https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=AniketdigiBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-03T07:39:37ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)&diff=540564The Jungle Book (1967 film)2026-05-07T02:23:59Z<p>Aniketdigi: Created a stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1967 animated Disney film}}<br />
{{Redirect|The Jungle Book (Disney film)|the 2016 remake|The Jungle Book (2016 film){{!}}''The Jungle Book'' (2016 film)|the Disney media franchise|The Jungle Book (franchise){{!}}''The Jungle Book'' (franchise)}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = The Jungle Book<br />
| image = Thejunglebook movieposter.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Wolfgang Reitherman]]<br />
| story = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Larry Clemmons]]<br />
* [[Ralph Wright]]<br />
* [[Ken Anderson (animator)|Ken Anderson]]<br />
* [[Vance Gerry]]<br />
}}<br />
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[The Jungle Book]]''|[[Rudyard Kipling]]}}<br />
| producer = [[Walt Disney]]<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<!--Per poster--><br />
* [[Phil Harris]]<br />
* [[Sebastian Cabot (actor)|Sebastian Cabot]]<br />
* [[Louis Prima]]<br />
* [[George Sanders]]<br />
* [[Sterling Holloway]]<br />
}}<br />
| editing = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Tom Acosta<br />
* Norman Carlisle<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[George Bruns]]<br />
| studio = [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Productions]]<br />
| distributor = [[Buena Vista Distribution]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|1967|10|18}}<br />
| runtime = 78 minutes<br />
| country = United States<br />
| language = English<br />
| budget = $4 million<ref name="TwoYearsAndAnother">{{cite magazine|date=December 15, 1965|title='Jungle Book' in Disney Processing Two Years and Another Year to Go|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_variety_1965-12-15_241_4/mode/1up|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|page=7|access-date=June 4, 2023|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><br />
| gross = $378 million<ref name="ToonedIn">{{cite magazine|last1=Mallory|first1=Michael|last2=D'Alessandro|first2=Anthony|date=October 27, 2003|title=Tooned in: Disney's ani classics set the bar and lit the way for future generations|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tooned+in%3A+Disney%27s+ani+classics+set+the+bar+and+lit+the+way+for...-a0110473946|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|via=[[The Free Dictionary#The Free Library|The Free Library]]|access-date=June 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013000440/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tooned+in%3a+Disney%27s+ani+classics+set+the+bar+and+lit+the+way+for...-a0110473946|archive-date=October 13, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
'''''The Jungle Book''''' is a 1967 American [[Animation|animated]] [[Musical film|musical]] [[adventure film]] produced by [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Productions]] and released by [[Buena Vista Distribution]]. Based on the "Mowgli" stories from [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s [[The Jungle Book|1894 book of the same name]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Kipling |first=Rudyard |author-link=Rudyard Kipling |orig-year=1894 |year=2021 |title=The Jungle Book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TeNWAQAAQBAJ |publisher=Mint Editions |location=[[Berkeley, California]] |format=[[Hardcover]] |isbn=978-1513221281}}</ref> it is the final animated feature film to be produced by [[Walt Disney]], who died during its production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/archives/la-me-walt-disney-19661216-story.html|title=Wizard of Fantasy Walt Disney Dies|language=en-US|first=Harry|last=Trimborn|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=1966-12-16|access-date=2024-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The death of Walt Disney — folk hero|first=Alistair|last=Cooke|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2011/dec/16/from-the-archive-walt-disney-dies-1966|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=2011-12-16|access-date=2024-11-03|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/12/16/archives/walt-disney-65-dies-on-coast-founded-an-empire-on-a-mouse-walt.html|title=Walt Disney, 65, Dies on Coast|language=en|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 1966}}</ref> It was directed by [[Wolfgang Reitherman]] and written by [[Larry Clemmons]], [[Ralph Wright]], [[Ken Anderson (animator)|Ken Anderson]], and [[Vance Gerry]]. Featuring the voices of [[Phil Harris]], [[Sebastian Cabot (actor)|Sebastian Cabot]], [[Louis Prima]], [[George Sanders]], and [[Sterling Holloway]], the film's plot follows [[Mowgli]], a [[feral child]] raised in the [[India]]n jungle by wolves, as his friends, [[Bagheera]] the panther and [[Baloo]] the bear, try to convince him to leave the jungle before the ruthless tiger [[Shere Khan]] arrives.<br />
<br />
The early versions of both the screenplay and the soundtrack followed Kipling's work more closely, with a dramatic, dark, and sinister tone, which Disney did not want in his family film, leading to writer [[Bill Peet]] and songwriter [[Terry Gilkyson]] being replaced.<br />
<br />
''The Jungle Book'' was released on October 18, 1967, to positive reception, with acclaim for its soundtrack, featuring five songs by the [[Sherman Brothers]] and one by Gilkyson, "[[The Bare Necessities]]". With a gross of $23.8 million worldwide, the film initially became Disney's second-highest-grossing animated film in the United States and Canada,<ref name="AllTime1971">{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title=All-Time Box Office Champs|date=January 6, 1971|page=12}}</ref> the [[1967 in film|ninth-highest-grossing film of 1967]], and was also successful during its re-releases. The film was also successful throughout the world, becoming Germany's highest-grossing film by number of admissions.<ref name="GerAdm">{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/germany-original-jungle-book-biggest-885953|title=Why Disney's Original 'Jungle Book' Is Germany's Biggest Film of All Time|author=Scott Roxborough|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=April 22, 2016|access-date=April 22, 2016|archive-date=April 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423130641/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/germany-original-jungle-book-biggest-885953|url-status=live}}</ref> Disney released [[The Jungle Book (1994 film)|a live-action adaptation]] in 1994 and [[The Jungle Book 2|an animated sequel]] in 2003; a [[The Jungle Book (2016 film)|live-action/animated hybrid remake]] directed by [[Jon Favreau]] was released in 2016, with a sequel to that film in development.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
In the jungles of [[India]], Bagheera the wise [[black panther]] discovers an orphaned baby boy and brings him to a pack of [[Indian wolf|wolves]], who name him Mowgli. Ten years later, the pack learns that the murderous [[Bengal tiger]] Shere Khan has returned to their area of the jungle. Knowing that he hates humans and will stop at nothing to kill Mowgli, the pack decides that the latter must leave; Bagheera agrees to escort Mowgli to a nearby "Man-Village", though Mowgli is reluctant to leave the only home he has ever known, as he does not fear Shere Khan, and believes he can last against him (not to mention that he has never met others of his own kind, thus everyone in the Man-Village will seem like strangers to him).<br />
<br />
Bagheera and Mowgli rest in a tree where an [[Indian python]] named Kaa attempts to devour Mowgli by hypnotizing him, but is stopped by Bagheera. The next morning, Mowgli encounters Colonel Hathi and his elephant herd. Following an argument where Mowgli refuses to go to the Man-Village, he is abandoned by Bagheera. All alone, Mowgli meets and befriends Baloo, a laid-back and carefree [[sloth bear]] who promises Mowgli can stay in the jungle with him. Mowgli is soon kidnapped by monkeys and [[Hoolock gibbon]]s who bring him to their leader, King Louie, an [[orangutan]]. King Louie tries to persuade Mowgli to teach him the ways of man, until Baloo and Bagheera arrive and rescue him, destroying King Louie's temple in the process.<br />
<br />
Whilst Mowgli is sleeping that night, Bagheera tries to convince Baloo that Mowgli must be taken to the Man-Village. Baloo remains unconvinced until Bagheera reminds him that Shere Khan will try and kill Mowgli, as he is afraid of guns and fire. This persuades Baloo, who tells Mowgli the next morning that he must take him to the Man-Village; feeling betrayed, Mowgli accuses him of breaking his promise and runs away. Bagheera later finds Colonel Hathi's herd and seeks their help in finding Mowgli. However, unbeknownst to any of them, Shere Khan has overheard this and now decides to hunt and kill Mowgli himself.<br />
<br />
Whilst going through the jungle, Mowgli is ambushed by Kaa once more, who hypnotizes him again. However, before he can devour him, Shere Khan arrives and tells Kaa that he is looking for a "man-cub"; Kaa manages to hide Mowgli. After escaping Kaa, Mowgli reaches the wastelands of the jungle where he meets and befriends a group of vultures. However, Shere Khan soon arrives and tries to kill Mowgli. He tries to fight, but soon begins to lose his nerve after realizing how terrifying the tiger truly is, before Baloo intervenes. Whilst Shere Khan attacks and nearly kills Baloo, Mowgli ties a burning branch to Shere Khan's tail, forcing him to run away in defeat. Mowgli now mourns the loss of Baloo; as Bagheera respectfully takes Mowgli away, Baloo reveals he is alive, much to everyone's happiness.<br />
<br />
As they get closer to the Man-Village, Mowgli meets a girl getting water from the river. He follows her into the Man-Village, having finally accepted the fact that he is a human. Content that Mowgli is where he belongs, Baloo and Bagheera return to the jungle.<br />
<br />
==Voice cast==<br />
{{Main|List of The Jungle Book characters{{!}}List of ''The Jungle Book'' characters}}<br />
<br />
[[File:TheJungleBook1967Characters.jpeg|thumb|right|A promotional image of the characters from the film. Top row: Kaa, Ziggy, Buzzie, Flaps, Dizzy, Colonel Hathi; Middle row: Flunkey, King Louie, Shere-Khan, Mowgli, Bagheera, the Girl, Baloo, Hathi Jr.; Bottom row: wolf cubs, Mother Wolf, and Rama.]]<br />
<!-- Order per credits --><br />
* [[Phil Harris]] as [[Baloo]], a lazy and carefree [[sloth bear]] who believes in the importance of letting go of worries and focusing on the simple things in life.<ref>{{cite news|last=Conrad|first=Tracy|date=November 17, 2019|title=Desert jazz cat Phil Harris was cool by every definition|url=https://www.desertsun.com/story/life/entertainment/people/2019/11/17/desert-jazz-cat-phil-harris-cool-every-definition/4212685002/|work=[[The Desert Sun]]|access-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326144724/https://www.desertsun.com/story/life/entertainment/people/2019/11/17/desert-jazz-cat-phil-harris-cool-every-definition/4212685002/|archive-date=March 26, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=75}}<br />
* [[Sebastian Cabot (actor)|Sebastian Cabot]] as [[Bagheera]], a wise and intelligent [[melanism|melanistic]] [[Indian leopard]] who discovers Mowgli as a baby and later becomes his main protector. He also serves as the film's narrator.<ref name="TheJungleBookMovieHistory">{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Dave|url=http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/movies/junglebook/junglebook.html|title="The Jungle Book" Movie History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331190905/http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/movies/junglebook/junglebook.html|work=Disney Archives|access-date=December 5, 2023|archive-date=March 31, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=33}}<br />
* [[Louis Prima]] as [[King Louie]], the cool and smooth-talking [[orangutan]] leader of the monkeys from the ruins of an ancient palace who wants to learn how to make fire.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/movies_tv/for-jungle-book-purists-you-just-cant-spell-primate-without-prima/article_0bf96fd4-8f8d-57ca-b59b-ce813d1c6f77.html|title=For 'Jungle Book' purists, you just can't spell primate without 'Prima'|last=Scott|first=Mike|date=April 15, 2016|website=NOLA.com|access-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626154924/https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/movies_tv/for-jungle-book-purists-you-just-cant-spell-primate-without-prima/article_0bf96fd4-8f8d-57ca-b59b-ce813d1c6f77.html|archive-date=June 26, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=101}}<br />
* [[George Sanders]] as [[Shere Khan]], a confident and menacing [[Bengal tiger]] who is deeply feared by most of the animals of the jungle.<ref>{{cite web|last=Eastwood|first=Jennifer|url=https://d23.com/get-a-wickedly-wild-inside-look-at-disney-villains-delightfully-evil/|title=Get a Wickedly Wild Inside Look at ''Disney Villains: Delightfully Evil''|website=[[D23 (Disney)|D23]]|date=October 27, 2016|access-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012203358/https://d23.com/get-a-wickedly-wild-inside-look-at-disney-villains-delightfully-evil/|archive-date=October 12, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=129}}<br />
** [[Bill Lee (singer)|Bill Lee]] was Shere Khan's singing voice, and [[Jimmy MacDonald (sound effects artist)|Jimmy MacDonald]] provided his roars.{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=129}}<ref name="AudioCommentary2007">{{cite AV media notes|author1=[[Richard M. Sherman]]|author2=[[Andreas Deja]]|author3=[[Bruce Reitherman]]|title=Audio commentary|location=''The Jungle Book'' Platinum Edition DVD|publisher=[[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]]|year=2007|type=Bonus feature}}</ref><br />
* [[Sterling Holloway]] as [[Kaa]], a sly and sinister [[Indian python]] who seeks Mowgli as prey, but fails each time he attempts to eat him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.waltdisney.org/blog/unusual-suspects-kaa|last=Sigman Lowery|first=Paula|title=Unusual Suspects: Kaa|publisher=[[Walt Disney Family Museum]]|date=February 11, 2013|access-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201073621/https://www.waltdisney.org/blog/unusual-suspects-kaa|archive-date=December 1, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Dave|url=http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/villains/kaa/kaa.html|title=Kaa Villains History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331194811/http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/villains/kaa/kaa.html|work=Disney Archives|access-date=December 7, 2023|archive-date=March 31, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* [[J. Pat O'Malley]] as [[Hathi|Colonel Hathi]], a pompous [[Indian elephant]] who leads the Jungle Patrol.{{sfn|Beck|2005|page=133}}{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=59}}<br />
** O'Malley also voiced Buzzie, the leader of the [[Slender-billed vulture|vulture]] quartet that Mowgli encounters during his journey.{{sfn|Smith|2012|page=12}}{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=145}}<br />
* [[Bruce Reitherman]] as [[Mowgli]], also referred to as Man-Cub, a naive and stubborn young human boy who was raised by the [[Seoni, Madhya Pradesh|Seeonee]] wolf pack and wants to stay in the jungle despite the threat of Shere Khan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.waltdisney.org/blog/more-mowgli-outtakes-bruce-reitherman|last=Seastrom|first=Lucas|title=More from Mowgli: Outtakes with Bruce Reitherman|publisher=[[Walt Disney Family Museum]]|date=February 10, 2023|access-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324133459/https://www.waltdisney.org/blog/more-mowgli-outtakes-bruce-reitherman|archive-date=March 24, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=6}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Dave|url=http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/characters/mowgli/mowgli.html|title=Mowgli Character History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401012613/http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/characters/mowgli/mowgli.html|work=Disney Archives|access-date=December 5, 2023|archive-date=April 1, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* [[Verna Felton]] as Winifred, Colonel Hathi's snarky and outspoken wife and the matriarch of the Jungle Patrol.{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=59}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/verna-felton-best-characters-ranked/|title=The 7 Best Characters Voiced by Verna Felton, Ranked|last=Searle|first=Tyler B.|date=October 1, 2023|website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|access-date=December 5, 2023}}</ref><br />
* [[Clint Howard]] as Hathi Jr., also known as Baby Elephant, the son of Colonel Hathi and Winifred.{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=59}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wideopencountry.com/clint-howard/|title=Clint Howard: Ron Howard's Prolific Character Actor Brother|last=Moore|first=Addie|date=February 22, 2021|website=Wide Open Country|publisher=[[Publishers Clearing House]]|access-date=December 7, 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816152853/https://www.wideopencountry.com/clint-howard/|archive-date=August 16, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://d23.com/a-to-z/howard-clint/|title=Howard, Clint|website=[[D23 (Disney)|D23]]|access-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331212614/https://d23.com/a-to-z/howard-clint/|archive-date=March 31, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Lord Tim Hudson]] as Flaps, one of the members of the vulture quartet.{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=145}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Evans|first=Greg|date=December 23, 2020|title=Chad Stuart Dies: Half Of Chad & Jeremy Hitmaking Duo, Father Of 'General Hospital' Actor James Patrick Stuart Was 79|url=https://deadline.com/2020/12/chad-stuart-dead-obituary-chad-jeremy-summer-song-james-patrick-stuart-was-79-1234660984/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=December 5, 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205014251/https://deadline.com/2020/12/chad-stuart-dead-obituary-chad-jeremy-summer-song-james-patrick-stuart-was-79-1234660984/|archive-date=December 5, 2022}}</ref><br />
* [[Chad Stuart]] as Dizzy, one of the members of the vulture quartet.{{sfn|Smith|2012|page=12}}<ref>{{cite news|date=February 2, 2020|title='Lord' Tim Hudson, DJ and pop and cricket impresario|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2020/02/02/lord-tim-hudson-dj-pop-cricket-impresario-obituary/|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=December 7, 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217005808/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2020/02/02/lord-tim-hudson-dj-pop-cricket-impresario-obituary/|archive-date=February 17, 2020}}</ref><br />
* [[John Abbott (actor)|John Abbott]] as [[Akela (The Jungle Book)|Akela]], the leader of the Seeonee wolf pack who sends Mowgli to the Man-Village under Bagheera's guidance.{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=33}}{{sfn|Beck|2005|page=133}}<br />
* [[Ben Wright (English actor)|Ben Wright]] as Rama, Mowgli's adoptive wolf father.{{sfn|Smith|2012|pages=37-38}}<br />
* [[Darleen Carr]] as the Girl<!--The human girl is not named "Shanti" until the second film.--> who charms Mowgli into following her to the Man-Village at the film's ending.<ref name="TheMakingOf">{{cite web|url=http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/makingofthejunglebook/index.html|title=The Making of "Jungle Book"|website=[[The Walt Disney Family Museum]]|access-date=June 4, 2023|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028031441/http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/makingofthejunglebook/index.html|archive-date=October 28, 2008}}</ref>{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=159}}<br />
<!-- Order per credits --><br />
<br />
[[Digby Wolfe]] voiced Ziggy, the fourth member of the vulture quartet.{{sfn|Smith|2012|page=12}}{{sfn|Norman|2013|page=67}} [[Leo De Lyon]], [[Skiles and Henderson|Bill Skiles, Pete Henderson]], and [[Hal Smith (actor)|Hal Smith]] voiced King Louie's [[Bandar-log|monkeys]].{{sfn|Webb|2011|page=187}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
===Early development===<br />
[[Walt Disney]] first considered making an animated version of [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s 1894 collection of stories ''[[The Jungle Book]]'' in the late 1930s.<ref name="MusicalMasterpiece">{{cite AV media|title=The Jungle Book: The Making of a Musical Masterpiece|type=Documentary film|publisher=[[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment|Walt Disney Home Video]]|location=''The Jungle Book'' Fully Restored 30th Anniversary Limited Edition VHS|year=1997}}</ref> In the early 1960s, after completing his work on ''[[The Sword in the Stone (1963 film)|The Sword in the Stone]]'', story artist [[Bill Peet]] proposed ''The Jungle Book'' as the studio's next animated feature, seeing it as a "great chance to develop some good animal characters".{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=15}}{{sfn|Peet|1989|pages=173}} Disney agreed and acquired the film rights to all thirteen ''Jungle Book'' stories from the estate of [[Alexander Korda]] (who had produced the [[Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book|1942 film adaptation]]) by April 1962, after having spent the previous ten years in negotiations.{{sfn|Koenig|1997|page=133}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Hopper|first=Hedda|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/65326405/clipped-from-the-los-angeles-times/|title='Jungle Book' Film Planned by Disney|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|at=Part IV, p. 9|date=April 6, 1962|access-date=July 29, 2022|archive-date=July 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730020140/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/65326405/clipped-from-the-los-angeles-times/|via=[[Ancestry.com|Newspapers.com]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fessier Jr.|first=Michael|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/382448505|title=Legacy of a Last Tycoon|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|pages=16–23|date=November 12, 1967|access-date=July 29, 2022|archive-date=July 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730020348/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/382448505/|via=Newspapers.com |url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> At that point, Peet had written an early story treatment and developed the initial character designs.{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=15}} Disney originally intended to closely follow Kipling's work, planning to make a film that would be "both naturalistic and fantastic, suggestive of the compelling stag fight in ''[[Bambi]]''".{{sfn|Koenig|1997|page=133}}<br />
<br />
Peet created his treatment with little supervision, as he had done with ''[[One Hundred and One Dalmatians]]'' and ''The Sword in the Stone''.<ref name="BroughtToTheBigScreen">{{cite magazine|last=Packer|first=Matt|date=April 11, 2016|title=How Walt Disney brought The Jungle Book to the big screen|url=https://lwlies.com/articles/the-jungle-book-walt-disney-flloyd-norman/|magazine=[[Little White Lies (magazine)|Little White Lies]]|access-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630163144/https://lwlies.com/articles/the-jungle-book-walt-disney-flloyd-norman/|archive-date=June 30, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> He tried to make the story more linear, since the novel was very episodic, while preserving its ominous tone and adding more drama and suspense (in particular, Peet's story would start with wolves and Bagheera rescuing baby Mowgli from falling from a waterfall).{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=15}}<ref name="DisneysKipling">{{cite AV media|title=Disney's Kipling: Walt's Magic Touch on a Literary Classic|type=Bonus feature|publisher=[[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]]|location=''The Jungle Book'' Platinum Edition DVD|year=2007}}</ref> He also decided on Mowgli's journey from the jungle back to the Man-Village as the film's central storyline.<ref name="DisneysKipling" /> One of the few major departures from Kipling's works was the character of Baloo, whom Peet rewrote into a "big playful buffoon of a bear", with the role of Mowgli's serious-minded mentor given to Bagheera.{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=33}}{{sfn|Peet|1989|page=174}} Peet created an original character for the film{{snd}}King Louie, the leader of the [[Bandar-log]], who would kidnap Mowgli and try to get him to teach them how to make fire and rebuild the ancient city. Louie was also to show Mowgli the treasure under the ruins (a plot point borrowed from ''[[The Second Jungle Book]]''), which would serve as a setup for the film's climax.{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=101}}<ref name="DisneysKipling" /> After Mowgli had arrived to the Man-Village, he would get into an argument with the local hunter [[List of The Jungle Book characters#Humans|Buldeo]], which would cause Mowgli to return to the jungle with a torch and use it to scare those who attacked or mocked him through the journey and confront Shere Khan, before being dragged to the ancient city by Buldeo in search for the treasure.<ref name="MowgliAndTheHunter">{{cite AV media|title=Alternate Ending: Mowgli and the Hunter|type=Bonus feature|publisher=[[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]]|location=''The Jungle Book'' Diamond Edition Blu-ray|year=2014}}</ref> After taking some of the treasures, Buldeo would attempt to burn the jungle to avoid the threat of Shere Khan, only for the tiger to attack and kill him, before being killed by Mowgli with Buldeo's rifle.<ref name="AlternateEnding">{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/the-original-jungle-books-alternate-ending-and-170441629.html|title=The Alternate Ending of the Original 'Jungle Book' and What It Could Mean for the New Version|last=Alter|first=Ethan|date=April 15, 2016|website=[[Yahoo!]]|access-date=December 5, 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429234652/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/the-original-jungle-books-alternate-ending-and-170441629.html|archive-date=April 29, 2023}}</ref> Because of his actions, Mowgli would be hailed as a hero in both the jungle and the village and declared the first human member of the wolves' council.<ref name="DisneysKipling" /><ref name="MowgliAndTheHunter" /><br />
<br />
After the critical reception of ''The Sword in the Stone'', Walt Disney decided to get more involved in the story development of ''The Jungle Book'' than he had been with the past two films.{{sfn|Barrier|1999|page=568}}<ref name="TheBareNecessities">{{cite AV media|title=The Bare Necessities: The Making of "The Jungle Book"|type=Documentary film|publisher=[[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]]|location=''The Jungle Book'' Platinum Edition DVD|year=2007}}</ref> Upon reviewing the [[storyboard]]s, Disney felt that Peet's approach was too dark and depressing, and held a meeting, insisting on making the story lighter and more aimed at the family demographic.<ref name="AudioCommentary2007" />{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=15}}{{sfn|Williams|Denney|2004|page=286}} Peet, who had been working on his treatment for over a year by then, refused, resulting in a long argument between him and Disney.<ref name="DisneysKipling" />{{sfn|Norman|2013|page=63}}<ref name="9WildStories">{{cite web|last=Lark|first=Max|url=https://d23.com/floyd-normans-9-wild-stories-from-the-making-of-the-jungle-book-1967/|title=Floyd Norman's 9 Wild Stories From the Making of ''The Jungle Book'' (1967)|website=[[D23 (Disney)|D23]]|date=March 31, 2016|access-date=December 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626154740/https://d23.com/floyd-normans-9-wild-stories-from-the-making-of-the-jungle-book-1967/|archive-date=June 26, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 29, 1964, Peet left the studio after another fight with Disney over the preliminary recording for Bagheera's voice as well as Disney insulting him claiming that he should see ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' for "real entertainment".{{sfn|Barrier|2007|page=276}}{{sfn|Koenig|1997|page=134}}{{sfn|Peet|1989|pages=180}} Peet would later admit in his [[Bill Peet: An Autobiography|autobiography]] that he was glad he did not insult Disney back over the film and left the studio when he did knowing Disney would die two years after he left.{{sfn|Peet|1989|pages=183}}<br />
<br />
===Rewriting===<br />
[[File:Walt disney portrait right.jpg|thumb|upright|''The Jungle Book'' was the last animated feature [[Walt Disney]] supervised before his death in December 1966.<ref name="TheJungleBookMovieHistory" />]]<br />
After Peet's departure, Disney assigned Larry Clemmons as his new writer and one of the four-story men for the film, giving Clemmons a copy of Kipling's book, and telling him: "The first thing I want you to do is not to read it".{{sfn|Thomas|1997|page=107}}<ref name="TheBareNecessities" /> Clemmons still looked at the novel and thought it was too disjointed and without continuity, needing adaptations to fit a film script.<ref name="TheBareNecessities" /> Clemmons wanted to start [[in medias res]], with some [[Flashback (narrative)|flashbacks]] afterward, but then Disney said to focus on doing the storyline more straight: "Let's do the meat of the picture. Let's establish the characters. Let's have fun with it".<ref name="AudioCommentary2007" /><br />
<br />
Although most of Peet's work was discarded, the personalities of the characters remained in the final film. This was because Disney felt that the story should be kept simple, and the characters should drive the story. Disney took an active role in the story meetings, acting out each role and helping to explore the emotions of the characters, helping create gags, and developing emotional sequences. [[The Sherman Brothers]] re-imagined Peet's darker and more sinister version of King Louie as a more comedic character based around [[jazz]] and [[swing music]]. As [[Richard M. Sherman]] recalled: "...our discussion at the time [was], 'He's an ape, what does an ape do? Swings in a tree. The jazz is swing music and a guy literally swings if he's an ape{{'"}}.<ref name="AudioCommentary2007" /> Clemmons also created the human girl with whom Mowgli falls in love, as the animators considered that falling in love would be the best excuse for Mowgli to leave the jungle.<ref name="DisneysKipling" /> Clemmons would write a rough script with an outline for most sequences. The story artists then discussed how to fill the scenes, including the comedic gags to employ.<ref name=norman>{{cite book|title=Prepare To Board!: Creating Story and Characters for Animated Features and Shorts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0Ub7xvnBkYC&pg=PA163|first=Nancy|last=Beiman|publisher=[[Focal Press]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-240-80820-8|access-date=July 19, 2016|archive-date=January 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106131841/https://books.google.com/books?id=V0Ub7xvnBkYC&pg=PA163|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Walt's People: Volume 9–Talking Disney with the Artists who Knew Him|editor=Ghez, Didier|author=Norman, Floyd|chapter=Three Disney Story Guys|page=175|publisher=[[Xlibris]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1-450-08746-9}}</ref> The script also tried to incorporate how the voice actors molded their characters and interacted with each other.<ref name=crown>{{cite book|title=Walt Disney's The Jungle Book|location=New York|publisher=[[Harmony Books]]|year=1980|isbn=978-0-517543-28-3|page=5}}</ref> ''The Jungle Book'' also marked the last animated film to have Disney's personal touches, before his death on December 15, 1966.{{sfn|Maltin|1995|page=253}}<br />
<br />
===Casting===<br />
Walt Disney wanted to bring in more well-known performers to voice the key characters of ''The Jungle Book'' (which was a rarity in his past works).<ref name="TheBareNecessities" /> All the celebrities cast in the film had inspired the animators in creating the characters and helped to shape their personalities.{{sfn|Thomas|1997|page=107}}{{sfn|Maltin|1995|page=255}} The studio held many auditions for the role of Baloo, initially searching for an [[Ed Wynn]]-esque voice.{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=75}}{{sfn|Thomas|Johnston|1981|page=406}} The animators also tried out exchange students from India to see if they could get a voice with an indigenous quality, but the idea did not work out.{{sfn|Thomas|Johnston|1981|page=406}} Disney eventually suggested [[Phil Harris]] after meeting him at a benefit in [[Palm Springs]], much to the surprise of the animation staff, who could not imagine Harris (who was a bandleader and comedian) as Kipling's character.<ref name="TheBareNecessities" />{{sfn|Thomas|1997|page=107}}{{sfn|Thomas|Johnston|1981|page=406}} Harris nearly turned down the role after doing a test recording, as he could not see himself as the character, but reconsidered after the filmmakers allowed him to perform the way that felt the most comfortable to him.{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=75}}<ref name="MusicalMasterpiece" />{{sfn|Johnson|2014|page=132}} [[Wolfgang Reitherman]] said when they "told [Harris] not to be a bear, but to be Phil Harris, he got in front of the microphone and tore that thing apart".{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=75}} The casting of Harris prompted the story artists to expand the role of Baloo from an episodic part to one of the film's main characters.{{sfn|Thomas|Johnston|1981|page=407}} Many of Baloo's lines were improvised by Harris.<ref name="TheBareNecessities" /><br />
<br />
Disney initially considered [[Louis Armstrong]] for the role of King Louie;{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=101}} according to [[Richard M. Sherman]], the idea was discarded after one of the writers said that {{"'}}[[NAACP]] is going to jump all over it having a black man playing an ape{{snd}}it would be politically terrible'. That was the last thing on our minds, nothing we'd ever thought of, so we said 'okay, we'll think of someone else{{'"}}.<ref name="HitsForWaltDisney">{{cite interview|last=Johnson|first=Quendrith|title=Richard Sherman on Hits for Walt Disney, THE BOYS & Ringo Starr|url=https://www.filmfestivals.com/blog/editor/richard_sherman_on_hits_for_walt_disney_the_boys_ringo_starr|website=FilmFestivals.com|date=November 13, 2010|access-date=June 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117025400/https://www.filmfestivals.com/blog/editor/richard_sherman_on_hits_for_walt_disney_the_boys_ringo_starr|archive-date=January 17, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> After Phil Harris was cast as Baloo, [[Walt Disney Records|Disneyland Records]] president Jimmy Johnson suggested Disney to get [[Louis Prima]], whom he thought to be great as a [[Foil (literature)|foil]] for Harris' character.{{sfn|Hollis|Ehrbar|2011|pages=89-90}}<br />
<br />
Disney had vultures bearing a physical and vocal resemblance to [[The Beatles]], including the signature [[mop-top]] haircut. It was planned to have the members of the band to both voice the characters and sing their song, "[[That's What Friends Are For (The Vulture Song)|That's What Friends Are For]]". However, at the time, The Beatles' [[John Lennon]] refused to work on animated films, which led to the idea being discarded.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/04/18/the-jungle-book-the-making-of-disneys-most-troubled-film/ | title=The Jungle Book: the making of Disney's most troubled film | work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] | date=July 30, 2013 | access-date=June 20, 2016 | last=McLean | first=Craig | archive-date=June 9, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609064126/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/04/18/the-jungle-book-the-making-of-disneys-most-troubled-film/ | url-status=live}}</ref> The casting of the vultures still brought a [[British Invasion]] musician, [[Chad Stuart]] of the duo [[Chad & Jeremy]]. In earlier drafts of the scene the vultures had a near-sighted [[rhinoceros]] friend named Rocky, who was to be voiced by [[Frank Fontaine]], but Disney decided to cut the character, feeling that the film already had enough action with the monkeys and vultures.<ref name=rocky>{{cite video|title=Lost Character: Rocky the Rhino|location=''The Jungle Book'' Platinum Edition Disc 1|publisher=Walt Disney Home Entertainment|year=2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
Child actor David Bailey was originally cast as Mowgli, but during the film's production he hit [[puberty]], and his voice changed.<ref name="TheBareNecessities" /> As a result, Wolfgang Reitherman replaced him with his son [[Bruce Reitherman|Bruce]], who had just voiced [[Christopher Robin#Disney adaptations|Christopher Robin]] in ''[[Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree]]''.{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=45}} The animators also shot a live-action footage of Bruce Reitherman as a guide for the character's animation performance.<ref name="AudioCommentary2007" /> Child actress [[Darlene Carr]] was going around singing in the studio when composers [[Sherman Brothers]] asked her to record a demo of "[[My Own Home]]". Carr's performance impressed Disney enough for him to cast her as the role of the human girl.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sherman|first1=Robert|last2=Sherman|first2=Richard|title=Walt's Time: From Before to Beyond|page=84|publisher=Camphor Tree Publishers|year=1998|isbn=978-0-964605-93-0|title-link=Walt's Time}}</ref> [[Clint Howard]] was cast as Hathi Jr.{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=59}}<br />
<br />
Early in the film's development, Bill Peet suggested [[Howard Morris]] for the role of Bagheera, but Disney did not approve of the choice, with Wolfgang Reitherman and other animators preferring either [[Rod Taylor]], [[Karl Swenson]] or [[Sebastian Cabot (actor)|Sebastian Cabot]].{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=33}}{{sfn|Peet|1989|pages=177-178}} Cabot was the final choice.<ref name="MusicalMasterpiece" /> Several of the studio's voice regulars were cast in the film, including [[Sterling Holloway]] as Kaa, [[J. Pat O'Malley]] as both Colonel Hathi and Buzzie the Vulture, and [[Verna Felton]] as Winifred.{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=59}}{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=145}}<ref name="MusicalMasterpiece" /> This was to be Felton's final film performance; she died ten months before the film's release, in December 1966.<br />
<br />
===Animation===<br />
Animation on ''The Jungle Book'' commenced on June 1, 1965.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Variety |title=Hollywood & British Production Pulse |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_variety_1966-12-21_245_5/page/20/mode/1up |page=20 |date=December 21, 1966 |access-date=November 18, 2022 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> While many of the later Disney feature films had animators being responsible for single characters, in ''The Jungle Book'' the animators were in charge of whole sequences, since many have characters interacting with one another. The animation was done by [[xerography#Uses in animation|xerography]], with character design, led by [[Ken Anderson (animator)|Ken Anderson]], employing rough, artistic edges in contrast to the round animals seen in productions such as ''[[Dumbo]]''.<ref name="AudioCommentary2007" /><br />
<br />
Anderson also decided to make Shere Khan resemble his voice actor, George Sanders. Backgrounds were hand-painted—with an exception of the waterfall, mostly consisting of footage of the [[Angel Falls]]—and sometimes scenery was used in both foreground and bottom to create a notion of depth. One of Reitherman's trademarks was repurposing animation from previous animated films, including his. For example, animation of the wolf cubs were redrawn from the dalmatian puppies in ''One Hundred and One Dalmatians''.<ref name="AudioCommentary2007" /> Animator [[Milt Kahl]] based Bagheera and Shere Khan's movements on live-action felines, which he saw in two Disney productions, ''[[A Tiger Walks]]'' and the ''[[True-Life Adventures|True-Life Adventure]]'' film ''[[Jungle Cat (film)|Jungle Cat]]''.<ref name="AudioCommentary2007" /><br />
<br />
Baloo was also based on footage of bears, even incorporating the animal's penchant for scratching. Since Kaa has no limbs, his design received big expressive eyes, and parts of Kaa's body did the action that normally would be done with hands.<ref>{{cite video|title=Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston Discuss Character Animation |date=2007 |location=The Jungle Book, Platinum Edition, Disc 2}}</ref> The monkeys' dance during "[[I Wan'na Be Like You]]" was partially inspired by a performance Louis Prima did with his band on a Las Vegas soundstage that convinced Disney to cast him.<ref name="TheBareNecessities" /><br />
<br />
===Music===<br />
{{main|The Jungle Book (1967 soundtrack)}}<br />
<br />
The film's score was composed by [[George Bruns]] and orchestrated by Walter Sheets. Two of the cues were reused from previous Disney films: the scene where Mowgli wakes up after escaping King Louie used one of Bruns' themes for ''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]'' (1959), and the scene where Bagheera gives a eulogy to Baloo when he mistakenly thinks the bear was killed by Shere Khan used [[Paul Smith (composer)|Paul J. Smith]]'s organ score from ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' (1937).<ref name="AudioCommentary2007" /><br />
<br />
The score features six original songs: five by the [[Sherman Brothers]] and one by [[Terry Gilkyson]]. Longtime Disney collaborator Gilkyson was the first songwriter to bring several complete songs that followed the book closely, but Walt Disney felt that his efforts were too dark. The only piece of Gilkyson's work which survived to the final film was his upbeat tune "[[The Bare Necessities]]", which was liked by the rest of the film crew. The Sherman Brothers were then brought in to do a complete rewrite. Disney asked the siblings if they had read Kipling's book and they replied that they had done so "a long, long time ago" and that they had also seen the [[Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book|1942 version]] by [[Alexander Korda]]. Disney said the "nice, mysterious, heavy stuff" from both works was not what he aimed for, instead going for a "lightness, a Disney touch".<ref>{{cite video |people=Sherman, Robert B.; Sherman, Richard M. |year=1990 |title=Interview with the Sherman Brothers|type=audio track |publisher=Walt Disney Records |location=[[The Jungle Book (1967 soundtrack)|''The Jungle Book'' soundtrack]], 30th Anniversary Edition (1997)}}</ref> Disney frequently brought the composers to the storyline sessions. He asked them to "find scary places and write fun songs" for their compositions that fit in with the story and advanced the plot instead of being interruptive.<ref name="AudioCommentary2007" /><br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
===Original theatrical run===<br />
''The Jungle Book'' premiered at the [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]] in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] on October 18, 1967,<ref name="StarStuddedSafari">{{cite web|last=Deitchman|first=Beth|url=https://d23.com/the-1967-premiere-of-the-jungle-book-was-a-swinging-star-studded-safari/|title=The 1967 Premiere of ''The Jungle Book'' was a Swinging, Star-Studded Safari|website=[[D23 (Disney)|D23]]|date=August 23, 2016|access-date=February 10, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002224809/https://d23.com/the-1967-premiere-of-the-jungle-book-was-a-swinging-star-studded-safari/|archive-date=October 2, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> ten months after Walt Disney's death.{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=171}} The premiere served as a [[Fundraising|fundraiser]] for the [[Los Angeles Zoo]], which had been founded the year before.<ref name="StarStuddedSafari" /> By December 1967, ''The Jungle Book'' was released in theaters;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/23700-THE-JUNGLEBOOK|title=The Jungle Book (1967)|publisher=[[American Film Institute]]|website=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]|access-date=February 10, 2024}}</ref> some bookings were in a [[double feature]] format with a live-action film ''[[Charlie, the Lonesome Cougar]]'' (1967).<ref name="ArrivesJustInTime">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/12/23/archives/disney-jungle-book-arrives-just-in-time.html|title=Disney 'Jungle Book' Arrives Just in Time|last=Thompson|first=Howard|date=December 23, 1967|access-date=September 8, 2011|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|page=29|archive-date=April 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406103321/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/12/23/archives/disney-jungle-book-arrives-just-in-time.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Produced on a budget of $4 million,<ref name="TwoYearsAndAnother" /> ''The Jungle Book'' was a box-office success, grossing domestic rentals of $11.5 million by 1968.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title=Big Rental Films of 1968|date=January 8, 1969|page=15}}</ref> By 1970, the film had grossed $13 million in domestic rentals, becoming the second highest-grossing animated film in the United States and Canada.<ref name="AllTime1971"/> ''The Jungle Book'' also earned over $23.8 million worldwide, becoming the most successful animated film released during its initial run.<ref>{{cite news|title=Animals Portray Parts in Disney's "Robin Hood"|newspaper=[[The Blade (Toledo, Ohio)|Toledo Blade]]|page=7|date=October 18, 1970|access-date=July 4, 2016|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19701018&id=k8hOAAAAIBAJ&pg=2133,463153&hl=en|via=[[Google News Archive]]|archive-date=March 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307070614/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19701018&id=k8hOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xQEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2133,463153&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Re-releases===<br />
''The Jungle Book'' was re-released theatrically in 1978, 1984, and 1990, and also in Europe throughout the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="after">{{cite book|title=Afterlife as Afterimage: Understanding Posthumous Fame|first1=Steve|last1=Jones|first2=Joli|last2=Jensen|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2005|isbn=978-0-820463-65-0|page=197|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CF7qxfN7A8kC&pg=PA197|via=[[Google Books]]|access-date=July 19, 2016|archive-date=January 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106123458/https://books.google.com/books?id=CF7qxfN7A8kC&pg=PA197|url-status=live}}</ref> As part of Disney's 100th anniversary the film was re-released in cinemas across the UK on September 15, 2023 for one week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DISNEY100 'CELEBRATING TIMELESS STORIES' SCREENING PROGRAMME LAUNCHES IN THE UK TOMORROW, FRIDAY 4TH AUGUST, 2023 |url=https://press.disney.co.uk/news/disney100-celebrating-timeless-stories-screening-programme-launches-in-the-uk-tomorrow-friday-4th-august-2023 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=UK Press |language=en-GB}}</ref> A re-issue in the United Kingdom in 1976 generated rentals of $1.8 million.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 5, 1977|title='Jaws', 'Cuckoo's', Disney's 'Jungle' Top British B.O.|page=11}}</ref> The 1978 re-release increased its North American rentals to $27.3 million, which surpassed ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' making it the highest grossing animated film in the United States and Canada<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Variety (Magazine)|Variety]]|title=All-Time Film Rental Champs |date=January 14, 1981|page=28}}</ref> until ''Snow White'' was re-released in 1983. The film's total lifetime gross in the U.S. and Canada is $141 million.{{ref|1|1}}<ref name=mojo>{{cite web |title=The Jungle Book |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=junglebook.htm |access-date=September 27, 2008 |archive-date=September 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905092625/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=junglebook.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> When [[Inflation adjustment|adjusted for inflation]], it is estimated to be equivalent to $671,224,000 in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Jungle Book (1967) - Domestic Total Adj. Gross (2018) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=junglebook.htm&adjust_yr=2018&p=.htm |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=22 June 2019 |archive-date=June 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603102944/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2656929281/ |url-status=live}}</ref> which would make it the [[List of highest-grossing films in Canada and the United States#Adjusted for ticket-price inflation|32nd highest-grossing film in the United States and Canada]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/adjusted.htm |title=All Time Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=June 8, 2011 |archive-date=June 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607105553/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/adjusted.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
By 1981, ''The Jungle Book'' was Disney's best performer overseas, with rentals of $45 million, including $13 million from a 1980 reissue in Spain.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|page=23|date=January 28, 1981|last=Ginsberg|first=Steven|title=Archinal On Those Hits Lurking In Disney Library Of Successes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_variety_1981-01-28_301_13/page/23/mode/1up?view=theater|access-date=May 6, 2024|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> It is Germany's biggest film in terms of admissions with 27.3 million tickets sold, nearly 10 million more than ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]''{{'}}s 18.8 million tickets sold.<ref name="GerAdm" /> It has grossed an estimated $108 million in Germany, making it the third highest-grossing film in that country behind only ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' ($137 million) and ''Titanic'' ($125 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/german-box-office-star-wars-854444|title=German Box Office: 'Star Wars' Becomes Fourth Highest-Grossing Film of All Time|author=Scott Roxborough|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=January 11, 2016|access-date=January 11, 2016|archive-date=January 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114001245/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/german-box-office-star-wars-854444|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was the seventh most popular sound film of the twentieth century in the UK with admissions of 19.8 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ultimate Chart: 1–100|date=28 November 2004|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|url=http://old.bfi.org.uk/features/ultimatefilm/chart/complete.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803005826/http://old.bfi.org.uk/features/ultimatefilm/chart/complete.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 August 2012|access-date=March 21, 2018}}</ref> The film is France's ninth biggest film in terms of admissions with 14.8 million tickets sold.<ref name="FranceAdm">{{cite web|url=http://www.jpbox-office.com/top100.php?view=2|title=Top250 Tous Les Temps En France (reprises incluses)|access-date=March 15, 2018|archive-date=March 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331112258/http://www.jpbox-office.com/top100.php?view=2|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's 1993 re-release set an overseas record for a re-issue, grossing {{US$|67.5 million|long=no}} overseas during that year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Outbreak' strikes European box office |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/05/08/Outbreak-strikes-European-box-office/7936799905600/ |access-date=22 June 2019 |work=[[United Press International]] |date=8 May 1995 |archive-date=June 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623052115/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/05/08/Outbreak-strikes-European-box-office/7936799905600/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It opened at number one in Germany with a gross of more than $4 million in its first six days and opened in second place at the UK box office before moving to [[List of 1993 box office number-one films in the United Kingdom|number one]] for two weeks.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Screen International]]|page=21|date=April 23, 1993|title=UK Top 15: April 16-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Screen International]]|page=19|date=April 9, 1993|title=Jungle fever}}</ref><br />
<br />
On September 15, 2023, ''The Jungle Book'' was re-released in cinemas across the UK for one week as part of Disney's 100th anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DISNEY100 'CELEBRATING TIMELESS STORIES' SCREENING PROGRAMME LAUNCHES IN THE UK TOMORROW, FRIDAY 4TH AUGUST, 2023 |url=https://press.disney.co.uk/news/disney100-celebrating-timeless-stories-screening-programme-launches-in-the-uk-tomorrow-friday-4th-august-2023 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=UK Press |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Home media===<br />
''The Jungle Book'' was released in the United States on VHS on May 3, 1991 as part of the [[Walt Disney Classics]] video line and in the United Kingdom in October 1993. In the United States, the VHS release sold 7.4 million units and grossed {{US$|{{#expr:7400000*24.99}}|long=no}} in 1991, making it the year's third [[List of best-selling films in the United States|best-selling home video release]], behind only ''[[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]]'' and ''[[Home Alone]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Top 20 Sell-Through Units Shipped |journal=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=1991 |volume=320 |issue=18–34 |page=533 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SUIAQAAMAAJ&q=jungle+book+7%2C400%2C000 |publisher=Wilkerson Daily Corporation |access-date=June 11, 2018 |archive-date=June 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603102944/https://books.google.com/books?id=5SUIAQAAMAAJ&q=jungle+book+7%2C400%2C000 |url-status=live}}</ref> By 1994, ''The Jungle Book'' sold 9.5 million units in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |last=McNary |first=Dave |title=Disney sees big sales for 'Snow White' video |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/04/28/Disney-sees-big-sales-for-Snow-White-video/8784767505600/ |work=[[United Press International]] |date=April 28, 1994 |access-date=June 11, 2018 |archive-date=June 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603102944/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/04/28/Disney-sees-big-sales-for-Snow-White-video/8784767505600/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Home video sales outside North America reached a record 14 million units and grossed {{US$|350 million|long=no}} by December 1993.<ref>{{cite magazine |title='Jungle' blooms, beats 'Beast' in o'seas video |url=https://variety.com/1993/digital/news/jungle-blooms-beats-beast-in-o-seas-video-116654/ |access-date=22 June 2019 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=20 December 1993 |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324061321/https://variety.com/1993/digital/news/jungle-blooms-beats-beast-in-o-seas-video-116654/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Overseas sales reached 14.8 million units by January 1994, becoming the bestselling international VHS release in overseas markets, including sales of 4.9 million units in the United Kingdom, 4.3 million in Germany, and 1.2 million in France.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1994/BB-1994-01-22.pdf |title=Billboard |date=January 22, 1994 |access-date=January 7, 2017}}</ref> By August 1994, it had sold 15 million units in international overseas markets,<ref>{{cite news|title=Home Video {{mdash}} VIDBITS 'Philadelphia'|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/08/04/x-x-x-Home-Video-VIDBITS-Philadelphia/8894775972800/|work=[[United Press International]]|date=August 4, 1994|access-date=May 30, 2018|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141129/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/08/04/x-x-x-Home-Video-VIDBITS-Philadelphia/8894775972800/|url-status=live}}</ref> bringing worldwide sales to {{#expr:9.5+15}} million units by 1994. As of 2002, ''The Jungle Book'' held the record for the bestselling home video release in the United Kingdom, ahead of ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'', which sold 4.8 million units.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=New Line's Film Runs 'Rings' Around Video Competition |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=August 31, 2002 |volume=114 |issue=35 |page=83 |issn=0006-2510 |publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8AwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA83 |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=June 11, 2018 |archive-date=June 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603103000/https://books.google.com/books?id=8AwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
It was reissued on video on October 14, 1997 as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection for the film's 30th anniversary.<ref name=after/> That one was [[THX]] certified and featured an exclusive documentary.<ref>{{cite news |last=Price |first=Michael H. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-republican-jungle-book-rates-anoth/154476659/ |title='Jungle Book' rates another look<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002211935/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-republican-jungle-book-rates-anoth/154476659/ |date=October 16, 1997 |access-date=October 2, 2024 |archive-date=October 2, 2024 |page=50 |publisher=[[The Republican (Springfield, Massachusetts)|The Republican]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |url-status=live}} {{Open access}}</ref> A Limited Issue DVD was released by [[Buena Vista Home Entertainment]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdizzy.com/junglebook.html|title=The Jungle Book DVD Review|publisher=Ultimate Disney|access-date=September 8, 2011|archive-date=August 31, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831144310/http://www.dvdizzy.com/junglebook.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released once again as a 2-disc Platinum Edition DVD on October 2, 2007, to commemorate its 40th anniversary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/10/04/disney-cracks-open-the-jungle-book-again|title=Disney Cracks Open The Jungle Book Again|first=Cindy|last=White|date=October 4, 2007|website=IGN|access-date=September 8, 2011|archive-date=October 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025183634/http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/10/04/disney-cracks-open-the-jungle-book-again|url-status=live}}</ref> Its release was accompanied by a limited 18-day run at Disney's own [[El Capitan Theatre]] in Los Angeles, with the opening night featuring a panel with composer Richard Sherman and voice actors Bruce Reitherman, Darlene Carr, and Chad Stuart.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329081719/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/features/?id=2384&p=.htm|archive-date=March 29, 2010|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/features/?id=2384&p=.htm|title='Jungle Book' Opens in Hollywood|first=Scott|last=Holleran|date=September 14, 2007|access-date=October 19, 2012}}</ref> The Platinum DVD was put on [[Disney Vault|moratorium]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/01/13/disney-vault-shuts|title=Disney Vault Shuts|first=David|last=McCutcheon|date=January 13, 2010|website=IGN|access-date=September 8, 2011|archive-date=February 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220133051/http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/01/13/disney-vault-shuts|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released in a [[Blu-ray]], DVD, and Digital Copy Combo pack on February 11, 2014, as part of Disney's Diamond Edition line.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.insidethemagic.net/2014/02/review-the-jungle-book-blu-ray-brings-home-much-more-than-bare-necessities-with-funny-heartfelt-features/ | title=Review: "The Jungle Book" Blu-ray brings home much more than bare necessities with funny, heartfelt features | work=InsideTheMagic | date=February 11, 2014 | access-date=February 21, 2014 | author=Brigante, Ricky | archive-date=February 26, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226025332/http://www.insidethemagic.net/2014/02/review-the-jungle-book-blu-ray-brings-home-much-more-than-bare-necessities-with-funny-heartfelt-features/ | url-status=live}}</ref> The Diamond Edition release went back into the Disney Vault on January 31, 2017. In the United States, the DVD and Blu-ray releases sold 12 million units between 2007 and 2016, and have grossed {{US$|304 million|long=no}} as of August 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Jungle Book (1967) - Financial Information |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Jungle-Book-The-(1967) |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=August 27, 2018 |archive-date=November 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125074021/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Jungle-Book-The-(1967) |url-status=live}}</ref> A Limited Edition from Disney Movie Club was released on Blu-ray and DVD combo on March 26, 2019. The film was re-released on Blu-ray, DVD, and Digital Copy on February 22, 2022, in honor of the film's 55th anniversary.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jungle Book, The Feature|website=Amazon|url=https://www.amazon.com/The-Jungle-Book-Blu-ray/dp/B09NGTP524}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
===Critical response===<br />
''The Jungle Book'' received positive reviews upon release, undoubtedly influenced by a nostalgic reaction to the death of Walt Disney.{{sfn|Maltin|1995|page=255}} ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine noted the film strayed far from the Kipling stories, but "[n]evertheless, the result is thoroughly delightful...it is the happiest possible way to remember Walt Disney".<ref>{{cite magazine|title=New Movies: The Jungle Book|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,841219,00.html|magazine=Time|page=90|date=January 19, 1968|access-date=January 2, 2019|archive-date=May 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502132657/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,841219,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Howard Thompson (film critic)|Howard Thompson]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' praised the film as "simple, uncluttered, straight-forward fun, as put together by the director, Wolfgang Reitherman, four screen writers and the usual small army of technicians. Using some lovely exotic pastel backgrounds and a nice clutch of tunes, the picture unfolds like an intelligent comic-strip fairy tale".<ref name="ArrivesJustInTime" /> [[Richard Schickel]], reviewing for ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine, referred to it as "the best thing of its kind since ''[[Dumbo]]'', another short, bright, unscary and blessedly uncultivated cartoon".<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Schickel|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Schickel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11|title=Walt's Good&nbsp;– and Bad&nbsp;– Goodbye|page=11|magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]]|date=January 5, 1968|access-date=October 27, 2011|via=Google Books|archive-date=June 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629000006/http://books.google.com/books?id=cUoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Charles Champlin]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' wrote the film was "really, really good Disney indeed, and nobody needs to say a great deal more".<ref>{{cite news |last=Champlin |first=Charles |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84824358/charles-champlins-review-of-the/ |title=Disney Craft Flavor for 'Jungle Book' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906150958/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84824528/charles-champlins-review-of-the/ |date=October 18, 1967 |archive-date=September 6, 2021 |work=Los Angeles Times |at=Part V, pp. 1, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84824528/charles-champlins-review-of-the/ 13] |via=Newspapers.com |url-status=live}} {{Open access}}</ref> Arthur D. Murphy of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' gave the film a favorable review while noting that "the story development is restrained" and that younger audiences "may squirm at times".<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Murphy|first=Arthur D.|url=https://variety.com/1966/film/reviews/the-jungle-book-1200421257/|title=Film Reviews: The Jungle Book|magazine=Variety|date=October 4, 1967|access-date=January 1, 2019|archive-date=March 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315200013/http://variety.com/1966/film/reviews/the-jungle-book-1200421257/|url-status=live}}</ref> The song "The Bare Necessities" was nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] at the [[40th Academy Awards]], losing to "Talk to the Animals" from ''[[Doctor Dolittle (1967 film)|Doctor Dolittle]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1968 |title=1968 Oscars Nominees |publisher=Oscars.org |date=January 29, 2010 |access-date=March 3, 2014 |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819135057/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1968 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] president [[Gregory Peck]] lobbied extensively for the film to be nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]], but was unsuccessful.<ref name=empire>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/50-disney-films/ |title=Your Guide To Disney's 50 Animated Features |magazine=Empire |date=January 29, 2010 |access-date=March 3, 2014 |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305143747/http://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/50-disney-films/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Retrospective reviews were also positive, with the film's animation, characters and music receiving much praise throughout the years. On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film received an [[approval rating]] of {{RT data|score}} based on {{RT data|count}} reviews, with an average rating of {{RT data|average}}. The site's critical consensus reads: "With expressive animation, fun characters, and catchy songs, ''The Jungle Book'' endures as a crowd-pleasing Disney classic".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1031385-jungle_book|title=The Jungle Book (1967)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|access-date={{RT data|access date}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204155403/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1031385_jungle_book|archive-date=December 4, 2017|url-status=live}}{{RT data|edit}}</ref> In 1990, when the film had its last theatrical re-release, [[Ken Tucker]] of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' considered that ''The Jungle Book'' "isn't a classic Walt Disney film on the order of, say, ''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]'' or ''[[Pinocchio (1940 film)|Pinocchio]]'', but it's one of Disney's liveliest and funniest".<ref>{{cite news|last=Tucker|first=Ken|url=http://www.ew.com/article/1990/08/03/jungle-book|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|title=Movie Review: The Jungle Book|date=August 3, 1990|access-date=June 15, 2015|archive-date=October 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006211542/http://www.ew.com/article/1990/08/03/jungle-book|url-status=live}}</ref> Charles Solomon, reviewing for the ''Los Angeles Times'', thought the film's animators were "near the height of their talents" and the resulting film "remains a high-spirited romp that will delight children—and parents weary of action films with body counts that exceed their box-office grosses".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-13-ca-42-story.html|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|first=Charles|last=Solomon|title=MOVIE REVIEW: Kipling Reconditioned in Walt Disney's 'The Jungle Book'|date=July 13, 1990|access-date=November 16, 2011|archive-date=July 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714201058/http://articles.latimes.com/1990-07-13/entertainment/ca-42_1_jungle-book|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' described the film as one that "gets pretty much everything right", noting that the vibrant animation and catchy songs overcame the plot deficiencies.<ref name=empire /><br />
<br />
[[Colin Greenland]] reviewed ''The Jungle Book'' for ''[[Imagine (game magazine)|Imagine]]'' magazine, and stated that "the last film the old boy worked on himself and I reckon the last good animated feature in his traditional mode – not least because of some rather jolly jazz which, legend has it, Walt himself resisted, and was added after his death".<ref name="Imagine9">{{cite journal |last=Greenland |first=Colin |authorlink=Colin Greenland |title=Film Review |journal=[[Imagine (AD&D magazine)|Imagine]] |issue=9 |page=45 |publisher=TSR Hobbies (UK), Ltd. |date=December 1983}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Criticism of racist presentations===<br />
There has been criticism of the portrayal of King Louie, whom some have viewed as a racist caricature of [[African Americans]].<ref name="forbes-13nov2019">{{cite web|last=Voytko|first=Lisette|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lisettevoytko/2019/11/13/here-are-5-movies-disney-plus-put-cultural-warnings-on/|title=Here Are 5 Movies Disney Plus Put 'Cultural' Warnings On|website=[[Forbes]]|date=November 13, 2019|access-date=March 4, 2022}}</ref> However, this was not the filmmakers' intention as the character and mannerisms of King Louie were largely based on his voice actor, Louis Prima, a well-known [[Italian American]] jazz musician and performer, who would have been instantly recognizable to audiences during the late 1960s.<ref name="TheBareNecessities" />{{sfn|Hollis|Ehrbar|2011|pages=89-90}} While [[Louis Armstrong]] was briefly considered for the part, the filmmakers quickly steered away from that direction upon realizing the racist implications.<ref name="HitsForWaltDisney" /><br />
<br />
In 2019, Disney added disclaimers warning of "outdated cultural depictions" at the start of the film on [[Disney+]].<ref name="forbes-13nov2019"/> In January 2021, Disney removed access to the film for child profiles in Disney+, and strengthened the warning message to read: <blockquote>This program includes negative depictions and/or mistreatment of people or cultures. These stereotypes were wrong then and are wrong now. Rather than remove this content, we want to acknowledge its harmful impact, learn from it and spark conversation to create a more inclusive future together.<ref name="verge-27jan2021">{{cite web|last=Stephen|first=Bijan|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/27/22253052/disney-racist-films-movies-dumbo-peter-pan-aristocats-jungle-book|title=Disney pulls some movies from Disney Plus Kids profiles because they feature racist stereotypes|website=[[The Verge]]|date=January 27, 2021|access-date=March 4, 2022}}</ref></blockquote>However, after Disney received criticism for their more aggressive treatment of their classic titles, in 2025 the warning was significantly shortened and the movie is available on G rated profiles that are not set to "Junior Mode".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-12 |title=Disney to Diminish Content Warnings Shown Before Classic Films |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/12/movies/disney-content-warnings-language.html |access-date=2025-10-19 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
{{main|The Jungle Book (franchise)}}<br />
<br />
Since its original release in 1967, ''The Jungle Book'' has been widely acclaimed by the animation industry, with animators such as [[Brad Bird]], [[Andreas Deja]], [[Glen Keane]], and [[Sergio Pablos]] citing the film to be their inspiration for entering the business;<ref name="TheLureOfTheJungleBook">{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgvqCBGfvIs|title=The Lure of The Jungle Book|type=Documentary film|publisher=[[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]]|location=''The Jungle Book'' Platinum Edition DVD|year=2007|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> [[Eric Goldberg (animator)|Eric Goldberg]] also declared that the film "boasts possibly the best character animation a studio has ever done."{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=191}} The character design and art direction of ''The Jungle Book'' heavily influenced the animators of ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]'' (1992), ''[[The Lion King]]'' (1994), ''[[Tarzan (1999 film)|Tarzan]]'' (1999), and ''[[Lilo & Stitch]]'' (2002) in creating animal characters for each of these films.<ref name="TheLureOfTheJungleBook" /> Elements of ''The Jungle Book'' were recycled in the later Disney feature film ''[[Robin Hood (1973 film)|Robin Hood]]'' (1973),<ref>{{cite web |last=Hill |first=Jim |title=Why For? |url=https://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/jim_hill/archive/2005/03/17/562.aspx |work=Jim Hill Media |date=March 17, 2005 |access-date=December 11, 2019 |archive-date=June 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603102947/https://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2005/03/18/562.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> such as Baloo being inspiration for [[Little John]] (who not only was a bear, but also voiced by Phil Harris); in particular, the dance sequence between Baloo and King Louie was [[Rotoscoping|rotoscoped]] for Little John and Lady Cluck's dance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Coffey |first=Kelly |title=Does Disney recycle animation drawings for multiple movies? |url=https://insidethemagic.net/2019/09/does-disney-recycle-animation-drawings-kc1/ |website=Inside the Magic |date=September 20, 2019 |access-date=August 14, 2020 |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005921/https://insidethemagic.net/2019/09/does-disney-recycle-animation-drawings-kc1/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Foster |first=Tim |title=Ten Things You May Not Know About Baloo and Bagheera |url=https://celebrationspress.com/2018/06/04/ten-things-you-may-not-know-about-baloo-and-bagheera/ |website=Celebrations Press |date=June 4, 2018 |access-date=August 14, 2020 |archive-date=June 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603102947/https://celebrationspress.com/2018/06/04/ten-things-you-may-not-know-about-baloo-and-bagheera/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1968, Jimmy Johnson approached Larry Clemmons to write a sequel to ''The Jungle Book'' for a story-telling record;{{sfn|Hollis|Ehrbar|2011|page=116}} the album, titled ''More Jungle Book... Further Adventures Of Baloo And Mowgli'', was released by [[Walt Disney Records|Disneyland Records]] the following year, with Phil Harris and Louis Prima reprising their film roles.{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=177}} In 2003, [[DisneyToon Studios]] released a theatrical sequel to the original film, ''[[The Jungle Book 2]]'';<ref>{{cite news|last=Fisher|first=Lise|date=February 11, 2003|title='The Jungle Book 2' premieres on Friday|url=https://www.gainesville.com/story/news/2003/02/12/the-jungle-book-2-premieres-on-friday/31627831007/|work=[[The Gainesville Sun]]|access-date=February 11, 2024}}</ref> screenwriter Robert Reece also [[Pitch (filmmaking)|pitched]] the idea of a third film to Disney executives in 2005, but the project never materialized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animatedviews.com/2013/from-snow-queen-to-pinocchio-ii-robert-reeces-animated-adventures-in-screenwriting/|last=Armstrong|first=Josh|title=From ''Snow Queen'' to ''Pinocchio II'': Robert Reece's animated adventures in screenwriting|work=Animated Views|access-date=April 24, 2013|date=April 22, 2013|archive-date=April 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416133218/http://animatedviews.com/2013/from-snow-queen-to-pinocchio-ii-robert-reeces-animated-adventures-in-screenwriting/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1978, a live-action sketch titled ''The Wonderful World of Ernie'' from ''[[Morecambe and Wise]]'' parodied "[[I Wan'na Be Like You (The Monkey Song)]]" by doing a full reenactment of the scene with sets and costumes and lip-synching to the song's original recording (including the characters' spoken dialogue in the middle of the song). The sketch starred Danny Rolnick as [[Mowgli]], [[Derek Griffiths]] as [[Bagheera]], [[Eric Morecambe]] as [[Baloo]] and [[Ernie Wise]] as [[King Louie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6nDKP4rEIU|title=Morecambe&Wise - The Jungle Book - I Wanna Be Like You - Disney spoof|website=YouTube|date=December 14, 2011|access-date=September 8, 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
The characters from the film have also appeared on animated television series such as ''[[TaleSpin]]'' (1990–91)<ref>{{cite magazine|title=TaleSpin|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date=September 7, 1990|url=http://www.ew.com/article/1990/09/07/tale-spin/|access-date=October 19, 2010|archive-date=October 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006234421/http://www.ew.com/article/1990/09/07/tale-spin|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Jungle Cubs]]'' (1996–98), which functioned as a prequel that told the stories of Baloo, Hahti, Bagheera, Louie, Kaa, and Shere Khan when they were children.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-09-01-tv-39519-story.html | title=Reading, Writing and Reinventing Heroes | work=Los Angeles Times | date=September 1, 1996 | access-date=April 3, 2016 | first=Susan | last=King | archive-date=March 6, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306164601/http://articles.latimes.com/1996-09-01/news/tv-39519_1_animated-series | url-status=live}}</ref> In 1994, Disney released a [[The Jungle Book (1994 film)|live-action adaptation]] which was more of a realistic action-[[adventure film]] with somewhat more adult themes. The film differs more from the book than its animated counterpart, having been an [[independent film]] to which Disney acquired distribution rights in exchange for them providing half of the film's budget and funding.<ref name="variety1993a">{{cite news |last1=Frook |first1=John Evan |date=June 7, 1993 |title=Disney inks deal for new 'Jungle Book' |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/1993/film/news/disney-inks-deal-for-new-jungle-book-107535/ |access-date=August 25, 2022 }}</ref> The film received positive reviews from critics and was a box-office success. While Disney was not involved in the film's [[The Second Jungle Book: Mowgli & Baloo|prequel]], they produced a [[direct to video]] film entitled ''[[The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Are Films Using Names in Vain?|work=Los Angeles Times|date=May 26, 1997|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-05-26-ca-62611-story.html|access-date=November 22, 2010|first=Alexander|last=Nibley|archive-date=November 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103214325/http://articles.latimes.com/1997-05-26/entertainment/ca-62611_1_jungle-book|url-status=live}}</ref> A new [[List of remakes and adaptations of Disney animated films|live-action version]] of ''[[The Jungle Book (2016 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' was released by Disney in 2016, which even reused most of the songs of the animated film, with some lyrical reworking by original composer [[Richard M. Sherman]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jon Favreau brings 21st century technology to Rudyard Kipling's 1894 'The Jungle Book'|work=Los Angeles Times|date=January 8, 2016|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-ca-mn-sneaks-favreau-jungle-book-20160110-story.html|access-date=April 17, 2016|first=Rebecca|last=Keegan|archive-date=April 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417010402/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-ca-mn-sneaks-favreau-jungle-book-20160110-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are two video games based on the film: ''[[The Jungle Book (video game)|The Jungle Book]]'' was a [[platformer]] released in 1993 for [[Master System]], [[Mega Drive]], [[Game Gear]], [[Super NES]], [[Game Boy]] and [[Personal Computer|PC]]. A version for the [[Game Boy Advance]] was later released in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Jungle-Book-Sega-Genesis/dp/B000035XPD |title=Jungle Book – Sega Genesis: Video Games |website=Amazon |access-date=March 3, 2014 |archive-date=July 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706112637/http://www.amazon.com/Jungle-Book-Sega-Genesis/dp/B000035XPD |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Jungle Book Groove Party]]'' was a [[dance mat]] game released in 2000 for [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] and [[PlayStation 2]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/just-cause-3-adds-multiplayer-with-this-free-new-m/1100-6446714/ |title=Jungle Book Rhythm N'Groove Hands-On |website=GameSpot |last=Strohm |first=Axel |date=May 17, 2006 |access-date=January 7, 2017 |archive-date=January 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110075610/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/just-cause-3-adds-multiplayer-with-this-free-new-m/1100-6446714/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/ubi-soft-to-release-two-jungle-book-games/1100-2910356/ |title=Ubi Soft to release two Jungle Book games |website=GameSpot |last=Varanini |first=Giancarlo |date=February 7, 2003 |access-date=January 7, 2017 |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819154100/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/ubi-soft-to-release-two-jungle-book-games/1100-2910356/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kaa]] and [[Shere Khan]] have also made cameo appearances in another Disney video game, ''[[QuackShot]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/10/23/quackshot-retro-review |title=QuackShot Retro Review |website=IGN |date=October 23, 2008 |access-date=March 3, 2014 |archive-date=June 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613202401/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/10/23/quackshot-retro-review |url-status=live}}</ref> A world based on the film was intended to appear more than once in the [[Square Enix]]-[[Disney]] ''[[Kingdom Hearts]]'' video game series, but was omitted both times, first in [[Kingdom Hearts (video game)|the first game]] because it featured a similar world based on ''[[Tarzan (1999 film)|Tarzan]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.videogamesblogger.com/2006/08/11/kingdom-hearts-ii-tetsuya-nomura-interview.htm |title=Kingdom Hearts II Tetsuya Nomura interview |date=August 11, 2006 |first=Ferry |last=Groenendijk |website=Video Game Blogger |access-date=July 21, 2007 |archive-date=February 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204001430/http://www.videogamesblogger.com/2006/08/11/kingdom-hearts-ii-tetsuya-nomura-interview.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> and second in ''[[Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep]]'', although areas of the world are accessible via hacking codes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whatculture.com/gaming/kingdom-hearts-iii-7-awesome-disney-worlds-it-must-include.php/5 |title=Kingdom Hearts III: 7 Awesome Disney Worlds It Must Include |first=Christopher |last=McGeorge |website=What Culture |date=September 26, 2013 |access-date=July 21, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612011227/http://whatculture.com/gaming/kingdom-hearts-iii-7-awesome-disney-worlds-it-must-include.php/5 |archive-date=June 12, 2014}}</ref> [[Baloo]] and [[Mowgli]] appear as interactive characters in [[Adventureland (Disney)|Adventureland]] on ''[[Kinect: Disneyland Adventures]]'' released in 2011 and re-released in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YES2P5HP1a4|title=Disneyland Adventures! - Gameplay Walkthrough - Mowgl - Part 22|website=YouTube|date=November 2, 2021|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref> Mowgli, Bagheera, Baloo, Shere Khan and King Louie appear as playable characters in the video game ''[[Disney Magic Kingdoms]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ7X8p4Q688 |title=Update 12: The Lion King {{!}} Livestream|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=June 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqDA-AYDO5g |title=Update 14: The Jungle Book {{!}} Trailer|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=September 27, 2017}}</ref> [[Baloo]] appears as a [[Player character|playable character]] in ''Disney Mirrorverse'' released in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OS-kHSQvu-U|title=Baloo (Jungle Book) Gameplay In Disney's Mirrorverse Game ios|website=YouTube|date=June 27, 2022|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref> [[Baloo]] and [[Mowgli]] appear as a [[Player character|playable characters]] in the [[kart racing game]] ''Disney Speedstorm'' released in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://disneyspeedstorm.com/|title=Disney Speedstorm: The Ultimate Disney Racing Experience|website= Disney Speedstorm Official Website|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref> Since the film's release, many of the film's characters appeared in ''[[House of Mouse]]'', ''[[The Lion King 1½]]'', ''[[Who Framed Roger Rabbit]]'', and ''[[Aladdin and the King of Thieves]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiewire.com/2013/03/5-things-you-might-not-know-about-who-framed-roger-rabbit-100740/ |title=5 Things You Might Not Know About 'Who Framed Roger Rabbit' |work=[[IndieWire]] |last=Lyttelton |first=Oliver |date=March 14, 2013 |access-date=March 3, 2014 |archive-date=June 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614073916/http://www.indiewire.com/2013/03/5-things-you-might-not-know-about-who-framed-roger-rabbit-100740/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2010, a piece of artwork by British artist [[Banksy]] featuring ''The Jungle Book'' characters which had been commissioned by [[Greenpeace]] to help raise awareness of deforestation went on sale for the sum of £80,000.<ref name="Marc Rath">{{cite news|url=http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Controversial-Banksy-art-bound-auction/story-11247344-detail/story.html|title=Controversial Jungle Book artwork by Banksy bound for auction|last=Marc Rath|first=Marc|date=December 17, 2010|work=Evening Post|publisher=Bristol Evening Post|page=1|access-date=December 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007173147/http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Controversial-Banksy-art-bound-auction/story-11247344-detail/story.html |archive-date=October 7, 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Exhibition===<br />
A behind-the-scenes exhibition titled ''Walt Disney's The Jungle Book: Making a Masterpiece'', guest-curated by [[Andreas Deja]], took place at [[Walt Disney Family Museum|The Walt Disney Family Museum]] from June 23, 2022, to January 8, 2023. The event celebrated the film's 55th anniversary by displaying over 600 pieces of rare artwork, manuscripts, photos, animation drawings and cels as well as ephemera. It also detailed the entire story of the film's production, its release and the worldwide recognition it has earned through the years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.waltdisney.org/jungle-book|title=Walt Disney's The Jungle Book: Making a Masterpiece|website= The Walt Disney Family Museum|access-date=May 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HonZszwE8nE|title=Walt Disney's The Jungle Book: Making a Masterpiece Preparation Sneak Peek|website= The Walt Disney Family Museum|date=June 15, 2022|access-date=June 16, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxpiZh7iDGk|title=Making of Walt Disney's The Jungle Book: Making a Masterpiece|website= The Walt Disney Family Museum|date=October 6, 2022|access-date=October 6, 2022}}</ref> A Members Only Preview which included a special talk with [[Andreas Deja]], [[Bruce Reitherman]], [[Darleen Carr]] and [[Floyd Norman]] took place on June 22, 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.waltdisney.org/education/special-events/members-only-preview-walt-disneys-jungle-book-making-masterpiece-member|title=Members Only Preview: Walt Disney's The Jungle Book: Making a Masterpiece Member Preview Night|website=The Walt Disney Family Museum|access-date=June 23, 2022}}</ref> An extensive companion book, ''Walt Disney's The Jungle Book: Making a Masterpiece'', also written by Deja, was originally slated to be published by Weldon Owen on September 20, 2022,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bookdepository.com/es/walt-disneys-jungle-book-andreas-deja/9781681888934|title=Walt Disney's The Jungle Book: Andreas Deja|website=Book Depository|access-date=May 7, 2022}}</ref> before it was changed to November 1.{{sfn|Deja|2022|page=192}}<br />
<br />
Special screenings of the film took place at the museum's theater from July 2 to July 31, 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.waltdisney.org/education/films/jungle-book-1967|title=The Jungle Book (1967)|website= The Walt Disney Family Museum|access-date=July 5, 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Disney|Cartoon|Animation|Film|1960s}}<br />
* [[1967 in film]]<br />
* [[List of American films of 1967]]<br />
* [[List of animated feature films of the 1960s]]<br />
* [[List of highest-grossing films]]<br />
* [[List of highest-grossing animated films]]<br />
* [[List of highest-grossing films in France]]<br />
* [[List of Walt Disney Pictures films]]<br />
* [[List of Disney theatrical animated features]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<!-- DO NOT REMOVE THESE NOTES --><br />
{{refbegin}} <br />
# {{note|1}} In 2003, ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' listed the worldwide gross for ''The Jungle Book'' at $378 million.<ref name="ToonedIn"/> It also listed the North American gross at $128 million, which is lower than the reported estimate at $141 million.<ref name=mojo /><br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
{{Refbegin|33em}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Beck |first=Jerry |title=The Animated Movie Guide |year=2005 |publisher=[[Chicago Review Press]] |isbn=978-1-5565-2591-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/animatedmoviegui0000beck_f1r9 |url-access=registration}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Barrier |first=Michael |title=Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age |url=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodcartoon00barr |year=1999 |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-1980-2079-0 |url-access=registration}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Barrier |first=Michael |title=The Animated Man: A Life of Walt Disney |url=https://archive.org/details/animatedmanlifeo00barr |year=2007 |location=[[Berkeley, California]] |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-5202-5619-4 |url-access=registration}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Deja |first=Andreas |title=Walt Disney's The Jungle Book: Making a Masterpiece |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eaOSEAAAQBAJ |year=2022 |location=[[Richmond, California]] |publisher=Weldon Owen |isbn=978-1-6818-8893-4}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Hollis |first1=Tim |last2=Ehrbar |first2=Greg |title=Mouse Tracks: The Story of Walt Disney Records |year=2011 |location=[[Jackson, Mississippi]] |publisher=[[University Press of Mississippi]] |isbn=978-1-578068-49-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGdpWCTdb-IC}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Jimmy |title=Inside the Whimsy Works: My Life with Walt Disney Productions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwSiDwAAQBAJ |location=[[Jackson, Mississippi]] |publisher=[[University Press of Mississippi]] |isbn=978-1-6170-3930-0 |year=2014}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Koenig |first=David |title=Mouse Under Glass: Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks |url=https://archive.org/details/mouseunderglasss0000koen |location=[[Aliso Viejo, California]] |publisher=Bonaventure Press |isbn=978-0-9640-6051-7 |year=1997 |url-access=registration}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Maltin |first=Leonard |author-link=Leonard Maltin |title=The Disney Films |url=https://archive.org/details/disneyfilms0000malt |year=1995 |location=[[Glendale, California]] |publisher=[[Disney Publishing Worldwide|Disney Editions]] |isbn=978-0-7868-8527-5 |url-access=registration}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Norman |first=Floyd |title=Animated Life: A Lifetime of Tips, Tricks, Techniques and Stories from a Disney Legend |url=https://archive.org/details/animatedlifelife0000norm |location=[[Boca Raton, Florida]] |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-1-1361-2637-6 |year=2013 |url-access=registration}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Peet |first=Bill |title=Bill Peet: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/billpeetautobiog00peet |url-access=registration |location=[[Boston]] |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |isbn=978-0-3956-8982-0 |year=1989}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Dave |title=Disney Trivia from the Vault: Secrets Revealed and Questions Answered |url=https://archive.org/details/disneytriviafrom0000smit/mode/2up |location=[[Glendale, California]] |publisher=[[Disney Publishing Worldwide|Disney Editions]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4231-7857-6 |url-access=registration}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Bob |title=Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse To Hercules |url=https://archive.org/details/disneysartofanim0000thom_c5f8/mode/2up |location=[[Glendale, California]] |publisher=[[Disney Publishing Worldwide|Disney Editions]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7868-6241-2 |url-access=registration}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Frank |last2=Johnston |first2=Ollie |title=Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life |year=1981 |location=[[New York City]] |publisher=[[Abbeville Publishing Group|Abbeville Press]] |isbn=978-0-7868-6070-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheIllusionOfLifeDisneyAnimation/mode/2up |url-access=registration}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Webb |first=Graham |title=The Animated Film Encyclopedia: A Complete Guide to American Shorts, Features and Sequences, 1900-1999 |url=https://archive.org/details/animatedfilmency0000webb |url-access=registration |location=[[Jefferson, North Carolina]] |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7864-4985-9}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Pat |last2=Denney |first2=James |title=How to Be Like Walt: Capturing the Disney Magic Every Day of Your Life |url=https://archive.org/details/howtobelikewalt0000will/mode/2up |url-access=registration |location=[[Deerfield Beach, Florida]] |publisher=Health Communications Inc |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7573-0231-2}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|The Jungle Book (1967 film)}}<br />
{{Wikiquote|The Jungle Book (1967 film)}}<br />
* {{Official website|https://movies.disney.com/the-jungle-book-1967}}<br />
* {{IMDb title|0061852|The Jungle Book}}<br />
* {{TCMDb title|79989|The Jungle Book}}<br />
* {{Rotten-tomatoes|1031385-jungle_book|The Jungle Book}}<br />
* {{Mojo title|junglebook}}<br />
<br />
{{Disney theatrical animated features}}<br />
{{The Jungle Book}}<br />
{{Navboxes|list1=<br />
{{Wolfgang Reitherman}}<br />
{{Sherman Brothers}}<br />
{{Walt Disney Animation Studios}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jungle Book (1967)}}<br />
[[Category:1960s buddy films]]<br />
[[Category:1960s children's adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:1960s children's animated films]]<br />
[[Category:1960s children's fantasy films]]<br />
[[Category:1960s fantasy adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:1960s fantasy comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:1967 American animated films]]<br />
[[Category:1967 children's films]]<br />
[[Category:1967 English-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1967 fantasy films]]<br />
[[Category:1967 films]]<br />
[[Category:1967 musical comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:American animated feature films]]<br />
[[Category:American children's animated adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:American children's animated fantasy films]]<br />
[[Category:American children's animated musical films]]<br />
[[Category:American fantasy adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:American fantasy comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:American musical comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Animated buddy films]]<br />
[[Category:Animated films about bears]]<br />
[[Category:Animated films about big cats]]<br />
[[Category:Animated films about birds]]<br />
[[Category:Animated films about elephants]]<br />
[[Category:Animated films about friendship]]<br />
[[Category:Animated films about monkeys]]<br />
[[Category:Animated films about orangutans]]<br />
[[Category:Animated films about orphans]]<br />
[[Category:Animated films about snakes]]<br />
[[Category:Animated films about talking animals]]<br />
[[Category:Animated films about tigers]]<br />
[[Category:Animated films based on children's books]]<br />
[[Category:Animated films based on works by Rudyard Kipling]]<br />
[[Category:Animated films set in India]]<br />
[[Category:Animated films set in jungles]]<br />
[[Category:Animated films set in palaces]]<br />
[[Category:Animated films set in the 19th century]]<br />
[[Category:English-language fantasy adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:English-language fantasy comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:English-language musical comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films adapted into comics]]<br />
[[Category:Films adapted into television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on The Jungle Book]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Wolfgang Reitherman]]<br />
[[Category:Films produced by Walt Disney]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by George Bruns]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Ken Anderson]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Larry Clemmons]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Ralph Wright]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Vance Gerry]]<br />
[[Category:Musicals by the Sherman Brothers]]<br />
[[Category:Rotoscoped films]]<br />
[[Category:The Jungle Book (franchise)]]<br />
[[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanpur_Graduates_constituency&diff=508311Kanpur Graduates constituency2026-05-04T15:11:01Z<p>Aniketdigi: Created Basic Details Added Tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Unreferenced|date=May 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br />
'''Kanpur Graduates Constituency''' is one of 100 Legislative Council seats in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. This constituency covers [[Kanpur Nagar]], [[Kanpur Dehat]] and [[Unnao]] district.<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Council ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Name<br />
! colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
| 1916<br />
| rowspan=3|Rai Bahadur Anand Swarup<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=17|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1922<br />
|-<br />
| 1928<br />
|-<br />
| 1932<br />
| rowspan=4|Rai Bahadur Dr. Brijendra Swarup<br />
|-<br />
| 1938<br />
|-<br />
| 1944<br />
|-<br />
| 1950<br />
|-<br />
| 1956<br />
| rowspan=4|[[Virendra Swarup|Dr. Virendra Swarup]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1962<br />
|-<br />
| 1968<br />
|-<br />
| 1974<br />
|-<br />
| 1980<br />
| rowspan=6|[[Jagendra Swarup]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1986<br />
|-<br />
| 1992<br />
|-<br />
|| 1998<br />
|-<br />
| 2004<br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
|-<br />
| 2015*<br />
| rowspan=3|[[Arun Pathak (politician)|Arun Pathak]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
* *By Election in January 2015.<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|U. P. Legislative Council Election, 2023]]: [[Kanpur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Arun Pathak (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Arun Pathak]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 62,601<br />
|percentage = 81.72<br />
|change = {{increase}} 26.48<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Kamlesh Yadav<br />
|party = Samajwadi Party<br />
|votes = 9,316<br />
|percentage = 12.16<br />
|change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Neha Singh Sachan<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 2,380<br />
|percentage = 3.11<br />
|change = {{new}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Praveen Kumar Srivastava<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|votes = 311<br />
|percentage = 0.41<br />
|change = {{increase}} 0.26<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = None of the Above<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = ''N/A''<br />
|percentage = ''N/A''<br />
|change = {{decrease}} 0.07<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 53,285<br />
|percentage = 69.56<br />
|change = {{increase}} 57.12<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 76,608<br />
|percentage = 40.93<br />
|change = {{decrease}} 13.67<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = {{increase}} 26.48<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2017 === <br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|U. P. Legislative Council Election, 2017]]: [[Kanpur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Arun Pathak (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Arun Pathak]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 40,633<br />
|percentage = 55.24<br />
|change = {{increase}} 18.32<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Manvendra Swarup<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|votes = 31,479<br />
|percentage = 42.80<br />
|change = {{increase}} 8.55<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = None of the Above<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = 53<br />
|percentage = 0.07<br />
|change = {{decrease}} 0.03<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 9,154<br />
|percentage = 12.44<br />
|change = {{increase}} 9.77<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 73,551<br />
|percentage = 54.60<br />
|change = {{increase}} 24.16<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = {{increase}} 18.32<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2015 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=U.P. Legislative Council By Election, 2015: [[Kanpur]] }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Arun Pathak (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Arun Pathak]]<br />
|votes = 25,133<br />
|percentage = 36.92<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Manvendra Swarup<br />
|party = Independent (politician) <br />
|votes = 23,317<br />
|percentage = 34.25<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Dr. Vivek Dwivedi<br />
|votes = 10,242<br />
|percentage = 15.04<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Dr. Awdhesh Pratap Singh<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|votes = 4,933<br />
|percentage = 7.24<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Gyanendra Shukla<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|votes = 1,045<br />
|percentage = 1.53<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the Above<br />
|votes = 73<br />
|percentage = 0.10<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 1,816<br />
|percentage = 2.67<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 68,063<br />
|percentage = 30.44<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Independent politician<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Kanpur (Teachers constituency)]]<br />
* [[Kanpur Cantonment (Assembly constituency)]]<br />
* [[Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Graduates constituencies in India]]<br />
[[Category:Council constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahayuti&diff=514935Mahayuti2026-05-04T15:04:24Z<p>Aniketdigi: creating first details first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian political alliance}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}} <br />
{{Infobox political party<br />
| name = Maha Yuti<br />
| native_name = <br />
| logo = Mahayuti-ka-pratika.png<br />
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| foundation = {{start date and age|2014|12|4|df=yes}}<br />
| website = <br />
| country = India<br />
| abbreviation = MY<br />
| ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap|<br />
|[[National conservatism]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Prabhash |date=24 September 2020 |title=Narendra Modi's Nationalist-Populism in India and International Law |url=https://www.ejiltalk.org/narendra-modis-nationalist-populism-in-india-and-international-law/ |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=EJIL: Talk! |language=English}}</ref><br />
|[[Right-wing populism]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Amitabh |date=11 August 2022 |title=India at 75: How Modi's Rightwing Populism Threatens Democracy |url=https://progressive.org/latest/modi-rightwing-populism-india-75-pal-081122/ |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=Progressive.org |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
|'''Factions:'''<br />
|[[Hindutva]]<br />
|[[Secularism in India|Secularism (Indian)]]<ref>{{cite news|title='Ideology is secular, cannot compromise on it at all': Ajit Pawar stands firm on secularism, leaves CM question hanging in Mahayuti alliance|newspaper=Business Today |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/ideology-is-secular-cannot-compromise-on-it-at-all-ajit-pawar-stands-firm-on-secularism-leaves-cm-question-hanging-in-mahayuti-alliance-maharashtra-elections-2024-444665-2024-09-05 }}</ref><br />
|[[Hindu nationalism]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why the Far Right Rules Modi's India |url=https://jacobin.com/2024/03/bjp-far-right-modi-india |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=jacobin.com |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
| position = [[Big tent]]{{cref|A}}<br />
| seats2_title = [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
| seats2 = {{composition bar|17|48|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}}<br />
| seats1_title = [[Rajya Sabha]]<br />
| seats1 = {{composition bar|15|19|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}}<br />
| seats4_title = Seats in [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| seats4 = {{composition bar|237|288|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}}<br />
| seats3_title = Seats in [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]<br />
| seats3 = {{composition bar|40|78|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}}<br />
| colours = {{color box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|border=darkgray}} Saffron<br />
| native_name_lang = mr<br />
| eci = <br />
| leader = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]<br />([[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]) [[Eknath Shinde]]<br />([[List of Deputy Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]) [[Sunetra Pawar]]<br />([[List of Deputy Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])<br />
| president = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]<br />
| chairperson = [[Chandrakant Patil]]<br />
| leader2_title = [[Lok Sabha]] Leader<br />
| leader2_name = <br />
| leader1_title = [[Rajya Sabha]] Leader<br />
| leader1_name = <br />
| founders = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]<br />[[Uddhav Thackeray]]<br />[[Amit Shah]]<br />
| national = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br />
| regional = <br />
| symbol = <br />
| logo_upright = 1.15<br />
| logo_alt = <br />
| footnotes = {{cnote|A|The Alliance is described as a broad [[big tent]] alliance, with [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]], [[Far-right politics|far-right]] factions and [[centrist]] factions}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Mahayuti''' ({{Translation|Grand Alliance}};<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-18 |title='Mahayuti' to focus on winning 45 Lok Sabha seats in Maharashtra: CM Eknath Shinde |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mahayuti-to-focus-on-winning-45-lok-sabha-seats-in-maharashtra-cm-eknath-shinde/article67433019.ece |access-date=2024-11-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> abbreviated as '''MY'''), formed in 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2014 |title=2014 saw return of BJP-Sena regime in Maharashtra after 15 years |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/2014-saw-return-of-bjp-sena-regime-in-maharashtra-after-15-years/articleshow/45557876.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2 October 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> is a political coalition in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. Currently the alliance consists of three major parties — [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]] and [[Nationalist Congress Party]] - along with [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]], [[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]] and others.<br />
<br />
The [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-[[Shiv Sena]] partnership was particularly significant, as the two parties shared a long-standing ideological affinity. The alliance aimed to consolidate their combined strength by leveraging [[Shiv Sena]]'s regional influence and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'s national appeal.<br />
<br />
Under the Maha Yuti banner, the alliance achieved several notable successes, including winning the [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014 Maharashtra Assembly elections]] and securing 41 out of 48 [[2014 Indian general election|Lok Sabha]] seats in the state. However, internal tensions and disagreements over power-sharing led to [[Shiv Sena|Shiv Sena's]] departure in [[2019 Maharashtra political crisis|2019]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=ThePrint |date=11 November 2019 |title=Is Shiv Sena taking a huge political risk by separating from BJP in Maharashtra? |url=https://theprint.in/talk-point/is-shiv-sena-taking-a-huge-political-risk-by-separating-from-bjp-in-maharashtra/319338/ |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
The alliance was revived in 2022 following the dissolution of the [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]] government,<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2022 |title=Maharashtra: The political crisis brewing in India's richest state |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61891133 |access-date=2 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> resulting in a faction of [[Shiv Sena]] joining Maha Yuti alliance and forming the Government with [[Eknath Shinde]] from the rebel [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena (2022–Present)]] sworn in as the [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|chief minister]] and BJP's [[Devendra Fadnavis]] as [[Deputy Chief Minister|deputy chief minister]]. later in year [[2023 Nationalist Congress Party split|2023]] the [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] faction broke with one remaining in [[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]] while [[Ajit Pawar]] led faction joined MahaYuti Government with [[Ajit Pawar]] swearing in as second [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|deputy chief minister of Maharashtra]]. The MY alliance got a huge setback in [[2024 Indian general election in Maharashtra|2024 Lok Sabha Polls]] where it could only secure 17 out of 48 seats losing 24 sitting seats.{{fact|date=February 2026}}<br />
