents/PECSPresentation2006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Nations that want to become a full member of ESA do so in 3 stages. First a Cooperation Agreement is signed between the country and ESA. In this stage, the country has very limited financial responsibilities. If a country wants to co-operate more fully with ESA, it signs a European Cooperating State (ECS) Agreement. The ECS Agreement makes companies based in the country eligible for participation in ESA procurements. The country can also participate in all ESA programmes, except for the Basic Technology Research Programme. While the financial contribution of the country concerned increases, it is still much lower than that of a full member state. The agreement is normally followed by a Plan For European Cooperating State (or PECS Charter). This is a 5-year programme of basic [[research and development]] activities aimed at improving the nation's [[space industry]] capacity. At the end of the 5-year period, the country can either begin negotiations to become a full member state or an associated state or sign a new PECS Charter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pecs.esa.int/node/24 |title=PECS: General Overview |publisher=European Space Agency |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523104757/http://pecs.esa.int/node/24 |archive-date=23 May 2009}}</ref> Many countries, most of which joined the EU in both 2004 and 2007, have started to co-operate with ESA on various levels:

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Applicant state
! scope="col" | Cooperation agreement
! scope="col" | ECS agreement
! scope="col" | PECS charter
! scope="col" | ESA Convention signature
! scope="col" | Associate membership
! class="unsortable" | National programme
|-
! scope="row" |{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Slovenia}}
|{{dts|28 May 2008}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukom.gov.si/eng/slovenia/publications/slovenia-news/6537/6554/ |publisher=Slovenian Government Communication Office |title=Slovenian Government and ESA Sign Cooperation Agreement |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608123103/http://www.ukom.gov.si/eng/slovenia/publications/slovenia-news/6537/6554/ |archive-date=8 June 2008}}</ref>
|{{dts|22 January 2010}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Slovenia_becomes_sixth_ESA_European_Cooperating_State |title=Slovenia becomes sixth ESA European Cooperating State |access-date=6 September 2014 |publisher=ESA |archive-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911215512/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Slovenia_becomes_sixth_ESA_European_Cooperating_State |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{dts|30 November 2010}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mvzt.gov.si/nc/en/splosno/cns/news/article/94/6845/049772920e/ |title=European Space Agency selects and confirms ten Slovenian proposals |access-date=6 December 2010 |publisher=Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology of Slovenia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510110232/http://www.mvzt.gov.si/nc/en/splosno/cns/news/article/94/6845/049772920e/ |archive-date=10 May 2011 }}</ref>
|{{dts|5 July 2016}}<ref name="esa.int2" />
|{{dts|1 December 2016}}<ref name="esa.int2" />
|through [[Ministry of Economic Development and Technology (Slovenia)|MoEDT]]
|-
! scope="row" |{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Latvia}}
|{{dts|23 July 2009}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.diena.lv/lat/politics/hot/parakstis-ligumu-par-sadarbibu-kosmosa-joma |title=Līgums ar Kosmosa aģentūru liks tiekties pēc augstākiem rezultātiem |access-date=24 July 2009 |work=[[Diena.lv]] |language=lv |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416152349/https://www.diena.lv/404/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{dts|19 March 2013}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Latvia becomes seventh ESA European Cooperating State |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Latvia_becomes_seventh_ESA_European_Cooperating_State |work=esa.int |publisher=ESA |access-date=19 March 2013 |archive-date=22 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322233954/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Latvia_becomes_seventh_ESA_European_Cooperating_State |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{dts|30 January 2015}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2015/01/Signature_of_the_PECS_Charter_between_ESA_and_Latvia2 |title=Signature of the PECS Charter between ESA and Latvia |publisher=ESA |access-date=31 January 2015 |archive-date=5 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205140007/http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2015/01/Signature_of_the_PECS_Charter_between_ESA_and_Latvia2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{dts|30 June 2020}}<ref name="www.esa.int-2020" />
|{{dts|27 July 2020}}<ref name="www.esa.int-2020" />
|[[Latvian Space Office|LSO]]
|-
! scope="row" |{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Lithuania}}
|{{dts|7 October 2010}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.baltic-course.com/eng/Technology/?doc=32461 |title=Lithuania signs agreement with European Space Agency |author=Danuta Pavilenene |work=The Baltic Course |access-date=7 October 2010 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707210032/http://www.baltic-course.com/eng/Technology/?doc=32461 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{dts|7 October 2014}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Lithuania_becomes_eighth_ESA_European_Cooperating_State |title=Lithuania becomes eighth ESA European Cooperating State |author=ESA |access-date=11 October 2014 |archive-date=14 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014211757/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Lithuania_becomes_eighth_ESA_European_Cooperating_State |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{dts|28 September 2015}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lithuania becomes ESA Associate Member state |url=https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Lithuania_becomes_ESA_Associate_Member_state |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=www.esa.int |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222072237/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Lithuania_becomes_ESA_Associate_Member_state |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{dts|28 April 2021}}<ref name="www.esa.int-2" />
|{{dts|21 May 2021}}<ref name="www.esa.int-2" />
|[[Lithuanian Space Office|LSO]]
|-
! scope="row" |{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Slovakia}}
|{{dts|28 April 2010}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Slovak_Republic_signs_Cooperation_Agreement |title=Slovak Republic signs Cooperation Agreement |access-date=6 September 2014 |publisher=ESA |archive-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911215615/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Slovak_Republic_signs_Cooperation_Agreement |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{dts|16 February 2015}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Slovakia_becomes_ninth_ESA_European_Cooperating_State |title=Slovakia becomes ninth ESA European Cooperating State |author=esa |work=European Space Agency |access-date=3 October 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924014857/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Slovakia_becomes_ninth_ESA_European_Cooperating_State |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{dts|4 February 2016}}<ref name="www.esa.int" />
|{{dts|14 June 2022}}<ref name="www.esa.int"/>
|{{dts|13 October 2022}}<ref name="www.esa.int"/>
|[[Slovak Space Office|SSO]]
|-
! scope="row" |{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Bulgaria}}
|{{N/A}}
|{{dts|8 April 2015}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Bulgaria_becomes_tenth_ESA_European_Cooperating_State |title=Bulgaria becomes tenth ESA European Cooperating State |author=esa |work=European Space Agency |access-date=3 October 2015 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925050004/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Bulgaria_becomes_tenth_ESA_European_Cooperating_State |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{dts|4 February 2016}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mi.government.bg/bg/news/balgariya-podpisa-harta-s-evropeiskata-kosmicheska-agenciya-sporazumenieto-za-evropeiska-kooperirashta-da-2463.html |title=Bulgaria signs PECS Charter |author=MoE |work=Ministry of Economics of Bulgaria |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205092910/http://www.mi.government.bg/bg/news/balgariya-podpisa-harta-s-evropeiskata-kosmicheska-agenciya-sporazumenieto-za-evropeiska-kooperirashta-da-2463.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|[[Space Research and Technology Institute|SRTI]]
|-
! scope="row" |{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Cyprus}}
|{{dts|27 August 2009}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.famagusta-gazette.com/default.asp?sdetail=9458 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102133129/http://www.famagusta-gazette.com/default.asp?sdetail=9458 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 January 2013 |title=Cyprus signs space agreement |access-date=30 August 2009 |work=Famagusta Gazette Online}}</ref>
|{{dts|6 July 2016}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Cyprus_becomes_11th_ESA_European_Cooperating_State|title=Cyprus becomes 11th ESA European Cooperating State|website=www.esa.int|access-date=14 May 2022|archive-date=14 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514235712/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Cyprus_becomes_11th_ESA_European_Cooperating_State|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{dts|2017}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Εθνική Στρατηγική Διαστήματος {{!}} Τμήμα Ηλεκτρονικών Επικοινωνιών |url=https://dec.dmrid.gov.cy/dmrid/DEC/ws_dec.nsf/spacestrategy_el/spacestrategy_el?OpenDocument |access-date=14 October 2022 |website=dec.dmrid.gov.cy |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014111542/https://dec.dmrid.gov.cy/dmrid/DEC/ws_dec.nsf/spacestrategy_el/spacestrategy_el?OpenDocument |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|through [[Ministry of Communications and Works (Cyprus)|MoCW]]
|-
! scope="row" |{{Flag|Turkey}}
|{{dts|15 July 2004}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Industry/ESA_signs_Cooperation_Agreement_with_Turkey |title=ESA signs Cooperation Agreement with Turkey |access-date=6 September 2014 |publisher=European Space Agency |archive-date=10 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110134349/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Industry/ESA_signs_Cooperation_Agreement_with_Turkey |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|[[Turkey Space Agency|TUA]]
|-
! scope="row" |{{Flag|Ukraine}}
|{{dts|25 January 2008}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/newsnsau.nsf/HronolE/54F1C600559E994CC22573DB00489EE7?OpenDocument&Lang=E |title=A cooperation agreement between the Government of Ukraine and the European Space Agency was signed in Paris |access-date=25 January 2008 |publisher=[[State Space Agency of Ukraine]] |archive-date=2 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202043812/http://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/newsnsau.nsf/HronolE/54F1C600559E994CC22573DB00489EE7?OpenDocument&Lang=E |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|[[State Space Agency of Ukraine|SSAU]]
|-
! scope="row" |{{Flag|Israel}}
|{{dts|30 January 2011}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Israel_signs_Cooperation_Agreement |title=Israel signs Cooperation Agreement |access-date=6 September 2014 |work=ESA.int |archive-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911215419/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Israel_signs_Cooperation_Agreement |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|[[Israeli Space Agency|ISA]]
|-
! scope="row" |{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Malta}}
||{{dts|20 February 2012}}<ref name="ca2012">{{cite news |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Malta_signs_Cooperation_Agreement |title=Malta signs Cooperation Agreement |access-date=6 September 2014 |work=ESA |archive-date=12 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912124933/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Malta_signs_Cooperation_Agreement |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|[[Malta Council for Science and Technology|MCST]]<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite news |url=http://www.earsc.eu/news/malta-exploring-ways-of-collaborating-with-european-space-agency |title=Malta exploring ways of collaborating with European Space Agency |work=EARSC |access-date=8 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627052638/http://www.earsc.eu/news/malta-exploring-ways-of-collaborating-with-european-space-agency |archive-date=27 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |{{Flagicon|European Union}}{{Flag|Croatia}}
|{{dts|19 February 2018}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://m.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Croatia_signs_Cooperation_Agreement |title=Croatia signs Cooperation Agreement |last=esa |work=European Space Agency |access-date=19 February 2018 |archive-date=19 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219160012/http://m.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Croatia_signs_Cooperation_Agreement |url-status=live }}</ref>
||{{dts|23 March 2023}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mzo.gov.hr/news/minister-fuchs-signed-the-new-agreement-with-the-european-space-agency/5413 |title=Minister Fuchs signed the new Agreement with the European Space Agency |access-date=23 March 2023 |publisher=Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Croatia |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323161547/https://mzo.gov.hr/news/minister-fuchs-signed-the-new-agreement-with-the-european-space-agency/5413 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|through [[Ministry of Science and Education (Croatia)|MoSE]]
|}