<br />
The MahaYuti won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] in a landslide, securing 235 seats. Two independents also lent support to the alliance, extending its tally to 237. Following the election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leader [[Devendra Fadnavis]] was sworn in as the [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|chief minister]] and Shiv Sena's [[Eknath Shinde]] and [[Ajit Pawar]] were sworn in as [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|deputy chief minister of Maharashtra]].{{fact|date=February 2026}}<br />
<br />
On 28 January 2026, Ajit Pawar died in a plane crash accident after which his wife [[Sunetra Pawar|Sunetra Ajit Pawar]] sworn in as the Deputy Chief Minister on 31 January 2026. Currently she serves alongside Eknath Shinde.<ref>{{Cite web |title=31.01.2026: Sunetra Pawar sworn in as Dy CM |url=https://rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in/en/gallery/31-01-2026-sunetra-pawar-sworn-in-as-dy-cm/ |website=Lokbhavan Maharashtra}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Current members==<br />
<br />
*Note: MPs in the [[Rajya Sabha]] And [[Lok Sabha]] only include those from Maharashtra seats<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
!Symbol<br />
![[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br />
![[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]<br />
![[Lok Sabha]]<br />
!style="width:125px;"|[[Rajya Sabha]]<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor={{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]}}|<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|[[File:Lotus_flower_symbol.svg|50px]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|131|288|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|22|78|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|9|48|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|8|19|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor={{Party color|Shiv Sena}}|<br />
|[[Shiv Sena]]<br />
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Bow_And_Arrow2.svg|50px]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|57|288|{{Party color|Shiv Sena }}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|8|78|{{Party color|Shiv Sena }}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|7|48|{{Party color|Shiv Sena }}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|19|{{Party color|Shiv Sena }}}}<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=#FFC0CB|<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br />
|[[File:Nationalist_Congress_Party_Election_Symbol.png|50px]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|40|288|#FFC0CB}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|7|78|#FFC0CB}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|48|#FFC0CB}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|4|19|#FFC0CB}}<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor={{Party color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}|<br />
|[[Jan Surajya Shakti]]<br />
|<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|288|{{Party color|Communist Party of India}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|78|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|48|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|19|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor={{Party color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}|<br />
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]<br />
|<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|288|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|78|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|48|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|19|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=Salmon|<br />
|[[Rajendra Patil Yadravkar|Rajarshi Shahu Vikas Aghadi]]<br />
|<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|288|{{Party color|Communist Party of India}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|78|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|48|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|19|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=blue|<br />
|[[Ravi Rana|Rashtriya Yuva Swabhiman Party]]<br />
|<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|288|{{Party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|78|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|48|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|19|{{Party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}}} <br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor={{Party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}|<br />
|[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]<br />
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol sugarcane farmer.png|50px]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|288|{{Party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|78|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|48|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|19|{{Party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}}}<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor={{Party color|Independent}}|<br />
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]<br />
|<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|288|{{Party color|Independent}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|3|78|{{Party color|Independent}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|48|{{Party color|Independent}}}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|19|{{Party color|Independent}}}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" |'''Total'''<br />
!{{Composition bar|235|288|{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}}<br />
!{{Composition bar|40|78|{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}}<br />
!{{Composition bar|17|48|{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}}<br />
!{{Composition bar|15|19|{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Electoral Performance==<br />
===Lok Sabha Election===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! style="background-color:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"| Year<br />
! style="background-color:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"| Seats won<br />
! style="background-color:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"| +/-<br />
! style="background-color:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"| Voteshare (%)<br />
! style="background-color:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"| +/- (%)<br />
! style="background-color:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"| Popular vote<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election in Maharashtra|2024]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|17|48|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{Decrease}} 24<br />
|43.55%<br />
|{{decrease}} 7.79%<br />
|24,812,627<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Maharashtra Assembly Election Results=== <br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
! style="background-color:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;|Year<br />
! style="background-color:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|Seats won<br />
! style="background-color:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|+/-<br />
! style="background-color:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|Voteshare (%)<br />
! style="background-color:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|+/- (%)<br />
! style="background-color:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|Popular vote<br />
! style="background-color:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|Status<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|237|288|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 94<br />
|49.30%<br />
|{{increase}} 7.14%<br />
|31,849,405<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===List of Lok Sabha members===<br />
{{Main|List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
!#<br />
!Constituency<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Jalgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Jalgaon]]<br />
|[[Smita Wagh]]<br />
|{{party name with color|BJP}}<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency|Buldhana]]<br />
|[[Prataprao Jadhav]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagpur]]<br />
|[[Nitin Gadkari]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency|Raigad]]<br />
|[[Sunil Tatkare]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Hatkanangle Lok Sabha constituency|Hatkanangle]]<br />
|[[Dhairyasheel Sambhajirao Mane|Dhairyasheel Mane]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Thane Lok Sabha constituency|Thane]]<br />
|[[Naresh Mhaske]]<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Kalyan Lok Sabha constituency|Kalyan]]<br />
|[[Shrikant Shinde]]<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Aurangabad, Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]<br />
|[[Sandipanrao Bhumre|Sandipan Bhumre]]<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|[[Mumbai North West Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North-West]]<br />
|[[Ravindra Waikar]]<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|[[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North]]<br />
|[[Piyush Goyal]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|[[Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg Lok Sabha constituency|Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg]]<br />
|[[Narayan Rane]]<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|[[Satara Lok Sabha constituency|Satara]]<br />
|[[Udayanraje Bhosale]]<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|[[Raver Lok Sabha constituency|Raver]]<br />
|[[Raksha Khadse]]<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|[[Pune Lok Sabha constituency|Pune]]<br />
|[[Murlidhar Mohol]]<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|[[Maval Lok Sabha constituency|Maval]]<br />
|[[Shrirang Barne]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|[[Akola Lok Sabha constituency|Akola]]<br />
|[[Anup Dhotre]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|[[Palghar Lok Sabha constituency|Palghar]]<br />
|[[Hemant Savara]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===List of Rajya Sabha members===<br />
{{Main|List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!#<br />
! style="width:200px" | Name<br />
!colspan="2"| Party<br />
!Term start<br />
!Term end<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Vinod Tawde]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}<br />
|03-Apr-2026<br />
|02-Apr-2032<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|Maya Ivnate<br />
|03-Apr-2026<br />
|02-Apr-2032<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|Ramrao Wadkute<br />
|03-Apr-2026<br />
|02-Apr-2032<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Medha Kulkarni]]<br />
|03-Apr-2024<br />
|02-Apr-2030<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Ashok Chavan]]<br />
|03-Apr-2024<br />
|02-Apr-2030<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Ajit Gopchade]]<br />
|03-Apr-2024<br />
|02-Apr-2030<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Dhananjay Mahadik]]<br />
|05-Jul-2022<br />
|04-Jul-2028<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Anil Bonde]]<br />
|05-Jul-2022<br />
|04-Jul-2028<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|Parth Pawar<br />
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=4}}<br />
|03-Apr-2026<br />
|02-Apr-2032<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|[[Praful Patel]]<br />
|03-Apr-2024<br />
|02-Apr-2030<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|[[Nitin Patil]]<br />
|28-Aug-2024<br />
|04-Jul-2028<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|[[Sunetra Pawar]]<br />
|21-Jun-2024<br />
|04-Jul-2028<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|Jyoti Waghmare<br />
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=2}}<br />
|03-Apr-2026<br />
|02-Apr-2032<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|[[Milind Deora]]<br />
|03-Apr-2024<br />
|02-Apr-2030<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|[[Ramdas Athawale]]<br />
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}" |<br />
|[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]]<br />
|03-Apr-2026<br />
|02-Apr-2032<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Status in Municipal Corporations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Alliance wise status<br />
!Municipal Corporation<br />
!Seats<br />
!Ruling Party<br />
!Last election<br />
|-<br />
|}Pune Muncipal Corporation<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Notelist}} {{Reflist}}<br />
{{Indian political parties}}<br />
{{National Democratic Alliance|state=collapsed}}<br />
[[Category:2014 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
[[Category:Political party alliances in India]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Asian_domes&diff=536815South Asian domes2026-05-03T19:37:21Z<p>Aniketdigi: Created post...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Dome architecture}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
Domed huts made from [[bamboo]] or timber appear to have been used on the [[Indian subcontinent]] from antiquity and contemporary [[rock-cut tombs]] may imitate them. There are examples of domed chambers in brick and stone temples built prior to [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic rule over northern and central India]].<br />
<br />
The introduction of [[Muslim architecture]] included the use of domes constructed with stone, brick and [[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]], and iron dowels and cramps. Centering was made from timber and bamboo. The use of iron cramps to join together adjacent stones was known in [[Ancient India]], and was used at the base of domes for hoop reinforcement. The synthesis of styles created by this introduction of new forms to the [[Hindu temple architecture|Hindu tradition]] of [[Post and lintel|trabeate]] construction created a distinctive architecture.{{sfn|Tappin|2003|p=1941, 1943-1944}}<br />
<br />
Domes in pre-Mughal India have a standard squat circular shape with a lotus design and bulbous finial at the top, derived from Hindu architecture. Because the Hindu architectural tradition did not include arches extensively, flat corbels were used to transition from the corners of the room to the dome, rather than squinches.{{sfn|Peterson|1996|p=68}} In contrast to Persian and Ottoman domes, the domes of Indian tombs tend to be more bulbous.{{sfn|Nuttgens|1997|p=157}}<br />
<br />
== Early history ==<br />
Most monumental architecture in South Asia, until the wide adoption of stone construction by the sixth or seventh century AD, was made of perishable materials that have not survived the climate, such as timber or brick. What did survive included stone mortuary monuments, rock-cut monastic complexes, stone-carved depictions of buildings, and references in texts.{{sfn|Wagoner|1999|pp=63-64}} <br />
<br />
Hemispherical [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]] tombs appear to imitate in stone the early [[bamboo]] or timber roofed domed huts with central poles known from the pre-[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] period. Examples include [[Barabar Caves#Sudama cave|Sudama cave]] (3rd century BC) in [[Bihar]], a similar domed chamber at [[Kannur|Cannanora]] in [[Malabar District|Malabar]], and a cave at [[Guntupalli Group of Buddhist Monuments|Guntpalle]] (1st century BC). A rock-cut hemispherical chamber at Manappuram in [[Kerala]] retained a thin central pillar with no structural function.{{sfn|Kim|1960|pp=164-165}} The hemispherical shape of Buddhist [[stupa]]s, likely refined forms of burial mounds, may also reflect earlier wooden dome roof construction, such as depicted at [[Ghantasala, Krishna district|Ghantasala]].{{sfn|Kim|1960|pp=165-166}}<br />
<br />
[[Relief#Bas-relief or low relief|Bas-relief]] sculptures from [[Sanchi|Sāñcī]] (1st century BC), [[Bharhut|Bhārhut]] (2nd century BC), and [[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Amarāvatī]] (2nd century BC), depict domed huts, shrines, and pavilions.{{sfn|Deva1|1988|pp=5-10}} Relief sculptures in [[Gandhara|Gandhāra]] depict dome architectural elements in Indian forms.{{sfn|Harle|1994|p=74}} <br />
<br />
The [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monastery of [[Takht-i-Bahi]] (2nd/4th century) included domed cells that may have represented thatch-domed huts, and may have been a response to [[Persian domes|building conventions from central Asia]].{{sfn|Meister|2003|pp=124-125}}{{sfn|Harle|1994|p=72}} Square kūṭāgāra shrines included a domical roof.{{sfn|Deva1|1988|p=6}} <br />
<br />
The brick temple of [[Bhitargaon|Bhītārgāñv]], from around the middle of the fifth century under the [[Gupta Empire]], has two vaulted dome chambers.{{sfn|Deva2|1988|pp=23-24}} Some caves near the [[Buddhas of Bamiyan]] include domes on squinches, evidence of influence from the west transmitted along the caravan route to [[Bamyan]].{{sfn|Harle|1994|p=84}}<br />
<br />
The term ''[[Kenimadala|kaṇṇikā]]'' in [[Pali]] texts has been proposed to mean a roof-plate central attachment point for curved dome or semi-dome ribs in early Indian timber construction. Examples of this wooden rib and roof-plate arrangement translated into stone can be seen in the half-domes of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta Cave]] XIX and [[Aurangabad Caves|Aurangabad Cave]] IV.{{sfn|Coomaraswamy|1930|pp=240-242}}{{sfn|Wagoner|1999|pp=63, 65}} <br />
<br />
Sixth and early seventh century [[Hindu temple]]s at [[Kafir Kot]] have interior stone domes with triangular pendentives, as does an eighth century brick temple at Kallar.{{sfn|Meister|2003|p=123}} <br />
<br />
In the tenth century, temples with domed chambers include examples built by the [[Hindu Shahis]] at [[Amb Temples|Amb]], [[Bilot Sharif|Bilot]], and [[Nandana Fort|Nandana]].{{sfn|Meister|2003|p=123}}<br />
<br />
== Dehli Sultanate ==<br />
[[File:Complejo de Qutb-Delhi-India029.JPG|thumb|left|200px|The [[Qutb complex#Alai Darwaza|Alai Dawarza]] in Delhi.]]<br />
The first domed [[Mausoleums of Multan|mausolea in Multan]] are those of [[Shrine of Bahauddin Zakariya|Shaikh Baha al-Din Zakariya]] (d. 1262), Shahdana Shahid (d. 1270), and [[Shamsuddin Sabzwari#Mausoleum and Urs|Shams Sabazwari]] (d. 1276), with hemispherical domes on octagonal drums over a square plan.{{sfn|Hasan|2001|p=169}}<br />
<br />
The half-domes of the late 13th century [[tomb of Balban]] and the small dome of the tomb of Khan Shahid were made of roughly cut material and would have needed covering surface finishes. The Alai Dawarza, a gate in the [[Qutb complex]] built in 1311, has the first dome in India made of finely dressed stone cut into voussoir blocks. Arches transition a square chamber to an octagon, which transitions to a sixteen-sided polygon through the use of corbelled brackets. The cut stone dome over the [[Tughlaqabad Fort#Mausoleum of Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq|tomb of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] (d. 1325) uses alternating rings of shallow and deep stones to produce a better bond with the core material. The use of finely cut stone voussoirs for these domes suggest the migration of masons from the former [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuk Empire]].{{sfn|Tappin|2003|pp=1944, 1946-1947}}<br />
<br />
The [[Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam]] (d. 1335) is notable for the building's octagonal plan, rather than the traditional square plan, and the dome is {{convert|50|ft|m|order=flip}} wide with a [[finial]] extending to {{convert|115|ft|m|order=flip}} above the ground.{{sfn|Hasan|2001|pp=169-170}}<br />
<br />
Domes from the late 14th century use roughly shaped stones covered in render, due to the dispersal of skilled masons following the movement of the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad and back again. Examples include the [[Khirki Masjid]] (c. 1375) and the tomb of [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firoz Shah]] (d. 1388). The domed tomb of [[Malik Maqbul|Khan-i-Jahan Tilangani]] (1368) is generally referred to as "the first octagonal tomb in Delhi with the domed central chamber surrounded by an ambulatory verandah with three arched openings on each facet", although it is predated by the tomb of [[Zafar Khan (general)|Zafar Khan]].{{sfn|Tappin|2003|p=1947}}<br />
<br />
The use of small domed pavilions later called [[chhatri|chatrīs]] first appear around the drum of a larger dome under the [[Sayyid dynasty|Sayyid]] or Lodī dynasties (1414-1526).{{sfn|Harle|1994|p=426}}<br />
<br />
Under the [[Lodi dynasty]] there was a large proliferation of tomb building, with octagonal plans reserved for royalty and square plans used for others of high rank, and the first double dome was introduced to India in this period. There are multiple candidates. The [[Lodi Gardens|tomb]] of [[Sikandar Lodi|Sikander Lodi]] was built from 1517 to 1518 and is cited, but is predated by the brick tomb of [[Zayn al-Abidin (sultan of Kashmir)|Zain-ul-Abidin]]'s mother, built around 1465 in Zaina Kadal, [[Srinagar]]. The Sabz Burj in Delhi may be earlier still, but is dated to 1530-40 by written sources.{{sfn|Tappin|2003|p=1948}} Although the tomb of Sikander Loki clearly has a double dome, with a distinct space between inner and outer shells, the earlier tomb of Shihab-ud-din Taj Khan (1501) has "an attempt in this direction". Although double domes had long been used in Persia, Iraq, and western Asia, Indian domes prior to this time domes had a single shell of stonework. Afterward, most of the large domes were built with two shells in order to preserve good proportions in both the interior and exterior.{{sfn|Brown|2013}} Mosques with three domes and one aisle were developed by the end of the Lodi period and were further developed under the Mughals.{{sfn|Saquib|Ali|2023|p=745}} <br />
<br />
[[File:Data Durbar as more then one decade before by Usman Ghani.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Data durbar]] in [[Lahore]], Pakistan, is the largest [[Sufi]] complex in South Asia.{{sfn|Dandekar|Tschacher|2016|p=232}}]]<br />
<br />
The dome of [[Data Durbar]] used corner squinches typical of the pre-Mughal Muslim architecture of South Asia.{{sfn|Suvorova|2004|p=57}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Overview of Makli Hills.jpg|right|thumb|The [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] of Makli Hills in Thatta, Sindh Province, Pakistan.]]<br />
<br />
Many of the medieval mausolea in the [[Makli Necropolis]], near [[Thatta]], [[Sindh province]], are decorated with Islamic and Hindu motifs. The later mausolea resemble the domed constructions of Central Asia.{{sfn|Tarlow|Stutz|2013|p=253}}<br />
<br />
== Mughal Empire ==<br />
Bulbous domed [[Trellis (architecture)|trellis]] tents are known to have been used in the Mughal court from illustrations and descriptions, likely originating with [[Babur]] and his ancestral nomadic tradition of the yurt trellis tent that merged with the northern Indian court tent tradition. The use of a "hemispherical roof wheel" for the bulbous trellis tents was normal under [[Akbar]].{{sfn|Andrews|1987|pp=149, 155}} <br />
<br />
The first major [[Mughal architecture|Mughal building]] was the domed [[Humayun's Tomb|tomb of Humayun]], built between 1562 and 1571 by a Persian architect. The central dome likely has a core of brick, as can be seen in the later stripped tomb of [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana|Khan-i-Khanan]]. The central dome is faced with marble blocks in attached to the core by alternating wide and narrow layers and there is evidence of the use of iron cramps to secure them. Iron cramps may also help form a tension ring at the base of the dome. The central double dome covers an octagonal central chamber about 15 meters wide and is accompanied by small domed [[Chhatri|chattri]] made of brick and faced with stone. Smaller domes were widely made with rectangular bricks beginning in the 16th century, the necessary curvature being created by tapering the mortar joints.{{sfn|Tappin|2003|p=1944, 1948-1949}} [[Chhatri|Chatri]]s, the domed kiosks on pillars characteristic of Mughal roofs, were adopted from their Hindu use as [[cenotaph]]s.{{sfn|Peterson|1996|p=200}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Badshahi Mosque Lahore, Pakistan 1.jpg|thumb|right|The bulbous domes of the Badshahi mosque in Lahore, Pakistan.{{sfn|Asher|1992|pp=257-258}}]]<br />
Mughal mosques, such as [[Jama Mosque, Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Jama Masjid, Delhi]], and [[Madrasa Ghaziuddin Khan]], had a prayer hall covered with three domes along the qibla wall.{{sfn|Saquib|Ali|2023|p=747}} <br />
<br />
Domes in the buildings of Shah Jahan are used "almost exclusively for mosques and tombs" in the raised bulbous onion style of Mughal architecture.{{sfn|Harle|1994|p=442}}<br />
[[File:Taj Mahal 2012.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Taj Mahal]] in Agra, India.]]<br />
The [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]], also a brick structure clad primarily in marble, was begun in 1632 and mostly completed in 1636; the rest of the extensive complex would not be finished before 1643. The tomb was built for [[Arjumand Banu|Mumtaz Mahal]], a wife of emperor Shah Jahan, after her death in 1631. The central double dome covers a diameter of 22 meters. The inner dome is three meters thick and over 30 meters below the outer dome. The outer dome rests upon drum walls five metes thick.{{sfn|Tappin|2003|p=1949}} The widest part of the outer dome is 33.62 meters in diameter, at 9.24 meters above the drum. The bronze [[finial]] at the top of the dome is a replica that dates to the early 19th century.{{sfn|Ahuja|Rajani|2016|pp=997-998}} The drum acts as an optical correction for the view from ground level. The height of the dome, half the total height, is consistent with early [[Timurid architecture]], but against the trend of Mughal architecture up to that point.{{sfn|Parodi|2000|p=537}} The fusion of Persian and Indian architecture can be seen in the dome's shape: the bulbous shape derives from Persian Timurid domes, and the [[finial]] with lotus leaf base is derived from Hindu temples.{{sfn|Peterson|1996|p=68}} The inner dome has a decorative triangulated pattern modeled after plaster mold work, but here carved in marble. The entire complex is highly symmetrical. On the western side of the tomb is a red sandstone mosque with three bulbous domes faced with marble, and on the eastern side is mirror-image assembly hall that likewise has three marble domes.{{sfn|Koch|2005|p=140-143}} At the center of the tomb hall lies the cenotaph of Mumtaz Mahal, with her husband's off-center to the west. The actual [[sarcophagus|sarcophagi]] lie directly below, in the crypt, but in the same arrangement.{{sfn|Tillotson|2012|p=75}}<br />
<br />
The [[Badshahi Mosque]], one of the jewels of Mughal architecture,{{sfn|Heitzman|2008|p=75}} and South Asia's second-largest mosque,{{sfn|Avari|2013|p=118}} was built by [[Aurengzeb]] in 1673{{sfn|Heitzman|2008|p=75}} much larger than the [[Shah Jahan]]'s Delhi mosque about two decades earlier.{{sfn|Asher|1992|pp=257-258}}<br />
<br />
The last major Islamic tomb built in India was the [[Tomb of Safdarjung|tomb of Safdar Jang]] (1753–54). It is a brick structure clad in sandstone and marble stripped from the earlier tomb of [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana|Khan-i-Khanan]] (d. 1627). Shallow brick domes cover the perimeter chambers of the building, and the central dome is reportedly triple-shelled, with two relatively flat inner brick domes and an outer bulbous marble dome, although it may actually be that the marble and second brick domes are joined everywhere but under the lotus leaf finial at the top.{{sfn|Tappin|2003|p=1950-1951}}<br />
<br />
== Sultanate of Bijapur ==<br />
[[File:Gol Gumbaz,Bijapur.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The [[Gol Gumbaz]] in Bijapur, India.]]<br />
The tomb of [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Mohammed Adil Shah]] (d. 1656) in [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] is one of the largest masonry domes in the world. Called the [[Gol Gumbaz]], or ''Round Dome'', it has an internal diameter of 41.15 meters and a height of 54.25 meters. The dome was built with layers of brick between thick layers of mortar and rendered on both faces, so that the dome acts as a concrete shell reinforced with bricks. It is 2.6 meters thick at the base.{{sfn|Tappin|2003|p=1949-1950}} The dome was the most technically advanced to be built in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], and exemplifies the flowering of art and architecture that occurred during the period of the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi Sultanate]]'s greatest extent.{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1987|p=15}} Radial cracks were repaired in 1936-7 by the application of reinforcement to the outside of the dome, which was then covered by sprayed concrete.{{sfn|Tappin|2003|p=1951}} Both the Gol Gumbaz dome and the smaller dome of the [[Jama Masjid, Bijapur|Jama Masjid]], a {{convert|57|ft|m|adj=on|order=flip}} wide dome also at Bijapur, are above distinctive transition zones consisting of eight intersecting arches that narrow the openings to be covered.{{sfn|Spiers|1911|p=961}}<br />
<br />
==Sikh Confederacy and Sikh Empire ==<br />
[[File:Golden Temple Close up view.JPG|thumb|The [[Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]]]]<br />
Domes appear frequently in [[Sikh architecture]], which was greatly influenced by Mughal architecture. Most of Historical Sikh buildings were built towards the end of 18th century. Domes in Sikh architecture are mostly ribbed with lotus design at the top and floral motifs at the bottom. These domes start with wide base and reach maximum circumference when they are less than halfway up.{{sfn|Randhir|1990|pp=14-15}}<br />
<br />
== British Raj ==<br />
[[File:2013-Kolkata-Victoria-Memorial-103.JPG|thumb|The [[Victoria Memorial]] in [[Kolkata]], West Bengal]]<br />
After the fall of the [[Mughal Empire]], a new form of [[Revivalism (architecture)|revivalist architecture]] developed under the British, known as [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]]. It draws heavily from Gothic, Rajput, and Mughal architectural forms, and extensively used domes.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
{{refbegin|2}}<br />
*{{cite journal<br />
| last1 = Ahuja<br />
| first1 = Dilip R.<br />
| last2 = Rajani<br />
| first2 = M. B.<br />
| date = 25 March 2016<br />
| title = On the symmetry of the central dome of the Taj Mahal<br />
| journal = Current Science<br />
| publisher = Current Science Association<br />
| volume = 110<br />
| number = 6<br />
| url = http://www.jstor.com/stable/24907866<br />
| pages = 996–999<br />
| doi = 10.18520/cs/v110/i6/996-999<br />
| doi-broken-date = 1 July 2025<br />
| jstor = 24907866<br />
| url-access = subscription<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite journal<br />
| last = Andrews<br />
| first = Peter Alford<br />
| year = 1987<br />
| title = The Generous Heart or the Mass of Clouds: The Court Tents of Shah Jahan<br />
| journal = Muqarnas<br />
| publisher = Brill<br />
| volume = 4<br />
| pages = 149–165<br />
| jstor = 24907866<br />
}}<br />
*{{citation<br />
| last = Asher<br />
| first = Catherine<br />
| title = Architecture of Mughal India<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&pg=PA257<br />
| year = 1992<br />
| publisher = Cambridge University Press<br />
| isbn = 978-0-521-26728-1<br />
}}<br />
*{{citation<br />
| last = Avari<br />
| first = Burjor<br />
| title = Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC&pg=PA118<br />
| year = 2013<br />
| publisher = Routledge<br />
| isbn = 978-0-415-58061-8<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
| last = Brown<br />
| first = Percy<br />
| year = 2013<br />
| title = Indian Architecture (The Islamic Period)<br />
| publisher = Read Books Ltd.<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YCF9CgAAQBAJ<br />
| isbn = 978-1-447-49482-9<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite journal<br />
| last = Coomaraswamy<br />
| first = Ananda K.<br />
| date = 1930<br />
| title = Pali kaṇṇikā = Circular Roof-Plate<br />
| journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society<br />
| publisher = American Oriental Society<br />
| volume = 50<br />
| url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/593077<br />
| pages = 238–243<br />
| doi = 10.2307/593077<br />
| jstor = 593077<br />
| url-access = subscription<br />
}}<br />
*{{citation<br />
| last1 = Dandekar<br />
| first1 = Deepra<br />
| last2 = Tschacher<br />
| first2 = Torsten<br />
| title = Islam, Sufism and Everyday Politics of Belonging in South Asia<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UQNADQAAQBAJ&pg=PA232<br />
| year = 2016<br />
| publisher = Taylor & Francis<br />
| isbn = 978-1-317-43596-9<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
| last = Deva<br />
| first = Krishna<br />
| editor-last = Meister<br />
| editor-first = Michael W.<br />
| editor2-last = Dhaky<br />
| editor2-first = M.A.<br />
| editor3-last = Deva<br />
| editor3-first = Krishna<br />
| year = 1988<br />
| chapter = Mauryas Śuṅgas, Kāṇvas, Kuṣāṇas, Kṣatrapas<br />
| title = Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture: Volume II, Part 1<br />
| publisher = Oxford University Press<br />
| location = Delhi<br />
| url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-of-indian-temple-architecture-ii-pt.1-text/mode/2up<br />
| isbn = 0-19-562313-4<br />
| ref = {{sfnRef|Deva1|1988}}<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
| last = Deva<br />
| first = Krishna<br />
| editor-last = Meister<br />
| editor-first = Michael W.<br />
| editor2-last = Dhaky<br />
| editor2-first = M.A.<br />
| editor3-last = Deva<br />
| editor3-first = Krishna<br />
| year = 1988<br />
| chapter = Guptas and their Feudatories<br />
| title = Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture: Volume II, Part 1<br />
| publisher = Oxford University Press<br />
| location = Delhi<br />
| chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-of-indian-temple-architecture-ii-pt.1-text/page/24/mode/2up?q=domes+<br />
| isbn = 0-19-562313-4<br />
| ref = {{sfnRef|Deva2|1988}}<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
| last = Harle<br />
| first = J.C.<br />
| year = 1994<br />
| edition = Second<br />
| title = The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent<br />
| publisher = Yale University Press<br />
| location = New Haven and London<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC<br />
| isbn = 978-0-300-06217-5<br />
| lccn = 95125417<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite journal<br />
| last = Hasan<br />
| first = Shaikh Khurshid<br />
| date = June 2001<br />
| title = Pakistan: Its Seraiki Style of Tomb Architecture<br />
| publisher = Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO)<br />
| journal = East and West<br />
| volume = 51<br />
| number = 1/2<br />
| url = http://www.jstor.com/stable/29757500<br />
| pages = 167–178<br />
| jstor = 29757500<br />
}}<br />
*{{citation<br />
| last = Heitzman<br />
| first = James<br />
| title = The City in South Asia<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RdcnAgh_StUC&pg=PA75<br />
| year = 2008<br />
| publisher = Routledge<br />
| isbn = 978-1-134-28963-9<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite journal<br />
| last = Kim<br />
| first = Young Jae<br />
| date = 1960<br />
| title = Reconsidering the Symbolic Meaning of the Stupa<br />
| journal = Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient<br />
| volume = 50<br />
| number = 1<br />
| url = https://www.academia.edu/123907987<br />
| pages = 159–168<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite journal<br />
| last = Koch<br />
| first = Ebba<br />
| date = 2005<br />
| title = The Taj Mahal: Architecture, Symbolism, and Urban Significance<br />
| journal = Muqarnas<br />
| volume = 22<br />
| url = http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/5423/original/DPC2168.pdf?1384792803<br />
| pages = 128–149<br />
| doi = 10.1163/22118993-90000087<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite journal<br />
| last = Meister<br />
| first = Michael W.<br />
| title = Crossing Lines: Architecture in Early Islamic South Asia<br />
| journal = RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics<br />
| date = Spring 2003<br />
| volume = 43<br />
| number = 43<br />
| publisher = The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology<br />
| pages = 117–130<br />
| doi = 10.1086/RESv43n1ms20167593<br />
| url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/20167593<br />
| jstor = 20167593<br />
| url-access = subscription<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
| last1 = Michell<br />
| first1 = George<br />
| last2 = Zebrowski<br />
| first2 = Mark<br />
| year = 1987<br />
| series = [[The New Cambridge History of India]]<br />
| title = Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates<br />
| publisher = Cambridge University Press<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aHcfv6zkJgQC<br />
| isbn = 978-0-521-56321-5<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
| last = Nuttgens<br />
| first = Patrick<br />
| year = 1997<br />
| title = The Story of Architecture<br />
| publisher = Phaidon Press Limited<br />
| location = Hong Kong<br />
| isbn = 0-7148-3616-8<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite journal<br />
| last = Parodi<br />
| first = Laura E.<br />
| title ='The Distilled Essence of the Timurid Spirit': Some Observations on the Taj Mahal<br />
| journal = East and West<br />
| publisher = Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO)<br />
| date = 2000<br />
| volume = 50<br />
| number = 1<br />
| pages = 535–542<br />
| jstor = 29757466<br />
| url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757466<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
| last = Peterson<br />
| first = Andrew<br />
| year = 1996<br />
| title = The Dictionary of Islamic Architecture<br />
| publisher = Routledge<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eIaEAgAAQBAJ<br />
| isbn = 0-203-20387-9<br />
}}<br />
*{{Cite book<br />
| last = Randhir<br />
| first = G. S.<br />
| title = Sikh Shrines in India<br />
| date = 1990<br />
| publisher = Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting<br />
| isbn = 978-8-123-02260-4<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BCyYDQAAQBAJ&q=history+of+domes+in+india+sikh&pg=PT14<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite journal<br />
| last1 = Saquib<br />
| first1 = Mohammad<br />
| last2 = Ali<br />
| first2 = Asif<br />
| date = 2023<br />
| title = Persian Architecture: A Source of Inspiration for Mughal Imperial Mosques in North India<br />
| journal = Journal of Islamic Architecture<br />
| volume = 7<br />
| number = 4<br />
| publisher = International Center for Islamic Architecture<br />
| location = Jawa Timur, Indonesia<br />
| url = https://ejournal.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/JIA<br />
| pages = 744–749<br />
| doi = 10.18860/jia.v7i4.21013<br />
| doi-access = free<br />
}}<br />
*{{citation<br />
| last = Suvorova<br />
| first = Anna<br />
| title = Muslim Saints of South Asia: The Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QK0aLjQtX2cC&pg=PA57<br />
| year = 2004<br />
| publisher = Routledge<br />
| isbn = 978-1-134-37006-1<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
| last = Tappin<br />
| first = Stuart<br />
| editor-last = Huerta<br />
| editor-first = S.<br />
| contribution = The Structural Development of Masonry Domes in India<br />
| year = 2003<br />
| title = Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History, Madrid, 20th-24th January 2003<br />
| pages = 1941–1952<br />
| publisher = I. Juan de Herrera<br />
| location = Madrid<br />
| url = http://gilbert.aq.upm.es/sedhc/biblioteca_digital/Congresos/CIHC1/CIHC1_182.pdf<br />
| isbn = 84-9728-070-9<br />
| url-status = dead<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214058/http://gilbert.aq.upm.es/sedhc/biblioteca_digital/Congresos/CIHC1/CIHC1_182.pdf<br />
| archive-date = 2013-10-04<br />
}}<br />
*{{citation<br />
| editor-last1 = Tarlow<br />
| editor-first1 = Sarah<br />
| editor-last2 = Stutz<br />
| editor-first2 = Liv Nilsson<br />
| title = The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EoXbmMb6rVYC<br />
| date = 6 June 2013<br />
| publisher = Oxford University Press<br />
| isbn = 978-0-19-165039-0<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
| last = Tillotson<br />
| first = Giles<br />
| year = 2012<br />
| title = Taj Mahal<br />
| publisher = Harvard University Press<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YHEHNSTNnRQC<br />
| isbn = 978-0-674-06365-5<br />
}}<br />
*{{Cite EB1911<br />
| wstitle = Vault<br />
| volume = 27<br />
| last = Spiers<br />
| first = Richard Phené<br />
| author-link = Richard Phené Spiers<br />
| pages = 956&ndash;961<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite journal<br />
| last = Wagoner<br />
| first = Phillip B.<br />
| date = March 1999<br />
| title = Ananda K. Coomaraswamy and the Practice of Architectural History<br />
| journal = Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians<br />
| volume = 58<br />
| number = 1<br />
| publisher = University of California Press<br />
| url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/991437<br />
| pages = 62–67<br />
| doi = 10.2307/991437<br />
| jstor = 991437<br />
| url-access = subscription<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
{{Islamic architecture}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Domes]]<br />
[[Category:Arches and vaults]]<br />
[[Category:Church architecture]]<br />
[[Category:Mosque architecture]]<br />
[[Category:Roofs]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani architectural history]]<br />
[[Category:Indian architectural history]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yawar_Ahmad_Mir&diff=546136Yawar Ahmad Mir2026-05-02T14:58:51Z<p>Aniketdigi: Created new info...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1987)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
'''Yawar Ahmad Mir''' (born 1987) is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="ceojk">{{cite web|url=https://ceojk.nic.in/LAEAFF2014/AC07AFF/Yawar-Ahmad-Mir.pdf|title=Affidavit to be filed by the candidate along with nomination papers before the Returning Officer|access-date=2024-09-23}}</ref> He was an MLA from [[Rafiabad Assembly constituency]] in [[Baramulla district]]. He won the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]]. He lost in 2024 contesting from [[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party]] ticket.<ref>https://myneta.info/JammuKashmir2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=715</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Mir is from [[Rafiabad, India|Rafiabad]], Baramulla district, Jammu and Kashmir. He is the son of Mohd. Dilawar Mir, a former five time MLA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fayaz |first=Waris |date=2024 |title=Rafiabad Constituency braces for fierce election battle between NC, PC, Apni Party {{!}} KNO |url=https://kashmirnewsobserver.com/top-stories/rafiabad-constituency-braces-for-fierce-election-battle-between-nc-pc-apni-party-kno-187944 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Kashmir News Observer}}</ref> He completed his L.L.M. in 2011 at [[University of Nottingham]], [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yawar Ahmad Mir(JKPDP):Constituency- RAFIABAD(BARAMULLA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=361 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Mir won from Rafiabad Assembly constituency representing [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] in the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 17,918 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Abdul Ghani Vakil of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 2,334 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-23 |title=Jammu and Kashmir Assembly election winners list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/jammu-and-kashmir/story/jammu-kashmir-election-winners-list-assembly-polls-results-bjp-congress-pdp-nc-232557-2014-12-23 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jammu & Kashmir Assembly Election Results in 2014 |url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/2014-election-results.html |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref> In [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] he from contested on an [[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party]] ticket from [[Rafiabad Assembly constituency]], but lost to Javed Ahmed of JKNC by a margin of 9,202 votes.<ref>https://myneta.info/JammuKashmir2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=715</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mir, Yawar Ahmad}}<br />
[[Category:1987 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]<br />
[[Category:People from Baramulla district]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Nottingham]]<br />
[[Category:Apni Party politicians]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurupadagouda_Patil&diff=501610Gurupadagouda Patil2026-05-02T14:44:28Z<p>Aniketdigi: Created Some Stub From Scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1948)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
'''Gurupadagouda Sanganagouda Patil''' (born 1948) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a four time MLA from [[Ron Assembly constituency]] in [[Gadag district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurupadagouda Sanganagouda Patil in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/gurupadagouda-sanganagouda-patil-ron-candidate-s10a067c005/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=Ron Election Results {{!}} Congress's GS Patil wins polls, constituency again signals state winner - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/ron-election-results-2023-live-updates-16601721.htm |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
G.S. Patil has been appointed as Chairman for Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Ltd in 2016.<ref name="21 MLAs to head boards, corporations">{{cite news |date=2 November 2016 |title=21 MLAs to head boards, corporations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/21-MLAs-to-head-boards-corporations/article16091341.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423075123/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/21-MLAs-to-head-boards-corporations/article16091341.ece |archive-date=23 April 2025 |access-date=23 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> <br />
<br />
He was appointed chairman for Mineral Development Corporation on 26 January 2024.<ref name="Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=27 January 2024 |title=Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120155042/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Patil is from Ron, Gadag district. His father [[Sanganagouda Basanagouda Patil]] was a farmer and a former M.P. from [[Bijapur South Lok Sabha constituency]]. He completed his Class 12 and discontinued his B.Sc. while at [[Karnatak Science College]], [[Dharwad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurupadagouda Sanganagouda Patil(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- RON(GADAG) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7659 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Patil won the Ron Assembly constituency representing Indian National College in the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election. He polled 94,865 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Kalakappa Bandi of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 24,688 votes.<ref>{{Cite web | date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka Election: Ron Assembly Constituency 2023 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/ron-1059 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-election-results-2023-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He was first elected to Ron seat as an Indian National Congress candidate in 1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election and regained it for the second time in the 1999 Assembly election. Then, he lost to Kalakappa when he contested the [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004 Assembly election]] and again in [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2009 Assembly election]]. However, he tasted victory for the third time as he won the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing Indian National Congress and defeated Kalakappa Bandi of BJP by a margin of votes. Their rivalry continued in 2018 as Kalakappa won the poll but again Patil regained it in the 2023 election to become an MLA for the fourth time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Ron Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/ron-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99187959.cms |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Gurupadagouda}}<br />
[[Category:1948 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]<br />
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]<br />
[[Category:People from Gadag district]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fissidens_pokhrensis&diff=499191Fissidens pokhrensis2026-05-02T06:11:05Z<p>Aniketdigi: created first stub basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of moss}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| image = <br />
| genus = Fissidens<br />
| species = pokhrensis<br />
| authority = Nork. ex S. S. Kumar<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Fissidens pokhrensis''''' is a species of moss in the [[Monotypic taxon|monogeneric]] family [[Fissidentaceae]].<ref name=":0">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380453071_Fissidens_Pokhrensis_Nork_-_A_New_Record_to_Kerala</ref><ref>Bruggeman-Nannenga, M. A., & Müller, F. (2020). Fissidens pokhrensis S. S. Kumar. In A contribution to the Fissidens Hedw. (Musci, Fissidentaceae) of Myanmar, including F. strictidens sp. nov. and F. pseudoanomalus sp. nov., pp. 229-238 in Cryptogamie, Bryologie (Vol. 20, Number 18, p. 236).</ref><br />
<br />
== Habitat and distribution ==<br />
''Fissidens pokhrensis'' grows in rocky patches and land cuttings in low altitude degraded evergreen forests. It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[India]] and is found in the Western [[Himalayas]] and [[Western Ghats]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]. <ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Description ==<br />
The {{cvt|2-3.2|mm}} tall plant has leaves in 5-8 pairs, which curl when dry. Leaves are ovate, lingulate with [[serrulate]] margins and acute apex. At Mangattuparamba [[Neeliyar Kottam]], they were observed to be growing [[corticolous]] on a tree.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q17208426}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Fissidentaceae]]<br />
[[Category:Endemic flora of India (region)]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sakshi_Kasana&diff=532060Sakshi Kasana2026-05-01T13:31:32Z<p>Aniketdigi: Created a post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian para athlete}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox sportsperson<br />
| image =<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| nationality = <br />
| sport = [[Paralympic athletics]]<br />
|disability = <br />
|disability_class = <br />
| event =<br />
| club = <br />
| coach = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|8|21|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], India<br />
| death_date =<br />
| death_place =<br />
| retired= <br />
| height = <br />
| weight = <br />
| pb = <br />
| medaltemplates =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sakshi Kasana''' (born 21 August 1996)<ref>{{Cite web| title=Sakshi Kasana | url=https://www.tomsa.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/38.-Sakshi-Kasan.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109183856/https://www.tomsa.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/38.-Sakshi-Kasan.pdf | archive-date=2024-11-09}}</ref> is an Indian para athlete from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She competes in the women's discus throw F55 category. She qualified to represent [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]] at [[Paris]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=Paralympics 2024: India to send their biggest ever contingent to Paris |url=https://thebridge.in/para-sports/india-biggest-contingent-paris-paralympics-49084 |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=India at Paris Paralympics 2024: Complete list of 84 athletes at Paralympic Games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-india-paralympics-contingent-full-list-of-84-indian-athletes-qualified-sports-ministry-paralympic-games-news/article68512627.ece |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=India name Bhagyashree Jadhav and Sumit Antil as flag bearers for Paralympics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/paris-paralympics-india-bhagyashree-jadhav-sumit-antil-flag-bearer-2583153-2024-08-16 |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Kasana was born with a congenital deformity in her right leg that affected her mobility. After taking up sports, she learnt her basics at the Sports Authority of India training centre at [[Ghaziabad]] under coach Amit Kumar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=7 Indian Female Para Athletes Who Shone At Asian Para Games 2023 |url=https://www.womenentrepreneursreview.com/viewpoint/art-and-culture/7-indian-female-para-athletes-who-shone-at-asian-para-games-2023-nwid-4256.html |access-date=2024-08-17 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
She could not qualify for the [[2020 Summer Paralympics]] at Tokyo as many Indians could not travel to the qualifying event, the European Grand Prix Circuit, in May 2021 due to COVID-19.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2021-05-17 |title=Indians missed chance to win Paralympic quotas due to Covid: Coach |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/indians-missed-chance-to-win-paralympic-quotas-due-to-covid-coach/articleshow/82716153.cms |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> <br />
<br />
However, she later won a bronze at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]] at [[Hangzhou, China]]. She threw a distance of 24.77m and finished behind China's Wang Yanping and Iran's [[Hashemiyeh Motaghian]] Moavi in the javelin throw.<ref name=":0" /> She also placed 6th in the discus throw.<br />
<br />
In March 2021, she came into limelight with a silver at the National Para Athletics Championship at [[Bangalore]].<ref name=":1" /> At the [[2023 World Para Athletics Championships]], she placed 6th and the 11th in the Discus and Javelin throw respectively. At the [[2024 World Para Athletics Championships]], she placed 7th in the Discus throw. After missing out on Tokyo, Sakshi qualified for the discus throw at the [[2024 Summer Paralympics]]. There she placed 7th with a throw of 21.45 metres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-30 |title=Paris Paralympics: Disappointment for India in discus final as Karamjyoti and Sakshi miss out |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/news/disappointment-for-india-in-discus-final-as-karamjyoti-and-sakshi-miss-out-eee505b4 |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=English.Mathrubhumi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kasana, Sakshi}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1996 births]]<br />
[[Category:Paralympic athletes for India]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]<br />
[[Category:Sportswomen from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Meerut]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women discus throwers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women javelin throwers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1983%E2%80%9384_Ranji_Trophy&diff=4819451983–84 Ranji Trophy2026-05-01T11:27:11Z<p>Aniketdigi: adding new data initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use British English|date=December 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox cricket tournament<br />
| name = 1983-84 Ranji Trophy<br />
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg<br />
| imagesize = 285px<br />
| fromdate =<br />
| todate =<br />
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners get.<br />
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]<br />
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]<br />
| tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]<br />
| host =<br />
| champions = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]<br />
| count = 29<br />
| participants = 24<br />
| matches = <br />
| attendance =<br />
| player of the series =<br />
| most runs = [[Surinder Khanna]] (Delhi) (685)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1983/84 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1983-84/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref><br />
| most wickets = [[Rajinder Goel]] (Haryana) (48)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1983/84 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1983-84/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref><br />
| website =<br />
| previous_year = 1982–83<br />
| previous_tournament = 1982–83 Ranji Trophy<br />
| next_year = 1984–85<br />
| next_tournament = 1984–85 Ranji Trophy<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''1983–84 Ranji Trophy''' was the 50th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. Mumbai won the final against Delhi on first innings lead, thanks mainly to a double century by Sunil Gavaskar.<br />
<br />
==Highlights==<br />
* [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] of Bombay scored hundreds in the quarter-final, semifinal and the final.<br />
* [[Kiran More]] of [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] scored a career-best 181* in the quarter-final against [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] and added a Ranji trophy record 145 for the last wicket with Vasudev Patel.<br />
* [[Rajinder Goel]] took 5/7 and 5/18 for Haryana v Jammu and Kashmir.<br />
<br />
==Group stage==<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-3}}<br />
<br />
===Central Zone===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width:160px"|Team<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}<br />
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}<br />
|- style="background:#cfc;"<br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''70''' || 2.146<br />
|- style="background:#cfc;"<br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]<br />
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''49''' || 1.145<br />
|- <br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]<br />
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''43''' || 0.752<br />
|- <br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]<br />
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''38''' || 0.742<br />
|- <br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''30''' || 1.006<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===South Zone===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width:160px"|Team<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}<br />
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}<br />
|- style="background:#cfc;"<br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| 4 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''93''' || 2.037<br />
|- style="background:#cfc;"<br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]<br />
| 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''79''' || 1.454<br />
|- <br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]<br />
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''73''' || 1.803<br />
|- <br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]<br />
| 4 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''54''' || 0.665<br />
|- <br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]<br />
| 4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''16''' || 0.266<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===West Zone===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width:160px"|Team<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}<br />
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}<br />
|- style="background:#cfc;"<br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]<br />
| 4 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''100''' || 1.859<br />
|- style="background:#cfc;"<br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]<br />
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''42''' || 1.096<br />
|- <br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]<br />
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''40''' || 0.879<br />
|- <br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]<br />
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''36''' || 0.677<br />
|- <br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]<br />
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''34''' || 0.761<br />
|}<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
<br />
===North Zone===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width:160px"|Team<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}<br />
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}<br />
|- style="background:#cfc;"<br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] <br />
| 4 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''94''' || 2.099<br />
|- style="background:#cfc;"<br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]<br />
| 4 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''90''' || 2.113<br />
|- <br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]<br />
| 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''44''' || 1.028<br />
|- <br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Services cricket team|Services]] <br />
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''27''' || 0.776<br />
|- <br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]] <br />
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''17''' || 0.246<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===East Zone===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width:160px"|Team<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}<br />
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}<br />
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}<br />
|- style="background:#cfc;"<br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]<br />
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''50''' || 4.104<br />
|- style="background:#cfc;"<br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]] <br />
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''43''' || 0.881<br />
|- <br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]] <br />
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''42''' || 1.584<br />
|- <br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]] <br />
| 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''6''' || 0.168<br />
|}<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
== Knockout stage ==<br />
{{Round16<br />
<!-- Date–Place/Team v v1/Score 1/Team 2/Score 2 --><br />
| seed-width = 25px<br />
| team-width = 150px<br />
| score-width = 100px<br />
<!-- Pre-Quarter-finals --><br />
|22 Jan 1984 — Rourkela|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]|438 & 37/4|'''[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]'''|'''502 & 213/2d'''<br />
|||||<br />
|||||<br />
|||||<br />
|||||<br />
|22 Jan 1984 — Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''400 & 141/2'''|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|298 & 242<br />
|||||<br />
|||||<br />
<!-- Quarter-finals --><br />
|3 Mar 1984 — Jaipur|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]|370 & 276/7d|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''401 & 193/4'''<br />
|3 Mar 1984 — Chandigarh|'''[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]'''|'''363 & 251'''|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]|240 & 216<br />
|3 Mar 1984 — Madras|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]|353 & 255/5|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''477'''<br />
|3 Mar 1984 — Baroda|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''483'''|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]|238 & 201<br />
<!-- Semi-finals --><br />
|17 Mar 1984 — Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''552 & 264/6d'''|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]|377 & 113/1<br />
|18 Mar 1984 — Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''349 & 385/7d'''|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]|199 & 94<br />
<!-- Final --><br />
|30 Mar 1984 — Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''625 & 245/9d'''|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]|333 & 266/4<br />
<!-- exclude matches --><br />
|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=yes|skipmatch05=yes|skipmatch06=no|skipmatch07=yes|skipmatch08=yes<br />
|RD1 = Pre-Quarter-finals|RD2 = Quarter-finals|RD3 = Semi-finals|RD4 = Finals<br />
|3rdplace=no}}<br />
<br />
===Final===<br />
{{Test match<br />
| date = 30 March - 3 April 1984<br />
| team2 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] <br />
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] (H)<br />
| score-team1-inns1 = '''625 (200 overs)'''<br />
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] 123, [[Sunil Gavaskar]] 206<br />
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]] 4/172<br />
| score-team2-inns1 = '''333 (92.4 overs)'''<br />
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Kirti Azad]] 106<br />
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Raju Kulkarni]] 3/81<br />
| score-team1-inns2 = '''245 (78.5 overs)'''<br />
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sandip Patil]] 72<br />
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Madan Lal]] 3/35<br />
| score-team2-inns2 = '''266/4 (73 overs)'''<br />
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] 122, [[Mohinder Amarnath]] 103*<br />
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Raju Kulkarni]] 1/18<br />
| result = Bombay won on first innings lead<br />
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]]<br />
| umpires = [[Subrata Banerjee]], [[V. K. Ramaswamy (umpire)|V. K. Ramaswamy]]<br />
| motm = <br />
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1983-84/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/BOM_DELHI_RJI-FINAL_30MAR-03APR1984.html Scorecard]<br />
| toss = Delhi won the toss and decided to field<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Scorecards and averages==<br />
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1983-84.html CricketArchive]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:1983-84 Ranji Trophy}}<br />
[[Category:1983 in Indian cricket]]<br />
[[Category:1984 in Indian cricket]]<br />
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1983–84]]<br />
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]<br />
<br />
{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makkah_Masjid_bombing&diff=515272Makkah Masjid bombing2026-04-30T20:39:00Z<p>Aniketdigi: creating first article w/ refs...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Terrorist incident in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox civilian attack<br />
| title = Makkah Masjid bombing<br />
{{Location map|India|label=Hyderabad|mark=Green_pog.svg|lat=17.36|long=78.47|width=230|float=center}}<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = Picture of Mecca Masjid, Hyderabad, India<br />
| location = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]{{coord|17.360106|78.473427|region:IN_type:landmark_scale:2000_source:wikimapia}}<br />
| target = [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Makkah Masjid]]<br />
| date = 18 May 2007<br />
| time = 13:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| timezone = ([[UTC]]+5.30)<br />
| type = [[Cyclotol]] activated by [[cellphone]]<br />
| fatalities = 16<ref name=tele20may>{{cite news|title=Blast Friday throws up Bengal link|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070520/asp/frontpage/story_7803451.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035345/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070520/asp/frontpage/story_7803451.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2007|access-date=11 December 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=20 May 2007}}</ref><br />
| injuries = 100<br />
| perps = <br />
| weapons = <br />
}}<br />
{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}<br />
A bombing occurred on 18 May 2007 inside the [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Makkah Masjid]], a mosque located in the old city area of [[Hyderabad]],<ref name=bbc18may>{{cite news|title=Bomb hits historic India mosque|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6668695.stm|access-date=10 December 2013|publisher=BBC News|date=18 May 2007}}</ref> capital of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Telangana]] located very close to [[Charminar]]. The blast was caused by a [[cellphone]]-triggered [[pipe bomb]] placed near the [[Wudu|site designated for ablution]]. Two further live [[Improvised explosive device|IEDs]] were found and defused by the police.<ref name=hindu19may>{{cite news|last=Ramu|first=Marri|title=10 killed, 50 injured in Hyderabad mosque last|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/19/stories/2007051907990100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520061834/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/19/stories/2007051907990100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 May 2007|access-date=10 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 May 2007}}</ref><ref name=stratfor>{{cite web|title=India: The Mecca Mosque Bombers' Poor Tradecraft|url=http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/india-mecca-mosque-bombers-poor-tradecraft|work=Stratfor|access-date=10 December 2013|date=18 May 2007}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Sixteen people were reported dead in the immediate aftermath, of whom five were killed by the police firing after the incident while trying to quell the rioting Muslim mob.<ref name=tele20may /> On 16 April 2018, the NIA Court acquitted all 11 who were accused in the blasts, citing lack of evidence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mecca-masjid-blast-verdict-live-updates-hyderabad-swami-aseemanand-special-nia-court-abhinav-bharat-5138969/|title=Mecca Masjid blast verdict LIVE UPDATES: Aseemanand, four other accused acquitted by special NIA court|date=16 April 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=16 April 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
The bomb exploded around 1:15&nbsp;pm in Mecca Masjid, a 400-year-old mosque in Hyderabad.<ref name=hindu19may /> The IED contained [[cyclotol]], a 60:40 mixture of [[RDX]] and [[Trinitrotoluene|TNT]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Mecca bombs a cocktail of RDX, TNT|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Mecca-bombs-a-cocktail-of-RDX-TNT/articleshow/6117381.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214201523/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-02/hyderabad/28296785_1_unexploded-bomb-rdx-mecca-blast|url-status=live|archive-date=14 December 2013|access-date=11 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 July 2010}}</ref> filled in a {{convert|10|in|mm|adj=on}} by {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on}} pipe.<ref name=ht19may>{{cite news|title=Police say foreign terror groups involved in Andhra blast|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/police-say-foreign-terror-groups-involved-in-andhra-blast/article1-223782.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224195713/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/police-say-foreign-terror-groups-involved-in-andhra-blast/article1-223782.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2013|access-date=11 December 2013|newspaper=The Hindustan Times|date=19 May 2007|agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> The bomb was placed under a heavy [[marble]] platform, which took the force of the impact and saved many lives. Two more IEDs were found, one 100 meters away from the blast site and the other near the main gate. Both of them were defused 3 hours after the blast.<ref name=ht19may /><br />
<br />
The blast occurred near the open-air section of the masjid. At the time of the blast more than 10,000 people were inside the [[mosque]] premises, for the [[Friday prayers]].<ref name=hindu19may /> The injured were treated at the Osmania hospital in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news|title=TNT, RDX used in mosque blast|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tnt-rdx-used-in-mosque-blast/40877-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225155427/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tnt-rdx-used-in-mosque-blast/40877-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 December 2013|access-date=11 December 2013|newspaper=IBN Live|date=19 May 2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Rioting and Police firing==<br />
Five individuals from rioting mob died as a result of the police firing, ''The Telegraph'' reported:<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070519/asp/nation/story_7799987.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520072942/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070519/asp/nation/story_7799987.asp | url-status=dead | archive-date=20 May 2007 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | first=G.S. | last=Radhakrishna | title=HAIR-TRIGGER HYDERABAD – A wound and a hunting ground | date=19 May 2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
:Six rounds were fired in the afternoon and evening to prevent shops and public property from being damaged, including petrol pumps and ATMs. One person was killed in the firing in the Moghalpura area, while two fell to the police bullets elsewhere. Another lost his life when the police had to pull the trigger to control a mob trying to break into an ATM. According to police commissioner Balwinder Singh, his men resorted to firing after water cannons, tear gas and baton-charge failed to bring the mob fury under control.<br />
<br />
It was reported that<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/05_2007/4-killed-as-cops-fire-on-frenzied-mob-40874.html Mob violence after Hyd blast, 4 killed : hyderabad, blast, Makkah masjid, char minar, police firing, mob violence : IBNLive.com : CNN-IBN<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520071953/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/05_2007/4-killed-as-cops-fire-on-frenzied-mob-40874.html |date=20 May 2007 }}</ref> a frenzied mob attacked state-owned road transport corporation buses, forcing the closure of Falaknuma bus depot. According to the police, the rioters were trying to set fire to a petrol pump.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Sections/Sports/Decoding_the_Hyderabad_blast/articleshow/2073160.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528124344/http://www.timesnow.tv/Sections/Sports/Decoding_the_Hyderabad_blast/articleshow/2073160.cms|url-status=dead|title=Decoding the Hyderabad blast|archive-date=28 May 2007|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> Inspector P. Sudhakar of Falaknuma police station, who has been removed from his position on the charge of opening fire 'indiscriminately' to control the rampaging mobs<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/25/stories/2007052519790500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527124944/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/25/stories/2007052519790500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 May 2007 |title=I've acted to avert a disaster: Inspector |date=25 May 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 April 2016}}</ref> stated: ''"While I asked my subordinates to be on high alert, mobs from Shalibanda and the mosque came towards Moghalpura pelting stones. They set ablaze a wine shop and charged towards a petrol pump where we were stationed."'' <br />
<br />
The mobs took out petrol from the dispenser and sprinkled it on the room. ''"When they tried to ignite it with the help of dry grass, I ordered my men to open fire with .303 rifles to disperse them ... As the situation turned worse, I sought additional forces. Quick Reaction teams along with Moghalpura Inspector arrived and scattered the crowd by opening fire"'', Sudhakar said. At least 10 persons, including policemen, could have been killed had fire orders were not issued, he added.{{cn|date=April 2025}}<br />
<br />
==Investigation==<br />
After the bombing, two police cases were opened at the Hussaini Alam Police Station, one for the exploded bomb and one for the unexploded bomb. On 9 June 2007, the former was transferred to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]].{{sfn|Ali|2013|p=39}}<br />
<br />
===Early suspects and theories===<br />
On 15 June 2007, the Special investigation Team (SIT) of Hyderabad Police initially arrested a 27-year-old air conditioner mechanic as a suspect in the bombing, and on 15 July, a 26-year-old worker at a watch repair shop was also arrested.<ref name="Andhra">{{cite web|title=Data sheets: Terrorism related incidents in Andhra Pradesh since 2007|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/andhra/data_sheets/islamistex.htm|access-date=9 March 2013|publisher=Satp.org}}</ref> In August 2007, one of the two suspects was shot dead by unknown gunmen in Karachi.<ref name="Andhra" /><ref>{{cite web|date=3 June 2008|title=Mecca Masjid blast mastermind dead|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/India/Mecca-Masjid-blast-mastermind-dead/Article1-314861.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126235652/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/india/Mecca-Masjid-blast-mastermind-dead/Article1-314861.aspx|archive-date=26 January 2010|access-date=11 March 2013|work=The Hindustan Times}}</ref> On 3 December 2008, a third suspect was arrested.<ref name="Andhra"/><br />
<br />
In August 2010, security analyst [[Bahukutumbi Raman]] questioned "the two different versions that have emerged from Indian and American investigators."<ref name="aq">{{cite web|url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers40%5Cpaper3971.html |title=Arrest of Some Hindus as Terrorists- Getting Curiouser & Curiouser |author=Bahukutumbi Raman |date=7 August 2010 |publisher=South Asia Analysis Group |access-date=9 August 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817155045/http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers40/paper3971.html |archive-date=17 August 2010 |author-link=Bahukutumbi Raman }}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2010, it was reported that the [[National Counterterrorism Center]] (NCTC) had thought that [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]] (HuJI) could have been behind the attacks based on initial investigations, before the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] took over the case.<ref name=":0">[http://www.hindustantimes.com/Huji-not-Hindu-group-behind-Makkah-Masjid-blast/Article1-603896.aspx ‘Huji, not Hindu group, behind Makkah Masjid blast’] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831011624/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Huji-not-Hindu-group-behind-Makkah-Masjid-blast/Article1-603896.aspx |date=31 August 2011 }} Hindustan Times – 23 September 2010</ref><br />
The CBI claimed that the NCTC was not "up to date with the latest investigation", after the NCTC director claimed HuJI as the perpetrators in a 2010 document to the [[United States Senate]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
===Main investigation===<br />
On 19 November 2010, the CBI produced the preacher [[Swami Aseemanand]] before the court in connection with the Makkah Masjid blast in Hyderabad in May 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/why-swami-aseemanand-is-a-prize-catch-for-the-cbi/20101119.htm |title=Why Swami Aseemanand is a prize catch for the CBI – Rediff.com India News |work=Rediff.com |date=19 November 2010 |access-date=4 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/-Swami-Aseemanand-sheltered-Best-Bakery-accused-on-the-run-/713969 |title=Swami Aseemanand sheltered Best Bakery accused on the run |work=The Indian Express|date=21 November 2010 |access-date=4 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Aseemanand-arrest-Major-boost-to-Ajmer-dargah-blast-probe/articleshow/6956704.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104092707/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-19/jaipur/28229956_1_rajasthan-ats-mukesh-vasani-harshad-bhai-solanki | url-status=live | archive-date=4 November 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Aseemanand arrest: Major boost to Ajmer dargah blast probe | date=19 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Swami-aseemanand-sheltered-be.../713969/ |title=Swami Aseemanand sheltered Best Bakery accused on the run |work=The Indian Express|date=21 November 2010 |access-date=4 April 2016}}</ref> On 18 December, he confessed in front of a magistrate, citing the guilt he felt after seeing innocent Muslim boys arrested in the case by the police.<ref name="tehelka.com"/> The confession of Aseemanand, together with transcripts of meetings between the preacher, [[Sadhvi Pragya]], senior military officers and others implicated [[Abhinav Bharat]] in the bombing, alongside a role in [[2006 Malegaon bombings|Malegaon]], [[2007 Samjhauta Express bombings|Samjhauta Express]] and [[Ajmer Dargah bombing]]s.{{sfn|Ali|2013|p=37}} The case "revealed for the first time conclusive evidence of "[[Hindutva terror]]"," and took the investigation in a new direction.{{sfn|Ali|2013|p=37}}<br />
<br />
The [[Anti Terrorist Squad (India)]] (ATS) and CBI subsequently questioned former members of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]],<ref name=":1">{{cite web|date=23 December 2010|title=Mosque blast: RSS man grilled|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mosque-blast-RSS-man-grilled/H1-Article1-641887.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214141646/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mosque-blast-RSS-man-grilled/H1-Article1-641887.aspx|archive-date=14 February 2011|access-date=9 March 2013|work=The Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=27 December 2010|title=RSS leader likely to be quizzed again in Masjid blast case|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article993217.ece|access-date=9 March 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=ATS may grill Aseemanand before tackling Indresh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/ATS-may-grill-Aseemanand-before-tackling-Indresh/articleshow/7169472.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927050440/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-27/jaipur/28225231_1_rajasthan-ats-dargah-blast-indresh-kumar|archive-date=2012-09-27|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 December 2010 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|author=Rahul Tripathi|date=24 December 2010|title=RSS leader grilled for Hindu terror|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/RSS-leader-grilled-for-Hindu-terror/articleshow/7154024.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907094953/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-24/india/28222720_1_rss-leader-indresh-kumar-ajmer-blast|archive-date=7 September 2011|access-date=9 March 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="nia">{{Cite news |title=HC notice to NIA on Aseemanand petition |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-29/india/30454293_1_special-nia-court-swami-aseemanand-samjhauta-blast-case |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511141753/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-29/india/30454293_1_special-nia-court-swami-aseemanand-samjhauta-blast-case |archive-date=2013-05-11 |access-date=2025-12-02 |work=The Times Of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article993217.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=RSS leader likely to be quizzed again in Masjid blast case | date=27 December 2010}}</ref> and in December 2010 charged Aseemanand as the mastermind behind the Makkah Masjid bombing.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=HuJI ban takes no note of 'Hindu terror' role |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-08/india/28303594_1_huji-mecca-mosque-blast-abhinav-bharat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104205622/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-08/india/28303594_1_huji-mecca-mosque-blast-abhinav-bharat |archive-date=2012-11-04 |access-date=2025-12-02 |work=The Times Of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In early January 2011, a letter written by Aseemanand on 20 December 2010, two days after his confession to the CBI, was revealed. The letter, which was never sent, was addressed to the presidents of India and Pakistan and explained why he had wanted to confess and tell the truth after seeing the innocent people that had been arrested and implicated with him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aseemanand's confession before CBI voluntary - India News - IBNLive |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aseemanands-confession-before-cbi-voluntary/140377-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114225051/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aseemanands-confession-before-cbi-voluntary/140377-3.html |archive-date=2011-01-14 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=ibnlive.in.com}}</ref> The letter confession of the prompted families of the 32 men arrested in the aftermath of the bombing demanded the release of the youths from jail.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chunduri |first=Mridula |date=2011-01-10 |title=Aseemanand's confession: Focus shifts to jailed Muslim youths |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/aseemanands-confession-focus-shifts-to-jailed-muslim-youths-126315-2011-01-09 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> On 15 January, the full court confession was published by [[Tehelka]] and [[CNN-IBN]].<ref name="tehelka.com">{{Cite web | url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main48.asp?filename=Ne150111Coverstory.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112203225/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main48.asp?filename=Ne150111Coverstory.asp | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 January 2011 |title = Tehelka – India's Independent Weekly News Magazine}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Forced confession complaint===<br />
In late March 2011, Aseemanand attempted to withdraw his 'confession', claiming that he had been coerced by the ATS,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aseemanand takes back all he said, was 'coerced' |url=http://www.indianexpress.com:80/news/aseemanand-takes-back-all-he-said-was-.../769654 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110405183755/http://www.indianexpress.com:80/news/aseemanand-takes-back-all-he-said-was-.../769654 |archive-date=2011-04-05 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=www.indianexpress.com}}</ref> and submitted a letter to the court which said: "I have been pressured mentally and physically by the investigating agencies to 'confess' that I was behind these blasts." He also said he was threatened and pressured to become a government witness in the case.<ref>[http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5092856&page=2 Swami Aseemanand takes back confession, says he was "coerced"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403035315/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5092856&page=2 |date=3 April 2011 }} MSN News – 31 March 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/coerced-confession/885137/0 Coerced confession] Indian Express – 8 December 2011</ref><br />
<br />
== Court hearings and verdict ==<br />
The NIA began the probe in April 2011 after the initial investigations by the local police and the chargesheet filed by the CBI. 226 witnesses were examined during the trial and about 411 documents exhibited. The verdict was pronounced by a special NIA court acquitting all the accused due to lack of evidence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/mecca-masjid-blast-case-verdict-live-updates|title=Aseemanand, All Others Acquitted in 2007 Mecca Masjid Blast Case|work=The Quint|access-date=16 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://indtoday.com/mecca-masjid-blast-case-all-accused-acquitted/ | title=Mecca Masjid Blast Case: All Accused Acquitted| date=16 April 2018}}</ref> Special NIA judge Ravindra Reddy resigned after the verdict.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mecca-masjid-case-special-nia-judge-who-delivered-verdict-resigns-ravindra-reddy-hyderabad-5139720/|title=Mecca Masjid blast case: Special NIA judge who delivered verdict resigns, cites personal reasons|date=16 April 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=16 April 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
In late 2011, Aseemanand wrote a petition to [[President of India]] [[Pratibha Patil]] describing torture allegedly meted out to him during his confinement, prompting the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] high courts to issue a notice to the [[National Investigation Agency]] to investigate the allegations of torture.<ref name="nia" /><ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|title=HC notice to NIA on Aseemanand petition|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/HC-notice-to-NIA-on-Aseemanand-petition/articleshow/10911561.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511141753/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-29/india/30454293_1_special-nia-court-swami-aseemanand-samjhauta-blast-case|archive-date=2013-05-11|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 November 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2013, then-Indian [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]], of [[Indian National Congress]], accused [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] for setting up camps to train terrorists, and alleged involvement in planting bombs in the [[2007 Samjhauta Express bombings]], Mecca Masjid blast and [[2006 Malegaon blasts]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Shinde's Hindu terror remarks 'oxygen' to Pakistan-sponsored terrorism: BJP|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shindes-Hindu-terror-remarks-oxygen-to-Pakistan-sponsored-terrorism-BJP/articleshow/18102780.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122124642/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-20/india/36445353_1_saffron-terrorism-chintan-shivir-terror-strikes|url-status=live|archive-date=22 January 2013|access-date=10 December 2013|date=20 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|agency=PTI}}</ref> Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh spokesperson [[Ram Madhav]] responded to this allegation by accusing Shinde of [[pandering (politics)|pandering]] to Islamist groups like Jamaat-ud-Dawah and [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]].<ref>{{cite news|title=LeT, Jamaat-ud-Dawah congratulated RSS|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/let-jamat-ud-dawah-congratulated-shinde-rss_824165.html|access-date=10 December 2013|publisher=Zee News|date=21 January 2013}}</ref> In February 2013, after BJP threatened to boycott the parliament during the Budget session, Shinde apologised for his remarks and said that he had no intention to link terror to any religion and that there was no basis for suggesting that terror can be linked to organisations mentioned in his earlier speech.<ref>{{cite news|last=Joshi|first=Sandeep|title=Shinde apologises for 'Hindu terror' remark ahead of budget session|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shinde-apologises-for-hindu-terror-remark-ahead-of-budget-session/article4435746.ece|access-date=11 December 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 February 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2013, [[Yasin Bhatkal]] confessed that [[Indian Mujahideen]] had bombed two other places in [[Hyderabad]] later in August 2007 to avenge Makkah Masjid blast which was then allegedly attributed to Hindu fundamental groups.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-03|title=Indian Mujahideen bombed Hyderabad to 'avenge' Mecca Masjid blasts: Yasin Bhatkal|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/indian-mujahideen-bombed-hyderabad-to-avenge-mecca-masjid-blasts-yasin-bhatkal/|access-date=2016-03-15|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
* [[Religious violence in India]]<br />
* [[2006 Malegaon blasts]]<br />
* [[2007 Samjhauta Express bombings]]<br />
* [[Ajmer Dargah bombing|2007 Ajmer Dargah bombing]]<br />
* [[2008 Western India bombings]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
*{{cite journal |last=Ali |first=S. |date=2013 |title=Politics of Terror: The Mecca Masjid Blast Case |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=48 |issue=34 |pages=35–46 |jstor=23528059 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23528059}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{wikinews|Bomb blast kills at least seven at Makkah Masjid mosque, India}}<br />
* [http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?rep=2&aid=371922&sid=REG&ssid= Article on Zee News]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110929103104/http://www.abcactionnews.com/news/local/story.aspx?content_id=7e847128-fd9b-4975-82a6-d4385a563f8b Bomb hits mosque in India]<br />
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/may/18blast.htm 9 killed in Hyderabad blast; 5 in police firing]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070520050205/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18737509/ Bomb hits Indian Mosque] (MSNBC)<br />
*[http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/05/18/india.blast/index.html 5 killed in Indian Mosque attack] (CNN)<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Makkah Masjid Bombing}}<br />
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]<br />
[[Category:2007 mass murders]]<br />
[[Category:2007 building bombings]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Mosque bombings in India]]<br />
[[Category:2007 in Islam]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2007]]<br />
[[Category:May 2007 in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Mujahideen attacks]]<br />
[[Category:21st century in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century attacks on mosques]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorist incidents against Muslims in the 2000s]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._Shroff%27s_Charity_Eye_Hospital&diff=497688Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital2026-04-29T11:14:05Z<p>Aniketdigi: created first info added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
[[File:Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, Delhi.jpg|250px|thumb|Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, estd. 1926 in Daryaganj, Delhi]]<br />
'''Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital''' was established by Dr. Sorabji P Shroff, who started to practice in India in 1914. Two of his grandsons, also ophthalmologists, are on the board of the hospital. The present building in [[Daryaganj]] was opened in 1927. It specialises in [[otorhinolaryngology]] as well as ophthalmology.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr Shroff's: Charity began in a one-room eye clinic |url=https://causebecause.com/dr-shroffs-charity-began-in-a-one-room-eye-clinic/4223 |accessdate=6 December 2018 |publisher=Causebecause |date=7 October 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
It is empanelled in Govt. of India's [[Central Government Health Scheme|<br />
CGHS]],<ref>[https://cghshospitals.com/facility/dr-shroff-s-charity-eye-hospital-138 CGHS Hospital]</ref> and was one of the first hospitals to sign up to the [[Ayushman Bharat Yojana]] scheme in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ayushman Bharat: Fresh push by National Health Agency to get hospitals on board |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/delhi/ayushman-bharat-fresh-push-by-national-health-agency-to-get-hospitals-on-board-5464090/ |accessdate=6 December 2018 |publisher=Indian Express |date=26 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
It runs a training scheme for allied ophthalmic personnel. In October 2018, all the trainees were women. They get three months of classroom training in medical and computer skills and basic English, followed by practical experience, with a stipend to help cover their costs. 85% of the students go on to work in the hospital. It also has a two-year program for trainee surgeons, who are placed in secondary centres where they can get intensive cataract training and then can further do a year of speciality training.<br />
<br />
The hospital has a tertiary centre located at Daryaganj, central Delhi. There are secondary centers in UP, RAJASTHAN, UTTARAKHAND.<ref>{{cite news |title=How India became a leader in low-cost, high-quality eye care |url=https://www.devex.com/news/how-india-became-a-leader-in-low-cost-high-quality-eye-care-93749 |accessdate=6 December 2018 |publisher=Devex |date=31 October 2018}}</ref> It working with the [[Relaxo Foundation]] to set up a three-year project in [[Tijara]] to provide sustainable{{clarify|date=September 2023}} eye care services.<ref>{{cite news |title=Relaxo CSR Project with Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital |url=http://indiacsr.in/relaxo-csr-project-with-dr-shroffs-charity-eye-hospital/ |accessdate=6 December 2018 |publisher=Indian CSR |date=8 February 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Certified Ophthalmic Paramedics Initiative was launched by the hospital in 2014. It trains young women from marginalised societies to become allied ophthalmic personnel and learn life skills. This has increased the capacity of the hospital. In 2022, it is operating on more than 40,000 patients in a year and screening around 500,000 people. More than half of its paramedical human resources come from this course.<ref>{{cite news |title=COP Initiative by Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital is Empowering Women in the Country |url=https://thecsrjournal.in/dr-shroffs-charity-eye-hospital-empowering-women-fund-the-project/ |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=CSR Journal |date=4 August 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Pawan Sinha, a professor in [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]’s Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences set up Project Prakash in the hospital, a program dedicated to treating early-onset blindness in children and young adults.<ref>{{cite news |title=After lifetime of blindness, newly sighted can immediately identify human locomotion |url=https://www.miragenews.com/after-lifetime-of-blindness-newly-sighted-can-877280/ |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Mirage News |date=19 October 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Noshir M. Shroff]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
* [https://www.expresshealthcare.in/news/dr-shroffs-charity-eye-hospital-marks-100-years-since-foundation-stone-laid-in-1924/452873/ Dr Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital marks 100 years..]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|https://sceh.net/}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Delhi}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Eye hospitals in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hospitals in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:1914 establishments in India]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janampalli_Anirudh_Reddy&diff=505642Janampalli Anirudh Reddy2026-04-28T14:55:05Z<p>Aniketdigi: Created Some Data W/ Infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1980)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
'''Janampalli Anirudh Reddy''' (born 31 December 1980) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is an MLA from [[Jadcherla Assembly constituency]] in [[Mahabubnagar district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jadcherla assembly election results 2023: Jadcherla Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/jadcherla-assembly-result-29075 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Reddy is from Rangareddyguda village, [[Jadcherla]]. He is born to Janampally Dilip Reddy and Shashikala. He completed his B. Tech. in computer science and engineering at Noor College of Engineering which is affiliated with [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad|Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University]], [[Hyderabad]] in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anirudh Reddy Janampalli(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- JADCHERLA(MAHABUBNAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=102 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2024-07-08 |title=A young and dynamic leader |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/a-young-and-dynamic-leader-890121 |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Reddy began his political journey in 2012 joining the [[YSR Congress Party]]. In 2018, he shifted to the [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]]. In 2023, he was nominated to contest the Jadcherla seat on Congress ticket. He was elected in the [[Jadcherla Assembly constituency]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 90,865 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Charlakola Laxma Reddy of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]], by a huge margin of 15,171 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jadcherla Election Result 2023 Live, - Vote Counting, Telangana Results 2023 |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselections/telangana-assembly-election-2023/telangana-jadcherla-constituency-75.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=News ABP Live |language=en|date=2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Jadcherla Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/jadcherla-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687779.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Jadcherla Telangana Assembly Constituency Election 2023: Date of Result, Voting, Counting; Candidates |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jadcherla-telangana-constituency-election-2023-candidates-list-election-voting-election-result-date-winner-runner-up-details/3280996/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2024, he denied police protection and requested the Superintendent of Police not to depute police personnel for his personal security due to the shortage of police staff.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mareedu |first=Mouli |date=2024-01-03 |title=Congress MLA Anirudh Reddy Janampalli declines police escort |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/030124/congress-mla-anirudh-reddy-janampalli-declines-police-escort.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}} <br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anirudh Reddy, Janampalli}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1980 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surendra_Singh_Jadawat&diff=538555Surendra Singh Jadawat2026-04-21T22:52:02Z<p>Aniketdigi: Created new bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1955)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Surendra Singh Jadawat<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = 1955<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| office = Chair of the Rajasthan Heritage Conservation and Promotion Authority (RHCPA) <br>[[Government of Rajasthan]]<br />
| term_start = February 2022<br />
| term_end = November 2023<br />
| predecessor = [[Onkar Singh Lakhawat]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| parents = Shakti Singh (father)<br />
| children = <br />
| relations = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = Politician, farmer<br />
| office1 = [[Minister of State]]<br />
| predecessor1 = <br />
| successor1 = <br />
| term_start1 = February 2022<br />
| term_end1 = November 2023<br />
| office2 = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| Office3 = <br />
| term_start2 = 2008<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Narpat Singh Rajvi]]<br />
| successor2 = [[Chandrabhan Singh Aakya]]<br />
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata2 = [[Ashok Gehlot]]<br />
| term_end2 = 2013<br />
| term_start3 = 1998<br />
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata3 = [[Ashok Gehlot]]<br />
| term_end3 = 2003<br />
| predecessor3 = [[Narpat Singh Rajvi]]<br />
| successor3 = [[Narpat Singh Rajvi]]<br />
| website = {{Twitter|surendra1INC}} <br/> {{Instagram|surendra_jadawat_inc}}<br />
| constituency2 = [[Chittorgarh Assembly constituency|Chittorgarh]]<br />
| constituency3 = [[Chittorgarh Assembly constituency|Chittorgarh]] <br />
}}<br />
'''Surendra Singh Jadawat''' is an Indian politician and former Chairman of Rajasthan Heritage Conservation and Promotion Authority. He was a [[Minister of State]] in the [[Third Ashok Gehlot ministry]]. He has also represented [[Chittorgarh Assembly constituency]] in the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] between 1998 and 2003 and 2008–2013. He is a member of [[All India Congress Committee]].<br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Jadawat started his political career in university politics as [[National Students' Union of India|NSUI]] President in [[Chittorgarh]]. As a young man, he met [[Indira Gandhi]] during her visit to Chittorgarh in 1979, when he led a 100 bike escort for her caravan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 2022 |title=इंदिरा गांधी का इतना क्रेज कि दूध-चीनी खत्म हुए:राज्यमंत्री जाड़ावत बोले, 43 साल पहले बाइक धीरे चलाने को कहा था |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/chittorgarh/news/came-on-chittorgarh-tour-43-years-ago-the-crowd-was-so-much-that-tea-leaves-milk-sugar-ran-out-in-hotels-130593003.html}}</ref> He went on to become [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from Chittorgarh for terms between 1998 and 2003 and 2008–2013.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jaNAAAAMAAJ |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of [name of State].: Rajasthan |date=1998 |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref> He also contested 2018 assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-11 |title=Rajasthan Election Result 2018: चित्तौड़गढ़ सीट से बीजेपी के चंद्रभान सिंह जीते |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/rajasthan/story/rajasthan-assembly-election-chittorgarh-seat-results-2018-575947-2018-12-11 |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-19 |title='सरकार का विधायक तो मैं ही, मेरे बिना पत्ता भी नहीं हिलेगा यहां' {{!}} Surendra Singh jadawat in chittorgarh |url=https://www.patrika.com/chittorgarh-news/surendra-singh-jadawat-in-chittorgarh-3861323/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
He led efforts to raise awareness during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]]. Jadawat called for a meeting with community representatives to bust myths around vaccination and promote the inoculation drive, and announced that every family that gets vaccinated will be eligible for a health insurance of Rs. {{formatnum:500000}} under the Chief Minister Chiranjeevi Health Insurance Scheme.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}<br />
<br />
He accused the BJP of not thinking enough to carry out development work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=चित्तौड़ के किले से सियासत: कांग्रेस के राज्यमंत्री का भाजपा के विधायक पर तंज- मैंने किसी महिला से जूते नहीं खाए हैं |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/rajasthan/story-congress-leader-surendra-singh-jadawat-attacked-on-bjp-mla-from-chittor-chandrabhan-singh-akya-7258849.html |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref> He challenged the BJP legislators on the issue of development, noting that the issue of Chittorgarh medical college was put on the backburner by the previous BJP government. This was re-included in the budget by Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot, and the medical college has now reached the stage of inauguration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaur Women Death Case पांच मांगों पर सहमति के बाद धरना समाप्त संविदा पर नौकारी के साथ मिलेगा 15 लाख मुआवजा |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/nagore/nagaur-women-death-case-strike-ends-after-agreeing-on-five-demands-job-and-15-lakh-compensation/rj20230127140735326326873 |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
At Abhaypur Ghat, Jadawat inaugurated [[project]]s worth 70&nbsp;million. Several [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] members joined Congress in his presence, receiving the flag from the minister. Jadawat and Gehlot's schemes impacted 200,000 BJP workers in the Gram Panchayat of Abhaypur. Crores have been spent for development in villages, with more BJP members leaving for Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान बीजेपी को झटका, 25 नेताओं ने छोड़ी पार्टी, कांग्रेस में हुए शामिल, Ex MLA जाड़ावत ने की गहलोत की तारीफ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/chittorgargh/rajasthan-bjp-loss-25-leaders-left-party-joined-congress-mla-jadawat-praised-ashok-gehlot/1537055 |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Chairman of RHCPA ===<br />
In February 2022, Jadawat took charge as Chairman of Rajasthan Heritage Conservation and Promotion Authority (RHCPA).<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Feb 2022 |title=सुरेंद्र जाड़ावत का विभिन्न सामाजिक संगठनों ने किया स्वागत, लोगों में हर्ष का माहौल |work=Zee Rajasthan |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/udaipur/chittorgarh-surendra-jadawat-was-welcomed-by-various-social-organizations-there-is-an-atmosphere-of-joy-among/1109231}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Feb 2022 |title=कांग्रेस में राजनीतिक नियुक्तियां:पूर्व विधायक जाड़ावत बोले- सीएम ने बड़ी जिम्मेदारी सौंपी, उनके मार्गदर्शन में करूंगा काम |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bhilwara/chittorgarh/news/jadawat-was-welcomed-with-pomp-gujjars-reached-the-gates-of-sanwara-only-late-at-night-129389447.html}}</ref> He was given the rank of [[Minister of State]] by the Chief Minister [[Ashok Gehlot]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gehlot or Pilot as next Rajasthan CM face? Cong decision after June 10 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2022/05/26/ashok-gehlot-vs-sachin-pilot-congress-rajasthan-cm.html |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-28 |title=Cracks re-emerging in Rajasthan Congress |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/cracks-re-emerging-rajasthan-congress |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
Surendra Singh Jadawat has outlined his priorities which include completing ongoing projects, reviewing and implementing time-bound projects related to development works in forts and panoramas in [[Chittorgarh]], [[Deshnoke|Deshnok]], Angad Baoji, and Maa Shabri, and ensuring dedicated officials are in place to expedite work.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=15 Feb 2022 |title=Chittorgarh Ex-mla Takes Charge Of Raj Heritage Conservation Body {{!}} Jaipur News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/chittorgarh-ex-mla-takes-charge-of-raj-heritage-conservation-body/articleshow/89578260.cms |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Jadawat announced that the Bedchh Puliya bridge would be named after [[B. R. Ambedkar|Baba Sahab]] on 14 April, and Congress is committed to working with all sections of society to ensure progress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chittorgarh News : राज्यमंत्री सुरेंद्र सिंह जाड़ावत का दौरा, डॉ भीमराम अंबेडकर को किया याद |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/chittorgargh/minister-of-state-surendra-singh-jadawat-visited-remembered-dr-bhimram-ambedkar-in-chittorgarh/1432634 |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister of State Surendra Singh Jadawat inaugurated Grid Sub Station{{!}}राज्य मंत्री सुरेंद्र सिंह जाड़ावत ने ग्रिड सब स्टेशन का किया शुभारंभ |url=https://bhilwarahalchal.com//Minister%20of%20State%20Surendra%20Singh%20Jadawat%20inaugurated%20Grid%20Sub-233536 |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Bhilwara Halchal – Hindi News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Jadawat discussed his aim of opening English medium schools in Chittorgarh's villages for children from rural areas. All schools will have renovated facilities & games. On the occasion, he approved Rs. 5&nbsp;million for a playground in Chiksi from the Gram DFM fund.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister of State Jadawat reached Chiksi, participated in the annual festival program{{!}}राज्यमंत्री जाड़ावत चिकसी पहुंचे, वार्षिक उत्सव कार्यक्रम में की शिरकत |url=https://bhilwarahalchal.com//Minister%20of%20State%20Jadawat%20reached%20Chiksi%20participated%20in%20the%20annual%20festival-239078 |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Bhilwara Halchal – Hindi News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Jan 2023 |title=वार्षिकोत्सव हुआ:राज्यमंत्री जाड़ावत ने स्कूल में प्रार्थना स्थल पर डोम बनवाने की घोषणा की |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/chittorgarh/news/minister-of-state-jadawat-announced-the-construction-of-a-dome-at-the-place-of-prayer-in-the-school-130841244.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2023, Surendra Singh Jadawat announced a plan to build a panorama honoring [[Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath|Kesari Singh Barhath]], approved by Rajasthan CM Ashok Gehlot with Rs. 40&nbsp;million. A survey of the land with local authorities has been conducted to mark it, and work will begin soon.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=शाहपुरा में बारहठ पैनोरमा के लिए भूमि चिन्हित करने के लिए राज्यमंत्री जड़ावत पहुंचे |url=https://dainikbhilwaranews.com/post-6324/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=dainikbhilwaranews.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://artandculture.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/art-and-culture/rajasthan-heritage-protection---promotion-authority/en/About_Us.html About Us – Government of Rajasthan Rajasthan Heritage Authority, Jaipur]<br />