During the Ministerial Meeting in December 2014, ESA ministers approved a resolution calling for discussions to begin with Israel, Australia and South Africa on future association agreements. The ministers noted that "concrete cooperation is at an advanced stage" with these nations and that "prospects for mutual benefits are existing".<ref name="parabolicarc.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2014/12/03/esa-expansion-deepening-international-cooperation/ |title=ESA Looks Toward Expansion, Deeper International Cooperation |website=Parabolicarc.com |access-date=20 August 2017 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010235407/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2014/12/03/esa-expansion-deepening-international-cooperation/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A separate space exploration strategy resolution calls for further co-operation with the United States, Russia and China on "[[Low earth orbit|LEO]] exploration, including a continuation of [[International Space Station|ISS]] cooperation and the development of a robust plan for the coordinated use of space transportation vehicles and systems for exploration purposes, participation in robotic missions for the exploration of the Moon, the robotic exploration of Mars, leading to a broad Mars Sample Return mission in which Europe should be involved as a full partner, and human missions beyond LEO in the longer term."<ref name="parabolicarc.com"/>

In August 2019, ESA and the [[Australian Space Agency]] signed a joint statement of intent "to explore deeper cooperation and identify projects in a range of areas including deep space, communications, navigation, remote asset management, [[data analytics]] and mission support."<ref name="Australia ESA Framework">{{cite web |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2019/08/25/esa-australian-space-agency-sign-cooperation-agreement/ |title=ESA, Australian Space Agency Sign Cooperation Agreement |website=Parabolicarc.com |access-date=6 December 2021 |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206202421/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2019/08/25/esa-australian-space-agency-sign-cooperation-agreement/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Details of the cooperation were laid out in a [[framework agreement]] signed by the two nations.