* [http://rajpcc.com/surendersingh Surendra Singh Jadawat – RAJPCC]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadawat, Surendra Singh}}<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Chittorgarh district]]<br />
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]<br />
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1998–2003]]<br />
[[Category:1955 births]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greater_Kailash_Assembly_constituency&diff=501199Greater Kailash Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:26:56Z<p>Aniketdigi: created the details w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Greater Kailash<br />
| mla = [[Shikha Roy]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
| state = [[Delhi]]<br />
| district = [[New Delhi]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]]<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| constituency_no = 50<br />
}}<br />
'''Greater Kailash Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern India.<br />
Greater Kailash assembly constituency is a part of [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. This constituency was created by reorganization by [[Delimitation Commission of India|delimitation commission]] in 2008.<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Assembly Election 2020 - State Wise and Party Wise Results |url=https://www.elections.in/delhi/assembly-constituencies/greater-kailash.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br />
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Saurabh Bhardwaj]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
| [[Shikha Roy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 2025 ===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --> <section begin="Assembly Election 2025"/> <br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Greater Kailash<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Greater Kailash">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Greater Kailash |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0550.htm |access-date=8 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208092618/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0550.htm |archive-date=8 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Shikha Roy]]<br />
| votes = 49,594<br />
| percentage = 47.74<br />
| change = {{increase}}7.61<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
| candidate = [[Saurabh Bharadwaj]]<br />
| votes = 46,406<br />
| percentage = 44.67<br />
| change = {{decrease}}10.95<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = Garvit Singhvi<br />
| votes = 6,711<br />
| percentage = 6.46<br />
| change = {{increase}}3.38<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = None of the above<br />
| candidate = None of the above<br />
| votes = 671<br />
| percentage = 0.64<br />
| change = {{increase}}0.10<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
| votes = 3,188<br />
| percentage = 3.07<br />
| change = {{down}}12.41<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 103,884<br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party <br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<section end="Assembly Election 2025"/><br />
<br />
=== 2020 ===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --> <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/> <br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Greater Kailash}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
| candidate = [[Saurabh Bharadwaj]]<br />
| votes = 60,372<br />
| percentage = 55.62 <br />
| change = +2.32<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = Shikha Roy<br />
| votes = 43,563<br />
| percentage = 40.13<br />
| change = +0.33<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = Sukhbir Singh Panwar<br />
| votes = 3,339<br />
| percentage = 3.08<br />
| change = -2.56<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
| party = PBI<br />
| candidate = Shobha Dhar<br />
| votes = 282<br />
| percentage = 0.26<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| candidate = Rajbir Singh<br />
| votes = 214<br />
| percentage = 0.20<br />
| change = -0.02<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = None of the above<br />
| candidate = None of the above<br />
| votes = 586<br />
| percentage = 0.54<br />
| change = +0.13<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
| votes = 16,809<br />
| percentage = 15.48<br />
| change = +1.98<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 1,08,064<br />
| percentage = 60.12<br />
| change = -6.57<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
| swing = +2.32<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/><br />
<br />
=== 2015 ===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --> <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/><br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: [[Greater Kailash]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
| candidate = [[Saurabh Bharadwaj]]<br />
| votes = 57,589<br />
| percentage = 53.30<br />
| change = +8.04<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = Rakesh Kumar Gullaiya<br />
| votes = 43,006<br />
| percentage = 39.80<br />
| change = +8.29<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Sharmistha Mukherjee]]<br />
| votes = 6,102<br />
| percentage = 5.64<br />
| change = -15.06<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = None of the above<br />
| candidate = None of the above<br />
| votes = 443<br />
| percentage = 0.41<br />
| change = -0.26<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
| votes = 14,583<br />
| percentage = 13.50<br />
| change = -0.25<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 1,08,085<br />
| percentage = 66.69<br />
| change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box Registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = 1,62,072<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
| swing = +8.04<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/><br />
<br />
=== 2013 ===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --> <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/><br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: [[Greater Kailash]]<ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=50 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
| candidate = [[Saurabh Bhardwaj]]<br />
| votes = 43,097<br />
| percentage = 45.26 <br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = Ajay Kumar Malhotra<br />
| votes = 30,005<br />
| percentage = 31.51<br />
| change = -21.43 <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = Virender Kasana<br />
| votes = 19,714 <br />
| percentage = 20.70<br />
| change = -18.17<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| candidate = Mukesh Bhardwaj<br />
| votes = 912<br />
| percentage = 0.96<br />
| change = -4.67<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = None of the above<br />
| candidate = None of the Above<br />
| votes = 639<br />
| percentage = 0.67<br />
| change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 13,092<br />
| percentage = 13.75<br />
| change = +0.32<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 95,261<br />
| percentage = 66.15<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/><br />
<br />
=== 2008 ===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --> <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/><br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Greater Kailash<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]<br />
| votes = 42,206<br />
| percentage = 52.94<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = Jitender Kumar Kocher<br />
| votes = 30,987<br />
| percentage = 38.87<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| candidate = Rajendra Kumar Gupta<br />
| votes = 4,486<br />
| percentage = 5.63<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 11,219<br />
| percentage = 14.07<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 79,722<br />
| percentage = 54.40<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box new seat win|<br />
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}<br />
{{coords|28.547|77.238|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:New Delhi district]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mukul_Choudhary&diff=518907Mukul Choudhary2026-04-17T23:09:12Z<p>Aniketdigi: creating some page w/ infobox...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 2004)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}{{Infobox cricketer<br />
| name = Mukul Choudhary<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| fullname = Mukul Dalip Choudhary<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2004|08|6|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Jhunjhunu]], [[Rajasthan]] India<br />
| batting = Right-handed<br />
| bowling = <br />
| role = Wicket-keeper-batter<br />
<br />
| club1 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]<br />
| year1 = {{nowrap|2023–present}}<br />
| clubnumber1 = <br />
| club2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]<br />
| year2 = 2026<br />
| clubnumber2 =<br />
| columns = 4<br />
<br />
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]<br />
| matches1 = 3<br />
| runs1 = 51<br />
| bat avg1 = 12.75<br />
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0<br />
| top score1 = 45<br />
| catches/stumpings1 = 3/-<br />
| hidedeliveries = true<br />
<br />
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]<br />
| matches2 = 1<br />
| runs2 = 5<br />
| bat avg2 = 5.00<br />
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0<br />
| top score2 = 5<br />
| catches/stumpings2 = -/-<br />
<br />
| column3 = [[Twenty20|T20]]<br />
| matches3 = 7<br />
| runs3 = 210<br />
| bat avg3 = 42.00<br />
| 100s/50s3 = 0/2<br />
| top score3 = 62[[not out|*]] <br />
| catches/stumpings3 = 2/-<br />
<br />
| column4 = [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]<br />
| matches4 = 3<br />
| runs4 = 70<br />
| bat avg4 = 70.00<br />
| 100s/50s4 = 0/1<br />
| top score4 = 54[[not out|*]] <br />
| catches/stumpings4 = -/-<br />
<br />
| date = 25 Dec<br />
| year = 2025<br />
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/mukul-choudhary-1354217 ESPNcricinfo<br />
}}<br />
'''Mukul Dalip Choudhary''' (born 6 August 2004) is an Indian cricketer, who plays as a wicket keeper batter. He plays for Rajasthan in domestic cricket and [[Lucknow Super Giants]] in the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lucknow Super Giants {{!}} LSG 2025 Squad & Overview {{!}} IPLT20 |url=https://www.iplt20.com/teams/lucknow-super-giants |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=[[Indian Premier League]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Choudhary made his [[First-class cricket|first-class]] debut on 17 January 2023 in the [[2022–23 Ranji Trophy]]<ref>{{cite web |title=RAJ vs CGR Cricket Scorecard, Elite, Group C at Jodhpur, January 17 - 20, 2023 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2022-23-1332913/rajasthan-vs-chhattisgarh-elite-group-c-1333299/full-scorecard |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref> and his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut on 24 December 2025 in the [[2025–26 Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=M. Pradesh vs Rajasthan, Elite, Group A at Ahmedabad, Vijay Hazare Trophy, Dec 24 2025 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2025-26-1492383/madhya-pradesh-vs-rajasthan-elite-group-a-1492667/full-scorecard |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |publisher=}}</ref><br />
<br />
Choudhary was purchased by the [[Lucknow Super Giants]] ahead of the [[2026 Indian Premier League]] for ₹2.6 crore in the [[List of 2026 Indian Premier League personnel changes|auction]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mallick |first1=Megha |date=2025-12-16 |title=Who Is Mukul Choudhary? 21-Year-Old Rajasthan Star Bags Big IPL 2026 Deal |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/who-is-mukul-choudhary-21-year-old-rajasthan-wicketkeeper-bags-big-ipl-2026-deal-ws-l-9773862.html |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=2025-12-24 |publisher=News 18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Shayan |date=16 December 2025 |title=Father’s dream fuels IPL fairytale as Mukul Choudhary bags Rs. 2.60 crore deal with LSG |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/mukul-choudhary-ipl-auction-lucknow-super-giants-price-lsg-reaction-profile-rajasthan-cricket-news/article70403527.ece |access-date=2025-12-24 |work=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Puri |first1=Sagar |date=16 December 2025 |title=LSG Full Squad IPL 2026 Auction: Lucknow Super Giants strengthen core with smart auction and trade moves |url=https://news24online.com/sports/cricket/lsg-players-auction-ipl-2026-live-updates-lucknow-super-giants-complete-list-of-players-full-squad-retained-release-players/688529/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |work=News24 |language=en}}</ref> On 9 April 2026, Choudhary hit a match winning 54* off 27 deliveries as he single handedly helped [[Lucknow Super Giants]] chase down 182 against [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] on the last ball. <ref>https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2026-1510719/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-lucknow-super-giants-15th-match-1527688/live-match-blog</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Lucknow Super Giants squad}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhary, Mukul}}<br />
[[Category:2004 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Lucknow Super Giants cricketers]]<br />
<br />
{{India-cricket-bio-stub}}</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panjgrain_Assembly_constituency&diff=524211Panjgrain Assembly constituency2026-04-16T04:54:06Z<p>Aniketdigi: creating stub!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Panjgrain<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
| constituency_no = 102<br />
| established = 1977<br />
| abolished = 2012<br />
| district = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot]]<br />
| reservation = SC<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:131298}} (2007)<ref name="election2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3454-punjab-2007/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2007 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
'''Panjgrain''' was one of the 117 assembly constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], an Indian state lying in [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]] district. [[Panjgrain]] was also part of [[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ECI 2012">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_PB_2012.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2012 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF PUNJAB|publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA|date=6 March 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Panjgrain-in-Punjab Sitting and previous MLAs from Panjgrain Assembly Constituency]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Winner<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|rowspan=3| [[Gurdev Singh Badal]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]<br />
| [[Gurcharan Singh Tohra]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]<br />
|rowspan=2| [[Gurdev Singh Badal]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br />
| Joginder Singh<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===2007===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Panjgrain<ref name="election2007b">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2007 |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2007 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Joginder Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Shiromani Akali Dal|swing=}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Panjgrain]]<br />
* [[Jalandhar district]]<br />
* [[Jalandhar (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}} <br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}<br />
{{coords|31.16|75.56|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jalandhar district]]<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]<br />
[[Category:1977 establishments in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2012]]<br />
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Faridkot district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhorey_Assembly_constituency&diff=491317Bhorey Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:54:00Z<p>Aniketdigi: adding initial entry initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Bhore<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = 103-Bhore constituency.svg<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| mla = [[Sunil Kumar (born 1988)|Sunil Kumar]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] <!--Year of the last election. Leave blank for former constituencies--><br />
| region = <br />
| state = [[Bihar]]<br />
| district = [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]]<br />
| division = <br />
| loksabha_cons = <br />
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]<br />
| established = 1957<br />
| electors = <br />
| reservation = SC<br />
| abolished = <!-- year abolished --><br />
}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{coord|26|27|05|N|84|06|53|E|region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}<br />
<br />
'''Bhore Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
It is believed that Bhore is named on the name of a King Bhurishrava ({{langx|hi|भूरिश्रवा}}) who reigned on this land in [[Dvapara Yuga]] (The Age of [[Lord Krishna|Krishna]]). He fought in the great [[Mahabharata War|Kurukshetr War]] in support of [[Kaurava]]. He got boon for a magical Elephant which could travel from Bhore to [[Kurukshetra]] within one day.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 103 Bhore Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: Bhore, Kateya and vijaipur [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Bhore Assembly constituency is part of No. 17 [[Gopalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).<ref name=commission/><br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Bhore Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/bhore.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|[[Chandrika Ram]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|Rambali Pandey<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |<br />
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |Raj Mangal Mishra<br />
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|Jamuna Ram<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|Alagu Ram<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|Anil Kumar<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Indradev Manjhi<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br />
|[[Acharya Vishwanath Baitha]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Anil Kumar<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br />
|Indradev Manjhi<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br />
|Anil Kumar<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Sunil Kumar (born 1988)|Sunil Kumar]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal (United)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2025 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhorey<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|candidate = [[Sunil Kumar (born 1988)|Sunil Kumar]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:101469}}<br />
|percentage = 47.61<br />
|change = +7.11<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation<br />
|candidate = [[Dhananjay (politician)|Dhananjay]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:85306}}<br />
|percentage = 40.03<br />
|change = -0.22<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jan Suraaj Party<br />
|candidate = Priti Kinnar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:8602}}<br />
|percentage = 4.04<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Surendra Kumar Ram<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:6132}}<br />
|percentage = 2.88<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|candidate = Dharmendra Kumar Ram<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4095}}<br />
|percentage = 1.92<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:7517}}<br />
|percentage = 3.53<br />
|change = -0.85<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:16163}}<br />
|percentage = 7.58<br />
|change = +7.33<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:213121}}<br />
|percentage = 63.13<br />
|change = +9.15<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2020 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhore<ref name="election2020"/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|candidate = [[Sunil Kumar (born 1988)|Sunil Kumar]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:74067}}<br />
|percentage = 40.5<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation<br />
|candidate = Jitendra Paswan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:73605}}<br />
|percentage = 40.25<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Lok Janshakti Party<br />
|candidate = [[Pushpa Devi]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4520}}<br />
|percentage = 2.47<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)<br />
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Baitha<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4328}}<br />
|percentage = 2.37<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bhartiya Jan Nayak Party<br />
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Bharti<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3686}}<br />
|percentage = 2.02<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Dularchand Ram<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3569}}<br />
|percentage = 1.95<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = The Plurals Party<br />
|candidate = Bishal Kumar Bharti<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3352}}<br />
|percentage = 1.83<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jan Sangharsh Dal<br />
|candidate = Rinki Devi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3308}}<br />
|percentage = 1.81<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Jitendra Ram<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1790}}<br />
|percentage = 0.98<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:8010}}<br />
|percentage = 4.38<br />
|change = +0.25<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:462}}<br />
|percentage = 0.25<br />
|change = -8.61<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:182861}}<br />
|percentage = 53.98<br />
|change = +1.46<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2015 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhore<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Anil Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:74365}}<br />
|percentage = 44.32<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Indradev Manjhi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:59494}}<br />
|percentage = 35.46<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation<br />
|candidate = Jitendra Paswan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:14011}}<br />
|percentage = 8.35<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Satyajeet Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3525}}<br />
|percentage = 2.1<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Rajendra Ram<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1764}}<br />
|percentage = 1.05<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:6936}}<br />
|percentage = 4.13<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:14871}}<br />
|percentage = 8.86<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:167777}}<br />
|percentage = 52.52<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br />
{{Gopalganj district, India}}<br />
{{Saran Division topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Gopalganj district, India]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagamani_Srinath&diff=519833Nagamani Srinath2026-04-11T15:00:07Z<p>Aniketdigi: creating new post basic info...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Carnatic music vocalist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Nagamani Srinath<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|4|7|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British India]]<br />
| occupation = Carnatic vocalist, guru<br />
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2010)<br />
}}<br />
Dr. G. N. Nagamani Srinath<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nadatarangini - Mysore G.N. Nagamani Srinath |url=https://www.nadatarangini.org/artists/mysore-g-n-nagamani-srinath |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=www.nadatarangini.org |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="HinduMysuru">{{cite news |title=Mysuru Sangeetha Sugandha concludes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mysuru-sangeetha-sugandha-concludes/article68852361.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 November 2024 |access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref>was born on April 7, 1950, to G.N. Narayana and Venkatalakshamma in Jodi Gubbi, a remote village in Hassan district, Karnataka, India.<br />
<br />
Dr. G. N. Nagamani Srinath is an Indian [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] vocalist, composer, and educator. She has performed widely in India and around the world. She has held the position of professor of music at Maharani’s Arts College in Mysore and Bengaluru. She is connected to the Sunaada Cultural Centre, which focuses on teaching [[Carnatic music|Carnatic music.]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=musicearn :: Performing Artist Management, Concert Management, Learning Network, Digital Library, Musician, Dancer, Connection, Campaign, Referral |url=https://www.musicearn.in/me/gnnagamani-gnnagamanisrinath |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=www.musicearn.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early Life and Education ==<br />
Dr. G. N. Nagamani Srinath was born in Hassan district, Karnataka, India. She was trained in Carnatic music under the Gurukula System with [[Ramnad Krishnan]] in Madras. She was also studied with several musicians, including [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]], [[K. V. Narayanaswamy]], [[T. M. Thiagarajan|T. M. Thyagarajan]], [[D. K. Jayaraman]], [[T. Brinda]], Mukta, Gowri Kuppa Swamy, [[V. Ramarathnam|V. Ramaratnam]], and R. Vishweshwaran.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
She holds a Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Arts in music from [[University of Mysore|Mysore University]]<ref name="HinduMysuru" />, where she earned high ranks and gold medals<ref name=":0" />. She also completed a postgraduate diploma in music from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]<ref name=":1" /> and received a Vidwat qualification from the [[Government of Karnataka|Government of Karnataka.]]<ref name=":1" /> Tumkur University awarded her a Doctor of Literature (D.Litt) in music.<br />
<br />
Prof. G. N. Nagamani Srinath is part of a group of musicians who have been prominent in [[Carnatic music]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Nagamani Srinath – Soorya Performing Arts |url=https://www.sooryaperformingarts.org/nagamanisrinath/#:~:text=Nagamani%20Srinath's%20vibrant%20melodious%20voice,Emirates,%20Hong%20Kong%20and%20Malaysia. |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=www.sooryaperformingarts.org}}</ref> for over sixty years. Her knowledge and interpretation have made her a significant presence in Carnatic music. She possesses an impressive understanding of music and delivers it with emotional depth that resonates with both the elite and the general public.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== EDUCATION & ACADEMIC HONORS<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=musicearn :: Performing Artist Management, Concert Management, Learning Network, Digital Library, Musician, Dancer, Connection, Campaign, Referral |url=https://www.musicearn.in/me/gnnagamani-gnnagamanisrinath#:~:text=Nagamani%20has%20a%20sterling%20academic%20record%20with,M.A%20in%20Music%20-%201%20st%20Ra |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=www.musicearn.in}}</ref> ==<br />
Prof. Nagamani Srinath's academic record includes gold medals and scholarships. <br />
<br />
* Scholarship in [[Carnatic music|Carnatic Music]] by the Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India, 1971<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /><br />
* Bachelor of Arts - <sup>2nd</sup> Rank & Gold Medal, [[University of Mysore|Mysore University]], 1970<ref name=":4" /> <br />
* Master of Arts in Music - <sup>1st</sup> Rank, [[University of Mysore|Mysore University]], 1976<ref name=":0" /> <br />
* Vidwat in Music - <sup>1st Rank</sup>, Gold Medal, [[Government of Karnataka]], 1971<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> <br />
* Post Graduate Diploma in Music - Gold Medal, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], 1973<ref name=":0" /> <br />
* Doctor of Literature (D.Litt) in Music from Tumkur University, 2014<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> <br />
* Top grade artist of AIR and Doordarshan, 2001 <ref name=":0" /> <br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Prof. Nagamani Srinath started performing [[Carnatic music]] as a teenager and has given concerts throughout India, including the Mysuru Sangeetha Sugandha festival<ref name="HinduMysuru" />. She has also taught many students, showcasing their progress in annual concerts, like the one in 2016 at [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] in Chennai. She advocates for more opportunities for Carnatic musicians in Karnataka and for greater recognition of classical music in state honors like the [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Karnataka Rajyotsava Awards]]<ref name="Rajyotsava" />. In 2024, she published a book, "Antaraalada Alaapane<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Govind |first=Ranjani |date=2024-04-04 |title=Vocalist Nagamani Srinath’s book Antaraalada Alaapane to be released on April 7, is the first part of her autobiography |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/vocalist-nagamani-srinath-chronicles-her-musical-journey-in-antaraalada-alaapane/article68018857.ece |access-date=2026-03-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>", discussing her experiences as a Carnatic vocalist.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
She has performed for All India Radio and [[Doordarshan]]<ref name=":5" />, taking part in their national programs and radio concerts.<br />
<br />
Prof. Nagamani Srinath served as Professor and Head of the Music Department at Maharani’s Arts and Commerce College under Mysore University and Bengaluru University<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />. She has also been a visiting faculty member at [[Bangalore University]] and [[Jain University]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
As a performer, she has presented Carnatic vocal concerts in India and countries like the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong, and Malaysia. She has participated in festivals and cultural events, including the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]]<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /> cultural festival and concerts at the Madras Music Academy. She has also performed in broadcasts on [[Doordarshan|All India Radio and Doordarshan.]]<ref name="HinduMysuru" /><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Additionally, she has taught [[Carnatic music]] to students both in India and abroad, using online platforms.<ref name="SNA">{{cite web |title=Mysore Nagamani Srinath |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1741087454_Mysore%20Nagamani%20Srinath.pdf |website=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards and recognition ==<br />
* [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]] Award<ref name="Rajyotsava">{{cite web |title=Rajyotsava Awards |url=https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State%20Awards/Rajyotsava%2BAwards/en |website=Karnataka Government |access-date=1 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615163256/https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State%20Awards/Rajyotsava+Awards/en |archive-date=15 June 2020}}</ref>, in 1998<br />
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]<ref name="SNA" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2011-07-22 |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi fellowships for four eminent artistes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/sangeet-natak-akademi-fellowships-for-four-eminent-artistes/article2284394.ece |access-date=2025-08-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>, in 2010<br />
* Sangita Kala Acharya award from the [[Madras Music Academy]] for her work as a performer and teacher<ref name="DeccanChronicleAward">{{cite news |title=The Sangita Kala Acharya awards will go to vocalist Mysore Nagamani Srinath and percussionist T.H. Subashchandran |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150622/nation-current-affairs/article/vocalist-sanjay-subrahmanyan-gets-sangita-kalanidhi |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=22 June 2015 |access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref>, in 2015<br />
* Best Musician Award – Music Academy Madras<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
* Gold Medal - M.A <sup>1st</sup> Rank - [[University of Mysore|Mysore University]]<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="HinduMysuru" /><ref name=":0" /> <br />
<br />
* Gold Medal - Post Graduate Diploma - <sup>1st</sup> Rank - [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamilnadu Govt]]. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /> <br />
* Gold Medal - <sup>1st</sup> Rank - Vidwat - Govt. of Karnataka <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> <br />
* Ganasaraswati - Sri. B.D. Jathi, [[Vice President of India]]<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /> <br />
* [[Karnataka Kalashri|Karnataka Kalasri]] - [[Karnataka Sangeeta Nritya Academy|Karnataka Sangeetha Nritya Academy]], 1997<ref name=":4" /><ref name="DeccanChronicleAward" /> <br />
* Best Teacher Award - Collegiate Education, Karnataka State, 2003<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> <br />
* Chowdiah National Award - Academy of Music, Bangalore, 2010 <ref name=":1" /> <br />
* [[Gaanakalabhooshana]] - Ganakala Parishat, Karnataka, 2010<ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":0" /><br />
* [[Puravankara Saangeetya Puraskar]] - Sangitya <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> <br />
* Arya Batta Award <ref name=":0" /><ref name="DeccanHeraldRajyotsava">{{cite news |title=Classical music not adequately represented in Rajyotsava awards |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/music/classical-music-not-adequately-represented-in-rajyotsava-awards-2877795 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=2 December 2024 |access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref><br />
* Mico Award - Mico Company <ref name="DeccanHeraldRajyotsava" /> <br />
* Kalabhooshana - Sri Tyagaraja Gana Sabha, 2010<ref name="Rajyotsava" /><ref name=":5" /> <br />
* Lifetime Achievement Award - Nagaratnamma, Minister, Karnataka, 2023 <ref name=":0" /><ref name="HinduMysuru" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name="Rajyotsava" /><br />
* Sambrama Puraskar - Governor of Karnataka (Kala Sambhrama), 2010 <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="DeccanChronicleAward" /><br />
* Best Musician Award - Telugu Academy, Hyderabad <ref name="HinduMysuru" /><ref name=":1" /> <br />
* Ganakalasri - Ganakala Parishat <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
* Sangeetha Saraswati - Udupi Pejawar Mutt <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name="HinduMysuru" /><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Nagamani Srinath lives in Mysore, where she continues to teach and perform. She participates in local festivals and supports efforts to promote Carnatic music.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Works and Contributions ==<br />
Prof. Nagamani Srinath has composed more than 200 musical pieces<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />, including [[Varnam|varnams]], [[Kriti (music)|kritis]], and tillanas in languages such as Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, and Sanskrit. Her compositions are performed by various musicians and dancers<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />.<br />
<br />
She has developed educational materials, including audio CDs and DVDs, through projects like "Gurukula" and "Sangeeta Saadhane," which provide lessons on Carnatic music, covering theory and practice.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
She has written articles and books about music, focusing on composers like [[Syama Sastri|Shyama Shastri]], [[Veena Kuppayyar]], and [[Tiruvottriyur Tyagayyar|Thiruvotriyur Tyagayyar]]<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
As a director and producer, she has created thematic musical productions that blend music, dance, and drama. She also produced a television series called "Mysore Composers," which aired on Doordarshan.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
== Sunaada Cultural Centre ==<br />
Nagamani Srinath founded the Sunaada Cultural Centre in 1983<ref name="DeccanChronicleAward" />. This institution focuses on teaching Carnatic music using the traditional gurukula method and organizes workshops, festivals, and lectures. The centre also supports students at various levels of training.<ref name="DeccanHeraldRajyotsava" /><br />
<br />
== Other Roles ==<br />
She has held various academic and cultural positions, including being a member of the "Sangeeta Nrutya Academy", "Government of Karnataka", serving as a jury member for All India Radio auditions, and being a member of boards of studies at different universities.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Her performances have been reviewed in publications such as [[The Hindu]]<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> and [[The Indian Express|Indian Express]]<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" />, highlighting her vocal range, respect for classical traditions, and unique presentation style.<ref name="HinduMysuru" /><ref name="DeccanHeraldRajyotsava" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
=='''External links'''==<br />
*{{official website|https://nagamanisrinath.com/}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinath, Nagamani}}<br />
[[Category:1950 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian classical singers]]<br />
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women musicians]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=A-Zal&diff=483728A-Zal2026-04-09T09:02:55Z<p>Aniketdigi: adding a article added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Music composer from India}}<br />
{{use mdy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| background = person<br />
| name = Atif Afzal<br />
| image = Atif Afzal studio profile.jpg<br />
| caption = A-Zal in the 2010s<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| alias = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India<br />
| genre = [[Pop music]], [[film score]]s<br />
| occupation = [[Singer-songwriter]], [[composer]]<br />
| education = [[New York University]]<br />
| instrument = <br />
| years_active = 2013–present<br />
| label = <br />
| website = {{URL|https://a-zal.com}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Atif Afzal''', also known by his stage name '''A-Zal''', is an India-born, [[London]]-raised, [[New York City|New York]]–based [[singer-songwriter]] and composer. He is known for his music compositions for the American [[television series]] ''[[Ms. Marvel (miniseries)]]'', ''[[Loki (TV series)]]'', ''[[NCIS: Los Angeles]]'' and ''[[The Twilight Zone (2019 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'' and for the films ''[[Resort to Love]]'', ''[[Prague (2013 film)|Prague]]'', ''[[Pune 52]]'', ''[[Monsoon Shootout]]'', and ''[[Baji (2015 film)|Baji]]''.<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Atif Afzal was born in [[Mumbai]], India, but grew up in [[Hounslow]], in [[London]], England. He attended Hounslow Heath School.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A-Zal. From Mumbai to Hollywood Soundtracks |url=https://www.famemagazine.co.uk/a-zal-from-mumbai-to-hollywood-soundtracks/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.famemagazine.co.uk}}</ref> <br />
<br />
He studied engineering at the [[K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering]] and then worked at [[KPMG]] before starting a career in music.<ref name="Shetty 22">{{cite news |last=Shetty |first=Anjali |date=November 26, 2017 |title=When I entered the industry, I knew nobody|url=http://www.atifafzal.com/press/ht-cafe/ |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |page=22 }}</ref> He trained under an alumnus from the [[Royal College of Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wpri.com/business/press-releases/ein-presswire/646095719/a-zal-unveils-new-infectious-funky-feel-good-summer-pop-single-movie-script/ |title=A-Zal Unveils New Infectious, Funky, Feel-Good Summer Pop Single “Movie Script” |last=Kagdi |first=Safaque |date=24 July 2023 |website=WPRI.com |publisher=Nexstar Media Group, Inc. |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Afzal is known by his [[stage name]] A-Zal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Njoka |first1=Eric |title=Musician Atif Afzal speaks to WION: All about A-Zal's 'Marvel'ous journey |url=https://www.wionews.com/videos/musician-atif-afzal-speaks-to-wion-all-about-a-zals-marvelous-journey-491603 |work=[[WION]] |date=June 25, 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chopra |first1=Swati |title='The Benchmark Is Very High With Marvel': Ms Marvel's Music Composer A-Zal |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/ms-marvel-music-composer-a-zal-atif-afzal-said-benchmark-is-very-high-with-marvel-ar-rahman-lata-mangeshkar |work=[[The Quint]] |date=25 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Afzal began his music career in 2013 by composing the film scores and soundtracks of ''Prague'',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rafat |title=Prague Music Review |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/prague-music-review-093313942.html |access-date=September 14, 2013 |work=[[Yahoo!]] News |language=en-IN}}</ref> ''Pune 52''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Times News Network |title=Shalmali Kholgade is music director Atif Afzal's lucky mascot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/shalmali-kholgade-is-music-director-atif-afzals-lucky-mascot/articleshow/46041513.cms |access-date=January 28, 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> and ''Baji''.<ref>{{cite news |title='Baji' Music Director Atif Afzal |url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2fglyx |work=[[Dailymotion]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=I had the liberty to compose|url=http://www.atifafzal.com/press/absolute-india-15th-jan-2015/|work=Absolute India |date=January 15, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rajani |first=Kanika |date=February 6, 2015 |title=A Grand Score!|url=http://www.atifafzal.com/press/screen-6th-feb-2015/ |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]|page=35}}</ref><ref name=ToI2015>{{cite news |title=Shreyas Talpade goes gaga over 'Baji' music director Atif Afzal {{!}} Marathi Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/marathi/Shreyas-Talpade-goes-gaga-over-Baji-music-director-Atif-Afzal/videoshow/46004295.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=January 24, 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Atif Afzal: Felt bad when my movie with Salman Khan got shelved |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/atif-afzal-felt-bad-when-my-movie-with-salman-khan-got-shelved/articleshow/49581450.cms |access-date=October 29, 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en| agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |title=Third time lucky |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/article-34696 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=January 28, 2015 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He has also worked on international films, including a German film, ''Gift'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Adgully Exclusive: "My inspiration is A.R. Rahman"- Composer and Singer Atif Afzal |url=https://www.adgully.com/videos/5OdgUpLmtyM |website=www.adgully.com}}</ref> a European film, ''Then a Hero Comes Along'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Composing music for global films is exciting: Atif Afzal |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/composing-music-for-global-films-is-exciting-atif-afzal-117080200117_1.html |access-date=August 2, 2017 |work=[[Business Standard]] India |agency=[[IANS]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Rupanwita |title=It was a bumpy ride: Atif Afzal |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bumpy-ride-atif-afzal-1502538461.html |access-date=December 2, 2017 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref> a New York short film, ''The Alternative'',<ref name="Source for The Alternative">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Arpita |title=Monsoon Shootout composer used Skype to record music |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-monsoon-shootout-composer-used-skype-to-record-music-413602 |work=[[India TV]] |date=November 24, 2017 |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Bachelor Girls]]''.<ref name="Source for The Alternative" /> In 2017, he scored the background music for ''Monsoon Shootout'', which was produced by [[Anurag Kashyap]] and [[DAR Motion Pictures]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Press Trust of India |title=Atif Afzal: Felt bad when my movie with Salman Khan got shelved |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/atif-afzal-felt-bad-when-my-movie-with-salman-khan-got-shelved/articleshow/49581450.cms |access-date=October 29, 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en|author1-link=Press Trust of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Staff |title=Atif Afzal lends his vocals for first Marathi track |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/atif-afzal-lends-his-vocals-first-marathi-track-141215 |work=radioandmusic.com |date=December 15, 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Abhijeet Sawant joins hands with Bollywood music director Atif Afzal for Baji |url=https://urbanasian.com/featured/2015/02/abhijeet-sawant-joins-hands-with-bollywood-music-director-atif-afzal-for-baji/ |work=Urban Asian |date=February 5, 2015}}</ref> He also composed music for the Marathi film ''Charandas Chor''.<ref>{{cite news |title='Monsoon Shootout' composer used Skype to record music |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/music/monsoon-shootout-composer-used-skype-record-music-1502533968.html |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |agency=[[IANS]] |date=November 24, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Afzal's film albums have been released on major record labels including [[Universal Music Group]], [[Times Music]], [[Zee Music Company]] and [[Saregama]]. He has also sung the songs 'Shravan Shravan' in the film ''Baji'' and 'Chor Chor Saare' in the film ''Charandas Chor''.<ref name="Shetty 22"/><br />
<br />
Afzal moved to New York in 2018<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Tagat |first1=Anurag |title=New York-Based Music Director Atif Afzal Talks Metal Roots, Making It in the Composing Space - |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/new-york-pune-composer-atif-afzal-interview/ |access-date=22 October 2020 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=12 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New York based Indian Singer-Songwriter Atif Afzal has released new mellow single |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/201210-new-york-based-indian-singer-songwriter-atif |website=Radio and Music |language=en}}</ref> and studied music at [[New York University]].<ref name="university">{{cite news |last1=Staff |title=Atif Afzal (aka A-Zal) talks about his upcoming pop music album|url=https://losangeleslifeandstyle.com/?p=8906 |work=Los Angeles Life and Style |date=April 9, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=De Souza |first1=Noel |title=Meet A-Zal, The Indian Musician Who Composed Music for Marvel's Loki |url=https://zeezest.com/culture/meet-a-zal-the-indian-musician-who-composed-music-for-marvel-s-loki-844 |work=[[Zee Zest]] |date=August 17, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, he composed soundtracks for the American television series ''NCIS: Los Angeles'' and ''The Twilight Zone''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajpal |first1=Rocktim |title=Remix culture killing originality, says music composer Atif Afzal |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/remix-culture-killing-originality-says-music-composer-atif-afzal-890833.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=21 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khatoon |first1=Farah |title=Composer Atif Afzal creates a surreal world for Loki's finale |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2021/jul/30/composer-atif-afzal-creates-a-surreal-world-for-lokis-finale-34975.html |work=Indulge Express |date=30 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2021, A-Zal composed soundtracks for ''[[Loki (TV series)]]'' and [[Alicia Keys]] produced Netflix film, ''[[Resort to Love]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lulla |first1=Sonia |title=A journey worth marvelling |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/hollywood-news/article/sound-check-a-snap-review-of-new-music-23184674?infinite-scroll=1 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=26 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Debarati |title=Musician A-Zal: Anywhere you go in the world, you will always hear Bollywood beats being played - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/musician-a-zal-anywhere-you-go-in-the-world-you-will-always-hear-bollywood-beats-being-played/articleshow/85294543.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=August 13, 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2022, A-Zal composed two soundtracks for Marvel Cinematic Studios' ''[[Ms. Marvel (miniseries)]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Priyanka |title=A-Zal chats with The Telegraph on what it takes to break into Hollywood |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/a-zal-chats-with-the-telegraph-on-what-it-takes-to-break-into-hollywood/cid/1872122 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |date=June 28, 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2023, the artist released his single "Lonely Town". The music video for the single received nominations at the 2023 [[Montreal Independent Film Festival]] and the 2024 American Documentary and Animation Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Argentina |first1=Billboard |title=A-Zal: De tocar en el metro de Nueva York a cantante pop |url=https://billboard.ar/lanzamientos/a-zal-de-tocar-en-el-metro-de-nueva-york-a-cantante-pop/#google_vignette |website=[[Billboard Argentina]] |language=es |date=3 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
=== Films ===<br />
* ''[[Prague (2013 film)|Prague]]'' (2013)<br />
* ''[[Pune 52]]'' (2013)<br />
* ''Horn Please'' (2013)<br />
* ''[[Baji (2015 film)|Baji]]'' (2015)<ref name=ToI2015/><br />
* ''That Sunday'' (2015)<br />
* ''[[Bachelor Girls]]'' (2016)<br />
* ''[[Monsoon Shootout]]'' (2017)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tikare |first1=Sachin |title=Atif Afzal's score in Monsoon Shootout gets applause |url=http://www.atifafzal.com/press/free-press-journal/ |access-date=March 29, 2018 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]]}}</ref><br />
* ''Charandas Chor'' (2017)<br />
* ''Gift'' (2017)<br />
* ''The Alternative'' (2018)<ref name="university" /><br />
* ''Then a Hero Comes Along''<br />
* ''[[Resort to Love]]'' (2021)<ref name="afzal resort">{{cite news |last1=Sadhwani |first1=Garima |title=A-Zal becomes a part of the 'Marvel'ous cinematic universe |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/entertainment/a-zal-becomes-a-part-of-the-marvelous-cinematic-universe |work=National Herald |date=8 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Television series ===<br />
* ''[[NCIS: Los Angeles]]''<ref name="ncis">{{cite news |last1=Today |first1=Telangana |title=Indian-American singer A-Zal composes Alicia Keys |url=https://telanganatoday.com/indian-american-singer-a-zal-composes-alicia-keys |work=Telangana Today |date=14 August 2021}}</ref><br />
* ''[[The Twilight Zone (2019 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'' <br />
* ''[[Loki (TV series)| Loki]]''<ref name="hindu news url">{{cite web |last1=Chandar |first1=Bhuvanesh |title=Music composer A-Zal on working in 'Ms Marvel' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/music-composer-a-zal-on-working-in-ms-marvel/article65626849.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=12 July 2022}}</ref><br />
* ''[[Ms. Marvel (miniseries)|Ms. Marvel]]''<ref name="rolling stone magazine about artist">{{cite magazine |last1=Tagat |first1=Anurag |title=Composer A-Zal Talks 'Ms. Marvel' Music and Finally Telling His Own Story |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/composer-a-zal-atif-afzal-ms-marvel-perfect-song/ |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=8 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pereira |first1=Karen |title=Atif Afzal reveals secret Marvel film on the cards after composing music for 'Ms Marvel' and 'Loki'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/english/atif-afzal-reveals-secret-marvel-film-on-the-cards-after-composing-music-for-ms-marvel-and-loki/articleshow/92594850.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=July 1, 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Ms Marvel track was originally for a Salman Khan film |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/movies-tv/ms-marvel-track-was-originally-for-a-salman-khan-film-atif-afzal-111656938207367.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=4 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
===Singles===<br />
*"Movie Script"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tagat |first1=Anurag |title=A-Zal Seeks Belonging in the Big Apple in 'Lonely Town' Video |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/a-zal-lonely-town-song-video-new-york-city/ |website=[[Rolling Stone India]] |date=19 October 2023}}</ref><br />
*"Lonely Town"<br />
*"Autopilot"<br />
*"Phonebook"<br />
*"Fa Fa Fa"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tagat |first1=Anurag |title=A-Zal’s Frenzied ‘Fa Fa Fa’ is His Way of Addressing Racism |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/a-zal-fa-fa-fa-new-song-video-racist-attack/ |website=[[Rolling Stone India]] |date=27 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commonscatinline}}<br />
* {{Official website|https://a-zal.com/}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|5065411}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moidam&diff=518282Moidam2026-03-31T21:11:00Z<p>Aniketdigi: creating basic data added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Tumuli of the Ahom Kingdom}}<br />
{{distinguish|Maidan}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site<br />
| WHS =Moidam<br />
|Official_name= Moidams – the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty<br />
|image=Charaideo_Maidam_of_Ahom_Kings_at_Charaideo_in_Sivasagar,_Assam_4.jpg<br />
|caption=Royal maidam at [[Charaideo]], 2009<br />
|Location=[[Assam]]<br />
|Type=Cultural|Criteria=(iii) (iv)|year=2024|ID=1711}}<br />
<br />
'''Frang-Mai-Dam''' or '''Moidam''' for short ([[Ahom language|Ahom]]:𑜉𑜩𑜓𑜝𑜪; meaning: Burial of the dead) is a traditional [[tumulus]] of the [[Ahom religion]].<ref name="gohain">{{cite book | title=Tai-ahom Janagosthi Aru Tai Parampara Ed. 1st| publisher=| author=Gohain, Dr. BK| year=2009| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.452116/page/n298/mode/1up| pages=283}}</ref> The royal {{Transliteration|as|maidams}} of [[Charaideo]] are listed as [[UNESCO world heritage site]].<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ World Heritage List]</ref><ref>Kalita 2023, [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/unesco-icomos-expert-arrives-at-assams-charaideo-district-vying-for-world-heritage-status/articleshow/104246759.cms Times of India, Unesco ICOMOS Expert Arrives At Assam's Charaideo District, Vying For World Heritage Status]</ref> Today, the people of the four clans namely Mo-Hung, Mo-Cham, Chaodang and Mo-Plong follow the tomb tradition of [[Ahom religion]].<ref name="gohain"/><br />
<br />
Structurally, a ''maidam'' consists of vaults with one or more chambers.<ref>{{Harvcol|ASI|2007}}</ref> The vaults have a domical superstructure that is covered by a hemispherical earthen mound that rises high above the ground with an open pavilion at the peak called ''chow chali''. An octagonal dwarf wall encloses the entire ''maidam''.<br />
<br />
Burial is the predominant funeral rite of the [[Tai people]], to which the [[Ahom people]] originally belonged. This is opposed to the Hindu system of [[cremation]]. After the Ahom kings adopted Hinduism, they chose to bury the ashes in mounds after cremation.<br />
<br />
The [[Ahom people|Ahom]] community in Assam consider the excavation as an affront to their tradition, because the {{Transliteration|as|maidams}} are associated with the Ahom ancestor worship and the festival of [[Me-Dam-Me-Phi]].<br />
[[File:Charaideo_Moidams_,Assam.jpg|thumb|Charaideo Maidams - UNESCO World Heritage Site, Assam]]<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The word Moidam is shorter form of Tai-Ahom word Phrang-Mai-Dam.<ref name="Brochure on moidams at Charaideo">[https://sivasagar.assam.gov.in/document/brochure Brochure on moidams at Charaideo], Sivasagar, Government of Assam p. 04</ref> Phrang-Mai means to bury and Dam means dead ones or Ancestral Spirit.<ref name="Brochure on moidams at Charaideo"/><br />
<br />
== Maidams ==<br />
Inside the Maidams there are underground vaults or chambers for different purposes, one for keeping the body of the departed king with all the necessary things for afterlife, and others for the servants, care-takers, horses, and elephants.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} The present height of Maidams is reduced due to various natural calamities. In earlier times at least 10 living persons were buried alive with the departed king to take care of him in afterlife, however this custom was abolished by [[Rudra Singha]].<br />
[[File:Charaideo Maidam of Ahom Kings at Charaideo in Sivasagar, Assam 1.jpg|thumb|Maidam no 1, unidentified maidam of an Ahom king, 265 meter in diameter]]<br />
Height of the Maidams depended on the power of the kings, most of the Maidams were not designated by the name of kings, so most remain unidentified, except the Maidams of [[Gadadhar Singha]] and [[Rudra Singha]]. Most of the big Maidams belongs from the late 17th century and 18th century, earlier most of the Maidam chambers were built using solid wood poles and beams, it got replaced with bricks and stones since Gadadhar Singha and his successors.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} As a custom only the people of Gharphaliya and Lakhurakhan clans were permitted to bury the dead bodies of Kings and queens. There was a specified officer called Chang-Rung Phukan responsible for construction of Maidams. Chang-Rung Phukan was also the Chief-architect of Ahom kingdom.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |first= |date=2014 |title=Maidams at Charaideo |url=http://asiguwahaticircle.gov.in/publication/Chaaideo%20maidams.pdf }}</ref> Officers called Maidam Phukans and guards called Maidamiya were appointed to protect and maintain the Maidams.<br />
<br />
The structural construction and the process of royal burials are explained in historical documents called ''Chang-Rung Phukanor [[Buranji]]'', which detail even the articles that were buried. Later excavations under the Archaeological Survey of India found some of the {{Transliteration|as|maidams}} previously defiled,<ref>{{Harvcol|Dutta|Das|2003}}</ref> with the articles mentioned in the Buranji missing. Many of the {{Transliteration|as|maidams}} were excavated and looted, most famously under the Mughal general [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]] who had occupied [[Garhgaon]] briefly in the 17th century, and by the British after 1826.<br />
<br />
In the past, when any king or a warrior died in a battle, their severed heads were brought and buried here. When the [[Chutia kingdom]] fell to the Ahoms in 1524, the heads of the Chutia king and his son were also buried in the tomb of Charaideo.<ref>Barua, G.C, "Ahom Buranji, p. 57</ref><br />
[[File:Charaideo_Moidams_image_,Assam.jpg|thumb|Charaideo Maidams, Assam]]<br />
<br />
== Excavation ==<br />
[[File:Maidam's of Ahom Rulers.jpg|thumb|Maidam No.2 excavated between 2000 and 2002, it can either be said as the Maidam of [[Pramatta Singha]] or [[Rajeswar Singha]] according to the dating.]]<br />
Being famous for its vault treasure Maidams also attracted many plunderers from Mughals, British to even local people, who have plundered the maidams multiple times. The earliest sketch of Maidam was made by 1848 by Serjeant C.Clayton who superintendent an excavation of a Maidam in the 1840s.<br />
<br />
In 2000–02, [[Archaeological Survey of India]], Guwahati circle excavated Maidam No. 2. It retained the characteristics of a full-fledged Maidam. The Maidam vault and covering earthen mound was made out of burned bricks, and encircled by an octagonal boundary wall. There was a hole at the roof of the Maidam indicating it was robbed earlier. The arched-shaped door of the maidam was found on the western side after it was excavated, which was originally covered with bricks and stone masonry. Though already robbed it still yielded several artefacts including skeleton remains of 5 individuals, ivory decorative pieces, several pieces of wooden objects (including a [[Xorai]] designed at the shape of a pillar), an ivory panel depicting royal Ahom insignia, carvings of elephants, peacock and floral motifs etc. The exact dating of this Maidam couldn't be done, but it is estimated at the first half of the 18th century.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Gogoi |first1=Padmeswar |title=Tai-Ahom Religion and Customs |date=1976 |publisher=Publication Board, Gauhati, Assam |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99476}}<br />
* {{cite web<br />
| last = ASI<br />
| title = Group of Maidams, Charaideo<br />
| publisher = Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India<br />
| url = http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_assam_maidams.asp<br />
| year = 2007<br />
| accessdate = 2007-11-30<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410124830/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_assam_maidams.asp<br />
| archive-date = 2009-04-10<br />
| url-status = dead<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite news <br />
| last1 = Dutta<br />
| first1 = Pullock<br />
| last2 = Das<br />
| first2 = Ripunjay<br />
| title = Bounty hunters beat ASI to tombs<br />
| publisher = [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]]<br />
| date = 3 January 2003<br />
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030301/asp/northeast/story_1720984.asp<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110525195131/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030301/asp/northeast/story_1720984.asp<br />
| url-status = dead<br />
| archive-date = May 25, 2011<br />
| accessdate = 2007-12-06 }}<br />
* {{cite news <br />
| last = Das<br />
| first = Ripunjay<br />
| title = Saving Ahom kingdom - Local youths push for Unesco tag to protect Charaideo<br />
| publisher = [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]]<br />
| date = 2006-01-19<br />
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060119/asp/northeast/story_5737072.asp<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110525195155/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060119/asp/northeast/story_5737072.asp<br />
| url-status = dead<br />
| archive-date = May 25, 2011<br />
| accessdate = 2007-12-06 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Terweil |first1=B J |title=Tai Funeral Customs: Towards a Reconstruction of Archaic-Tai Ceremonies |journal=Anthropos |volume=74 |number=3/4 |year=1979 |pages=393–432 |jstor=40460011}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Choudhury | first=Dr Satabdi Roy | title=Amazing Assam | publisher=BFC Publications | date=2022-03-26 | isbn=978-93-5509-778-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-URmEAAAQBAJ}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{wiktionary|𑜉𑜩𑜓𑜝𑜪}}<br />
{{commons category|Group of four Maidams}}<br />
* [http://dibrugarh.nic.in/imptplace.html#Barbarua%20Maidam Moidams in Dibrugarh District, Assam]<br />
* [http://jorhat.gov.in/places_of_interest.htm#lachit Lachit Moidam] The Moidam of [[Lachit Borphukan]].<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100917210839/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060804/asp/guwahati/story_6568023.asp Multi-crore rupee project to give facelift to Ahom maidams] ''The Telegraph'', August 4, 2006.<br />
<br />
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in India]]<br />
[[Category:Ahom kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Tumuli]]<br />
[[Category:Tai history]]<br />
[[Category:Pyramids in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Tombs in India]]<br />
[[Category:Tourism in India]]<br />
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]<br />
[[Category:Historic sites in Assam]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Endowments_(Telangana)&diff=496215Department of Endowments (Telangana)2026-03-28T23:56:10Z<p>Aniketdigi: created some article v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|None}}<br />
{{Infobox official post<br />
| post = Minister of Endowments<br />
| body = <br />
| native_name = {{transliteration|te|Dēvādāya Śākha Mantrī}}<br />
| insignia = <br />
| insigniasize = <br />
| insigniacaption = <br />
| insigniaalt = <br />
| flag = <br />
| flagsize = <br />
| flagalt = <br />
| flagborder = <br />
| flagcaption = <br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| alt = <br />
| imagecaption = <br />
| incumbent = [[Konda Surekha]]<br />
| acting = <br />
| incumbentsince = 7 December 2023 <br />
| department = Department of Endowments<br />
| style = <br />
| type = <br />
| status = <br />
| abbreviation = E<br />
| member_of = State Cabinet<br />
| reports_to = [[List of governors of Telangana|Governor of Telangana]]<br />[[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister of Telangana]]<br />[[Telangana Legislature]]<br />
| residence = <br />
| seat = <br />
| nominator = <br />
| appointer = [[List of governors of Telangana|Governor of Telangana]]<br />
| appointer_qualified = on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister of Telangana]]<br />
| termlength = <br />
| termlength_qualified = <br />
| constituting_instrument = <br />
| precursor = <br />
| inaugural = [[Allola Indrakaran Reddy]]<br />
| formation = 2 June 2014<br />
| first = <br />
| last = <br />
| abolished = <br />
| superseded_by = <br />
| succession = <br />
| unofficial_names = <br />
| deputy = <br />
| salary = <br />
| website = {{url|https://www.endowments.ts.nic.in/}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Department of Endowments''' is a cabinet level ministerial post in the [[Government of Telangana]]. First held on 16 December 2014, this ministry has one of the important portfolios in the cabinet managing the temples in the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-16 |title=Six ministers inducted into Telangana Cabinet |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/Six-new-ministers-inducted-into-AP-Cabinet/article60094153.ece |access-date=2023-03-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The incumbent Minister for the Department of Endowments for the state of Telangana is [[Konda Surekha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana State Portal Council of Ministers (Present) |url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/government/council-of-ministers |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=www.telangana.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== List of ministers ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 |#<br />
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" |Portrait<br />
! rowspan=2 style="width:16em" | Minister<br>{{small|(Lifespan)<br>Constituency}}<br />
! colspan="3" |Term of office<br />
! rowspan=2 style="width:5em" |Election<br>{{small|(Term)}}<br />
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party<br />
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Ministry<br />
! rowspan=2 style="width:10em" |Chief Minister<br />
!rowspan=2 |Ref.<br />
|-<br />
!Term start<br />
!Term end<br />
!Duration<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}"|<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Allola Indrakaran Reddy.jpg|97x97px]]<br />
|rowspan="2" |'''[[Allola Indrakaran Reddy]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1949)<br>MLA for [[Nirmal Assembly constituency|Nirmal]]}}<br />
|16 December 2014<br />
|6 September 2018<br />
|'''{{ayd|16 December 2014|6 September 2018}}'''<br />
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br>{{small|(1st)}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]<br />
| bgcolor="#FFA1F4"| '''[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Rao I]]'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[K. Chandrashekar Rao|Kalvakuntla Chandrashekhar Rao]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-16 |title=66 days with 1 minister, Telangana CM KCR to expand cabinet on February 19 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/66-days-with-1-minister-telangana-cm-kcr-to-expand-cabinet-on-february-19/articleshow/68018145.cms |access-date=2023-03-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|- style="text-align: center;"<br />
!2<br />
|19 February 2019<br />
|3 December 2023<br />
|'''{{ayd|19 February 2019|3 December 2023}}'''<br />
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br>{{small|[[2nd Telangana Assembly|(2nd)]]}}<br />
|bgcolor="#FFA1F4"| '''[[Second K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Rao II]]'''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-19 |title=Telangana Cabinet Expansion: KCR Inducts 10 Ministers |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/telangana-politics/2019/02/19/telangana-cabinet-expansion-kcr-inducts-10-ministers |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:No-Photo-Available-240x300.jpg|97x97px]]<br />
|'''[[Konda Surekha]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1965)<br>MLA for [[Warangal East Assembly constituency|Warangal East]]}}<br />
|7 December 2023<br />
|''Incumbent''<br />
|'''{{ayd|7 December 2023|}}'''<br />
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br>{{small|[[3rd Telangana Assembly|(3rd)]]}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Revanth Reddy ministry|Reddy]]'''<br />
|[[Revanth Reddy|Anumula Revanth Reddy]] <br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=Ravi |date=2023-12-08 |title=A fighter all through, Surekha gets back into limelight again with Cabinet post |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/a-fighter-all-through-surekha-gets-back-into-limelight-again-with-cabinet-post/article67619177.ece |access-date=2024-02-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government of Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Government departements of Telangana]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saale_Aashiq&diff=531509Saale Aashiq2026-03-28T19:09:33Z<p>Aniketdigi: creating entry!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Hindi-language television film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Saale Aashiq<br />
| image = Saale Aashiq.jpg<br />
| caption = Promotional poster<br />
| director = [[Siddharth–Garima]]<br />
| writer = [[Siddharth–Garima]]<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Tahir Raj Bhasin]]|[[Mithila Palkar]]|[[Chunky Pandey]]|[[Tanvi Azmi]]|[[Darshan Jariwala]]|[[Vrajesh Hirjee]]|[[Neelima Azeem]]|[[Rajesh Jais]]}}<br />
| cinematography = Nuthan Nagraj<br />
| editing = Devendra Murdeshwar<br />
| studio = Sony Pictures Films India<br />
| distributor = [[Sony MAX]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2025|01|31|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 120 minutes <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
}}'''''Saale Aashiq''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language television film written and directed by the duo [[Siddharth–Garima]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=AR |first=Reshmi |date=2025-02-27 |title=We avoid ego clashes and credit disputes: Sid-Garima |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/viral-reels-of-songs-validate-our-conviction-siddharth-and-garima-1863773 |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parashar |first=Shivam |date=2021-02-10 |title=Kabir Singh, Ram Leela writers Siddharth and Garima to debut as directors with Saale Aashiq |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kabir-singh-ram-leela-writers-siddharth-and-garima-to-debut-as-directors-with-saale-aashiq-1767788-2021-02-10 |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Starring [[Tahir Raj Bhasin]] and [[Mithila Palkar]], with [[Chunky Panday|Chunky Pandey]] and [[Darshan Jariwala]] in supporting roles, the film follows an [[Caste|inter-caste]] couple who confront violent social opposition rooted in honour-based practices.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-22 |title=In Saale Aashiq an inter-caste couple goes after the families |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/saale-aashiq-garima-siddharth-tahir-raj-bhasin-mithila-palkar-23469372 |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> It premiered directly on [[Sony Max|Sony MAX]] on 1 February 2025 after promotional material rolled out in January.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tahir Raj Bhasin & Mithila Palkar’s Saale Aashiq Skips OTT, Pioneers a Bold Satellite-First Release |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tahir-raj-bhasin-mithila-palkars-saale-aashiq-rejected-by-otts-whos-in-your-film-exclusive-9210169.html |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Premise ==<br />
Set in a small town in [[Madhya Pradesh]], the film follows Shatru and Gudia, two young people from different castes who fall in love despite the weight of entrenched traditions and political pressures. Their relationship quickly attracts disapproval from both families and the wider community. As intimidation escalates into death threats, the couple must decide whether to risk everything for their right to choose each other, or give in to the demands of family honour.<br />
<br />
== Cast and characters ==<br />
<br />
* [[Tahir Raj Bhasin]] as Shatru (Shatru Rewal)<br />
* [[Mithila Palkar]] as Gudia (Gudia Kiwal)<br />
* [[Chunky Panday|Chunky Pandey]] as Jagdish Bhajmodia<br />
* [[Tanvi Azmi]] as Saroja Kiwal<br />
* [[Darshan Jariwala]] as Raghubir Kiwal<br />
* [[Vrajesh Hirjee]] as Subhash Kamat<br />
* [[Neelima Azeem]] as Gendhi Rewal<br />
* [[Rajesh Jais]] as Charanjit Rewal<br />
* Zahid Khan as Gattu<br />
* Vyom Sharma as Jigra<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film is written and directed by the duo Siddharth Singh and Garima Wahal, with Sony Pictures Films India credited as production company. In interviews ahead of release, the filmmakers said the project had a decade-long development cycle centred on the subject of inter-caste romance and honour killings.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tahir Raj Bhasin, Mithila Palkar's 'Saale Aashiq' Makers Claim OTT Platforms Felt Film Was 'Too Controversial' To Release: They're More Scared Than Censor Board |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/tahir-raj-bhasin-mithila-palkars-saale-aashiq-makers-claim-ott-platforms-felt-film-was-too-controversial-to-release-theyre-more-scared-than-censor-board |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
Although originally conceived for a theatrical rollout, the film did not secure a cinema or digital release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-01 |title=Saale Aashiq:निर्देशक जोड़ी का खुलासा ओटीटी प्लेटफार्म ही नहीं सेंसर भी डर रहा है..जानिये क्यों ऐसा कहा |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/siddharth-garima-interview-on-saale-aashiq |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref> It premiered directly on television through [[Sony Max|Sony MAX]] on 1 February 2025. Promotional posters and teasers were unveiled in January.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Saale Aashiq' trailer: Tahir Raj Bhasin and Mithila Palkar to play lovers in new Sony MAX show |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tahir-raj-bhasin-mithila-palkar-to-play-lovers-in-new-sony-max-show/cid/2076946 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversy ==<br />
Saale Aashiq attracted attention even before its release. [[Siddharth–Garima]] disclosed that multiple streaming platforms declined to acquire the film, considering its subject matter "too controversial."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director duo Siddharth-Garima on the difficult path they have had to tread with the release of their 'controversial' film Saale Aashiq |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bollywood/director-duo-siddharth-garima-on-the-difficult-path-they-have-had-to-tread-with-the-release-of-their-controversial-film-saale-aashiq/1398202 |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref> They further mentioned that some digital services were "more scared than the censor board" in taking on the story. With neither a theatrical run nor a streaming deal forthcoming, the makers opted for a satellite-first release strategy, which was seen as an unconventional step for a contemporary Hindi feature.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Tahir Raj Bhasin, Mithila Palkar's 'Saale Aashiq' Makers Claim OTT Platforms Felt Film Was 'Too Controversial' To Release: They're More Scared Than Censor Board |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/tahir-raj-bhasin-mithila-palkars-saale-aashiq-makers-claim-ott-platforms-felt-film-was-too-controversial-to-release-theyre-more-scared-than-censor-board |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedic_period&diff=469512Vedic period2026-03-24T12:39:24Z<p>Aniketdigi: brief adjusted formatting per standard format additionally and fixed typos per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Ancient South Asian historical period}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox archaeological culture<br />
| name = Early Vedic period<br />
| map = Early Vedic Culture (1700-1100 BCE).png<br />
| mapalt = <br />
| altnames = <br />
| horizon = <br />
| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]<br />
| period = [[Bronze Age India]]<br />
| dates = {{BCE|1500–1100}}<br />
| typesite = <br />
| majorsites = <br />
| extra = <br />
| precededby ={{ubl| [[Cemetery H culture]] | [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] | [[Painted Grey Ware culture]]}}<br />
| followedby = {{ubl| Late Vedic Period | [[Kuru kingdom]] | [[Panchala]] | [[Videha]]}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox archaeological culture<br />
| name = Late Vedic period<br />
| map = Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png<br />
| mapalt = <br />
| altnames = <br />
| horizon = <br />
| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]<br />
| period = [[Iron Age India]]<br />
| dates = {{c.|1100|500 BCE}}<br />
| typesite = <br />
| majorsites = <br />
| extra = <br />
| precededby = Early Vedic culture<br />
| followedby = [[Haryanka dynasty]], [[Mahajanapadas]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Vedic period''', or the '''Vedic age''' ({{c.|1500|500 BCE}}), is the period in the late [[Bronze Age in India|Bronze Age]] and early [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]] of the [[history of India]] when the Vedic literature, including the [[Vedas]] ({{Circa|1500}}–900 BCE), was composed in the northern [[Indian subcontinent]], between the end of the urban [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] and a [[History of India#Second urbanisation (c. 600 – 200 BCE)|second urbanisation]], which began in the central [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] {{c.|600}} BCE. The Vedas are [[Liturgy|liturgical]] texts which formed the basis of the influential Brahmanical ideology, which developed in the [[Kuru kingdom]], a tribal union of several [[List of Rigvedic tribes|Indo-Aryan tribes]]. The Vedas contain details of life during this period that have been interpreted to be historical{{sfn|McClish|Olivelle|2012|p=xxiv}}{{refn|group=note|name="McClish_Olivelle2012"}} and constitute the primary sources for understanding the period. These documents, alongside the corresponding archaeological record, allow for the evolution of the Indo-Aryan and '''Vedic culture''' to be traced and inferred.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p=50}}<br />
<br />
The Vedas were composed and [[Vedas#Transmission|orally transmitted]] with precision{{refn|group=note|"The Vedic texts were orally composed and transmitted, without the use of script, in an unbroken line of transmission from teacher to student that was formalised early on. This ensured an impeccable textual transmission superior to the classical texts of other cultures; it is, in fact, something like a ''tape-recording'' of ca. 1500–500 BCE. Not just the actual words, but even the long-lost musical (tonal) accent (as in old Greek or in Japanese) has been preserved up to the present"{{sfn|Witzel|2005}} }} by speakers of an [[Old Indo-Aryan]] language who had [[Indo-Aryan migration theory|migrated]] into the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent early in this period. The Vedic society was patriarchal and [[patrilineal]].{{refn|group=note|See:<br />
* Rita Banerji (2008), ''Sex and Power'', Penguin UK: "The Vedic patriarchal culture was defined by an extremely aggressive need to establish a social order that catered to male sexuality, both on earth and in the heavens—among humans and also among the gods."<br />
* Alphonso Lingis (2018), ''The Alphonso Lingis Reader'', University of Minnesota Press: "Patriarchal culture entered Siam late, through the royal family, which, though to this day Buddhist, in the late Sukhothai period—as Angkor long before it—imported brahminical priests and, with them, Vedic patriarchal culture."<br />
* Chitrabhanu Sen (1978), ''A Dictionary of the Vedic Rituals: Based on the Śrauta and Gṛhya Sūtras'', Concept Publishing Company: "But the most important transformation that occurred in the patriarchal Vedic society is the exclusion of women from the sacrifices."}} Early [[Indo Aryans|Indo-Aryans]] were a [[Late Bronze Age]] society centred in the [[Punjab]], organised into tribes rather than kingdoms, and primarily sustained by a [[pastoralism|pastoral]] way of life.<br />
<br />
Around {{circa|1200}}–1000 BCE the ''Aryan'' culture spread eastward to the fertile western [[Ganges]] Plain. [[Iron Age|Iron tools]] were adopted, which allowed for the clearing of forests and the adoption of a more settled, agricultural way of life. The second half of the Vedic period was characterised by the emergence of towns, [[janapada|kingdoms]], and a complex social differentiation distinctive to India,{{sfn|Stein|2010|p=50}} and the [[Kuru kingdom]]'s codification of [[Śrauta|orthodox sacrificial ritual]].{{sfn|Witzel|1995|pp=3–5}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010|pp=49–52}} During this time, the central Ganges Plain was dominated by a related but non-Vedic [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] culture, of [[Greater Magadha]]. The end of the Vedic period witnessed the rise of true cities and large states (called [[mahajanapada]]s) as well as [[śramaṇa]] movements (including [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]]) which challenged the Vedic orthodoxy.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=82}}<br />
<br />
The Vedic period saw the emergence of a hierarchy of [[Varna (Hinduism)|social classes]] that would remain influential. Vedic religion developed into [[Historical Vedic religion#Brahmanism|Brahmanical orthodoxy]], and around the beginning of the Common Era, the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic tradition]] formed one of the main constituents of "[[Roots of Hinduism|Hindu synthesis]]".{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2002|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}}<br />
<br />
Archaeological cultures identified with phases of Indo-Aryan [[material culture]] include the [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] (OCP), the [[Gandhara grave culture]], the [[Black and Red ware culture]] (BRW) and the [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] (PGW).{{sfn|Witzel|1989}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
=== Origins ===<br />
{{See also|Indo-European migrations|Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan migration|Indigenous Aryans}}<br />
{{Annotated image<br />
| image=Yamnaya Steppe Pastoralists.jpg<br />
| width=400 | image-width = 400 | image-left=0 | image-top=0| float = right<br />
| annotations = <br />
{{Annotation|200|113|[[Indo-Aryans|{{center|Indo-Aryans}}]] | font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#FF4500}}<br />
{{Annotation|255|24|[[Afanasievo culture|{{center|Afanasievo<br />culture}}]] | font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}<br />
{{Annotation|175|90|[[Iran|{{center|Iranians}}]] | font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}<br />
| caption=Bronze Age spread of [[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya]] Steppe pastoralist ancestry into two subcontinents—Europe and South Asia, and arrival in the subcontinent as Indo-Aryans{{sfn|Narasimhan |Patterson |Moorjani |Rohland |2019}}<br />
}}<br />
The early Vedic age is historically dated to the second half of the second millennium&nbsp;BCE.{{sfn|Pletcher|2010|p=60}} Historically, after the collapse of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], which occurred around 1900&nbsp;BCE,{{sfn|Witzel|1995|p=3}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=41}} groups of [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] [[Indo-Aryan migrations|migrated into north-western India]] and started to inhabit the northern [[Indus River|Indus Valley]].{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=30, 33–35}} The [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]] represented a sub-group that diverged from other [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian tribes]] at the [[Andronovo culture|Andronovo horizon]]{{sfn|Anthony|2007|pp=410–411}} before the middle of the 2nd&nbsp;millennium&nbsp;BCE.{{Sfn|Kuzmina|2007|p=322}}{{refn|group=note|name="roots"}} The Indo-Iranians originated in the [[Sintashta culture]], from which arose the subsequent Andronovo horizon.{{sfn|Anthony|2007|pp=410–411}} The Indo-Aryans migrated through the adjacent [[Bactria]]–[[Margiana]] area (present-day northern [[Afghanistan]]) to northwest India,{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=454}}{{refn|group=note|name="Bactria-Marga"}} followed by the rise of the Iranian [[Yaz culture]] at {{c.}}&nbsp;1500&nbsp;BCE, and the Iranian migrations into Iran at {{c.}}&nbsp;800&nbsp;BCE.<br />
<br />
[[File:Indo-Iranian origins.png|thumb|left|Archaeological cultures associated with [[Indo-Iranian migration]]s (after [[Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture|''EIEC'']]). The [[Andronovo culture|Andronovo]], [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex|BMAC]] and [[Yaz culture|Yaz]] cultures have often been associated with [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] migrations. The [[Gandhara grave culture|GGC]], [[Cemetery H culture|Cemetery H]], [[Copper Hoard Culture|Copper Hoard]] and [[Painted Grey Ware culture|PGW]] cultures are candidates for cultures associated with [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] movements.]]<br />
Some Indian writers and archaeologists have opposed the notion of a migration of Indo-Aryans into India, and argued for an [[Indigenous Aryanism|indigenous origin of the Indo-Aryans]].{{sfn|Bryant|2001}}{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=186}} In this view, "the Indian civilization must be viewed as an unbroken tradition that goes back to the earliest period of the Sindhu-Sarasvati (or Indus) tradition (7000 or 8000&nbsp;BCE)."{{sfn|Kak|2001b}} Though popular in India, and reflecting Indian views on Indian history and religion,{{sfn|Witzel|2001|p=95}} the idea of a purely indigenous origin of the Indo-Aryans is outside the academic mainstream.{{refn|group=note|name="Indigenous Aryans"}}<br />
<br />
The knowledge about the Aryans comes mostly from the ''[[Rigveda]]-[[samhita]]'',{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=31}} ''i.e.'' the oldest layer of the ''[[Vedas]]'', which was composed {{c.}}&nbsp;1400–1000&nbsp;BCE.{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=454}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=37}}{{sfn|Witzel|2019|p=[https://archive.org/details/which-of-us-are-aryans-by-romila-thapar-michael-witzel-jaya-menon-kai-friese-razib-khan/page/11/mode/2up 11]}}{{refn|group=note|name="Mitanni confirm"}} They brought with them their distinctive religious traditions and practices.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=30}} The Vedic beliefs and practices of the pre-classical era were closely related to the hypothesised [[Proto-Indo-European religion]]{{sfn|Woodard|2006|p=242}} and the Indo-Iranian religion.{{sfn|Beckwith|2009|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}} Funeral sacrifices from the Sintashta culture show close parallels to the sacrificial funeral rites of the ''[[Rigveda]]'',{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=375, 408–411}} while, according to Anthony, the Old Indic religion probably emerged among Indo-European immigrants in the contact zone between the [[Zeravshan River]] (present-day [[Uzbekistan]]) and (present-day) Tajikistan.{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=462}} It was "a syncretic mixture of old Central Asian and new Indo-European elements",{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=462}} which borrowed "distinctive religious beliefs and practices" from the [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex|Bactria–Margiana culture]],{{sfn|Beckwith|2009|p=32}} including the god [[Indra]] and the ritual drink [[Soma (drink)|Soma]].{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=454}}{{refn|group=note|name="Bactria-Marga"}}<br />
<br />
=== Early Vedic period (c. 1500 BCE – c. 1000 BCE) ===<br />
{{See also|Rigvedic tribes}}<br />
[[File:Cremation Urn with Lid LACMA AC1994.234.8a-b.jpg|thumb|Cremation urn of the [[Gandhara grave culture]] ({{Circa|1200 BCE}}), associated with Vedic material culture]]<br />
<br />
The ''Rigveda'' contains accounts of conflicts between the Aryas and the [[Dasa]]s and Dasyus. It describes Dasas and Dasyus as people who do not perform sacrifices (''akratu'') or obey the commandments of gods (''avrata''). Their speech is described as ''mridhra'' which could variously mean soft, uncouth, hostile, scornful or abusive. Other adjectives which describe their physical appearance are subject to many interpretations. However, some modern scholars such as [[Asko Parpola]] connect the Dasas and Dasyus to Iranian tribes [[Dahae]] and Dahyu and believe that Dasas and Dasyus were early Indo-Aryan immigrants who arrived into the subcontinent before the Vedic Aryans.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=192}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|p=38}} Likewise, Bronkhorst has argued that the central Ganges Plain was dominated by a related but non-Vedic [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] culture,{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007}} a difference also noted by Samuel.{{sfn|Samuel|2010}}<br />
<br />
Accounts of military conflicts in between the various tribes of Vedic Aryans are also described in the ''Rigveda''. Most notable of such conflicts was the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]], which took place on the banks of the river Parushni (modern day [[Ravi River|Ravi]]).{{refn|group=note|According to Erdosy, this battle provided a prototype for the epic [[Mahabharata]],{{sfn|Erdosy|1995|p=335}} Hiltebeitel calls this idea a "particularly baffling fancy."{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2001|p=2, note 12}}}} The battle was fought between the tribe ''[[Bhāratas|Bharatas]]'', led by their chief [[Sudas]], against a confederation of ten tribes.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=187}} The Bharatas lived around the upper regions of the river [[Sarasvati River|Saraswati]], while the Purus, their western neighbours, lived along the lower regions of Saraswati. The other tribes dwelt north-west of the Bharatas in the region of [[Punjab region|Punjab]].{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=32}} Division of the waters of Ravi could have been a reason for the war.{{sfn|Reddy|2011|p=103}}{{unreliable source?|date=September 2017}} The confederation of tribes tried to inundate the Bharatas by opening the embankments of Ravi, yet Sudas emerged victorious in the Battle of Ten Kings.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|pp=37–38}} The Bharatas and the Purus merged into a new tribe, the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]], after the war.{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=32}}<br />
<br />
=== Later Vedic period (c. 1000 – c. 600 BCE) ===<br />
[[File:Painted Grey Ware - Sonkh - 1000-600 BCE - Showcase 6-15 - Prehistory and Terracotta Gallery - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 6461.JPG|thumb|left|Pottery of the [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] (c. 1000–600 BCE), associated with Vedic material culture]]<br />
<br />
After the 12th century BCE, as the ''Rigveda'' had taken its final form, the Vedic society, which is associated with the Kuru-Panchala region but were not the only Indo-Aryan people in northern India,{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=49}} transitioned from semi-nomadic life to settled agriculture in north-western India.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|pp=37–38}} Possession of horses remained an important priority of Vedic leaders and a remnant of the nomadic lifestyle,{{sfn|Tignor|2014|p=}} resulting in trade routes beyond the [[Hindu Kush]] to maintain this supply as horses needed for cavalry and sacrifice could not be bred in India.{{sfn|Kaushik|2013|p={{page needed|date=May 2024}} }} The [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic]] plains had remained out of bounds to the Vedic tribes because of thick forest cover. After 1000 BCE, the use of iron axes and ploughs became widespread and the jungles could be cleared with ease. This enabled the Vedic Aryans to extend their settlements into the western area of the Ganga-Yamuna [[Doab]].{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|pp=37–39}} Many of the old tribes coalesced to form larger political units.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=200}}<br />
<br />
The Vedic religion was further developed with the emergence of the Kuru kingdom, systematising its religious literature and developing the Śrauta ritual.{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010|pp=48–51, 61–93}}{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|pp=8–10}} It is associated with the [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] (c.1200–600 BCE), which did not expand east of the Ganga-Yamuna Doab.{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=49}} It differed from the related, yet markedly different, culture of the Central Ganges region, which was associated with the [[Northern Black Polished Ware|Northern Black Polished Ware culture]] and the [[Mahajanapadas]] (Republics/Kingdoms) of [[Kosala]] and [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].{{sfn|Samuel|2010|pp=49–50}}<br />
<br />
In this period the ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'' system emerged, state Kulke and Rothermund,{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|pp=39–40}} which in this stage of Indian history were a "hierarchical [[Estates of the realm|order of estates]] which reflected a division of labor among various social classes". The Vedic period estates were four: [[Brahmin]] priests and warrior nobility stood on top, free peasants and traders were the third, and slaves, labourers and artisans, many belonging to the pre-Aryan groups, were the fourth.{{sfn|Avari|2016|p=89}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|pp=39–41}}{{sfn|Sharma|1990|p=33}} This was a period where agriculture, metal, and commodity production, as well as trade, greatly expanded,{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|pp=41–43}} and the Vedic era texts including the early [[Upanishads]] and many Sutras important to later [[Hindu]] culture were completed.{{sfn|Witzel|1995|pp=2–8}}<br />
<br />
[[File:ചിതിയുടെയും-ഉപകരണങ്ങളുടെയും മാതൃക.jpg|thumb|right|Modern replica of utensils and [[Vedic fire altar|falcon shaped altar]] used for [[Agnicayana]], an elaborate [[Śrauta]] ritual originating from the [[Kuru kingdom]].{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}]]<br />
The [[Kuru kingdom]], the earliest Vedic "state", was formed by a "super-tribe" which joined several tribes in a new unit. To govern this state, Vedic hymns were collected and transcribed, and new rituals were developed, which formed the now orthodox [[Śrauta]] rituals.{{sfn|Samuel|2010|pp=48–56}} Two key figures in this process of the development of the Kuru state were the king [[Parikshit]] and his successor [[Janamejaya II|Janamejaya]], transforming this realm into the dominant political and cultural power of northern [[Iron Age India]].{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}<br />
<br />
The most well-known of the new religious sacrifices that arose in this period were the ''[[Ashvamedha]]'' (horse sacrifice).{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=42}} This sacrifice involved setting a consecrated horse free to roam the kingdoms for a year. The horse was followed by a chosen band of warriors. The kingdoms and chiefdoms in which the horse wandered had to pay homage or prepare to battle the king to whom the horse belonged. This sacrifice put considerable pressure on inter-state relations in this era.{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=42}} This period saw also the beginning of the social stratification by the use of [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]], the division of Vedic society into [[Brahmins]], [[Kshatriya]], [[Vaishya]] and [[Shudra]].{{sfn|Samuel|2010|pp=48–56}}<br />
<br />
The Kuru kingdom declined after its defeat by the non-Vedic [[Salva (India)|Salva tribe]], and the political center of Vedic culture shifted east, into the [[Panchala]] kingdom on the Ganges, under King [[Keśin Dālbhya]] (approximately between 900 and 750 BCE).{{sfn|Witzel|1995}} Later, in the 8th or 7th century BCE, the kingdom of [[Videha]] emerged as a political center farther to the East, in what is today northern [[Bihar]] of India and southeastern [[Nepal]], reaching its prominence under the king [[Janaka]], whose court provided patronage for [[Brahmin]] sages and [[Indian philosophy|philosophers]] such as [[Yajnavalkya]], [[Uddalaka Aruni]], and [[Gargi Vachaknavi]];{{sfn|Witzel|1989}} Panchala also remained prominent during this period, under its king [[Pravahana Jaivali]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1972 |pp=67–68}}<br />
<br />
=== Towards urbanisation ===<br />
By the 6th century BCE, the political units consolidated into large kingdoms called [[Mahajanapada]]s. The process of urbanisation had begun in these kingdoms, commerce and travel flourished, even regions separated by large distances became easy to access.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=xxviii–xxix}} [[Anga]], a small kingdom to the east of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] (on the door step of modern-day [[West Bengal]]), formed the eastern boundary of the Vedic culture.{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=40}} [[Yadavas]] expanded towards the south and settled in [[Mathura]]. To the south of their kingdom was [[Vatsa]] which was governed from its capital [[Kausambi]]. The [[Narmada River]] and parts of North Western [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] formed the southern limits.{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=41}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1977|p=65}} The newly formed states struggled for supremacy and started displaying imperial ambitions.{{sfn|Majumdar|1977|p=66}}<br />
<br />
The end of the Vedic period is marked by linguistic, cultural and political changes. The grammar of [[Pāṇini]] marks a final apex in the codification of [[Sutra]] texts, and at the same time the beginning of [[Classical Sanskrit]].{{sfn|Fortson|2011|p=208}} Meanwhile, in the Kosala-Magadha region, the [[sramana|shramana]] movements (including [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]]) objected to the self-imposed authority and orthodoxy of the intruding Brahmins and their Vedic scriptures and ritual.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=82}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010|pp=48–51; ch. 3}} According to Bronkhorst, the sramana culture arose in "[[Greater Magadha]]," which was Indo-European, but not Vedic. In this culture, kshatriyas were placed higher than Brahmins, and it rejected Vedic authority and rituals.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007}}{{sfn|Long|2013|p=chapter II}} Greater Magadha reached its zenith under the [[Maurya Empire]]. Meanwhile, the Achaemenid invasion of [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]] and [[Darius I]] of the Indus valley in the early 6th century BCE marks the beginning of outside influence, which continued in the Kingdoms of the [[Indo-Greeks]], [[Indo-Scythians]], and [[Indo-Parthians]].{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=117–120}} This period culminated with the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] and [[Gupta Empire]], which resulted in the "Hindu Synthesis".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wan |first1=Peter P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfIeEAAAQBAJ |title=Asia Past and Present: A Brief History |last2=Reins |first2=Thomas D. |date=17 February 2021 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-95520-8 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Culture ==<br />
{{Ancient history}}<br />
<br />
=== Society ===<br />
While Vedic society was relatively egalitarian in the sense that a distinct hierarchy of socio-economic classes or [[History of the Indian caste system|castes]] was absent,{{sfn|Staal|2008|p=54}}{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=191}} the Vedic period saw the emergence of a hierarchy of [[Varna (Hinduism)|social classes]].{{sfn|Witzel|1995|pp=3–5}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010|pp=49–52}} Political hierarchy was determined by rank, where ''rājan'' (tribal king or chieftain) and ''rājanya'' (tribal nobility) stood at the top, the ''viś'' (the common people) in the middle, and the ''dāsa'' and ''dasyu'' (non-Indo-Aryan servants) at the bottom.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=191}}{{Sfn|Witzel|1995|p=5}} The words ''Brahamana'' and ''Kshatriya'' occur in various family books of the ''Rigveda'', but they are not associated with the term ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]''. The words ''Vaishya'' and ''Shudra'' are absent. Verses of the ''Rigveda'', such as 3.44–45, indicate the absence of strict social hierarchy and the existence of social mobility:{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=192}}<br />
{{Blockquote|O, Indra, fond of ''soma'', would you make me the protector of people, or would you make me a king, would you make me a sage who has drunk ''soma'', would you impart to me endless wealth.}}<br />
<br />
The institution of marriage was important and different types of marriages— monogamy, polygyny and polyandry are mentioned in the ''Rigveda''. Both women sages and female gods were known to Vedic Aryans. Women could choose their husbands and could remarry if their husbands died or disappeared.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=191}} The wife enjoyed a respectable position.{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=35}} People consumed milk, milk products, grains, fruits and vegetables. Meat eating is mentioned; however, cows are labelled ''aghnya'' (not to be killed). Clothes of cotton, wool and animal skin were worn.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=191}} ''Soma'' and ''sura'' were popular drinks in the Vedic society, of which ''soma'' was sanctified by religion. Flute (''vana''), lute (''vina''), harp, cymbals and drums were the musical instruments played and a [[heptatonic scale]] was used.{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=35}} Dancing, dramas, chariot racing and gambling were other popular pastimes.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=191}}<br />
<br />
The emergence of monarchical states in the later Vedic age led to a distancing of the ''rajan'' from the people and the emergence of a ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'' hierarchy. The society was divided into four social groups—[[Brahmin|Brahmanas]], [[Kshatriya]]s, [[Vaishya]]s and [[Shudra]]s. The later Vedic texts fixed social boundaries, roles, status and ritual purity for each of the groups. The ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'' associates the Brahmana with purity of parentage, good conduct, glory, teaching or protecting people; Kshatriya with strength, fame, ruling, and warfare; Vaishya with material prosperity and production-related activities such as cattle rearing and agriculture; Shudras with the service of the higher ''varnas''. The effects of ''[[Rajasuya]]'' sacrifice depended on the ''varna'' of the sacrificer. ''Rajasuya'' endowed Brahmana with lustre, Kshatriya with valour, Vaishya with procreative power and Shudra with stability. The hierarchy of the top three ''varnas'' is ambiguous in the later Vedic texts. ''Panchavamsha Brahmana'' and verse 13.8.3.11 of the ''Shatapatha Brahmana'' place Kshatriya over Brahmana and Vaishya, whereas, verse 1.1.4.12 places Brahmana and Vaishya over the Kshatriya and Shudra. The ''[[Purusha Sukta]]'' visualised the four ''varnas'' as hierarchical, but inter-related parts of an organic whole.{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=201–203}} Despite the increasing social stratification in the later Vedic times, hymns like ''Rigveda'' IX.112 suggest some amount of social mobility: "I am a reciter of hymns, my father a physician, and my mother grinds (corn) with stones. We desire to obtain wealth in various actions."{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=204}}{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=xxvi}}<br />
<br />
Household became an important unit in the later Vedic age. The variety of households of the Vedic era gave way to an idealised household which was headed by a ''grihapati''. The relations between husband and wife, father and son were hierarchically organised and the women were relegated to subordinate and docile roles. Polygyny was more common than polyandry and texts like ''Tattiriya Samhita'' indicate taboos around menstruating women. Various professions women took to are mentioned in the later Vedic texts. Women tended to cattle, milked cows, carded wool; were weavers, dyers, and corn grinders. Women warriors such as [[Vishpala]], who lost a leg in battle, are mentioned. Two female philosophers are mentioned in the Upanishads.{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=204–206}} [[Patrick Olivelle]], in his translation of the Upanishads, writes that "the fact that these women are introduced without any attempt to justify or to explain how women could be engaged in theological matters suggests the relatively high social and religious position of at least women of some social strata during this period."{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=xxxvi}}<br />
<br />
=== Political organization ===<br />
{{Infobox<br />
| title = Vedic weaponry<br />
| image = {{image array|perrow=2|width=180 | height=180<br />
| image1 = MET 2001 433 53 O.jpeg|caption1=Ancient Indian antennae sword; metalwork, 1500–500 BCE<br />
| image2 = Ax Blade (Celt).jpg|caption2=Ancient Indian axe blade, 1500–1000 BCE<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
Early Vedic Aryans were organised into tribes rather than kingdoms. The chief of a tribe was called a ''rajan''. The autonomy of the ''rajan'' was restricted by the tribal councils called ''sabha'' and ''samiti''. The two bodies were, in part, responsible for the governance of the tribe. The ''rajan'' could not accede to the throne without their approval. The distinction between the two bodies is not clear. [[Arthur Llewellyn Basham]], a noted historian and [[indologist]], theorises that ''sabha'' was a meeting of great men in the tribe, whereas, ''samiti'' was a meeting of all free tribesmen. Some tribes had no hereditary chiefs and were directly governed by the tribal councils. ''Rajan'' had a rudimentary court which was attended by courtiers (''sabhasad'') and chiefs of sects (''gramani''). The main responsibility of the ''rajan'' was to protect the tribe. He was aided by several functionaries, including the ''purohita'' (chaplain), the ''senani'' (army chief), ''dutas'' (envoys) and ''spash'' (spies).{{sfn|Majumdar|1977|p=45}} ''Purohita'' performed ceremonies and spells for success in war and prosperity in peace.{{sfn|Basham|2008|pp=33–34}}<br />
<br />
In the later Vedic period, the tribes had consolidated into small kingdoms, which had a capital and a rudimentary administrative system.{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=41}} To aid in governing these new states, the kings and their Brahmin priests arranged Vedic hymns into collections and developed a new set of rituals (the now orthodox [[Śrauta]] rituals) to strengthen the emerging [[Varna (Hinduism)|social hierarchy]].{{sfn|Witzel|1995}} The ''rajan'' was seen as the custodian of social order and the protector of ''rashtra'' (polity). Hereditary kingship started emerging and competitions like chariot races, cattle raids, and games of dice, which previously decided who was worthy of becoming a king, became nominal. Rituals in this era exalted the status of the king over his people. He was occasionally referred to as ''samrat'' (supreme ruler). The ''rajan's'' increasing political power enabled him to gain greater control over the productive resources. The voluntary gift offering (''bali'') became compulsory tribute; however, there was no organised system of taxation. ''Sabha'' and ''samiti'' are still mentioned in later Vedic texts, though, with the increasing power of the king, their influence declined.{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=200–201}} By the end of the later Vedic age, different kinds of political systems such as monarchical states (''rajya''), oligarchical states (''gana'' or ''sangha''), and tribal principalities had emerged in India.{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=200–201}}<br />