On 17 November 2020, ESA signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] (MOU) with the [[South African National Space Agency]] (SANSA). SANSA CEO Dr. Valanathan Munsami tweeted: "Today saw another land mark event for SANSA with the signing of an MoU with ESA. This builds on initiatives that we have been discussing for a while already and which gives effect to these. Thanks Jan for your hand of friendship and making this possible."<ref name="SANSA ESA Framework">{{cite web |url=https://africanews.space/south-african-national-space-agency-signs-mou-with-european-space-agency/ |title=South African National Space Agency Signs MoU with European Space Agency |website=africanews.space |access-date=6 December 2021 |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206203602/https://africanews.space/south-african-national-space-agency-signs-mou-with-european-space-agency/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Launch vehicle fleet==
ESA has a fleet of different launch vehicles in service with which it competes in all sectors of the launch market. ESA's fleet consists of three major rocket designs: [[Ariane 5]], [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-2]] and [[Vega (launcher)|Vega]]. Rocket launches are carried out by [[Arianespace]], which has 23 shareholders representing the industry that manufactures the Ariane 5 as well as [[CNES]], at ESA's [[Guiana Space Centre]]. Because many communication satellites have equatorial orbits, launches from French Guiana are able to take larger payloads into space than from spaceports at higher [[latitude]]s. In addition, equatorial launches give spacecraft an extra 'push' of nearly 500 m/s due to the higher [[rotational velocity]] of the Earth at the equator compared to near the Earth's poles where rotational velocity approaches zero.

===Ariane 5===
{{Main|Ariane 5}}
[[File:Ariane 5ECA on its way to launch pad ELA-3.jpg|thumb|[[Ariane 5]] ECA transported to the [[ELA-3]] launch pad]]
The Ariane 5 rocket is ESA's primary launcher. It has been in service since 1997 and replaced [[Ariane 4]]. Two different [[Ariane 5#Variants|variants]] are currently in use. The heaviest and most used version, the {{nowrap|Ariane 5 ECA}}, delivers two communications satellites of up to 10 tonnes into [[Geostationary transfer orbit|GTO]]. It failed during its first test flight in 2002, but has since made 82 consecutive successful [[Ariane 5#Launch history|flights]] until a partial failure in January 2018. The other version, {{nowrap|Ariane 5 ES}}, was used to launch the [[Automated Transfer Vehicle]] (ATV) to the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) and will be used to launch four [[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo]] navigational satellites at a time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Launch vehicles – Ariane 5 |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Launch_vehicles/Ariane_5 |publisher=esa.int |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=22 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422042537/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Launch_vehicles/Ariane_5 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Launch_vehicles/Ariane_5_ES |title=Ariane 5 ES |access-date=8 September 2014 |website=ESA |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903072324/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Launch_vehicles/Ariane_5_ES |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2012, ESA agreed to build an upgraded variant called [[Ariane 5#Ariane 5 ME|{{nowrap|Ariane 5 ME}}]] (Mid-life Evolution) which would increase payload capacity to 11.5 tonnes to GTO and feature a restartable second stage to allow more complex missions. Ariane 5 ME was scheduled to fly in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |title=Launch vehicle Ariane 5 ME |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Launch_vehicles/Adapted_Ariane_5_ME |publisher=esa.int |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006114600/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Launch_vehicles/Adapted_Ariane_5_ME |url-status=live }}</ref> but the project was abandoned in favour of [[Ariane 6]], which is planned to replace Ariane 5 in the 2020s.

ESA's [[Ariane 1]], [[Ariane 2|2]], [[Ariane 3|3]] and [[Ariane 4|4]] launchers (the last of which was ESA's long-time workhorse) have been retired. The Ariane 6 will replace the Ariane 5 in late 2022.

===Vega===
{{Main|Vega (rocket)}}
[[File:Sentinel-2 and vega.jpg|thumb|upright|Vega rocket]]

Vega is ESA's carrier for small satellites. Developed by seven ESA members led by [[Italian Space Agency|Italy]], it is capable of carrying a payload with a mass of between 300 and 1500 kg to an altitude of 700 km, for low [[polar orbit]]. Its maiden launch from [[Guiana Space Centre|Kourou]] was on 13 February 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Launch_vehicles/Vega3/ESA_s_new_Vega_launcher_scores_success_on_maiden_flight |title=ESA's new Vega launcher scores success on maiden flight |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031004926/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Launch_vehicles/Vega3/ESA_s_new_Vega_launcher_scores_success_on_maiden_flight |archive-date=31 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Vega began full commercial exploitation in December 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Transportation/Launch_vehicles/Vega |title=Vega |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613192830/https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Transportation/Launch_vehicles/Vega |url-status=live }}</ref>

The rocket has three solid propulsion stages and a [[liquid rocket|liquid propulsion]] [[upper stage]] (the [[AVUM]]) for accurate orbital insertion and the ability to place multiple [[Payload (air and space craft)|payloads]] into different orbits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Launch_vehicles/Vega |title=Vega – Launch Vehicle |publisher=ESA |access-date=1 May 2014 |archive-date=21 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421223138/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Launch_vehicles/Vega |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asi.it/en/flash_en/accessing/vega |title=VEGA – A European carrier for small satellites |year=2012 |publisher=ASI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502002510/http://www.asi.it/en/flash_en/accessing/vega |archive-date=2 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

A larger version of the Vega launcher, [[Vega (rocket)#Vega-C and Vega-E|Vega-C]] is in development and the first flight is expected in June 2021. The new evolution of the rocket incorporates a larger first stage booster, the [[P120 (rocket stage)|P120C]] replacing the [[P80 (rocket stage)|P80]], an upgraded [[Zefiro (rocket stage)]] second stage, and the AVUM+ upper stage. This new variant enables larger single payloads, dual payloads, return missions, and orbital transfer capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Launch_vehicles/Vega-C |title=Vega-C |publisher=ESA |access-date=13 January 2021 |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930091555/https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Launch_vehicles/Vega-C |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Ariane launch vehicle development funding===
Historically, the Ariane family rockets have been funded primarily "with money contributed by ESA governments seeking to participate in the program rather than through competitive industry bids. This [has meant that] governments commit multiyear funding to the development with the expectation of a roughly 90% return on investment in the form of industrial workshare." ESA is proposing changes to this scheme by moving to [[competition (economics)|competitive]] bids for the development of the [[Ariane 6]].<ref name=aw20140310>{{cite news |last=Svitak |first=Amy |title=SpaceX Says Falcon 9 To Compete For EELV This Year |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_03_10_2014_p48-668592.xml |access-date=11 March 2014 |newspaper=Aviation Week |quote=ESA Director General Jean-Jacques Dordain is aiming to reduce the agency's development and operational costs in a stark departure from past practice: Until now, the Ariane family of rockets has been built largely with money contributed by ESA governments seeking to participate in the program rather than through competitive industry bids. This means governments commit multiyear funding to the development with the expectation of a roughly 90% return on investment in the form of industrial workshare. But in July, when Dordain presents ESA's member states with industry proposals for building the Ariane 6, he will seek government contributions based on the best value for money, not geographic return on investment. 'To have competitive launchers, we need to rethink the launch sector in Europe.' |archive-date=10 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310123118/http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=%2Farticle-xml%2FAW_03_10_2014_p48-668592.xml |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Future rocket development===
Future projects include the [[Prometheus (rocket engine)|Prometheus]] reusable engine technology demonstrator, Phoebus (an upgraded second stage for Ariane 6), and [[Themis programme|Themis]] (a reusable first stage).<ref>{{Cite web |title=New ESA contracts to advance Prometheus and Phoebus projects |url=http://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/New_ESA_contracts_to_advance_Prometheus_and_Phoebus_projects |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=www.esa.int |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525203247/http://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/New_ESA_contracts_to_advance_Prometheus_and_Phoebus_projects |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ESA plans demonstration of a reusable rocket stage |url=http://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology/ESA_plans_demonstration_of_a_reusable_rocket_stage |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=www.esa.int |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525203244/http://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology/ESA_plans_demonstration_of_a_reusable_rocket_stage |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Human space flight==
===Formation and development===
[[File:Ulf D. Merbold.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ulf Merbold]] became the first ESA astronaut to fly into space.]]
At the time ESA was formed, its main goals did not encompass human space flight; rather it considered itself to be primarily a scientific research organisation for uncrewed space exploration in contrast to its American and Soviet counterparts. It is therefore not surprising that the first non-Soviet European in space was not an ESA astronaut on a European space craft; it was [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] [[Vladimír Remek]] who in 1978 became the first non-Soviet or American in space (the first man in space being [[Yuri Gagarin]] of the Soviet Union) – on a [[Soviet space programme|Soviet]] [[Soyuz spacecraft]], followed by the [[Polish people|Pole]] [[Mirosław Hermaszewski]] and East German [[Sigmund Jähn]] in the same year. This Soviet co-operation programme, known as [[Intercosmos]], primarily involved the participation of [[Eastern bloc]] countries. In 1982, however, [[Jean-Loup Chrétien]] became the first [[Western Bloc|non-Communist Bloc]] astronaut on a flight to the Soviet [[Salyut 7]] space station.

Because Chrétien did not officially fly into space as an ESA astronaut, but rather as a member of the French [[CNES]] astronaut corps, the German [[Ulf Merbold]] is considered the first ESA astronaut to fly into space. He participated in the [[STS-9]] [[Space Shuttle]] mission that included the first use of the European-built [[Spacelab]] in 1983. STS-9 marked the beginning of an extensive ESA/NASA joint partnership that included dozens of space flights of ESA astronauts in the following years. Some of these missions with Spacelab were fully funded and organisationally and scientifically controlled by ESA (such as two missions by Germany and one by Japan) with European astronauts as full crew members rather than guests on board. Beside paying for Spacelab flights and seats on the shuttles, ESA continued its human space flight co-operation with the [[Soviet Union]] and later Russia, including numerous visits to [[Mir]].

During the latter half of the 1980s, European human space flights changed from being the exception to routine and therefore, in 1990, the [[European Astronaut Centre]] in [[Cologne]], Germany was established. It selects and trains prospective astronauts and is responsible for the co-ordination with international partners, especially with regard to the [[International Space Station]]. As of 2006, the ESA astronaut corps officially included twelve members, including nationals from most large European countries except the United Kingdom.

In 2008, ESA started to recruit new astronauts so that final selection would be due in spring 2009. Almost 10,000 people registered as astronaut candidates before registration ended in June 2008. 8,413 fulfilled the initial application criteria. Of the applicants, 918 were chosen to take part in the first stage of psychological testing, which narrowed down the field to 192. After two-stage psychological tests and medical evaluation in early 2009, as well as formal interviews, six new members of the [[European Astronaut Corps]] were selected – five men and one woman.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Closing_in_on_new_astronauts |title=Closing in on new astronauts |access-date=6 September 2014 |publisher=European Space Agency |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040507/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Closing_in_on_new_astronauts |url-status=live }}</ref>

===List of astronauts===
{{See also|European Astronaut Corps}}

The astronauts of the European Space Agency are:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*France [[Jean-François Clervoy]]<ref group=note name=Mir />
*Italy [[Samantha Cristoforetti]]<ref group=note name=selection2009 /><ref group=note name=ISS />
*Belgium [[Frank De Winne]]<ref group=note name=ISS />
*Spain [[Pedro Duque]]<ref group=note name=ISS />
*Germany [[Reinhold Ewald]]<ref group=note name=Mir />
*France [[Léopold Eyharts]]<ref group=note name=Mir /><ref group=note name=ISS />
*Germany [[Alexander Gerst]]<ref group=note name=selection2009 /><ref group=note name=ISS />
*Italy [[Umberto Guidoni]]<ref group=note name=retired /><ref group=note name=ISS />
*Sweden [[Christer Fuglesang]]<ref group=note name=ISS />
*Netherlands [[André Kuipers]]<ref group=note name=ISS />
*Germany [[Matthias Maurer]]<ref group=note name=selection2009 />
*Denmark [[Andreas Mogensen]]<ref group=note name=selection2009 />
*Italy [[Paolo A. Nespoli|Paolo Nespoli]]<ref group=note name=ISS />
*Switzerland [[Claude Nicollier]]<ref group=note name=retired />
*Italy [[Luca Parmitano]]<ref group=note name=selection2009 /><ref group=note name=ISS />
*United Kingdom [[Timothy Peake]]<ref group=note name=selection2009 /><ref group=note name=ISS />
*France [[Philippe Perrin]]<ref group=note name=retired /><ref group=note name=ISS />
*France [[Thomas Pesquet]]<ref group=note name=selection2009 /><ref group=note name=ISS />
*Germany [[Thomas Reiter]]<ref group=note name=Mir /><ref group=note name=ISS />
*Germany [[Hans Schlegel]]<ref group=note name=ISS />
*Germany [[Gerhard Thiele]]<ref group=note name=retired />
*France [[Michel Tognini]]<ref group=note name=retired /><ref group=note name=Mir />
*Italy [[Roberto Vittori]]<ref group=note name=ISS />
{{div col end}}