<br />
According to [[Michael Witzel]]'s analysis of the [[Kuru kingdom]], it can be characterised as the earliest Vedic "state", during the Middle Vedic Period.{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}{{refn|group=note|name="Witzel's study"}} However, [[Robert Bellah]] observes that it is difficult to "pin down" whether the Kurus were a true "state" or a [[complex chiefdom]], as the Kuru kings notably never adopted royal titles higher than "rājan," which means "chief" rather than "king" in the Vedic context.{{sfn|Bellah|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xHr-uN4XpAgC&pg=PA491 491 f.]}} The Middle Vedic Period is also characterised by a lack of cities; Bellah compares this to early [[state formation]] in ancient [[Hawaii]] and "very early Egypt," which were "territorial states" rather than "city-states," and thus "it was the court, not the city, that provided the center, and the court was often peripatetic."{{sfn|Bellah|2011|at=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xHr-uN4XpAgC&pg=PA697 pp. 697–698], citing Trigger (2003)}}{{sfn|Trigger|2003|pp=[https://archive.org/details/understandingear0000trig/page/108/mode/2up 108–109]}} [[Romila Thapar]] characterises Vedic-era state formation as being in a condition of "arrested development," because local chiefs were relatively autonomous, and because surplus wealth that could have been directed towards state-building was instead used for the increasingly grandiose rituals that also served to structure social relations.{{sfn|Bellah|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xHr-uN4XpAgC&pg=PA698 698 f.]}} The period of the [[Upanishads]], the final phase of the Vedic era, was approximately contemporaneous with a new wave of state formations, linked to the beginning of urbanisation in the Ganges Valley: along with the growth of population and trade networks, these social and economic changes put pressure on older ways of life, setting the stage for the Upanishads and the subsequent [[śramaṇa]] movements,{{sfn|Bellah|2011|at=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xHr-uN4XpAgC&pg=PA509 p. 509], citing Olivelle (1998), pp. xii–x}}{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|at="Notes on the translation": pp. xii–x}} and the end of the Vedic Period, which was followed by the [[Mahajanapada]] period.<br />
<br />
According to George Erdosy, archaeological data for the period from 1000 to 600 BCE shows a two-tiered settlement pattern in the Ganges Valley, with some "modest central places," suggestive of the existence of simple [[chiefdom]]s, with the [[Kurukshetra district]] itself displaying a more complex (albeit not yet urbanised) three-tiered hierarchy.{{sfn|Erdosy|1995a}} Subsequently, (after 600 BCE) there are four tiers of site sizes, including large towns and fortified cities, consistent with an urbanised state-level society.{{sfn|Erdosy|1995b}}<br />
<br />
=== Economy ===<br />
Economy in the Vedic period was sustained by a combination of [[pastoralism]] and agriculture.{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=35}} There are references, in the ''Rigveda'', to the levelling of fields, seed processing, and storage of grains in large jars. War bounty was also a major source of wealth.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=191}} Economic exchanges were conducted by gift giving, particularly to kings (''bali'') and priests (''dana''), and barter using cattle as a unit of currency. While gold is mentioned in some hymns, there is no indication of the use of coins. Metallurgy is not mentioned in the ''Rigveda'', but the word ''ayas'' and instruments made from it such as razors, bangles, axes are mentioned. One verse mentions purification of ''ayas''. Some scholars believe that ''ayas'' refers to iron and the words ''dham'' and ''karmara'' refer to iron-welders.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=190}} However, philological evidence indicates that ''ayas'' in the ''Rigveda'' refers only to copper and bronze, while iron or ''śyāma ayas'', literally "black metal", first is mentioned in the post-Rigvedic ''[[Atharvaveda]]'',{{sfn|Witzel|1989}}{{sfn|Witzel|1995}} and therefore the Early Vedic Period was a [[Bronze Age India|Bronze Age]] culture whereas the Late Vedic Period was an [[Iron Age India|Iron Age]] culture.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}<br />
<br />
The transition of Vedic society from semi-nomadic life to settled agriculture in the later Vedic age led to an increase in trade and competition for resources.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|p=40}} Agriculture dominated the economic activity along the [[Ganges]] valley during this period.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=xxvii}} Agricultural operations grew in complexity and usage of iron implements (''krishna–ayas'' or ''shyama–ayas'', literally black metal or dark metal) increased. Crops of wheat, rice, and barley were cultivated. Surplus production helped to support the centralised kingdoms that were emerging at this time.{{sfn|Witzel|1995}} New crafts and occupations such as carpentry, leather work, tanning, pottery, astrology, jewellery, dying, and winemaking arose.{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=198–199}} Apart from copper, bronze, and gold, later Vedic texts also mention tin, lead, and silver.{{sfn|Basham|2008|pp=42–43}}<br />
<br />
''Panis'' in some hymns refers to merchants, in others to stingy people who hid their wealth and did not perform Vedic sacrifices. Some scholars suggest that Panis were [[semitic people|semitic]] traders, but the evidence for this is slim.{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=32}} Professions of warriors, priests, cattle-rearers, farmers, hunters, barbers, vintners and crafts of chariot-making, cart-making, carpentry, metal working, tanning, making of bows, sewing, weaving, making mats of grass and reed are mentioned in the hymns of the ''Rigveda''. Some of these might have needed full-time specialists.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=190}} There are references to boats and oceans. Book X of the ''Rigveda'' refers to both eastern and western oceans. Individual property ownership did not exist and clans as a whole enjoyed rights over lands and herds. Enslavement (''dasa'', ''dasi'') in the course of war or as a result of non-payment of debt is mentioned. However, slaves worked in households rather than production-related activities.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=191}}<br />
<br />
=== Religion ===<br />
{{Main|Historical Vedic religion}}<br />
[[File:An attempt to depict the creative activities of Prajapati.jpg|right|thumb|A steel engraving from the 1850s, which depicts the creative activities of [[Prajapati]], a Vedic deity who presides over procreation and protection of life]]<br />
<br />
==== Vedic religion ====<br />
Texts considered to date to the Vedic period are mainly the four ''[[Vedas]]'', but the [[Brahmanas]], [[Aranyaka]]s and the older [[Upanishads]] as well as the oldest [[Śrautasutra]]s are also considered to be Vedic. The ''Vedas'' record the [[liturgy]] connected with the rituals and sacrifices performed by the 16 or 17 [[Śrauta]] priests and the [[purohita]]s.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}<br />
<br />
The [[rishi]]s, the composers of the hymns of the ''[[Rigveda]]'', were considered inspired poets and seers (in post-Vedic times understood as "hearers" of an eternally existing ''Veda'', ''[[Śruti]]'' means "what is heard").<br />
<br />
The mode of worship was the performance of sacrifices ([[Yajna]]) which included the [[chant]]ing of Rigvedic verses (see [[Vedic chant]]), singing of ''Samans'' and 'mumbling' of sacrificial mantras ([[Yajus]]). Yajna involved sacrifice and sublimation of the havana sámagri (herbal preparations) in the fire accompanied by the chanting of the Vedic mantras. The sublime meaning of the word yajna is derived from the Sanskrit verb yaj, which has a three-fold meaning of worship of deities (devapujana), unity (saògatikaraña) and charity (dána).{{sfn|Nigal|1986|p=81}} An essential element was the sacrificial fire—the divine [[Agni]]—into which oblations were poured, as everything offered into the fire was believed to reach God. People prayed for abundance of rain, cattle, sons, long life and gaining 'heaven'.<br />
<br />
Vedic people believed in the [[Transmigration of a soul|transmigration of the soul]], and the [[peepul]] tree and cow were sanctified by the time of the ''[[Atharvaveda]]''.{{sfn|Singhal|Gupta|2003|pp=150–151}} Many of the concepts of Indian philosophy espoused later like [[Dharma]], [[Karma]] etc. trace their root to the ''Vedas''.{{sfn|Day|1982|pp= 42–45}}<br />
<br />
The main deities of the Vedic pantheon were [[Indra]], [[Agni]] (the [[sacrificial fire]]), and [[Soma (drink)|Soma]] and some deities of social order such as [[Mitra (Vedic)|Mitra]]–[[Varuna]], [[Aryaman]], [[Bhaga]] and Amsa, further nature deities such as [[Surya]] (the Sun), [[Vayu]] (the wind) and [[Prithvi|Prithivi]] (the earth). Goddesses included [[Ushas]] (the dawn), Prithvi and [[Aditi]] (the mother of the [[Ādityas|Aditya]] gods or sometimes the cow). Rivers, especially [[Saraswati]], were also considered goddesses. Deities were not viewed as all-powerful. The relationship between humans and the deity was one of transaction, with Agni (the sacrificial fire) taking the role of messenger between the two. Strong traces of a common [[Proto-Indo-Iranian religion|Indo-Iranian]] religion remain visible, especially in the [[Soma (drink)|Soma]] cult and the fire worship, both of which are preserved in [[Zoroastrianism]].<br />
<br />
Ethics in the ''Vedas'' are based on the concepts of [[Satya]] and [[Rta]]. Satya is the principle of integration rooted in the Absolute.{{sfn|Krishnananda|1994|p= [https://archive.org/details/AShortHistoryofReligiousandPhilosophicThoughtofIndiaSwamiKrishnanandaDevineLifeSociety/page/n11/mode/2up 11]}} Whereas, Ṛta is the expression of Satya, which regulates and coordinates the operation of the universe and everything within it.{{sfn|Holdrege|2004|p=215}}{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Panikkar|2001|pp=350–351}} remarks: "''Ṛta'' is the ultimate foundation of everything; it is "the supreme", although this is not to be understood in a static sense. [...] It is the expression of the primordial dynamism that is inherent in everything...."}} Conformity with Ṛta would enable progress whereas its violation would lead to punishment.<br />
<br />
==== Influence on Hinduism ====<br />
Around the beginning of the Common Era, the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic tradition]] formed one of the main constituents of the "[[Hinduism#Roots of Hinduism|Hindu synthesis]]".{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2002|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}}{{sfn|Jamison|Witzel|2003|p=65}}{{refn|group=note|name="Vedic Hinduism"}} Vedic religion survived in the srayta ritual, whereas ascetic and devotional traditions like [[Yoga]] and [[Vedanta]] acknowledge the authority of the ''Vedas'', but interpret the Vedic pantheon as a unitary view of the universe with 'God' (Brahman) seen as immanent and transcendent in the forms of [[Ishvara]] and [[Brahman]]. Later texts such as the [[Upanishads]] and epics, namely the [[Gita]] of [[Mahabharata]], are essential parts of these later developments.<br />
<br />
=== Literature ===<br />
{{Main|Vedas}}<br />
[[File:Rigveda MS2097.jpg|thumb|An early-19th-century manuscript of ''Rigveda'' ([[padapatha]]) in [[Devanagari]]. The [[Vedic accent]] is marked by underscores and vertical overscores in red.]]<br />
<br />
The reconstruction of the history of Vedic India is based on text-internal details, but can be correlated to relevant archaeological details. Linguistically, the Vedic texts could be classified in five chronological strata:{{sfn|Witzel|1989}}<br />
<br />
# '''Rigvedic text''': The ''[[Rigveda]]'' is by far the most archaic of the Vedic texts preserved, and it retains many common [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] elements, both in language and in content, that are not present in any other Vedic text. Its time span likely corresponds to the [[Cemetery H culture|Late Harappan culture]], [[Gandhara grave culture]] and [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]].<br />
# '''Mantra language texts''': This period includes both the [[mantra]] and prose language of the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'' (''Paippalada'' and ''Shaunmkiya''), the ''Rigveda [[Khilani]]'', the ''[[Samaveda]] Samhita'' (containing some 75 mantras not in the ''Rigveda''), and the mantras of the ''[[Yajurveda]]''. Many of these texts are largely derived from the ''Rigveda'', but have undergone certain changes, both by linguistic change and by reinterpretation. Conspicuous changes include change of ''vishva'' "all" by ''sarva'', and the spread of the ''kuru-'' verbal stem (for Rigvedic ''krno-''). This is the time of the early [[Iron Age]] in north-western India, corresponding to the [[Black and Red Ware]] (BRW) and [[Painted Grey Ware]] (PGW) cultures, and the early [[Kuru kingdom]], dating from c. the 12th to 11th centuries BCE.<br />
# '''Samhita prose texts''': This period marks the beginning of the collection and codification of a Vedic canon. An important linguistic change is the complete loss of the [[injunctive mood|injunctive]]. The Brahmana part ('commentary' on mantras and ritual) of the ''Black [[Yajurveda]]'' (MS, KS, TS) belongs to this period. Archaeologically, the Painted Grey Ware culture from c. 1000 or 900 BCE corresponds to the [[Kuru kingdom]] and the subsequent eastward shift of the political centre from the Kurus to the [[Panchala]]s on the [[Ganges]].<br />
# '''Brahmana prose texts''': The [[Brahmanas]] proper of the four ''Vedas'' belong to this period, as well as the [[Aranyaka]]s, the oldest of the [[Upanishad]]s ([[Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad|BAU]], [[Chandogya Upanishad|ChU]], [[Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana|JUB]]) and the oldest [[Śrautasutra]]s ([[Baudhayana Śrauta Sutra|BSS]], VadhSS). In the east, [[Videha]] (N. Bihar and Nepal) is established as the third main political centre of the Vedic period.<br />
# '''Sutra language texts''': This is the last stratum of Vedic Sanskrit leading up to c. 500 BCE, comprising the bulk of the [[Śrautasutra|Śrauta]] and [[Grhyasutra|Grhya]] Sutras, and some ''Upanishads'' (e.g. [[Katha Upanishad|KathU]], [[MaitrU]]).<br />
<br />
=== Visual arts ===<br />
{{See also|Art of Mathura}}<br />
In northern India, some very early depictions of deities appear in the art of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], but the following millennium, coinciding with the [[Indo-Aryan migrations|Indo–Aryan migration]] during the Vedic period, is devoid of such remains.{{sfn|Paul|Paul|1989|pp=112–115, 125}} It has been suggested that the [[Historical Vedic religion|early Vedic religion]] focused exclusively on the worship of purely "elementary forces of nature by means of elaborate sacrifices", which did not lend themselves easily to anthropomorphological representations.{{sfn|Paul|Paul|1989}}{{sfn|Krishan|Tadikonda|1996|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kDyJh--iaL0C&pg=PP13 ix-x]}} Various artefacts may belong to the [[Copper Hoard culture]] (2nd millennium CE), some of them suggesting anthropomorphological characteristics.{{sfn|Shaw|Jameson|2008|p=248}} Interpretations vary as to the exact signification of these artefacts, or even the culture and the periodisation to which they belonged.{{sfn|Shaw|Jameson|2008|p=248}} Some examples of artistic expression also appear in abstract pottery designs during the [[Black and red ware culture]] (1450–1200 BCE) or the Painted Grey Ware culture (1200–600 BCE), with finds in a wide area, including the area of Mathura.{{sfn|Shaw|Jameson|2008|p=248}}<br />
<br />
== Archaeology ==<br />
<br />
Archaeological cultures identified with phases of Vedic [[material culture]] include the [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]], the [[Gandhara grave culture]], the [[Black and red ware culture]] and the Painted Grey Ware culture.{{sfn|Witzel|1989}}<br />
<br />
Ochre coloured pottery culture was first found approximately between 1950 and 1951, in western Uttar Pradesh, in the Badaun and Bisjuar district.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=218}} It is thought that this culture was prominent during the latter half of the 2nd millennium, within the transition between the Indus Valley civilisation and the end of Harappan culture.{{sfn|Darvill|2009|at="ochre‐coloured pottery"}} This pottery is typically created with wheel ware, and is ill-fired, to a fine to medium fabric, decorated with a red slip, and occasional black bands1. When this pottery was worked with, it often left an ochre color on the hands, most likely because of water-logging, bad firing, wind action, or a mixture of these factors.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=218}} This pottery was found all throughout the doab, most of it found in the Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, and Bulandshahr districts, but also existing outside these districts, extending north and south of Bahadrabad.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=218}} This pottery does, however, seem to exist within different time frames of popularity, ochre coloured pottery seeming to occur in areas such as Rajasthan earlier than we see it in the doab, despite the doab being heavily associated with the culture.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=218}}<br />
<br />
Gandhara grave culture refers to the protohistoric cemeteries found in the Gandhara region, stretching all the way from Bajuar to the Indus.{{sfn|Dani|1966|p=99}} These cemeteries seem to follow a set grave structure and "mortuary practice", such as inflexed inhumation and cremation.{{sfn|Zahir|2016|pp=274–293}} This culture is thought to occur in 3 stages: the lower, in which burials take place in masonry lined pits, the upper, in which urn burials and cremations are added, and the "surface" level, in which graves are covered with huge stone slabs.{{sfn|Zahir|2016|pp=274–293}}<br />
In the lower stage, excavators found that these graves are typically 2–3 feet deep, and covered with stones on top.{{sfn|Dani|1966|p=99}} After digging out the stones, skeletons were found facing southwest to northeast, with the head facing one direction, and the hands laying on top of one another.{{sfn|Dani|1966|p=99}} Female skeletons were often found wearing hair pins and jewellery.{{sfn|Dani|1966|p=99}} Pottery is greatly important to this culture, as pottery was often used as a "grave good", being buried with the bodies of the dead.{{sfn|Zahir|2016|pp=274–293}} Buried alongside the skeletons, we typically see various pots on top of the body, averaging at about 5 or less pieces of pottery per grave.{{sfn|Zahir|2016|pp=274–293}} Within this culture we typically see two kinds of pottery: grey ware, or red ware.{{sfn|Dani|1966|p=99}}<br />
<br />
Black and red ware culture was coined as a term in 1946 by Sir Mortimer Wheeler.{{sfn|Mishra|2007}} The pottery, as the name suggests, typically has a black rim/inside surface, and a red lower half on the outside of the piece.{{sfn|Mishra|2007}} Red-ware pottery tends to fall into two categories: offering stands, or cooking vessels.{{sfn|Dani|1966|p=99}} Most of these pieces of pottery were open-mouthed bowls that were burnished, painted, or slipped on one side; however, jars, pots and dishes-on-stands have also been found in small quantities.{{sfn|Mishra|2007}}<br />
Black and red ware, and the surrounding culture, began its spread during the [[Neolithic]] period and continues until the early medieval period in India, as well as being found in parts of West Asia and Egypt.{{sfn|Mishra|2007}} There are many theories about the process of its creation, the most popular being the use of an inverted firing technique, or a simultaneous oxidation and reduction firing.{{sfn|Mishra|2007}}<br />
<br />
[[Painted grey ware culture]] is a significant pottery style that has been linked to a group of people who settled in Sutlej, Ghagger, and the Upper Ganga/Yamuna Valleys, loosely classified with the early Aryans who migrated to India in the beginning of the Vedic period.{{sfn|Hedge|2015}} It's also thought that the groups that introduced the painted grey ware culture also brought iron technology to the Indo-gangetic plains, making this pottery a momentous mark of the Northern Indian Iron Age.{{sfn|Hedge|2015}} The style of grey-ware often includes clay wheel-thrown into a smooth texture, ash-grey in colour, and often decorated with black ink, creating small circular patterns, sometimes spirals, swastikas, or sigmas.{{sfn|Hedge|2015}}<br />
Grey-ware pottery is almost exclusively drinking ware, and tends to have three different forms: narrow-waisted, tall drinking glasses, middle-sized drinking goblets, and drinking vases with outturned lips.{{sfn|Dani|1966|p=99}} There was a distinct grey ware culture surrounding the establishment of the pottery, but while the culture is significant, grey ware has only made up 10–15% of found Vedic pottery, a majority of the pottery red ware, as grey ware pottery was seen as a "highly valued luxury".{{sfn|Lal|1996|pp=412–419}}<br />
<br />
== Puranic chronology of the Vedic period ==<br />
The [[Puranic chronology]], the timeline of events in ancient Indian history and mythology as narrated in post-Vedic Hindu texts such as the [[Mahabharata]], the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Puranas]], envisions a much older chronology for the Vedic culture.{{sfn|Kak|2001b}} In this view, the Vedas were received by the [[seven rishis]] thousands of years ago. The start of the reign of [[Vaivasvata Manu]], the [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]] of the current [[Kalpa (time)|kalpa]] (aeon) and the progenitor of humanity, is dated by some as far back 7350&nbsp;BCE.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|p=122}} The [[Kurukshetra War]], the background-scene of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', which may relate historical events taking place ca. 1000 BCE at the heartland of [[Āryāvarta]],{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=19}} is dated in this chronology at {{c.|3100 BCE}}.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[History of India]]<br />
* [[Historical Vedic religion]]<br />
* [[Indus Valley Civilisation]]<br />
* [[Vedanga]]<br />
* [[Indigenous Aryanism]]<br />
* [[Avestan period]] (Contemporaneous period in Iranian history)<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|group=note|40em|refs=<br />
<!-- B --><br />
<!-- "Bactria-Marga" --><br />
{{refn|group=note|name="Bactria-Marga"|According to {{harvnb|Anthony|2007|pp=454–455}}, at least 383 non-Indo-European words were borrowed from this culture, including the god [[Indra]] and the ritual drink [[Soma (drink)|Soma]], which according to Anthony was "probably borrowed from the BMAC religion." {{harvnb|Anthony|2007|p=454}}: "Many of the qualities of Indo-Iranian god of might/victory, [[Verethraghna]], were transferred to the adopted god Indra, who became the central deity of the developing Old Indic culture. Indra was the subject of 250 hymns, a quarter of the ''Rigveda''. He was associated more than any other deity with ''Soma'', a stimulant drug (perhaps derived from ''Ephedra'') probably borrowed from the BMAC religion. His rise to prominence was a peculiar trait of the Old Indic speakers."{{pb}}Narasimhan et al. state that there was no genetic impact from Bactria-Margiana populations on the ancestry of South Asians.{{sfn|Narasimhan |Patterson |Moorjani |Rohland |2019}}}}<br />
<!-- I --><br />
<!-- "Indigenous Aryans" --><br />
{{refn|group=note|name="Indigenous Aryans"|See:<br />
* {{harvnb|Singh|2008|p=186}}: "The original homeland of the Indo-Europeans and Indo-Aryans is the subject of continuing debate among philologists, linguists, historians, archaeologists and others. The dominant view is that the Indo-Aryans came to the subcontinent as immigrants. Another view, advocated mainly by some Indian scholars, is that they were indigenous to the subcontinent."<br />
* As of 2006, {{harvnb|Mallory|Adams|2006|pp=460–461}} note that two types of models "enjoy significant international currency" as to the [[Indo-European homeland]], namely the [[Anatolian hypothesis]], and a [[Indo-Aryan migration|migration out of the Eurasian steppes]].<br />
* {{harvnb|Bryant|2001|p=7}}: "This does not mean that the Indigenous Aryan position is historically probable. The available evidence by no means denies the ''normative view''—that of external Aryan origins and, if anything, ''favors'' it." {{harvnb|Bryant|Patton|2005|p=342}} used the term "Indo-Aryan Controversy" for an oversight of the Indo-Aryan Migration theory, and some of its opponents.<br />
* {{harvnb|Witzel|2001}}: "The 'revisionist project' certainly is not guided by the principles of critical theory but takes, time and again, recourse to pre-enlightenment beliefs in the authority of traditional religious texts such as the Purånas. In the end, it belongs, as has been pointed out earlier, to a different 'discourse' than that of historical and critical scholarship. In other words, it continues the writing of religious literature, under a contemporary, outwardly 'scientific' guise. Though the ones pursuing this project use dialectic methods quite effectively, they frequently also turn traditional Indian discussion methods and scholastic tricks to their advantage [...] The revisionist and autochthonous project, then, should not be regarded as scholarly in the usual post-enlightenment sense of the word, but as an apologetic, ultimately religious undertaking aiming at proving the 'truth' of traditional texts and beliefs. Worse, it is, in many cases, not even scholastic scholarship at all but a political undertaking aiming at 'rewriting' history out of national pride or for the purpose of 'nation building'."<br />
* In her review of Bryant's "The Indo-Aryan Controversy," {{harvnb|Jamison|2006}} comments: "...the parallels between the Intelligent Design issue and the Indo-Aryan "controversy" are distressingly close. The Indo-Aryan controversy is a manufactured one with a non-scholarly agenda, and the tactics of its manufacturers are very close to those of the ID proponents mentioned above. However unwittingly and however high their aims, the two editors have sought to put a gloss of intellectual legitimacy, with a sense that real scientific questions are being debated, on what is essentially a religion-nationalistic attack on a scholarly consensus."}}<br />
<!-- M --><br />
{{refn|group=note|name="Mitanni confirm"|{{harvnb|Witzel|2019|p=[https://archive.org/details/which-of-us-are-aryans-by-romila-thapar-michael-witzel-jaya-menon-kai-friese-razib-khan/page/11/mode/2up 11]}}: "Incidentally, the Indo-Aryan loanwords in Mitanni confirm the date of the ''Rig Veda'' for ca. 1200–1000 BCE. The ''Rig Veda'' is a late Bronze age text, thus from before 1000 BCE. However, the Mitanni words have a form of Indo-Aryan that is slightly older than that ... Clearly the ''Rig Veda'' cannot be older than ca. 1400, and taking into account a period needed for linguistic change, it may not be much older than ca. 1200 BCE."}}<br />
<!-- "McClish_Olivelle2012" --><br />
{{refn|group=note|name="McClish_Olivelle2012"|{{harvnb|McClish|Olivelle|2012|p=xxiv}}: "Although the Vedas are essentially liturgical documents and increasingly mystical reflections on Vedic ritual, they are sufficiently rich and extensive to give us some understanding of what life was like at the time. The earliest of the Vedas, the ''Ṛgveda Saṃhitā'', contains 1,028 hymns, some of which may be as old as 1500 BCE. Because the Vedic texts are the primary way in which we can understand the period between the fall of the IVC (ca 1700) and the second wave of urbanization (600 BCE), we call the intervening era of South Asian history the 'Vedic Period.'"}}<br />
<!-- R --><br />
<!-- "roots" --><br />
{{refn|group=note|name="roots"|See:<br />
* {{harvnb|Anthony|2007|p=408}} states that around 1800–1600 BCE, the Indo-Aryans are believed to have split off from the Iranians.<br />
* {{harvnb|Anthony|2007|p=454}} states that one of these Indo-Aryan groups would found the [[Mitanni]] kingdom in northern Syria (c. 1500–1300 BCE).<br />
* {{harvnb|Beckwith|2009|pp=33, 35}} states that they were defeated and split into two groups by the Iranians, who dominated the Central Eurasian steppe zone and "chased them to the extremities of Central Eurasia."<br />
* {{harvnb|Beckwith|2009|p=34}} states that the other group were the [[Vedic people]], who were pursued by the Iranians "across Iran into India."<br />
<br />
For an overview of the current relevant research, see:<br />
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br />
* {{harvnb|Witzel|2001}}<br />
* {{harvnb|Bhan|2002}}<br />
* {{harvnb|Anthony|2007}}<br />
* {{harvnb|Ratnagar|2008}}<br />
* {{harvnb|Parpola|2015}}<br />
* {{harvnb|Joseph|2018}}<br />
* {{harvnb|Joseph|2019}}<br />
{{end div col}} }}<br />
<!-- V --><br />
{{refn|group=note|name="Vedic Hinduism"|{{harvnb|Jamison|Witzel|2003|p=65}}: "... to call this period Vedic Hinduism is a contradiction in terms since Vedic religion is very different from what we generally call Hindu religion – at least as much as Old Hebrew religion is from mediaeval and modern Christian religion. However, Vedic religion is treatable as a predecessor of Hinduism."}}<br />
<!-- W --><br />
{{refn|group=note|name="Witzel's study"|Witzel's study is furthermore cited by:<br />
* {{harvnb|Hiltebeitel|2011|p=57}}<br />
* {{harvnb|Proferes|2003}}}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
{{refbegin|indent=yes|2}}<br />
<!-- A --><br />
* {{Cite book |last=Anthony |first=David W. |title=The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-691-05887-0 |author-link=David W. Anthony}}<br />
* {{Citation |last1=Anthony |first1=David |last2=Ringe |first2=Don |year=2015 |title=The Indo-European Homeland from Linguistic and Perspectives |journal=Annual Review of Linguistics |volume=1 |pages=199–219 |doi=10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124812|doi-access=free }}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Burjor |last=Avari |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTaTDAAAQBAJ&q=%5B%5BBrahmin%5D%5D+priests+and+warrior+free+peasants+and+traders+labourers+and+artisans,+were+the+fourth&pg=PA89 |title=India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from C. 7000 BCE to CE 1200 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-23673-3}}<br />
<!-- B --><br />
* {{Citation |last=Basham |first=A. L. |author-link=Arthur Llewellyn Basham |title=The Wonder that was India: A survey of the history and culture of the Indian sub-continent before the coming of the Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OF-PwAACAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan |isbn=978-1-59740-599-7 |orig-year=first published 1954 by Sidgwick and Jackson}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith |title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |date=16 March 2009 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4008-2994-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ue8BxLEMt4C}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Bellah |first1=Robert N. |title=Religion in Human Evolution: From the Paleolithic to the Axial Age |date=2011 |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-06143-9 |edition=1st |language=en}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Bhan |first=Suraj |author-link=Suraj Bhan (archaeologist) |year=2002 |chapter=Aryanization of the Indus Civilization |editor1=K. N. Panikkar |editor2=T. J. Byres |editor3=U. Patnaik |title=The Making of History |pages=41–55}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |year=2007 |title=Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India |publisher=BRILL}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Bryant |first=Edwin |title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=New York}}<br />
* {{Citation |editor-last1=Bryant |editor-first1=Edwin |editor-last2=Patton |editor-first2=Laurie |year=2005 |title=Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History |publisher=Routledge}}<br />
<!-- D --><br />
* {{citation |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |date=15 August 1966 |title=Gandhara Grave Complex in West Pakistan |place=Pakistan |publisher=University of Peshawar}}<br />
* {{citation |editor-last=Darvill |editor-first=Timothy|title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archeology |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=2nd |year=2009}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Day |first1=Terence P. |title=The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature |date=1982 |publisher= Wilfrid Laurier University Press; Humanities Press |location=Waterloo, Ontario (Canada); Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey (US) |isbn=0-919812-15-5}}<br />
<!-- E --><br />
* {{Citation |last=Erdosy |first=George |year=1995 |title=The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity |publisher=Walter de Gruyter}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Erdosy |first=George |year=1995a |chapter=The prelude to urbanisation: ethnicity and the rise of Late Vedic chiefdoms |title=The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States |editor=F. R. Allchin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=75–98 |isbn=978-0-521-37695-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kI02_zW70C&pg=PA80}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Erdosy |first=George |year=1995b |chapter=City states of North India and Pakistan at the time of the Buddha |title=The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States |editor=F. R. Allchin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=99–122 |isbn=978-0-521-37695-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kI02_zW70C&pg=PA106}}<br />
<!-- F --><br />
* {{Citation |last=Flood |first=Gavin D. |year=1996 |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C&q=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Fortson |first=Benjamin W. |title=Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSxHgej4tKMC&pg=PA208 |year=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-5968-8}}<br />
<!-- G --><br />
* {{Citation |last=Griswold |first=Hervey De Witt |title=The Religion of the Ṛigveda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vhkt5K1fw2wC&pg=PA331 |year=1971 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0745-7}}<br />
<!-- H --><br />
* {{citation |last=Hedge |first=K.T.M. |date=2 January 2015 |title=The Painted Grey Ware of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=49 |issue=195 |pages=187–190}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |year=2001 |title=Rethinking the Mahabharata: A Reader's Guide to the Education of the Dharma King |publisher=University of Chicago Press}}<br />
* {{ubl|{{Citation |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |year=2002 |chapter=Hinduism |editor=Joseph Kitagawa |title=The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-136-87597-7}}<br />
| {{Citation |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |year=2007 |chapter=Hinduism |editor=Joseph Kitagawa |title=The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture |format=Digital printing |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-136-87590-8}} }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |year=2011 |title=Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative |publisher=Oxford University Press}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Holdrege |first=Barbara A. |year=2004 |chapter=Dharma |editor-last1=Mittal |editor-first1=S. |editor-last2=Thursby |editor-first2=G. |title=The Hindu World |pages=213–248 |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-21527-7}}<br />
<!-- J --><br />
* {{cite journal |last=Jamison |first=Stephanie W. |title=Edward F. Bryant and Laurie Patton, eds. ''Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History''. London and New York: Routledge (Book review) |url=http://www.safarmer.com/Indo-Eurasian/Bryant_Patton.review.pdf |journal=Journal of Indo-European Studies |volume=34 |year=2006 |pages=255–261}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Jamison |first1=Stephanie W. |first2=Michael|last2= Witzel |editor=Arvind Sharma|title=The Study of Hinduism |publisher= University of South Carolina Press |date=2003 |pages=65–113 |chapter=Vedic Hinduism |isbn=978-1570034497}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Joseph |first=Tony |year=2018 |title=Early Indians: The Story of Our Ancestors and Where We Came From |publisher=Juggernaut}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Joseph |first=Tony |date=13 September 2019 |title=New reports clearly confirm 'Arya' migration into India |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/theres-no-confusion-the-new-reports-clearly-confirm-arya-migration-into-india/article29409611.ece}}<br />
<!-- K --><br />
* {{Citation |last=Kak |first=Subhash |year=2001b |title=On the Chronological Framework for Indian Culture |journal=Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research |url=http://www.ece.lsu.edu/kak/chro.pdf}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Kak |first=Subhash |year=2005 |chapter=Vedic astronomy and early Indian chronology |editor-last1=Bryant |editor-first1=Edwin |editor-last2=Patton |editor-first2=Laurie |title=Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History |publisher=Routledge}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Military manpower, armies and warfare in South Asia |last=Kaushik |first=Roy |isbn=978-1-84893-292-0 |location=London |oclc=827268432 |publisher=Pickering & Chatto |year=2013}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Krishan |first1=Yuvraj |last2=Tadikonda |first2=Kalpana K. |title=The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development |date=1996 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |isbn=978-81-215-0565-9}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Krishnananda |first1=Swami |title=A Short History of Religious and Philosophic Thought in India | url=https://archive.org/details/AShortHistoryofReligiousandPhilosophicThoughtofIndiaSwamiKrishnanandaDevineLifeSociety/mode/2up |publisher=Divine Life Society |location=Rishikesh, India |isbn=978-81-7052-108-2 |language=en |date=1994}}<br />
* {{Citation |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |last2=Rothermund |first2=Dietmar |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC |year=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-32920-0}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Kuzmina |first=Elena E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x5J9rn8p2-IC |title=The Origin of the Indo-Iranians |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16054-5 |author-link=Elena Efimovna Kuzmina}}<br />
<!-- L --><br />
* {{cite book |last1=Lal |first1=B. B.|editor1=Ahmad Hasan Dani |editor2= V. M. Masson |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia |volume= 1: ''The dawn of civilisation – Earliest times to 700 B. C.'' |date=1996 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |location=Paris |chapter-url= https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_I%20silk%20road_the%20painted%20grey%20ware%20culture%20of%20the%20iron%20age.pdf |chapter=The Painted Grey Ware Culture of the Iron Age |isbn=978-92-3-102719-2 |oclc= 760610934 }}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Long |first=Jeffrey D. |year=2013 |title=Jainism: An Introduction |publisher=I.B. Tauris}}<br />
<!-- M --><br />
* {{Citation |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |title=Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC |year=1977 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0436-4}}<br />
* {{Citation |last1=Mallory |first1=J. P. |last2=Adams |first2=D. Q. |year=2006 |title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World |publisher=Oxford University Press}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Mishra |first=Anup |date=2007 |title=Chalcolithic Black and Red Ware of Balathal, Upaidur, Rajasthan: A Study |journal=Indian History Congress |volume=68 |pages=1322–1339}}<br />
* {{citation |last1=McClish |first1=Mark |last2=Olivelle |first2=Patrick |year=2012 |author-link2=Patrick Olivelle |editor1=M. McClish |editor2=P. Olivelle |title=The Arthasastra: Selections from the Classic Indian Work on Statecraft |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBb91WNaed8C&pg=PR24 |publisher=Hackett Publishing |isbn=978-1-60384-903-6 |page=xxiv |chapter=Introduction}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Michaels |first=Axel |year=2004 |title=Hinduism. Past and present |place=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=Princeton University Press}}<br />
<!-- N --><br />
* {{cite journal |mode=cs2 |last1=Narasimhan |first1=Vagheesh M. |last2=Anthony |first2=David |last3=Mallory |first3=James |last4=Reich |first4=David |title=The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia |journal=Science |date=2019 |volume=365 |issue=6457 |article-number=eaat7487 |doi=10.1126/science.aat7487 |pmid=31488661 |pmc=6822619 |bibcode=2019Sci...365t7487N |ref={{sfnref|Narasimhan et al.|2018}}| biorxiv =10.1101/292581 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Narasimhan |first1=Vagheesh M. |last2=Patterson |first2=Nick |last3=Moorjani |first3=Priya |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Bernardos |first5=Rebecca |year=2019 |title=The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia |journal=Science |volume=365 |issue=6457 |at=eaat7487 |doi=10.1126/science.aat7487 |doi-access=free |pmid=31488661 |pmc=6822619 |bibcode=2019Sci...365t7487N |issn=0036-8075}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Nigal |first1=Sahebrao Genu |title=Axiological approach to the Vedas |date=1986 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-85119-18-X}}<br />
<!-- O --><br />
* {{Citation |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |title=Upanis̥ads |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9-2jV7sRuEC |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-283576-5}}<br />
<!-- P --><br />
* {{Citation |last=Panikkar |first=Raimundo |year=2001 |title=The Vedic Experience: Mantramañjari |place=Bangalore |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=81-208-1280-8}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Parpola |first=Asko |year=2015 |title=The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization |publisher=Oxford University Press}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=Pran Gopal |last2=Paul |first2=Debjani |title=Brahmanical Imagery in the Kuṣāṇa Art of Mathurā: Tradition and Innovations |journal=East and West |volume=39 |issue=1–4 |date=1989 |pages=111–143 |jstor=29756891}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=The History of India |last=Pletcher|first=Kenneth |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2010}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Proferes |first=Theodore |year=2003 |title=Kuru kings, Tura Kavaseya and the -tvaya Gerund |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=210–219 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X03000120 |s2cid=162246125 |url=http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/4049/}}<br />
<!-- R --><br />
* {{cite book |last=Ratnagar |first=Shereen |author-link=Shereen Ratnagar |year=2008 |chapter=The Aryan homeland debate in India |editor1=P. L. Kohl |editor2=M. Kozelsky |editor3=N. Ben-Yehuda |title=Selective remembrances: archaeology in the construction, commemoration, and consecration of national pasts |pages=349–378}}<br />
* {{cite book|author-link=H. C. Raychaudhuri |last=Raychaudhuri |first=H. C. |date=1972|title=Political History of Ancient India|location=Calcutta|publisher=University of Calcutta Press}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Reddy |first=K. Krishna |title=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4j7Nf_MU24C&pg=SL1-PA103 |year=2011 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-0-07-132923-1}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Rocher |first=Ludo |year=1986 |title=The Purāṇas |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag}}<br />
<!-- S --><br />
* {{Citation |last=Samuel |first=Geoffrey |year=2010 |title=The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Sen |first=S. N. |title=Ancient Indian History And Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA117 |year=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Ram Sharan |title=Śūdras in Ancient India: A Social History of the Lower Order Down to Circa A.D. 600 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gsZkAu-RHVgC&pg=PA33 |year=1990 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0706-8}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Ian |last2=Jameson |first2=Robert |title=A Dictionary of Archaeology |date=2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-75196-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HKDtlPuM2oC&pg=PA248}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Singhal |first1=K. C. |last2=Gupta |first2=Roshan |title=The Ancient History of India, Vedic Period: A New Interpretation |date=2003 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |location=New Delhi |isbn=8126902868}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |year=2008 |title=A History of Ancient and Early Mediaeval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA184 |author-link=Upinder Singh}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |year=2009 |title=History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-8131716779}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Staal |first=Frits |author-link=Frits Staal |title=Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HcE23SjLX8sC |year=2008 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-309986-4}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Stein |first=Burton |author-link=Burton Stein |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA50 |year=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1}}<br />
<!-- T --><br />
* {{Cite book |title=Worlds together, worlds apart: A history of the world from the beginnings of humankind to the present |last=Tignor |first=Robert L. |isbn=978-0-393-92207-3 |edition=4th |location=New York |oclc=854609153 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2014}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Trigger |first1=Bruce G. |title=Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study |date=2003 |url=https://archive.org/details/understandingear0000trig/page/n5/mode/2up |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-521-82245-9 |chapter=States: City and Territorial |pages=[https://archive.org/details/understandingear0000trig/page/92/mode/2up 92]–[https://archive.org/details/understandingear0000trig/page/118/mode/2up 119]}}<br />
<!-- W --><br />
* {{Citation |last1=Winternitz |first1=Moriz |last2=Sarma |first2=Vuppala Srinivasa |title=A history of Indian literature: Introduction, Veda, epics, purānas and tantras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA102 |year=1981 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0264-3}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael |year=1989 |title=Tracing the Vedic dialects |journal=Dialectes dans les Litteratures Indo-Aryennes ed. Caillat, Paris, 97–265.}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael |year=1995 |title=Early Sanskritization. Origins and Development of the Kuru State |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=1–26 |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611142934/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2007}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Witzel |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Witzel |year=2001 |title=Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=1–115 |url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf}}<br />
* {{cite book |chapter=Vedas and Upaniṣads |last= Witzel |first=Michael |editor=Gavin Flood | pages=68–71 |title=The Blackwell companion to Hinduism |date=2005 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Oxford |isbn=1-4051-3251-5 |edition=1st paperback}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Witzel |first=Michael |title=Which of Us are Aryans?: Rethinking the Concept of Our Origins |date=2019 |url= https://archive.org/details/which-of-us-are-aryans-by-romila-thapar-michael-witzel-jaya-menon-kai-friese-razib-khan/page/n7/mode/2up |publisher=Aleph |isbn=978-93-88292-38-2 |editor=Romila Thapar |editor-link=Romila Thapar |chapter=Beyond the Flight of the Falcon: Early 'Aryans' Within and Outside India |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/which-of-us-are-aryans-by-romila-thapar-michael-witzel-jaya-menon-kai-friese-razib-khan/page/n21/mode/2up |author-link=Michael Witzel|pages=1–29}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Woodard |first=Roger D. |title=Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult |date=18 August 2006 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09295-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EB4fB0inNYEC&pg=FA242}}<br />
<!-- Z --><br />
* {{citation |last=Zahir |first=Muhammad |date=15 April 2016 |title=The Gandhara Grave Culture: New Perspectives on Protohistoric Cemeteries in Northern and Northwestern Pakistan |pages=274–293}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Gavin |editor-link=Gavin Flood |year=2003 |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |publisher=Blackwell |location=Malden, MA (US) |isbn=1-4051-3251-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Thapar |first=Romila |date=2004 |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |publisher=University of California Press}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Prasad |first=R. U. S. |date=2020 |title=The Rig-Vedic and Post-Rig-Vedic Polity (1500 BCE – 500 BCE) |publisher=Vernon Press}}<br />
<br />
{{India topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Vedic period| ]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient India]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient history of Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Iron Age Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Iron Age cultures of South Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Indo-Aryan archaeological cultures]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze Age civilizations]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Indian culture]]<br />
[[Category:Historical Vedic religion]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shyamaprasad&diff=467355Shyamaprasad2026-03-22T08:56:35Z<p>Aniketdigi: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian filmmaker}}<br />
{{for|the political leader|Shyama Prasad Mukherjee}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Shyamaprasad<br />
| image = Shyamaprasad.jpg<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = Shyamaprasad at a press meeting<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1960|11|7}}<ref>https://www.facebook.com/shyamaprasadr {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], India<br />
| occupation = {{Flatlist|<br />
*Director<br />
*actor<br />
*screenwriter<br />
}}<br />
| years_active = 1998–present|<br />
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|[[O. Rajagopal]]|Dr. Shantha Kumari}}<br />
| website = <br />
| awards = [[Gollapudi Srinivas Award]]<br />[[National Film Awards]]<br />[[Kerala State Film Awards]]<br />[[Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shyamaprasad''' (born 7 November 1960) is an Indian filmmaker, screenwriter and actor who works in [[Malayalam films]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/Shyamaprasad-517 |title=Metromatinee, Shyamaprasad Profile |access-date=14 November 2012 |archive-date=29 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729163011/http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/Shyamaprasad-517 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and career==<br />
Shyamaprasad was born on 7th November 1960 in [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], as the younger son of politician [[O. Rajagopal]] and Dr. Shantha Kumari. He was named after [[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]], the founder of [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/shyamaprasad-talks-about-his-3-influences-in-cinema-811229.html| title = Shyamaprasad talks about his 3 influences in cinema {{!}} Deccan Herald| date = 6 March 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shyamaprasad studied at the [[Basel Evangelical Mission Higher Secondary School, Palakkad|Basel Evangelical Mission School, Palakkad]]. After completing his degree in Theatre Arts from the [[School of Drama and Fine Arts|School of Drama and Fine Arts, Thrissur]], he received the [[Commonwealth Scholarship]] in 1989 and did his [[Master's degree|Masters]] in Media Production at the [[University of Hull]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071015105809/http://shyamaprasad.info/life_etc.htm shyamaprasad.info, Life Etc]}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Shyamaprasad worked as an intern at the [[BBC]] and [[Channel 4]], to Indian television and redefined the parameters of telefilms and documentaries in Malayalam Television with [[Doordarshan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/shyamaprasad.html|title=Cinemaofmalayalam.net|access-date=13 November 2007|archive-date=12 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912062125/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/shyamaprasad.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He serves as the President (Programming) at [[Amrita TV]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=14974555&programId=1073752204&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |title=Manorama Online {{!}} Movies {{!}} Interviews {{!}} |website=www.manoramaonline.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917105613/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=14974555&programId=1073752204&BV_ID=@@@&channelId=-1073750705&tabId=3 |archive-date=2013-09-17}}</ref> His features for TV and cinema have won him several national and state awards namely ''[[Agnisakshi (1998 film)|Agnisakshi]]'' and ''[[Akale]]'', produced by [[Tom George Kolath]], had been adjudged the best regional cinema films of the nation in 1998 and 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/390410/ |title=ആര്ട്ടിസ്റ്റ് യൂത്ത് മൂവി , Interview - Mathrubhumi Movies |website=www.mathrubhumi.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912013851/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/390410/ |archive-date=2013-09-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
For television, he has adapted the works of [[Anton Chekhov]] (''Vivahalochana''); [[Albert Camus]] (''The Just''); [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]] (''Viswavikhyathamaya Mookku''); [[Kamala Das|Madhavikkutty]] (''Venalinte Ozhivu''); N Mohanan (''Peruvazhiyile Kariyilakal''); Sarah Joseph (''Nilavariyunnu''), [[N. P. Mohammed]] (Ullurukkam) and K. Radhakrishnan (''Shamanathalam''). He was awarded the Best Television Director prize for the year 1993, 1994 and 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/beyond-the-boundaries-malayalam-filmmaker-shyamaprasad-oru-nyayarazcha-5821459/|title = Oru Nyayarazcha is about the ambiguous nature and fragility of relationships: Shyamaprasad|date = 9 July 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shyamaprasad had been invited to serve twice as the jury of the [[National Film Awards]]. His 2007 production ''[[Ore Kadal]]'', based on a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] novel by [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]], was chosen as the inaugural film of the Indian Panorama at the [[International Film Festival of India]] 2007.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jul/22/malayalam-survival-thriller-18-hours-set-for-digital-releasemalayalam-survival-thriller-18-hours-s-25637.html| title = Malayalam survival thriller 18 Hours set for digital releaseMalayalam survival thriller 18 Hours s- Cinema express| website = [[Cinema Express]]| date = 22 July 2021}}</ref> His film ''[[Ritu (2009 film)|Ritu]]'' (''Seasons''), released in early August 2009 is seen by one reporter as the 'coming of age' of [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/coming-of-age/article659516.ece Coming of Age]. [[The Hindu]].</ref> He won the Best Director prize of the fiercely contested Kerala State Film Awards 5 times- namely for his films Agnisakshi, Akale, Elektra, Artist and Oru Njayarazhcha.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shyamaprasads-award-winning-oru-njayarazhcha-is-about-complexities-in-relationships/article30185793.ece| title = Shyamaprasad's 'Oru Njayarazhcha' is about complexities in relationshipsShyamaprasad's award-winning 'Oru Njayarazhcha' is about complexities in relationships - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 5 December 2019| last1 = Nagarajan| first1 = Saraswathy}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
<br />
Shyamaprasad was married to Sheeba, who died in 2023. The couple has two children, Vishnu and Sivakami.<ref>{{cite news |title=Filmmaker Shyamaprasad’s wife Sheeba Shyamaprasad passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/filmmaker-shyamaprasads-wife-sheeba-shyamaprasad-passes-away/articleshow/98325770.cms |work=The Times of India |date=1 March 2023}}</ref> He resides in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=14682415&programId=1073752204&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |title=Manorama Online {{!}} Movies {{!}} Interviews {{!}} |website=www.manoramaonline.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803191025/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=14682415&programId=1073752204&BV_ID=@@@&channelId=-1073750705&tabId=3 |archive-date=2013-08-03}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Key<br />
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== As a director ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Title <br />
! Notes<br />
! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|- <br />
| 1988<br />
| ''Peruvazhiyile Karyilalakal''<ref>{{cite news|title=Peruvazhiyile Kariyilakal - Telefilm| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wAE0nUDumhI|publisher=DD Malayalam, 14 October, 2020}} </ref><br />
|Director <br />
|Telefilm<br />
|- <br />
| 1998<br />
| ''[[Kallu Kondoru Pennu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| 1999<br />
| ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]''<br />
|Also writer<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| 2002<br />
| ''[[Bokshu – The Myth]]''<br />
| Also co-writer<br />English film, Indo-American co-production<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| 2004<br />
| ''[[Akale]]''<br />
|Also writer<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| 2007<br />
| ''[[Ore Kadal]]''<br />
|Also writer<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan=2|2009<br />
| ''[[Ritu (2009 film)|Ritu]]''<br />
| Screened at the [[Seminci|Valladolid International Film Festival]]<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| ''[[Kerala Cafe]]''<br />
|Segment: ''Off Season''<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|2010<br />
| ''[[Elektra (2010 film)|Elektra]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| ''[[Arike (film)|Arike]]''<br />
|Also writer<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2013<br />
| ''[[English: An Autumn in London]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Artist (film)|Artist]]''<br />
|Also writer<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
| ''[[Ivide]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''[[Hey Jude (film)|Hey Jude]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/300617/trisha-essays-a-christian.html|title=Hey Jude was the right choice for my foray into Malayalam industry: Trisha|date=30 June 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=30 June 2017|language=en}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''[[Oru Njayarazhcha]]''<br />
|Also writer <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''[[Manorathangal]]''<br />
| Segment: ''Kazhcha''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-15 |title=Manorathangal Trailer: Film legends assemble for anthology on MT Vasudevan Nair's stories |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/15/manorathangal-trailer-film-legends-assemble-for-anthology-on-mt-vasudevan-nairs-stories |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== As actor ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
|''[[Pattam Pole]]''<br />
| Himself<br />
| Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
| ''[[1 by Two]]''<br />
| Dr. Cheriyan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2015<br />
| ''[[Loham]]''<br />
|Rajeev Sathyamoorthy<br />
| Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Anarkali (2015 film)|Anarkali]]''<br />
|Madhavan Nair<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
| ''[[Karinkunnam 6'S]]''<br />
|Mukul Kesavan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4|2018<br />
| ''[[Abrahaminte Santhathikal]]''<br />
|Issac<br />
| Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hey Jude (film)|Hey Jude]]''<br />
|Interview Board Member<br />
| Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
|[[Drama (2018 film)|''Drama'']]<br />
|Dr. Mukundhanunni <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ranam (2018 film)|''Ranam'']]<br />
|Chandran<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3|2021<br />
|[[Chathur Mukham|''Chathurmukham'']]<br />
|Ramachandran<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[18 Hours (2021 film)|Eighteen Hours]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Meow (2021 film)|Meow]]''<br />
|Doctor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''[[Maheshum Marutiyum]]'' || TV show host ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Otta (film)|Otta]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harikumar |first=M. R. |date=26 April 2022 |title='Otta' based on real-life incident, says film's director Resul Pookutty |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/04/26/otta-film-director-rasul-pookutty-interview.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Queen Elizabeth (2023 film)|Queen Elizabeth]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meera Jasmine and Narain's Queen Elizabeth gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/dec/13/meera-jasmine-and-narains-queen-elizabeth-gets-a-release-date-50338.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=13 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''<br />
|George Varghese<br />
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] film<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''Aaro — Someone''<br />
| <br />
| Short film<ref>{{cite news |title=Ranjith's short film Aaro – Someone, produced by MammoottyKampany, gets streaming release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/14/ranjiths-short-film-aaro-someone-produced-by-mammoottykampany-gets-streaming-release-date |access-date=16 November 2025|work=Cinema Express|date=14 November 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2026 || ''[[Valathu Vashathe Kallan]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-22 |title=Joju George and Biju Menon's Valathu Vashathe Kallan gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Dec/22/joju-george-and-biju-menons-valathu-vashathe-kallan-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
;[[National Film Awards]]<br />
* 1998 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]: ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]''<ref name="46thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/71_46thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=46th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725173819/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/71_46thNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 2004 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]: ''[[Akale]]''<ref name="52ndaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/50_52thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=52nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725232641/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/50_52thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 2007 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]: ''[[Ore Kadal]]''<ref name="55thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/47_55Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf|title=55th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725171514/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/47_55Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
;[[Kerala State Film Awards]]<br />
* 1998 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film]] : ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]''<ref name="1991-99">{{Cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm |title=State Film Awards (1991–99) |publisher=[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234157/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 September 2015}}</ref><br />
* 1998 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director]] : ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]''<ref name="1991-99"/><br />
* 2004 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director]] : ''[[Akale]]''<ref name="2000-12">{{Cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |title=State Film Awards (2000–12) |publisher=[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707210332/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |archive-date=7 July 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=21 February 2023}}</ref><br />
* 2004 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film]] : ''[[Akale]]''<ref name="2000-12"/><br />
* 2007 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film]] : ''[[Ore Kadal]]''<ref name="2000-12"/><br />
* 2010 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director]] : ''[[Elektra (2010 film)|Elektra]]''<ref name="2000-12"/><br />
* 2013 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director]] : ''[[Artist (film)|Artist]]''<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/portrait-of-the-director/article5942998.ece |title=Portrait of the director |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=24 April 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505155139/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/portrait-of-the-director/article5942998.ece |archive-date=5 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 2018 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director]] : ''Oru Njayarazhcha''<ref name="2018 State Award">{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kerala-state-film-awards-2019-kanthan-the-lover-of-colour-wins-best-film-jayasurya-is-best-actor-2050369.html |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2019: Kanthan–The Lover of Colour Wins Best Film, Jayasurya is Best Actor |date=28 February 2019 |website=CNN-News18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301135905/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kerala-state-film-awards-2019-kanthan-the-lover-of-colour-wins-best-film-jayasurya-is-best-actor-2050369.html |archive-date=1 March 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=2 May 2019}}</ref><br />
* 2018 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film]] : ''Oru Njayarazhcha''<ref name="2018 State Award"/><br />
<br />
;[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]<ref name="Critics Award">[https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html "കേരള ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്സ് അവാര്ഡ് 1977 - 2012"]. Kerala Film Critics Association. Retrieved 21 February 2023.</ref><br />
* 1999 – [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film]] : ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]''<br />
* 1999 – [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Director]] : ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]''<br />
* 2007 – [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film]] : ''[[Ore Kadal]]''<br />
* 2007 – [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Director]] : ''[[Ore Kadal]]''<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/mar/22/shyamaprasad-to-adapt-anees-salims-the-small-town-sea-1954357.html| title = Shyamaprasad to adapt Anees Salim's The Small Town Sea- The New Indian Express| date = 22 March 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}<br />
* 1999 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam]] : ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]''<br />
* 2013 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam]] : ''[[Artist (film)|Artist]]''<br />
<br />
;Other awards{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}<br />
* 1999 – [[Asianet Film Awards]] for Best [[Film director|Director]] : ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]''<br />
* 1999 – [[Gollapudi Srinivas Award]] : ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Gollapudi Srinivas National Awar |url=http://gollapudinationalaward.org/index.php/jayaprakash/ |publisher=Gollapudi Srinivas Memorial Foundation |access-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104130433/http://gollapudinationalaward.org/index.php/jayaprakash/ |archive-date=4 November 2017 |date=2016}}</ref><br />
* 1999 – [[Aravindan Puraskaram]] for Best Debutant Director : ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get ready for Shyamaprasad's Rithu|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/first-look-rithu/20090720.htm|access-date=2020-08-17|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref><br />
* 2004 – [[Film Fans Association Awards]] : ''[[Akale]]''<br />
* 2004 – Mathrubhumi Film Awards for Special Jury Prize : ''[[Akale]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/malayalam-director-zakariya-wins-aravindan-award-sudani-nigeria-97392|title = Malayalam director Zakariya wins Aravindan Award for 'Sudani from Nigeria'|date = 26 February 2019}}</ref><br />
* 2007 – FIPRESCI Award for Best Malayalam Film at [[International Film Festival of Kerala|IFFK]] : ''[[Ore Kadal]]''<ref name="IFFK 2007">keralafilm.com-[http://iffk.keralafilm.com/ Official Festival Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227062553/http://iffk.keralafilm.com/ |date=27 December 2007 }} retrieved on 16 December 2007</ref><br />
* 2007 – NETPAC Award for Best Malayalam film at [[International Film Festival of Kerala|IFFK]] : ''[[Ore Kadal]]''<ref name="IFFK 2007"/><br />
* 2007 – The German Star at the Stuttgart Film Festival : ''[[Ore Kadal]]''<br />
* 2007 – Amrita Film Award for Best Director : ''[[Ore Kadal]]''<br />
* 2007 – AMMA Annual Movie Award for Best Film : ''[[Ore Kadal]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/facebook-post-against-nivin-pauly-shyamaprasad-slams-film-magazine-hey-jude-nivin-pauly-1.2178403|title=Facebook post against Nivin Pauly: Shyamaprasad slams film magazine}}</ref><br />
* 2007 – [[John Abraham Award for Best Malayalam Film]] : ''[[Ore Kadal]]''<ref name="John Abraham Awards List">[http://ffsikeralam.in/awards.html "John Abraham Awards for Best Malayalam Cinema - Looking Back"]. [[Federation of Film Societies of India]] (Kerala). Retrieved 27 January 2023.</ref><br />
* 2007 – Malayalam Viewers Award for Best Film : ''[[Ore Kadal]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/malayalam-screenwriter-actor-madampu-kunjukuttan-dies-of-covid-19-at-81-1801339-2021-05-11|title = Malayalam screenwriter-actor Madampu Kunjukuttan dies of Covid-19 at 81| date=11 May 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070923184340/http://www.shyamaprasad.info/ Official web page ]}}<br />
*{{IMDb name|0796119}}<br />
*[http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/shyamaprasad.html 'Cinema of Malayalam' profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912062125/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/shyamaprasad.html |date=12 September 2007 }}<br />
*[http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/documentary_inner.html#d12 'Ullurukkam – Documentary by Shyamaprasad'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731004858/http://cinemaofmalayalam.net/documentary_inner.html#d12 |date=31 July 2014 }}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091009064703/http://keralacafe.moviebuzz.org/ Keralacafe Movie Blog]<br />
*[http://keralacafe.moviebuzz.org/kerala-cafe-offseason-by-shyamaprasad Kerala cafe]<br />
*[http://peppermediacreation.com/shaun-xavier-replaces-aju-varghese-in-shyama-prasads-ivide/ *Shyama Prasad' s Ivide !] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052849/http://peppermediacreation.com/shaun-xavier-replaces-aju-varghese-in-shyama-prasads-ivide/ |date=4 March 2016 }}<br />
<br />
{{Shyamaprasad}}<br />
{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Director}}<br />
{{Filmfare Award Best Malayalam Director}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shyamaprasad}}<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Palakkad district]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:1960 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Artists from Palakkad]]<br />
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]<br />
[[Category:Film producers from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:University of Calicut alumni]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_India&diff=545098Volkswagen India2026-03-22T05:58:25Z<p>Aniketdigi: </p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Škoda Auto Volkswagen India]]<br />
<br />
{{Rcs|<br />
{{R Wikidata}}<br />
}}</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanaya_Irani&diff=468424Sanaya Irani2026-03-18T01:04:50Z<p>Aniketdigi: improved information also and updated info per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actress (born 1983)}}<br />
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sanaya Irani<br />
| image = Sanaya Irani in 2019.jpg<br />
| caption = Irani in 2016<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|09|17|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India<br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| years_active = 2006-present<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Mohit Sehgal]]|2016}}<br />
| alma_mater = [[Lawrence School, Lovedale|The Lawrence School, Lovedale]]<br/><br />
[[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics|Sydenham College]]<br />
| awards = <br />
| known_for = {{plainlist|<br />
* ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]''<br />
* '' [[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]''<br />
* ''[[Rangrasiya]]''<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Sanaya Irani''' ({{IPA|hns|səˈnaːjaː ɪˈɾaːni|pron}}; born 17 September 1983<ref name="Birthday Indian Express">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/happy-birthday-sanaya-irani-4846773/|title=Happy Birthday Sanaya Irani: Lesser known facts about the Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon actor|date=17 September 2017|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528104435/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/happy-birthday-sanaya-irani-4846773/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sanaya-irani-turns-33-today-lesser-known-facts-about-iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-doon-actress/photostory/54378232.cms|title=Sanaya Irani turns 33 today: Lesser known facts about 'Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon' actress|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 September 2016}}</ref>) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[List of Hindi television actresses|Hindi]] television. Considered as one of the leading and popular television actress in India,<ref>{{cite news |title=Highest paid television actors in India |url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/10-highest-paid-television-actors-slideshow-wp-050049623.html |access-date=22 June 2020 |url-status=live |newspaper=[[Yahoo]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227061829/https://sg.style.yahoo.com/10-highest-paid-television-actors-slideshow-wp-050049623.html|archive-date=27 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=''Times of India'' |title=These TV actresses are more popular than Bollywood actresses |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/these-tv-actresses-are-more-popular-than-our-bollywood-heroines/photostory/58021849.cms |access-date=22 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904051510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/these-tv-actresses-are-more-popular-than-our-bollywood-heroines/photostory/58021849.cms |archive-date=September 4, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |orig-date=Updated September 1, 2023 |last1=Roy |first1=Deb |title=List of Top 35 Hottest TV Actresses in India |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrities/23861-35-hottest-actresses-in-indian-television.html |access-date=22 June 2017 |magazine= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002150239/https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrities/23861-35-hottest-actresses-in-indian-television.html |archive-date=October 2, 2022 }}</ref> Irani is a recipient of one [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Award]], one [[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Telly Award]] and three [[Gold Awards]].<br />
<br />
Irani made her acting debut with the Hindi film ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]'' (2006) and television debut with ''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]'' (2007). Irani is best known for her portrayal of Gunjan Bhushan Shergill in ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]'', Khushi Gupta Raizada in ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]'' and Parvati Chauhan Ranawat in ''[[Rangrasiya]]''. In 2015, she participated in ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 8)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' and emerged as the first runner up. She later participated in ''[[Nach Baliye]]'' in 2017 with her husband [[Mohit Sehgal]] and finished as second runner ups.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 June 2017 |title=I want to win Nach Baliye for Mohit: Sanaya Irani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-want-to-win-nach-baliye-for-mohit-sanaya-irani/articleshow/58961785.cms |website=[[Times Of India]] |access-date=13 February 2018 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618151616/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-want-to-win-nach-baliye-for-mohit-sanaya-irani/articleshow/58961785.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/From-reel-to-real-life-jodis/articleshow/16850159.cms|title=From reel to real life jodis|work=The Times of India|date=18 October 2012|first=Priyanka|last=Naithani|access-date=4 June 2019|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911083332/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/From-reel-to-real-life-jodis/articleshow/16850159.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Irani was born on 17 September 1983 in [[Mumbai]] to an [[Irani (India)|Irani]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]]) family.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 September 2016 |title=Sanaya Irani turns 33 today: Lesser known facts about 'Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon' actress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sanaya-irani-turns-33-today-lesser-known-facts-about-iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-doon-actress/photostory/54378232.cms |website=[[Times Of India]] |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=21 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221145940/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sanaya-irani-turns-33-today-lesser-known-facts-about-iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-doon-actress/photostory/54378232.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Irani spent seven years studying in [[Lawrence School, Lovedale|The Lawrence School, Lovedale]] in [[Ooty]].<ref name="rediff1"/> She graduated from [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics]], [[Mumbai]] and was pursuing an MBA degree before becoming a model.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sydenham.ac.in/our-profile.htm|title=Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics - Our Profile|access-date=2 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402090717/http://sydenham.ac.in/our-profile.htm|archive-date=2 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
===Modelling career and film debut (2005-2007)===<br />
Irani's first modelling portfolio was done by photographer-turned actor [[Boman Irani]].<ref name="Birthday Indian Express"/> Irani made her acting debut in the [[Yash Raj Film]] ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]'' (2006) as Mehbooba.<ref name="rediff1">{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com//movies/2008/nov/11from-fanna-to-mile-jab-hum-tum.htm|title=From Fanaa to Mile Jab Hum Tum|work=Rediff.com|access-date=9 June 2012|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408162244/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/11from-fanna-to-mile-jab-hum-tum.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The actress spent the year doing TV advertisements with Bollywood stars like [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]], [[Kareena Kapoor]] and others before entering television.<ref name="rediff1"/> She made her debut with Jagjit Singh's ''Tumko Dekha''.<ref name="Birthday Indian Express"/> At the beginning of her career, Irani wasn't fluent in [[Hindi]] and spoke of her struggles with the language on several occasions.<ref name="rediff1"/><br />
<br />
===Television debut and breakthrough (2007-2010)===<br />
Her television debut was in the [[SAB TV]] drama ''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]'' (2007) as Cadet Sameera Shroff. She was tutored by her director for her Hindi.<ref name="Birthday Indian Express"/> This was followed by a negative role in ''[[Radhaa Ki Betiyaan Kuch Kar Dikhayengi]]'' (2008) on [[Imagine TV]].<br />
<br />
Irani's first lead role as a protagonist was in [[STAR One]]'s ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]'' (2008–2010), as the simple, studious and reclusive Gunjan.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sanaya Irani: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} eTimes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Sanaya-Irani|access-date=19 June 2020|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Irani briefly hosted the second season of ''[[Zara Nachke Dikha]]'' on [[STAR Plus]] with boyfriend [[Mohit Sehgal]] (2010).<ref name="urlShilpa, Arshad, Vaibhavi to judge Zara Nach Ke Dikha22">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/64913/shilpa-arshad-vaibhavi-judge-zara.html|title=Shilpa, Arshad, Vaibhavi to judge 'Zara Nach Ke Dikha'|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=28 May 2012|archive-date=22 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622154822/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/64913/shilpa-arshad-vaibhavi-judge-zara.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She was also seen as a panel member in ''Meethi Chorii No. 1'' opposite [[Ragini Khanna]] (2010).<br />
<br />
===Established actress (2011-2014)===<br />
She portrayed the bubbly and loving Khushi Kumari Gupta, the female protagonist of ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]'' (2011–2012) opposite [[Barun Sobti]].<ref name="urlReplacement stars rewrite TRPs 22">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Replacement-stars-rewrite-TRPs/articleshow/12673069.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006065834/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-15/tv/31344969_1_karan-wahi-role-shilpa-anand|url-status=live|archive-date=6 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=Replacement stars rewrite TRPs|access-date=9 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="urlSoap star overwhelmed by welcome from crowds | This is Leicestershire22">{{cite web|url=http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/Soap-star-overwhelmed-welcome-crowds/story-15978558-detail/story.html|title=Soap star 'overwhelmed' by welcome from crowds|publisher=This is Leicestershire|access-date=9 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608165239/http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/Soap-star-overwhelmed-welcome-crowds/story-15978558-detail/story.html|archive-date=8 June 2014}}</ref> The show, which aired its final episode on 30 November 2012, had consistently maintained its position as one of the top ten daily dramas on Indian general entertainment channels.<ref name="urlIss Pyaar Ko... completes a year and more drama to unfold 2">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Iss-Pyaar-Ko--completes-a-year-and-more-drama-to-unfold/articleshow/13869872.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025122652/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-06/tv/32078260_1_shyam-drama-anjali|url-status=live|archive-date=25 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=Iss Pyaar Ko... completes a year and more drama to unfold|access-date=9 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
In early 2013, Irani hosted [[Zee TV]]'s Valentine's Day special ''Ishq Wala Love'' opposite [[Karan Grover]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Sanaya-Irani-Karan-V-Grover-to-host-Ishq-Wala-Love/articleshow/18370466.cms|title=Sanaya Irani & Karan V Grover to host Ishq Wala Love|work=The Times of India}}</ref> She later appeared as a contestant in ''[[Welcome - Baazi Mehmaan-Nawaazi ki]]'' (2013),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-18/tv/36415009_1_tv-celebs-new-reality-show-aishwarya-sakhuja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521062259/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-18/tv/36415009_1_tv-celebs-new-reality-show-aishwarya-sakhuja|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 May 2013|title=TV celebs take up cooking challenge|date=18 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 January 2013}}</ref> hosted by [[Ram Kapoor]].<br />
<br />
She played the role of a vivacious and modern girl in ''[[Chhanchhan]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Few-more-names-join-Modern-Bahoo/articleshow/18792658.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203024614/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-04/tv/37436415_1_modern-bahoo-varun-kapoor-supriya-pathak|url-status=live|archive-date=3 December 2013|title=Few more names join Modern Bahoo|author=Vijaya Tiwari|date=4 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 March 2013}}</ref> The show was loosely based on the Hindi movie [[Khubsoorat]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_sanaya-irani-reprises-rekha-s-role_1805009|title=Sanaya Irani reprises Rekha's role|author=Chaya Unnikrishnan|date=27 February 2013|newspaper=DNA India|location=Mumbai|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-date=2 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302123317/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_sanaya-irani-reprises-rekha-s-role_1805009|url-status=live}}</ref> Irani then appeared in [[Rangrasiya]] (2014) as Parvati. The show was produced by Saurabh Tiwari, head of Tequila Shots Production. The story followed a border security personnel and an orphan girl who were ideologically different.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-first-look-1920059|title=First look &#124; Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|author=Chaya Unnikrishnan|date=16 November 2013|publisher=Dnaindia.com|access-date=19 April 2014}}</ref> It ended in September.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rangrasiya-to-end-next-month/articleshow/40118823.cms|title=Rangrasiya to end next month|website=The Times of India|date=13 August 2014|language=en|access-date=30 June 2019|archive-date=5 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605064839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rangrasiya-to-end-next-month/articleshow/40118823.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa and further success (2015-present)===<br />
Irani also participated in [[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 8)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8]] in 2015 which aired on Colors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvtalks.in/Newsdetails.aspx?NewsID=2644|title=Sanaya Irani to take part in Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (JDJ) 8|author=Tv Talks Networks|date=17 June 2015|publisher=TV Talks|location=Mumbai|access-date=10 July 2015}}</ref> Irani reprised her role of Khushi Kumari Gupta Singh Raizada again in its sequel mini series ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?|Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?... Ek Jashan]]'' (2015) which ended in December.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/rubina-dilaik-jennifer-winget-vivian-dsena-actors-who-are-making-a-comeback-on-tv/photostory/46690004.cms|title=Popular TV actors comeback|work=The Times of India|archive-date=10 September 2018|access-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910225626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Popular-TV-actors-making-a-comeback/photostory/49863211.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, Irani participated in the dance show ''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 8]]'' with her husband Mohit Sehgal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/nach-baliye-8-sanaya-irani-mohit-sehgal-confirm-they-are-part-of-the-dance-show/story-FpgfinMXqdY06Fn1P41j4I.html|title=Nach Baliye 8: Sanaya Irani, Mohit Sehgal confirm they are part of the dance show|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=9 April 2017|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> During Nach Baliye Sanaya & Mohit were in a controversy as fans of [[Divyanka Tripathi]] had claimed that they are the fixed winners but she lashed at the trollers on Instagram and said this is untrue.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 June 2017 |title=Nach Baliye 8: Sanaya Irani lashes out at rumours, says she isn't the contracted winner. Watch videos |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nach-baliye-8-sanaya-irani-lashes-out-at-rumours-says-she-is-not-the-contracted-winner-watch-videos-4715045/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=29 March 2018 |archive-date=30 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330143556/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nach-baliye-8-sanaya-irani-lashes-out-at-rumours-says-she-is-not-the-contracted-winner-watch-videos-4715045/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Other appearances===<br />
In August 2013, Irani made a brief guest appearance in the dance show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' to support her best friend [[Drashti Dhami]]. She made an appearance again in the seventh season of ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' to support [[Ashish Sharma]] in June 2014. In December 2013, Irani made a special guest appearance in ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 7)|Bigg Boss 7]]'' in the grand finale along with [[Ashish Sharma]], [[Preetika Rao]] and [[Harshad Arora]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Bigg-Boss-Dont-like-Tanishaa-anymore/articleshow/27672775.cms|title=Bigg Boss: 'Don't like Tanishaa anymore' |date=20 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 April 2014}}</ref> She also made special appearance in ''[[Beintehaa]]'' in March and June 2014.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 July 2014 |title=Eid Special: Akshay Kumar celebrates with Beintehaa, Balika Vadhu and Rangrasiya cast – View pics! |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/eid-special-akshay-kumar-celebrates-with-beintehaa-balika-vadhu-and-rangrasiya-cast-view-pics/ |website=Bollywoodlife}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
[[File:Sanaya Mohit Thoughtrain Entertainment.jpg|thumb|Irani with husband Sehgal]]<br />
<br />
Irani met actor [[Mohit Sehgal]] on the sets of ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]'' and they eventually began dating. They announced their relationship on 19 November 2010, the last day of the series shoot.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/We-are-opposites-who-attract-Sanaya-Mohit/articleshow/9589802.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404231812/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-14/tv/29884482_1_opposites-mohit-sehgal-sanaya-irani |url-status=live |archive-date=4 April 2013 |title=We are opposites who attract: Sanaya, Mohit |date=14 August 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 April 2014}}</ref> In December 2015, the couple got engaged.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 December 2015 |title=See pics: Sanaya Irani and Mohit Sehgal gets engaged |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/see-pics-sanaya-irani-mohit-sehgal-get-engaged-will-tie-the-knot-in-goa-in-january-277352-2015-12-15#close-overlay |website=[[India Today]] |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406093438/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/see-pics-sanaya-irani-mohit-sehgal-get-engaged-will-tie-the-knot-in-goa-in-january-277352-2015-12-15#close-overlay |url-status=live }}</ref> Irani married Sehgal on 25 January 2016 in a traditional [[Hindu wedding]] ceremony in [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/sanaya-irani-mohit-sehgal-get-married-in-goa/1/|title=Sanaya Irani and Mohit Sehgal ties the knot in Goa|work=The Indian Express|date=27 January 2016|access-date=28 January 2016|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421123559/https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/sanaya-irani-mohit-sehgal-get-married-in-goa/1/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Media image ==<br />
[[File:Sanaya Irani Ra.One Music Launch.jpg|thumb|right|Irani at the music launch of [[Ra.One]] (2011) along with [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] and [[Pooja Gaur]], [[Giaa Manek]] and [[Ragini Khanna]]]]<br />
<br />
''[[Eastern Eye]]'' placed her in their 50 Sexiest Asian Women list in 2012,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/dec/061212-Priyanka-Chopra-named-world-sexiest-Asian-woman.htm|title=Priyanka Chopra named world's sexiest Asian woman|website=archive.mid-day.com|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916011914/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/dec/061212-Priyanka-Chopra-named-world-sexiest-Asian-woman.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was again ranked 10th for the ''[[Eastern Eye]]'' newspaper. In 2014, she was listed in the top 10 best television actresses by ''[[Rediff]]''.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 July 2014 |date=2 July 2014|title=Check Out Television's Top 10 Actresses Of 2014|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-televisions-top-10-actresses/20140702.htm#8 |website=Rediff}}</ref> In 2015, Sanaya became the only television actress to be listed on the [[People (magazine)|People]] magazine's - India's 40 most beautiful women list.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/sanaya-irani-birthday-unknown-facts-about-sanaya-irani-376089-2015-09-17/4 | title=Things you don't know about birthday girl Sanaya Irani | access-date=6 April 2023 | archive-date=6 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406151935/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/sanaya-irani-birthday-unknown-facts-about-sanaya-irani-376089-2015-09-17/4 | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, ''[[The Times of India]]'' ranked her 10th in the "Top 10 TV Actress" list.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/top-10-indian-tv-actresses-who-are-more-famous-than-their-bollywood-counterparts/articleshow/62754988.cms|title=Top 10 TV Actress|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2 March 2018|access-date=17 August 2024|archive-date=17 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817053543/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/top-10-indian-tv-actresses-who-are-more-famous-than-their-bollywood-counterparts/articleshow/62754988.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, Irani went on a U.K. tour on behalf of [[Star Plus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/star-tvs-khushi-to-visit-uk-cities-this-month|title=Star TV's 'Khushi' to visit UK cities this month &#124; BizAsia UK &#124; The UK's only Asian media news site|publisher=Media247.co.uk|access-date=19 April 2014|archive-date=8 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308180458/http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/star-tvs-khushi-to-visit-uk-cities-this-month|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===Films===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Role<br />
! Notes<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 <br />
| ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]'' <br />
| Mehbooba <br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/sanaya-irani-aamir-khan-and-kajols-fanaa-wasnt-a-route-to-get-into-bollywood-it-was-a-mistake-1197834/#error=login_required&state=07497f6e-4a29-4046-85de-ea610bd54ecb | title=Sanaya Irani: Aamir Khan and Kajol's Fanaa wasn't a route to get into Bollywood; it was a mistake | date=20 April 2018 | access-date=6 April 2023 | archive-date=6 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406151938/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/sanaya-irani-aamir-khan-and-kajols-fanaa-wasnt-a-route-to-get-into-bollywood-it-was-a-mistake-1197834/#error=login_required&state=07497f6e-4a29-4046-85de-ea610bd54ecb | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2018<br />
| ''Pihu''<br />
| Pihu <br />
|rowspan="2"|Short film<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |date=18 June 2018 |title=Sanaya Irani's short-film 'Pihu' to release this week |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/sanaya-iranis-short-film-pihu-release-week/ |website=BizAsia}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Dum Dum Dumroo''<br />
|Dr. Sneha<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-15 |title=Dum Dum Dumroo : Think Before You Judge |url=https://www.thetalentedindian.com/dum-dum-dumroo-think-before-you-judge/ |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=The Talented Indian |language=en-US |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718080058/https://www.thetalentedindian.com/dum-dum-dumroo-think-before-you-judge/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2019 <br />
| ''[[Ghost (2019 film)|Ghost]]'' <br />
| Simran Singh <br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Shalu|date=2019-09-18|title=Sanaya Irani starrer Ghost will send chills down your spine. Check out first look|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/sanaya-irani-vikram-bhatt-horror-movie-ghost-first-look-550411|access-date=2021-08-15|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815145234/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/sanaya-irani-vikram-bhatt-horror-movie-ghost-first-look-550411|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|''Ved and Arya''<br />
|Arya<br />
|Short film<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=Short film explores modern-day dating |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/short-film-explores-modern-day-dating-823764.html |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|Butterflies Season 4<br />
|Safa<br />
|Short film (episode 5)<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2023 |title=Terribly Tiny Tales launches fourth season of 'Butterflies' web series in collaboration with Hershey's India |url=https://www.buzzincontent.com/story/terribly-tiny-tales-launches-fourth-season-of-butterflies-single-web-series-in-collaboration-with-hershey-single-s-india/ |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.buzzincontent.com}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year <br />
! Title <br />
! Role <br />
! Notes<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2007 <br />
| ''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]'' <br />
| Cadet Sameera Shroff <br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="rediff1"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kasamh Se]]'' <br />
| Geet <br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |date=28 February 2020 |title=Drashti Dhami and hubby Neeraj Khemka steal the show at his sister's sangeet; friend Sanaya Irani cheers for them |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/drashti-dhami-and-hubby-neerja-khemka-steal-the-show-at-his-sisters-sangeet-friend-sanaya-irani-cheers-for-them/articleshow/74386713.cms |website=[[Times Of India]] |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=21 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221150000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/drashti-dhami-and-hubby-neerja-khemka-steal-the-show-at-his-sisters-sangeet-friend-sanaya-irani-cheers-for-them/articleshow/74386713.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2008 <br />
| ''[[Radhaa Ki Betiyaan Kuch Kar Dikhayengi]]'' <br />
| Sanaya <br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaho Na Yaar Hai]]''<br />
| Contestant <br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Birthday Indian Express" /><br />
|-<br />
| 2008–2010 <br />
| ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]''<br />
| Gunjan Bhushan<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/lifestyle/love-relationships/dill-mill-gayye-miley-jab-hum-tum-remix-television-shows-defined-every-90-s-kid-s-teenage-years|title=Dill Mill Gayye, Miley Jab Hum Tum, Remix: Television shows that defined every 90's kid's teenage years|website=Pinkvilla|date=29 January 2018|access-date=29 July 2022|archive-date=2 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702072630/https://www.pinkvilla.com/lifestyle/love-relationships/dill-mill-gayye-miley-jab-hum-tum-remix-television-shows-defined-every-90-s-kid-s-teenage-years|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2010 <br />
| ''[[Zara Nachke Dikha|Zara Nachke Dikha 2]]'' <br />
| Host <br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |date=26 January 2018 |title=Aww! Sanaya Irani writes heartwarming post about Mohit Sehgal on their second wedding anniversary |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/aww-sanaya-irani-writes-heartwarming-post-about-mohit-sehgal-on-their-second-wedding-anniversary-1154712-2018-01-26 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=12 July 2025 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408081628/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/aww-sanaya-irani-writes-heartwarming-post-about-mohit-sehgal-on-their-second-wedding-anniversary-1154712-2018-01-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]]''<br />
| rowspan="2" | Contestant<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Birthday Indian Express"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Meethi Choori No 1]]'' <br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Birthday Indian Express"/><br />
|-<br />
| 2011–2012 <br />
| ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]'' <br />
| Khushi Kumari Gupta Raizada<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/I-respect-other-peoples-time-Sanaya-Irani/articleshow/15233858.cms|author=Swasti Chatterjee|title=I respect other people's time: Sanaya Irani|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|date=28 July 2011|access-date=11 September 2017|archive-date=10 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910225540/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/I-respect-other-peoples-time-Sanaya-Irani/articleshow/15233858.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2013<br />
|Ishq Wala Love<br />
| Host<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sanaya-irani-and-karan-v-grover-anchor-zee-tvs-valentines-special-event-ishq-wala-love | title=Sanaya Irani and Karan V Grover to anchor Zee TV's Valentine's Special event - Ishq Wala Love }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Chhanchhan]]''<br />
| Chhanchhan Sarabhai Borisagar<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Looks promising|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1816311/report-looks-promising|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=7 April 2013|author=Chaya Unnikrishnan|location=Mumbai|date=28 March 2013|archive-date=4 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404233037/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1816311/report-looks-promising|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Welcome – Baazi Mehmaan Nawazi Ki]]''<br />
| Contestant <br />
|Episodes 1–6<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
|-<br />
| 2013–2014 <br />
|''[[Rangrasiya]]''<br />
| Parvati Chauhan Ranawat/ Myrah Mehra<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/i-was-confused-about-my-character-in-rangrasiya-sanaya-irani/|title=I was confused about my character in 'Rangrasiya': Sanaya Irani|date=2013-12-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-10|archive-date=5 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605064839/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/i-was-confused-about-my-character-in-rangrasiya-sanaya-irani/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2015 <br />
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 8)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8]]''<br />
| Contestant<br />
|1st runner-up<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
| ''Box Cricket League 2''<br />
| rowspan="2" | Contestant<br />
|Team: Mumbai Tigers<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/200-Actors-10-Teams-and-1-Winner-Let-The-Game-Begin/articleshow/50219718.cms|title=200 Actors, 10 Teams, and 1 Winner... Let The Game Begin|work=The Times of India|date=18 December 2015|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224202348/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/200-Actors-10-Teams-and-1-Winner-Let-The-Game-Begin/articleshow/50219718.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2017 <br />
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 8|Nach Baliye 8]]''<br />
|2nd runner-up<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Special appearances====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year <br />
! Title <br />
! Role <br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|2013<br />
| ''[[MasterChef India|Masterchef - Kitchen Ke Superstars]]''<br />
| rowspan="9" | Herself<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 6)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |date=21 September 2013 |title=Sanaya to compete with best friend Drashti in Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sanaya-Irani-Drashti-Dhami-Jhalak-Dikhhla-Jaa-6-Madhubala-Ek-Ishq-Ek-Junoon-Chhanchhan-Do-Dil-Ek-Jaan/articleshow/22853411.cms |website=[[Times Of India]] |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=21 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221145914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sanaya-Irani-Drashti-Dhami-Jhalak-Dikhhla-Jaa-6-Madhubala-Ek-Ishq-Ek-Junoon-Chhanchhan-Do-Dil-Ek-Jaan/articleshow/22853411.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 7)|Bigg Boss 7]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.panasiabiz.com/1767/actress-model-gauhar-khan-declared-winner-bigg-boss-7/ | title=Actress and Model Gauhar Khan declared winner of 'Bigg Boss' | date=29 December 2013 | access-date=6 April 2023 | archive-date=6 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406151936/https://www.panasiabiz.com/1767/actress-model-gauhar-khan-declared-winner-bigg-boss-7/ | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
|[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 7)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-7-best-buddies-sanaya-irani-and-drashti-dhami-pose-for-a-selfie-view-pic-354368/ | title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7: Best buddies Sanaya Irani and Drashti Dhami pose for a selfie - view pic! | date=3 June 2014 | access-date=6 April 2023 | archive-date=6 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406151936/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-7-best-buddies-sanaya-irani-and-drashti-dhami-pose-for-a-selfie-view-pic-354368/ | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
| ''[[Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Birthday Indian Express"/><br />
|-<br />
| 2018 <br />
| ''[[India's Next Superstars]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |date=3 April 2017 |title=Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Actress Sanaya Irani to be part of this dance reality show next? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-doon-actress-sanaya-irani-to-be-part-of-this-dance-reality-show-next-1203725-2018-04-03 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2019 <br />
| ''[[Kitchen Champion|Kitchen Champion 5]]'' <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sanaya-irani-mohit-shegal-shakti-arora-and-neha-saxena-shoot-for-kitchen-champion/articleshow/68477765.cms|title=Sanaya Irani, Mohit Shegal, Shakti Arora and Neha Saxena shoot for Kitchen Champion|work=TOI|date=19 March 2019|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304135410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sanaya-irani-mohit-shegal-shakti-arora-and-neha-saxena-shoot-for-kitchen-champion/articleshow/68477765.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra]]'' <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/khatra-khatra-khatra-iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-doon-actress-sanaya-irani-back-on-tv-with-bharti-singh-harsh-limbachiyaas-colors-show-see-pics-1024025|title=PICS: 'Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon' actress Sanaya Irani To Be Back On TV Soon; Shoots For A Colors show!|date=2 July 2019|website=www.abplive.in|access-date=31 July 2019|archive-date=2 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702234428/https://www.abplive.in/television/khatra-khatra-khatra-iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-doon-actress-sanaya-irani-back-on-tv-with-bharti-singh-harsh-limbachiyaas-colors-show-see-pics-1024025|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 9]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.inkl.com/news/nach-baliye-9-sanaya-irani-mohit-sehgal-to-perform-as-a-couple-in-special-dance-dhamaka-episode-today-watch | title=Nach Baliye 9: Sanaya Irani, Mohit Sehgal to perform as a couple in special Dance Dhamaka episode today. Watch | date=13 July 2019 | access-date=6 April 2023 | archive-date=6 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406151936/https://www.inkl.com/news/nach-baliye-9-sanaya-irani-mohit-sehgal-to-perform-as-a-couple-in-special-dance-dhamaka-episode-today-watch | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Web series===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year <br />
! Title <br />
! Role <br />
! Notes<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
| ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?#Sequels and franchise|Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Ek Jashn]]''<br />
| Khushi Kumari Gupta<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/ott-services/iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-doon-culminates-on-hotstar-after-8-episodes-151216|title='Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon' culminates on Hotstar after 8 episodes|date=16 December 2015|work=[[Indian Television]]|access-date=11 September 2017|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226152531/https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/ott-services/iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-doon-culminates-on-hotstar-after-8-episodes-151216|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 <br />
| ''[[I Don't Watch TV (web series)|I Don't Watch TV]]'' <br />
| Herself <br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drashti Dhami and Sanaya Irani urge their fans to watch their web show, I Don't Watch TV {{!}} Indo American News |url=https://www.indoamerican-news.com/drashti-dhami-and-sanaya-irani-urge-their-fans-to-watch-their-web-show-i-dont-watch-tv/ |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=Indoamerican-news.com |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023095812/https://www.indoamerican-news.com/drashti-dhami-and-sanaya-irani-urge-their-fans-to-watch-their-web-show-i-dont-watch-tv/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2018<br />
|''Vodka Shots''<br />
|Keya Sharma<br />
|<br />
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-09|title=Vodka Shots: Sanaya Irani as Keya Sharma narrates a story of us millennials|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/vodka-shots-teaser-out-sanaya-irani-as-keya-sharma-story-of-millennials-lifetv-1130523-2018-01-09|access-date=2021-10-29|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901091735/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/vodka-shots-teaser-out-sanaya-irani-as-keya-sharma-story-of-millennials-lifetv-1130523-2018-01-09|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Zindabaad''<br />