{{reflist|group=note|refs=

<ref name=retired>now retired</ref>
<ref name=Mir>have visited [[Mir]]</ref>
<ref name=ISS>have visited the [[International Space Station]]</ref>
<ref name=selection2009>2009 selection</ref>
}}

===Crew vehicles===
In the 1980s, France pressed for an independent European crew launch vehicle. Around 1978, it was decided to pursue a reusable spacecraft model and starting in November 1987 a project to create a mini-shuttle by the name of [[Hermes (shuttle)|Hermes]] was introduced. The craft was comparable to early proposals for the [[Space Shuttle]] and consisted of a small reusable spaceship that would carry 3 to 5 astronauts and 3 to 4 metric tons of payload for scientific experiments. With a total maximum weight of 21 metric tons it would have been launched on the [[Ariane 5]] rocket, which was being developed at that time. It was planned solely for use in [[low Earth orbit]] space flights. The planning and pre-development phase concluded in 1991; the production phase was never fully implemented because at that time the political landscape had changed significantly. With the fall of the [[Soviet Union]] ESA looked forward to co-operation with Russia to build a next-generation space vehicle. Thus the Hermes programme was cancelled in 1995 after about 3 billion dollars had been spent. The [[Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer|Columbus space station programme]] had a similar fate.

In the 21st century, ESA started new programmes in order to create its own crew vehicles, most notable among its various projects and proposals is [[Hopper (spacecraft)|Hopper]], whose prototype by [[Airbus|EADS]], called [[EADS Phoenix|Phoenix]], has already been tested. While projects such as [[Hopper (spacecraft)|Hopper]] are neither concrete nor to be realised within the next decade, other possibilities for human spaceflight in co-operation with the [[Russian Space Agency]] have emerged. Following talks with the [[Russian Space Agency]] in 2004 and June 2005,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/space/article/0,14493,1489679,00.html |title=Europe to hitch space ride on Russia's rocket |first=Robin |last=McKie |work=[[The Observer]] |access-date=14 December 2016 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416152340/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/22/russia.science |url-status=live }}</ref> a co-operation between ESA and the [[Russian Space Agency]] was announced to jointly work on the Russian-designed [[Kliper]], a reusable spacecraft that would be available for space travel beyond LEO (e.g. the moon or even Mars). It was speculated that Europe would finance part of it. A €50 million participation study for Kliper, which was expected to be approved in December 2005, was finally not approved by the ESA member states. The Russian state tender for the project was subsequently cancelled in 2006.

In June 2006, ESA member states granted 15 million to the [[CSTS|Crew Space Transportation System]] (CSTS) study, a two-year study to design a spacecraft capable of going beyond Low-Earth orbit based on the current [[Soyuz spacecraft|Soyuz]] design. This project was pursued with [[Roskosmos]] instead of the cancelled Kliper proposal. A decision on the actual implementation and construction of the CSTS spacecraft was contemplated for 2008.
In mid-2009 EADS Astrium was awarded a €21 million study into designing a crew vehicle based on the European ATV which is believed to now be the basis of the Advanced Crew Transportation System design.<ref>{{cite web |last=Coppinger |first=Rob |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/hyperbola/2009/07/picture-eads-astrium-wins-21-m.html |title=EADS Astrium wins €21 million reentry vehicle study |publisher=Flightglobal.com |access-date=29 August 2011 |archive-date=9 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809071543/http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/hyperbola/2009/07/picture-eads-astrium-wins-21-m.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2012, ESA decided to join NASA's [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion programme]]. The ATV would form the basis of a propulsion unit for NASA's new crewed spacecraft. ESA may also seek to work with NASA on Orion's launch system as well in order to secure a seat on the spacecraft for its own astronauts.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/nov/17/britons-could-explore-deep-space |title=Project Orion raises hopes that Britain could have its own man on the moon |newspaper=The Observer |author=Robin McKie |access-date=3 September 2014 |archive-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112123021/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/nov/17/britons-could-explore-deep-space |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2014, ESA signed an agreement with [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]] for co-operation in [[Dream Chaser]] project. Further studies on the Dream Chaser for European Utilization or [[DC4EU]] project were funded, including the feasibility of launching a Europeanised Dream Chaser onboard Ariane 5.<ref name="ESA signs agreement 2014">
{{cite news |last=Clark |first=Stephen |title=Europe eyes cooperation on Dream Chaser space plane |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1401/08dreamchaser/ |access-date=9 January 2014 |newspaper=Spaceflight Now |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109145644/http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1401/08dreamchaser/ |archive-date=9 January 2014 |url-status=live }}
</ref><ref name="IBDM">{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/One_docking_ring_to_rule_them_all |title=One docking ring to rule them all |publisher=ESA |access-date=3 September 2014 |archive-date=10 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910211628/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/One_docking_ring_to_rule_them_all |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cooperation with other countries and organisations==
ESA has signed co-operation agreements with the following states that currently neither plan to integrate as tightly with ESA institutions as Canada, nor envision future membership of ESA: Argentina,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Industry/ESA_and_Argentina_sign_extension_of_Cooperation_Agreement |title=ESA and Argentina sign extension of Cooperation Agreement |access-date=6 September 2014 |publisher=European Space Agency |archive-date=12 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212013142/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Industry/ESA_and_Argentina_sign_extension_of_Cooperation_Agreement |url-status=live }}</ref> Brazil,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/ESA_on_the_world_stage_-_international_agreements_with_Brazil_Poland_and_India |title=ESA on the world stage – international agreements with Brazil, Poland and India |access-date=6 September 2014 |publisher=European Space Agency |archive-date=30 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530150112/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/ESA_on_the_world_stage_-_international_agreements_with_Brazil_Poland_and_India |url-status=live }}</ref> China,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/news/china-05zzzzzzzzzzzh.html |title=Closer relations between ESA and China |access-date=6 September 2014 |publisher=Space Daily |archive-date=6 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906133647/http://www.spacedaily.com/news/china-05zzzzzzzzzzzh.html |url-status=live }}</ref> India<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/SMART-1/Agreement_signed_for_European_instruments_on_Chandrayaan-1 |title=Agreement signed for European instruments on Chandrayaan-1 |access-date=6 September 2014 |publisher=European Space Agency |archive-date=18 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518152751/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/SMART-1/Agreement_signed_for_European_instruments_on_Chandrayaan-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> (for the [[Chandrayan]] mission), Russia<ref name="AR2003">{{cite book |url=http://www.esa.int/esapub/annuals/annual03/ar3_agree_signed.pdf |chapter=Agreements 2003 |title=ESA Annual Report 2003 |publisher=European Space Agency |pages=112–113 |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=21 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621084029/http://www.esa.int/esapub/annuals/annual03/ar3_agree_signed.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Industry/ESA_signs_Cooperation_Agreement_with_Turkey |title=ESA signs Cooperation Agreement with Turkey |author=esa |work=European Space Agency |access-date=3 October 2015 |archive-date=10 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110134349/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Industry/ESA_signs_Cooperation_Agreement_with_Turkey |url-status=live }}</ref>