|Sara Sayed<br />
|Mini-series<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''[[Cyber Vaar – Har Screen Crime Scene]]''<br />
|Ananya Saini <br />
|<br />
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title='Cyber Vaar' Trailer Video: Mohit Malik and Sanaya Irani starrer 'Cyber Vaar' Official Trailer Video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/mx-play/hindi/cyber-vaar-trailer-video-mohit-malik-and-sanaya-irani-starrer-cyber-vaar-official-trailer-video/videoshow/92052910.cms |access-date=2022-06-15 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407194656/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/mx-play/hindi/cyber-vaar-trailer-video-mohit-malik-and-sanaya-irani-starrer-cyber-vaar-official-trailer-video/videoshow/92052910.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Music videos ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Singer(s)<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2006<br />
|Mere Naseeb Mein Tu Hai<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sanaya-Irani-turns-33-today-Lesser-known-facts-about-Iss-Pyaar-Ko-Kya-Naam-Doon-actress/photostory/54378232.cms?from=mdr | title=Sanaya Irani turns 33 today: Lesser known facts about 'Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon' actress | newspaper=The Times of India | archive-date=6 April 2023 | access-date=6 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406153437/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sanaya-Irani-turns-33-today-Lesser-known-facts-about-Iss-Pyaar-Ko-Kya-Naam-Doon-actress/photostory/54378232.cms?from=mdr | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2006<br />
|Tumko Dekha To Yeh(remix)<br />
|[[Jagjit Singh]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodmdb.com/celebrities/biography/sanaya-irani/10957 | title=Sanaya Irani Biography – BollywoodMDB | access-date=6 April 2023 | archive-date=6 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406151936/https://www.bollywoodmdb.com/celebrities/biography/sanaya-irani/10957 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|Kulli Wichon Ni Yaar Labh Lai<br />
|Joshilay<br />
|Punjabi song (Saregama Punjabi-YouTube)<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''Main Jaandiyaan''<br />
|[[Neha Bhasin]], Piyush Mehroliyaa<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-22 |title=Neha Bhasin's song, backpacking inspo on this week's Brunch WTF |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/neha-bhasin-s-song-backpacking-inspo-on-this-week-s-brunch-wtf/story-N8ZRpV1liPlSOKIpnxGDXO.html |access-date=2021-09-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014094743/https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/neha-bhasin-s-song-backpacking-inspo-on-this-week-s-brunch-wtf/story-N8ZRpV1liPlSOKIpnxGDXO.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''Intezaar''<br />
|[[Asees Kaur]], [[Arijit Singh]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Song 'Intezaar' Sung By Arijit Singh, Asees Kaur {{!}} Hindi Video Songs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-intezaar-sung-by-arijit-singh-asees-kaur/videoshow/72019297.cms |access-date=2022-02-06 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928114402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-intezaar-sung-by-arijit-singh-asees-kaur/videoshow/72019297.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''Dholna''<br />
|Deedar Kaur<br />
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Dholna sung by Deedar Kaur featuring Sanaya Irani and Parth Samthaan - Times Music |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKqA-1mTvkc |language=en |access-date=2022-07-26 |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726113842/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKqA-1mTvkc |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Accolades==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Award<br />
! Category<br />
! Work<br />
! Result<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]<br />
|Gr8! Performer Of The Year - Female<br />
|''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]''<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="5"|2012<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Gold Awards]]<br />
|Face of the year<br />
|rowspan="7"|''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]''<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Best Onscreen Jodi (with [[Barun Sobti]])<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]<br />
|[[ITA Award for Best Actress Popular|Best Actress (Popular)]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/The-12th-Indian-Television-Academy-Awards-2012/articleshow/17100879.cms|title=The 12th Indian Television Academy Awards 2012 - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-25|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923031809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/The-12th-Indian-Television-Academy-Awards-2012/articleshow/17100879.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[People's Choice Awards India]]<br />
|Favorite Onscreen Couple<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Indian Telly Awards]]<br />
|Best Onscreen Couple (with [[Barun Sobti]])<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|2013<br />
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Gold Awards]]<br />
|[[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2013/2013-boroplus-gold-awards-2013-winners-list-115204.html|title=Photos: 2013 Boroplus Gold Awards Winners List!|first=Girija|last=Narayan|date=July 22, 2013|website=Filmibeat|access-date=29 July 2022|archive-date=30 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730034705/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2013/2013-boroplus-gold-awards-2013-winners-list-115204.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Face of the Year<br />
|''[[Chhanchhan]]''<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Hindi/awards/zee-gold-awards-2013 | title=Hindi Awards Zee Gold Awards 2013 | access-date=6 April 2023 | archive-date=6 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406151940/https://nettv4u.com/about/Hindi/awards/zee-gold-awards-2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|2014<br />
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]<br />
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role]]<br />
|rowspan="5"|''[[Rangrasiya]]''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2014 Popular Awards nominees and winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420095547/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners|archivedate=2016-04-20}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Asian Viewers Television Awards]]<br />
|Female Actor Of The Year<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/avta-2014-winners-list/|title=AVTA 2014: Winners List|work=BizAsia|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222050940/https://www.bizasialive.com/avta-2014-winners-list/|archive-date=2017-12-22|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]<br />
|[[ITA Award for Best Actress Popular|Best Actress (Popular)]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/14th-indian-television-awards-full-winners-list-harshad-arora-anil-kapoor-ashish-sharma-win-trophies-410646/|title=14th Indian Television Awards Full winners' list: Harshad Arora, Anil Kapoor, Ashish Sharma win trophies|date=2 November 2014|language=en-EN|access-date=29 July 2022|archive-date=26 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926084455/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/14th-indian-television-awards-full-winners-list-harshad-arora-anil-kapoor-ashish-sharma-win-trophies-410646/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Gold Awards]]<br />
|[[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/zee-gold-awards-2014-list-of-winners-list-jodha-akbar-beintehaa-diya-baati-140309.html|title=Zee Gold Awards 2014 Complete List Of Winners|first=Girija|last=Narayan|date=May 20, 2014|website=Filmibeat|access-date=29 July 2022|archive-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007093126/https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/zee-gold-awards-2014-list-of-winners-list-jodha-akbar-beintehaa-diya-baati-140309.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|[[Asian Viewers Television Awards]]<br />
|Female Actor Of The Year<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/asian-viewers%EF%BF%BD%DB%AA-television-awards-2015-results/|title=AVTA 2015: Winners List|work=BizAsia|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102054601/https://www.bizasialive.com/asian-viewers%ef%bf%bd%db%aa-television-awards-2015-results/|archive-date=2018-11-02|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]<br />
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|2284072}}<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|sanaya-irani}}<br />
* {{Instagram|sanayairani}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|Films|Television|India}}<br />
<br />
{{Navboxes<br />
| title = Shows for Sanaya Irani<br />
| list =<br />
{{Nach Baliye}}<br />
{{Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Navboxes<br />
| title = Awards for Sanaya Irani<br />
| list =<br />
{{Indian Telly Awards}}<br />
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Lead Actress}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Irani, Sanaya}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Irani (India) people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]<br />
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]<br />
[[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:1983 births]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&diff=452060Rajatarangini2026-03-17T13:39:21Z<p>Aniketdigi: Refined content and updated sections</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|History book of Kashmir by Kalhana}}<br />
{{Italic title}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox book<br />
| author = [[Kalhana]]<br />
| image = Folio of a manuscript of the Rajatarangini by Kalhana, written in Sharada script.jpg<br />
| caption = Folio of a manuscript of the Rajatarangini by Kalhana, written in [[Sharada script]]<br />
}}<br />
'''''Rājataraṅgiṇī''''' ([[Sanskrit]]: [[Devanagari|राजतरङ्गिणी]], <small>[[IAST|romanized]]:</small> ''rājataraṅgiṇī'', <small>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA:]]</small> [[Help:IPA/Sanskrit|[ɾɑː.d͡ʑɐ.t̪ɐˈɾɐŋ.ɡi.ɳiː]]], {{lit|The wave of kings}}) is a metrical legendary and historical [[chronicle]] of the north-western part of the [[Indian sub-continent|Indian subcontinent]], particularly the [[king]]s of [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]]. It was written in [[Sanskrit]] by Kashmiri historian [[Kalhana]] in the 12th century CE.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/490128/Rajatarangini "Rajatarangini"] ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 17 December 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
== List of kings ==<br />
{{History of Kashmir}}<br />
{{History of India}}<br />
=== Book 1 : Gonanda dynasty (I) ===<br />
<br />
The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years.{{sfn|Stein|1979|pp=133–138}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Ruler{{sfn|Stein|1979|pp=133–138}} !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| Gonanda I || Contemporary of [[Yudhishthira]], a relative of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]'s ruler [[Jarasandha]] (Jarasindhu) (I.59). He was killed by [[Balarama]], the elder brother of [[Krishna]].<br />
|-<br />
| [[Damodara I]]|| Killed in a battle by Krishna.<br />
|-<br />
| {{ill|Yashovati|sv|Yasovati}} || Wife of Damodara. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne.<br />
|-<br />
| Gonanda II || Son of Yashovati and Damodara. Ruled as a minor over Kashmir, during the [[Kurukshetra War]]. Killed by [[Parikshit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gonanda Dynasty |url=https://www.kashmirthroughages.in/medieval-era/gonanda-dynasty |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=Kashmir Through Ages |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115091652/https://www.kashmirthroughages.in/medieval-era/gonanda-dynasty |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| '''35 kings<br/>(names lost)''' || A manuscript titled ''Ratnakar Purana'' supposedly contained these names, and was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Abidin]]. The purported original manuscript as well as its translation are now lost. A Muslim historian named Hassan is said to have obtained a copy of the translation, and the later Muslim historians provided a fabricated list of 35 names ending in [[Khan (title)|-Khan]].{{sfn|Raina|2013|p=260}}Some sources claim that after Gonanda II was killed, Parikshit handed over Kashmir to his second son Harnadeva. This gave rise to the [[Pandava|Pandava Dynasty]] of Kashmir. Harnadeva lost a succession war against [[Janamejaya]], and so he remained the King of Kashmir. The last ruler was Bhagavanta, who was defeated by Lava in 1752 BCE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandav Dynasty |url=https://www.kashmirthroughages.in/medieval-era/pandav-dynasty |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=Kashmir Through Ages |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115091650/https://www.kashmirthroughages.in/medieval-era/pandav-dynasty |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Lava || A descendant of Gonanda I, who belonged to the Naga Dynasty and defeated King Bhagavanta of the Pandava Dynasty of Kashmir in 1752 BCE. He laid the foundation of Kashmira Naga Dynasty, a sub-division of the Gonanda Dynasty (I). He established a city named Lolora (Lolab) in Kashmir. According to the Rajatarangini, there were 84 lakh stone-walled houses in it.<br />
|-<br />
| Kusheshaya || Son of Lava<br />
|-<br />
| Khagendra || Son of Kushyendra <br />
|-<br />
| Surendra || Son of Khagendra. Surendra was the first Buddhist king of Kashmir who established the Buddhist culture of Saman culture in Kashmir.<br />
|-<br />
| Godhara || Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95)<br />
|-<br />
| Suvarna || Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani<br />
|-<br />
| Janaka || Unsuccessfully invaded Persia<br />
|-<br />
| Shachinara || Died childless<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ashoka (Gonandiya)|Ashoka]] || Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day [[Srinagar]]). In his days, the mlechchhas (foreigners) overran the country, and he took [[sannyasa]]. According to Kalhana's account, this Ashoka would have ruled in the 2nd millennium BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of [[Arihant (Jainism)|Jina]], constructed [[stupa]]s and Shiva temples, and appeased ''Bhutesha'' ([[Shiva]]) to obtain his son Jalauka. Despite the discrepancies, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]], who adopted Buddhism.{{sfn|Guruge|1994|pp=185–186}} Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with [[Jainism]], some ancient sources use it to refer to the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]].{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|pp=378–380}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jalauka]] (Jaloka) || A staunch [[Shaivite]], who constructed several [[Shiva]] temples. He rid the country from the [[mlechchhas]] (foreigners, possibly [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|Greco-Bactrians]]).{{sfn|Guruge|1994|p=130}}<br />
|-<br />
| Damodara II || Devout Shaivite. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu.<br />
|-<br />
| Hushka, Jushka, and Kanishka || Buddhist kings of Turashka origin (according to Kalhana). The third king is identified with [[Kanishka]] of the [[Kushan Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pandit |first1=Ranjit Sitaram |title=River Of Kings (rajatarangini) |date=1935 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530051/page/n65 23] I68- |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530051}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Abhimanyu I || A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite [[Nāga]] rites prescribed in the holy text ''Nilamata Purana''. This angered the Nāgas, who heavily persecuted the Buddhists. To avoid this disorder, the king retired. A Brahmin named Chandradeva restored Shaivite rites by worshipping Shiva.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Gonanditya dynasty (I) ====<br />
<br />
The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years.{{sfn|Stein|1979|pp=133–138}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Ruler !! Reign{{sfn|Stein|1979|pp=133–138}} !! Ascension year !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| Gonanda III || 35&nbsp;years || 1182 BCE || Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. (I.191) He belonged to [[Rama]]'s lineage, and restored the Nāga rites<br />
|-<br />
| Vibhishana I || 53&nbsp;years, 6&nbsp;months || 1147 BCE ||<br />
|-<br />
| Indrajit || 35&nbsp;years || 1094 BCE ||<br />
|-<br />
| Ravana || 30&nbsp;years, 6&nbsp;months || – || A [[Shivalinga]] attributed to Ravana could still be seen at the time of Kalhana.<br />
|-<br />
| Vibhishana II || 35&nbsp;years, 6&nbsp;months || 1058 BCE ||<br />
|-<br />
| Nara I (Kinnara) || 40&nbsp;years, 9&nbsp;months || 1023 BCE || His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. He tried to abduct a Nāga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. Because of this, the Nāga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire.<br />
|-<br />
| Siddha || 60&nbsp;years || 983 BCE || Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nāga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle.<br />
|-<br />
| Utpalaksha || 30&nbsp;years, 6&nbsp;months || 923 BCE || Son of Siddha<br />
|-<br />
| Hiranyaksha || 37&nbsp;years, 7&nbsp;months || 893 BCE || Son of Utpalaksha<br />
|-<br />
| Hiranyakula || 60&nbsp;years || 855 BCE || Son of Hiranyaksha<br />
|-<br />
| Vasukula (Mukula) || 60&nbsp;years || 795 BCE || Son of Hiranyakula. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly [[Huna people|Hunas]]) overran Kashmir.<br />
|-<br />
| Mihirakula || 70&nbsp;years || 735 BCE || According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was [[Toramana]]. Kalhana mentions a king called Toramana, but places him much later, in Book 3.{{sfn|Stein|1979|p=65}} According to Kalhana, Mihirakula was a cruel ruler who ordered killings of a large number of people, including children, women and elders. He invaded the [[Sinhala Kingdom]], and replaced their king with a cruel man. As he passed through [[Chola kingdom|Chola]], [[Karnata]] and other kingdoms on his way back to Kashmir, the rulers of these kingdoms fled their capitals and returned only after he had gone away. On his return to Kashmir, he ordered killings of 100 elephants, who had been startled by the cries of a fallen elephant. Once, Mihirakula dreamt that a particular stone could be moved only by a chaste woman. He put this to test: the women who were unable to move the stone were killed, along with their husbands, sons and brothers. He was supported by some immoral Brahmins. In his old age, the king committed self-immolation.<br />
|-<br />
| Vaka (Baka) || 63&nbsp;years, 18&nbsp;days || 665 BCE || A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons.<br />
|-<br />
| Kshitinanda || 30&nbsp;years || 602 BCE || The only surviving child of Vaka<br />
|-<br />
| Vasunanda || 52&nbsp;years, 2&nbsp;months || 572 BCE || "Originator of the science of love"<br />
|-<br />
| Nara II || 60&nbsp;years || 520 BCE || Son of Vasunanda<br />
|-<br />
| Aksha || 60&nbsp;years || 460 BCE || Son of Nara II<br />
|-<br />
| Gopaditya || 60&nbsp;years, 6&nbsp;days || 400 BCE || Son of Aksha. Gave lands to Brahmins. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-[[Sattvic diet]]); in their place, he brought others from foreign countries.<br />
|-<br />
| Gokarna || 57&nbsp;years, 11&nbsp;months || 340 BCE || Son of Gopaditya<br />
|-<br />
| Narendraditya I (Khingkhila) || 36&nbsp;years, 3&nbsp;months, 10&nbsp;days || 282 BCE || Son of Gokarna<br />
|-<br />
| Yudhisthira I || 34&nbsp;years, 5&nbsp;months, 1&nbsp;day || 246 BCE || Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Book 2 : Other rulers ===<br />
<br />
No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source.{{sfn|Stein|1979|p=65}} These kings ruled Kashmir for 192&nbsp;years.{{sfn|Stein|1979|pp=133–138}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Ruler !! Reign{{sfn|Stein|1979|pp=133–138}} !! Ascension year !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| Pratapaditya I || 32&nbsp;years || 167 BCE || Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). This Vikramaditya is not same as the [[Vikramaditya]] of Ujjain, who is mentioned later as a patron of Matrigupta.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jalauka]] || 32&nbsp;years || 135 BCE || Son of Pratapaditya<br />
|-<br />
| Tungjina I || 36&nbsp;years || 103 BCE || Shared the administration with his queen. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. After his death, the queen committed [[sati (practice)|sati]]. The couple died childless.<br />
|-<br />
| Vijaya || 8&nbsp;years || 67 BCE || From a different dynasty than Tungjina.<br />
|-<br />
| Jayendra || 37&nbsp;years || 59 BCE || Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10&nbsp;years. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death.<br />
|-<br />
| Sandhimati alias Aryaraja || 47&nbsp;years || 22 BCE || Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. He filled his court with [[rishi]]s (sages), and spent his time in forest retreats. Therefore, his ministers replaced him with Meghavahana, a descendant of Yudhishthira I. He willingly gave up the throne.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Book 3: Restored Gonandiya dynasty ===<br />
{{main|Gonanda dynasty (II)}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Ruler !! Reign{{sfn|Stein|1979|pp=133–138}} !! Ascension year !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| [[Meghavahana]] || 34&nbsp;years || 25 CE ||[[File:Coin of Meghama(...). Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Possible coinage of [[Meghavahana]]. Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.{{efn| '''Obverse''': ''[[Shiva]] Pashupati'' ("Lord of the Beasts"), making a mudra gesture with right hand and holding filleted trident; behind, a lioness or tiger. Trace of legend ''Meghana...'' in Brahmi. '''Reverse''': Goddess seated facing on lotus, holding lotus in both hand, [[Kidara]] monogram to left, ''Jaya'' in Brahmi to right.}}<ref name="JC">{{cite journal |last1=Cribb |first1=Joe |title=Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly |journal=Numismatic Digest |volume=40 |year=2016 |url=https://www.academia.edu/32663187 |language=en}}</ref>]] Meghavahana was the son of Yudhisthira I's great-grandson, who had been granted asylum by Gopaditya, the king of [[Gandhara]]. Meghavahana had been selected the husband of a [[Vaishnavite]] princess at a [[Swayamvara]] in another kingdom. The ministers of Kashmir brought him to Kashmir after Sandhimati proved to be an unwilling king. Meghavahana banned animal slaughter and compensated those who earned their living through hunting. He patrnozed Brahmins, and set up a monastery. His queens built Buddhist [[vihara]]s and monasteries. He subdued kings in regions as far as [[Sinhala Kingdom]], forcing them to abandon animal slaughter.<br />
|-<br />
| Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II) || 30&nbsp;years || 59 CE || Son of Meghavahana<br />
|-<br />
| Hiranya<br>''and co-regent''<br>[[Toramana of Kashmir|Toramana]] || 30&nbsp;years, 2&nbsp;months || 89 CE ||<br />
[[File:Alchon Huns Toramana II Circa AD 540-570.jpg|thumb|150px|Coin in the name of "[[Toramana of Kashmir|Śrī Toramaņa]]", {{Circa|6th century}}, Kashmir.<ref name="JC"/>]] <br />
Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. Hiranya died childless. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. This king is identified by some with [[Hephthalite Empire|Huna]] ruler [[Toramana]], although his successor [[Mihirakula]] is placed much earlier by Kalhana.{{sfn|Stein|1979|p=65}}<br />
|-<br />
| Matrigupta || 4&nbsp;years, 9&nbsp;months, 1&nbsp;day || 120 CE || According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of [[Ujjayini]] defeated the [[Shakas]], and made his friend and poet Matrigupta the ruler of Kashmir. After Vikramaditya's death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary [[Vikramaditya]] of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor [[Harsha]] (c. 606–47 CE).<ref>{{cite book |url=http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in:8080/handle/2015/131352 |title=Ancient Malwa And The Vikramaditya Tradition |author=D. C. Sircar |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |year=1969 |isbn=978-8121503488 |pages=111 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617064610/http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in:8080/handle/2015/131352 |archive-date=2016-06-17 }}</ref> The latter is identified with [[Shiladitya]] mentioned in [[Xuanzang]]'s account. However, according to M. A. Stein, Kalhana's Vikramaditya is another Shiladitya mentioned in Xuanzang's account: a king of Malwa around 580 CE.{{sfn|Stein|1979|p=66}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sri Pravarasena|Pravarasena II]] || 60&nbsp;years || 125 CE ||<br />
[[File:Post-Kushan Gandhara Kidara Shahis Sri Pravarasena Circa 6th-early 7th century CE.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Coinage in the name of "[[Sri Pravarasena|Pravarasena]]". Circa 6th-early 7th century CE, Kashmir.{{efn|''Obverse:'' Standing king with two figured seated below. Name "Pravarasena". ''Reverse:'' goddess seated on a lion. Legend "Kidāra".}}<ref name="JC"/>]] Historical evidence suggests that a king named Pravarasena ruled Kashmir in the 6th century CE.{{sfn|Stein|1979|p=65}} According to Kalhana, Pravarasena subdued many other kings, in lands as far as [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]. He restored the rule of Vikramaditya's son Pratapshila (alias Shiladitya), who had been expelled from Ujjain by his enemies. Pratapshila agreed to be a vassal of Pravarasena after initial resistance. He founded a city called Pravarapura, which is identified by later historians as the modern city of [[Srinagar]] on the basis of topographical details.{{sfn|Stein|1989|pp=439–441}}<br />
|-<br />
| Yudhishthira II || 39&nbsp;years, 8&nbsp;months || 185 CE || Son of Pravarasena<br />
|-<br />
| Narendraditya I (Lakshmana) || 13&nbsp;years || 206 CE || Son of Yudhishthira II and Padmavati<br />
|-<br />
| Ranaditya I (Tungjina III) || 300&nbsp;years || 219 CE ||<br />
[[File:Sri Tujina. Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Coinage in the name of "Sri Tujina". Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.<ref name="JC"/>]] Younger brother of Narendraditya. His queen Ranarambha was an [[avatar|incarnation]] of Bhramaravasini. The [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] king Ratisena had found her among the waves, during an ocean worship ritual.<br />
|-<br />
| Vikramaditya || 42&nbsp;years || 519 CE || Son of Ranaditya<br />
|-<br />
| Baladitya || 36&nbsp;years, 8&nbsp;months || 561 CE || Younger brother of Vikramaditya. He subdued several enemies. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama [[Kayastha]] caste.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Book 4: Karkota dynasty ===<br />
{{see also|Karkota dynasty}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Ruler !! Reign{{sfn|Stein|1979|pp=133–138}} !! Ascension year !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| [[Durlabhavardhana]] (Prajnaditya) || 38 years || 598 CE ||[[File:Coin of Śri Durlabha (Jammu and Kashmir).jpg|150px|right|Coin of Durlabhavardhana, founder of the dynasty. Obverse legend: ''Śri Durlabha''. Reverse legend: ''Jayati Kidāra''.<ref>{{cite book |quote=The dynasty which he founded ruled for more than two centuries, from c. A.D. 625 to 855 (see Appendix I). Kalhaņa tells us little about Durlabha-vardhana except that he built a temple of Vishņu and granted two villages to Brāhmaṇas. (...) The mixed metal coins bearing the legend Sri Durlabha on the obverse and jayati Kidāra on the reverse, belong to this monarch. |editor-last1=Majumdar|editor-first1=R. C. |title=A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1. A.D. 300–985|date=1981|publisher=People's Publishing House|page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>]] Born to [[Nāga]] Karkota (a deity), Durlabhavardhana was Baladitya's officer in charge of fodder. Baladitya married his daughter Anangalekha to him. As the royal son-in-law, he became known as a just and wise man, and was given the title "Prajnaditya" by the king. His wife Anangalekha became involved in an extra-marital affair with the minister Kharga. Despite catching them sleeping together, Durlabhavardhana forgave Khankha, and won over his loyalty. After Baladitya's death, Khankha crowned him the new king.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Durlabhaka (Pratapaditya II)]] || 60&nbsp;years || 634 CE || Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chandrapida (Karkota dynasty)|Chandrapida (Vajraditya I)]] || 8&nbsp;years, 8&nbsp;months || 694 CE || Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha.<br />
|-<br />
| Tarapida (Udayaditya) || 4&nbsp;years, 24&nbsp;days || 703 CE || Younger brother of Chandrapida.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lalitaditya Muktapida|Muktapida]] (Lalitaditya I) || 36&nbsp;years, 7&nbsp;months, 11&nbsp;days || 703 CE || Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during the 8th century. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the [[Kambojas]], he immediately faced the [[Tokharistan|Tusharas]]. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western [[Tibet]] north of Kashmir, then the Daradas in [[Karakoram]]/[[Himalaya]], the Valukambudhi and then he subdues Strirajya, the [[Uttarakuru|Uttar Kuru]]/[[Western China]] and the [[Assam|Pragjyotish]]a respectively (IV.165–175). According to some historians, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Muktapida.{{sfn|Chadurah|1991|p=45}}{{sfn|Hasan|1959|p=54}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kuvalayapida (king)|Kuvalayapida]] || 1&nbsp;year, 15&nbsp;days || 739 CE || Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. His short reign was marked by a succession struggle with his half-brother Vajraditya II. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vajraditya II]] (Bappiyaka / Vappiyaka / Lalitaditya II) || 7&nbsp;years || 746 CE ||[[File:Vajraditya (Vigraha Deva) of the Karkota dynasty Circa 763-770.jpg |150px|right|Coin of king Vajraditya (Vigraha Deva) of the Karkota dynasty, c. 763–770 CE.]] Son of Lalitaditya and Chakramardika. He was a cruel and immoral person, who introduced the evil habits of mlechchhas to Kashmir.<br />
|-<br />
| Prithivyapida I || 4&nbsp;years, 1&nbsp;month || 750 CE || Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida.<br />
|-<br />
| Sangramapida I || 7&nbsp;days || 750 CE || Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week.<br />
|-<br />
| Jayapida (Vinayaditya); Jajja || 31&nbsp;years; 3&nbsp;years || 781 CE || Youngest son of Vajradjtya II. He erected a monument at [[Prayaga]], which existed at Kalhana's time. His wife Kalyanadevi was the daughter of Jayanta, the king [[Pundravardhana]] in [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda region]]. Jayapida subdued five kings of Gauda, and made them vassals of his father-in-law. On his way back to Kashmir, he also defeated the king of [[Kanyakubja]]. While Jayapida was in Gauda, his brother-in-law usurped the throne in Kashmir. After three years of ruling Kashmir, Jajja was killed by Shrideva, a supporter of Jayapida. Jayapida became the king once again, and patronized scholars. He waged wars against Bhimasena of the East and Aramuri of [[Nepala]]. In both instances, he was first imprisoned by the enemy king, but managed to escape and defeated the enemy. During the last years of his reign, he imposed excessive taxes on advice of Kayasthas, and treated his subjects cruelly. He died because of a curse by a Brahmin.<br />
|-<br />
| Lalitapida || 12&nbsp;years || 793 CE || Son of Jayapida and Durgi. He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties.<br />
|-<br />
| Sangramapida II (Prithivyapida II) || 7&nbsp;years || 805 CE || Son of Jayapida and Kalyana.<br />
|-<br />
| Chippatajayapida (Brhspati / Vrihaspati) || 12&nbsp;years || 812 CE || Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma.<br />
|-<br />
| Ajitapida || 37&nbsp;years || 830 CE || Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman.<br />
|-<br />
| Anangapida || 3&nbsp;years || 867 CE || Son of Sangramapida II. Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman.<br />
|-<br />
| Utpalapida || 2&nbsp;years || 870 CE || Son of Ajitapida. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. Deposed by the minister Shura.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Book 5: Utpala dynasty (Part-I) ===<br />
{{main|Utpala dynasty}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Ruler !! Reign !! Ascension year !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| [[Avanti Varman (Utpala dynasty)|Avantivarman]] || || 855 CE || Son of Sukhavarman. Made king by the minister Shura. Established the city of [[Awantipora|Avantipura]]<br />
|-<br />
| Shankaravarman || || 883 CE || According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers.<br />
|-<br />
| Gopalavarman || 2&nbsp;years || 902 CE || Son of Shankaravarman; ruled with help of his mother Sugandha; Murdered<br />
|-<br />
| Sankata || 10&nbsp;days || 904 CE || Brother of Gopalavarman, died soon after ascending the throne<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sugandha]] || 2&nbsp;years || 904 CE || Became queen after the death of all male heirs. Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed.<br />
|-<br />
| Partha || || 906 CE || 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins<br />
|-<br />
| Nirjitavarman || || 921 CE || Half-brother of Avantivarman.<br />
|-<br />
| Chakravarman || || 922 CE || Purchased the throne from the Tantrins<br />
|-<br />
| Shuravarman I || 1&nbsp;year || 933 CE || Purchased the throne from the Tantrins<br />
|-<br />
| Partha (2nd reign) || || 934 CE || Purchased the throne from the Tantrins<br />
|-<br />
| Chakravarman (2nd reign) || || 935 CE || Purchased the throne from the Tantrins<br />
|-<br />
| Shankaravardhana (or Shambhuvardhana) || || 935 CE || Purchased the throne from the Tantrins<br />
|-<br />
| Chakravarman (3rd reign) || || 936 CE || Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. An unpopular king, he was killed.<br />
|-<br />
| Unmattavanti ("Mad Avanti") || || 937 CE || Son of Partha. Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death.<br />
|-<br />
| Shuravarman II || || 939 CE || Son of Unmattavanti<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Book 6: Utpala dynasty (Part-II)===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Ruler !! Ascension year !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| Yashaskara-deva || 939 CE || [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0727 fol 28b detail.jpg|150px|right|The nobles of Kashmir enthrone Yashaskara, from a 14th-century manuscript of the [[Jami' al-Tawarikh]] of Rashid al-Din]] Elected by a council of Brahmins<br />
|-<br />
| Varnata || 948 CE ||<br />
|-<br />
| Sangramadeva (Sanggrama I) || 948 CE || Murdered by the ''divira'' (clerk or writer) Parvagupta, who had become a regent-minister<br />
|-<br />
| Parvagupta || 948 CE || Strong but unpopular ruler<br />
|-<br />
| Kshemagupta || 950 CE || Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of the [[Lohara dynasty]]). Didda and/or her relatives ran the administration.<br />
|-<br />
| Abhimanyu II || 958 CE || Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. Died young.<br />
|-<br />
| Nandigupta || 972 CE || Didda's grandson, deposed by her<br />
|-<br />
| Tribhuvanagupta || 973 CE || Didda's grandson, deposed by her<br />
|-<br />
| Bhimagupta || 975 CE || Didda's grandson, deposed by her<br />
|-<br />
| [[Didda]] || 980 CE || Wife of Kshemagupta<br />
<br />
After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (980–1003 CE) placed [[Samgrāmarāja]], son of her brother on the throne, starting the [[Lohara dynasty]].<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Book 7: First Lohara dynasty ===<br />
{{main|Lohara dynasty}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Ruler !! Reign{{sfn|Stein|1979|pp=133–138}} !! Ascension year !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sangramaraja]] (Samgramaraja / Kshamapati) || || 1003 CE || Nephew of Didda. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning [[Lohara dynasty]]'s rule over Kashmir.<br />
|-<br />
| Hariraja || 22&nbsp;days || 1028 CE ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ananta (king)|Ananta-deva]] || || 1028 CE || Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara<br />
|-<br />
| Kalasha (Ranaditya II) || || 1063 CE || Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by [[sati (practice)|sati]]-suicide by his mother. His son Harsha revolted against him, and was imprisoned.<br />
|-<br />
| Utkarsha || 22&nbsp;days || 1089 CE || Second son of Kalasha. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide<br />
|-<br />
| [[Harsha of Kashmir|Harsha]] || || died in 1101&nbsp;CE ||[[File:Harshadeva of Kashmir 1089-1101 CE.jpg|150px|right|Harshadeva of Kashmir 1089–1101 CE]] In his early years, he was a sagacious king, and a patron of art and literature. The later years of his reign were marked by unsuccessful military campaigns, resulting in excessive taxation and plundering of temples. Revolts by his generals [[Uchchala]] and Sussala (of Lohara family) ended his reign. His son Bhoja was killed, and Harsha himself was killed by Uchchala's men while hiding in a village.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Book 8: Second Lohara dynasty ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Ruler{{sfn|Stein|1979|pp=133–138}} !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| [[Uchchala]] || Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. Murdered by Radda.<br />
|-<br />
| Radda (Shankharaja) || Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara<br />
|-<br />
| Salhana || Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned.<br />
|-<br />
| Sussala || Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support<br />
|-<br />
| Bhikshachara || Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. Brought up by [[Naravarman]], the king of [[Malwa|Malava]]. Deposed Sussala.<br />
|-<br />
| Sussala (2nd reign) || Within 6&nbsp;months of Bhikshachara's ascension, Sussala recovered his capital, leading to a civil war<br />
|-<br />
| Jayasimha (Sinha-deva) || Sussala's son. In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Evaluation ==<br />
<br />
=== Literary ===<br />
[[File:Folio of a manuscript of the Rajatarangini by Kalhana, scribed by Rājānaka Ratnakaṇṭha, ca.1648–49.jpg|thumb|Folio of a manuscript of the Rajatarangini by Kalhana, scribed by Rājānaka Ratnakaṇṭha, ca.1648–49]]<br />
Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style.<ref>''Kalhana – Makers of Indian Literature''. IDE087 by Somnath Dhar Paperback (Edition: 1998)</ref><br />
<br />
=== Historical reliability ===<br />
[[File:Map of Kashmir, Kalhana's Rajatarangini, A Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir, Marc Aural Stein.jpg|thumb|Map of Kashmir, Kalhana's Rajatarangini, A Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir, Marc Aural Stein]]<br />
Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of ''Rajatarangini''. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. [[Toramana]] is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his son Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier.<ref>''A history of Sanskrit literature'' by [[Arthur Berriedale Keith]], Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1993; {{ISBN|81-208-0979-3}}, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0979-6}}</ref> Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors.{{sfn|Stein|1979|p=69}}<br />
<br />
Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]].{{sfn|Chadurah|1991|p=45}}{{sfn|Hasan|1959|p=54}}<br />
<br />
== Sequels ==<br />
<br />
; ''Rājataraṅgiṇī'' by Jonarāja<br />
: During the reign of Zain-ul-Abidin, [[Jonaraja|Jonarāja]] authored a sequel by the same name. Also known as ''Dvitīyā Rājataraṅgiṇī'' ("second Rajatarangini"), it gives an account of Kashmir from c. 1148 CE to 1459 CE.{{sfn|Slaje|2014|p=29}}<br />
<br />
; ''Jaina-Rājataraṅgiṇī'' by Śrīvara<br />
: After Jonarāja's death in 1459, his disciple [[Śrīvara|Śrīvara Paṇḍita]] continued his work. He titled his work ''Jaina-Rājataraṅgiṇī'', and it is also known as ''Tṛtīyā Rājataraṅgiṇī'' ("third Rājataraṅgiṇī"). It gives an account of Kashmir from 1451 CE to 1486 CE.{{sfn|Slaje|2022}}<br />
<br />
; ''Rājāvalipatākā'' by Prājyabhaṭṭa<br />
: Prājyabhaṭṭa's ''Rājāvalipatākā'' gave an account of Kashmir from 1486 to 1513. His work is lost.{{sfn|Slaje|2023}}<br />
<br />
; ''Caturthī Rājataraṅgiṇī'' by Śuka<br />
: Śuka continued Prājyabhaṭṭa's lost work, resulting in the ''Caturthī Rājataraṅgiṇī'' ("fourth Rājataraṅgiṇī"). It begins after the end of Bhaṭṭa Prājya’s Rājāvalipatākā in 1513, while Fatḥ Šāh was still exercising his second reign, and ends in 1597 with the construction of the Naganagarī city fort just before Emperor Akbar’s third visit to Śrīnagara.{{sfn|Slaje|2023}}<br />
<br />
==Translations ==<br />
[[File:Stein Kalhana's Rajatarangini.jpg|thumb|Translation of the ''Rajatarangini'' by [[Sir Aurel Stein]] (1900 edition).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stein |first1=Aurel |url=https://archive.org/details/RajataranginiVol1 |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini Vol 1 |date=1900}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stein |first1=Aurel |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.30952 |title=Kalhanas Rajatarangini,vol.2 |date=1900 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref>]]A [[Persian language|Persian]] [[translation]] of ''Rajatarangini'' was commissioned by [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Abidin]], who ruled Kashmir in the 15th century CE.<br />
<br />
[[Horace Hayman Wilson]] partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled ''The Hindu History of Kashmir'' (published in ''Asiatic Researches'' Volume 15). Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's ''Rajatarangini'' include:<br />
<br />
* ''Rajatarangini: The Saga of the Kings of Kashmir'' by Ranjit Sitaram Pandit (The Indian Press, Allahabad; 1935)<br />
* ''[[wikisource:Index:Kings of Kashmira Vol 1 (Rajatarangini of Kalhana).djvu|Kings of Kashmira]]'' (1879) by Jogesh Chandra Dutt<br />
* ''Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kaśmir'' by [[Marc Aurel Stein]]<br />
* ''In the Guise of Poetry — Kalhaṇa Reconsidered''. In: Śāstrārambha. Inquiries into the Preamble in Sanskrit. Edited by Walter Slaje. Preface by Edwin Gerow. (AKM 62). Wiesbaden 2008: 207–244.<br />
* {{cite book |first=Walter |last=Slaje |title=Kingship in Kaśmīr (AD 1148–1459). From the Pen of Jonarāja, Court Paṇḍit to Sulṭān Zayn al-'Ābidīn |series=Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis |volume=7 |publisher=University of Halle-Wittenberg |date=2014 |url=https://uvhw.de/files/3_uvHW_Leseproben/uvHW-088-8_TOC.+PROLOGUE.pdf}} Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. [https://uvhw.de/studia-indologica/product/131124_08-088-8.html]<br />
* {{cite book |first=Walter |last=Slaje |title=Kaschmir unter den Šāhmīrīden. Śrīvaras Jaina- und Rājataraṅgiṇī, A.D. 1451–1486 |series=Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis |volume=20 |publisher=University of Halle-Wittenberg |date=2022 |url=https://www.academia.edu/87476701 |language=de}} Four contemporary historical lives of rulers of an Indo-Persian sultanate. Newly published with annotated translation. [https://uvhw.de/studia-indologica/product/211230_08-252-3.html]<br />
* {{cite book |first=Walter |last=Slaje |title=Kaschmir im 16. Jahrhundert. Vom unabhängigen Sultanat zur mogulischen Annexion (Śukas Rājataraṅgiṇī, A. D. 1513–1597) |series=Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis |volume=27 |publisher=University of Halle-Wittenberg |date=2023 |language=de |url=https://uvhw.de/files/3_uvHW_Leseproben/uvHW-263-9_LESEPROBE.pdf}} Republished with an annotated translation. [https://uvhw.de/studia-indologica/product/230828_08-263-9.html]<br />
<br />
Translations in other languages include:<br />
<br />
* ''Rajatarangini'' with [[Hindi]] commentary by Ramtej Shastri Pandey (Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 1985)<br />
* ''Rajatarangini of Kalhana'', edited by Vishwa Bandhu (1963–65); a later addition includes the texts of Jonaraja, Srivara and Suka (1966–67)<br />
* ''Rajatarangini'', Hindi translation by Pandit Gopi Krishna Shastri Dwivedi<br />
* '' Histoire Des Rois Du Kachmir: Rajatarangini'', [[French language|French]] translation by M. Anthony Troyer<br />
* ''Rajatarangini'', [[Urdu]] translation by Pandit Thakar Acharchand Shahpuriah<br />
* Rajatarangini, [[Telugu language|Telugu]] translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry<br />
<br />
== Adaptations ==<br />
<br />
Several books containing legendary stories from ''Rajatarangini'' have been compiled by various authors. These include:<br />
<br />
* S.L. Sadhu's ''Tales from the Rajatarangini'' (1967)<ref>Machwe, Prabhakar, and Samyukta. 1969. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23329641 Indian Literature] 12 (2). Sahitya Akademi: 72–74.</ref><br />
* Devika Rangachari's ''Stories from Rajatarangini: Tales of Kashmir'' (2001)<br />
* Anant Pai's [[Amar Chitra Katha]] series:<br />
** ''Chandrapeeda and other Tales of Kashmir'' (1984)<br />
** ''The Legend of Lalitaditya: Retold from Kalhana's Rajatarangini'' (1999)<br />
<br />
A television series based on ''Rajatarangini'' named ''Meeras'' began in 1986 in [[Doordarshan]], [[Srinagar]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Chach Nama]], similar treatise about [[Sindh]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
<br />
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8EIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR20 |title=Kings of Káshmíra |first=Jogesh Chandra |last=Dutt |publisher=Trübner & Co |year=1879 }}<br />
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ImBDAAAAYAAJ |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir |volume=1 |first=Marc Aurel |last=Stein |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |orig-year=1900 |year=1979 |chapter=Chronological and Dynastic Tables of Kalhana's Record of Kasmir Kings |isbn=978-81-208-0368-8 }}<br />
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkpTy-_jEoYC&pg=PA37 |title=Historiography: A History of Historical Writing |first=Tej Ram |last=Sharma |publisher=Concept |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-8069-155-3 }}<br />
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC&pg=PA2 |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |first=Mohibbul |last=Hasan |publisher=Aakar |year=1959 |isbn=9788187879497 }}<br />
* {{cite book |editor=Nuradha Seneviratna |title=King Asoka and Buddhism: Historical and Literary Studies |author-link=Ananda W. P. Guruge |first=Ananda |last=Guruge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iE5uAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Buddhist Publication Society |isbn=978-955-24-0065-0 }}<br />
* {{cite book |title=History of Kashmir |first=Haidar Malik |last=Chadurah |publisher=Bhavna Prakashan |year=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTFuAAAAMAAJ}}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Marc Aurel |last=Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0370-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzxTkI9iAxkC&pg=PA439}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Kashur The Kashmiri Speaking People |first=Mohini Qasba |last=Raina |year=2013 |publisher=Partridge |isbn=9781482899450 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb-QBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA260}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Lahiri |first=Nayanjot |title=Ashoka in Ancient India |year=2015 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-91525-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JaVRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT379}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Culture and Political History of Kashmir: Medieval Kashmir |author=[[Prithivi Nath Kaul Bamzai]] |year=1994 |isbn=9788185880310}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://archive.org/details/RajataranginiOfKalhana-English-JogeshChunderDuttVolumes12 Rajatarangini of Kalhana] – English translation by Jogesh Chunder Dutt<br />
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282687/page/n11 Rajatarangini: The Saga of The Kings of Kasmir] – English translation by Ranjit Sitaram Pandit<br />
* [https://www.loc.gov/today/cyberlc/feature_wdesc.php?rec=4351 Rajatarangini and the Making of India's Past] – Webcast of a talk by Chitralekha Zutshi<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:History books about India]]<br />
[[Category:1140s books]]<br />
[[Category:12th-century Indian books]]<br />
[[Category:History of Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:12th-century Sanskrit literature]]<br />
[[Category:Kashmiri literature]]<br />
[[Category:Indian chronicles]]<br />
[[Category:Indian literature]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phyllocnistis_amydropa&diff=525451Phyllocnistis amydropa2026-03-15T22:26:27Z<p>Aniketdigi: creating a entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of moth}}<br />
<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| image = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| taxon = Phyllocnistis amydropa<br />
| authority = ([[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1934)<ref name="GTD">[http://www.gracillariidae.net/species_by_code/PHYLAMYD Phyllocnistis amydropa Meyrick, 1934] at the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera).</ref><br />
| synonyms =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Phyllocnistis amydropa''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Gracillariidae]], known from [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref name="GTD"/><br />
<br />
The hostplant for the species is ''[[Gmelina arborea]]''. They [[leaf miner|mine]] the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a wandering gallery under the upper cuticle of the leaf.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q7188680}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Phyllocnistis]]<br />
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]<br />
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Moths described in 1934]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Phyllocnistis-stub}}</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._P._Souzalin&diff=504913J. P. Souzalin2026-03-14T18:01:51Z<p>Aniketdigi: Created Initial Biography Added Tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian playwright and actor (1904–1976)}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = J. P. Souzalin<br />
| image = Portrait of J. P. Souzalin.jpg<br />
| caption = Portrait of Fernandes during his youth <br />
| birth_name = José Pascoal Fernandes<br />
| birth_place = [[Calvim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1904|3|22|df=y}}<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1976|7|18|1904|3|22|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Bombay, Maharashtra]] (now Mumbai), India<br />
| years_active = 1935–1976<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Playwright|theatre director|producer|actor|singer}}<br />
| notable_works = ''[[Nirmon]]'' (1966)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''José Pascoal Fernandes''' (22 March 1904 – 18 July 1976), known professionally as '''J. P. Souzalin''', was an Indian playwright, [[theatre director]], [[theatrical producer]], actor, and singer known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions. Referred to as the "[[Cecil B. DeMille]] of the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] stage," Fernandes was known for his [[Christian drama|religious dramas]], having written and directed 40 ''tiatrs''. He was a senior ''[[tiatrist]]'' during the golden phase of ''tiatr'' from the 1930s to the 1970s. During a time when [[Saib Rocha]], a Konkani playwright, was unable to continue due to health issues, Fernandes and [[Aleixinho De Candolim]] took on much of the responsibility for producing Konkani plays.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
In the city of [[Bombay]], Fernandes became a valued member of [[Saib Rocha]]'s Union Jack Dramatic Company. Initially known for his acting abilities, Fernandes delivered a memorable portrayal of [[Romeo]] in Saib Rocha's ''[[tiatr]]'' production of ''Romeo & Juliet'', earning praise from audiences. Subsequently, he captivated viewers once again with his performance in another ''tiatr'', assuming the role of a character named "Souzalin." Such was his brilliance in this role that he became affectionately known by that name. Within Saib Rocha's company, Fernandes began to explore his talents as a playwright, penning his own ''tiatrs'' and translating [[English drama|English plays]] into [[Konkani language|Konkani]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=da Costa |first=Fausto V. |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=13–14}}</ref> Driven by his enthusiasm and pursuit of perfection, Fernandes soon emerged as a popular writer, producer, and director in the theatrical realm. Any ''tiatr'' bearing his name was guaranteed to draw a capacity crowd, with audiences flocking to witness Fernandes's productions. With each new ''tiatr'', Fernandes continually pushed the boundaries and delighted spectators with his innovative direction and [[stagecraft]]. Some likened him to American filmmaker [[Cecil B. DeMille]] of the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]], acknowledging his immense contribution and influence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=33–36, 364–365 |language=en |access-date=2024-02-22 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Fernandes's career boasts several achievements. He holds the distinction of being the first producer and director to stage three performances of the same ''tiatr'' on a single day, each show witnessing a sold-out audience. This feat was accomplished with his acclaimed ''tiatr Sam Francis Xavier'' ([[Saint Francis Xavier]]) which graced the stage of the Princess Theatre, Bhangwadi in Bombay on 25 November 1969.<ref name=":1" /> This accomplishment not only established a record within the Konkani ''tiatr'' community but also garnered attention throughout the broader theatrical landscape of Bombay and its surrounding areas.<ref name=":0" /> Throughout his career, Fernandes authored a [[repertoire]] of 40 ''tiatrs'', including works such as ''Dream of Lisbon'', ''Hem Assa Tem'', ''Dadlo Vhodd Vo Ostori?'' (Is Man great or Woman?), ''Saibinnicheo Sat Dukhi'' ([[Our Lady of Sorrows|Seven Sorrows of Mary]]), ''Pai, Tujeach Tonddan Magon Ghetiem'', ''Sad Aimorecho'', ''Nimanneo Chear Vostu'' (The Last Four Things), ''Paichi Chuk vo Maichi?'' (Father's mistake or Mother's?), ''Patkanchem Dar'' (The Door of Sin), ''Dev Bapachi Dhu'', ''Oxench Kelear Sudrot Goem'', ''Sezarnik Ho Go Dodlacho'', ''Rasna ani Jacob'' (Rasna and Jacob), ''Khotti Songot'' (Bad Company), ''Aum to Mapxenkar'' (It's me, hailing from [[Mapuça]]), ''Filomenanchem Sopon'' (Filomena's Dream), ''Xeutteak Polloun Justis'', ''Deko Xett, Uska Aurot'' (Look ''[[Shett]]'', his Woman), ''Conde de Monte Cruzo'' (Count of Monte Cruzo), ''Jesus ani Judas'' ([[Jesus]] and [[Judas]]), ''Pe. Agnel'' ([[Agnelo de Souza|Padre Agnel]]), ''Panch Mister Horkache'' (Five [[Glorious Mysteries]]), ''Bhag Juzechi Khorvont'', ''Sam Francis Xavier'', ''Sant Anton'' ([[Anthony of Padua|Saint Anthony]]), ''Tiklem Cheddum'' (The girl born after three consecutive boys), and ''Assnoracho Kistulo?''.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
Fernandes gained recognition for his ''tiatr'' (a form of [[Goan]] [[musical theatre]]) titled ''Hem Asa Tem''. This particular production achieved a milestone by being staged a total of 27 times at the Princess Theatre in Bombay. Fernandes holds the distinction of being the sole director to have accomplished such a feat with this ''tiatr'' at that specific venue. Fernandes's artistic endeavors primarily centered around [[Christian drama|religious themes]], which resonated well with audiences. His ''tiatrs'' received widespread acceptance and popularity. One of the reasons behind their success was Fernandes's meticulous attention to detail in terms of casting and direction. He ensured that his productions featured the most popular actors and actresses on the Konkani stage, and he dedicated substantial time and effort to [[rehearsal]]s and overall artistic direction.<ref name=":0" /> Initially, Fernandes limited his performances to Bombay. However, in January 1965, he embarked on a significant milestone by presenting his t''iatr Saibinnicheo Sat Dukhi'' in Goa for the first time. This marked the beginning of Fernandes's growing influence and popularity in Goa. Later that same year, he staged ''Hem Asa Tem in Goa'', further cementing his status as a highly sought-after director in the region.<ref name=":2" /> ''Saibinnicheo Sat Dukhi'', featured in the ''Tiatrancho Jhelo'', stands out as one of Fernandes's notable works. This [[Liturgical drama|religious drama]] explores the sufferings of the [[Virgin Mary]] and is known for its lyrical, mystical, and [[metaphorical language]]. The ''tiatr'' weaves together elements from [[biblical]] accounts, historical events, and fictional narratives, captivating audiences and providing them with a compelling and immersive dramatic experience, writes [[Goa University]] professor André Raphael Fernandes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |pages=137–138 |language=en |access-date=2024-02-22 |archive-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126045216/https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Fernandes's contributions extended beyond directing. He was known as an accomplished [[set designer]], widely recognized for his skills in this area. In his quest for artistic growth, Fernandes attended performances of diverse theatrical traditions, including [[Marathi theatre|Marathi]], [[Gujarati theatre|Gujarati]], and [[Parsi theatre|Parsi plays]]. This exposure allowed him to enhance his own [[stagecraft]] and incorporate new ideas into his productions.<ref name=":1" /> Another aspect of Fernandes's work was his specialization in [[Sopranist|singing female parts in songs]]. He possessed a talent for flawlessly mimicking female voices during duets. Many of Fernandes's songs were recorded and released by [[Gramophone Company India]], with "Goeant Kitem Xizta, Tem Mapxeam, Ponnje Ravon Dista" emerging as a popular hit aired on [[All India Radio]].<ref name=":2" /> Fernandes's influence extended beyond the stage. During his visits to [[Goa]], he received support from the local community, resulting in sold-out shows wherever he performed. He played a pivotal role in introducing numerous actors and actresses to the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]], contributing to the growth and enrichment of the theatrical landscape. Fernandes played a significant part in launching the career of [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], a singer-actor. In addition to his work in theatre, Fernandes showcased his acting skills in the [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film]] ''[[Nirmon]]'' (1966). He also embarked on tours with his troupe, performing in both [[Bombay]] and Goa.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
[[File:J P Souzalin.jpg|thumb|upright|Fernandes during his youth]]<br />
José Pascoal Fernandes was born on 22 March 1904, [[Calvim]], [[Aldona]], [[Goa]], was then part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]]. He received his primary education in Portuguese at a local school and exhibited a keen interest in drama from a young age, organizing plays involving children.<ref name=":1" /> Fernandes experienced the early loss of his father, and his mother faced significant hardships while raising him. In pursuit of further education, Fernandes traveled to [[Karachi]] before eventually returning to [[Bombay]]. During his youth, he demonstrated resourcefulness by constructing makeshift stages using wooden benches and utilizing bed sheets as curtains for the performances he orchestrated. It was in Bombay that he seized an opportunity to showcase his talent as a ''[[tiatrist]]'', a performer in the [[Konkani-language]] dramatic tradition, with [[Saib Rocha]]'s Union Jack Dramatic Company.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
On 18 July 1976, Fernandes died in Bombay, India. At the time of his death, he was in the midst of creating a new script entitled ''Misachi Bhett'' ([[Holy Mass]]).<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
The [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] have recognized Fernandes' contributions by dedicating a [[lane]] in [[Marine Lines]] as 'J. P. Souzalin Marg'. Furthermore, a road that leads to his hometown, [[Calvim]] in [[Aldona]], Goa, has been named in his honor. Fernandes' well-received ''tiatr'', ''Saibinnicheo Sat Dukhi'', has been included in the publication ''Tiatrancho Jhelo Vol. 2'' by the [[Goa Konkani Akademi]].<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
|1966<br />
|''[[Nirmon]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Selected stage works==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
|1935<br />
|''Romeo & Juliet''<br />
|[[Romeo]]<br />
|Professional debut<br />
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|1930s/1940s<br />
|Untitled ''tiatr''<br />
|Souzalin<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|1965<br />
|''Saibinnicheo Sat Dukhi''<br />
|Writer/director <br />
|<br />
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":2" /><br />
|-<br />
|''Hem Assa Tem''<br />
|Writer/director<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1969<br />
|''Sam Francis Xavier''<br />
|Writer/producer/director<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":1" /><br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Dream of Lisbon''<br />
|Writer/director <br />
|<br />
|rowspan="23"|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Dadlo Vhodd Vo Ostori?''<br />
|Writer/director <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Pai, Tujeach Tonddan Magon Ghetiem''<br />
|Writer/director <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Sad Aimorecho''<br />
|Writer/director <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Nimanneo Chear Vostu''<br />
|Writer/director <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Paichi Chuk vo Maichi?''<br />
|Writer/director <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Patkanchem Dar''<br />
|Writer/director <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Dev Bapachi Dhu''<br />
|Writer/director <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Oxench Kelear Sudrot Goem''<br />
|Writer/director <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Sezarnik Ho Go Dodlacho''<br />
|Writer/director <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Rasna ani Jacob''<br />
|Writer/director <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Khotti Songot''<br />
|Writer/director <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Aum to Mapxenkar''<br />
|Writer/director <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Filomenanchem Sopon''<br />
|Writer/director <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Xeutteak Polloun Justis''<br />
|Writer/director<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Deko Xett, Uska Aurot''<br />
|Writer/director <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Conde de Monte Cruzo''<br />
|Writer/director<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Jesus ani Judas''<br />
|Writer/director<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Pe. Agnel''<br />
|Writer/director<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Panch Mister Horkache''<br />
|Writer/director <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Bhag Juzechi Khorvont''<br />
|Writer/director <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Sant Anton''<br />
|Writer/director<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Tiklem Cheddum''<br />
|Writer/director<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Assnoracho Kistulo''<br />
|Writer/director<br />
|<br />
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":2" /><br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Misachi Bhett''<br />
|Writer<br />
|Final production; not completed<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Select discography==<br />
*''Goeant Kitem Xizta, Tem Mapxeam, Ponnje Ravon Dista''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Imdb name|id=4108700}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Souzalin, J. P.}}<br />
[[Category:1904 births]]<br />
[[Category:1976 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Tiatrists]]<br />
[[Category:Actors from North Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from North Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_wedding_traditions&diff=462514Punjabi wedding traditions2026-03-09T02:03:51Z<p>Aniketdigi: small cleanup layout for clarity further and updated info as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Overview of the wedding traditions in Punjab}}<br />
{{original research|date=February 2016}}<br />
<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
<br />
| image1 = Painting of a Sikh marriage procession of a wedding, ca.1860.jpg<br />
<br />
| image2 = Sikh painting of a marriage procession, circa 19th century.jpg<br />
<br />
| header = [[Sikh art and culture|Sikh paintings]] of a Punjabi wedding procession, ca.1850–1900<br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Punjabis}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Mudh.jpg|thumb|Punjabi wedding in Mudh, Jalandhar]]'''Punjabi wedding traditions''' strongly reflect Punjabi culture with rituals, songs, dances, food, and dress that have evolved over centuries. There are also some variations of Punjabi wedding traditions based on the couple’s religion, with the main religions in the region including Hinduism, Sikhism, and Islam. A Punjabi wedding usually consists of the pre-wedding ceremonies (Rokka, Kurmai, Sangeet, Mehndi, Mayian, Haldi, Jaggo), the wedding day ceremonies (Milni, Varmala, Joota chupai), and post-wedding ceremonies (Vidaai, Reception, Phera Dalna).Punjabi weddings are lively and joyful celebrations filled with music, dance, and tradition. They usually include colourful events like the mehndi and sangeet, where family and friends sing and dance together. The wedding ceremony is often held at a gurdwara, where the couple walks around the Guru Granth Sahib. Punjabi weddings bring families together and celebrate love, culture, and community.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pre-wedding traditions==<br />
'''Rokka''' <br />
<br />
The word Rokka means "to stop" and symbolizes the end of the courtship process. Rokka is one of the most significant ceremonies that take place before a Punjabi wedding. The Rokka ceremony marks the union of both the bride and groom's family and friends. During this event, the families of the bride and groom will begin to make general plans for the upcoming wedding, such as the date of the wedding.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Myrvold |first=Kristina |date=2004 |title=Wedding Ceremonies in Punjab |url=https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/sitefiles/journals/volume11/no2/5_myrvold.pdf |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=155–170 |via=Lund University Research Portal}}</ref> Gifts from both families are acceptable at Rokka, with families usually exchanging gifts like fruits and candies. Some families may also have the couple exchange rings during the event.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Babar |first=Muhammad |last2=Cheema |first2=Qurat Ul Ain |date=July–December 2023 |title=Thread of Love: Exploring the Timeless Wedding Traditions of Punjab's Sikh Community Across the Borders |url=https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/4_38_2_23.pdf |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=217–236 |via=Creative Commons}}</ref> Towards the end of the event, the bride and her family will be given additional gifts and gold. Some Punjabis will also partake in a ceremony called the Chunni Chadana where the groom’s family gives the bride a chunni (headscarf) that symbolizes her acceptance into the family.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Gaganpreet |last2=Kaur |first2=Lakhwinder |date=December 2018 |title=Change and continuity in wedding ceremonies in rural Punjab |url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/20193054202 |journal=Asian Journal of Home Science |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=453–458 |via=Hind Agri-Horticultural Society}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Kurmai (engagement)===<br />
[[File:Intricate Phulkari embroidery for a Punjabi wedding in the US, 2019.jpg|thumb|''Phulkari'' embroidery for a Punjabi wedding in the U.S., 2019]]<br />
Engagement is a significant part of a Punjabi wedding. First, the girl is draped with a [[phulkari]] (very decorative dupatta), which is usually very ornate. In some families, this [[chunni]] is a family heirloom, passed down from generation to generation. She is also presented with jewelry, which her mother and sister-in-law help her wear. A tiny dot of henna paste (mehndi) is applied to her palm for good luck, and the function is sealed with the exchange of rings. The bride's father applies the tikka (forehead mark) to the groom's forehead and blesses him. The exchange of gifts takes place between the two families. Everyone present congratulates the couple by feeding them sweets.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
===(Ladies) Sangeet / Dholki===<br />
The word sangeet is Sanskrit for "sung together." A sangeet ceremony is a traditional Punjabi and North Indian prewedding ceremony involving lots of festive dancing and celebratory songs. According to Sen, "It is traditionally recognized as a prewedding custom only in many parts of North India. Historically, the Indian wedding tradition of a sangeet ceremony was a female-only event that was organized by the ladies of the bride and groom's families to celebrate the bride a few days before the main wedding ceremony. During the event, the women of the families gather together and sing folk songs as a celebration of the union. They will also perform Giddha (folk dances usually performed by women).<ref name=":2" /> Modern Sangeet ceremonies have evolved to being celebrated in either one's home or in larger venues to accommodate the proposed number of guests.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
===Mehndi===<br />
The last major function before the wedding is decoration with temporary [[henna]] (''[[mehndi]]''; [[henna ceremony]]). This is often blended with the sangeet ceremony. Mehndi artists are called to the houses of the boy and girl and apply mehendi to the palms of the female family members, the groom, and the hands and feet of the bride. A basket containing ''Bindi ''and bangles is handed around so girls can choose those that match the outfit they plan to wear to the wedding. The Mehendi ceremony takes place in the atmosphere of a party. The bride and other ladies get mehendi ([[henna]] designs) done, on their hands and feet (most ladies get it done only on their hands but the bride gets it done on both hands and feet). For the bride, the ''mehendi'' is sent by the future mother-in-law, which is beautifully decorated. There is also a superstition that the darker the mehndi ends up becoming, the more the mother-in-law loves her new daughter-in-law.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, there is a tradition where the initials of the groom are hidden in the intricate designs and the groom will try to find his initials.<br />
<br />
=== Rituals at the bride's home ===<br />
<br />
=== Chooda ===<br />
On the wedding day, the rituals at the girl's home begin with the [[chooda]] ceremony. The oldest maternal uncle and aunt play an important role in the performance of the ceremony. Choora is a set of Red bangles, gifted by the girl's ''mama'' (mother's brother). People touch the choora and give their heartiest wishes to the girl for her future married life. Also, they sprinkle flower petals on the bride. After that, the girl's uncle, aunt, friends, and cousins tie [[kaleera|kaliras]] (silver, gold, or gold-plated traditional ornaments) to a bangle worn by the girl. Some families also have a tradition of hitting the kaliras against each other over the heads of unmarried girls on the bride’s side to predict who will get married next. If pieces fall on the girl’s head, it means that she will be married next.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Haldi / Vatna ===<br />
Four lamps or ''[[diya (lamp)|diyas]]'' are lit and the bride sits facing them. Oil is constantly poured into the lamps so that the glow from the diyas is reflected on her face. ''Vatna'' involves applying a paste made from turmeric powder and mustard oil all over the bride's body by her female friends and relatives. This is done to make the bride look more beautiful on the most special day of her life. This ritual demands that the bride stay at home in her old clothes for a couple of days before her wedding. Vatna/''Ubtan'' (a mixture of turmeric, gram flour, rose water, and other beneficial skincare ingredients){{clarify|date=December 2017}} is supposed to bring a glow to the bride's and groom's bodies, especially on their faces. This tradition is also known as ''Shaint'' in some cultures. After this ritual, the bride and groom are constrained from meeting each other until the wedding ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TheTalesOfTradition |date=2024-01-17 |title=PUNJABI WEDDING: RITUALS, CEREMONIES, ATTIRE & MORE! |url=https://thetalesoftradition.com/punjabi-wedding-ritual/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=The Tales of Tradition |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Ghara gharoli (Hindu) ===<br />
A decorated pitcher of water (''ghadoli'') is brought for the bride's bath by the bride's ''bhabi'' (brother's wife). In the ''ghara gharoli'' ritual, the bride's sibling or sibling's spouse visits the nearby temple and fills a pitcher with holy water. The girl is then bathed with this holy water. Thereafter, the bride wears her wedding attire. The ghara gharoli and the vatna ceremonies take place at the groom's house too. But over there, the groom's sister-in-law brings the pitcher of water. As per the tradition, their wedding dress is presented to them by their respective maternal uncles.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
=== Jaggo ===<br />
Jaggo translates "to wake up".<ref name=":1" /> In this ceremony, the family dances and sings in the beautifully decorated wedding home. ''Jaggo'' is celebrated in the last hours of the night. They decorate copper or brass vessels called ''khadaa'' with [[diya (lamp)|diveh]] (clay lamps) and fill them with [[mustard oil]] and light them. The bride or bridegroom's maternal aunt (''mami'') carries it on her head, and another woman will carry a long stick with bells, shaking it. The women will then go into other friends' and families' homes; after being welcomed by sweets and drinks, they dance there and move on.<ref name=":0" /> It is a loud ceremony, filled with joy, dancing, fireworks, and food. It is also practiced in Pakistan.<br />
<br />
=== Mayian ===<br />
This is the preparation ceremony before a Punjabi wedding. This ceremony is an evening festival, at the couple's parental homes. It consists of many rites, the ''Vatna'', ''Choora'', ''Jaggo'' fireworks, and sometimes the Ladies ''Sangeet'' and ''Mehndi''. The Mayian typically happens a couple of nights or the night before the wedding and is celebrated according to which part of Punjab the participants are from.{{vague|date=December 2017}} In some areas, the Maiyan begins with the couple getting a red thread called mauli tied on their wrists. The couple will also have Vatna reapplied to look refreshed for the wedding day. The couple typically remain secluded in their homes to prepare for the wedding and to avoid evil eye.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Wedding Day Traditions==<br />
<br />
=== Rituals at the grooms’s home ===<br />
'''Sarvala''': A young nephew or cousin dons the same attire as the groom. He is called the ''sarvala'' (caretaker of the groom) and accompanies him.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
'''Sehra''': Like at the bride's home, the Vatna and Ghara Gharoli are followed by the dressing up of the groom in his wedding attire. In a Hindu Punjabi wedding, a [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] is performed after the groom has dressed up in his wedding clothes. Thereafter, the groom's sister ties the ''[[sehra (headdress)|sehra]]'' on the groom's head. After the completion of ''Sehrabandi'' ceremony, all those who witness the function give gifts and cash to the boy as a token of good luck.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
'''Varna''' is a ceremony that is supposed to ward off the evil eye. The groom's ''bhabi'' lines his eyes with ''surma'' (kohl).<br />
<br />
'''Ghodi Chadna''' is the final ceremony at the groom's place. The groom's sisters and cousins feed and adorn his mare. To ward off the evil eye, people use cash and perform the ''Varna'' ritual. The cash is then distributed among the poor. After this, the boy climbs the horse and leaves his home for the wedding venue.<br />
<br />
=== Rituals at the wedding venue ===<br />
<br />
=== Milni ===<br />
Milni means "introductions". In a Sikh marriage, ''Ardas'' is performed by the person in charge of looking after the Sikh scriptures, followed by the formal introductions of senior men in the families. For example, both eldest ''chachas'' (father's younger brother) will come together and exchange garlands of flowers. In the Milni ceremony,<ref>{{Cite web |last=ttdigital |date=2024-12-24 |title=The Milni Ceremony: Bridging Families with Love and Respect |url=https://www.thetamarindtree.in/blog/milni-ceremony/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=An Award Winning Wedding Venue - Bangalore |language=en-US}}</ref> the girl's relatives give ''shagun'' (a token of good luck) to the groom's close relatives in descending order of age. Cash and clothes are gifted.<br />
<br />
=== Jaimala/Varmala (hindu) ===<br />
After Milni, the bride and groom come to the center of the circle where the family is standing and place a heavily made garland made of flowers- [[varmala]] on each other. This acts as a statement that they accept each other and will love and live together with one another. Friends and relatives of the bride and groom indulge in teasing and fun, to celebrate this happy occasion. An auspicious time or muhurat is chosen for the performance of the wedding ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Punjabi Wedding Ceremony |date=2024-08-03 |title=10 Essential Punjabi Wedding Traditions You Need to Know |url=https://www.venuebookingz.com/blog/colorful-customs-10-essential-punjabi-wedding-traditions-you-need-to-know-73 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Venuebookingz |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Wedding Event ===<br />
<br />
==== Hindu Traditions ====<br />
The bride's father puts a ring on the boy's finger and then he gives his daughter to the boy. This ritual is known as the Kanyadaan. It is after the Kanyadaan that the Pheras begin. The pheras take place in front of the sacred fire, agni. After this the groom applies Sindoor (vermilion) to the girl's hair partition and the Mangalsutra Rasam takes place where the groom ties a beaded necklace i.e. a mangalsutra to the girl's neck. When all these rituals are over, the couple gets up to touch the feet of all the elder members of the family and seek their blessings for a happily married life. In a Hindu Wedding, Agni (sacred fire) is usually encircled seven times.<br />
<br />
==== Sikh Punjabi Traditions ====<br />
In a [[Sikh wedding]], the bride and groom will walk in tow around the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] four times, called ''laavaan''. This signifies they vow to see each other as one soul in two bodies, the ideal in Sikh marriage, and acknowledge the Guru as the center of their marriage. Sikhs do not do pujas during any part of the marriage ceremony.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
=== Joota chupai ===<br />
Joota chupai means 'hiding the shoes'. The bride's sisters indulge in stealing the groom's shoes right after the wedding. It is a fun tradition, in which the girls charge a fee for agreeing to return the shoes. They demand gold Kalecharis for the bride's sisters and silver for her cousins.<ref name=":0" />[[File:Chuda and kalire ceremony.jpg|thumb|Chuda and kalire ceremony]]<br />
[[File:Rajput wedding riding3.jpg|right|thumb|Groom riding a horse with his sarbala]][[File:Sehra.jpg|upright|thumb|A groom with sehra]][[File:Rajput wedding riding2.jpg|right|thumb|Ghodi chadna]][[File:The Punjabi Wedding Celebration (10).jpg|thumb|upright|Sikh groom at ''Milni'']][[File:Punjabi Wedding by Sumita Roy.webm|thumb|Jaimala in Punjabi Hindu Wedding]]<br />
<br />
== Post-wedding rituals ==<br />
[[File:SUHAG 13.jpg|thumb|Ring finding ritual]]<br />
<br />
=== Vidaai/Doli ===<br />
Vidaai marks the departure of the bride from her parental house. As a custom, the bride throws phulian or puffed rice over her head. The ritual conveys her good wishes for her parents. A traditionally sad ritual, here the bride says goodbye to her parents, siblings, and the rest of her family. Her brothers/male cousins then lead her to her husband, who waits to take her to his family home to begin her new life as a married woman. Her relatives throw coins in the wake of this procession.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The mother-in-law has a glass of water in her hand, which she circles three times around her new daughter-in-law and then offers it to her to drink, as a symbol of her acceptance and blessing as her newest daughter.<br />
<br />
===Rituals at the groom's home===<br />
<br />
=== Reception ===<br />
The newlyweds are welcomed in a ceremony called the ''pani bharna'' at the groom's house. Then the bride must, with her right foot, kick the ''sarson ka tel'' (mustard oil) that is put on the sides of the entrance door before she enters the house. Then, along with her husband, she must offer ''puja'' in their room. Then they must touch the feet of the elders in a ceremony called ''matha tekna''. The rest of the evening is spent playing traditional games.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Phera Dalna ===<br />
The newly weds visit the bride's parents on the day after the wedding. The bride's brother usually fetches them.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Important wedding songs==<br />
[[File:Pakistani Punjabis at a wedding.jpg|thumb|Pakistani Punjabis at a wedding]]<br />
'''Songs of the bridegroom's side'''<br />
<br />
* ''Mangane di geet'': sung at the time of engagement<br />
* ''Maneve de gaon'': songs sung to welcome the bridegroom<br />
* ''Gharouli de geet'': sung while filling the pitcher (''gharouli'') for Bride/Bridegroom's bath before the wedding<br />
* ''Chounki charanvele de geet'': songs sung when the bridegroom sits on the ''chounki'' wooden bathing seat<br />
* ''Suhag'': sung by the bride in praise of her parents and the happy days of her childhood and in anticipation of happy days ahead<br />
* ''Jaggo'': procession song to call the neighbours to the wedding<br />
* ''Churra charan vele da geet'': sung when the ''chura'' ceremonial bangles are worn by the bride<br />
* ''Janj'': sung when the ''janj'' marriage procession is to be greeted<br />
* ''Milni'': sung at the ritual introduction of the two sides<br />
* ''Ghenne de geet'': sung when the bride is adorned with jewels<br />
* ''Siftan'': song in praise of the bridegroom<br />
* ''Chhandh'': evolved from poetry, songs of joy<br />
<br />
'''Sitthniyan (taunts)'''<br />
<br />
* Song sung when the bridegroom's procession is being welcomed<br />
* Song sung when the wari, or gifts from the bridegroom's side, are being exhibited<br />
* Song sung when the groom's party sits down to the meal<br />
* Song sung when the daaj, dowry or the bridal gifts, are being displayed<br />
<br />
'''Others'''<br />
<br />
* ''Lavan Phere'': sung at the time of the actual wedding ritual<br />
* ''Maiya'': sung when the girl is preparing for the wedding and is bathed by the women at home. It goes for both men and women.<br />
* ''Vedi de geet'': sung while erecting the marriage ''pandal''<br />
* ''Khatt'': sung at the time the maternal grandparents present gifts to the bride on an overturned ''tokra'', or basket<br />
* ''Pani vaarna'': welcoming the bride to her new home<br />
* ''Bidaigi'': sung when the bride is being sent off in the ''doli''<br />
* ''Ghughrian'': sung when the ''doli'' arrives at the groom's house<br />
* ''Shahana'': sung by ''mirasis'' in praise of the bridegroom<br />
* ''Til Methre'': sung while welcoming the bride and orienting her to the family<br />
* ''Pattal'': song sung before meal<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Arranged marriage in India]]<br />
* [[Sikh wedding]]<br />
* [[Punjabi culture]]<br />
* [[Indian wedding photography]]<br />
* [[Hindi wedding songs]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}{{Indian wedding}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjabi Wedding Traditions}}<br />
[[Category:Punjabi culture]]<br />
[[Category:Indian wedding traditions]]<br />
[[Category:Weddings by culture]]<br />
[[Category:Marriage in Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani traditions]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitti_(2010_film)&diff=517978Mitti (2010 film)2026-03-08T02:53:23Z<p>Aniketdigi: creating basic entry more to come...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{for|2001 Hindi film|Mitti (2001 film)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=August 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Mitti<br />
| image = Mitti 2010 film.jpg<br />
| alt = <!-- see WP:ALT --><br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[Jatinder Mauhar]]<br />
| producer = Kamalpreet Singh Bains & Rubina Baig<br />
| writer = [[Jatinder Mauhar]]<br />
| starring = [[Mika Singh]], [[Rabbi Kandola]], [[Vaquar Shaikh]], [[Victor John]]<br />
| music = [[Mika Singh]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Jatinder Sairaj]]<br />
| editing = [[S Bharat]]<br />
| distributor = [[Eros intl]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|1|8}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
'''''Mitti''''' is a 2010 [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi film]] directed by Jatinder Mauhar with story, screenplay & dialogues by Jatinder himself, produced by Kamalpreet Singh Bains & Rubina Baig, and starring [[Mika Singh]], [[Rabbi Kandola]], [[Vaquar Shaikh]], and [[Victor John]]<br />
<br />
''Mitti'' released on 8 January 2010 globally. Upon release, the film underperformed at the box office but was loved by the Punjabi audiences.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
''Mitti'' is a film about Punjab's youth today and their political disputes. It's a story about four youth who are best of friends and how their life changes after an incident takes place.<br />
<br />
Jeet Brar who is a farmer and a local kisaan leader represents the motivated and charged group of people, But on the other hand there is the Young blood of Punjab who is unaware about the danger their state is facing and these young people do not have any mission in their life, most of them want to become a singer or want to go to foreign, and some are behind to find the way how to make fast money and some of them are slaves to the corrupt politicians of the state, such type of young group of people represent the four central characters of the film namely Rabbi Sidhu, Gaazi Dhillon, Lalli Brar and Tunda. All these four youngsters work for the corrupt politician Sardar Harmail Singh. They are prone to alcohol and are walking on the way of crime. They are not all concerned about their future and about themselves, among them Laali Brar is the brother of Jeet Brar but Laali is not at all ready to listen to his brother. Beside This there is a character of a girl called Neeru daughter of Sharma NRI who has also studied with these guys in University, and Gaazi loves Neeru But Neeru Loves Rabbi and this Love Triangle of these three creates problem within the friendship of Rabbi and Gaazi, and among all the father of Neeru does not agree her daughter to talk to these criminals, from here a different angle comes to the life of these characters, and the fourth character Tunda is from very poor family but his friends never let him realize that he is from poor family, Tunda's father always scolded him that he will get nothing being with these rich people, he will have to work one day but he never listened to his father.<br />
<br />
Among all this scenario there is a character of journalist called Sarabjit who just wants to show the truth of the people of state and wants to expose the corrupt leader Sardar Harmail Singh, he also manages to make the MMS of Sardar, but with the help of these four guys Sardar manages to take back the cd & DV from journalist Sarabjit while doing so all the four friends kill journalist accidentally.<br />
<br />
The film revolves around the current scenario of Punjab and its problems.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Mika Singh]]<br />
*[[Vaquar Shaikh]]<br />
* Rabbi Kandola<br />
* Kashish Dhanoyaaa<br />
* Sardar Sohi<br />
* Tejwant Mangat<br />
* Hardeep Gill<br />
* B.N. Sharma<br />
* Victor John<br />
* Yaad Garewal<br />
* Kartar Cheema <br />
* Dr. Ranjit<br />
* Gurdev Singh<br />
* Naginder Ghakhar<br />
<br />
==Singers==<br />
* [[Mika Singh]]<br />
* Kamal Bains (Nisdin)<br />
* [[Shipra Goyal]] (Boliyan)<br />
* Dev Mann AKA [[Gurdev Singh Mann]] (Lahu,Daru)<br />
* Madhu Sudhan (Meri Maut)<br />
* Raja (Lahu)<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
The film released on 8 January 2010.<br />
<br />
Cinematography '''Jatinder Sairaj'''<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{official website|http://mitti.erosentertainment.com/| Mitti}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitti}}<br />
[[Category:2010 films]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2010 Punjabi-language films]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Command_(India)&diff=454844Central Command (India)2026-03-04T12:22:26Z<p>Aniketdigi: fix structure also per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Army regional command}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox military unit<br />
| unit_name = Central Command<br />
| image = Central Command, Indian Army.png<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| caption = Insignia of the Central Command<br />
| country = {{country|India}}<br />
| branch = {{army|india}}<br />
| type = [[Formation (military)|Command]]<br />
| dates = 1942–1946<br>1 May 1963<ref name="TOI-20130503">{{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-03/lucknow/39008534_1_ex-servicemen-desh-seva-indian-army | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624215112/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-03/lucknow/39008534_1_ex-servicemen-desh-seva-indian-army | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 June 2013 | title=Army pays poignant tributes to its martyrs & bravehearts | date=3 May 2013| work=[[The Times of India]] <!--, 05.04AM IST -->| access-date=2013-06-21}}</ref> – Present<br />
| specialization = <br />
| command_structure = <br />
| size = <br />
| current_commander = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Anindya Sengupta]], {{Post-nominals|country=IND|size=80%|UYSM|AVSM|YSM}}<br />
| garrison = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| battles = <br />
| notable_commanders = [[General (India)|Gen]] [[Sunith Francis Rodrigues|S F Rodrigues]]<br />
<!-- Insignia --><br />
| identification_symbol = [[File:Flag of the Central Command, Indian Army.png|150px]]<br />
| identification_symbol_label = Flag<br />
}}<br />
The '''Central Command''' of the [[Indian Army]] is one of the seven operational commands of the army. It is based at [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Second World War===<br />
Central Command was first established in 1942 during [[World War II]] and then disbanded in 1946.<ref name="Army Commands">[http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Army%20Commands%201900-2011.pdf Army Commands] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705211343/http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Army%20Commands%201900-2011.pdf |date=5 July 2015 }}</ref><br />
[[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]] was responsible for most of the training activities for Indian Army until Central Command was formed in April 1942 which took over the responsibility of some of the training areas.<ref name="IA-1939-47">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3BmOH-sac8C&q=central+command&pg=PT141 | title=The Indian Army 1939–47 Experience and Development | publisher=Ashgate Publishing | date=1 August 2012 | access-date=2013-06-21 |author1=Alan Jeffreys |author2=Patrick Rose | isbn=9781409456537 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Post 1962 Indo-China war===<br />
With its HQ at [[Lucknow]] the Command was re-established on 1 May 1963 due to the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962. Lt Gen K Bahadur Singh was the first Army Commander of the new Central Command. Prior to that date [[Lucknow]] had been the headquarters of the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]].<ref name="TOI-2009-05-03">{{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-03/lucknow/28157520_1_ors-central-command-programmes | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010528/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-03/lucknow/28157520_1_ors-central-command-programmes | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 October 2013 | title=Central Command Raising Day concludes | date=3 May 2009| work=[[The Times of India]] <!--, 02.57am IST -->| access-date=2013-06-21}}</ref><ref name="IE-CP">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FUjzWFsz5fwC&q=central+command+of+indian+army&pg=PA3372 | title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: India (Central Provinces)-Indology | publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd | year=2002 | access-date=2013-06-21 | author=Subodh Kapoor | pages=3372| isbn=9788177552683 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Humanitarian assistance and flood relief operations ===<br />
Central Command undertook humanitarian and Flood Relief Operations at various locations during flash floods including Delhi<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBnjjAWCUlM |title=Delhi Flood Situation Grim, Indian Army Steps In To Help Govt {{!}} More Rains Predicted In Uttarakhand |date=2023-07-14 |last=Hindustan Times |access-date=2024-05-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh).<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=inooUuvqNhE |title=Himachal: One ITBP jawan killed, 5 missing in Kinnaur avalanche, rescue operation underway |date=2019-02-20 |last=IndiaTV |access-date=2024-05-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Structure==<br />
Central Command's Area Of Responsibility (AOR) covers eight states of India: [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Theatre Commands |date=20 November 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/theatre-commands-himachal-uttarakhand-under-central-army-1878943-2021-11-20 |publisher=India Today}}</ref> 18 Regimental Centres and a large number of logistic and training establishments come under Central Command. The responsibility for the central sector of the Western border with [[Pakistan]] also lies with Central Command.<ref name="GM-Com">{{cite web | url=http://gomilitary.in/army/commands/ | title=Commands of the Indian Army | access-date=2013-06-22 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602122132/http://gomilitary.in/army/commands/ | archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> Almost half of the 62 [[cantonment]]s in India lie within the Central Command's theatre.<ref name="Hindu-2003-05-11">{{cite web | url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/05/11/stories/2003051101731100.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624215129/http://www.hindu.com/2003/05/11/stories/2003051101731100.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-06-24 | title=Central Command's novel initiative | date=2003-05-11 | access-date=2013-06-23 | work=[[The Hindu]] | author=Mukund Padmanabhan}}</ref><br />
<br />
In February 2024, reports emerged for the formation of a new Corps under the Central Command for deployment along [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Army to set up new corps for operations along LAC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/army-to-set-up-new-corps-for-ops-along-lac-9170158/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The [[XVIIII Corps (India)|XVIII Corps]] will consist of at least one division (with around 15,000 to 18,000 combat soldiers each) and three independent brigades. This includes 14 RAPID Division, 9 Mountain Brigade, 136 Mountain Brigade and 119 Mountain Brigade. This move will convert HQ Uttar Bharat from a Static Formation into 'Full-fledged Combat Arm'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2024-02-20 |title=Army’s Central Command gets ‘combatised’ to counter China, new corps raised |url=https://theprint.in/defence/armys-central-command-gets-combatised-to-counter-china-new-corps-raised/1972373/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=MyIndMakers |title=Indian Army to set up new corps for operations along LAC |url=https://myind.net/Home/viewArticle/indian-army-to-set-up-new-corps-for-operations-along-lac |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=Indian Army to set up new corps for operations along LAC}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are two Static Area Formations:– [[Uttar Bharat Area]] and [[Madhya Bharat Area]]. Central Command earlier used to act as a strategic reserve but now it is looking after Uttarakhand sector of Indo-Tibet and Indo-Nepal border.<ref name="IAF">{{cite book |author1=Bharat Verma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=um22j1YWT0YC&q=central+command&pg=PA11 |title=Indian Armed Forces |author2=G. M. Hiranandani |author3=B. K. Pandey |publisher=Lancer Publishers |year=2008 |isbn=9780979617423 |pages=16 |access-date=2013-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/conflictx7/status/1532037655315197958/photo/1|title= Central Command earlier used to act as strategic reserve but now it is looking after uttrakhand sector of Chinese border. 14 Division is tasked for the role.|access-date=2022-06-08 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="5" |Structure of Central Command<br />
|-<br />
!Corps<br />
!Corps HQ<br />
!GOC of Corps<br />
<small>(Corps Commander)</small><br />
!Assigned Units<br />
!Unit HQ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" |XVIII Corps<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-21 |title=New Corps at Bareilly: How Indian Army plans to get war ready against China |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/new-corps-at-bareilly-how-indian-army-plans-to-get-war-ready-against-china/articleshow/107874595.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
| rowspan="8" |[[Bareilly|Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| rowspan="8" |N/A<br />
|-<br />
|14 RAPID Division<br />
|[[Dehradun|Dehradun, Uttarakhand]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50 (Independent) Parachute Brigade]]<br />
|[[Agra|Agra, Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
|-<br />
|9 (Independent) Mountain Brigade<br />
|[[Joshimath|Joshimath, Uttarakhand]]<br />
|-<br />
|136 (Independent) Mountain Brigade<br />
|[[Poo, Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
|-<br />
|119 (Independent) Mountain Brigade<br />
|[[Pithoragarh]], [[Uttarakhand]]<br />
|-<br />
|Madhya Bharat Area<br />
|[[Jabalpur|Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Precursors==<br />
Following is the list of precursors to the Western Command and their commanders:<ref name="Army Commands" /><br />
<br />
=== Central Command (1942–1946) ===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! colspan="6" |General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Central Command<br />
|- style="background:#cccccc"<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | S.No<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 600px;" | Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Unit of Commission<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | References<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] [[Henry Willcox|Henry B. D. Willcox]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|CB|DSO|MC}}}}<br />
|May 1942<br />
|December 1944<br />
|[[Sherwood Foresters]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[General officer|General]] [[Geoffry Scoones|Sir Geoffry A. P. Scoones]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KBE|CB|CSI|DSO|MC}}}} <br />
|December 1944<br />
|December 1946<br />
|[[2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)]]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== List of GOC-in-C of Central Command (1963–present) ==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! colspan="6" |General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Central Command<br />
|- style="background:#cccccc"<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | S.No<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 600px;" | Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Unit of Commission<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | References<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Kanwar Bahadur Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|MBE}}}}<br />
|May 1963<br />
|August 1966<br />
|[[19th Hyderabad Regiment]] <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Joginder Singh Dhillon]]<br />
|August 1966<br />
|August 1970<br />
|[[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Premindra Singh Bhagat]] {{small|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Victoria Cross|VC]]}}<br />
|August 1970<br />
|Jun 1972<br />
|[[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Har Krishen Sibal {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|MVC}}}}<br />
|June 1972<br />
|November 1973<br />
|[[5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Khem Karan Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|MVC}}}}<br />
|November 1973<br />
|March 1975<br />
|[[16th Light Cavalry|16 Light Cavalry]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Lieutenant General Khem Karan Singh, MVC: A great military leader |url=https://www.defenceinfo.com/lieutenant-general-khem-karan-singh-mvc-a-great-military-leader |website=defenceinfo.com|date=11 August 2016 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] J. S. Nakai {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}<br />
|April 1975<br />
|March 1979<br />
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=General Nakai laid to rest with service honours |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060114/cth1.htm |work=The Tribune}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Ram Dharam Dass Hira {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|MVC}}}}<br />
|April 1979<br />
|June 1980<br />
|[[11th Gorkha Rifles]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[WAG Pinto|Walter Anthony Gustavo Pinto]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}<br />
|July 1980<br />
|June 1982<br />
|[[Brigade of the Guards]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] H. C. Dutta {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}<br />
|July 1982<br />
|November 1983<br />
|[[8th Gorkha Rifles]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Bhupinder Singh {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}<br />
|December 1983<br />
|September 1985<br />
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] K. K. Hazari {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}<br />
|October 1985<br />
|January 1986<br />
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] K. B. Mehta {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}<br />
|February 1986<br />
|December 1987<br />
|[[Brigade of the Guards]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Sami Khan (general)|Sami Khan]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|SM}}}}<br />
|January 1988<br />
|March 1989<br />
|[[Madras Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Sunith Francis Rodrigues]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|VSM}}}}<br />
|April 1989<br />
|October 1989<br />
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[F. N. Billimoria|Faridoon Noshir Billimoria]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}<br />
|November 1989<br />
|June 1991<br />
|[[5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1989-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-II/PDF/DEF-1989-10-29_129.pdf|title=NEW ARMY C0MMANDERS ANNOUNCED|date=1989-10-29|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Vijai Singh {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}<br />
|July 1991<br />
|February 1992<br />
|[[8th Light Cavalry]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Y. N. Sharma {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}<br />
|March 1992<br />
|March 1994<br />
|[[The Grenadiers]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Arun Kumar Gautama {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}<br />
|April 1994<br />
|April 1995<br />
|[[16th Light Cavalry]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/lt-gen-gautama-passes-away-8293539/|title=Ex-Western Army Commander Lt Gen Gautama passes away|date=2022-11-28|access-date=2022-12-22}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] R. K. Gulati {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}<br />
|April 1995<br />
|May 1996<br />
|[[9th Deccan Horse]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Chandra Sekhar {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}<br />
|June 1996<br />
|September 1997<br />
|[[4th Gorkha Rifles]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Padmanabhan may be new Army Chief |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000801/main5.htm |work=The Tribune}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Surjit Singh {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|VSM}}}}<br />
|October 1997<br />
|September 2000<br />
|[[Dogra Regiment]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Shortage of officers may continue |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011013/windows/main2.htm |work=The Tribune |access-date=5 June 2018 |archive-date=11 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011212630/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011013/windows/main2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] P. S. Joshi {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}<br />
|October 2000<br />
|September 2001<br />
|[[8th Gorkha Rifles]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=First IDS chief Lt Gen Joshi dies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/First-IDS-chief-Lt-Gen-Joshi-dies/articleshow/4729577.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2 July 2009 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] D. S. Chauhan {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}<br />
|October 2001<br />
|December 2003<br />
|[[Madras Regiment]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=New Army Vice-Chief |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=2001-09-05 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/09/05/stories/0205000t.htm }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Ram Subramanyam {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}<br />
|January 2004<br />
|December 2005<br />
|[[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Lt-Gen Subramanyam is new GOC-in-C |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lt-Gen-Subramanyam-is-new-GOC-in-C/articleshow/398910.cms |work=The Times of India|date=January 2004 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|25<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] O. P. Nandrajog {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}<br />
|January 2006<br />
|February 2008<br />
|[[Brigade of the Guards]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Nandrajog takes over as Central Command GOC-in-C |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/lt-gen-nandrajog-takes-over-as-central-command-goc-in-c/345628 |work=Outlook}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|26<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Harcharanjit Singh Panag]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}<br />
|March 2008<br />
|December 2008<br />
|[[Sikh Regiment]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Senior Appointments : Army |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=35568 |website=pib.nic.in |publisher=PIB}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|27<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] J. K. Mohanty {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|SM|VSM}}}}<br />
|January 2009<br />
|February 2010<br />
|[[Dogra Regiment]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|28<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Vijay Kumar Ahluwalia {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|YSM|VSM}}}}<br />
|March 2010<br />
|February 2012<br />
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lieutenant-general-ahluwalia-retires-after-40-years-of-service/articleshow/12091882.cms|title=Lieutenant General Vijay Kumar Ahluwalia retires after 40 years of service|date=2012-03-01|access-date=2025-02-24}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|29<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Anil Chait]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}<br />
|March 2012<br />
|June 2013<br />
|[[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=LIEUTENANT GENERAL ANIL CHAIT TAKES OVER AS GOC-IN-C, CENTRAL COMMAND |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/PressRelease/frmPressRelease.aspx?n=bniEtbbo9LN7kb4q3kupGg==&NewsID=IEqoPZK7iFuiwWhYH0JH5w== |website=Indian Army}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|30<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Rajan Bakhshi {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM}}}}<br />
|July 2013<br />
|November 2015<br />
|[[Poona Horse|17th Horse (Poona Horse)]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Rajan Bakhshi takes over as GOC-in-C, Central Command |url=https://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/lt-gen-rajan-bakhshi-takes-over-as-goc-in-c-central-command/ |website=Indian Defence Review|date=November 2015 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|31<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Balwant Singh Negi]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|YSM|SM|VSM}}}}<br />
|December 2015<br />
|30 September 2018<br />
|[[Assam Regiment]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Lt Gen BS Negi appointed Central Command's new GOC-in-C (designate) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lt-Gen-BS-Negi-appointed-Central-Commands-new-GOC-in-C-designate/articleshow/50068288.cms |website=The Times of India|date=6 December 2015 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|32<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Abhay Krishna]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|SM}}}}<br />
|1 October 2018<br />
|30 September 2019<br />
|[[Rajputana Rifles]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Lt Gen Abhay Krishna takes over as GOC-in-Chief of Central Command |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/lt-gen-abhay-krishna-takes-over-as-goc-in-chief-of-central-command/articleshow/66034681.cms |website=The Times of India|date=October 2018 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|33<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Iqroop Singh Ghuman]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}<br />
|1 October 2019<br />
|31 March 2021<br />
|[[Brigade of The Guards]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/naravane-appointed-as-new-vice-chief-of-indian-army-four-army-commanders-appointed/articleshow/70339637.cms|title=Naravane appointed as new Vice Chief of Indian Army, four army commanders appointed|first1=Shaurya Karanbir|last1=Gurung|website=The Economic Times|date=23 July 2019 |access-date=24 July 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|34<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Yogendra Dimri]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}<br />