Additionally, ESA has joint projects with the [[European Union Agency for the Space Programme|EUSPA]] of the European Union, [[NASA]] of the United States and is participating in the [[International Space Station]] together with the United States (NASA), Russia and Japan (JAXA).

===National space organisations of member states===
*The ''[[CNES|Centre National d'Études Spatiales]]'' (CNES) (National Centre for Space Study) is the French government space agency (administratively, a "public establishment of industrial and commercial character"). Its headquarters are in central Paris. CNES is the main participant on the Ariane project. Indeed, CNES designed and tested all Ariane family rockets (mainly from its centre in [[Évry, Essonne|Évry]] near Paris)
*The [[UK Space Agency]] is a partnership of the UK government departments which are active in space. Through the UK Space Agency, the partners provide delegates to represent the UK on the various ESA governing bodies. Each partner funds its own programme.
*The [[Italian Space Agency]] (''Agenzia Spaziale Italiana'' or ASI) was founded in 1988 to promote, co-ordinate and conduct space activities in Italy. Operating under the Ministry of the Universities and of Scientific and Technological Research, the agency cooperates with numerous entities active in space technology and with the president of the Council of Ministers. Internationally, the ASI provides Italy's delegation to the Council of the European Space Agency and to its subordinate bodies.
*The [[German Aerospace Center]] (DLR) (German: ''Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V.'') is the national research centre for aviation and space flight of the Federal Republic of Germany and of other member states in the [[Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres|Helmholtz Association]]. Its extensive research and development projects are included in national and international cooperative programmes. In addition to its research projects, the centre is the assigned space agency of Germany bestowing headquarters of German space flight activities and its associates.
*The [[Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial]] (INTA) (National Institute for Aerospace Technique) is a Public Research Organisation specialised in aerospace research and technology development in Spain. Among other functions, it serves as a platform for space research and acts as a significant testing facility for the aeronautic and space sector in the country.

===NASA===
ESA has a long history of collaboration with [[NASA]]. Since ESA's astronaut corps was formed, the [[Space Shuttle]] has been the primary launch vehicle used by ESA's astronauts to get into space through partnership programmes with NASA. In the 1980s and 1990s, the [[Spacelab]] programme was an ESA-NASA joint research programme that had ESA develop and manufacture orbital labs for the Space Shuttle for several flights on which ESA participate with astronauts in experiments.

In robotic science mission and exploration missions, NASA has been ESA's main partner. ''[[Cassini–Huygens]]'' was a joint NASA-ESA mission, along with the [[Infrared Space Observatory]], [[INTEGRAL]], [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory|SOHO]], and others. Also, the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] is a joint project of NASA and ESA. Future ESA-NASA joint projects include the [[James Webb Space Telescope]] and the proposed [[Laser Interferometer Space Antenna]].{{citation needed}} NASA has supported ESA's [[MarcoPolo-R]] mission which landed on asteroid Bennu in October 2020 and is scheduled to return a sample to Earth for further analysis in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA Contribution Study to ESA's MarcoPolo-R Mission |url=http://us-marcopolor.jhuapl.edu/science/ |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=us-marcopolor.jhuapl.edu |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625060949/http://us-marcopolor.jhuapl.edu/science/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> NASA and ESA will also likely join for a [[Mars sample-return mission]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gs7ZCgDrJiQC |title=European Space Policy and Programs Handbook |publisher=International Business Publications |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4330-1532-8 |page=32 }}{{Dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In October 2020, the ESA entered into a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with NASA to work together on the [[Artemis program]], which will provide an orbiting [[Lunar Gateway]] and also accomplish the first crewed lunar landing in 50 years, whose team will include the [[first woman on the Moon]]. Astronaut selection announcements are expected within two years of the 2024 scheduled launch date.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bridenstine |first=Jim |title=NASA, ESA Sign MOU to Work Together on Artemis Lunar Program – Parabolic Arc |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2020/10/27/nasa-esa-sign-mou-to-work-together-on-artemis-lunar-program/ |access-date=25 February 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415174858/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2020/10/27/nasa-esa-sign-mou-to-work-together-on-artemis-lunar-program/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ESA also purchases seats on the NASA operated [[Commercial Crew Program]]. The first ESA astronaut to be on a Commercial Crew Program mission is [[Thomas Pesquet]]. Pesquet launched into space aboard [[Dragon 2|Crew Dragon]] [[Crew Dragon Endeavour|Endeavour]] on the [[SpaceX Crew-2|Crew-2]] mission. ESA also has seats on [[SpaceX Crew-3|Crew-3]] with [[Matthias Maurer]] and [[SpaceX Crew-4|Crew-4]] with [[Samantha Cristoforetti]].

===Cooperation with other space agencies===
Since China has invested more money into space activities, the [[Chinese Space Agency]] has sought international partnerships. Besides the [[Russian Space Agency]], ESA is one of its most important partners. Both space agencies cooperated in the development of the [[Double Star Mission]].<ref>{{cite video |url=http://www.ucd.ie/news/2010/10OCT10/011010-ESA-space-satellite-results-examined-at-UCD-hosted-conference.html#video |title=An interview with David Southwood, ESA Science Director |publisher=Space.co.uk |medium=Video |access-date=30 January 2013 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104152406/http://www.ucd.ie/news/2010/10OCT10/011010-ESA-space-satellite-results-examined-at-UCD-hosted-conference.html#video |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, ESA sent two astronauts to China for two weeks sea survival training with Chinese astronauts in [[Yantai]], Shandong.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20180626-why-europes-astronauts-are-learning-chinese |title=Why Europe's astronauts are learning Chinese |website=BBC News |access-date=28 June 2018 |archive-date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628123150/http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20180626-why-europes-astronauts-are-learning-chinese |url-status=live }}</ref>

ESA entered into a major joint venture with Russia in the form of the [[CSTS]], the preparation of [[French Guiana]] spaceport for launches of [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-2]] rockets and other projects. With India, ESA agreed to send instruments into space aboard the [[ISRO]]'s [[Chandrayaan-1]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.space.co.uk/DataBank/Transcripts/20080329DavidSouthwood/tabid/441/Default.aspx |title=David Southwood at the 2008 UK Space Conference |work=Space.co.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208204803/http://www.space.co.uk/DataBank/Transcripts/20080329DavidSouthwood/tabid/441/Default.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2008 }}</ref> ESA is also co-operating with Japan, the most notable current project in collaboration with [[JAXA]] is the ''[[BepiColombo]]'' mission to [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].

===International Space Station===
{{See also|European contribution to the International Space Station}}
[[File:Columbus module delivered to KSC.jpg|thumb|''[[Columbus (ISS module)|ISS module Columbus]]'' at Kennedy Space Center's [[Space Station Processing Facility]]]]

With regard to the [[International Space Station]] (ISS), ESA is not represented by all of its member states:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/International_Space_Station/International_Space_Station_legal_framework |title=International Space Station legal framework |access-date=6 September 2014 |publisher=European Space Agency |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120180424/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/International_Space_Station/International_Space_Station_legal_framework |url-status=live }}</ref> 11 of the 22 ESA member states currently participate in the project: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Austria, Finland and Ireland chose not to participate, because of lack of interest or concerns about the expense of the project. Portugal, Luxembourg, Greece, the Czech Republic, Romania, Poland, Estonia and Hungary joined ESA after the agreement had been signed.

ESA takes part in the construction and operation of the [[International Space Station|ISS]], with contributions such as [[Columbus (ISS module)|Columbus]], a science laboratory module that was brought into orbit by NASA's [[STS-122]] [[Space Shuttle]] mission, and the [[Cupola (ISS module)|Cupola]] observatory module that was completed in July 2005 by [[Alenia Aeronautica|Alenia Spazio]] for ESA. The current estimates for the ISS are approaching €100 billion in total (development, construction and 10 years of maintaining the station) of which ESA has committed to paying €8 billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Space Station: How much does it cost? |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/International_Space_Station/How_much_does_it_cost |access-date=6 September 2014 |publisher=European Space Agency |archive-date=4 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904014817/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/International_Space_Station/How_much_does_it_cost |url-status=live }}</ref> About 90% of the costs of ESA's ISS share will be contributed by Germany (41%), France (28%) and Italy (20%). German ESA astronaut [[Thomas Reiter]] was the first long-term ISS crew member.

ESA has developed the [[Automated Transfer Vehicle]] for ISS resupply. Each ATV has a cargo capacity of {{convert|7667|kg|lb}}.<ref name="atvspecs">{{cite web |url=http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/ATV/FS003_12_ATV_updated_launch_2008.pdf |title=Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) Utilisation Relevant Data Rev. 1.2 |publisher=ESA ERASMUS User Centre |access-date=16 March 2008 |archive-date=16 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216223216/http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/ATV/FS003_12_ATV_updated_launch_2008.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The first ATV, ''[[Jules Verne ATV|Jules Verne]]'', was launched on 9 March 2008 and on 3 April 2008 successfully docked with the ISS. This manoeuvre, considered a major technical feat, involved using automated systems to allow the ATV to track the ISS, moving at 27,000 km/h, and attach itself with an accuracy of 2 cm. Five vehicles were launched before the program ended with the launch of the fifth ATV, ''[[Georges Lemaître ATV|Georges Lemaître]]'', in 2014.<ref name="spaceflightnow">{{cite web |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1204/02atvfuture/ |title=Breaking News | ATV production terminated as decision on follow-on nears |publisher=Spaceflight Now |access-date=4 September 2012 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030145327/https://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1204/02atvfuture/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of 2020, the spacecraft establishing supply links to the ISS are the Russian [[Progress spacecraft|Progress]] and [[Soyuz spacecraft|Soyuz]], Japanese [[H-II Transfer Vehicle|Kounotori (HTV)]], and the United States vehicles [[SpaceX Dragon 2|Cargo Dragon 2]] and [[Cygnus (spacecraft)|Cygnus]] stemmed from the [[Commercial Resupply Services]] program.

European Life and Physical Sciences research on board the International Space Station (ISS) is mainly based on the [[European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space]] programme that was initiated in 2001.

===Languages===
According to Annex 1, Resolution No. 8 of the ''ESA Convention and Council Rules of Procedure'',<ref name="European Space Agency"/> English, French and German may be used in all meetings of the Agency, with interpretation provided into these three languages. All official documents are available in English and French with all documents concerning the ESA Council being available in German as well.

===Facilities===
*ESA Headquarters (HQ), Paris, France
*[[European Space Operations Centre]] (ESOC), [[Darmstadt]], Germany
*[[European Space Research and Technology Centre]] (ESTEC), [[Noordwijk]], Netherlands
*[[European Space Astronomy Centre]] (ESAC), [[Madrid]], Spain<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESAC/Contact_ESAC |title=Contact ESAC |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=3 September 2014 |archive-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911161330/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESAC/Contact_ESAC |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications]] (ECSAT), [[Oxfordshire]], United Kingdom<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Press_Releases/ESA_opens_its_doors_in_UK |title=Esa opens its doors in uk |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=29 July 2013 |archive-date=20 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720003308/http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Press_Releases/ESA_opens_its_doors_in_UK |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[European Astronaut Centre]] (EAC), [[Cologne]], Germany
*[[ESA Centre for Earth Observation]] (ESRIN), [[Frascati]], Italy
*[[Centre Spatial Guyanais|Guiana Space Centre]] (CSG), [[Kourou]], French Guiana
*[[ESTRACK|European Space Tracking Network]] (ESTRACK)
*[[European Data Relay System]]