|1 April 2021<br />
|28 February 2023<br />
|[[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]]<br />
|<ref name="dimri">{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lt-gen-yogendra-dimri-appointed-as-next-commander-in-chief-of-lucknow-based-central-army-command20210227121926/|title=Lt Gen Yogendra Dimri appointed as next Commander-in-chief of Lucknow-based Central Army Command|publisher=ANI News|date=27 February 2021|access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|35<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[N. S. Raja Subramani]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SM|VSM}}}}<br />
|1 March 2023<br />
|30 June 2024<br />
|[[Garhwal Rifles]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-approves-top-appointments-in-the-indian-army/article66516666.ece|title=Lt. Gen. Raju shifted, new Vice-Chief named|date=16 February 2023|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|36<br />
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Anindya Sengupta]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|YSM}}}}<br />
|1 July 2024<br />
|''Incumbent''<br />
|[[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/lt-gen-anindya-sengupta-appointed-as-new-central-army-commander-article-111363331|title=Lieutenant General Anindya Sengupta appointed as Central Army commander|date=29 June 2024|publisher=The tinesnownews.com|access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
[[Operation Surya Hope]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/centcom.htm Central Command @ globalsecurity.org]<br />
<br />
{{Military of India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Commands of the Indian Army]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1942]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1946]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1963]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkatay_Kohinoor&diff=445137Kolkatay Kohinoor2026-03-04T00:31:17Z<p>Aniketdigi: updated</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Kolkatay Kohinoor<br />
| image = File:Kolkatay Kohinoor poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = Santanu Ghosh<br />
| producer = <br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| starring = <br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = <br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = <!-- or: | production_companies = --><br />
| distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --><br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|03|15|Kolkata}} <br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Bengali<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Kolkatay Kohinoor''''' (2019, English: Kohinoor in Kolkata) is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[thriller movie]] directed by Santanu Ghosh and produced by Angurbala Films<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.kolkata24x7.com/jorowa-ankitas-new-gem-kohinoor.html/|title=After 'Jorowa' Ankita's New Gem Is 'Kohinoor'|date=13 March 2018|website=Kolkata 24x7|access-date=16 October 2018|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016164858/https://english.kolkata24x7.com/jorowa-ankitas-new-gem-kohinoor.html/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was released on 15 March 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/soumitra-chatterjee-and-sabyasachi-chakraborty-to-begin-hunt-for-kohinoor-in-kolkata/articleshow/63640500.cms|title=Soumitra Chatterjee and Sabyasachi Chakraborty to begin hunt for Kohinoor in Kolkata|date=6 April 2018|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/soumitra-chatterjee-to-work-in-mystery-thriller/articleshow/62456271.cms|title=রহস্য সমাধানে সৌমিত্র|date=11 January 2018|access-date=16 October 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
There is some mystery and new historical facts behind the famous [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond. Historians research whether it had any connection with [[Kolkata]]. A treasure hunt reveals several unknown facts.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://radiobanglanet.com/now-soumitra-sabyasachi-chakraborty-treasure-hunt/|title=Now Soumitra and Sabyasachi Chakraborty on a Treasure Hunt|date=6 April 2018|website=Radio Bangla|access-date=16 October 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]<br />
* [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]]<br />
* [[Indrani Dutta]]<br />
* [[Barun Chanda]]<br />
* Debdut Ghosh<br />
*Anup pan<br />
* Ankita Majumder<br />
* Mona Dutta<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|8427252}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian detective films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2019 Bengali-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2019 films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s mystery films]]<br />
[[Category:Secret histories]]<br />
[[Category:Films about treasure hunting]]<br />
[[Category:Films about jewellery]]<br />
[[Category:Golconda diamonds]]<br />
<br />
{{2010s-Bengali-film-stub}}<br />
{{2010s-mystery-film-stub}}</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raja_Jani&diff=455851Raja Jani2026-03-03T23:37:50Z<p>Aniketdigi: basic update section for consistency additionally and corrected details for clarity</p>
<hr />
<div>{{For|the 2018 film|List of Bhojpuri films of 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Raja Jani<br />
| image = Raja Jani.jpg<br />
<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = Mohan Sehgal<br />
| producer = Madan Mohla<br />
| writer = [[S. Ali Raza]]<br />
| screenplay = [[Nabendu Ghosh]]<br />
| story = [[Nabendu Ghosh]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = [[Dharmendra]]<br />[[Hema Malini]]<br />[[Prem Nath|Premnath]]<br />[[Prem Chopra]]<br />[[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]<br />
|music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
| cinematography = Madan Sinha<br />
| editing = Lachchmandas<br />
| studio = Seven Art Pictures<br />
| distributor = Seven Art Pictures<br />
| released = {{Film date|1972|11|17|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 155 mins<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Hindi]]<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Raja Jani''''' ({{translation|Raja and His Sweetheart}}) is a 1972 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film, produced by Madan Mohla, directed by Mohan Segal, and written by [[S. Ali Raza]]. The film stars [[Dharmendra]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Prem Nath|Premnath]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Durga Khote]], [[Sajjan (actor)|Sajjan]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] and [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]]. The music is by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]. ''Raja Jani'' was the fourth highest-grossing film of the year. It is loosely based on the 1956 American film ''[[Anastasia (1956 film)|Anastasia]]'' and was itself remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in 1983 as ''[[Adutha Varisu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=30 July 2016 |title=How do you solve a problem like Rajini? |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2016/07/30/how-do-you-solve-a-problem-like-rajini/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218114753/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2016/07/30/how-do-you-solve-a-problem-like-rajini/ |archive-date=18 December 2019 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=Baradwaj Rangan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |pages=108 |orig-date=2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
<br />
Raj Kumar Singh "Raja" tries to find a girl who would be a perfect impostor to take the place of the missing princess Ratna. During an assassination of her parents she disappeared, and during the last ten years her grandmother, queen Rajmata has been looking for her. Raja finds a street dancer named Shanno, and finally, after extensive training concerning the etiquette, they can disguise and present her as the long lost princess in order to get the reward money for finding her. Shanno enters the house as the long-awaited princess. What Raja does not know is that Shanno is in fact the real princess.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*[[Dharmendra]] as Raj Kumar Singh "Raja"<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LeEdEAAAQBAJ&dq=raja+jani&pg=PT154 |title=Bollygeek: The Crazy Trivia Guide to Bollywood |date=2021-02-25 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-89253-46-7 |language=en}}</ref><br />
*[[Hema Malini]] as Ratna / Shanno<br />
*[[Prem Nath|Premnath]] as Diwan Gajendra Singh<ref name=":0" /><br />
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Pratap Bahadur Singh<br />
*[[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] as Imartilal<br />
*[[Durga Khote]] as Rajmata<br />
*[[Sajjan (actor)|Sajjan]] as Khairati<br />
*[[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]] as Shanno's foster mother<br />
*[[Jankidas]] as Dr. Nigam<br />
*[[C. S. Dubey]] as Bagla Seth's Servant<br />
*[[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Item Dancer (Guest Appearance)<br />
*[[Suresh (Hindi films actor)|Suresh]]<br />
*[[Manmohan (actor)|Manmohan]] as Latpat Seth (Guest Appearance)<br />
*[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Raja's Ex-Girlfriend (Guest Appearance)<br />
*Rajan Haskar<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]].{{Cn|date=April 2024}}<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| all_lyrics = <br />
| title1 = Jani O Jani<br />
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]]<br />
| length1 = <br />
| title2 = Aa Aaja Aaja<br />
| extra2 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
| length2 = <br />
| title3 = A B C D Chhodo<br />
| extra3 = Lata Mangeshkar<br />
| length3 = <br />
| title4 = Duniya Ka Mela<br />
| extra4 = Lata Mangeshkar<br />
| length4 = <br />
| title5 = Kitna Maza Aa Raha Hai<br />
| extra5 = Lata Mangeshkar<br />
| length5 = <br />
| title6 = Mubarak Ho Tujhe Ae Dil<br />
| extra6 = Lata Mangeshkar<br />
| length6 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0358063|Raja Jani}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1972 films]]<br />
[[Category:1972 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:1970s Urdu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]<br />
<br />
{{Improve categories|date=April 2024}}</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tagore_(film)&diff=539280Tagore (film)2026-03-03T18:14:11Z<p>Aniketdigi: Created stub...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2003 Telugu film by V. V. Vinayak}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Tagore<br />
| image = Tagore film poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical poster<br />
| screenplay = V. V. Vinayak<br />
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br />
| label1= Dialogues by<br />
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Paruchuri Brothers]]}}<br />
}}<br />
| story = [[A. R. Murugadoss]]<br />
| based_on = ''[[Ramanaa]]'' (2002)<br />
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]]<br />[[Shriya Saran|Shriya]]<br/>[[Jyothika]]<br />
| director = [[V. V. Vinayak]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Chota K. Naidu]]<br />
| producer = B. Madhu<br />
| editing = Gautham Raju<br />
| studio = Leo Projects Private Limited<br />
| distributor = <br />
| country = India<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2003|09|24}}<br />
| runtime = 176 minutes<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]<br />
| budget = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Tagore''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film|vigilante action film]] directed by [[V. V. Vinayak]]. The film stars [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Shriya Saran|Shriya]], and [[Jyothika]], with [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Sayaji Shinde]] in pivotal supporting roles.<ref name=":0" /> The film features music by [[Mani Sharma]] and cinematography by [[Chota K. Naidu]].<ref name=":5" /> ''Tagore'' is a remake of the 2002 Tamil film ''[[Ramanaa]]'', with significant changes made to suit Chiranjeevi's stardom and the local context.<br />
<br />
''Tagore'' had a wide release, rivaling [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]]'s major films of the time. Upon release, it received positive reviews, particularly for its narration, Chiranjeevi's performance, and the impactful crowd scenes.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=20 October 2003 |title=Special News Bulletin - Tagore |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/tagore-news.html |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> The film became a significant commercial success, breaking several box-office records, and went on to become the second highest-grossing Telugu film of its time, surpassed only by [[Indra (2002 film)|''Indra'']] (2002), another Chiranjeevi starrer.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=K Rajani Kanth |date=26 December 2003 |title=2003 - Year of all-time hits & mega failures for Tollywood |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/2003-year-of-all-time-hits-mega-failures-for-tollywood-103122601064_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127123401/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/2003-year-of-all-time-hits-mega-failures-for-tollywood-103122601064_1.html |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=[[Business Standard]] |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-24 |title=Mega-Blockbuster Tagore Completes 17 Years |url=https://www.telugu360.com/mega-blockbuster-tagore-completes-17-years/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Telugu360 |language=en-US}}</ref> The song "Nenu Saitham," written by [[Suddala Ashok Teja]], won the [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics]].<ref name="51stawardPDF">{{cite web |title=51st National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf |access-date=15 March 2012 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The story begins with the mysterious disappearance of 15 Mandal Revenue Officers (MROs), of whom 14 are later released, while one is found murdered. Beside the victim's body, the police uncover incriminating files and a tape, which reveal that the officers were targeted for being the most corrupt among his peers. The Anti-Corruption Force (ACF), a vigilante organization, claims responsibility, declaring its mission to eradicate corruption by exposing malpractices, abducting officials, and executing the most egregious offenders. Tagore lives a seemingly simple life, raising adopted children from diverse cultural backgrounds. While appearing as a mild-mannered professor by day, he secretly orchestrates the ACF's operations. <br />
<br />
The ACF expands its operations to other government departments, including the [[Public Works Department (India)|Public Works Department]] (PWD) and the police force. Their actions instill fear among bureaucrats and temporarily curb illegal activities. In one incident, Tagore exposes corruption at a hospital by orchestrating a sting operation. He presents evidence of fraudulent medical practices and gets the hospital sealed, leading to the dean's arrest. However, the dean, revealed to be Badrinarayana's son, commits suicide. Enraged, Badrinarayana investigates Tagore and is shocked to discover that Tagore, presumed dead, is alive.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Suryam, a police constable and an IPS-qualified individual who failed to secure an officer-level post due to his inability to pay a bribe, takes up the case to earn a promotion. Leveraging his medical leave, Suryam investigates the case, hypothesizing that a non-corrupt official in each government office may have been responsible for passing insider information to the ACF. Tracing their connections, he discovers that the officials are alumni of National College and are led by their former professor, Tagore, who serves as the ACF's leader. However, Tagore's true identity remains unknown to Suryam.<br />
<br />
However, corruption resurfaces due to pressure from criminal elements. The ACF identifies Badrinarayana, a powerful businessman, as the root cause of systemic corruption and escalates its efforts against him. After Devaki learns about his identity, Tagore reveals everything about his transformation into a vigilante, which is rooted in a personal tragedy.<br />
<br />
'''Past''': On a Deepavali day, his apartment building collapses due to substandard construction linked to a highway project undertaken by Badrinarayana's company. The incident claims the lives of Tagore's wife, son, and uncle. Seeking justice, Tagore confronts government officials, only to face apathy. When he discovers that corruption enabled the disaster, Tagore forms the ACF to eliminate corrupt elements, including Badrinarayana.<br />
<br />
As Suryam closes in on the ACF, its members are captured and tortured by the police. To save his students, Tagore surrenders, after Badrinarayana escapes and kills several ACF members. Tagore's surrender garners widespread public support, prompting a meeting with the Chief Minister. Despite the opportunity for clemency, Tagore insists on accountability for his actions.<br />
<br />
In order to kill Tagore, Badrinarayana bribes the jailer, who in turn is revealed to be involved in Tagore's plan. Tagore finally eliminates Badrinarayana and his henchmen.<br />
<br />
In court, Tagore delivers a compelling speech on the devastating impact of corruption on the nation, particularly on its youth. He later confesses to killing Badrinarayana and his associates and accepts a five-year prison sentence. The film concludes with Tagore emphasizing the importance of eradicating corruption to safeguard the country's future.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Chiranjeevi]] as Ravindranath Tagore, professor of National College<br />
* [[Shriya Saran|Shriya]] as Devaki<br />
* [[Jyothika]] as Nandini aka Nandhu, Tagore's wife<br />
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Constable Suryam<br />
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Badrinarayana<br />
* [[Puneet Issar]] as Police Commissioner Balbir Singh<br />
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Boost, a babysitter who always gets insulted by the kids fostered by Tagore<br />
* [[K. Viswanath]] as Chief Minister<br />
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Tagore's grandmother<br />
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Tagore's uncle<br />
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as [[Public Prosecutor]] Subba Rao<br />
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Badrinarayana's son<br />
* [[Uttej]] as Auto Driver<br />
* Sarika Ramachandra Rao as Suryam's colleague<br />
* [[Narsing Yadav]] as Goon<br />
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Investigation Officer<br />
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Clerk<br />
* [[Dharmavarapu Subrahmanyam]] as Department Officer <br />
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Investigation Officer<br />
* [[Mahadevan (actor)|Ramaraju]] as Investigation Officer Ramaraju<br />
* [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]<br />
* [[Sameer Hasan]]<br />
* [[Subbaraya Sharma]]<br />
* [[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]] as a patient's husband<br />
* [[V. V. Vinayak]] as Gopi <br />
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Subbu<br />
* [[FEFSI Vijayan]] as Jailor<br />
* [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] as Judge <br />
*[[Pavala Syamala]] as Grandma from government hospital whose husband died<br />
* [[Kalairani]] as an ACF member's mother<br />
* [[Sajja Teja|Master Sajja Teja]] as Tagore's adopted son<br />
* [[Kavya Kalyanram|Baby Kavya]] as Tagore's adopted daughter<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
''Tagore'' was directed by [[V. V. Vinayak]] and produced by B. Madhu under the banner of Leo Projects. Madhu, a Telugu-speaking engineer, had previously produced two Tamil films and worked as an associate producer for Oscar Films, where he was mentored by [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|Oscar Ravi]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=23 October 2003 |title=Press Meet - Tagore |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/tagore-pressmeet.html |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> After the success of [[Indra (2002 film)|''Indra'']] (2002), [[Chiranjeevi]] collaborated with Vinayak for ''Tagore'', which is a remake of the 2002 Tamil film ''[[Ramanaa]]'', written and directed by [[AR Murugadoss|A. R. Murugadoss]]. Initially, actor [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] had expressed interest in starring in the Telugu remake but was unable to secure the rights.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 September 2003 |title=Raja Sekhar buys remake rights of a Tamil film |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news240.html |access-date=2016-12-01 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |publisher=}}</ref><br />
<br />
To suit Chiranjeevi's image, ''Tagore'' was adapted with significant changes, including alterations to the climax and adding more songs for the protagonist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_vvvinayak_2008_2.php |title=Star Interviews: Interview with V. V.Vinayak |work=[[Telugucinema.com]] |accessdate=16 December 2024 |page=2 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015080632/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_vvvinayak_2008_2.php |archivedate=15 October 2013 |df=dmy |date=22 January 2008|last=Sri}}</ref> These modifications helped the film establish its own identity. The dialogue "Meeku mukhyamantriki vunnanta network vundi" (You have the network of a chief minister) was written by [[Paruchuri brothers|Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]]. Chiranjeevi was initially hesitant to have it during the court scene.<ref name=":3" /> The filmmakers convinced him to keep it, agreeing to cut it if it didn't work well. After reviewing the footage, Chiranjeevi still wanted to remove it, but the filmmakers insisted on keeping it. The dialogue was praised in the final version of the film. Additionally, a dialogue stating "Meeru devudu" (You are a god) appeared three times in the film, but Chiranjeevi requested its removal, feeling that it crossed the line of character portrayal and veered too much into personal adulation.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
The climax was filmed at [[Sri Venkateswara University]] in [[Tirupati]], where a large crowd of Chiranjeevi's fans gathered. This led to a confrontation with the police, resulting in a [[baton charge]] and injuries to two fans. Director Vinayak intervened to restore order during the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2003 |title=Lathi charge on Chiru fans |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news239.html |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Tagore<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| longtype = to Tagore<br />
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| border = yes<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 27 August 2003<br />
| recorded = 2003<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length =<br />
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| label = [[Aditya Music]]<br />
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Palnati Brahmanayudu]]<br />
| prev_year = 2003<br />
| next_title = [[Abhimanyu (2003 film)|Abhimanyu]]<br />
| next_year = 2003<br />
}}<br />
''Tagore'' features music composed by [[Mani Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunil |first=Sreya |title=Audio review of Tagore - Nothing new |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/tagore.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030828144842/https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/tagore.html |archive-date=28 August 2003 |work=[[Idlebrain.com]] |access-date=12 January 2024 }}</ref> The song "Nenu Saitham," written by [[Suddala Ashok Teja]], won the [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics]].<ref name="51stawardPDF" /><br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/chords-notes/article28448812.ece|title=Chords & Notes|work=The Hindu|date=15 September 2003}}</ref><br />
| extra_column = Artist(s)<br />
| title1 = Koditey Kottali<br />
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandra Bose]]<br />
| length1 = 5:13<br />
| title2 = Nenu Saitham<br />
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]<br />
| length2 = 4:05<br />
| title3 = Manmadha Manmadha<br />
| extra3 = [[Mallikarjun]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]<br />
| lyrics3 = [[Veturi]]<br />
| length3 = 5:01<br />
| title4 = Vaanochchenante<br />
| extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]<br />
| length4 = 5:08<br />
| title5 = Chinnaga Chinnaga<br />
| extra5 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]<br />
| lyrics5 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandra Bose]]<br />
| length5 = 5:21<br />
| title6 = Gappu Chippu<br />
| extra6 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br />
| lyrics6 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]<br />
| length6 = 4:09<br />
| title9 = <br />
| length10 = <br />
| title10 = <br />
| length9 = <br />
| title7 = <br />
| length8 = <br />
| title8 = <br />
| length7 = <br />
| all_writing = <br />
| total_length = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
Following the success of [[Indra (2002 film)|''Indra'']] (2002) and Chiranjeevi's unprecedented stardom, ''Tagore'' had a massive release, rivaling [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]]'s big-ticket films of the time. Three prominent producers of [[Telugu cinema]], [[Allu Aravind]], [[C. Aswini Dutt|Aswini Dutt]], and N. V. Prasad, served as distributors for the film, covering the [[Telangana|Nizam]], Krishna, and [[Ceded Districts|Ceded]] regions, respectively. Director V. V. Vinayak distributed the film in the [[East Godavari district (1925–2022)|East Godavari]] area.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
The film's release generated immense fan excitement, leading to incidents such as stampedes and clashes between rival fan groups. Some theatres also reported black marketing of tickets and violent disputes over ticket distribution. The film was also released internationally, in countries including the [[United States|USA]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Singapore]], [[Dubai]], and [[Kuwait]]. During the premiere in Singapore, crowd-related issues required police intervention.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
Tragically, three fans lost their lives in stampedes at theatres in [[Rajahmundry]] and [[Mangalagiri]] during the film's release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-09-25 |title=3 Chiranjeevi fans die in stampedes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/3-chiranjeevi-fans-die-in-stampedes/articleshow/200894.cms |access-date=2024-12-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-09-24 |title=2 cine goers killed in stampede at movie hall |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/2-cine-goers-killed-in-stampede-at-movie-hall/articleshow/199709.cms |access-date=2024-12-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In response, Chiranjeevi expressed his condolences and announced a compensation of ₹2 [[lakh]] for each deceased fan. His wife, Surekha, and son, [[Ram Charan]], visited Rajahmundry to personally deliver the compensation to the victims' families, with additional financial support provided by other associates.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
Some Chiranjeevi fans formed an organization called ACF (All Chiranjeevi Fans) and raided video shops in areas such as [[Dilsukhnagar|Dilshuknagar]], [[Kukatpally]], and [[Nandyal]] in October 2003, in search of pirated copies of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2003 |title=Chirajeevi fans help in anti-piracy operations |url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news241.html |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
''Tagore'' broke numerous opening records, becoming a record earner in regions such as [[Telangana|Nizam]], [[North Andhra|Uttarandhra]], and overseas. It achieved the second-highest worldwide share of ₹28.45 [[crore]] for any Telugu film at the time, following ''Indra''. It also recorded the second-highest share for an Indian film in 2003, behind ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'', and the third-highest share globally.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
The film set impressive records for its theatrical run, completing 50 days in 253 centers and 100 days in 192 centers. These records remained unbeaten until ''[[Pokiri]]'' surpassed them in 2006.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
=== Critical reception ===<br />
''[[Sify]]'' rated the film three-and-a-half out of five and wrote, "Though the story line is thin, the narration is fast paced and the film is technically excellent".<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=25 September 2003|title=Tagore|language=en|work=Sify|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/tagore-review-telugu-pclvtldeaecfe.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130090429/https://www.sify.com/movies/tagore-review-telugu-pclvtldeaecfe.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2021}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 3 {{fraction|3|4}} out of 5 and appreciated the performances, stating, "Chiranjeevi is at his best, be it in histrionics or looks." On screenplay, he added, "[[V. V. Vinayak|Vinayak]] made sure that the screenplay is gripping enough to tell a simple story in a powerful way".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=2003 |title=Movie review - Tagore |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tagore.html |access-date= |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> [[Gudipoodi Srihari]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The film is worth watching especially for the way the crowd scenes are shot".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-tagore.html|title=Here comes the crusader|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=[[Idlebrain.com]]|first=Gudipoodi|last=Srihari}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Award category <br />
! Recipient<br />
! Result<br />
|-<br />
|2003<br />
| [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics]] || [[Suddala Ashok Teja]] || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2003<br />
| [[Santosham Best Actor Award]] || [[Chiranjeevi]] || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2003<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor - Telugu]] || [[Prakash Raj]] || {{won}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/51stFilmfareAwardsTeluguwinnersforBestSupportingVillaincomedianroles | title=51stFilmfareAwardsTeluguwinnersforBestSupportingVillaincomedianroles | date=11 February 2025 }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=0361037|title=Tagore}}<br />
<br />
{{V. V. Vinayak}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tagore (Film)}}<br />
[[Category:2003 films]]<br />
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]<br />
[[Category:2000s vigilante films]]<br />
[[Category:2003 crime drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by V. V. Vinayak]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu-language crime drama films]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harikathe_Alla_Girikathe&diff=502164Harikathe Alla Girikathe2026-03-03T12:09:53Z<p>Aniketdigi: Created New Stub And Citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Harikathe Alla Girikathe<br />
| image = hari_kathe_alla_girikathe.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Karan Ananth<br/> Anirudh Mahesh<br />
| writer = Giri Krishna<br />
| producer = Sandesh Nagaraj<br />
| starring = [[Rishab Shetty]]<br />[[Thapaswini Poonacha]]<br />[[Rachana Inder]]<br />
| cinematography = Chandrasekaran<br/>Ranganath C. M.<br />
| editing = Bharath M. C.<br/>Pradeep R. Rao<br />
| music = [[Vasuki Vaibhav]]<br />
| runtime = 125 minutes<br />
| studio = Sandesh Productions<br/> [[Rishab Shetty|Rishab Shetty Films]]<br />
| distributor = [[Jayanna Combines|Jayanna Films]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2022|06|23|df=yes}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Harikathe Alla Girikathe''''' is a 2022 Indian Kannada-language [[comedy-drama film]] written by Giri Krishna and directed by Karan Ananth and Anirudh Mahesh. It stars [[Rishab Shetty]] in a [[dual role]] alongside [[Thapaswini Poonacha]], [[Honnavalli Krishna]], [[Rachana Inder]], and Anirudh Mahesh. The music was composed by [[Vasuki Vaibhav]]. Film Produced by Sandesh Nagaraj under Sandesh Productions<ref>{{Cite web |title=Music Director Vasuki Vaibhav teams up with Rishab Shetty for 'Harikathe Alla Girikathe' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/music-director-vasuki-vaibhav-teams-up-with-rishab-shetty-for-harikathe-alla-girikathe/articleshow/92251480.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Harikathe Alla Girikathe'' was released on 23 June 2022 where it received mixed reviews from critics.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Giri Honnavali Krishna is the son of actor [[Honnavalli Krishna]], and an aspiring director, who arrives in [[Bangalore]] with an intention to find a producer for his film, but faces multiple rejections from the production house, and lives with his friend Prasanna.<br />
<br />
One day, Giri meets Kushi, the daughter of [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Jokumaraswamy, and decide to seek her help in convincing Jokumaraswamy in producing his film. Giri falls for Kushi, and manages to seek Jokumaraswamy's approval. However after winning the election, Jokumaraswamy refuses due to some issues. Due to this, Giri breaks up with Kushi and decide to produce a film by himself. Giri arrives at the bank to seek a loan, where he gets into a misunderstanding by assuming a person and his friends to be robbers and nabs them where a lady [[Inspector]] also arrives. <br />
<br />
However, Giri gets cleared of the misunderstanding after learning about the persons; Villain-Giri, who aspires to play the role of villain in films and works under an [[Incense in India|agarbatti distributor]]; Girija Thomas, an aspiring actress who arrived at the bank to con people for their money. Giri, Villain-Giri and Girija soon become friends and they, along with Girija's brother 5D Thomas, "Mobile" Raghu and Super Super; team up with Giri for his upcoming film. The gang decide that the only way to make money is by kidnapping people without the victims complaining to the police. <br />
<br />
They rent a van and disguise it as an [[ambulance]] and tries various tactics to kidnap rich people, but to little success and are always confronted by [[Inspector]] Abhimanyu, but manages to fool him everytime. However, the gang manages to kidnap a woman, only for Giri to find that they have kidnapped Kushi. Giri demands Jokumaraswamy to bring {{INR}}30 lakhs in order for Kushi's release. Despite being trailed by Abhimanyu, who learnt the kidnapping, the gang manages to retrieve the money and leave for [[Goa]] to begin the film shooting, where Kushi also accompanies him, lying to her father that she is with her friends. <br />
<br />
Giri manages to renew his relationship with Kushi, and they reunite. When the shooting begins, the gang finds that the bag, which contains the film's script is missing, and they learn that Salman and Usman, two garage boys who are Villain-Giri's acquaintances, stole it as they learn about the gang's involvement in kidnapping and thinking that the bag contains money as they were two bags in the van. The gang doesn't head back to Bangalore as the police are searching for them. Giri gets an idea about making the film based on their own experience in kidnapping Kushi, and the film gets completed and released with the title ''Harikathe alla Girikathe''. <br />
<br />
However, Abhimanyu nabs the gang due to Usman and Salman getting caught. Giri ask Abhimanyu to give him time seeing the audience and his father's reaction, but the latter refuses. A direct clash ensues where Giri manages to escape from Abhimanyu and finds that his father and audience are having a happy time watching the film. The gang's arrest is blocked by Jokumaraswamy and Kushi, where Giri and his father happily talk to each other, while the gang attend the [[press conference]] regarding the film.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Rishab Shetty]] in a [[dual role]] as<br />
**Giri Honnavalli Krishna <br />
**himself<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishab Shetty to headline Giri Krishna's Harikathe alla Giri kathe - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/May/09/rishab-shetty-to-headline-giri-krishnas-harikathe-alla--giri-kathe-2140923.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=3 May 2020 |access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref><br />
* [[Thapaswini Poonacha]] as Kushi Jokumaraswami, MLA's Daughter<br />
* [[Rachana Inder]] as Girija Thomas<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/sep/19/thapashwini-rachana-inder-bag-lead-roles-inharikathe-alla-giri-kathe-2198768.html |title=Thapashwini, Rachana Inder bag lead roles in Harikathe alla Giri Kathe |website=The New Indian Express |date=19 September 2020 |access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref><br />
* [[Honnavalli Krishna]] in a [[dual role]] as <br />
** Girish, Giri's father<br />
** himself<br />
* [[Pramod Shetty]] as [[Inspector]] Abhimanyu <br />
* Anirudh Mahesh as 5D Thomas<br />
* Rakshith Ramachandra Shetty as Villain Giri<br />
* Deepak Rai Panaaje as Prasanna, Giri's friend<br />
* Kiran Chandrashekhar Shetty as Super Super<br />
* Raghu Pandeshwar as Mobile Raghu<br />
* [[P. D. Sathish Chandra]] as Bank Manager<br />
* [[Dinesh Mangaluru]] as Jokumaraswamy<br />
* Salman Ahmed as Salman <br />
* Vivek Gowda as Rapper<br />
* Shashank M C as Usman<br />
* [[Shine Shetty]] as Talkative lover<br />
* Sandesh Nagaraj as himself (Cameo)<br />
* [[Kiranraj K.]] as himself (Cameo)<br />
* Chandrajith Belliyappa as himself (Cameo)<br />
* [[Yogaraj Bhat]] as himself (Cameo)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
''Harikathe Alla Girikathe'' was released on 23 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Release date of Harikatha Alla Girikathe is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/may/21/release-date-of-harikatha-alla-girikathe-is-out-31631.html |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=Cinema Express |date=21 May 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "While there are fun elements, there are sequences that hold back that momentum of the narrative. One wishes the story was more tightly woven to ensure a seamless ride. The filmmakers seem to have conceptualised a crazy ride, which does merit a one-time watch."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/harikathe-alla-girikathe/movie-review/92410762.cms |title=Harikathe Alla Girikathe Movie Review: A mad ride that promises some good laughs |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A. Sharaadha of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "While Harikathe Alla Girikathe scores high on the entertainment factor, it isn’t flawless. However, backed by a solid cast and crew, the director duo make a mark with their very first film, which is definitely a decent watch."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/jun/25/harikathe-alla-girikathe-movie-review-a-fun-satire-on-the-inside-workings-of-cinema-32325.html |title=Harikathe Alla Girikathe Movie Review: A fun satire on the inside workings of cinema |website=Cinema Express |date=25 June 2022}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Vivek M. V of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "'Harikathe Alla Girikathe' is an ode to the strugglers in cinema. It shows the plight of outsiders who try to break into the big, bad world of the film industry. It bats for artistes who are either stuck on the margins or not in the limelight, like the under-paid crew members or the stereotyped character artistes."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/harikathe-alla-girikathe-review-this-satire-has-few-laughs-1120689.html |title='Harikathe Alla Girikathe' review: This satire has few laughs |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Swaroop Kodur of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Harikathe Alla Girikathe, is a rollicking ride that promises a genuine dose of laughter, along with a few tear-jerking moments. The film might seem a derived one in terms of the genre and structure but the makers infuse originality through their characters and a strong, endearing emotional core. Sure, the film falls slightly short in certain aspects but there is enough and more to experience this mad caper on the big screen. Watch the film with your close ones for a story that's free of double entendres and a clean heart."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/harikathe-alla-girikathe-review-this-comedy-drama-brims-with-genuineness-and-energy-despite-the-occasional-glitches/a4181abf74700 |title=Harikathe Alla Girikathe review: This comedy-drama brims with genuineness and energy, despite the occasional glitches |website=OTTplay}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|15483616}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2022 films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purusha_Lakshanam&diff=527414Purusha Lakshanam2026-03-03T04:56:44Z<p>Aniketdigi: creating a details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Purusha Lakshanam.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[K. S. Ravikumar]]<br />
| screenplay = K. S. Ravikumar<br />
| story = [[P. Vasu]]<br />
| producer = M. Narendiran<br />
| starring = [[Jayaram]]<br />[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]<br />
| cinematography = Ashok Rajan<br />
| editing = K. Thanikachalam<br />
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]<br />
| studio = Good Luck Films<br />
| released = {{film date|1993|12|3|df=y}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Purusha Lakshanam''''' ({{Translation|Characteristic of a great man}}) is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], written and directed by [[K. S. Ravikumar]] from a story by [[P. Vasu]]. The film stars [[Jayaram]] and [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]. It was released on 3 December 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=புருஷ லட்சணம் / Purusha Lakshanam (1993) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/purusha-lakshanam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426063159/https://screen4screen.com/movies/purusha-lakshanam |archive-date=26 April 2022 |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen }}</ref> The film was remade as ''[[Bhale Pellam]]'' in Telugu and in ''[[Mangalya Bandhana]]'' in Kannada.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{more plot|date=April 2023}}<br />
Nandagopal works as a managing director in a company. Abhirami "Ammu", a carefree college student, falls in love with Nandagopal at first sight, while Anju also loves him, but it is one sided. Finally, Nandagopal accepts to get married with Ammu. Raja was Ammu's classmate and was in love with her, so he wants to take revenge on her. Raja begins to compel Ammu, and challenges to marry her. One day, Raja hugs Ammu in front of Nandagopal, Nandagopal thinks that his wife has an affair with Raja and he expels Ammu. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Jayaram]] as Nandagopal<br />
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Abhirami (Ammu)<br />
*[[Anju (actress)|Anju]] as Anju<br />
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Rajgopal<br />
*[[Srividya]] as Vidya<br />
*[[Raja Ravindra]] as Raja<br />
*[[Charle]] as Rajesh<br />
*[[K. S. Ravikumar]] as Madhavan Nair<br />
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]<br />
*[[Loose Mohan]]<br />
*[[Major Sundarrajan]]<br />
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]]<br />
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]]<br />
*[[Kumarimuthu]]<br />
*[[Shanmugasundari]] as Shanmugasundari<br />
*[[Indraja]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
[[P. Vasu]] wrote the story with [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] in mind, and she accepted. Though Khusbhu had fever on the first day of shooting, she concealed this from director [[K. S. Ravikumar]] to prevent production delays.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=28 May 2020 |title=Landmark films, golden memories |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/landmark-films-golden-memories/article31693902.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602064801/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/landmark-films-golden-memories/article31693902.ece |archive-date=2 June 2020 |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] and lyrics were written by Kalidasan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Purusha Lakshanam (1993) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000593 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130912065233/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000593 |archive-date=12 September 2013 |access-date=11 March 2018 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singers !! Length<br />
|-<br />
| Anna Salai || [[K. S. Chithra]] || 04:51<br />
|-<br />
| "Kaakai Chiraginile" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], K. S. Chithra || 04:42<br />
|-<br />
| "Kum Kum Kumbakonam" || [[S. Janaki]] || 04:20<br />
|-<br />
| "Mundhanaiye Naan" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 04:57<br />
|-<br />
| "Oru Thaali" || K. S. Chithra || 05:22<br />
|-<br />
| "Sempattu Poove" ||S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra || 04:12<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "P. Vasu's story gets a serious turn, the director gets a grip [..] and the film manages to keep the viewers engrossed in the proceedings."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=3 December 1993 |title=Lots of fun |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19931203&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=21 August 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' praised Khushboo's performance and Ravikumar's direction, saying he "has managed to keep the pace light and full of delightful moments for first three quarters of the movie".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=1 January 1994 |title=Kushboo's talent comes to the fore |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=n95OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vxMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2664%2C147186 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523092739/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=n95OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vxMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2664%2C147186 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=26 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that the film was moving at a brisk pace despite having elements like ''[[Mangala sutra|thaali]]'' sentiment and devotional song.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=19 December 1993 |title=புருஷ லட்சணம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-12-19/page/n7/mode/2up? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240523074924/https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-12-19/page/n7/mode/2up? |archive-date=23 May 2024 |access-date=23 May 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=6–7 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> K. S. Chithra won the Cinema Express Award for Best Playback Singer (Female) at the [[14th Cinema Express Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 1994 |title=''Kizhakku Cheemayile'' adjudged best film |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v2FlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G5QNAAAAIBAJ&pg=339%2C511626 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408054633/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v2FlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G5QNAAAAIBAJ&pg=339,511626 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=18 November 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |page=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |agency=Express News Service}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
{{K. S. Ravikumar}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1993 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1993 films]]<br />
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Ravikumar]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Ravikumar]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anekal_Assembly_constituency&diff=459578Anekal Assembly constituency2026-03-02T11:09:01Z<p>Aniketdigi: refine information per standard format and fixed typos for accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka state, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Anekal<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 177<br />
| map_image = 177-Anekal constituency.svg<br />
| state = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| district = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]<br />
| established = 1957<br />
| reservation = SC<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:402620}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}<br />
| mla = [[B. Shivanna]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| preceded_by = [[A. Narayanaswamy]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Anekal Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 9, 2017}}</ref> It is in [[Bangalore Urban district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" align="center" |[[1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1952]]-1957: ''Seat does not exist. See [[Hoskote Anekal Assembly constituency|Hoskote Anekal]] and [[Bangalore South Assembly constituency|Bangalore South]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hosakote assembly election results in Karnataka |url=https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Hosakote-in-Karnataka |access-date=2021-06-19 |website=elections.traceall.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mysore, 1951 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4098-mysore-1951/ |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || J. C. Ramaswami Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || R. K. Prasad<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || R. Muniswamiah<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || M. B. Ramaswamy<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="2" | Y. Ramakrishna || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | M. P. Keshavamurthy<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Y. Ramakrishna || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="3" | [[A. Narayanaswamy]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan="3" | [[B. Shivanna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Anekal }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Shivanna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 134,797 |percentage = 53.55% |change = {{increase}}3.53 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivas. C. Hullahalli |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 103,472 |percentage = 41.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. P. Raju |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,415 |percentage = 2.55% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,354 |percentage = 0.94% |change = {{increase}}0.01 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,325 |percentage = 12.45% |change = {{increase}}8.66 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 251,817 |percentage = 62.54% |change = {{decrease}}0.83 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 251,702}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 402,620 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.98 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.53 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Anekal }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Shivanna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 113,894 |percentage = 50.02% |change = {{decrease}}13.36 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[A. Narayanaswamy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 105,267 |percentage = 46.24% |change = {{increase}}7.01 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Srinivas |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,932 |percentage = 1.29% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Mahadesh |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,425 |percentage = 0.63% |change = {{decrease}}0.53 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,115 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,627 |percentage = 3.79% |change = {{decrease}}20.36 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 227,846 |percentage = 63.37% |change = {{decrease}}5.52 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 227,677}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 359,550 |ref = |change = {{increase}}32.79 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}13.36 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2013 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Anekal <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Shivanna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 105,464 |percentage = 63.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[A. Narayanaswamy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 65,282 |percentage = 39.23% |change = {{decrease}}5.59 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anekal Keshava |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 7,307 |percentage = 4.39% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Krishnamurthy |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 2,369 |percentage = 1.42% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Mahadesh |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,923 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivasa. P |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,365 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 40,182 |percentage = 24.15% |change = {{increase}}17.07 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 186,521 |percentage = 68.89% |change = {{increase}}10.33 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 166,395}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 270,767 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.78 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}18.56 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2008 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Anekal <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[A. Narayanaswamy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 62,455 |percentage = 44.82% |change = {{increase}}8.89 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Gopal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 52,593 |percentage = 37.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K M Muniyappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 18,477 |percentage = 13.26% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jigani Shankar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,004 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopinatha. G. M |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,318 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Annayappa. R. M |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,079 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Thopaiah |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 849 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,862 |percentage = 7.08% |change = {{increase}}5.84 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 139,349 |percentage = 58.56% |change = {{increase}}0.26 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 139,340}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 237,971 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}20.96 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}8.89 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Anekal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[A. Narayanaswamy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 63,023 |percentage = 35.93% |change = {{decrease}}9.08 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivanna. B |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 60,847 |percentage = 34.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopal. B |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 24,841 |percentage = 14.16% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Keshavamurthy Mp |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 24,332 |percentage = 13.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thopaiah. C |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,353 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,176 |percentage = 1.24% |change = {{increase}}0.14 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 175,524 |percentage = 58.30% |change = {{decrease}}9.66 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 175,396}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 301,071 |ref = |change = {{increase}}39.11 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.08 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Anekal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[A. Narayanaswamy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 63,713 |percentage = 45.01% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. P Keshavamurthy S/o Palappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 62,152 |percentage = 43.91% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Krishnappa S/o Annaiahppa. M |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,565 |percentage = 4.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Munishankarappa S/o Muniswamy |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,251 |percentage = 4.42% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Thopaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,873 |percentage = 2.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,561 |percentage = 1.10% |change = {{increase}}0.40 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,073 |percentage = 67.96% |change = {{decrease}}6.21 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 141,554}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 216,419 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.25 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}14.54 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1994 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Anekal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Y. Ramakrishna |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 37,999 |percentage = 30.47% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Ganapathiraja |party = Janata Dal |votes = 37,131 |percentage = 29.78% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. P. Keshava Murthy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,533 |percentage = 25.29% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Gopal |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 12,700 |percentage = 10.18% |change = {{increase}}6.72 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = E. Anjinappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 3,053 |percentage = 2.45% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 868 |percentage = 0.70% |change = {{decrease}}14.86 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 127,151 |percentage = 74.17% |change = {{increase}}4.62 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 124,704}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 171,423 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.99 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.10 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1989 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Anekal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. P. Keshavamurthy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,462 |percentage = 40.57% |change = {{decrease}}5.62 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. R. Venugopal |party = Janata Dal |votes = 24,331 |percentage = 25.01% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopalappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,961 |percentage = 13.33% |change = {{increase}}0.28 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. V. Sampath |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,347 |percentage = 8.58% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Raja |party = Janata Party |votes = 4,069 |percentage = 4.18% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Gopal |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,370 |percentage = 3.46% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[A. Narayanaswamy]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,151 |percentage = 2.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Krishnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 776 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,131 |percentage = 15.56% |change = {{increase}}10.13 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,422 |percentage = 69.55% |change = {{increase}}3.64 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,267}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,450 |ref = |change = {{increase}}34.01 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.62 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Anekal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. P. Keshavamurthy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,586 |percentage = 46.19% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Thopaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 30,518 |percentage = 40.76% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopalappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,768 |percentage = 13.05% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,068 |percentage = 5.43% |change = {{decrease}}4.52 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,963 |percentage = 65.91% |change = {{decrease}}2.70 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,872}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,252 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.61 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.09 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1983 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Anekal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Y. Ramakrishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,021 |percentage = 47.28% |change = {{decrease}}8.60 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Allallappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 24,494 |percentage = 37.33% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Pilligaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 7,272 |percentage = 11.08% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Gopal |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,190 |percentage = 3.34% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,527 |percentage = 9.95% |change = {{decrease}}8.27 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,239 |percentage = 68.61% |change = {{decrease}}3.65 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,606}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,995 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.62 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}8.60 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Anekal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Y. Ramakrishna |party = Janata Party |votes = 36,041 |percentage = 55.88% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Annappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 24,289 |percentage = 37.66% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Kaverappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,708 |percentage = 4.20% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Munipapaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 838 |percentage = 1.30% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Muniswamappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 619 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,752 |percentage = 18.22% |change = {{decrease}}13.41 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,419 |percentage = 72.26% |change = {{increase}}16.04 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,495}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,924 |percentage = 2.90% |change = {{increase}}2.90 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,914 |ref = |change = {{increase}}32.40 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.03 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Anekal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. B. Ramaswamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,891 |percentage = 52.85% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Muniswamaiah |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 7,986 |percentage = 21.22% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. M. Gopal |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 7,750 |percentage = 20.59% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Munivenkatappa |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 1,245 |percentage = 3.31% |change = {{decrease}}25.96 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Venkatesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 764 |percentage = 2.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,905 |percentage = 31.63% |change = {{increase}}4.19 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,029 |percentage = 56.22% |change = {{increase}}17.17 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,636}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,424 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.90 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.86 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Anekal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Muniswamiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,651 |percentage = 56.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Munivenkatappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,529 |percentage = 29.27% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kaverappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,856 |percentage = 8.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kullappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,273 |percentage = 5.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,122 |percentage = 27.44% |change = {{increase}}24.15 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,015 |percentage = 39.05% |change = {{decrease}}33.62 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 22,309}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,494 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.61 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.06 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Anekal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. K. Prasad |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,755 |percentage = 51.65% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. Venkataramana Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,559 |percentage = 48.35% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,196 |percentage = 3.29% |change = {{decrease}}4.38 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,993 |percentage = 72.67% |change = {{increase}}16.39 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,314}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,655 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.04 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.36 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1957 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Anekal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = J. C. Ramaswami Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,686 |percentage = 45.29% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Sharabhanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,706 |percentage = 37.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Appa Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,409 |percentage = 17.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,980 |percentage = 7.67% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,801 |percentage = 56.28% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,801}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,845 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Bangalore Urban district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:1957 establishments in Mysore State]]<br />
{{coord|12.72|77.7|display=title}}</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badaplin_War&diff=488921Badaplin War2026-02-25T20:38:48Z<p>Aniketdigi: adding new entry w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian professor and litterateur}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Badaplin War<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| death_cause = <br />
| education = <br />
| occupation = Professor<br />
| employer = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| partner = <br />
| children = <br />
| parents = <br />
| relatives = <br />
| awards = Padma Shri in 2022<br />
| website = <br />
| signature = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Badaplin War''' is an Indian [[professor]] and a [[litterateur]]. In 2022, she was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Indian Government]] for her contribution in [[literature]] and [[education]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-25 |title=Prof. Badaplin War – Meghalaya at 50 |url=https://meghalayaat50.com/prof-badaplin-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517232020/https://meghalayaat50.com/prof-badaplin-war/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |access-date=2022-06-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2022-03-28 |title=Padma Awards 2022: President Kovind confers civilian awards today. List here |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/padma-awards-2022-president-kovind-confers-civilian-awards-today-full-list-her-11648471168029.html |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
War did her PhD in [[Linguistics]] from the [[University of London]], United Kingdom.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
War joined the Department of Khasi as a lecturer in 1983 and got promoted to a Reader in 1996 and became a professor in 2001. She taught Linguistic Anthropology at [[North-Eastern Hill University]] from 1994 to 1996. She also taught General Linguistics, Morphology, Semantics there from 1996 to 1998. She also taught two courses at Shillong Regional Centre in 1995 and 2003. She is the founder president of Society for Khasi Studies and a member of the Khasi Author's Society. She has written nine books on Khasi language and linguistics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-25 |title=NEHU professor Badaplin War conferred Padma Shri 2022 |url=https://hubnetwork.in/nehu-professor-badaplin-war-conferred-padma-shri-2022/ |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=Hub News |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
*[[Padma Shri]] in 2022<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:War, Badaplin}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Singer_Junior_season_2&diff=538433Super Singer Junior season 22026-02-24T09:17:56Z<p>Aniketdigi: Created a info...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}<!--take particular note of BLP issues--><br />
{{Overly detailed|date=July 2018}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox television season<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| network = [[STAR Vijay]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2009|06|22|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2010|06|17|df=y}} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The second season of ''[[Airtel Super Singer Junior]] - Thamizhagathin Chellakuralukkana Thedal'' ''(the search for the sweet voice of [[Tamil Nadu]])'' premiered on 22 June 2009. The music competition reality TV show was again telecast on [[Vijay TV]], and [[Bharti Airtel]] returned to sponsor this show. Episodes were telecast between Monday and Thursday each week at 9:00&nbsp;pm.<ref name="VijayTVabout"/><ref name="Hindu15May2010">{{cite news|title=Let the music begin! - The Hindu|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 May 2010|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/let-the-music-begin/article787481.ece|accessdate=2015-04-04}}</ref> Children aged 6 years to 14 showcased their singing talent.<ref name="VijayTVabout"/> The show initially promised that its winner would receive {{INR}}25&nbsp;lakhs (2.5&nbsp;million Rupees) in prize money,<ref name="VijayTVabout"/> which was later changed to a villa in Anugraha Satellite Town valued at {{INR}}25&nbsp;lakhs by its sponsor, Navashakthi Township and Developers.<br />
<br />
Following [[playback singer]] [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]'s decision to stop hosting ''[[Vijay TV's Super Singer (TV series)|Vijay TV's Super Singer]]'' earlier in the year,<ref name="Times20Sept14">{{cite news|title=Chinmayi wishes a normal childhood for prodigies - The Times of India|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 September 2014|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Chinmayi-wishes-a-normal-childhood-for-prodigies/articleshow/42991290.cms|accessdate=2015-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinmayisripada.com/2009/01/and-my-last-day-on-airtel-super-singer.html|date=21 January 2009|accessdate=4 April 2015|website=www.chinmayisripada.com|title=WhatToNameIt: And my last day on Airtel Super Singer|archive-date=10 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410080145/http://www.chinmayisripada.com/2009/01/and-my-last-day-on-airtel-super-singer.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> various television anchors including [[Dhivyadharshini|Dhivyadarshini (DD)]], [[Sivakarthikeyan]], Aishwarya Prabhakar, and [[Uma Padmanabhan]] hosted the show at various intervals, and playback singer Dhivyadarshini (DD) appeared regularly during the season as a replacement. [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]] returned as a voice trainer, and playback singer [[K. S. Chithra]] returned as a permanent judge of the show. Playback singers [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], and [[Malgudi Subha]] also joined the show as permanent judges to replace [[Usha Uthup]] who quit the show.<br />
<br />
A number of eminent playback singers and music directors appeared during the season as guest judges, including [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[P. Susheela]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[S. Janaki]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[Suchithra]], [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Unni Menon]], [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], [[Sowmya]], [[Pop Shalini]], and Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy. Stars from [[Airtel Super Singer|the senior version of the show]] also appeared as judges during the season, including former contestants [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Nikhil Mathew]], and [[Ajeesh]], and permanent judges [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]] and [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]. The winner [[Alka Ajith]], was introduced as a [[playback singer]] in the 2011 [[Malayalam|Malayalam-language]] film ''[[The Train (2011 film)|The Train]]''.<br />
<br />
== Grand opening ==<br />
The grand opening week was hosted by Malini and Yugendran.{{who|date=July 2018}} Former contestants from ''[[Airtel Super Singer 2008]]'' and the debut season of ''[[Airtel Super Singer Junior]]'' participated in a week-long competition to promote and celebrate the opening of season 2 of the show.<br />
<br />
{{Episode table |background=#003366 |overall= |title= |aux1= |aux1T=Judges |airdate= |episodes=<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| EpisodeNumber=1 <br />
| Title=Grand Opening – Part 1<br />
| Aux1=Anitha Kuppuswamy & [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]]<br />
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2009|06|22|df=yes}}<br />
| ShortSummary=<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| EpisodeNumber=2<br />
| Title=Grand Opening – Part 2<br />
| Aux1=Anitha Kuppuswamy & Mahathi<br />
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2009|06|23|df=yes}}<br />
| ShortSummary=<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| EpisodeNumber=3<br />
| Title=Grand Opening – Part 3<br />
| Aux1=Anitha Kuppuswamy & Mahathi<br />
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2009|06|24|df=yes}}<br />
| ShortSummary=<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| EpisodeNumber=4<br />
| Title=Grand Opening – Part 4<br />
| Aux1=Anitha Kuppuswamy & Mahathi<br />
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2009|06|25|df=yes}}<br />
| ShortSummary=<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Auditions ==<br />
<br />
===Open auditions===<br />
Open auditions for the season commenced in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], according to the then-official website of the show.<ref name="VijayTVabout">{{cite web |url=http://vijay.indya.com/jss09/about.asp |title=Super Singer Junior 2009 - Star Vijay - Indya.com |publisher=vijay.indya.com |date=2009-12-26 |access-date=2009-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226030854/http://vijay.indya.com/jss09/about.asp |archive-date=26 December 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Contestants in each round were either spot-selected, rejected, or wait-listed until the conclusion of that round. Each of these rounds were hosted by [[Divyadarshini]].<br />
<br />
{{Episode table |background=#003366 |overall= |title= |aux1= |aux1T=Audition Judges |airdate= |episodes=<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| EpisodeNumber=5 <br />
| Title=Coimbatore Auditions (preliminary round)<br />
| Aux1=Former contestants Anitha V., [[Nikhil Mathew]], and Gautham<br />
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2009|06|29|df=yes}}<br />
| ShortSummary=Preliminary auditions were held in [[Coimbatore]].<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| NumParts=3<br />
| EpisodeNumber_1=6<br />
| EpisodeNumber_2=7<br />
| EpisodeNumber_3=8<br />
| Title=Coimbatore Auditions (level 1)<br />
| Aux1=[[Deepan Chakravarthy]], Anitha Kuppuswamy, and Mahathi<br />
| OriginalAirDate_1={{Start date|2009|06|30|df=yes}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate_2={{Start date|2009|07|01|df=yes}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate_3={{Start date|2009|07|02|df=yes}}<br />
| ShortSummary=A total of 21 contestants were selected for level 2 auditions in [[Chennai]].<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| EpisodeNumber=9<br />
| Title=Trichy Auditions (preliminary level)<br />
| Aux1=Former contestants Anitha V., Nikhil Mathew, and Maya<br />
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2009|07|06|df=yes}}<br />
| ShortSummary=Preliminary auditions were held in [[Trichy]].<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| NumParts=3<br />
| EpisodeNumber_1=10<br />
| EpisodeNumber_2=11<br />
| EpisodeNumber_3=12<br />
| Title=Trichy Auditions (level 1)<br />
| Aux1=[[Manikka Vinayagam]] and Anitha Kuppuswamy <br />
| OriginalAirDate_1={{Start date|2009|07|07|df=yes}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate_2={{Start date|2009|07|08|df=yes}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate_3={{Start date|2009|07|09|df=yes}}<br />
| ShortSummary=A total of 19 contestants were selected for level 2 auditions in Chennai.<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| NumParts=2<br />
| EpisodeNumber_1=13<br />
| EpisodeNumber_2=14<br />
| Title=Chennai Auditions (preliminary level)<br />
| Aux1=[[Charulatha Mani]], Madhumitha, Dr. Lavanya, <br/> former contestants Anitha V., Nikhil Mathew, and Gautham<br />
| OriginalAirDate_1={{Start date|2009|07|13|df=yes}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate_2={{Start date|2009|07|14|df=yes}}<br />
| ShortSummary=Preliminary auditions were held in Chennai.<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| NumParts=2<br />
| EpisodeNumber_1=15<br />
| EpisodeNumber_2=16<br />
| Title=Chennai Auditions (level 1 – part A)<br />
| Aux1=[[Sunitha Sarathy]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], and [[Pop Shalini|Shalini]]<br />
| OriginalAirDate_1={{Start date|2009|07|15|df=yes}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate_2={{Start date|2009|07|16|df=yes}}<br />
| ShortSummary=}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| NumParts=4<br />
| EpisodeNumber_1=17<br />
| EpisodeNumber_2=18<br />
| EpisodeNumber_3=19<br />
| EpisodeNumber_4=20<br />
| Title=Chennai Auditions (level 1 – part B)<br />
| Aux1= Tippu, Shalini, and Mahathi<br />
| OriginalAirDate_1={{Start date|2009|07|20|df=yes}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate_2={{Start date|2009|07|21|df=yes}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate_3={{Start date|2009|07|22|df=yes}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate_4={{Start date|2009|07|23|df=yes}}<br />
| ShortSummary=A total of 57 contestants were selected for level 2 auditions.<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| NumParts=3<br />
| EpisodeNumber_1=21<br />
| EpisodeNumber_2=22<br />
| EpisodeNumber_3=23<br />
| Title=Trichy-Coimbatore Auditions (level 2)<br />
| Aux1=[[Unni Menon]], Shalini, and Mahathi<br />
| OriginalAirDate_1={{Start date|2009|07|27|df=yes}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate_2={{Start date|2009|07|28|df=yes}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate_3={{Start date|2009|07|29|df=yes}}<br />
| ShortSummary=Level 2 auditions were held in Chennai for the 40 contestants selected in Coimbatore and Trichy. The contestants were required to sing a slow or melody-genre based song and a fast song. A total of 25 contestants were selected to advance to main auditions.<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
| NumParts=4<br />
| EpisodeNumber_1=24<br />
| EpisodeNumber_2=25<br />
| EpisodeNumber_3=26<br />
| EpisodeNumber_4=27<br />
| Title=Chennai Auditions (level 2)<br />
| Aux1=[[Unni Menon]], Shalini, and Mahathi<br />
| OriginalAirDate_1={{Start date|2009|08|03|df=yes}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate_2={{Start date|2009|08|04|df=yes}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate_3={{Start date|2009|08|05|df=yes}}<br />
| OriginalAirDate_4={{Start date|2009|08|06|df=yes}}<br />
| ShortSummary=Level 2 auditions were held in Chennai for the 57 contestants selected in level 1 Chennai auditions. The contestants were required to sing a slow or melody-genre based song and a fast song. A total of 45 contestants were selected to advance to main level auditions.<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Main level auditions===<br />
<br />
{{empty section|date=July 2018}}<br />
<br />
== Contestants ==<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2018}}<br />
*'''[[Alka Ajith]]''' <!--contestant ID SSJ02--> – known in the competition as Alka, she is from [[Kerala]]. She had a repertoire of 200 songs at the start of the competition. Alka placed into the grand finale by the permanent judges and was named the winner of the competition.<br />
*'''Shravan R. Pratap''' – known in the competition as Shravan, he was born to a family from Kerala. He was learning [[Carnatic music]] from Padma Chandilyan (wife of mridangamist [[Srimushnam V. Raja Rao]]) and had performed Carnatic music concerts before entering the competition. Shravan was placed into the grand finale by the permanent judges and was named runner-up, winning a car. He subsequently competed in spin-off versions of the show and other [[Vijay TV]] music competitions.<br />
*'''Nithyashree Venkataraman''' – known in the competition as Nithyashree, she entered the competition at age 9.<ref name="Hindu17Jul15">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/heart-and-soul-in-song/article7430915.ece|title=Heart and soul in song|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 July 2015 |location=Chennai, India|accessdate=22 August 2015}}</ref> She was eliminated as a semi-finalist but immediately qualified as a wild-card contestant and re-entered the competition by popular vote and a decision of the permanent judges. Nithyashree ultimately tied for fourth place with Roshan. Shortly after the finale, she was selected to host special post-final episodes of the show. In subsequent seasons she appeared as a guest performer and backing vocalist, and competed in other [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]] music competitions; she won ''Kedi Boys Killadi Girls'', was on the winning team of the first two seasons of ''[[Super Singer T20]]'', and finished as runner-up of [[Indian Idol Junior (season 2)|the second season of ''Indian Idol Junior'']].<br />
*'''Roshan''' – was born to a family hailing from Kerala. He was placed into the grand finale by the permanent judges, and tied for fourth-place. He subsequently competed in spin-off versions of the show and other Vijay TV music competitions. His younger brother Robin has appeared as a contestant in ''[[Sun Singer]]'' broadcast by [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and in season 1 of ''Airtel Super Singer Junior'' in 2007.<br />
*'''Srikanth''' – was the youngest finalist of the season. He was initially eliminated but returned as a wildcard contestant, and the permanent judges made an exception to allow him to re-enter the competition as he appeared to be popular at the time. Srikanth was given the title "Most Popular Contestant" of the season, and finished in third place. He subsequently appeared as a competitor on ''[[Super Singer T20#Airtel Super Singer T20|Airtel Super Singer T20]]''.<br />
*'''[[Srinisha Jayaseelan]]''' – Eliminated from the competition as a semi-finalist. She later appeared as a guest performer and backing vocalist in subsequent seasons of the show, and competed in other Vijay TV music competitions. She was on the winning team of the second season of ''Super Singer T20''.<br />
*'''Priyanka NK''' – Initially eliminated from the competition as a quarter-finalist, she qualified as a wild-card contestant; viewers protested the judges' decision to eliminate her again before the finale. Nevertheless, Priyanka was recognised at the finale. She later appeared as a guest performer and backing vocalist in subsequent seasons of the show, and competed in other Vijay TV music competitions. Priyanka later went on to become a playback singer, winning the Vijay TV Best Female Singer award and Mirchi Music award. She has sung in movies for Illayaraja, AR Rahman, D Imman, G.V. Prakash and other music directors too.<br />
*'''Shrihari''' – He appeared as a contestant during [[Airtel Super Singer Junior#Airtel Super Singer Junior Season 1|season 1]] of the show. In season two he was eliminated from the top 11. Although he qualified as a wild-card contestant, he was eliminated again before the finale.<br />
*'''Prasanna Sundar''' – was eliminated from the top 7 finalists.<br />
*'''Sharath Rajagopalan''' – known as Sharath during the competition, he was eliminated from the top 9 finalists.<br />
*'''Sahana''' – She received training in [[Carnatic music]] prior to entering the competition. She was eliminated from the top 10 finalists.<br />
*'''Balasarangan''' – eliminated from the top 12 finalists.<br />
*'''Ovviya''' – previously appeared on [[Jaya TV]]'s ''Ragamalika'' series. Ovviya was eliminated from the top 13 finalists.<br />
*'''Vishnucharan''' – was eliminated from the top 14 finalists.<br />
*'''Sowmya''' – eliminated from the top 8 finalists. She won the best western singer award of the season, giving an outstanding performance of Mayya Maya. She later appeared on other Vijay TV music competitions.<br />
*'''Sivaranjani''' – eliminated from the top 19 contestants.<br />
*'''Sanjana''' – She was eliminated from the top 20 finalists.<br />
<br />
=== Top 25 contestant IDs ===<br />
The top 25 contestants were selected from the final round of auditions.<br />
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}<br />
*Monisha<br />
*[[Alka Ajith]]<br />
*Balasarangan<br />
*Sahana<br />
*Manisha<br />
*Prasanna Sundar<br />
*Sowmya<br />
*Oviya<br />
*Vishnucharan<br />
*Sivaranjani<br />
*Nithyashree<br />
*Harish<br />
*Shri Prasanna<br />
*Sanjana<br />
*Shravan<br />
*[[Srinisha Jayaseelan]]<br />
*Shrihari<br />
*Sharath<br />
*Roshan<br />
*Srikanth<br />
*Priyanka<br />
*Soundarya<br />
*Sathyanarayanan<br />
*Srinidhi<br />
*Ponmozhi<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
== Main competition ==<br />
<br />
The main competition comprised a series of performance rounds on successive weeks, from 23 September 2009 to 27 May 2010, with occasional break weeks. Typically each round had four episodes telecast Monday to Thursday, with a contestant eliminated at the end of the last show that week.<br />
<br />
=== Freestyle round ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent Judges:''' [[Malgudi Subha]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], and [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
This round required the top 25 contestants to perform a song of their choice.<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |23 September 2009<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
| SSJ23 Sri Prasanna<br />
|"Vathikuchi Pathikadhuda"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]</small><br />
|''[[Dheena]]'' (2001)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| SSJ14 Sanjana<br />
|"Oho Megam Vandhadho"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[Mouna Ragam]]'' (1986)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Varaha Nadhikarai"<br />
|<small>[[Shankar Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]]'' (1999)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|"Chittu Kuruvi"<br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|''[[Puthiya Paravai]]'' (1999)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
| SSJ17 Shrihari<br />
|"Unakenna Mele"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Simla Special]]'' (1999)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
| SSJ18 Sharath Rajagopalan<br />
|"Ennadi Meenakshi"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu]]'' (1978)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Navarathiri special ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Malgudi Subha]], and [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] <br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The top 25 contestants were required to provide duet or trio performances in celebration of the [[Hindu]] festival [[Navarathri]].<br />
<br />
For the episodes telecast on 29 and 30 September, musical performances were of a [[South Indian]] theme. Unlike usual weeks, the contestants and guest performers sat on seats at one side of the stage so that the [[Bharatha Natyam]] students who were dancing to the song took centre stage.<br />
<br />
In the episode telecast on 1 October, the art of {{lang|sa|[[dandiya]]}} dance was taught to contestants by Mansi Bhat who together with the judges and host danced on stage before the commencement of music performances. Musical performances were of a [[North Indian]] theme.<br />
<br />
{{in5}}{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer(s)<br />
!Contestant 1<br />
!Contestant 2<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist </small><br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |29 September 2009<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|SSJ04 Sahana<br />
|SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Sri Ranga Ranganathanin"<br />
| <small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]; [[Uma Ramanan]]; [[Shobana Vignesh]]</small><br />
| [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]<br />
|<small> [[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
| [[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|''Mahanadi'']] (1994)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
|[[Shweta Mohan]] <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|"Alai Payudhe"<br />
|<br />
|<small>[[Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi]]</small><br />
|<small>Traditional [[Carnatic music]] composition</small><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ14 Sanjana<br />
| SSJ15 Shravan<br />
| "Kurai Ondrum Illai"<br />
| [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]]<br />
| Vaali<br />
| Traditional [[Carnatic music]] composition <br />
|''[[Kaadhalan (soundtrack)|Kaadhalan]]'' (1994)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
| SSJ17 Srihari<br />
| SSJ23 Sathyanarayanan<br />
|"Om Sivoham" <br />
|<small>[[Vijay Prakash]] </small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Naan Kadavul#Soundtrack|Naan Kadavul]]'' (2009)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 6<br />
|[[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] & [[Malgudi Shubha]] <br />
| SSJ17 Srihari<br />
| SSJ23 Sathyanarayanan<br />
|"Janani Janani"<br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]], Deepan Chakravarthy & [[Krishnachandran]]</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''Thai Moogambikai'' (1982)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4|30 September 2009<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
| SSJ03 Balasarangan<br />
| SSJ09 Vishnuharan<br />
|"Amma Endru" <br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Mannan (film)|Mannan]]'' (1992)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| SSJ05 Manisha<br />
| SSJ24 Srinidhi<br />
| SSJ10 Sivaranjani<br />
|"Kaatril Varum"<br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Oru Naal Oru Kanavu#Music|Oru Naal Oru Kanavu]]'' (1981)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| SSJ07 Sowmya<br />
| SSJ25 Ponmozhi<br />
|"Mukundha Mukundha" <br />
|<small>[[Sadhana Sargam]] & [[Kamal Haasan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' (2008)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
| SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Kalabham Tharaam" <br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>[[Gireesh Puthenchery]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Raveendran]]</small><br />
|''[[Vadakkumnathan]]'' ([[Malayalam language]] 2006)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4 |1 October 2009<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
| SSJ01 Monisha<br />
| SSJ18 Sharath<br />
|Medley of 3 songs ("Dil Mera"<!--; ""; ""-->)<br />
|<small>[[Mathangi Jagdish]] & [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]; </small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>[[Ramesh Vinayakam]]; </small><br />
|''[[Azhagiya Theeye]]'' (2004); <br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| SSJ08 Oviya<br />
| SSJ25 Sathyanarayanan<br />
|"Thandiya"<br />
|<small>[[Unni Menon]], [[M. G. Sreekumar]] & [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali </small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Kadhalir Dhinam]]'' (1999)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
| SSJ22 Soundarya<br />
|"Raadhai Manadhil" <br />
|<small>[[K. S. Chithra]], [[Sujatha Mohan]] & Sangeetha Sajith</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu </small><br />
|<small>[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]</small><br />
|''[[Snegithiye]]'' (2000)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Koothu songs ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]]<br />
* '''Special guest judge and voice trainer for the week:''' Manikka Vinayagam<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 5–8 October round required the 25 contestants to perform songs of a [[koothu]] style. Those selected in the top five were safe from elimination. At the conclusion of the performances, the judges eliminated a contestant from the competition.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance<br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Contestant spot-selected into top-five zone with immunity this week <br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in the bottom three <br />
:{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} – Contestant was eliminated<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist </small><br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=8 |5 October 2009<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
| Manikka Vinayagam<br />
| <br />
|Excerpt from Kootthu Song<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|SSJ25 Ponmozhi<br />
|"Machan Meesai"<br />
|<small>Pushpa Anand</small><br />
|<small>[[Pa. Vijay]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]</small><br />
|''[[Dhill]]'' (2001)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|SSJ18 Sharath<br />
|"Ah Mudhal Akku"<br />
|<small>[[Shankar Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>[[Srikanth Deva]]</small><br />
|''[[Jithan]]'' (2005)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
|style="background:palegreen" |SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|"Vechukkava"<br />
|<small>[[KK (singer)|KK]] & [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]]</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>[[Srikanth Deva]]</small><br />
|''[[M. Kumaran S/O Mahalakshmi]]'' (2004)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
|SSJ03 Balasarangan<br />
|"Aruvaa Meesai"<br />
|<small>Manikka Vinayagam & Vidhu Prabhakar</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>Vidyasagar</small><br />
|''[[Dhool]]'' (2003)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
|SSJ24 Shrinidhi<br />
|"Kumbida Pona Deivam"<br />
|<small>[[Shankar Mahadevan]] & [[Malathy Lakshman]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Perarasu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Dhina]]</small><br />
|''[[Thirupaachi]]'' (2005)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
|SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Annaaththe Aaduraar"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|''Apoorva Sagodharargal'']] (1989)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |6 October 2009<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" |SSJ01 Monisha<br />
|"Appadi Podu"<br />
|<small>KK. & [[Anuradha Sriram]]</small><br />
|<small>Kapilan</small><br />
|<small>Vidyasagar</small><br />
|''[[Ghilli]]'' (2004)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Kallakuven" <br />
|<small>[[Silambarasan]] & Shankar Mahadevan</small><br />
|<small>Thamarai</small><br />
|<small>[[Deva (composer)|Deva]] & [[Sabesh–Murali]]</small><br />
| ''[[Dum (2003 Tamil film)|Dum]]'' (2003)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
|SSJ09 Vishnucharan<br />
|"Thirupathi Vantha" <br />
|<small>Shankar Mahadevan</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]</small><br />
| ''[[Thirupathi (2006 Tamil film)|Thirupathi]]'' (2006)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
|style="background:palegreen" |SSJ08 Oviya<br />
|"Pandian Naanirukka" <br />
|<small>[[L. R. Eswari]] & S. C. Krishnan</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>[[K. V. Mahadevan]]</small><br />
| ''[[Thillana Mohanambal]]'' (1968)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" |SSJ13 Shri Prasanna<br />
|"Kattabomma Oorenakku" <br />
|<small>[[Vijay Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Na. Muthukumar]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]</small><br />
| ''[[Thaamirabharani]]'' (2006)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
|SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Ketala Ange" <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
| ''[[Bhadrakali (film)|Bhadrakali]]'' (1976)<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
|<br />
|SSJ14 Sanjana<br />
|"Manmadha Rasa" <br />
|<small>Shankar Mahadevan & Malathy Lakshman</small><br />
|<small>[[Yugabharathi]]</small><br />
|<small>Dhina</small><br />
| ''[[Thiruda Thirudi]]'' (1976)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4 |7 October 2009<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|SSJ04 Sahana<br />
|"Aasai Dosai"<br />
|<small>Priya Subramaniam</small><br />
|<small>Na. Muthukumar</small><br />
|<small>Vidyasagar</small><br />
|''[[Paramasivan]]'' (2006)<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|style="background:palegreen" |SSJ20 Shrikanth<br />
|"Namma Singaari Sarakku"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Kaakki Sattai]]'' (1985)<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|style="background:palegreen" |SSJ22 Soundharya<br />
|"Kitta Neringivaadi"<br />
|<small>Gayathri & [[Sukhwinder Singh]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>[[Vijay Antony]]</small><br />
|''[[Dishyum]]'' (2006)<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" |SSJ05 Manisha<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=8 |8 October 2009<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|SSJ23 Sathyanarayanan<br />
|"Machan Peru"<br />
|<small>Shankar Mahadevan</small><br />
|<small>Kapilan</small><br />
|<small>Vidyasagar</small><br />
|''[[Madhurey]]'' (2004)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|style="background:palegreen" | SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Seena Thana (Siruchi)"<br />
|<small>Grace</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]</small><br />
|[[Vasool Raja MBBS]] (2004)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
|[[Malgudi Shubha]]<br />
| <br />
|Excerpt from "Seena Thana (Siruchi)"<br />
|<small>Grace</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Bharadwaj</small><br />
|''Vasool Raja MBBS'' (2004)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Sarakku Vachirukken" <br />
|<small>Shankar Mahadevan & Radhika Tilak</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>[[Mani Sharma]]</small><br />
|''[[Shahjahan (film)|Shahjahan]]'' (2001)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
| SSJ10 Sivaranjani<br />
|"Mambazhamam Mambazham"<br />
|<small>Shankar Mahadevan & Ganga</small><br />
|<small>[[Snehan]]</small><br />
|<small>Mani Sharma</small><br />
|''[[Pokkiri]]'' (2007)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
| SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Saroja Saman Nikalo"<br />
|<small>Shankar Mahadevan & [[Premji Amaran]]</small><br />
|<small>Gangai Amaran</small><br />
|<small>Premji Amaran & Yuvan Shankar Raja </small><br />
|''[[Chennai 600028]]'' (2007)<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
|<br />
|style="background:lightpink" | SSJ05 Manisha<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Deepavali special ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divyadarshini and Priyadarshini<br />
* '''Guest judges:''' [[Anuradha Sriram]] and [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] <br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
There was no elimination in this show on 14 October.<br />
<br />
=== Melody round ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]]<br />
* '''Contestants trained by former ''Super Singer'' winners:''' Nikhil Mathew and [[Ajeesh]]<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 19–22 October round required the 24 remaining contestants to perform melody-based songs. The 22 October episode featured compositions of [[A. R. Rahman]]. The top-five performers were safe from elimination. At the conclusion of the performances, the judges eliminated a contestant.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance<br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Contestant spot-selected into top five with immunity this week (Shravan, Priyanka, Srikanth)<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in the bottom five (Sathyanarayanan, Ponmozhi, Sanjana, Harish and Sivaranjani)<br />
:{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} – Contestant was eliminated<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist </small><br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=9 |22 October 2009<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|style="background:palegreen" |SSJ01 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Kannalanae"<br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra, A. R. Rahman & Chorus</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' (1995)<br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|SSJ13 Sri Prasanna<br />
|"Uyirum Neeye"<br />
|<small>[[P. Unnikrishnan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Pavithra (film)|Pavithra]] (1994)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" |3<br />
|[[Ajeesh]]<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Uyirum Neeye"<br />
|<small>P. Unnikrishnan</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''Pavithra'' (1994)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
|SSJ07 Sowmya<br />
|"Kannathil Muthamittal"<br />
|<small>[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] & [[P. Jayachandran]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' (1994)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
|style="background:palegreen" |SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Anjali Anjali"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]'' (1994)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" |6<br />
|Nikhil Mathew, [[Ajeesh]] & [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Thendralae Thendralae"<br />
|<small>[[Mano (singer)|Mano]] & [[P. Unnikrishnan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Kadhal Desam]]'' (1994)<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
|<br />
|SSJ03 Balasarangan<br />
|"Roja Roja"<br />
|<small>P. Unnikrishnan</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Kadhalir Dhinam]]'' (1999)<br />
|-<br />
| 8<br />
|<br />
|style="background:lightpink" |SSJ23 Sathyanarayanan<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Rain songs ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]] and [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] <br />
* '''Contestants trained by former ''Super Singer'' winners:''' Nikhil Mathew and [[Ajeesh]]<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 26–29 October round required the 23 remaining contestants to perform songs which fit the theme of rain.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance<br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Contestant spot-selected into top 5 with immunity this week <br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in the bottom three <br />
:{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} – Contestant was eliminated<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist </small><br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=9 |28 October 2009<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Nikhil Mathew & [[Ajeesh]]<br />
| <br />
|Excerpt from "Chandrodayam Oru"<br />
|<small>[[T. M. Sounderarajan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Chandhrodhayam]]'' (1966)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|style="background:palegreen" |SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Vaan Maegam Poo Poovaai"<br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[Punnagai Mannan]]'' (2000)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
|[[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Vaan Maegam Poo Poovaai"<br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''Punnagai Mannan'' (2000)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
|SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Chinna Chinna Thooral"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Senthamizh Pattu]]'' (1992)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
|SSJ24 Shrinidhi<br />
|"Megham Thiruluthadi"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]] & M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Thanneer Thanneer]]'' (1981)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
|SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Mazhai Varuthu"<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]] </small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Raja Kaiya Vacha]]'' (1990)<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
|<br />
|SSJ25 Ponmozhi<br />
|"Thaen Sindhudhe Vaanam"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & S. Janaki </small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>[[G. K. Venkatesh]]</small><br />
|''Ponnukku Thanga Manasu'' (1990)<br />
|-<br />
| 8<br />
|<br />
|SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Venmegham"<br />
|<small>[[Shreya Ghoshal]] & Uday Mazumdar</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' (2007)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Non-Tamil songs ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]]<br />
* '''Contestants trained by former ''Super Singer'' winners:''' Nikhil Mathew and [[Ajeesh]]<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 2–5 November round had the theme of ''Pira Mozhi Paadalgal'' ({{langx|en|other language songs}}). The 22 remaining contestants were required to perform songs which were in a language other than [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. At the conclusion of the week, a contestant was eliminated.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance <br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Contestant spot-selected to advance to next round with immunity (Sharath [1])<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in the bottom four <br />
:{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} – Contestant was eliminated<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!Language<br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music composer/director</small><br />
!Source/Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=8 |3 November 2009<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" |1<br />
| [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|<br />
|"Mayangi Poy" <br />
|[[Malayalam]]<br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>[[Kaithapram]]</small><br />
|<small>[[M. Jayachandran]]</small><br />
|''[[Nottam]]'' (2006)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|style="background:palegreen"|SSJ02 Alka Ajith <br />
|"Kabhi Neki Bhi"<br />
|[[Urdu language|Urdu]]<br />
|<small>[[Asha Bhosle]] & [[Mirza Ghalib]]</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>[[Jaidev]]</small><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| <br />
|style="background:#ffe87c"|SSJ12 Harish <br />
|"Confusion Theerkaname"<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|<small>[[M. G. Sreekumar]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Gireesh Puthenchery]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]</small><br />
|''[[Summer in Bethlehem]]'' (1998)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
|SSJ04 Sahana<br />
|"Mere Naina Sawan Bhadon"<br />
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
|<small>[[Lata Mangeshkar]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Anand Bakshi]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Rahul Dev Burman]]</small><br />
|''[[Summer in Bethlehem]]'' (1998)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| <br />
|style="background:#ffe87c"|SSJ14 Sanjana <br />
|"Mann Mohana"<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<small>[[Bela Shende]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Javed Akhtar]]</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' (2008)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
| <br />
|style="background:palegreen"|SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar <br />
|"Naadha Roopini Shankari"<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|<small>M. G. Sreekumar</small><br />
|<small>Kaithapram</small><br />
|<small>[[Raveendran]]</small><br />
|''[[His Highness Abdullah]]'' (1971)<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
| <br />
|style="background:#ffe87c"|SSJ10 Sivaranjani<br />
|"Tere Meri Beech"<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small><br />
|<small>Anand Bakshi</small><br />
|<small>[[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]</small><br />
|''[[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]]'' (1981)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=9 |4 November 2009<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" |1<br />
| [[Malgudi Shubha]]<br />
|<br />
|"Kalla Chandamama" <br />
|[[Kannada]]<br />
|<small>Malgudi Subha</small><br />
|<small>V. Nagendra Prasad</small><br />
|<small>[[Gurukiran]]</small><br />
|''[[Khushi (2003 Kannada film)|Khushi]]'' (2003)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c"|SSJ01 Monisha<br />
|"Ho Laal Meri Pat Rakhiyo" <br />
|Hindi<br />
|<small>[[Runa Laila]]</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>Nisar Bazmi</small><br />
|''The Loves Of Runa Laila'' (1985 album)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| <br />
|style="background:palegreen"|SSJ20 Srikanth<br />
|"Omkaara Naadaanusandhanam" <br />
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Veturi]]</small><br />
|<small>[[K. V. Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' (1998)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
|SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|"[[Dum Maro Dum (song)|Dum Maro Dum]]"<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<small>[[Asha Bhosle]]</small><br />
|<small>Anand Bakshi</small><br />
|<small>Rahul Dev Burman</small><br />
|''[[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971 film)|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]]'' (1967)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" |5<br />
|Divya, Malgudi Shubha, Mano, K. S. Chithra <br />
|All contestants<br />
|Excerpt from "Dum Maro Dum"<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<small>Asha Bhosle</small><br />
|<small>Anand Bakshi</small><br />
|<small>Rahul Dev Burman</small><br />
|''Hare Rama Hare Krishna'' (1971)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
| <br />
|SSJ13 Shri Prasanna<br />
|"Jab Deep Jale Aana, Jab Shaam Dhale Aana"<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]] & [[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]]</small><br />
|<small>Ravindra Jain</small><br />
|<small>[[Ravindra Jain]]</small><br />
|''[[Chitchor]]'' (1976)<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
| <br />
|SSJ03 Balasarangan<br />
|"[[Ramakadha]]"<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|<small>K. J. Yesudas</small><br />
|<small>Kaithapram</small><br />
|<small>Raveendran</small><br />
|''[[Bharatham]]'' (1991)<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
| <br />
|SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"[[Mitwa]]"<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<small>[[Shafqat Amanat Ali]], [[Caralisa Monteiro]] & [[Shankar Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|<small>Javed Akhtar</small><br />
|<small>[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]</small><br />
|''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=8 |5 November 2009<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" |1<br />
| Divya<br />
|<br />
|"Chura Liya Hai Tumne" <br />
|Hindi<br />
|<small>[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] & [[Alka Yagnik]]</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>Himesh Reshamiya</small><br />
|''[[Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne]]'' (2003)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|SSJ08 Ovviya <br />
|"Melee Melee"<br />
|[[Arabic language|Arabic]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| <br />
|style="background:palegreen"|SSJ09 Vishnucharan <br />
|"Bahut Pyar Karte Hain"<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>[[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Nadeem-Shravan]]</small><br />
|''[[Saajan]]'' (1992)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
|SSJ21 Priyanka <br />
|"Bole Re Pappihara"<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<small>[[Vani Jairam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Gulzar]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vasant Desai]]</small><br />
|''[[Guddi (1971 film)|Guddi]]'' (1971)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| <br />
|SSJ17 Shrihari <br />
|"Pramadavanam Veendum"<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>Kaithapram</small><br />
|<small>Raveendran</small><br />
|''His Highness Abdullah'' (1971)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
| <br />
|SSJ22 Soundharya <br />
|"Raina Beeti Jaye"<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<small>Lata Mangeshkar & [[Rajesh Khanna]]</small><br />
|<small>Anand Bakshi</small><br />
|<small>R.D.Burman</small><br />
|''[[Amar Prem]]'' (1972)<br />
|-<br />
|7 <br />
|<br />
|style="background:lightpink" | SSJ12 Harish<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Pleasant melody songs ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] (9–11 November episodes only), [[K. S. Chithra]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Special guest judge:''' [[Jency Anthony|Jency]]<br />
* '''Guest trainers (former ''Super Singer'' winners):''' Nikhil Mathew and [[Ajeesh]]<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 9–12 November round required the 21 remaining contestants to perform ''Raajaavin Ramyamaana Raagangal'' ({{langx|en|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]'s pleasant melody songs}}) from movies released in the 1970s and 1980s. The 10 November episode celebrated the 44th birthday of judge Mano, with his family appearing on the show.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance <br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Contestant spot-selected to advance to next round with immunity (Sowmya)<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in the bottom two <br />
:{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} – Contestant was eliminated<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music composer/director</small><br />
!Source/Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=8 |10 November 2009<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br />
|<br />
|"Panivilum Malarvanam"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[Ninaivellam Nithya]]'' (1982)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Indha Poovil"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Panchu Arunachalam]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Murattu Kaalai (1980 film)#Soundtrack|Murattu Kaalai]]'' (1980)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|SSJ17 Shrihari<br />
|"Azhagae Azhagu"<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Raja Paarvai#Soundtrack|Raja Paarvai]]'' (1979)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c"|SSJ24 Shrinidhi<br />
|"Yennulil Yengo"<br />
|<small>[[Vani Jairam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Gangai Amaran]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''Rosapoo Ravikaikari'' (1979)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 5<br />
|[[Jency Anthony|Jency]]<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Iru Paravaigal"<br />
|<small>Jency</small><br />
|<small>Gangai Amaran</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Niram Maaratha Pookkal]]'' (1979)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|<br />
|SSJ10 Sivaranjani<br />
|"Iru Paravaigal"<br />
|<small>Jency</small><br />
|<small>Gangai Amaran</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''Niram Maaratha Pookkal'' (1979)<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|<br />
|SSJ08 Oviya<br />
|"Endhan Kannil"<br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Guru (1980 film)|Guru]]'' (1980)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=8 |11 November 2009<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
|Jency<br />
|<br />
|Medley consisting of excerpts from "Dheiveega Raagam", "Aathoram Kaathaada" & "Kaadhal Oviyam"<br />
|<small>Jency; Jency & Vani Jairam; Ilaiyaraaja & Jency</small><br />
|<small>Panchu Arunachalam; Panchu Arunachalam & Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Ullasa Paravaigal]]'' (1980); ''[[Enkeyo Ketta Kural]]'' (1982) & ''[[Alaigal Oivathillai]]'' (1981)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|style="background:palegreen"|SSJ01 Monisha<br />
|"En Vaanilae"<br />
|<small>Jency</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Johnny (1980 film)|Johnny]]'' (1980)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]] & Sadhanandham (guitar)<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Yen Iniya Pon Nilaave"<br />
|<small>K. J. Yesudas</small><br />
|<small>Gangai Amaran</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Moodu Pani]]'' (1982)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|style="background:palegreen"|SSJ18 Sharath Rajagopalan<br />
|"Yen Iniya Pon Nilaave"<br />
|<small>K. J. Yesudas</small><br />
|<small>Gangai Amaran</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''Moodu Pani'' (1982)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
|SSJ13 Shri Prasanna<br />
|"[[Ilaya Nila]]"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Payanangal Mudivathillai]]'' (1982)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c"|SSJ03 Balasarangan<br />
|"Idhu Oru Ponmaalai Pozhuthu"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Nizhalgal]]'' (1980)<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|<br />
|SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Azhagiya Kanne"<br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Uthiripookkal]]'' (1979)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |12 November 2009<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|SSJ20 Shrikanth<br />
|"Chinna Pura"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Sailaja]] & S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''Anbe Sangeetha'' (1979)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|style="background:palegreen"|SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Senthoora Poove"<br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Gangai Amaran</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[16 Vayathinile#Soundtrack|16 Vayathinile]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-29|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=16 Vayathinile#Soundtrack|reason= The anchor (Soundtrack) [[Special:Diff/663750732|has been deleted]].}}'' (1977)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|SSJ04 Sahana<br />
|"Aasaiya Kathula"<br />
|<small>S. P. Sailaja</small><br />
|<small>Gangai Amaran</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''Johnny'' (1980)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|style="background:palegreen"|SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Poove Sempoove"<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Solla Thudikuthu Manasu#Soundtrack|Solla Thudikuthu Manasu]]'' (1988)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
|SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|"Puttham Pudhu Kaalai"<br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Gangai Amaran</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Alaigal Oivathillai]]'' (1981)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|<br />
|SSJ14 Sanjana<br />
|"Azhagu Aayiram"<br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Panchu Arunachalam</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''Ullasa Paravaigal'' (1980)<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightpink" |SSJ24 Shrinidhi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Boys vs girls round ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divyadarshini and Deepak<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 16–19 November round divided the 20 remaining contestants into a team of males and another of females. Voice trainer Ananth Vaidyanathan, who trained contestants in the latter rounds of the previous season, began training this season's contestants. He requested the judges to not eliminate any contestants this week, and the judges agreed.<br />
<br />
=== ''Mottukalin Mettukal'' round ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[K. S. Chithra]] <br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 23–25 November episodes featured a ''Mottukalin Mettukal''{{clarify|date=July 2018}} round for the remaining 20 contestants. At the end of this week's performance, Sanjana was eliminated from the competition.<br />
<br />
=== Carnatic classical round ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Special guest judges:''' [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] and [[P. Unnikrishnan]] <br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 30 November – 2 December round celebrated the Hindu festival [[Karthigai Deepam]], and required the 19 remaining contestants to sing film songs which fit in the [[Carnatic music]] ("classical") genre.<br />
<br />
Carnatic music advocate and playback singer Nithyasree Mahadevan made her first appearance on the show as a special guest judge for this round. The special guest judges granted four contestants immunity from this week's elimination. Students receiving formal training in [[Bharatha Natyam]] danced while each contestant performed.<br />
<br />
At the conclusion of this week's performances, the special guest judges decided to waitlist the bottom five contestants and would not eliminate any contestant based on their performances. Consequently, the bottom five contestants were required to perform in a "waitlist challenge" the following week, at which time an elimination would be decided.<br />
<br />
{{block indent|1={{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance <br />
{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Contestant spot-selected to advance to next round<br />
{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in the bottom five|em=1}}<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |30 November 2009<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
| [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]<br />
| <br />
|"Kottai Kattadhey" <br />
|<small>[[D. K. Pattammal]]</small><br />
|<small>T. K. Sundara Vaathiyar</small> <br />
|<small>G. Aswathamma</small><br />
|''Pizhaikkum Vazhi'' (1948)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| SSJ08 Ovviya <br />
|"Maargazhi Thingal Allava"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]] & Madhumitha</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]]'' (1999) <br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
| SSJ03 Balasarangan <br />
|"Poomaalai Vaangi"<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)#Soundtrack|Sindhu Bhairavi]]'' (1985) <br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ07 Sowmya<br />
|"Ezhu Swarangalukkul" <br />
|<small>[[Vani Jayaram]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small> <br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Apoorva Raagangal#Music|Apoorva Raagangal]]'' (1975)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ18 Sharath <br />
|"Vasantha Mullai"<br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]]</small><br />
|<small>A. Maruthakasi</small><br />
|<small>[[G. Ramanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Sarangadhara (1958 film)#Soundtrack|Sarangadhara]]'' (1958)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ22 Soundharya<br />
|"Mannavan Vanthanadi"<br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>[[K. V. Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|''[[Thiruvarutchelvar]]'' (1967)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |1 December 2009<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Sangeetha Jathi Mullai"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small> <br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Kaadhal Oviyam#Soundtrack|Kaadhal Oviyam]]'' (1982)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|"Kannodu Kanbathellam"<br />
|<small>Nithyasree Mahadevan</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Jeans (film)#Soundtrack|Jeans]]'' (1998) <br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
| Nithyasree Mahadevan<br />
| <br />
|Excerpt from "Kannodu Kanbathellam" <br />
|<small>Nithyasree Mahadevan</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small> <br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''Jeans'' (1998)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ09 Vishnucharan<br />
|"Ullathil Nalla" <br />
|<small>[[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'' (1964)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Kaatril Varum"<br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Oru Naal Oru Kanavu#Music|Oru Naal Oru Kanavu]]'' (1981)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|<br />
| SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Oru Naal Podhumaa"<br />
|<small>[[M. Balamuralikrishna]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>K. V. Mahadevan</small><br />
|''[[Thiruvilaiyadal]]'' (1965)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |2 December 2009<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
| Lavanya Sundararaman <small>(vocally supported at conclusion of performance by Nithyasree Mahadevan)</small><br />
| <br />
|"Sowkiyamaa Kannae" <br />
|<small>Nithyasree Mahadevan</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small> <br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''Sangamam'' (1999)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| SSJ Srikanth<br />
|"Kalaivaaniye"<br />
|<small>K. J. Yesudas</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''Sindhu Bhairavi'' (1985) <br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
| SSJ Nithyashree <br />
|"Maraindhirundhu Paakum" <br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small> <br />
|<small>K. V. Mahadevan</small><br />
|''[[Thillana Mohanambal#Music|Thillana Mohanambal]]'' (1968)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Maadhavi Ponmayilaal" <br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small> <br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|''[[Iru Malargal#Music|Iru Malargal]]'' (1967)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
| SSJ17 Shrihari<br />
|"Isai Kettaal" <br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small> <br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|''Thavaputhalvan'' (1972)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|<br />
| SSJ04 Sahana<br />
|"Kanda Naal Mudhalai" <br />
|<small>Subiksha & Pooja</small><br />
|<small>Remix of [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] song, written and composed by N. S. Chidambaram</small><br />
|<small>[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]</small><br />
|''[[Kanda Naal Mudhal]]'' (2005)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Rajnikanth special ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The bottom five contestants from the previous week were required to perform in a "waitlist challenge" in the first episode of the week. SSJ09 Vishnucharan was ill and considered the weakest performer, but the judges decided the contestant should receive immediate formal training in [[Carnatic music]] for his development as a musician rather than being eliminated.<br />
<br />
The remaining episodes of 7–10 December round required the 19 contestants to perform songs from movies which starred [[Rajinikanth]] in celebration of his birthday. At the conclusion of the week, another contestant was eliminated.<br />
<br />
{{Block indent|1=<br />
{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance<br />
{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} – Contestant lost and was eliminated (no other bottom performers this week)|em=1}}<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=8 |7 December 2009<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
|<br />
|style="background:lightskyblue" |SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Sandhana Thendralai"<br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] & [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain#Soundtrack|Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' (2000)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| SSJ07 Sowmya<br />
|"Senthoora Poove"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Gangai Amaran]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[16 Vayathinile#Soundtrack|16 Vayathinile]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-29|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=16 Vayathinile#Soundtrack|reason= The anchor (Soundtrack) [[Special:Diff/663750732|has been deleted]].}}'' (1977)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| SSJ13 Shri Prasanna<br />
|"Bikshai Paathiram" <br />
|<small>[[Madhu Balakrishnan]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Naan Kadavul#Soundtrack|Naan Kadavul]]'' (2009)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ01 Monisha<br />
|"Senthoora Poove"<br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[Annakili]]'' (1976)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
| SSJ09 Vishnucharan<br />
|"Isaithamizh Nee"<br />
|<small>[[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[K. V. Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|''[[Thiruvilaiyadal]]'' (1965)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
| SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Yengae Enathu Kavithai"<br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra & [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''Kandukondain Kandukondain'' (2000)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 7<br />
| [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| <br />
|Excerpt from "Yengae Enathu Kavithai"<br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra & Srinivas</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''Kandukondain Kandukondain'' (2000)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=8 |8 December 2009<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
|<br />
| All contestants<br />
|Medley & Dance Routine <br />
|<small>various</small><br />
|<small>various</small> <br />
|<small>various</small><br />
|various movies starring actor [[Rajinikanth]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| SSJ18 Sharath<br />
|"My Name is Billa"<br />
|<small>[[KK (singer)|KK]] & Naveen</small><br />
|<small>[[Pa. Vijay]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]</small><br />
|''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]'' (2007)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Namma Ooru Singaari" <br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (1979 film)#Soundtrack|Ninaithale Inikkum]]'' (1979)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ09 Vishnucharan<br />
|""<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
| SSJ03 Balasarangan<br />
|"Vanthenda Paalkaaran"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]</small><br />
|''[[Annaamalai]]'' (1992)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|<br />
| SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Vechukava Unna Mattum"<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]] & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Gangai Amaran</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Nallavanuku Nallavan]]'' (1984)<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|<br />
| SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Sundhari Kannal"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Thalapathi]]'' (1991)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |9 December 2009<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
| SSJ10 Sivaranjani<br />
|"Raa Raa"<br />
|<small>Binny Krishnakumar & Tippu</small><br />
|<small>[[Bhuvanachandra]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]</small><br />
|''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|"Maasi Maasam"<br />
|<small>K. J. Yesudas & [[Swarnalatha]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Panchu Arunachalam]] and Gangai Amaran</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Dharma Durai (1991 film)|Dharma Durai]]'' (1991)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| SSJ22 Soundharya<br />
|"Maapilaikku" <br />
|<small>[[Malaysia Vasudevan]] & [[Uma Ramanan]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Netrikkann]]'' (1981)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ20 Shrikanth<br />
|"Aasaiyin Nooruvagai"<br />
|<small>Malaysia Vasudevan</small><br />
|<small>[[Panchu Arunachalam]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Adutha Varisu]]'' (1983)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
| SSJ01 Monisha<br />
|"Vaa Vaa Pakkam Vaa"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Muthulingam</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Thanga Magan (1983 film)|Thanga Magan]]'' (1983)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|<br />
| SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Oorai Therinchikitten"<br />
|<small>K. J. Yesudas</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Padikkadavan (1985 film)|Padikkadavan]]'' (1985)<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|<br />
| SSJ13 Shri Prasanna<br />
|"Senorita"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>[[Gangai Amaran]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Johnny (1980 film)|Johnny]]'' (1980) <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |10 December 2009<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
| SSJ08 Ovviya<br />
|"Poo Maalai Oru"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Thanga Magan (1983 film)|Thanga Magan]]'' (1983)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| SSJ17 Shrihari<br />
|"Sambho Siva"<br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|''Ninaithale Inikkum'' (1979)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| SSJ04 Sahana<br />
|"Konja Neram" <br />
|<small>[[Asha Bhonsle]] & [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Yugabharathi]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]</small><br />
|''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ07 Sowmya<br />
|"Thillana Thillana"<br />
|<small>[[Mano (singer)|Mano]] & [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' (1995)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
| SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Vellai Pura"<br />
|<small>K. J. Yesudas & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Puthukavithai#Soundtrack|Puthukavithai]]'' (1982)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|<br />
| SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Naan Autokaaran"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Deva</small><br />
|''[[Baashha]]'' (1995)<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
|<br />
|style="background:lightpink" | SSJ10 Sivaranjani<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Duets ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Badava Gopi and Haritha Gopi (melody round) and [[Sivakarthikeyan]] and Aishwarya (peppy round)<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
For the 14–17 December round, the remaining 18 contestants were required to perform duet performances: first a "melody" song then a "peppy" song. Contestants who were spot-selected by the judges were seated on the "silver sofa", designating them as guest performers in next week's show, receiving immunity from this and next week's eliminations.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance<br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Contestant spot-selected to advance to next round<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in the bottom four but not eliminated<br />
:{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} – Contestant was eliminated<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer(s)<br />
!Contestant 1<br />
!Contestant 2<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |17 December 2009<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
|[[K. S. Chithra]], [[Malgudi Subha]] and [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|"Puttham Pudhu Boomi"<br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra & Mano</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Thiruda Thiruda#Soundtrack|Thiruda Thiruda]]'' (1993)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|rowspan=5 | <br />
| style="background:palegreen" |SSJ08 Ovviya<br />
| style="background:palegreen" |SSJ18 Sharath<br />
|"Vaadaa Maappille"<br />
|<small> Tippu, [[Vadivelu]], [[Savitha Reddy]] & Rita</small><br />
|<small>[[Kabilan (Lyricist)|Kabilan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Devi Sri Prasad]]</small><br />
|''[[Villu (film)#Music|Villu]]'' (2009)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| SSJ09 Vishnucharan<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ07 Sowmya<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ01 Monisha<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ03 Balasarangan<br />
|"Mukkala"<br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman, Mano & Swarnalatha</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Kaadhalan (soundtrack)|Kaadhalan]]'' (1994)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| SSJ17 Srihari<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ22 Soundharya<br />
|"Kaatru Embadhaa"<br />
|<small>Shankar Mahadevan & Mathangi</small><br />
|<small>Pa. Vijay</small><br />
|<small>Yuvan Shankar Raja</small><br />
|''[[Perazhagan]]'' (2004)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|colspan=2 style="background:lightpink" |SSJ22 Soundharya<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Christmas special ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
The 21–24 December special round was a non-elimination showcase by all 25 of the main competition contestants.<br />
<br />
=== Playback singer debut songs ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Appearances by guest playback singers:''' [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Srimathumitha]], [[Unni Menon]], audio visual from [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Ramya NSK]], audio visual from [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], audio visual from Deepan Chakravarthy, [[Haricharan]], audio visual from Sunitha Sarathy, and audio visual from [[Anuradha Sriram]].<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 28–31 December round required the remaining 17 contestants to perform songs which various South Indian singers had used to debut as [[playback singer]]s in [[Tamil cinema]] ({{a.k.a.}} "Kollywood"). Sharath and Ovviya were not required to compete as they had been granted immunity from the previous week's duet round. Additionally, five contestants were spot selected. Consequently, one contestant was eliminated from the remaining ten contestants.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance <br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Contestant spot-selected to advance to next round<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in the bottom three<br />
:{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} – Contestant was eliminated<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=8 |28 December 2009<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightskyblue" | SSJ18 Sharath<br />
|"Sorgam Enbathu" <br />
|<small>Srinivas & [[Swarnalatha]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Mahesh Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|''[[Nammavar]]'' (1994)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 2<br />
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]<br />
|<br />
|excerpt from "Sorgam Enbathu" <br />
|<small>Srinivas & [[Swarnalatha]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Mahesh Mahadevan</small><br />
|''Nammavar'' (1994)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Mudhal Mudhalai" <br />
|<small>Srimathumitha, [[Benny Dayal]], [[Yugendran]] & Tippu</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Harris Jayaraj]]</small><br />
|''[[Lesa Lesa]]'' (2003)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 4<br />
|[[Srimathumitha]]<br />
|<br />
|"Mudhal Mudhalai" <br />
|<small>Srimathumitha, Benny Dayal, Yugendran & Tippu</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Harris Jayaraj</small><br />
|''Lesa Lesa'' (2003)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Pon Mane Kobam" <br />
|<small>Unni Mennon & [[Uma Ramanan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[Oru Kaidhiyin Diary]]'' (1985)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 6<br />
|[[Unni Menon]]<br />
|<br />
|excerpt from "Pon Mane Kobam" <br />
|<small>Unni Mennon & Uma Ramanan</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''Oru Kaidhiyin Diary'' (1985)<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
|<br />
| SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Poovaiketha Poovidhu" <br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra & [[Gangai Amaran]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''Neethana Antha Kuyil'' (1986)<br />
|-<br />
| 8<br />
|<br />
| SSJ03 Balasarangan<br />
|"Adi Nenthukittaen" <br />
|<small>[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] & Chitra Sivaraman</small><br />
|<small>Palani Bharathi</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Star (2001 film)|Star]]'' (2001)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4|29 December 2009<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|SSJ20 Shrikanth<br />
|"Kannukkule" <br />
|<small>[[Manicka Vinayagam]]</small><br />
|<small>Arivumathi</small><br />
|<small>[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]</small><br />
|''[[Dhill]]'' (2001)<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Aiyayyo Ayyayo Pudichirukku" <br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Komal Ramesh & Mahathi</small><br />
|<small>Na. Muthukumar</small><br />
|<small>Harris Jayaraj</small><br />
|''[[Saamy]]'' (2003)<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" |SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|"All The Time" <br />
|<small>Malgudi Shubha</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Nadodi Thendral]]'' (1992)<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ17 Shrihari<br />
|"" <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |30 December 2009<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Ennavale" <br />
|<small>P. Unnikrishnan</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|''[[Kaadhalan]]'' (1994)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 2<br />
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]]<br />
|<br />
|excerpt from "Ennavale" <br />
|<small>P. Unnikrishnan</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|''Kaadhalan'' (1994)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ01 Monisha<br />
|"Unakkena" <br />
|<small>Ramya NSK</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|''[[Kadhalil Vizhundhen]]'' (2008)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 4<br />
|[[Ramya NSK]]<br />
|SSJ01 Monisha<br />
|"Unakkena" & excerpt from another song<br />
|<small>Ramya NSK</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|''Kadhalil Vizhundhen'' (2008)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
|style="background:palegreen" |SSJ04 Sahana<br />
|"Nilaa Kaigirathu" <br />
|<small>[[Harini (singer)|Harini]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Indira (film)|Indira]]'' (2008)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
|SSJ13 Shriprasanna<br />
|"Poongathave" <br />
|<small>Deepan Chakravarthy & Uma Ramanan</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|''[[Nizhalgal]]'' (1980)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |31 December 2009<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" |SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Strawberry Kanne" <br />
|<small>[[KK (singer)|KK]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Minsara Kanavu]]'' (1997)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| SSJ09 Vishnucharan<br />
|"Unakkena Iruppen" <br />
|<small>Haricharan</small><br />
|<small>[[Na. Muthukumar]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Joshua Sridhar]]</small><br />
|''[[Kaadhal]]'' (2004)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
|[[Haricharan]]<br />
|<br />
|excerpt from "Unakkena Iruppen" <br />
|<small>Haricharan</small><br />
|<small>Na. Muthukumar</small><br />
|<small>Joshua Sridhar</small><br />
|''Kaadhal'' (1994)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
|SSJ07 Sowmya<br />
|"Thoothu Varumaa" <br />
|<small> Sunitha Sarathy</small><br />
|<small>[[Thamarai]]</small><br />
|<small>Harris Jayaraj</small><br />
|''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]'' (2003)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightskyblue" | SSJ08 Ovviya<br />
|"Ini Acham Acham Illai" <br />
|<small>[[Anuradha Sriram]], [[G. V. Prakash]], [[Sujatha (singer)|Sujatha]], [[Shweta Mohan]], Esther, Sha</small><br />
|<small>[[Thamarai]]</small><br />
|<small>Harris Jayaraj</small><br />
|''Indira'' (2008)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|<br />
|style="background:lightpink" | SSJ01 Monisha<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== New Year specials ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
In special episodes on 31 December 2009 and 1 January 2010, the remaining 16 contestants performed with former contestants of the junior and senior versions of the show. This was a non-elimination round with no judges.<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Order<br />
!Former contestant performer(s)<br />
!Current contestant performer(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
|season 1 jnr finalist [[Saicharan]]<br />
|SSJ20 Shrikanth<br />
|"Illamai Idho Idho"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small> <br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (1982 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]'' (1982)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|season 1 jnr finalists Vignesh & Krishnamoorthy, and [[Airtel Super Singer 2#Finalists|snr finalist Prasanna]]<br />
|SSJ03 Balasarangan & SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|Medley<br />
|<small>various</small> <br />
|<small>various</small><br />
|<small>various</small><br />
|various<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|season 2 snr finalist [[Ajeesh]] <br />
|SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Unnidam Mayangugiren"<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>V. Kumar & [[G. K. Venkatesh]]</small><br />
|''[[Then Sindhudhe Vaanam]]'' (1975)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|season 1 snr finalist Anitha<br />
|SSJ21 Priyanka & SSJ04 Sahana<br />
|"Ezhu Swarangalukkul" <br />
|<small>[[Vani Jayaram]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Apoorva Raagangal#Music|Apoorva Raagangal]]'' (1975)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|season 2 snr finalist [[Airtel Super Singer 2#Semi finals|Raginisri]] <br />
|SSJ16 Srinisha & SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Idhu Oru Nila"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan/Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiayaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Tik Tik Tik (1981 film)#Soundtrack|Tik Tik Tik]]'' (1981) <br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|season 1 snr finalist Gowtham<br />
|SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Bak Bak Bak Mudapura" <br />
|<small>[[T. L. Maharajan]], [[Balaram]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chithra]], Manjula, Sandhya, Kalyani. Mano</small><br />
|<small>[[Pa. Vijay]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]</small><br />
|''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' (2003)<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
|season 2 snr finalist [[Airtel Super Singer 2#Finalists|Ranjani]] <br />
|SSJ09 Vishnucharan & SSJ08 Ovviya<br />
|"Manmatha Raasaa"<br />
|<small>[[Shankar Mahadevan]] & [[Malathy Lakshman]] </small><br />
|<small>[[Yugabharathi]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Dhina]]</small><br />
|''[[Thiruda Thirudi]]'' (2003) <br />
|-<br />
| 8<br />
|season 2 snr finalist [[Airtel Super Singer 2#Finalists|Ravi]] <br />
|SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar & SSJ17 Shrihari<br />
|"Veyilodu Vilaiyadi"<br />
|<small>[[Jassie Gift]], [[Kailash Kher]], Tippu, Prasanna</small><br />
|<small>[[Na. Muthukumar]]</small><br />
|<small>[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]</small><br />
|''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]'' (2006) <br />
|-<br />
| 9<br />
|season 2 snr finalist [[Airtel Super Singer 2#Semi finals|Renu]] <br />
|SSJ13 Shriprasanna<br />
|"Pothi Vacha Malliga"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiayaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Mann Vasanai (film)|Mann Vasanai]]'' (1983) <br />
|-<br />
| 10<br />
|season 2 snr finalist [[Airtel Super Singer 2#Semi finals|Vijay Narayan]] <br />
|SSJ18 Sharath<br />
|"It's My Life"<br />
|<small>[[Bon Jovi]]</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[It's My Life (Bon Jovi song)]]<br />
|-<br />
| 11<br />
|season 1 snr finalist Sowmya <br />
|SSJ07 Sowmya<br />
|"Rahathulla" <br />
|<small>[[Annupamaa]]</small><br />
|<small>Thamarai</small> <br />
|<small>[[Harris Jayaraj]]</small><br />
|''[[Ghajini (2005 film)#Soundtrack|Ghajini]]'' (2005)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Dance attack ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 4–7 January round.<br />
<br />
=== Village songs ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 11–14 January round was in celebration of the [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festival, and required contestants to perform ''Graamiya Padalgal'' ({{langx|en|village songs}}).<br />
<br />
=== DJ mix ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 18–21 January round required the remaining 15 contestants to sing old film songs which had been [[remix]]ed in new films. Film stars [[Karthi]] and [[Andrea Jeremiah]] made their first appearance on the show to promote the movie ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]''.<br />
<br />
At the end of the week's performances, the bottom four contestants were waitlisted and required to perform in a waitlist challenge at the beginning of the following round.<br />
<br />
{{in5}}{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance <br />
{{in5}}{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in the bottom four<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |18 January 2010<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
| [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]], and [[Malgudi Subha]]<br />
| <br />
|Medley <br />
|<small>various</small><br />
|<small>various</small> <br />
|<small>various</small><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| SSJ17 Shrihari <br />
|"Aasaiyin Nooruvagai" (remix)<br />
|<small>Malaysia Vasudevan</small><br />
|<small>[[Panchu Arunachalam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[Adutha Varisu]]'' (1983)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| SSJ02 Alka Ajith <br />
|"Aattamaa Therottamaa" (remix)<br />
|<small>[[Swarnalatha]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Gangai Amaran]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Captain Prabhakaran]]'' (1991)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ18 Sharath<br />
|"Pon Magal"<br />
|<small>[[Mohammed Aslam]] & Ember Phoenix</small><br />
|<small>Alangudi Somu</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]'' (2007)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
| SSJ03 Balasarangan <br />
|"Vethayala Pottendi"<br />
|<small>[[Shankar Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Pa. Vijay]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]</small><br />
|''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]'' (2007)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 6<br />
|[[Andrea Jeremiah]]<br />
| <br />
|"Maalai Neram"<br />
|<small>Andrew Jeremiah & G. V. Prakash Kumar</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]</small><br />
|''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' (2010)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |19 January 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
| SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Taxi Taxi" <br />
|<small>[[Blaaze]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Javed Ali]] & Viviane Chaix</small><br />
|<small>Blaaze, [[Na. Muthukumar]] & Viviane Chaix</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Sakkarakatti#Soundtrack|Sakkarakatti]]'' (2008)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 2<br />
|<br />
| SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|Excerpt from "Maadhavi Ponmayilaal" (Remixed)<br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small> <br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|''[[Iru Malargal#Music|Iru Malargal]]'' (1967)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ07 Sowmya<br />
|"Vaanam Ellai...Illai "<br />
|<small>Shruti Haasan & [[Blaaze]]</small><br />
|<small>Shruti Haasan & Blaaze</small><br />
|<small>[[Shruti Haasan]]</small><br />
|''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]]'' (2009)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Andru Vandhathu Idhe Nila" (remix)<br />
|<small>(original: [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[P. Susheela]])</small><br />
|<small>(original: Kannadasan)</small><br />
|<small>(original: [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]])</small><br />
|(original: [[Periya Idathu Penn]] (1963))<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
| SSJ20 Shrikanth<br />
|"Thanni Karuthirichi"<br />
|<small>[[Silambarasan]] & Vineetha Ajith</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Achu</small><br />
|[[Nenu Meeku Telusa?|Ennai Theriyuma?]] (2009)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 6<br />
|[[Karthi]] together with compere & judges<br />
| <br />
|Excerpt from "Un Mela Aasadhaan"<br />
|<small>[[Dhanush]], [[Aishwarya Dhanush]] & Andrea Jeremiah</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>Yuvan Shankar Raja</small><br />
|''Aayirathil Oruvan'' (2010)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |20 January 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ09 Vishnucharan<br />
|"Adiye"<br />
|<small>Benny Dayal, [[Krish (singer)|Krish]] and Shruti Haasan</small><br />
|<small>[[Thamarai]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Harris Jayaraj]]</small><br />
|''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' (2008)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ08 Ovviya<br />
|"Erani Kuradhani Gopala"<br />
|<small>[[Smita|Kalakal Smita]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali/Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''SMITA'' (2008 album)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
|<br />
| SSJ08 Ovviya<br />
|"Yeno Yeno Panithuli" (remix)<br />
|<small>(original song: [[Shail Hada]], [[Sudha Raghunathan]] & Andrea Jeremiah)</small><br />
|<small>Thamarai</small><br />
|<small>(original tune: Harris Jayaraj)</small><br />
|(original film: ''[[Aadhavan]]'' (2009))<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Kaalangalil Aval" (remix)<br />
|<small>(original: [[P. B. Sreenivas]])</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>(original: Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy)</small><br />
|(original: ''[[Pava Mannippu]]'' (1961))<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 5<br />
| Mano<br />
| SSJ Roshan<br />
|"Yennadi Meenakshi" (remix)<br />
|<br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<br />
|''[[Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu]]'' (1978)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
| SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Thootal Poo Malarum"<br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] & [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Harris Jayaraj</small><br />
|[[New (film)|New]] (2004)<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 7<br />
| Mano & K. S. Chithra<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from original "Thootal Poo Malarum"<br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan and P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|''[[Padagotti]]'' (1964)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |21 January 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Thulluvadho"<br />
|<small>Malgudi Shubha</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Vijay Antony]]</small><br />
|''[[Sukran]]'' (2005)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|"Vaseegara"<br />
|<small>[[Bombay Jayashri]]</small><br />
|<small>Thamarai</small><br />
|<small>Harris Jeyaraj</small><br />
|''[[Minnale]]'' (2001)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
|Malgudi Shubha<br />
|SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|Excerpt from "Vaseegara"<br />
|<small>Bombay Jayashri</small><br />
|<small>Thamarai</small><br />
|<small>Harris Jeyaraj</small><br />
|''Minnale'' (2001)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 4<br />
| Divya & Ananth Vaidyanathan<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Zara Zara"<br />
|<small>Bombay Jayashri</small><br />
|<small>[[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]</small><br />
|<small>Harris Jeyaraj</small><br />
|''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]'' (2001)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ04 Sahana<br />
|"Palakattu Pakkathile"<br />
|<small>[[Haricharan]], [[Suchitra]] & Vinaya/Jaidev, Vinaya & Dr. Burn (Rap)</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>Yuvan Shankar Raja</small><br />
|''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'' (2008)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Patriotic songs ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Special guest:''' V. S. Kalyanam (assistant to the late [[Mahatma Gandhi]])<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The episode telecast on 25 January featured the waitlist challenge between the bottom four contestants from the previous week's performances. However, there was no elimination. The judges warned the weakest performers, Sowmya and Ovviya, that either would be eliminated if a bottom performer again.<br />
<br />
The 26–28 January episodes featured performances of songs penned by poet [[Subramania Bharathiyar]] and other songs of Indian patriotism. Personal secretary to the late [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Mr V.S. Kalyanam, appeared as a special guest. At the conclusion of the performances, in celebration of the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] theme, no contestants were eliminated.<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music composer/director</small><br />
!Source/Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4 |25 January 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
| SSJ07 Sowmya<br />
|"X Machi" <br />
|<small>[[Mathangi]] & [[Nakkhul|Nakul]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small> <br />
|<small>[[Harris Jayaraj]]</small><br />
|''[[Ghajini (2005 film)#Soundtrack|Ghajini]]'' (2005)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| SSJ09 Vishnucharan<br />
|"Chithiram Pesuthadi"<br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[T. G. Lingappa]]</small><br />
|''[[Sabaash Meena]]'' (1958) <br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| SSJ08 Ovviya<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ04 Sahana<br />
|"Kaatrin Mozhi"<br />
|<small>[[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]</small><br />
|''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' (2013)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |26 January 2010<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]], and [[Malgudi Subha]]<br />
| <br />
|"Puttham Pudhu Boomi"<br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra & Mano</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Thiruda Thiruda#Soundtrack|Thiruda Thiruda]]'' (1993)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| SSJ20 Shrikanth<br />
|"Thai Manne Vanakkam"<br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Vande Mataram (album)|Vande Mataram]]'' (1997 album)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| SSJ03 Balasarangan<br />
|"Paarukkule Nalla Naadu"<br />
|<br />
|<small>[[Subramania Bharathiyar]]</small><br />
|<small>Traditional [[Carnatic music]] composition</small><br />
|Traditional [[Carnatic music]] composition<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ08 Ovviya<br />
|"Indhiya Naadu"<br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]], M. S. Viswanathan, [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], K. Veeramani, [[P. Susheela]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Bharatha Vilas]]'' (1973)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
| SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Chinnanchiru Kiliye"<br />
|<small>[[M. L. Vasanthakumari]] & [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]</small><br />
|<small>Subramania Bharathiyar</small><br />
|<small>C. R. Subbaraman</small><br />
|''[[Manamagal]]'' (1951)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
| SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|"Aaduvome Pallu Paaduvome"<br />
|<small>[[D. K. Pattammal]]</small><br />
|<small>Subramania Bharathiyar</small><br />
|<small>R. Sudharsanam</small><br />
|''[[Naam Iruvar (1947 film)|Naam Iruvar]]'' (1947)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |27 January 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
| SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Kappaleri Poyaachu"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' (1996)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| SSJ08 Sharath<br />
|"Sindhu Nadhiyin Isai"<br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan, [[L. R. Easwari]] & [[J. V. Raghavulu]]</small><br />
|<small>Subramania Bharathiyar</small><br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|''[[Kai Koduttha Dheivam]]'' (1964)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| SSJ07 Sowmya<br />
|"Suttum Vizhi"<br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]</small><br />
|<small>Subramania Bharathiyar</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''Kandukondain Kandukondain'' (2000)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ09 Vishnucharan<br />
|"Endru Thaniyum Indha"<br />
|<small>Trichy G. Loganathan</small><br />
|<small>Subramania Bharathiyar</small><br />
|<small>[[G. Ramanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Kappalottiya Thamizhan]]'' (1961)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
| SSJ04 Sahana<br />
|"Kakkai Chiraginile"<br />
|<small>[[Sudha Raghunathan]]</small><br />
|<small>Subramania Bharathiyar</small><br />
|<small>Traditional [[Carnatic music]] composition</small><br />
|Traditional [[Carnatic music]] composition (version: "Bharathiyar Padalgal Vol. 1" (1998) – Carnatic music album released by [[Amutham]])<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |28 January 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
| SSJ17 Shrihari<br />
|"Shivashakthi"<br />
|<small>[[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|<small>Subramania Bharathiyar</small><br />
|<small>Lalitha Sivakumar (mother of Nithyasree Mahadevan)</small><br />
|"Ragam Vol. 1" (1998) – Carnatic music album released by [[Amutham]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Vellai Thamarai"<br />
|<small>M. L. Vasanthakumari</small><br />
|<small>Subramania Bharathiyar</small><br />
|<small>G. Ramanathan</small><br />
|''[[Thai Ullam]]'' (1952)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Vellai Pookkal"<br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' (2002)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Theeradha Vilaiyattu"<br />
|<small>D. K. Pattammal</small><br />
|<small>Subramania Bharathiyar</small><br />
|<small>R. Sudharsanam</small><br />
|''Vedala Ulagam'' (1948)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
| SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Thikku Theriyadha"<br />
|<small>[[G. N. Balasubramaniam]]</small><br />
|<small>Subramania Bharathiyar</small><br />
|<small>Traditional [[Carnatic music]] composition</small><br />
|Traditional [[Carnatic music]] composition<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== {{anchor|Isai Darbar – Raja Rani}}Kings and queens ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' [[Sivakarthikeyan]] (''Tenali'') and Aishwarya (''Perazhagi'')<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]] (''Rajaguru'')<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] (''Raja'') and [[Malgudi Subha]] (''Rani'')<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 1–4 February round required the remaining 15 contestants to perform songs on a theme of kings and queens. The comperes, voice trainer, permanent judges, and contestants dressed as ancient Indian kings and queens, and spoke in [[Tamil language#Middle Tamil|Middle Tamil]]. Viewers expressed positive comments about the concept and were later disappointed that the following two seasons of the show did not repeat the round to the same high standard.{{according to whom|date=July 2018}} During the 2 February episode, dancer Priyadarshini gave a special performance to a medley of songs.<br />
<br />
{{block indent|1={{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Special non-competition performance <br />
{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in the bottom three (Vishnucharan)<br />
{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} – Contestant was eliminated|em=1}}<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=10 |1 February 2010<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Shubha]]<br />
| <br />
|Excerpt from "Raajaavin Paarvai" <br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'' (1966)<br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Sindhanai Sei Maname" <br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan</small><br />
|<small>[[G. Ramanathan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[K. D. Santhanam]]</small><br />
|''[[Ambikapathy (1957 film)|Ambikapathy]]'' (1957)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
|SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|"Azhaikkathe Ninaikkathe" <br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass</small><br />
|<small>[[S. Rajeswara Rao]]</small><br />
|''Manaalane Mangaiyin Bhagyam'' (1957)<br />
|- 4<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|SSJ03 Balasarangan<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 5<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|"Mannavar Porulkalai"<br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'' (1964) <br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 5<br />
|Malgudi Shubha (dance by compere Aishwarya)<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Azhagana Ponnu Naan"<br />
|<small>[[P. Bhanumathi]]</small><br />
|<small>A. Maruthakasi</small><br />
|<small>[[Susarla Dakshinamurthy]]</small><br />
|''[[Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (1956 film)|Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum]]'' (1964) <br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
|SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Kannukku Kulamedhu" <br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|''Karnan'' (1964)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 7<br />
|Mano (dance by compere Aishwarya)<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Maraindhirundhu"<br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>[[K. V. Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|''[[Thillana Mohanambal]]'' (1968) <br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 8<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Kalyaana Samayal Saadham"<br />
|<small>Trichy Loganathan</small><br />
|<small>Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass</small> <br />
|<small>[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]</small><br />
|''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1968) <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4 |2 February 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Mayakkum Maalai"<br />
|<small>[[Jikki]] & [[A. M. Rajah]]</small><br />
|<small>Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass</small><br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|''[[Gulebakavali (1955 film)|Gulebakavali]]'' (1955)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c"|SSJ18 Sharath<br />
|"Paadaatha Paatellaam"<br />
|<small>[[P. B. Sreenivas]] & [[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|''[[Veerathirumagan]]'' (1962)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
|SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Kaaviyamaa Nenjil"<br />
|<small>[[C. S. Jayaraman]] & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>A. Maruthakesi</small><br />
|<small>K. V. Mahadevan</small><br />
|''[[Paavai Vilakku]]'' (1960)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c"|SSJ07 Sowmya<br />
|"Thesulavudhe"<br />
|<small>Ghantasala & [[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass</small> <br />
|<small>[[P. Adinarayana Rao|Adi Narayana Rao]]</small><br />
|''Manalane Mangayin Bhagyam'' (1957)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4 |3 February 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Unnazhagai Kanniyargal"<br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>[[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]</small><br />
|<small>G. Ramanathan</small><br />
|''[[Uthama Puthiran (1958 film)|Uthama Puthiran]]'' (1958)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c"|SSJ09 Vishnucharan<br />
|"Mullai Malar Mele"<br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>A. Maruthakasi</small><br />
|<small>G. Ramanathan</small><br />
|''Uthama Puthiran'' (1958)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
|SSJ20 Srikanth<br />
|"Achcham Enbathu"<br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Viswanathan Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|''[[Mannadhi Mannan]]'' (1958)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
|SSJ08 Ovviya<br />
|"[[Kannum Kannum Kalanthu]]"<br />
|<small>[[P. Leela]] & Jikki</small><br />
|<small>[[Kothamangalam Subbu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[C. Ramchandra]]</small><br />
|''[[Vanjikottai Valiban]]'' (1958)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |4 February 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|SSJ04 Sahana<br />
|"Mannavan Vanthanadi"<br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>K. V. Mahadevan</small><br />
|''[[Thiruvarutchelvar]]'' (1967)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Omkaaramaai Vilangum"<br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajam</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>K. V. Mahadevan</small><br />
|''[[Vanangamudi]]'' (1967)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
|SSJ17 Shrihari<br />
|"Paatum Naane" <br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>K. V. Mahadevan</small><br />
|''[[Thiruvilaiyadal]]'' (1965)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 4<br />
|[[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
|<br />
|"Vaapul Moraa" in Sindhubhairavi [[raga|raag]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|5 <br />
|<br />
|style="background:lightpink"|SSJ07 Sowmya<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Medley round ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br />
* '''Special guest judges:''' [[Harish Raghavendra]] and [[Pop Shalini]] <br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 8–11 February round required the remaining 14 contestants to sing a series of songs in a [[medley (music)|medley]] form.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance<br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Contestant advanced to next round (Priyanka, Sahana, Nithyashree, Ovviya)<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in the bottom three (Prasanna Sundar, Shrihari and Vishnucharan)<br />
:{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} – Contestant was eliminated<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3 |8 February 2010<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Harish Raghavendra]] & [[Pop Shalini]]<br />
| <br />
|Excerpt from "Thulluvadho Ilamai"<br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]] & L. R. Eswari</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]'' (1968)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 2<br />
| [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
| <br />
|Excerpt from <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2 |11 February 2010<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" |<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightpink" | SSJ09 Vishnucharan<br />
|"Ullathil Nalla" <br />
|<small>[[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'' (1964)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Love songs ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]] and [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] <br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 14–18 February ''Kaadhal Geethangal'' ({{langx|en|love songs}}) round was split over two parts. First requiring contestants to sing a duet in pairs, then to sing another song as a solo performance. Judges granted immunity to the strongest duet performers, who were not required to give a competitive solo performance.<br />
<br />
In the 15 February episode, Prem and Hamsadhwani, winners of the first season of the Vijay TV dance competition reality show, appeared as special guests. The duet performance of Nithyashree and Shrihari was dedicated to them, and followed by a brief duet dance by Nithyashree and Prem.<br />
<br />
In the 16 February episode, Badava Gopi and Haritha Gopi appeared as special guests. The duet performance of Prasanna Sundar and [[Srinisha Jayaseelan]] was dedicated to them. Carnatic vocalist and playback singer Charulatha Mani and her husband Karthick also appeared as special guests. The trio performance by Shrikanth, Ovviya and Sharath was dedicated to them.<br />
<br />
In the 17 February episode, Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy and Anitha Kuppuswamy appeared as special guests.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance<br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Contestant spot-selected to advance to next round<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in the bottom four (also Sahana)<br />
:{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} – Contestant was eliminated<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer(s)<br />
!Contestant 1<br />
!Contestant 2<br />
!Contestant 3<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 | 15 February 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|style="background:palegreen" |SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|style="background:palegreen" |SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|<br />
|"Thoda Thoda"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Indira (film)#Soundtrack|Indira]]'' (1995)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 2<br />
|[[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Thoda Thoda"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''Indira'' (1995)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
|<br />
|SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|colspan=2|(solo – non-competitive performance due to spot selection)<br />
|Excerpt from "Snehithane"<br />
|<small>[[Sadhana Sargam]] & [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Alai Payuthey]] <br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 4<br />
|<br />
|SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|colspan=2|(solo – non-competitive due to spot selection)<br />
|Excerpt from "Raja Raja Cholan"<br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Mu. Metha]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[Rettai Vaal Kuruvi]]'' (1987) <br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
|style="background:palegreen" |SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|<br />
|"Thoongaadha Vizhigal"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]] & K. J. Yesudas</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Agni Natchathiram#Soundtrack|Agni Natchathiram]]'' (1988) <br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 6<br />
|<br />
|SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|colspan=2|(solo – non-competitive due to spot selection)<br />
|Excerpt from "En Kadhalae"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Duet (1994 film)#Soundtrack|Duet]]'' (1994)<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
|<br />
| SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
| SSJ17 Shrihari<br />
|<br />
|"Uppu Karuvadu"<br />
|<small>[[Shankar Mahadevan]] & [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Mudhalvan]]'' (1999)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 | 16 February 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|SSJ03 Balasarangan<br />
|SSJ04 Sahana<br />
|<br />
|"Kaatre En Vasal"<br />
|<small>[[P. Unnikrishnan]] & Kavita Krishnamurthy</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Rhythm (2000 film)|Rhythm]]'' (2000)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|<br />
|"Kangal Irandal"<br />
|<small>Belly Raj & [[Deepa Miriam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Thamarai]]</small><br />
|<small>[[James Vasanthan]]</small><br />
|''[[Subramaniapuram]]'' (2008)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
|<br />
|SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|colspan=2|(solo – non-competitive due to spot selection)<br />
|Excerpt from "Oru Poiyavadhu"<br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] & [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Jodi (1999 film)#Soundtrack|Jodi]]'' (1999)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 4<br />
| Charulatha Mani<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|"Vaseegara"<br />
|<small>[[Bombay Jayashri]]</small><br />
|<small>Thamarai</small><br />
|<small>Harris Jeyaraj</small><br />
|''[[Minnale]]'' (2001)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
|style="background:palegreen" |SSJ20 Shrikanth <br />
|SSJ08 Ovviya<br />
|SSJ18 Sharath<br />
|"En Uchimandai"<br />
|<small>[[Krishna Iyer]], [[Shoba Chandrasekhar]], Charulatha Mani & [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]</small><br />
|<small>Annamalai</small><br />
|<small>Vijay Antony</small><br />
|''[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)#Soundtrack|Vettaikaaran]]'' (2009)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 6<br />
|<br />
|SSJ20 Shrikanth<br />
|colspan=2|(solo – non-competitive due to spot selection)<br />
|"Pottu Vaitha Kathal Thitam"<br />
|<small>[[Kamal Haasan]] & Mano</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Singaravelan]]'' (1992)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 | 17 February 2010<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
|Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy<br />
|colspan=3|(solo)<br />
|"Oru Sevatha Ponnu Karuthapayana"<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Saravana Poigai (Tamil album)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|colspan=2|(solo)<br />
|"Unnai Kaanaadha Kannum"<br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[K. V. Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|''[[Idhayak Kamalam#Soundtrack|Idhayak Kamalam]]'' (1965)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
|SSJ08 Ovviya<br />
|colspan=2|(solo)<br />
|"Uyire Uyire"<br />
|<small>Hariharan & K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Bombay (soundtrack)|Bombay]]'' (1995)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 4<br />
|K. S. Chithra<br />
|colspan=3|(solo)<br />
|Excerpt from "Uyire Uyire"<br />
|<small>Hariharan & K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''Bombay'' (1995)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
|SSJ18 Sharath<br />
|colspan=2|(solo)<br />
|"Senorita"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>[[Gangai Amaran]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Johnny (1980 film)|Johnny]]'' (1980) <br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
|SSJ04 Sahana<br />
|colspan=2|(solo)<br />
|"Narumugaye"<br />
|<small>P. Unnikrishnan & Bombay Jayashri</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Iruvar#Soundtrack|Iruvar]]'' (1997)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2 | 18 February 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|SSJ<br />
|colspan=2|(solo)<br />
|""<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|SSJ<br />
|colspan=2|(solo)<br />
|""<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Devotional songs ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' [[Uma Padmanabhan]]<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]] and [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br />
* '''Special guest judge:''' [[L. R. Eswari]] (23–24 April), Veeramani Raju (25 April)<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 22–25 February ''Bhakthi Padalgal'' ({{langx|en|devotional songs}}) round required the remaining 12 contestants to perform songs from the [[devotional song|devotional]] genre. The first song was required to have been released in film. Contestants who were not spot-selected after their first song were required to perform a second song which had not yet been released in film.<br />
<br />
In the second and third episodes this week, devotional playback singer L. R. Eswari appeared on the show as a guest judge and guest performer. Pastor Alwyn Thomas also appeared on the show for a special guest performance in the third episode of the round. In the fourth and final episode of the round, devotional singer Veeramani Raju appeared as a guest judge and guest performer. The compere for this round also provided a special performance in this episode before contestant SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar delivered a well-received performance of a "rare" and "difficult" song popularised by [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]].<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance <br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Contestant spot-selected to advance to next round with immunity<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in the bottom three<br />
:{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} – Contestant was eliminated<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music composer/director</small><br />
!Source/Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |22 February 2010<br />
|- <br />
|1<br />
| <br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Maruthamalai Mamaniye" <br />
|<small>[[S. Somasundaram|Madurai Somu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Deivam (film)|Deivam]]'' (1972)<br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
| <br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|"Ariyathu" <br />
|<small>[[K. B. Sundarambal]]</small> <br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>[[K. V. Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|''[[Kandan Karunai]]'' (1967)<br />
|- <br />
| 3<br />
| <br />
|style="background:#ffe87c"| SSJ20 Shrikanth<br />
|"Thirupathi Mazhai" <br />
|<small>[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]</small> <br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>[[K. V. Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|''Thirumalai Thenkumari'' (1970)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| <br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Solla Solla" <br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small> <br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>K. V. Mahadevan</small><br />
|''Kandan Karunai'' (1967)<br />
|- <br />
| 5<br />
| <br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ17 Shrihari<br />
|"Isai Thamizh Nee Seidha" <br />
|<small>[[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]</small> <br />
|<small> Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>K. V. Mahadevan</small><br />
| ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal]]'' (1965)<br />
|- <br />
| 6<br />
| <br />
| SSJ18 Sharath<br />
|"Janani Jagam Nee" <br />
|<small>Deepan Chakravarthy, [[Krishnachandran]] & Ilaiyaraja</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''Thai Moogambigai'' (1982)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=8 |23 February 2010<br />
|- <br />
|1<br />
| <br />
| SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Thirupparang Kundrathil" <br />
|<small>[[Soolamangalam Sisters|Rajalakshmi of Soolamangalam Sisters]] & P. Susheela</small> <br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>K. V. Mahadevan</small><br />
|''Kandan Karunai'' (1967)<br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
| <br />
| style="background:#ffe87c"| SSJ03 Balasarangan<br />
|"Thiruchendhurin" <br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]] & Sirkazhi Govindarajan</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan</small><br />
|''Deivam'' (1972)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
| [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
| <br />
|"Magamaayi Samapurathaaye" <br />
|<small>L. R. Eswari</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|''Chellaaththaa Maariyaa Thithaa''<br />
|- <br />
| 4<br />
| <br />
| SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Om Sivoham" <br />
|<small>[[Vijay Prakash]]</small> <br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Naan Kadavul#Soundtrack|Naan Kadavul]]'' (2009)<br />
|- <br />
| 5<br />
| <br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Komaathaa Engal Kulamaathaa" <br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>K. V. Mahadevan</small><br />
|''[[Saraswathi Sabatham]]'' (1966)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| <br />
| SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Kannan Vandhaan"<br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan & Sirkazhi Govindarajan</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Ramu (1966 film)|Ramu]]'' (1966)<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
| <br />
| SSJ04 Sahana<br />
|"Azhagan Muruganidam"<br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|''[[Panchavarna Kili]]'' (1965)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |24 February 2010<br />
|- <br />
|1<br />
| <br />
| SSJ18 Sharath<br />
|"Mel Maruvathur Aadhi Paraashakthi" <br />
|<small>K. Veeramani</small> <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|2<br />
| <br />
| SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Chellathaa Chella Maariyaathaa" <br />
|<small>L. R. Eswari</small> <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|''Chellaaththaa Maariyaa Thithaa''<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
| [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
| <br />
|"Yaar Arivaaro Yaadhava Leela" in Hindustani [[Rāga|raag]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
|style="background:#ffe87c"| SSJ03 Balasarangan<br />
|"Varuvaai Varuvaai" in [[raga]]s Rageshri, Bhageshri & Mohanam<br />
|<small>[[Sudha Raghunathan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Subramania Bharathiyar]]</small><br />
|<small>K. S. Raghu</small><br />
|''Radha Sametha Krishna'' (Carnatic/Hindu devotional album)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 5<br />
| Pastor Alwyn Thomas<br />
| <br />
| "En Chellam"<br />
|<small>Pastor Alwyn Thomas</small><br />
|<small>Pastor Alwyn Thomas</small><br />
|<small>Pastor Alwyn Thomas</small><br />
|''Nandri Vol.4'' (Christian devotional album)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
| <br />
| SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Om Namo Narayana" in [[raga]] Karnaranjani<br />
| <br />
|<small>Ambujam Krishna</small><br />
|<small>[[Charumathi Ramachandran]]</small><br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|rowspan=9 |25 February 2010<br />
|- <br />
|1<br />
| <br />
|style="background:#ffe87c"| SSJ20 Shrikanth<br />
|"Iraivan Idam Kai" <br />
|<small>Nagore E. M. Haniffa</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>SV. Venkataraman</small><br />
|''Iraivanidam Kaiyendhungal'' (2003 Muslim devotional album)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" |2<br />
| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br />
| <br />
|"Allahu" <br />
|<small>Mano</small> <br />
|<small>R. Abdul Salam</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''Deen Isai Maalai'' (1989 Muslim devotional album)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
| Veeramani Raju<br />
| <br />
|"Kothaiyin Thiruppaavai" <br />
|<small>Amarar K. Veeramani</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''Sri Krishna Ganam'' (Hindu devotional album)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
| SSJ04 Sahana<br />
|"Paal Vadiyum" in [[raga]] Nattaikkurinji<br />
|<br />
|<small>[[Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi]]</small><br />
|<small>Traditional Hindu [[Carnatic music]] composition</small><br />
|<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 5<br />
| [[Uma Padmanabhan]]<br />
| <br />
|"Kakkai Chiraginile" in ragamalika<br />
|<br />
|<small>Subramania Bharathiyar</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|6<br />
| <br />
| SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Vanna Mayil" (viruttam) followed by "Shanmukha Kandhanum Mohana Kannanum" in [[raga]]s Shanmukhapriya & Mohanam<br />
|<small>[[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|<small>Satthoor Karpagam</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
| <br />
|style="background:#ffe87c"| SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"[[Kurai Onrum Illai]]" in [[raga]]s Sivaranjani, Kapi & Sindhubhairavi<br />
|<small>[[M. S. Subbulakshmi]]</small><br />
|<small>[[C. Rajagopalachari]]</small><br />
|<small>Kadayanallur Venkataraman</small><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|style="background:lightskyblue"| <br />
|style="background:lightpink"| SSJ03 Balasarangan<br />
|style="background:lightskyblue"|"Vedam" <br />
|style="background:lightskyblue"|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[S. P. Sailaja]]</small><br />
|style="background:lightskyblue"|<small>Vairamuthu</small> <br />
|style="background:lightskyblue"|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|style="background:lightskyblue"|''[[Salangai Oli (soundtrack)|Salangai Oli]]'' (1983)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== ''Vinnaithaandi Varuvaaya'' special ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[Malgudi Shubha]], [[K. S. Chithra]] and [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br />
* '''Special guest for 1 March 2010 and 2 March 2010 episodes:''' [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 1–4 March round promoted the release of the film ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'', directed by Gautham Vasudev Menon and starring actor [[Silambarasan]] ("Simbu"). The first part of the round required the remaining 11 contestants to sing songs from Tamil films directed by Menon, who appeared as a special guest judge. Playback singer [[Vijay Prakash]] gave a special performance to open the round. The second part of the round required the contestants to sing songs from films starring actor Simbu.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance <br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Contestant spot-selected to advance to next round<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in the bottom three<br />
:{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} – Contestant was eliminated<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7|1 March 2010<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" |1<br />
|[[Vijay Prakash]] <br />
| Top 11 contestants<br />
|"[[Hosanna (A. R. Rahman song)|Hosanna]]" <br />
|<small>Vijay Prakash, [[Suzanne D'Mello|Suzanne]] & [[Blaaze]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Thamarai]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' (2010)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| <br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Ennai Konjam" <br />
|<small>Timmy, Tippu & [[Pop Shalini]]</small><br />
|<small>Thamarai</small><br />
|<small>[[Harris Jayaraj]]</small><br />
|''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]'' (2003)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| <br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Nenjikkul Peidhidum"<br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Krish (singer)|Krish]], [[Devan Ekambaram]] and Prasanna</small><br />
|<small>Thamarai</small><br />
|<small>Harris Jayaraj</small><br />
|''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' (2008)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| <br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ04 Sahana<br />
|"Yeno Yeno Panithuli" <br />
|<small>[[Shail Hada]], [[Sudha Raghunathan]] & [[Andrea Jeremiah]]</small><br />
|<small>Thamarai</small><br />
|<small>Harris Jayaraj</small><br />
|''[[Aadhavan]]'' (2009)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| <br />
| SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Manmadhane" <br />
|<small>[[Sadhana Sargam]]</small> <br />
|<small>Snehan</small><br />
|<small>[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]</small><br />
|''[[Manmadhan (film)|Manmadhan]]'' (2004)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| <br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Unakkul Naane" <br />
|<small>[[Bombay Jayashri]]</small> <br />
|<small>Rohini</small><br />
|<small>Harris Jayaraj</small><br />
|''[[Pachaikili Muthucharam]]'' (2007)<br />
|- <br />
|2 March 2010 <br />
|last<br />
| <br />
| SSJ20 Shrikanth<br />
|"Ava Enna" <br />
|<small>[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] & Prasanna</small><br />
|<small>Thamarai</small><br />
|<small>[[Harris Jayaraj]]</small><br />
|''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' (2008)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7|3 March 2010<br />
|first<br />
|<br />
|SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Yammaadi Aathaadi"<br />
|<small>[[Vijaya T. Rajendar]], [[Suchithra]], [[Silambarasan Rajendar|Simbu]] & Mahathi</small> <br />
|<small>[[Perarasu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]</small><br />
|''[[Pachaikili Muthucharam]]'' (2007)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|Vechikkava <small> Remix</small><br />
|<small>Simbu & Suchitra</small><br />
|<small>[[Gangai Amaran]]</small><br />
|<small>Yuvan Shankar Raja</small><br />
|''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]'' (2008)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c"|SSJ17 Shrihari<br />
|"Where Is the Party"<br />
|<small>[[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] & Priyadarshini</small><br />
|<small>Simbu</small><br />
|<small>Yuvan Shankar Raja</small><br />
|''Silambattam'' (2008)<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Mannipaaya" <br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman & [[Shreya Ghoshal]]</small> <br />
|<small>Thamarai</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa'' (2010)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"[[Hosanna (A. R. Rahman song)|Hosanna]]" <br />
|<small>Vijay Prakash, Suzanne D'Mello & Blaaze</small><br />
|<small>Thamarai</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa'' (2010)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" |<br />
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br />
|<br />
|variation of "Olimaiyamaana" <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" |last<br />
|<br />
| SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|Encore of "Manmadhane" <br />
|<small>Sadhana Sargam</small> <br />
|<small>Snehan</small><br />
|<small>Yuvan Shankar Raja</small><br />
|''Manmadhan'' (2004)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3|4 March 2010<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|style="background:#ffe87c"| SSJ18 Sharath<br />
|"Kallakuven" <br />
|<small>[[Silambarasan]] & [[Shankar Mahadevan]]</small> <br />
|<small>Thamarai</small><br />
|<small>[[Deva (composer)|Deva]] & [[Sabesh–Murali]]</small><br />
| ''[[Dum (2003 Tamil film)|Dum]]'' (2003)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" |<br />
|<br />
| SSJ04 Sahana<br />
|"Yaaridamum Thondravilai" <br />
|<small>[[Harini (singer)|Harini]] & [[Ramesh Vinayagam]]</small><br />
|<small>Snehan</small><br />
|<small>Harris Jayaraj</small><br />
| ''[[Thotti Jaya]]'' (2003)<br />
|- <br />
|<br />
|style="background:lightskyblue"|<br />
|style="background:lightpink"| SSJ17 Shrihari<br />
|style="background:lightskyblue"|"[[Kallai Mattum]]"<br />
|style="background:lightskyblue"|<small>Hariharan</small><br />
|style="background:lightskyblue"|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|style="background:lightskyblue"|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|style="background:lightskyblue"|''[[Dasavatharam (film)|Dasavatharam]]'' (2008)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Final ten round ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Special guest judges:''' [[Suchithra Karthik Kumar]] & [[Naresh Iyer]] <br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 8–11 March round marked there being 10 remaining contestants<ref name="HinduMar10">{{cite news|title=Nutshell - The Hindu|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 March 2010|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/nutshell/article789360.ece|accessdate=3 January 2015}}</ref> and had no elimination. Instead, special prizes of {{INR}}1&nbsp;lakh (100,000 rupees) were awarded to the best male and best female performance from the round.<ref name="HinduMar10"/> The prizes went to Shrikanth for male performance and was split between Alka Ajith and Nithyashree for female performance. [[Srinisha Jayaseelan|Srinisha]] was given special recognition by the guest judges.<br />
<br />
Playback singer Suchithra Karthik Kumar made her first appearance on the show, as a guest judge for this round.<ref name="HinduMar10"/> Playback singer Naresh Iyer also appeared as a guest judge,<ref name="HinduMar10"/> and had competed in the first season of ''[[Airtel Super Singer]]''.<br />
<br />
=== New songs ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 15–18 March ''Pudhu Padalgal'' ({{langx|en|new songs}}) round required the remaining 10 contestants to sing songs from films released in 2008 and 2009. The first song was required to be a fast song, and the second song was required to be a melody song. Contestant SSJ16 Srinisha won immunity after performing her fast song. Contestant SSJ02 Alka Ajith was announced best performer of the melody song segment.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance<br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Contestant advanced to next round<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in the bottom four<br />
:{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} – Contestant was eliminated<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |15 March 2010<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Shubha]]<br />
| <br />
|"Maasi Maasi" <br />
|<small>Mano & Mega</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small> <br />
|<small>[[Harris Jayaraj]]</small><br />
|''[[Aadhavan]]'' (2009)<br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Mambo Mamiya" <br />
|<small>[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] & Rita</small><br />
|<small>Viveka</small><br />
|<small>[[Devi Sri Prasad]]</small><br />
|''[[Kanthaswamy#Music|Kanthaswamy]]'' (2008)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ20 Srikanth<br />
|"Puli Urumudhu" <br />
|<small>Ananthu & Mahesh Vinayakram</small><br />
|<small>[[Kabilan (Lyricist)|Kabilan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vijay Antony]]</small><br />
|''[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)#Soundtrack|Vettaikaaran]]'' (2009)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ04 Sahana<br />
|"Allegra Allegra" <br />
|<small>Rita</small><br />
|<small>Viveka</small><br />
|<small>Devi Sri Prasad</small><br />
|''[[Kanthaswamy]]'' (2009)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Karigalan Kala" <br />
|<small>[[Suchith Suresan]] & [[Sangeetha Rajeshwaran]]</small><br />
|<small>Kabilan</small><br />
|<small>Vijay Antony</small><br />
|''Vettaikaaran'' (2009)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Pala Pala" <br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Na. Muthukumar]]</small><br />
|<small>Harris Jayaraj</small><br />
|''[[Ayan (film)#Soundtrack|Ayan]]'' (2009)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |16 March 2010<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
| [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]], Mano and Malgudi Shubha<br />
|<br />
|Medley <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|"Daddy Mummy" <br />
|<small>[[Mamta Mohandas]] & Naveen Madhav</small><br />
|<small>Devi Sri Prasad</small><br />
|<small>Viveka</small><br />
|''[[Villu (film)#Music|Villu]]'' (2009)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ18 Sharath<br />
|"Taxi Taxi" <br />
|<small>[[Blaaze]], [[Benny Dayal]], Javed Ali & Viviane Chaix</small><br />
|<small>Blaaze, Na. Muthukumar & Viviane Chaix</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Sakkarakatti#Soundtrack|Sakkarakatti]]'' (2008)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Dheemthanakka Thillana" <br />
|<small>Devi Sri Prasad & Divya</small><br />
|<small>[[Snehan]]</small><br />
|<small>Devi Sri Prasad</small><br />
|''[[Villu (film)#Music|Villu]]'' (2009)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"En Uchimandai" <br />
|<small>[[Krishna Iyer]], [[Shoba Chandrasekhar]], Charulatha Mani & [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]</small><br />
|<small>Annamalai</small><br />
|<small>Vijay Antony</small><br />
|''Vettaikaaran'' (2009)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Oyaayiye Yaayiye" <br />
|<small>Benny Dayal, [[Haricharan]] & [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]</small><br />
|<small>Na. Muthukumar</small><br />
|<small>Harris Jayaraj</small><br />
|''Ayan'' (2009)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |17 March 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ04 Sahana<br />
|"Oru Vikkam Varuthe" <br />
|<small>[[Shreya Ghoshal]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Thamarai]]</small><br />
|<small>[[James Vasanthan]]</small><br />
|''[[Pasanga]]'' (2009)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Bikshai Paathiram"<br />
|<small>[[Madhu Balakrishnan]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[Naan Kadavul#Soundtrack|Naan Kadavul]]'' (2009)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Azhagaai Pookuthe" <br />
|<small>Janaki Iyer & Prasanna</small><br />
|<small>Kalai Kumar</small><br />
|<small>[[Vijay Antony]]</small><br />
|''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (2009 film)#Soundtrack|Ninaithale Inikkum]]'' (2009)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| <br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ20 Srikanth<br />
|"Adiye" <br />
|<small>Benny Dayal, [[Krish (singer)|Krish]] and [[Shruti Haasan]]</small><br />
|<small>Thamarai</small><br />
|<small>Harris Jayaraj</small><br />
|''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' (2008)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"" <br />
|<small>Divya</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |18 March 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Marudaani" <br />
|<small>[[Madhushree]], A. R. Rahman, Hentry Kuruvilla</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''Sakkarakatti'' (2008)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ18 Sharath<br />
|"" <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Mukundha Mukundha" <br />
|<small>[[Kamal Haasan]] & [[Sadhana Sargam]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Dasavathaaram#Soundtrack|Dasavathaaram]]'' (2008)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Vennmegam" <br />
|<small>Hariharan</small><br />
|<small>Na. Muthukumar</small><br />
|<small>Yuvan Shankar Raja</small><br />
|''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'' (2008)<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 5<br />
| Malgudi Shubha<br />
| <br />
|"Thendral Vandhu" <br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja & [[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small> <br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Avatharam (1995 film)#Soundtrack|Avatharam]]'' (1995)<br />
|- <br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightpink" | SSJ04 Sahana <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Moon songs ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Special guest judge:''' [[P. B. Sreenivas]] (22 March only)<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 22–25 March ''Nila Padalgal'' ({{langx|en|moon songs}}) round required the remaining nine contestants to perform songs over two parts which fit the theme of "the moon". The set was transformed and everyone was dressed in white to complement the theme.<br />
<br />
The first part of the round required contestants to sing songs from films released before 1980. The special guest of the week was veteran playback singer, P. B. Sreenivas, who was well known for this subgenre. After the performance of contestant SSJ18 Sharath, Sreenivas sang the first line of the song when giving his feedback on the performance.<br />
<br />
The second part of the round required contestants to sing hits from films released after 1980. Contestant SSJ02 Alka Ajith was announced the best performer of this part of the round, followed by contestants SSJ11 Nithyashree and SSJ21 Priyanka.<br />
<br />
{{block indent|1={{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance <br />
{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in the bottom two<br />
{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} – Contestant was eliminated|em=1}}<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=8 |22 March 2010<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]] and [[Malgudi Shubha]]<br />
| <br />
|Excerpt from "Aha Inba Nilavinile" <br />
|<small>[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[P. Leela]]</small><br />
|<small>Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass</small> <br />
|<small>Ghantasala</small><br />
|''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957)<br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Aayiram Nilave Vaa" <br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Pulamaipithan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[K. V. Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|''[[Adimai Penn]]'' (1969)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
|SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Vaaraayo Vennilaave" <br />
|<small>[[A. M. Rajah]] & P. Leela</small><br />
|<small>[[Pulamaipithan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[S. Rajeswara Rao]]</small><br />
|''Missamma'' (1954 Tamil film)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 4<br />
|Mano<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Ravoyi Chandamama" <br />
|<small>A. M. Raja & P. Leela</small><br />
|<small>Pingali Nagendrarao</small><br />
|<small>S. Rajeswara Rao</small><br />
|''[[Missamma]]'' (1955 Telugu film)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ18 Sharath<br />
|"Nilave Ennidam" <br />
|<small>[[P. B. Sreenivas]] & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Ramu (1966 film)|Ramu]]'' (1966)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 6<br />
|[[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
|<br />
|"Kanavile Varum Nilave" in [[raga]] Mohanam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
|<br />
| SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|"Amudhai Pozhiyum Nilave" <br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Ku Ma Balasubramaniam</small><br />
|<small>[[T. G. Lingappa]]</small><br />
|''[[Thangamalai Ragasiyam]]'' (1957)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |23 March 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Iravum Nilavum" <br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]] & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'' (1964)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Naalai Indha Velai" <br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|''[[Uyarndha Manidhan]]'' (1968)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| SSJ20 Srikanth<br />
|"Andru Vandhadhum Idhe Nilaa" <br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|''[[Periya Idathu Penn]]'' (1963)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Inbam Pongum Vennilaa" <br />
|<small>P. B. Sreenivas & P. Suseela</small><br />
|<small>[[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[G. Ramanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman (film)|Veerapandiya Kattabomman]]'' (1959)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Oru Pennai Paarthu Nilavai" <br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan</small> <br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|''[[Dheiva Thaai]]'' (1964)<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |24 March 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
| SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Kalyaana Thennilaa" <br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]] & K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Pulamaipithan</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[Mounam Sammadham]]'' (1990)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 2<br />
|K. S. Chithra (vocally supported by Mano)<br />
|<br />
|Extended excerpt from "Kalyaana Thennilaa" <br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Pulamaipithan</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''Mounam Sammadham'' (1990)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ18 Sharath<br />
|"O Vennila" <br />
|<small>[[P. Unnikrishnan]]</small> <br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Kadhal Desam]]'' (1996)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
|SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|"Konjam Nilavu" <br />
|<small>[[Annupamaa]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Thiruda Thiruda]]'' (1993)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 5<br />
|Malgudi Shubha<br />
|(chorus support) <br />
|"Nilaa Pongal" <br />
|<small>Malgudi Shubha</small><br />
|<small>[[Girish Puthenchery]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Berny Ignatius]]</small><br />
|''[[Thenmavin Kombath]]'' (1994)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |25 March 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Iravu Nilavu" <br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]], Karthik Raja, Yuvan Shankar Raja, Bhavatharini, Venkat Prabhu, Premji Amaran, Parthi Bhaskar & Hari Bhaskar</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' (1990)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 2<br />
|K. S. Chithra<br />
|<br />
|"Azhagu Nilave"<br />
|<small>K. S. Chitra</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Pavithra (film)|Pavithra]]'' (1994)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
|SSJ20 Shrikanth<br />
|"Nila Adhu Vanathumele" <br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Paadu Nilaave"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>[[Mu. Metha]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Udaya Geetham#Soundtrack|Udaya Geetham]]'' (1988) <br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
| SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Nilaa Kaigirathu" <br />
|<small>[[Harini (singer)|Harini]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Indira (film)|Indira]]'' (2008)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| style="background:lightskyblue" |<br />
| style="background:lightpink" |SSJ18 Sharath<br />
| style="background:lightskyblue" |Excerpt from "Sorgam Enbathu" <br />
| style="background:lightskyblue" |<small>[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] & [[Swarnalatha]]</small><br />
| style="background:lightskyblue" |<small>Vaali</small><br />
| style="background:lightskyblue" |<small>[[Mahesh Mahadevan]]</small><br />
| style="background:lightskyblue" |''[[Nammavar]]'' (1994)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Retro songs ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 29 March – 1 April round required the remaining eight contestants to sing songs of a retro theme.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Special non-competitive performance <br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Contestant granted immunity to advance to next round<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in danger zone (bottom three)<br />
:{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} – Contestant was eliminated<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2010<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | <br />
| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]] and [[Malgudi Shubha]]<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|- <br />
|2010<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Engeyum Eppodhum" <br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (1979 film)#Soundtrack|Ninaithale Inikkum]]'' (1979)<br />
|-<br />
|2010<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Idhu Oru Nila"<br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan/Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiayaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Tik Tik Tik (1981 film)#Soundtrack|Tik Tik Tik]]'' (1981) <br />
|- <br />
|2010<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|- <br />
|2010<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|- <br />
|2010<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|- <br />
|2010<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|- <br />
|2010<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ16 Roshan<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|- <br />
|2010<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ11 Priyanka<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|2010<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ20 Shrikanth<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|2010<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| style="background:lightpink" | SSJ20 Shrikanth<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Award-winning songs ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Special guest judges:''' [[P. Susheela]] (6 April), [[S. Janaki]] (7–8 April)<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 5–8 April round required the remaining seven contestants to perform national award-winning songs. In the first part of the round, the best two performers, Srinisha and Shravan, were given an award by playback singer [[P. Susheela]] and immunity to advance to the next round. The other contestants sang another song on the theme; the worst of these three then had to perform state award-winning songs, and the worst two of those had to perform brand new songs. Nithyashree was ultimately the bottom performer, however special guest [[S. Janaki]] requested that no one be eliminated and the judges agreed.<br />
<br />
{{block indent|1={{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Special non-competitive performance <br />
{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Contestant granted immunity to advance to next round<br />
{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in danger zone|em=1}}<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |5 April 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
| SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Paadariyen" <br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]'' (1985)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Ennavale" <br />
|<small>[[Unni Krishnan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali & Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Kaadhalan]]'' (1994)<br />
|- <br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Ovvoru Pookalume" <br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>[[Pa. Vijay]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]</small><br />
|''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]]'' (2004)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 4<br />
| [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| <br />
|Excerpt from "Ovvoru Pookalume" <br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Pa. Vijay</small> <br />
|<small>Bharadwaj</small><br />
|''Autograph'' (2004)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 5<br />
| K. S. Chithra<br />
| <br />
|Excerpt from "Manjal Prasaadham" (Malayalam language)<br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>[[ONV Kurup]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Bombay Ravi]]</small><br />
|''[[Nakhakshathangal]]'' (1986)<br />
|- <br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 6<br />
| [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
| <br />
|Excerpt from "Dil Cheez Kya Hai" (Hindi/Urdu language)<br />
|<small>[[Asha Bhosle]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Akhlaq Mohammed Khan|Shahryar]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]]</small><br />
|''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'' (1981)<br />
|- <br />
|rowspan=7 |6 April 2010<br />
|- style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
| [[P. Susheela]]<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Unnai Ondru Ketpen"<br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|2<br />
|<br />
| SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Naalai Indha Velai" <br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Uyarndha Manidhan]]'' (1968)<br />
|- <br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Arupadai Veedu" <br />
|<small>[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>K. V. Mahadevan</small><br />
|''[[Kandan Karunai]]'' (1967)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Thanga Thamarai Magale" <br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[Malgudi Subha]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Minsara Kanavu]]'' (1997)<br />
|- style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 5<br />
| Mano (vocally supported by K. S. Chithra)<br />
|<br />
|"Thooliyile Ada Vantha"<br />
|<small>Mano & K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Chinna Thambi]]'' (1991)<br />
|- <br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ16 Srinisha <br />
|"Chittukuruvi" <br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|''[[Savaale Samali]]'' (1971)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=8 |7 April 2010<br />
|- style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
| [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Senthoora Poove"<br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>[[Gangai Amaran]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[16 Vayathinile#Soundtrack|16 Vayathinile]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-29|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=16 Vayathinile#Soundtrack|reason= The anchor (Soundtrack) [[Special:Diff/663750732|has been deleted]].}}'' (1977)<br />
|- <br />
|2<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Inji Idupazhaga" <br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Thevar Magan]]'' (1992)<br />
|- <br />
|3<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Oru Dheivam Thantha Poove"<br />
|<small>[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] & [[P. Jayachandran]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Kannathil Muthamittal#Original track|Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' (2002)<br />
|- <br />
|4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Strawberry Kanne" <br />
|<small>[[KK (singer)|KK]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Minsara Kanavu]]'' (1997)<br />
|- <br />
|5<br />
|<br />
| SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Paattu Solli Paada Solli" <br />
|<small>[[Sadhana Sargam]]</small><br />
|<small>Palani Bharathi</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]'' (2002)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Pudhu Vellai Mazhai" <br />
|<small>[[Unni Menon]] & [[Sujatha Mohan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' (1992)<br />
|- style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 7<br />
| [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Ooru Sanam"<br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>[[Gangai Amaran]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[16 Vayathinile#Soundtrack|16 Vayathinile]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-29|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=16 Vayathinile#Soundtrack|reason= The anchor (Soundtrack) [[Special:Diff/663750732|has been deleted]].}}'' (1977)<br />
|- <br />
|rowspan=8 |8 April 2010<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Naadham En Jeevane" <br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Kaadhal Oviyam]]'' (1992)<br />
|- <br />
|2<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Kaadhal Yaanai" <br />
|<small>[[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]], Melvin & [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]</small><br />
|<small>Na. Muthukumar</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Anniyan]]'' (2005)<br />
|- <br />
|- style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
|<br />
| SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|Excerpt from "Mayil Pola" <br />
|<small>[[Bhavatharini]]</small><br />
|<small>Na. Muthukumar</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]'' (2000)<br />
|- style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 4<br />
|<br />
|SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|Excerpt from "Kannal Pesum Penne" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Vidyasagar</small><br />
|''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' (2007)<br />
|- style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" |5<br />
|S. Janaki & Mano<br />
| <br />
|Excerpts from "Nilaa Kaayum Neram" & "Machana Paathingala" <br />
|<small>S. Janaki & Mano</small><br />
|<small>Vaali & Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja & [[Sirpy]]</small><br />
|''[[Chembaruthi]]'' (1992) & ''[[Nattamai]]'' (1994)<br />
|- <br />
|6<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Amma Endru" <br />