==Link between ESA and EU==
{{Main|European Union Space Programme#EU/ESA Space Council}}
The ESA is an independent space agency and not under the jurisdiction of the European Union, although they have common goals, share funding, and work together often.<ref name="m.esa.int">{{Cite web|title=ESA and the EU|url=https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/ESA_and_the_EU|access-date=4 June 2021|website=www.esa.int|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604101837/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/ESA_and_the_EU|url-status=live}}</ref>
The initial aim of the [[European Union]] (EU) was to make the European Space Agency an [[Agency of the European Union|agency of the EU]] by 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/esapub/br/br268/br268.pdf |title=Agenda : A Document by the ESA Director General and the ESA Directors – October 2006 |website=Esa.int |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225015/http://www.esa.int/esapub/br/br268/br268.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> While the EU and its member states fund together 86% of the budget of ESA, it is not an [[EU agency]]. Furthermore, ESA has several non-EU members, most notably the United Kingdom which had [[Brexit|left the EU]] while remaining a full member of ESA. ESA is partnered with the EU on its two current flagship space programs, the [[Copernicus Programme|Copernicus series of Earth observation satellites]] and the [[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo satellite navigation system]], with ESA providing technical oversight and, in the case of Copernicus, some of the funding.<ref name=SN1>{{cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/esa-and-eu-mend-relations/|title=ESA and EU mend relations|website=[[Space News]]|access-date=10 April 2021|archive-date=16 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416152310/https://spacenews.com/esa-and-eu-mend-relations/|url-status=live}}</ref> The EU, though, has shown an interest in expanding into new areas, whence the proposal to rename and expand its satellite navigation agency (the [[European GNSS Agency]]) into the EU Agency for the Space Programme. The proposal drew strong criticism from ESA, as it was perceived as encroaching on ESA's turf.<ref name=SN1 />

In January 2021, after years of acrimonious relations, EU and ESA officials mended their relationship, with the EU Internal Market commissioner [[Thierry Breton]] saying "The European space policy will continue to rely on ESA and its unique technical, engineering and science expertise," and that "ESA will continue to be the European agency for space matters.<ref name=SN1 /> If we are to be successful in our European strategy for space, and we will be, I will need ESA by my side." ESA director Aschbacher reciprocated, saying "I would really like to make ESA the main agency, the go-to agency of the European Commission for all its flagship programs." ESA and EUSPA are now seen to have distinct roles and competencies, which will be officialized in the Financial Framework Partnership Agreement (FFPA).<ref name=SN1 /> Whereas ESA's focus will be on the technical elements of the EU space programs, EUSPA will handle the operational elements of those programs.<ref name=SN1 />

==Incidents==
On 3 August 1984, ESA's Paris headquarters were severely damaged and six people were hurt when a bomb exploded. It was planted by the far-left armed [[Action directe (armed group)|Action Directe]] group.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/03/world/bomb-shatters-officeof-europe-space-unit.html |title=Bomb Shatters Office of Europe Space Unit |work=The New York Times |access-date=20 July 2018 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195253/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/03/world/bomb-shatters-officeof-europe-space-unit.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 14 December 2015, hackers from [[Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]] breached ESA's subdomains and leaked thousands of login credentials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hackread.com/anonymous-hacks-european-space-agency-domains/|title=Anonymous Hacks European Space Agency Domains|access-date=20 July 2018|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195053/https://www.hackread.com/anonymous-hacks-european-space-agency-domains/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
*[[European integration#Space]]
*[[European Space Security and Education Centre]]
*[[Eurospace]]
*[[List of European Space Agency programmes and missions]]
*[[List of government space agencies]]
*[[SEDS]]
*[[Space Night]]

===European Union matters===
*[[Agencies of the European Union]]
*[[Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space]]
*[[Enhanced co-operation]]
*[[European Union Agency for the Space Programme]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box}}
{{refbegin}}
*[http://www.esa.int/esaMI/ESA_Publications/ ESA Bulletin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202154104/http://www.esa.int/esaMI/ESA_Publications/ }} ([http://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESA_Publications/ESA_Publications_Bulletin ESA Bulletin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120012013/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESA_Publications/ESA_Publications_Bulletin }}) is a quarterly magazine about the work of ESA that can be subscribed to [https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/EUESA/subscriber/new?topic_id=EUESA_42 European Space Agency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512130722/https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/EUESA/subscriber/new?topic_id=EUESA_42 }} free of charge.
*Bonnet, Roger; Manno, Vittorio (1994). ''International Cooperation in Space: The Example of the European Space Agency'' (Frontiers of Space). [[Harvard University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-674-45835-4}}.
*Johnson, Nicholas (1993). ''Space technologies and space science activities of member states of the European Space Agency''. {{OCLC|29768749}} .
*Peeters, Walter (2000). ''Space Marketing: A European Perspective'' (Space Technology Library). {{ISBN|0-7923-6744-8}}.
*Zabusky, Stacia (1995 and 2001). ''Launching Europe: An Ethnography of European Cooperation in Space Science''. {{ASIN|B00005OBX2}}{{dl}}
*Harvey, Brian (2003). ''Europe's Space Programme: To Ariane and Beyond''. {{ISBN|1-85233-722-2}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikinews category}}
*{{Official website}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100316203007/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/space/index_en.htm A European strategy for space] – [[Europa (web portal)|Europa]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101122114906/http://www.esa.int/esapub/sp/sp1300/sp1300EN1.pdf Convention for the establishment of a European Space Agency], September 2005
*[https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/I._Privileges_and_immunities Convention for the Establishment of a European Space Agency, Annex I: Privileges and Immunities]
*[http://archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/#CorporateBodies European Space Agency fonds] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714230606/http://apps.eui.eu/HAEU/OralHistory/EN/ESAOH.asp 'Oral History of Europe in Space'] project run by the European Space Agency at the [http://www.eui.eu/Research/HistoricalArchivesOfEU/Index.aspx Historical Archives of the EU] in Florence
*[http://open.esa.int Open access at the European Space Agency]

{{European Space Agency|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Ariane}}
{{James Webb Space Telescope}}
{{Politics of outer space}}

[[Category:European Space Agency| ]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1975]]
[[Category:International scientific organizations based in Europe]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Paris]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:European astronauts]]
[[Category:European space programmes|*]]
[[Category:Space agencies]]
[[Category:Space policy of the European Union]]

Air Chief Marshal

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Bombay

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Anil Khetri: Add rcats (move, historic name, hatnote, printworthy) per request

#REDIRECT [[Mumbai]]

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