|<small>[[K. J. Yesudas]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Mannan (film)|Mannan]]'' (1992)<br />
|- <br />
|7<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Kaatril Enthan" <br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Gangai Amaran</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Johnny (1980 film)|Johnny]]'' (1980)<br />
|- <br />
|8<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Ninnu Kori" <br />
|<small>[[K. S. Chithra]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Agni Natchathiram]]'' (1988)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Chithirai Thiruvizha special ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Aishwarya<br />
* '''Trainers & Permanent judges:''' [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 12–15 April round celebrated [[Chithirai festival|Chithirai Thiruvizha]]. Instead of an elimination there was special prize for impressing the judges, who performed with them. Mano considered Alka Ajith was the most impressive, Malgudi Shubha considered Srinisha was the most impressive and Chithra considered Nithyashree the most impressive.<br />
<br />
{{in5}}{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Special solo performance by judge<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Permanent judge performer(s)<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |12 April 2010<br />
| 1<br />
| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] <br />
| SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Mukkala" <br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman, Mano & [[Swarnalatha]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Kaadhalan (soundtrack)|Kaadhalan]]'' (1994)<br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
| [[Malgudi Shubha]] <br />
| SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Subbammaa" <br />
|<small>[[Manicka Vinayagam]] & Malgudi Shubha</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]</small><br />
|''[[Roja Kootam]]'' (2002)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| [[K. S. Chithra]] <br />
| SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Ithazhil Kathai" <br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Muthulingam & [[Pulamaipithan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]'' (1988)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| Malgudi Shubha <br />
| SSJ01 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Thulluvadho"<br />
|<small>Malgudi Shubha</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Vijay Antony]]</small><br />
|''[[Sukran]]'' (2005)<br />
|- <br />
| 5<br />
| Mano <br />
| SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Thendrale Thendrale"<br />
|<small>Mano, [[Unni Krishnan]] & [[Dominique Cerejo]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Kadhal Desam#Tamil version|Kadhal Desam]]'' (1996) <br />
|- <br />
|rowspan=6 |13 April 2010<br />
| 1<br />
| Mano<br />
| SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Malayaala Karaiyora"<br />
|<small>Mano</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Rajadhi Raja (1989 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]'' (1989)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| K. S. Chithra<br />
| SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Nee Oru Kaadhal" <br />
|<small>Mano & K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Pulamaipithan</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" |3<br />
| Mano & K. S. Chithra<br />
| <br />
|Excerpt from "Nee Oru Kaadhal" <br />
|<small>Mano & K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Pulamaipithan</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''Nayakan'' (1987)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| Malgudi Shubha<br />
| SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|"Poo Meedhu"<br />
|<small>Malgudi Shubha</small><br />
|<small>Pugazhendhi</small><br />
|<small>Vijay Antony</small><br />
|''[[Dishyum]]'' (2006)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| Mano<br />
| SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Onnu Rendu"<br />
|<small>Uma Ramanan & Mano</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>M. S. Murali</small><br />
|''[[Chithirai Pookkal]]'' (1991)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| K. S. Chithra<br />
| SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Malargale"<br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] & K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Love Birds (1996 film)|Love Birds]]'' (1996)<br />
|- <br />
|rowspan=5 |14 April 2010<br />
| 1<br />
| Malgudi Shubha <br />
| SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Mun Paniya"<br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & Malgudi Subha</small><br />
|<small>Palani Bharathi</small><br />
|<small>[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]</small><br />
|''[[Nandhaa]]'' (2001)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| Mano <br />
| SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Sevvanam Chinna Penn"<br />
|<small>Pallavi & Mano</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Pavithra (film)|Pavithra]]'' (1994)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| K. S. Chithra <br />
| SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Ninnu Kori"<br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Agni Natchathiram#Soundtrack|Agni Natchathiram]]'' (1988)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| Mano<br />
| SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Thooliyile Aada Vantha"<br />
|<small>Mano & K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Chinna Thambi]]'' (1991)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| Mano<br />
| SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|"Vedhaalam"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Sailaja]] & Mano</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Soora Samhaaram]]'' (1988)<br />
|- <br />
|rowspan=8 |15 April 2010<br />
| 1<br />
| K. S. Chithra <br />
| SSJ02 Alka Ajith <br />
|"Ovvoru Pookalume" <br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>[[Pa. Vijay]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]</small><br />
|''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]]'' (2004)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" |2<br />
| K. S. Chithra <br />
| <br />
|Excerpt from "Mounamgane Yedagamani" (from Telugu language film)<br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]</small><br />
|<small>[[M.M. Keeravani]]</small><br />
|''[[Naa Autograph]]'' (2004)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| Malgudi Shubha <br />
| SSJ15 Shravan <br />
|"Thaiyya Thaiyya"<br />
|<small>[[Sukhwinder Singh]] & Malgudi Subha</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Dil Se..#Tamil .28Uyire.29|Uyire]]'' (1998) <br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| K. S. Chithra <br />
| SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Othaiyila"<br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>[[Panchu Arunachalam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[Vanaja Girija]]'' (1994)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" |5<br />
| K. S. Chithra <br />
| <br />
|Excerpt from "Othaiyila"<br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Panchu Arunachalam</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|Vanaja Girija (1994)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| Malgudi Shubha<br />
| SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"All The Time"<br />
|<small>Malgudi Shubha</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Nadodi Thendral]]'' (1992)<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
| K. S. Chithra <br />
| SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|"Kuzhaloodhum Kannanukku"<br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan & Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu]]'' (1986)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 8<br />
| K. S. Chithra <br />
| <br />
|Excerpt from "Chinna Kuyil Paadum"<br />
|<small>K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Poove Poochooda Vaa]]'' (1985)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Unplugged round ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Special guest musicians:''' Thumba Raja (percussionist), Selvaraj (strings) and Augustin (grand pianist) (19–20 April); [[Stephen Devassy]] (grand pianist), Thumba Raja (percussionist) and Selvaraj (strings) (21–22 April)<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 19–22 April round required the remaining seven contestants to perform songs in an "unplugged" format. The contestants were accompanied by special-guest musicians.<br />
<br />
In relation to the musicians who made their TV debut appearance on the show, the compere announced that:<br />
* the percussionist Thumba Raja had worked in the music industry for 30 years, and worked for several music directors including [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and [[Harris Jayaraj]].<br />
* Selvaraj had worked in the music industry for 35 years, and worked for about 75 music directors including [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[G. V. Prakash]].<br />
* the 18-year-old pianist, Augustin, was a child prodigy. He traveled to Europe to complete his musical studies at an early age, and after completing grade 8 of his piano examinations, completed his diploma at [[Trinity College London]]. He also trained under [[Murray McLauchlan]].<br />
<br />
The bottom three performers from the unplugged songs were given five minutes to learn another song before performing it. Based on those performances the judges eliminated Prasanna Sundar from the competition.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance <br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Contestant granted immunity to advance to next round<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in danger zone <br />
:{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} – Contestant was eliminated<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |19 April 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
| SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Malarendra Mugamondru" <br />
|<small>[[L. R. Eswari]] & [[M. S. Raju]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'' (1964)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Maadi Mele" <br />
|<small>[[P. B. Sreenivas]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|''Kadhalikka Neramillai'' (1964)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br />
| <br />
|Excerpt from "Kunguma Poove"<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ16 Srinisha <br />
|"Thulluvadho Ilamai"<br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]] & L. R. Eswari</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]'' (1968)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 5<br />
|Mano<br />
| <br />
|"Then Sindhuthe"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>G. K. Venkatesh</small><br />
|''Ponnukku Thanga Manasu'' (1973)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
|style="background:palegreen"| SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Unnai Kaanaadha Kannum Kannalla" <br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>[[K. V. Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|''[[Idhayak Kamalam]]'' (1965)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |20 April 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|style="background:palegreen" |SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Paaduvor Paadinaal" <br />
|<small>T. M. Sounderarajan & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]]'' (1968)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Oru Pennai Paarthu Nilavai" <br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan</small> <br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|''[[Dheiva Thaai]]'' (1964)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
| Augustin (piano)<br />
| <br />
| Instrumental (solo)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Anubhavam Pudhumai" <br />
|<small>P. B. Sreenivas & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|''Kadhalikka Neramillai'' (1964)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 5<br />
|[[Malgudi Shubha]]<br />
| <br />
|Excerpt from "[[Bésame Mucho]]" (Spanish song)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |21 April 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c"| SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|"Vennilaa Vennilaa" <br />
|<small>[[Asha Bhosle]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Iruvar]]'' (1990)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c"| SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Thoda Thoda"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small><br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Indira (film)#Soundtrack|Indira]]'' (1995)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
|SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Poi Solla Koodaadhu"<br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] & [[Sadhana Sargam]]</small><br />
|<br />
|<small>[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]</small><br />
|''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'' (2002)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
|SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Vegam Vegam"<br />
|<small>[[Usha Uthup]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' (1990)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
|style="background:#ffe87c" | SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|"Thendrale Thendrale"<br />
|<small>Mano, [[Unni Krishnan]] & [[Dominique Cerejo]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|[[Kadhal Desam#Tamil version|Kadhal Desam]] (1996) <br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 6<br />
|Mano<br />
| <br />
|"Thendrale Thendrale"<br />
|<small>Mano, Unni Krishnan & Dominique Cerejo</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''Kadhal Desam'' (1996) <br />
|-<br />
|22 April 2010<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|style="background:lightpink"|SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Tribute to MSV ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Special guest judge:''' [[M. S. Viswanathan]]<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 26–29 April round required the remaining six contestants to perform songs from films that had the music director [[M. S. Viswanathan]], a 55-year veteran of the industry. This was the last ordinary round before the semi-finals.<br />
<br />
At the end of each episode's performances, the best-judged contestant was given immunity and advanced to the next round. Priyanka was eliminated.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance <br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Contestant won immunity and advanced to next round<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in the bottom <br />
:{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} – Contestant was eliminated<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=8 |26 April 2010<br />
|1<br />
| <br />
|SSJ15 Shravan <br />
|"Avalukku Enna" <br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small> <br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Server Sundaram]]'' (1964)<br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|style="background:palegreen" | SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Thedinen Vandhadhu" <br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|''[[Ooty Varai Uravu]]'' (1967)<br />
|- <br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| SSJ21 Priyanka<br />
|"Partha Gnaabagam Illaiyo" <br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small> <br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|''[[Puthiya Paravai#Music|Puthiya Paravai]]'' (1991)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Adi Ennadi Ulagam" <br />
|<small>L. R. Eswari</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|''[[Aval Oru Thodar Kathai]]'' (1974)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 5<br />
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]] & [[Malgudi Shubha]]<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Naan Paarthathilae" <br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|''[[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'' (1966)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
|SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Ennadi Raakamma" <br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]'' (1972)<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
|<br />
|SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|"Nenjathile Nee" <br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|''Shanthi'' (1965)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 8<br />
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br />
|<br />
|Excerpt from "Kuttukoru"<br />
|<small>Mano</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan & Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Senthamizh Pattu]]'' (1992)<br />
|-<br />
|29 April 2010<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|style="background:lightpink"|SSJ21 Priyanka <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Finals==<br />
=== Semi-finals part one ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Special guest musicians:''' [[Naveen Kumar (musician)|Naveen Kumar (flautist)]], Vikram (percussionist), Mani (bass guitarist) and Shyam (pianist)<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The semi-finals began with the 2–6 May round which required the remaining five contestants to perform in a quick-fire competition, accompanied by special guest musicians. Srinisha was eliminated.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance <br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Contestant won and advanced to next round<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in the bottom two<br />
:{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} – Contestant was eliminated<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Non-contestant performer<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |3 May 2010<br />
|1<br />
| <br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ02 Alka Ajith <br />
|"Sahana Saral" <br />
|<small>[[Vijay Yesudas]] & Gomathishree</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Sivaji (soundtrack)#Tamil (original)|Sivaji]]'' (2007)<br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" | SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Ullathil Nalla" <br />
|<small>[[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'' (1964)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
|Mano <br />
|none (solo special)<br />
|"On Namaha"<br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[S. Janaki]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)#Soundtrack|Idhayathai Thirudathe]]'' (1989)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Love Birds" <br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'' (1966)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" | SSJ16 Srinisha<br />
|"Iru Paravai" <br />
|<small>[[Jency Anthony|Jency]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Gangai Amaran]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Niram Maaratha Pookkal#Soundtrack|Niram Maaratha Pookkal]]'' (1979)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |4 May 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Anthi Mazhai" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Raja Paarvai#Soundtrack|Raja Paarvai]]'' (1979)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" | SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Engeyum Eppodhum" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (1979 film)#Soundtrack|Ninaithale Inikkum]]'' (1979)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Pallinginal Oru" <br />
|<small>[[L. R. Eswari]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>Veda</small><br />
|''[[Vallavan Oruvan]]'' (1966)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| <br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ02 Alka Ajith <br />
|"Raajaavin Paarvai" <br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]] & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|''Anbe Vaa'' (1966)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| <br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" | SSJ16 Srinisha <br />
|"Kaathodu Thaan" <br />
|<small>L. R. Eswari</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>V. Kumar</small><br />
|''[[Velli Vizha]]'' (1972)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Neela Vana Odaiyil" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Gangai Amaran</small><br />
|''[[Vazhvey Maayam#Soundtrack|Vazhvey Maayam]]'' (1982)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |5 May 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Aduthathu Ambujatha Pathela" <br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>V. Kumar</small><br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan & V. Kumar</small><br />
|''[[Ethir Neechal (1968 film)#Songs|Ethir Neechal]]'' (1968)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" | SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Vennilavae" <br />
|<small>[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]] & Kavita Paudwal</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small><br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Minsara Kanavu#Soundtrack|Minsara Kanavu]]'' (1997)<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| <br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ02 Alka Ajith <br />
|"Ninaikka Therindha" <br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadadasan</small><br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|''[[Anandha Jodhi]]'' (1963)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| <br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" | SSJ16 Srinisha <br />
|"Yelantha Payam" <br />
|<small>L. R. Eswari</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>K. V. Mahadevan</small><br />
|''[[Velli Vizha]]'' (1972)<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Aduthathu Ambujatha Pathela" <br />
|<small>S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Annakili]]'' (1976)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Kaadhalin Dheepam Ondru" <br />
|<small>S. Janaki & S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>[[Panchu Arunachalam]]</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Thambikku Entha Ooru#Soundtrack|Thambikku Entha Ooru]]'' (1984)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |6 May 2010<br />
|1<br />
| <br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ02 Alka Ajith <br />
|"Anjali Anjali" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small> <br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Sivaji (soundtrack)#Tamil (original)|Sivaji]]'' (2007)<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| style="background:palegreen" | SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Mandram Vantha" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Mouna Ragam]]'' (1986)<br />
|-<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
|Malgudi Shubha<br />
|<br />
|[[Annie's Song]] <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| <br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" | SSJ16 Srinisha <br />
|"Kunguma Poove" <br />
|<small>[[J. P. Chandrababu]] & [[K. Jamuna Rani]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]]</small><br />
|<small>[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]</small><br />
|''[[Maragadham]]'' (1959)<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" | SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Madai Thiranthu" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Vaali (originally Written by [[Manivannan]])</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Nizhalgal#Soundtrack|Nizhalgal]]'' (1980)<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
| <br />
| style="background:lightpink" | SSJ16 Srinisha <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Semi-finals part two ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Special guest judges & trainers:''' [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[Suchithra|Suchithra Karthik Kumar]] & [[Harish Raghavendra]]<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The semi-finals concluded with the 10–13 May round which required the remaining four contestants to perform in another quick-fire competition. Each contestant was required to sing: <br />
* a song in the [[Carnatic music|Carnatic classical]] genre together with eminent Carnatic vocalist and playback singer Nithyasree Mahadevan; <br />
* a song in the Western genre together with playback singer Suchithra Karthik Kumar; and<br />
* a song in the Melody genre together with playback singer Harish Raghavendra.<br />
<br />
The contestants received additional training from each of the above playback singers for this round, in addition to their usual training from Ananth Vaidyanathan. At the conclusion of the episode, Nithyashree was eliminated.<br />
<br />
:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance <br />
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Contestant advanced as direct finalist<br />
:{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Contestant was in the bottom two<br />
:{{Color box|lightpink|border=silver}} – Contestant was eliminated<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Special guest performer<br />
!Contestant(s)<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |10 May 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|style="background:lightskyblue" | [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] <br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" | SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Vaanathin Meethu" (sung as viruttam in the [[raga]] Mand)<br />
|<small>Nithyasree Mahadevan</small><br />
|<small>[[Ramalinga Swamigal]]</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
|Nithyasree Mahadevan <br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" | SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Sowkiyamaa Kannae" <br />
|<small>Nithyasree Mahadevan</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]]'' (1999)<br />
|- <br />
| 3<br />
|Nithyasree Mahadevan <br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" | SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Vedam" <br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[S. P. Sailaja]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small> <br />
|<small>[[Illayaraja]]</small><br />
|''[[Salangai Oli (soundtrack)|Salangai Oli]]'' (1983)<br />
|- style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 4<br />
| Nithyasree Mahadevan<br />
| none (solo special)<br />
| "Pazham Neeyappa" <br />
|<small>[[K. B. Sundarambal]]</small><br />
|<small> [[Kannadasan]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[K. V. Mahadevan]]</small><br />
| ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal]]'' (1965)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Suchithra Karthik Kumar]] <br />
| style="background:palegreen" |SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Something Something" <br />
|<small> Tippu</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small> <br />
|<small>[[Devi Sri Prasad]]</small><br />
|''[[Something Something... Unakkum Enakkum#Music|Something Something... Unakkum Enakkum]]'' (2006)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|Suchithra Karthik Kumar <br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" |SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"X Machi" <br />
|<small>[[Mathangi]] & [[Nakkhul|Nakul]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small> <br />
|<small>[[Harris Jayaraj]]</small><br />
|''[[Ghajini (2005 film)#Soundtrack|Ghajini]]'' (2005)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |11 May 2010<br />
|1<br />
|[[Harish Raghavendra]] <br />
| style="background:palegreen" |SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Pon Ondru Kanden" <br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[P. B. Sreenivas]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small> <br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|''[[Padithaal Mattum Podhuma#Soundtrack|Padithaal Mattum Podhuma]]'' (1962)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|Harish Raghavendra <br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" |SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"En Kadhalae" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small> <br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Duet (1994 film)#Soundtrack|Duet]]'' (1994)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|Nithyasree Mahadevan <br />
| style="background:palegreen" |SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Ezhu Swarangalukkul" <br />
|<small>[[Vani Jayaram]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small> <br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Apoorva Raagangal#Music|Apoorva Raagangal]]'' (1975)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 4<br />
|Nithyasree Mahadevan <br />
|none (solo special)<br />
|Carnatic [[Tanam]] in [[raga]] Vasantha<br />
|<small>Nithyasree Mahadevan</small><br />
|<small>Nithyasree Mahadevan</small> <br />
|<small>Nithyasree Mahadevan</small><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|Nithyasree Mahadevan <br />
| style="background:palegreen" |SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Minsara Kanna" <br />
|<small>Nithyasree Mahadevan & [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small> <br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Padayappa#Music|Padayappa]]'' (1999)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |12 May 2010<br />
|1<br />
|Suchithra Karthik Kumar <br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" |SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|"Manjal Veyil" <br />
|<small>([[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Krish (singer)|Krish]] & Nakul)</small><br />
|<small>Thamarai</small> <br />
|<small>[[Harris Jayaraj]]</small><br />
|''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu#Soundtrack|Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-12|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu#Soundtrack|reason= The anchor (Soundtrack) [[Special:Diff/937378186|has been deleted]].}}'' (2006)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|Suchithra Karthik Kumar <br />
| style="background:palegreen" |SSJ02 Alka Ajith<br />
|"Rahathulla" <br />
|<small>[[Annupamaa]]</small><br />
|<small>Thamarai</small> <br />
|<small>[[Harris Jayaraj]]</small><br />
|''[[Ghajini (2005 film)#Soundtrack|Ghajini]]'' (2005)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
|Ananth Vaidhyanathan <br />
|Shravan, Alka Ajith, Nithyashree & Roshan<br />
|Medley containing excerpts from "Om Namashivaya", "Samajavaragamana" & "Margazhi Poove" <br />
|<small>[[S. Janaki]] & Shobha Shankar</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu, [[Tyagaraja]], & Vairamuthu</small> <br />
|<small>Illayaraja, K. V. Mahadevan & A. R. Rahman</small><br />
|''[[Salangai Oli (soundtrack)|Salangai Oli]]'' (1983), ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)#Soundtrack|Sankarabharanam]]'' (1980) & ''[[May Madham#Soundtrack|May Madham]]'' (1994) <br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|Harish Raghavendra <br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" |SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|"Valaiosai" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & [[Lata Mangeshkar]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small> <br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Sathya (1988 film)#Soundtrack|Sathya]]'' (1988)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|Harish Raghavendra <br />
| style="background:palegreen" |SSJ15 Shravan<br />
|"Ithazhil Kathai" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & K. S. Chithra</small><br />
|<small>Pulamaipithan, [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]] & Ilaiyaraaja</small> <br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi#Soundtrack|Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]'' (1988)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=9 |13 May 2010<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
|Suchithra Karthik Kumar <br />
|none (solo special)<br />
|Medley containing excerpts from "Excuse Me" & "Oru Chinna Thaamarai" <br />
|<small>Suchitra</small><br />
|<small>Viveka</small> <br />
|<small>Sri Devi Prasad & [[Vijay Antony]]</small><br />
|''[[Kanthaswamy#Music|Kanthaswamy]]'' (2009) & ''[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)#Tamil|Vettaikaaran]]'' (2009)<br />
|-style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 2<br />
|Harish Raghavendra <br />
|none (solo special)<br />
|"Sakkarai Nilavae" <br />
|<small>Harish Raghavendra</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small> <br />
|<small>[[Mani Sharma]]</small><br />
|''[[Youth (2002 film)#Soundtrack|Youth]]'' (2002)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" | none (60 second solo by contestant)<br />
| style="background:lightpink" |SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|Excerpt from "Naalaam Naalam" <br />
|<small>P. B. Sreenivas & [[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small> <br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'' (1964)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" | none (60 second solo by contestant)<br />
| style="background:palegreen" |SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|Excerpt from "Aval Oru Navarasa" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small> <br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|''[[Ulagam Sutrum Valiban#Soundtrack|Ulagam Sutrum Valiban]]'' (1973)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" | none (60 second solo by contestant)<br />
| style="background:palegreen" |SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|Excerpt from "Sundari Kannal" <br />
|<small>S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small> <br />
|<small>Illayaraja</small><br />
|''[[Thalapathi]]'' (1991)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" | none (60 second solo by contestant)<br />
| style="background:lightpink" |SSJ11 Nithyashree <br />
|Excerpt from "Thendral Vanthu Theendumbothu" <br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja & S. Janaki</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small> <br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Avatharam (1995 film)#Soundtrack|Avatharam]]'' (1995)<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" | none (60 second solo by contestant)<br />
| style="background:lightpink" |SSJ11 Nithyashree<br />
|Excerpt from "Partha Gnaabagam Illaiyo" <br />
|<small>P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small> <br />
|<small>Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy</small><br />
|''[[Puthiya Paravai#Music|Puthiya Paravai]]'' (1991)<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" | none (60 second solo by contestant)<br />
| style="background:palegreen" |SSJ19 Roshan<br />
|Excerpt from "Elangaathu Veesudhey" <br />
|<small>[[Sriram Parthasarathy]]</small><br />
|<small>Palani Bharathi</small> <br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Pithamagan#Soundtrack|Pithamagan]]'' (1995)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Wild card entry round ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Wild card entry judges:''' [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Unni Menon]], [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], [[Sowmya]] and [[Annupamaa]]<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The 17–20 May round allowed contestants who had been eliminated in fifteenth to sixth place in the main competition an opportunity to perform for a chance to re-enter the competition in the wild card round. (Eliminated semi-finalists were automatically entitled to perform in the public wild card round.) In the first part of this round, the wild card entry judges selected two contestants to advance to the public wild card round.<br />
<br />
{{block indent|1={{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance <br />
{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Top two contestants selected to advance to next round<br />
{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} – Top five contestants in this round|em=1}}<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Special guest performer<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |17 May 2010<br />
|1<br />
| <br />
|SSJ06 Prasanna Sundar <br />
|"Minsara Kanna" <br />
|<small>Nithyasree Mahadevan & [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Vairamuthu]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[A. R. Rahman]]</small><br />
|''[[Padayappa#Music|Padayappa]]'' (1999)<br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
|SSJ18 Sharath<br />
|"Sangeetha Jaathi Mullai" <br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small> <br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[Kaadhal Oviyam#Soundtrack|Kaadhal Oviyam]]'' (1982)<br />
|- style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 3<br />
|[[Madhu Balakrishnan]] <br />
|<br />
|"Bikshai Paathiram" <br />
|<small>Madhu Balakrishnan</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraaja</small><br />
|''[[Naan Kadavul#Soundtrack|Naan Kadavul]]'' (2009)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
|style="background:palegreen" | SSJ21 Priyanka <br />
|"Maraindhirundhu Paakum" <br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[K. V. Mahadevan]]</small><br />
|''[[Thillana Mohanambal#Music|Thillana Mohanambal]]'' (1968)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| <br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" | SSJ17 Shrihari<br />
|"Maadhavi Ponmayilaal" <br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]] & P. Susheela</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small> <br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Iru Malargal#Music|Iru Malargal]]'' (1967)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
| <br />
|style="background:#ffe87c;" | SSJ08 Oviya<br />
|"Maseeya" <br />
|<small>[[Mano (singer)|Mano]] & Mega</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small> <br />
|<small>[[Harris Jayaraj]]</small><br />
|''[[Aadhavan#Soundtrack|Iru Malargal]]'' (2009)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7 |18 May 2010<br />
|- style="background:lightskyblue"<br />
! scope="row" | 1<br />
|[[Sowmya]] & [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]; [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]; [[Annupamaa]]; [[Unni Menon]]; [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]; and final chorus <br />
| <br />
|Medley consisting of [[alapana]] & [[Śloka|Sloka]] in [[raga]] Dhwijavanthi; excerpt from "Azhage Sugamaa"; excerpt from "July Maadham"; excerpt from "Poomaalai Vaangi"; excerpt from "Pramadhavanam" & excerpt from "Panivilum Malarvanam"<br />
|<small>Sowmya & Ananth Vaidhyanathan; Srinivas; [[K. J. Yesudas]]; S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</small><br />
|<small> Vairamuthu, Vaali, & [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]]</small> <br />
|<small>A. R. Rahman, Ilaiyaraaja & [[Raveendran]]</small><br />
|''[[Paarthale Paravasam#Tamil|Paarthale Paravasam]]'' (1999); ''[[Pudhiya Mugam#Soundtrack|Pudhiya Mugam]]'' (1993); ''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)#Soundtrack|Sindhu Bhairavi]]'' (1985); ''[[His Highness Abdullah#Soundtrack|His Highness Abdullah]]'' (1990); ''[[Ninaivellam Nithya]]'' (1982)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|SSJ02 Srikanth <br />
|"Ulaga Nayakan" <br />
|<small>Vinit Singh</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small> <br />
|<small>[[Himesh Reshammiya]]</small><br />
|''[[Dasavathaaram#Soundtrack|Dasavathaaram]]'' (2008)<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| <br />
|SSJ07 Sowmiya <br />
|"Ninaithu Ninaithu" <br />
|<small>[[Shreya Ghoshal]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Na. Muthukumar]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[Selvaraghavan]] & [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]</small><br />
|''[[7G Rainbow Colony#Soundtrack|7G Rainbow Colony]]'' (2004)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| <br />
|style="background:palegreen" | SSJ09 Vishnucharan<br />
|"Kadhalikka Neramillai" <br />
|<small>[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai#Music|Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'' (2004)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| <br />
| style="background:#ffe87c;" | SSJ04 Sahana <br />
|"Ennai Yenna" <br />
|<small>[[Sudha Raghunathan]]</small><br />
|<small>Vaali</small> <br />
|<small>Ilaiyaraja</small><br />
|''[[Ivan (2002 film)#Soundtrack|Ivan]]'' (2002)<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
| <br />
|SSJ03 Balasarangan<br />
|"Yaar Tharuvaar" <br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small> <br />
|<small>K. V. Mahadevan</small><br />
|''[[Mahakavi Kalidas (1966 film)#Songs|Mahakavi Kalidas]]'' (1966)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Special guest judge:''' [[Sadhana Sargam]]<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
In the second part of the wild card entry round, 19–20 May, the remaining eight eliminated contestants were given another opportunity to perform. At the conclusion of this round, two more were selected to enter the public wild card round.<br />
<br />
{{block indent|1={{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance <br />
{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Contestant selected to advance to next round<br />
{{Color box|#ffe87c|border=silver}} –|em=1}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Special guest performer<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5 |19 May 2010<br />
|1<br />
| <br />
|SSJ08 Oviya<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|style="background:palegreen" |SSJ17 Shrihari <br />
|"Neeye Unakku Endrum" <br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]] & M. Raju</small><br />
|<small>[[Kannadasan]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]</small><br />
|''[[Bale Pandiya (1962 film)|Bale Pandiya]]'' (1962)<br />
|- <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|style="background:palegreen" |SSJ02 Srikanth <br />
|"Paatum Naane" <br />
|<small>T. M. Soundararajan</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>K. V. Mahadevan</small><br />
|''[[Thiruvilaiyadal]]'' (1965)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Wild card round ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Special guest judges:''' [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] and [[Unni Menon]]<br />
<br />
The 24–27 May wild card round had the six wild card contestants compete for a chance to re-enter the competition. Over four episodes, they performed "mass entertainment" songs, "philosophical" songs, South Indian "folk" songs, and "challenging" songs. Throughout the week, the public were invited to vote for their favourite wild card contestants.<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"<br />
!Air date<br />
!Order<br />
!Contestant<br />
!Song <br />
!<small>Original artist</small><br />
!<small>Lyricist</small> <br />
!<small>Music director</small><br />
!Movie (year)<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6 |27 May 2010<br />
| 1<br />
|SSJ16 Srinisha <br />
| "Pazham Neeyappa" <br />
|<small>[[K. B. Sundarambal]]</small><br />
|<small> [[Kannadasan]]</small> <br />
|<small>[[K. V. Mahadevan]]</small><br />
| ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal]]'' (1965)<br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
|SSJ20 Shrikanth<br />
|"Sangeetha Jaathi Mullai" <br />
|<small>[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]</small><br />
|<small>Vairamuthu</small> <br />
|<small>[[Ilaiyaraaja]]</small><br />
|''[[Kaadhal Oviyam#Soundtrack|Kaadhal Oviyam]]'' (1982)<br />
|- <br />
| 3<br />
|SSJ17 Srihari<br />
|"Kangalum Kavipaaduthe" <br />
|<small>[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] & Trichy Loganathan</small><br />
|<small>Tanjore Ramaiah Das</small> <br />
|<small>[[P. Adinarayana Rao]]</small><br />
|''[[Adutha Veettu Penn]]'' (1960)<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|SSJ11 Nithyashree <br />
|"Pattathu Raani" <br />
|<small>[[L. R. Eswari]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small> <br />
|<small>[[M. S. Viswanathan]]</small><br />
|''[[Sivandha Mann]]'' (1999)<br />
|- <br />
| 5<br />
|SSJ21 Priyanka <br />
|"Mannavan Vanthanadi"<br />
|<small>[[P. Susheela]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small><br />
|<small>K. V. Mahadevan</small><br />
|''[[Thiruvarutchelvar]]'' (1967)<br />
|- <br />
| 6<br />
|SSJ09 Vishnucharan <br />
|"Isai Kettaal" <br />
|<small>[[T. M. Soundararajan]]</small><br />
|<small>Kannadasan</small> <br />
|<small>M. S. Viswanathan</small><br />
|''Thavaputhalvan'' (1972)<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Wild card results ===<br />
* '''Compere:''' Divya<br />
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Permanent judges:''' [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] <br />
* '''Special guest:''' [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Special awards<br />
|-<br />
! Genre !! Nominees !! Winner<br />
|-<br />
| Classical || Shravan, Sahana, Sri Hari, Prasanna Sundar || Shravan, Sri Hari (special mention)<br />
|-<br />
| Entertainment || Nithyashree, Srikanth, [[Srinisha Jayaseelan|Srinisha]]|| Nithyashree<br />
|-<br />
| Folk || Vishnu Sharan, Oviya, Bala Sarangan || Bala Sarangan<br />
|-<br />
| Western || Nithyashree, Sharath, Sowmiya || Sowmiya<br />
|-<br />
| Melody || Priyanka, Roshan, Alka || Alka and Roshan<br />
|-<br />
| Most Progressive Singer || Priyanka, Bala Sarangan, Prasanna Sundar, Shravan || Prasanna Sundar and Priyanka<br />
|-<br />
| '''Most Popular''' || No nominees || '''Srikanth'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The 31 May – 3 June round recognized contestants with the SSJ Awards and also announced the wild card winners – Srikanth and Nithyashree – who entered the finals along with Alka Ajith, Roshan and Shravan.<br />
<br />
The wild card results created frustrations and disappointments among Vijay TV viewers citing that the public votes were manipulated and played no role in the results. Various blogs were very much in favour of the wild card winner as Priyanka followed by Srinisha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://starvijay-ssj.blogspot.com |title=Airtel Super Singer |publisher=Starvijay-ssj.blogspot.com |date= |access-date=2011-08-17| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110708064307/http://starvijay-ssj.blogspot.com/| archive-date= 8 July 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chennaionline.com/city360/events/airtel-super-singer-junior-2/20092603042654.col |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328021322/http://chennaionline.com/city360/events/airtel-super-singer-junior-2/20092603042654.col |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2010 |title=Airtel Super Singer Junior 2 |publisher=ChennaiOnline |date= |accessdate=2011-08-17}}</ref> Views have been aired that Srikanth and Nithyashree though talented pose no competency to the other finalists in the final round.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}<br />
<br />
=== Finals ===<br />
The finals consisted of eight episodes telecast over two weeks, 7–16 June.<br />
<br />
The finalists were required to perform songs of the [[Carnatic music|Carnatic classical]] genre, the South Indian "folk" music genre, the Western melody genre, and a fast tempo song of a Western genre.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Genre !! Alka!! Shravan !! Roshan !! Nithyashree !! Srikanth<br />
|-<br />
| Classical ||Ennai enna seithai venkuzhale|| Paatum Naan || Vanthaaal Maha || Kannodu Kanbathellam || Isai Thamizh<br />
|-<br />
| Folk || Raangi Rangamma || Thillangapadi || Uppu Karvadu || Kaathadi Pola Yendi || Veyilodu Vilayaadi<br />
|-<br />
| Western (melody) || Ithu Varai || Nee Marilyn Monroe || Azhagiya Cindrella || Jillenu Oru Kaathal || Nenjukkul Peithidum<br />
|-<br />
| Western (fast) || Mambo Maamiya || Oyaayiye Yaayiye || Girlfriend Venum || Kannum Kannum Nokia || Bumchikku Bumchikku<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Grand finale ===<br />
<br />
* '''Host:''' [[Sivakarthikeyan]] & Divya<br />
* '''Chief Guests:''' [[Karthi]] and [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]]<br />
* '''Judges:''' [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Unni Menon]], [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], Manikka Vinayagam, [[Prashanthini]], Vinaya, [[Shwetha Mohan]], [[Ramesh Vinayakam]], Mahathi, [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Malgudi Subha]] and [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]<br />
* '''Performances:'''<br />
<br />
The grand finale was telecast live on 17 June 2010, and exceeded three hours. The five grand finalists were Shravan Pratap, Alka Ajith, Roshan Sebastin, Srikanth, and Nithyashree.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Sequence !! [[Alka Ajith]] !! Shravan !! Roshan !! Nithyashree !! Srikanth<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || Singara Velane || [[Naan Kadavul#Soundtrack|Om Sivoham]] || [[Udhaya (film)#Music|Udhaya Udhaya]] || [[Mayya (song)|Mayya Mayya]] || [[Iru Malargal#Soundtrack|Maadhavi Ponmayilal]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || [[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal#Soundtrack|Munbe Vaa]] || [[Pavithra (film)#Soundtrack|Uyirum Neeye]] || [[Jodi (1999 film)#Soundtrack|Oru Poiyavathu Sol]] || Ivaloru Ilangkuruvi || [[Ninaithale Inikkum (1979 film)#Soundtrack|Namma Ooru Singaari]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Grand finale results ====<br />
<br />
The results of the competition and prizes awarded at the grand finale were as follows:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! Position !! Prize<br />
|-<br />
| Alka || Title winner || A villa worth {{INR}}25 lakhs (2.5 million rupees)<br />
|-<br />
| Shravan || First runner-up || A stylish car<br />
|-<br />
| Srikanth || Most-popular contestant || {{INR}}3 lakhs (300,000 rupees)<br />
|-<br />
| Nithyashree.J.J and Roshan || – || {{INR}}2 lakhs (200,000 rupees) each<br />
|-<br />
| Priyanka and [[Srinisha Jayaseelan|Srinisha]]|| – || {{INR}}1 lakh (100,000 rupees) each<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110809110327/http://forum.startv.in/forumdisplay.php?f=477 Official Super Singer Junior Forum]<br />
* [https://www.supersingervotes.com Super singer vote]<br />
<br />
{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language television seasons]]<br />
[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Super Singer seasons]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucknow_University_Ground&diff=513717Lucknow University Ground2026-02-16T09:30:07Z<p>Aniketdigi: creating basic data initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former cricket ground in Lucknow, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox cricket ground<br />
| ground_name = University Ground<br />
| nickname = <br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| country = India<br />
| location = Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.864068|80.935905|type:stadium}}<br />
| establishment = 1949<br />
| seating_capacity = n/a<br />
| owner = [[University of Lucknow]]<br />
| operator = [[University of Lucknow]]<br />
|architect = <br />
| tenants = <br />
| end1 = <br />
| end2 = <br />
| international = true<br />
| firsttestdate = 23 October<br />
| firsttestyear = 1952<br />
| firsttesthome = India<br />
| firsttestaway = Pakistan<br />
| date = 22 June<br />
| year = 2014<br />
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58279.html University Ground, Cricinfo<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''University Ground''' was a [[test cricket]] stadium in Lucknow, India.<br />
<br />
The first and the only international Test match was played on 23–26 October 1952 between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=University Ground |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58279.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=17 June 2011 |access-date=17 June 2011 }}</ref> <br />
<br />
The stadium lies on the banks of the [[River Gomti]]. In 1994, the [[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow|K.D. Singh Babu Stadium]] took its place as the city's premier cricket ground.<br />
<br />
Now this ground is used by owner [[University of Lucknow]] as a multi-purpose stadium for university events and sports activities.<br />
<br />
==Test Centuries==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"<br />
|-<br />
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Inns. !! Opposing team !! Date !! Result<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || 124 || [[Nazar Mohammad]] || {{cr|PAK}} || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || 23 October 1952 || Won<ref name="OnlyTest">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17455/scorecard/62742/india-vs-pakistan-2nd-test-pakistan-tour-of-india-1952-53| title=2nd Test, Pakistan tour of India at Lucknow, Oct 23-26 1952| publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 September 2019}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Test Five wicket Hauls==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%"<br />
|- align=center<br />
! scope="col" width="38"|No.<br />
! scope="col" width="145"|Bowler<br />
! scope="col" width="220"|Date<br />
! scope="col" width="120"|Team<br />
! scope="col" width="120"|Opposing team<br />
! scope="col" width="60"|Inn<br />
! scope="col" width="82"|Overs<br />
! scope="col" width="70"|Runs<br />
! scope="col" width="60"|Wkts<br />
! scope="col" width="70"|Econ<br />
! scope="col" width="70"|Result<br />
|-align="center"<br />
|scope="row"| 1 || [[Fazal Mahmood]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1952|10|23}} || {{cr|PAK}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|24.1}} || {{nts|52}} || {{nts|5}} || {{nts|2.15}} || Won<ref name="OnlyTest"/><br />
|- align="center"<br />
|scope="row"| 2 || [[Fazal Mahmood]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1952|10|23}} || {{cr|PAK}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|27.3}} || {{nts|42}} || {{nts|7}} || {{nts|1.52}} || Won<ref name="OnlyTest"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of Test cricket grounds]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1118.html cricketarchive]<br />
* [[One-Test wonder]]<br />
<br />
{{Coord|26|51|51|N|80|56|09|E|display=title}}<br />
{{List of cricket grounds in India}}<br />
{{Lucknow}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Test cricket grounds in India]]<br />
[[Category:University sports venues in India]]<br />
[[Category:Defunct cricket grounds in India]]<br />
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:University of Lucknow]]<br />
[[Category:Sports venues in Lucknow]]<br />
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1949]]<br />
[[Category:1949 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohan_Raghavan&diff=446745Mohan Raghavan2026-02-08T17:47:33Z<p>Aniketdigi: small fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Malayalam film director}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Mohan Raghavan<br />
| image = Mohan Raghavan.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1964|1|22|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Annamanada]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2011|10|25|1964|1|22|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = Kundai, [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]<br />
| other_names = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film Director]]|[[screenwriter]]}}<br />
| parents = <br />
}}<br />
'''Mohan Raghavan''' (22 January 1964 – 25 October 2011)<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=224807 |title=Mathrubhumi Latest News സംവിധായകന് മോഹന് രാഘവന് അന്തരിച്ചു |accessdate=2011-10-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027161325/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=224807 |archivedate=2011-10-27 }}</ref> was a Malayalam [[film director]]. He studied at the School of Drama, [[Thrissur]], and in Theatre Arts at [[Madurai Kamaraj University]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article343271.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Prema | last=Manmadhan | title=Refreshing story, treatment | date=31 March 2010}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
Raghavan is from Annamanada, [[Thrissur district]].{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} He undertook post-graduate studies in Theatre Arts from the Madurai Kamaraj University.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{{unreferenced section|date= August 2022}}<br />
* 1994 - ''Kadal'' - Associate Director<br />
* 2001 - ''[[Diary of a Housewife (film)|Diary of a Housewife]]'' - Writer<br />
* 2008 - ''Kariyachan v/s Kariyachan'' (Tele film)<br />
* 2010 - ''[[T. D. Dasan Std. VI B]]'' - Director & Writer<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
Awards won through [[T. D. Dasan Std. VI B]] (2010){{citation needed|date= August 2022}}<br />
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Debut Director]]{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}<br />
* New York Indian Film Festival Award for Best Screenplay<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaac.us/nyiff2011/awards.htm|title=New York Indian Film Festival 2011|website=www.iaac.us}}</ref><br />
* [[John Abraham (director)|John Abraham]] Award for Best Film (Director){{citation needed|date= August 2022}}<br />
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] for Best Story{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}<br />
* Special Jury Award by World Malayali Council Awards{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}<br />
* INSPIRE Awards for Best Debutant Director<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/188116/|title=Inspire Film Awards 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525050004/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/188116/|archivedate=2011-05-25}}</ref><br />
* [[Amrita TV|Amrita]]-FEFKA Film Awards for Best Film (Director)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2011/06/amrita-fefka-film-awards-announced/|title=Amrita FEFKA Film Awards Announced|date=2 June 2011|publisher=Best Media Info|accessdate=2 June 2011}}</ref><br />
* [[Amrita TV|Amrita]]-FEFKA Film Awards for Best Director{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}<br />
* [[Jaihind TV]] Film Awards for Best Screenplay ([[wikt:posthumous|posthumous]])<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb name|3896551|name=Mohan Raghavan}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110213020614/http://www.mohanraghavan.com/ Official website]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavan, Mohan}}<br />
[[Category:People from Thrissur district]]<br />
[[Category:2011 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Madurai Kamaraj University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:1964 births]]<br />
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Thrissur]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jyoti_Swaroop&diff=506781Jyoti Swaroop2026-02-07T23:09:32Z<p>Aniketdigi: Created Some Entry Basic Info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Film Director and Producer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Jyoti Swaroop<br />
| image =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place =<br />
| death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|1991|03|17}}<ref>{{cite book | first=Hanif | last=Zaveri | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4R2lC3b5e4C&q=%22Jyoti+Swaroop%22+1991&pg=PA151 | title=Mehmood, a Man of Many Moods | publisher=Popular Prakashan | year=2005 | page=151 | accessdate=30 September 2018 | isbn=9788179912133 }}</ref><br />
| death_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=cG42DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Jyoti+Swaroop%22+passes+away&pg=PR4-IA2 Mass Media in India 1992], p. iv</ref><br />
| other_names =<br />
| occupation =film director, screenwriter and producer<br />
| known_for =<br />
}}<br />
'''Jyoti Swaroop''' was an Indian film director, screenwriter and producer, who was one of the leading film directors in [[Hindi cinema]] of the 1960s and early 70s.<ref name="imdb">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0841918/|publisher=imdb.com|title=Jyoti Swaroop - IMDb|accessdate=2017-02-24}}</ref> His most well known films as a director include ''[[Parwana (1971 film)|Parwana]]'' (1971) and ''[[Padosan]]'' (1968).<br />
<br />
== Selected filmography ==<br />
*''[[Parwana (1971 film)|Parwana]]'' (1971)<br />
*''[[Padosan]]'' (1968)<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Swaroop, Jyoti}}<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century births]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]<br />
[[Category:1991 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Territorial_Army_(India)&diff=464406Territorial Army (India)2026-02-05T10:36:27Z<p>Aniketdigi: cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Military reserve force in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox military unit<br />
| unit_name = Territorial Army<br />
| image = File:Territorial Army, IA.svg<br />
| alt = Territorial Army India Logo.gif<br />
| caption = Crest of the Territorial Army<br />
| dates = 1949 – present<br />
| country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| allegiance = {{flag|Republic of India}}<br />
| branch = {{Army|IND}}<br />
| type = Army<br />
| role = [[Military reserve force|Reserve Force]]<br />
| size = 203,000 includes 43,000 first line and 160,000 second line<br />
| garrison = {{ubl|[[Chandimandir]] (Western command)|[[Lucknow]] (Central command)|[[Kolkata]] (Eastern command)|[[Pune]] (Southern command)|[[Udhampur]] (Northern command)}}<br />
| garrison_label = TA Group Headquarters<br />
| nickname = Terriers<br />
| motto = ''Savdhani Va Shoorta'' (Vigilance and Valour)<br />
| colors = <!-- or | colours = --><br />
| colors_label = <!-- or | colours_label = --><br />
| march = <br />
| mascot = <br />
| equipment = <br />
| equipment_label = <br />
| battles = [[1962 India-China War]]<br>[[1965 Indo-Pak war]]<br>[[1971 Indo-Pakistani War]]<br>[[Operation Pawan]]<br>[[Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir#Operation Rakshak|Operation Rakshak]]<br>[[Kargil War]]<br />
| anniversaries = 9 October (TA Day)<br />
| decorations = <br />
| battle_honours = <br />
| battle_honours_label = <br />
| flying_hours = <br />
| website = https://indianarmy.nic.in/<br />
| commander1 = Lt Gen Girish Kalia<br />
| commander1_label = Director General<br />
| commander2 = General [[Anil Chauhan]]<br />
| commander2_label = [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]<br />
<!-- Insignia -->| identification_symbol = Chain of Lotus and the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]]<br />
| identification_symbol_label = Insignia<br />
| identification_symbol_2 = [[File:Territorial Army (Flag).svg|150px]]<br />
| identification_symbol_2_label = Flag<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Territorial Army''' ('''TA''') is a [[military reserve force]] composed of [[Part-time job|part-time]] [[Military volunteer|volunteers]] who provide support services to the [[Indian Army]]. It consists of [[Officer (armed forces)|officers]], [[junior commissioned officer]]s, [[non-commissioned officer]]s, and other personnel who hold ranks identical to those in the Indian Army, and also maintain civilian occupations. The primary role of the TA is to "relieve the [[regular army]] from static duties and assist civil administration in dealing with natural calamities and maintenance of essential services" and to "provide units for the regular army as and when required".<ref name="IE">{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Sushant|title=TA, a back-up for the Army|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/territorial-ta-act-a-back-up-for-the-army-2960412/|access-date=9 August 2022|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=8 August 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The TA was constituted by the Territorial Army Act of 1948 in the [[Dominion of India]] as a successor to the [[Indian Defence Force]] (1917–1920) and the [[Indian Territorial Force]] (1920–1948). It is commanded by a [[three-star rank]]ing Director General of the Territorial Army, typically a [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]-ranking officer deputed from the Indian Army, and headed by the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] under the [[Department of Military Affairs]] of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]. The TA has two units—a departmental unit consisting of employees of [[public sector undertakings]] (PSU) and the [[Indian Railway]] and ex-servicemen; and a non-departmental unit consisting of privately employed civilians.<br />
<br />
The TA has participated in all of India's wars since the country's independence, including the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], and the [[Kargil War]]. The TA has also taken part in [[Operation Pawan]] (1987) in [[Sri Lanka]], Operation Rakshak in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Operation Rhino]] (1991) and [[Operation Bajrang]] (1990–1991) in [[Northeast India]], and [[Operation Parakram]] in Jammu and Kashmir.<br />
<br />
Individuals seeking to join the TA must be employed in mainstay civilian professions or be self-employed. Members are required to undergo two months of mandatory paid service every year. Although the TA states that it "does not provide a full-time career", soldiers can choose to remain embodied for longer periods. TA personnel are entitled to all benefits available to the Indian Army, except gratuity and pension, which are determined by the number of full years served.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Suchet Vir |title=A look at the Territorial Army—The Indian military's task force hit by the Manipur landslide |url=https://theprint.in/defence/a-look-at-the-territorial-army-the-indian-militarys-task-force-hit-by-the-manipur-landslide/1022800/ |access-date=9 August 2022 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=3 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In 1612, when the [[English East India Company]] reached [[Surat]], it established a contingent of part-time soldiers comprising the company's employees to safeguard its commercial interests. In 1687, the Governor and Council of [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]] ordered the creation of the {{not a typo|Companie}} of Trained Bands, a part-time force based in [[Madras]]. This force was established to defend against the rival [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]] and native [[princely states]]. The {{not a typo| Company}} played a role in the [[Battle of Plassey]] on 23 June 1757, and many of its part-time units were eventually converted into [[Regular army|regular]] and [[Irregular military|irregular]] forces.<ref name="Singh">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Surender |title=Territorial Army: Gateway for Civilians to Army |date=27 June 2020 |publisher=[[Notion Press]] |isbn=978-1-64899-704-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ortDwAAQBAJ |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[British Crown]] assumed control of Indian administration from the East India Company. Existing part-time forces were reorganized, resulting in the creation of the [[Volunteer Force]] (VFI) through legislation. As British rule expanded in India, full-time regular forces gained prominence. The VFI engaged in military conflicts both in India and abroad, including the [[Second Boer War]] and the [[First World War]]. Subsequently, the VFI was restructured and replaced by the [[Indian Defence Force]] (IDF).<ref name="Singh"/><br />
<br />
The IDF, organized into separate European and Indian sections, was established by the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] on 9 October 1917 to release regular troops from garrison duties during World War I. Indians served as volunteers, while Europeans were [[Conscription|conscripted]]. The Indian Defence Force Act of 1917 mandated military service for all European males (except clergy) aged 16 to 50 permanently residing in [[British India]], including princely states.<ref>"Indian Defence Force", ''[[The Times]]'', 3 March 1917</ref> Those aged 16 to 18 were obligated to undergo training, while men over 40 were required to serve in their local districts. Men between 19 and 40 were obligated to serve wherever needed within British India.<ref>"Compulsory Service in India: The New Defence Force", ''[[The Times]]'', 7 March 1917</ref><br />
<br />
The IDF's [[youth wing]], known as the University Corps (UC), was established at the universities of [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta]], [[University of Mumbai|Bombay]], [[University of Madras|Madras]], and [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad]]. The IDF was generally unpopular among British conscripts.<ref name="Singh"/> In 1920, it was replaced by two volunteer organizations: the [[Auxiliary Force (India)|Auxiliary Force]] (AFI) for European and [[Anglo-Indian]] officers and the [[Indian Territorial Force]] (ITF) for Indian [[Other ranks (UK)|other ranks]].<ref>"Indian Auxiliary Force: First Year's Success", ''[[The Times]]'', 12 October 1921</ref> The UC was reorganized as the University Training Corps (UTC) under the ITF and was later renamed [[University Officers' Training Corps]] (UOTC). After [[Partition of India|India's independence]], the AFI was disbanded as its services were no longer required. The ITF was restructured into the newly formed Territorial Army, and the UOTC was converted into the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] (NCC).<ref name="Singh"/><br />
<br />
Post-independence, the Territorial Army Bill was introduced in the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] (the then Parliament of India) on 23 August 1948. It was passed on 1 September and came into force on 10 September. It allowed civilians pursuing other professions to serve part-time in the army.<ref name="NP">{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Surender |title=Territorial Army: Gateway for Civilians to Army |url=https://notionpress.com/read-instantly/1335249 |publisher=[[Notion Press]] |access-date=13 August 2022 |date=27 June 2020}}</ref> The TA was constituted by reorganising and redesignating 11 ITF infantry units. The first TA camp was inaugurated by the first [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] of independent India, [[C. Rajagopalachari]], on 9 October 1949. Since then, the annual Territorial Army Day has been observed on 9 October.<ref name="PIB2">{{cite news|title=Territorial Army Celebrates 68th Raising Day |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=171527 |access-date=26 August 2022 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=9 October 2017}}</ref> During the India-China conflict in 1959, defence minister [[V. K. Krishna Menon]], in a radio address, asked Indians to volunteer for the TA.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=India: A Letter for Chou |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,825977,00.html |access-date=26 August 2022 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=30 November 1959}}</ref><br />
<br />
Initially, the Territorial Army comprised various types of units, including Armoured Regiment (TA), Infantry Battalion (TA), Air Defence (TA), Medical Regiment (TA), Engineers Field Park Coy (TA), Signal Regiment (TA), [[Indian Army Corps of EME|EME]] Workshop (TA), Coast Battery (TA), [[Indian Army Service Corps|ASC]] GT Coy (TA), ASC Compo Pl (TA), and AMC Field Ambulances (TA). By 1972, these units, except for the infantry battalions, were either disbanded or became part of the regular army.<ref name="history">{{cite web| url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=GFcZB3wdDA542k3Fq/T6jw==&ParentID=QALSbugZH/XM8er66+Fy4g==| title=History| access-date=27 July 2021| website=indianarmy.nic.in}}</ref> In 2019, the TA began accepting women in officer and other ranks.<ref name="PTI23">{{cite news |author1=[[Press Trust of India]] |title=Territorial Army recruits Mandarin language experts on {{as written|i|t's [sic]}} 75th Raising Day |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/territorial-army-recruits-mandarin-language-experts-on-its-75th-raising-day-2717334 |access-date=24 October 2023 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=8 October 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Role==<br />
By law, the Territorial Army is an integral part of the [[Indian Army]], whose composition is defined in the Part I of the Defence Services Regulations, which states; "the army comprises regular army, regular reserves, and the Territorial Army".<ref name="NP"/> Part-time TA personnel may fall within the definition of regular army when attached to a unit. The Territorial Army Act 1948 states, for the purpose of sections 128, 130, and 131 of the [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Code of Criminal Procedure]] (CrPC); "all officers, non-commissioned officers and other enrolled persons who have been attached to a unit shall be deemed to be officers, non-commissioned officers and soldiers respectively of the Regular Army".<ref name="TAAct">{{cite web |title=The Territorial Army Act, 1948 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1275601/ |publisher=[[Indian Kanoon]] |access-date=13 August 2022|date=1 September 1948}}</ref> This is further complimented in the [[Army Act, 1950]], which defines regular army as "regular army means officers, junior commissioned officers, warrant officers, non-commissioned officers and other enrolled persons who, by their commission, warrant, terms of enrolment or otherwise, are liable to render continuously for a term military service to the [Indian] Union in any part of the world, including persons belonging to the Reserve Forces and the Territorial Army when called out on permanent service".<ref>{{cite web |title=Army Act, 1950 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/ACA/ACT278.HTM |publisher=Bareactslive.com |access-date=13 August 2022 |date=20 May 1950 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813091207/http://www.bareactslive.com/ACA/ACT278.HTM |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
According to the TA Act 1948; "every officer or enrolled person shall be liable to perform military service: (a) when called out in the prescribed manner to act in support of the civil power or to provide essential guards; (b) when embodied in the prescribed manner for training or for supporting or supplementing the regular forces; and (c) when attached to any regular forces either at his own request or under the prescribed conditions". The act also says no personnel has any liability to serve beyond the "limits of India" unless under a General or by a special order of the [[Government of India]].<ref name="TAAct"/><br />
<br />
The concept of the TA was redefined multiple times by the TA Review Committee, nominated by the Government of India. The first review of 1971 defined it as "... to provide part-time military training to gainfully employed citizens of the nation"; and the 1982 review said "... TA should be based on part-time and full-time units and recruitment to be all citizens who fulfil the prescribed standard, while in consonance with the traditional concept, every effort should be made to enroll gainfully employed persons". The third review, in 1995, recommended a restructure to make it a tri-service organisation, including the [[Indian Navy]] and the [[Indian Air Force]], named the Indian Territorial Force; and passage of the Indian Territorial Force Act.<ref name="Singh"/><br />
<br />
As per Army Order. 77/1984, the present role of the TA is to "relieve the regular army from static duties and assist civil administration in dealing with natural calamities and maintenance of essential services in situations where life of the communities is affected or the security of the country is threatened and to provide units for regular army as and when required".<ref name="HT"/><br />
<br />
===Expanding scope===<br />
At the time of its inception, the TA was well received by the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force, but the concept was eroded and confined to some infantry and departmental units of the Indian Army.<ref name="TOI"/> Former Indian Army colonel and columnist Balwan Singh Nagial wrote the "expansion of the regular army certainly overshadowed the concept of TA. Instead, it should have happened the other way around, keeping in view the cost-effectiveness of TA".<ref name="TOI"/> In February 2020, General [[Bipin Rawat]] stated "TAisation of defence forces" is a way to reduce the cost of running the military. After the restructuring of the Indian Armed Forces by introducing the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] and the [[Department of Military Affairs]] in March 2020, the TA's focus expanded to include more operational and [[Military intelligence|intelligence-gathering]] roles to cut costs of the Indian Army. In 2020, the TA was in a phase of gradual expansion.<ref name=chinese>{{cite news |author1=FE Online |title=To counter Chinese intrusions, Territorial Army to get a bigger role |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/to-counter-chinese-intrusions-territorial-army-to-get-a-bigger-role/1890000/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |date=5 March 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2022, the TA started recruiting [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]-language graduates as officers as part of an effort by the [[Indian Army]] to increase its expertise in Mandarin and [[Tibetology]] amid the [[2020–2022 China–India skirmishes]] and efforts of China's [[People's Liberation Army]] to recruit [[Hindi]] interpreters for posting in [[Tibet Autonomous Region]].<ref>{{cite news |author=FP Explainers |title=Explained: Why is India's Territorial Army recruiting Chinese interpreters? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/explained-why-is-indias-territorial-army-recruiting-chinese-interpreters-10895711.html |access-date=9 August 2022 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=11 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Activities==<br />
[[File:Stamp of India - 1974 - Colnect 372789 - 25th Anniv of Indian Territorial Army - Emblem.jpeg|thumb|upright|25th anniversary postage stamp (1974)]]<br />
<br />
Territorial Army units were actively involved in military operations in the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] and the [[Kargil War]].<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news |last=Arya |first=Shishir |title=600 jobs to go as 118 Territorial Army unit leaves Sitabuldi Fort|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/600-jobs-to-go-as-118-ta-unit-leaves-sitabuldi-fort/articleshow/71469819.cms |access-date=10 August 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 October 2019}}</ref> The TA has participated in all wars since independence; subsequently, many of its air defence and artillery units were converted into regular army units.<ref name="PIB1">{{cite web |author=PIB Mumbai |title=Territorial Army Troops celebrate 72nd Raising Day |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1663114 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |access-date=10 August 2022 |date=9 October 2020}}</ref> The TA also took part in [[Operation Pawan]] (1987) in [[Sri Lanka]], Operation Rakshak in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and Operation Rhino (1991) and [[Operation Bajrang]] (1990–1991) in [[Northeast India]]. Departmental units assisted the civil authorities during industrial unrest and natural calamities, particularly the [[1991 Uttarkashi earthquake]], the [[1993 Latur earthquake]] and the [[1999 Odisha cyclone]].<ref>{{cite news |author=India Today Web Desk |title=Facts about Indian Territorial Army: 5 Terriers India is proud to have |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/indian-territorial-army-facts-839047-1999-11-30 |access-date=9 August 2022 |work=[[India Today]] |date=30 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
The TA, as part of the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]], was involved in [[peacekeeping]] activities in Sri Lanka from 29 July 1987 to 24 March 1990. Since the early 1990s, units have been actively deployed in Jammu and Kashmir, Northeast India, and along India's northern and western borders. According to a 2021 report, approximately 75 percent of TA units are deployed in [[counter-insurgency]] and [[counter-terrorism]]-prone areas in these regions.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |last=Nagial |first=Balwan Singh |title=Territorial Army-A citizen force |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/col-nagial/territorial-army-a-citizen-force/ |access-date=9 August 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 October 2021}}</ref> Since 1994, many TA soldiers serve as regular troops in counter-insurgency areas like Jammu and Kashmir for up to three years.<ref name="TOI1"/> The TA participated in rescue and relief operations following the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]] and protected oil installations in [[Vadodara]] during the riots the followed the [[Godhra train burning]] incident in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|title=BPCL Kochi Refinery engineer honoured|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2010/jul/08/bpcl-kochi-refinery-engineer-honoured-168074.html|access-date=10 August 2022|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=8 July 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
The TA has also participated in mountaineering activities. The joint Indo-British TA Mountaineering Expedition scaled [[Mount Kokthang]] ({{Convert|6147|metre|ft|abbr=out}}) in October 1982 and September 1994, and [[Mount Tenchenkhang]] ({{Convert|6010|metre|ft|abbr=out}}) in May 1998 in [[West Sikkim]]. The Ecological Battalion units planted 2.5 crore saplings over {{Convert|20000|ha|acre}} of land at [[Mussoorie]] and [[Pithoragarh]] hill stations in [[Uttarakhand]], [[Bikaner]] and [[Jaisalmer]] in [[Rajasthan]], ravines of [[Chambal division|Chambal]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], and Bhatti mines in [[Delhi]].<ref name="HT">{{cite news|author=HT correspondent|title=Territorial army: The Terriers|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/territorial-army-the-terriers/story-AlmvbUZ1naaD2WGK5d7v6K.html|access-date=9 August 2022|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=5 June 2006}}</ref> As of 2021, Ecological Task Forces has planted 6.9 crore saplings covering an area of {{Convert|72761|ha|acre}} with a 65-to-75-percent survival rate.<ref name="TOI"/> In 2020, plans to increase the presence of TA personnel in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] were made due to concerns about Chinese intrusion.<ref name=chinese/><br />
<br />
On the night of 29 June 2022, a [[2022 Manipur landslide|landslide occurred]] at the [[Company (military unit)|company]] location of [[11 Gorkha Rifles|107 Infantry Battalion (TA)]] near [[Tupul railway station]] in [[Manipur]] that had been deployed to protect the under-construction [[Jiribam–Imphal line]]; 31 TA personnel died.<ref>{{cite news |author=NE Now News |title=Manipur landslide: Search operations called off, final death tally stands at 61 |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-landslide-search-operations-called-off-death-tally.html |access-date=9 August 2022 |work=North East Now |date=20 July 2022}}</ref> The family of each TA serviceperson received more than ₹1 crore in compensation and benefits, and future benefits for their children.<ref>{{cite news |author=Siliguri Times |title=Ministry of Defence issues clarification on compensation to the jawans who were martyred in recent Manipur landslides |url=https://siliguritimes.com/ministry-of-defence-issues-clarification-on-compensation-to-the-jawans-who-were-martyred-in-recent-manipur-landslides/ |access-date=9 August 2022 |work=Siliguri Times |date=30 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
Until 2020, the TA was headed by an Additional Directorate General of Territorial Army (ADG TA); this role was held by a [[Major general (India)|major general]] of the Indian Army, and came under the office of the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] (COAS). From March 2020 onward, following a restructuring of the Indian Armed Forces, the TA is headed by a Director General of Territorial Army (DG TA); this role is held by a [[Lieutenant general (India)|lieutenant general]] from the Indian Army, and comes under the office of the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS) of the newly created [[Department of Military Affairs]], which is under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]. Lieutenant General [[Devendra Pratap Pandey]] was the first DG TA and General [[Bipin Rawat]] was the first CDS of the Indian Armed Forces.<ref>{{cite news |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |title=Territorial Army set for overhaul as voluntary force gets its first director general |url=https://theprint.in/defence/territorial-army-set-for-overhaul-as-voluntary-force-gets-its-first-director-general/374017/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |work=ThePrint |date=2 March 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
The TA has infantry and engineer units affiliated to various regiments of the Indian Army. Beside, it also has ecological battalions for restoration of environment.<ref>{{cite web |author1=PIB |title=INDIAN ARMY CELEBRATES 73rd RAISING DAY OF TERRITORIAL ARMY ON 09 OCTOBER 2022 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1866316 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |access-date=24 October 2023 |date=9 October 2023}}</ref> The TA units are classified as departmental units (including [[Indian Railways]], [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]], [[Indian Oil Corporation]], [[Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited]], and [[Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited]]) and non-departmental units of infantry battalions, home and hearth, and engineers regiments. The departmental units are funded by state governments, [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]], [[Ministry of Railways]], and [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], while the non-departmental units are funded by the Ministry of Defence.<ref name="PIB2"/><br />
<br />
===Group headquarters===<br />
* TA GP HQ, Southern Command – Pune, Maharashtra - 13 infantry, 4 departmental units (railway, oil, marketing), 2 ETF<ref name="PIB1"/><br />
* TA GP HQ, Eastern Command – Kolkata, West Bengal<br />
* TA GP HQ, Western Command – Chandigarh<br />
* TA GP HQ, Central Command – Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh<br />
* TA GP HQ, Northern Command – Udhampur, Jammu & Kashmir<br />
<br />
===Zones===<br />
There are zonal divisions, and recruitment is zonal-based.<br />
<br />
* Zone I – [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Delhi]], and [[Chandigarh]].<br />
* Zone II – [[Bihar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], and [[Uttarakhand]].<br />
* Zone III – [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Manipur]], [[Tripura]], [[Nagaland]], [[Sikkim]], [[West Bengal]], [[Mizoram]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], and [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<br />
* Zone IV – [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Goa]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[Lakshdweep]], and [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<br />
<br />
==Departmental units==<br />
On 1 March 1983, the 801 Engineer Regiment R&P (TA) was established as a Departmental Territorial Army unit at [[Agra Fort]] under the Ministry of Petroleum, Chemicals & Fertilizers (later renamed as [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]). The unit was formed to operate oil refineries & pipelines in an emergency, and to cater for the [[Indian Oil Corporation]]. In 1985, the unit's scope was extended to other oil companies. The idea of raising oil-sector units was mooted after civil unrest in Assam in 1980, which resulted in a loss of more than {{INR|5,000 crore}} in oil production. The duties of oil-sector units are technical in nature. During their embodied service in the TA, these personnel perform the jobs they were doing in their civilian roles.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Times News Network |title=Territorial Army begins week-long tech exercise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/territorial-army-begins-week-long-tech-exercise/articleshow/72860196.cms |access-date=26 August 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 December 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the early 1980s, the fragile ecology of the [[Sivalik Hills]] and the environmental stability of the [[Mussoorie]] hills deteriorated due to illegal limestone mining, increasing the rate of [[desertification]]. [[Norman Borlaug]], the director of Mexico's [[International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center]], proposed to India's prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] to use the Indian Army to recover the region's ecology. The government decided to raise TA units by enrolling ex-servicemen with the dual aim of rejuvenating the ecology and the settlement of ex-servicemen. Units were raised under the aegis of the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] and the Ministry of Defense in conjunction with state governments. It was recommended that each state have one ETF unit to operate for state forestry departments. The first Ecological Task Force Battalion was raised on 1 December 1982; as of 2021, 10 ETF units were carrying out [[afforestation]] activities in rugged and ecologically degraded areas.<ref name="ETF">{{cite news |last=Naigal |first=Balwan |title=Contribution of Ecological Task Force of Indian Army |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/col-nagial/contribution-of-ecological-task-force-of-indian-army-33169/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 June 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, the Composite Ecological Task Force (CETF), also called the Ganga Task Force, was raised as part of the Namami Gange Programme of the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), which aimed to maintain the cleanliness of the [[Ganges]] river. The unit comprises ex-servicemen whom the [[Central Pollution Control Board]] trains to test the river water. They also carry out afforestation activities on the river's banks.<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Asian News International]] |title=Ganga Task Force helps clean Ganga |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/ganga-task-force-helps-clean-ganga-118111900279_1.html |access-date=14 August 2022 |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=19 November 2018}}</ref> The CETF was raised after a proposal by the [[Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Sushant |title=Territorial Army battalion of ex-Armymen to clean Ganga |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/territorial-army-battalion-of-ex-armymen-to-clean-river-ganga-5016892/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=9 January 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 3 June 2022, after reviewing a report by a constituted committee and with the agreement of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] and Directorate General of Territorial Army (DGTA), the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] disbanded five out of the six Railway Engineers Regiments (TA) that were based at [[Jhansi]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Adra, Purulia|Adra]], [[Chandigarh]], and [[Secunderabad]], keeping only the [[Jamalpur, Bihar|Jamalpur]] regiment for operational duties along the critical, {{convert|361|km|miles|abbr=out|adj=on}} New Jalpaiguri-Siliguri-Newmal-Alipurduar-Rangiya rail link through the [[Siliguri Corridor]] and to [[Rangiya]] as proposed by the Ministry of Defence. The disbandment process was to be completed by the DGTA within nine months.<ref>{{cite news |author1=[[Press Trust of India]] |title=Five Railway Territorial Army units to be disbanded |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/five-railway-territorial-army-units-to-be-disbanded/article65500978.ece |access-date=9 August 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 June 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Several hospitals are affiliated with the Territorial Army, such as General Hospital (TA) at [[Kolkata]], [[Allahabad]], [[Jaipur]], [[Patiala]], [[Guwāhāti]], [[Ahmedabad|Ahmadabad]], and [[Rohtak]]. These units are activated to treat army personnel during wartime. In 2009, the TA activated the M & J Institute of Ophthalmology, Ahmedabad, after 30 years, to perform a mock drill.<ref>{{cite news |author=Times News Network |title=Territorial Army mock exercise at civil hospital|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/territorial-army-mock-exercise-at-civil-hospital/articleshow/4251464.cms |access-date=22 August 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 March 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Current units===<br />
;Oil sector<br />
* 801 Engineer Regiment Refineries & Pipelines (TA), [[Agra]]<br />
* 811 Engineer Regiment ONGC (TA), [[Baroda]]<br />
* 414 ASC Battalion Marketing (TA), [[Kamptee]]<br />
<br />
;Indian Railway<br />
* 969 Railway Engineers Regiment (TA), [[Jamalpur, Bihar|Jamalpur]]<br />
<br />
;Ecological Task Forces (ETF)<br />
* 127 Infantry Battalion (TA) Garhwal Rifles Eco, [[Dehradun]]<br />
* 128 Infantry Battalion (TA) Rajputana Rifles Eco, [[Jaisalmer]]<br />
* 129 Infantry Battalion (TA) JAK LI Eco, [[Samba, Jammu and Kashmir|Samba]]<br />
* 130 Infantry Battalion (TA) Kumaon Eco, [[Pithoragarh]]<br />
* 132 Infantry Battalion (TA) Rajput Eco, [[New Delhi]]<br />
* 133 Infantry Battalion (TA) Dogra Eco, [[Shimla]]<br />
* 134 Infantry Battalion (TA) Assam Eco, [[Sonitpur]]<br />
* 135 Infantry Battalion (TA) Assam Eco, [[Kokrajhar]]<br />
* 136 Infantry Battalion (TA) Mahar Eco, [[Aurangabad]]<br />
* 137 Composite Eco-Task Force Battalion (TA) 39 Gorkha Regiment, [[Allahabad]]<br />
<br />
==Non-departmental units==<br />
In 2003–2004, Home and Hearth (H&H) units were raised, based on the "sons of the soil" model. The 162 Infantry Battalion TA JAK LI (H&H) is exclusively for [[Ikhwan (Kashmir)|Ikhwans]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Hasnain |first=Syed Ata |title=Ashok Chakra to Kashmiri soldier puts the focus on Ikhwan & its role in fighting terror |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/ashok-chakra-to-kashmiri-soldier-puts-the-focus-on-ikhwan-its-role-in-fighting-terror/183667/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |work=ThePrint |date=26 January 2019}}</ref> The H&H personnel are recruited only from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Territorial Army celebrates its 66th raising day|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/territorial-army-celebrates-its-66th-raising-day/articleshow/49287497.cms|access-date=10 August 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> H&H units are deployed in northern and eastern regions of the state and 70 percent of the infantry battalion troops are sent for [[counterinsurgency]] duties.<ref name="PIB2"/> In 2015, the government sanctioned three engineering units in Jammu and Kashmir. Two units for Kashmir and one for Jammu.<ref>{{cite news |author1=[[Press Trust of India]] |title=Three new Engineer Territorial Army units for Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/three-new-engineer-territorial-army-units-for-jammu-and-kashmir/articleshow/46848984.cms |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=8 April 2015}}</ref> The Engineer Regiments are deployed for maintenance of the [[Line of Control]].<ref>{{cite news |author=PIB Delhi |title=Indian Army Celebrates 72nd Territorial Army Day on 09 Oct 2021|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1762413 |access-date=10 August 2022 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=9 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Current units===<br />
{{columns-list|<br />
;Infantry Battalions<br />
* 101 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Maratha Light Infantry]], [[Pune]]<br />
* 102 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]], [[Kalka]]<br />
* 103 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Sikh Light Infantry]], [[Ludhiana]]<br />
* 105 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Rajputana Rifles]], [[Delhi Cantonment]]<br />
* 106 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]], [[Bengaluru]]<br />
* 107 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[11 Gorkha Rifles]], [[Darjeeling]]<br />
* 108 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Mahar Regiment]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
* 109 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Maratha Light Infantry]], [[Kolhapur]]<br />
* 110 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Madras Regiment]], [[Coimbatore]]<br />
* 111 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Kumaon Regiment]], [[Prayagraj]]<br />
* 112 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Dogra Regiment]], [[Jalandhar]]<br />
* 113 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Rajput Regiment]], [[Kolkata]]<br />
* 114 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Jat Regiment]], [[Fatehgarh]]<br />
* 115 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Mahar Regiment]], [[Belgaum]]<br />
* 116 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]], [[Devlali]]<br />
* 117 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Brigade of the Guards]], [[Tiruchirappalli]]<br />
* 118 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[The Grenadiers]], [[Bhusawal]]<br />
* 119 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Assam Regiment]], [[Shillong]]<br />
* 120 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Bihar Regiment]], [[Bhubaneswar]]<br />
* 121 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Garhwal Rifles]], [[Kolkata]]<br />
* 122 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Madras Regiment]], [[Kannur]]<br />
* 123 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[The Grenadiers]], [[Jaipur]]<br />
* 124 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Sikh Regiment]], [[New Delhi]]<br />
* 125 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Brigade of the Guards]], [[Secunderabad]]<br />
* 126 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]], [[Madhopur, Punjab|Madhopur]]<br />
* 150 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]], [[New Delhi]]<br />
* 151 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Jat Regiment]], [[Muzaffarpur]]<br />
* 152 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Sikh Regiment]], [[Ludhiana]]<br />
* 153 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Dogra Regiment]], [[Meerut]]<br />
* 154 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Bihar Regiment]], Brichgunj, [[Port Blair]]<br />
* 155 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]], [[Naya Raipur]]<br />
<br />
;Infantry Battalion (Home and Hearth)<br />
* 156 Infantry Battalion TA (H&H) [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]], [[Rajouri]], J&K<br />
* 157 Infantry Battalion TA (H&H) [[Sikh Regiment]], [[Bari Brahmana]], J&K<br />
* 158 Infantry Battalion TA (H&H) [[Sikh Light Infantry]], Janglot, J&K<br />
* 159 Infantry Battalion TA (H&H) [[Dogra Regiment]], Thalela, J&K<br />
* 160 Infantry Battalion TA (H&H) [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]], [[Kupwara]], J&K<br />
* 161 Infantry Battalion TA (H&H) [[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry]], Baramulla, J&K<br />
* 162 Infantry Battalion TA (H&H) [[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry]], [[Srinagar]], J&K<br />
* 163 Infantry Battalion TA (H&H) [[Sikh Light Infantry]], Hyderbeigh, J&K<br />
* 164 Infantry Battalion TA (H&H) [[Naga Regiment]], [[Jakhama]]<br />
* 165 Infantry Battalion TA (H&H) [[Assam Regiment]], [[Imphal]]<br />
* 166 Infantry Battalion TA (H&H) [[Assam Regiment]], [[Tezpur]]<br />
* 172 Infantry Battalion (TA) [[Madras Regiment]], [[Campbell Bay, Great Nicobar|Campbell Bay]]<br />
<br />
;Engineer Regiment<br />
* 173 Engineer Regiment (TA)<br />
* 174 Engineer Regiment (TA)<br />
* 175 Engineer Regiment (TA)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Personnel==<br />
The Territorial Army has a strength of more than 43,000 first-line troops and 160,000 second-line troops, as of the data of 2019.<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff reporter |title=Mohan Vaghnani's 'Our Territorial Army' screened at Shaurya Smarak |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/mohan-vaghnani---s----our-territorial-army--screened-at-shaurya-smarak.html |access-date=17 August 2022 |work=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |date=1 August 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Rank structure ===<br />
{{further|Army ranks and insignia of India}}<br />
{{More citations needed|section|reason=Source is for the Army in general, and doesn't state anything of the Territorial Army|date=December 2022}}<br />
;Officers<br />
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"<br />
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| rowspan=2| '''{{flagicon image|Territorial Army (Flag).svg}} Territorial Army'''<ref name="India_Army">{{cite web |title=Indian Army Rank Badges |url=https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=eONNmmCN+tNKI1W4lLePYA==&ParentID=07brfiSEictrT4pH/Ap2MDmEuFrOV7w+937sVMAJv7E= |website=indianarmy.nic.in |publisher=Indian Army |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref><br />
| colspan=8 rowspan=2| <br />
| colspan=2| [[File:Brigadier of the Indian Army.svg|50px]]<br />
| colspan=2| [[File:Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|50px]]<br />
| colspan=2| [[File:Lieutenant Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|50px]]<br />
| colspan=2| [[File:Major of the Indian Army.svg|50px]]<br />
| colspan=2| [[File:Captain of the Indian Army.svg|50px]]<br />
| colspan=6| [[File:Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|50px]]<br />
| colspan=12| '''No insignia'''<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| colspan=2| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]<br />{{lang|hi|ब्रिगेडियर}}<br />
| colspan=2| [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]<br />{{lang|hi|कर्नल}}<br />
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant colonel]]<br />{{lang|hi|लेफ्टिनेंट - कर्नल}}<br />
| colspan=2| [[Major (rank)|Major]]<br />{{lang|hi|मेजर}}<br />
| colspan=2| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]<br />{{lang|hi|कप्तान}}<br />
| colspan=6| [[Lieutenant]]<br />{{lang|hi|लेफ्टिनेंट}}<br />
| colspan=12| [[Officer cadet]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
;JCO and Other Ranks<br />
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"<br />
|- style="background:#ccc;"<br />
! Rank group|| colspan=10| Junior commissioned officers || colspan=18| Non commissioned officer || colspan=8| Enlisted<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| rowspan=2| '''{{flagicon image|Territorial Army (Flag).svg}} Territorial Army'''<ref name="India_Army" /><br />
| colspan=6| [[File:Subedar Major - Risaldar Major of the Indian Army.svg|50px]]<br />
| colspan=2| [[File:Subedar - Risaldar of the Indian Army.svg|50px]]<br />
| colspan=2| [[File:Naib Subedar - Naib Risaldar of the Indian Army.svg|50px]]<br />
| colspan=12| [[File:India-Army-OR-6.svg|50px]]<br />
| colspan=4| [[File:India-Army-OR-4.svg|50px]]<br />
| colspan=2| [[File:India-Army-OR-3.svg|50px]]<br />
| colspan=8| '''No insignia'''<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| colspan=6| [[Subedar Major]]<br />{{lang|hi|सूबेदार मेजर}}<br />
| colspan=2| [[Subedar]]<br />{{lang|hi|सूबेदार}}<br />
| colspan=2| [[Junior commissioned officer|Naib Subedar]]<br />{{lang|hi|नायब सूबेदार}}<br />
| colspan=12| [[Havildar]]<br />{{lang|hi|हवलदार}}<br />
| colspan=4| [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]<br />{{lang|hi|नायक}}<br />
| colspan=2| [[Lance Naik]]<br />{{lang|hi|लांस नायक}}<br />
| colspan=8| [[Sepoy]]<br />{{lang|hi|सिपाही}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Training===<br />
====Non-departmental====<br />
;Urban systems of training<br />
Training is carried out on weekends and holidays. Four hours of training is counted as one day.<br />
* Recruit Training: 32 days in the first year only, including a camp of not less than 4 days if the trainee volunteers with the written consent of his employer, if any.<br />
* Annual Training: A minimum of 30 days, with extensions up to a maximum of 60 days, including a camp for 14 days.<br />
* Post Commission Training: All Officers are required to undergo 10 weeks of Post commission Training within two years of their commissioning.<br />
* Voluntary training: To gain additional military training, the trainee volunteers with the written consent of the employer, if any.<br />
<br />
;Provincial systems of training<br />
* Recruit Training: For a continuous period of 30 days in the first year only.<br />
* Annual Training: For a continuous period of two calendar months in the first and subsequent years.<br />
* Post-commission Training: 10 weeks of post-commission training are compulsory within two years of commissioning.<br />
* Voluntary training: To gain additional military training, the trainee volunteers with the written consent of his employer, if any.<br />
<br />
====Departmental====<br />
* Recruit Training: Carried out for a continuous period of 30 days in the first year in a camp. No training for Medical and Nursing officers of General Hospital (TA).<br />
* Annual Training: In the first and subsequent years, annual training is carried out for a continuous period of 30 days in a camp. For officers of General Hospital (TA), this is carried out on weekends, without a camp, four hours of training being counted as one day.<br />
* Post commission training: 30 days post commission training within two years of commissioning is compulsory for all Departmental TA officers, except medical officers of Railway (TA) units and officers of General Hospitals (TA).<br />
* Voluntary Training: Departmental TA personnel who volunteer with the specific consent of their departments can be attached for voluntary training.<br />
<br />
===Celebrity members===<br />
;Honorary ranks<br />
*[[Nana Patekar]], the actor, joined as a Captain in the TA in 1990 to prepare for the film [[Prahaar: The Final Attack|Prahaar]]. He also served in the 1999 [[Kargil War]] as a Major in the [[Maratha Light Infantry]] Regiment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/some-of-the-interesting-facts-about-nana-patekar/photostory/64962233.cms?picid=64962266|title = Mr Patekar an army man| newspaper=The Times of India |date = 12 July 2018}}</ref><br />
*[[Kapil Dev]], the former cricketer, was conferred with an honorary rank of lieutenant colonel in the TA on 24 September 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2008/sep/24kapil.htm|title=Kapil Dev joins Territorial Army|date=31 December 2004|work=Rediff.com|access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130814054422/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-24/top-stories/27939909_1_kapil-dev-army-officer-territorial-army Kapil Dev joins Territorial Army]</ref><br />
* [[Mohanlal]], the actor, was conferred with an honorary rank of lieutenant colonel on 9 July 2009. Earlier, he had shown interest in joining the TA, but since he exceeded the age limit of 42 years, the army decided to confer him with an honorary rank instead, as a [[goodwill ambassador]] for promoting TA among the youth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mohanlal-wants-to-join-territorial-army/77204-8.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103163630/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mohanlal-wants-to-join-territorial-army/77204-8.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2008|title=Mohanlal wants to join Territorial Army - Movies News News - IBNLive|publisher=Ibnlive.in.com|date=1 November 2008|access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/15mohanlal-to-become-lt-col.htm|title=Mohanlal to become a Lt Colonel|website=rediff.com}}</ref><br />
* [[Abhinav Bindra]], the sports shooter, was conferred with the rank of honorary lieutenant colonel on 1 November 2011 for his contribution in the field of shooting.<ref name="firstpost1">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/army-to-confer-lt-col-rank-upon-dhoni-bindra-120146.html|title=Army to confer Lt Col rank upon Dhoni, Bindra|author=Firstpost|date=31 October 2011|publisher=Firstpost|access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="rediff1">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-army-to-confer-lt-col-rank-upon-bindra-dhoni/20111031.htm|title=Army to confer Lt Col rank upon Bindra, Dhoni - Rediff.com News|date=31 October 2011|work=Rediff.com|access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref><br />
* [[Deepak Rao]], a military trainer in [[close quarter battle]], was conferred with an honorary rank of major in the TA on 1 November 2011.<ref name="firstpost1"/><br />
* [[MS Dhoni]], the cricketer, was conferred with the rank of honorary lieutenant colonel on 1 November 2011 for his contribution in the field of cricket.<ref name="firstpost1"/><br />
* [[Neeraj Chopra]], 2025, Lieutenant Colonel ([[Rajputana Rifles]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olympic medallist Neeraj Chopra conferred rank of Lieutenant Colonel|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/star-javelin-thrower-neeraj-chopra-conferred-rank-of-lieutenant-colonel/article70189396.ece|date=2025-10-22|access-date=2025-11-22|publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
;Others<br />
* [[Anurag Thakur]], Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha, former Union Cabinet Minister, has been commissioned to the rank of lieutenant on 29 July 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/anurag-thakur-territorial-army-bjp-mp-2942887/|title=Anurag Thakur becomes first serving BJP MP to join Territorial Army|date=2016-07-29|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-11-25|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
* [[Birender Singh (politician, born 1921)|Rao Birender Singh]], former [[Chief Minister of Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=PADALKAR |first=RAVINDRA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbgUEAAAQBAJ&dq=rao+birender+singh+territorial+army&pg=PT328 |title=Ruling Dynasties of Independent India - Volume 1 |date=2021-01-16 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-63714-799-3 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo]], former Union Cabinet Minister.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/i-don-t-question-my-commander/cid/408810|title='I don't question my commander'|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-25}}</ref><br />
* [[Manvendra Singh]], former Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha.<br />
* [[Sachin Pilot]], former [[Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan|Deputy Chief Minister]] of [[Rajasthan]]. Pilot became the first Union Cabinet Minister to be commissioned as an officer in the TA on 6 September 2012.<br />
* [[Dharampal Rajpurohit]], a corporate leader and Managing Director at [[Barclays]].<br />
<br />
==Band and sports==<br />
<br />
The TA has a [[military band]] named Territorial Army Symphony. It was raised in 2009 and has more than 40 musicians, playing [[Brass instrument|brass]], [[String (music)|strings]], and [[List of Indian musical instruments|Indian classical]] instruments. The band performs both [[Contemporary classical music|contemporary]] and traditional music.<ref>{{cite web |title=Territorial Army Symphony Band enthrals spectators at India Gate |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1549669 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |access-date=26 August 2022 |date=14 October 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Territorial Army has a multi-purpose stadium in [[Amravati]], [[Maharashtra]], called the [[Territorial Army Parade Ground]], which was formerly known as Reforms Club Ground, that hosts mostly cricket matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Territorial Army Parade Ground,(Reforms Club Ground), Amravati |url=https://www.crichq.com/grounds/40404/pitches |publisher=[[CricHQ]] |access-date=22 August 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Territorial Army Parade Ground |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57869.html |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref> TA personnel engage in sporting activities such as volleyball and basketball.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nazeer |first=Mohamed |title=From Kannur to J&K on a mission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/from-kannur-to-jk-on-a-mission/article23950493.ece |access-date=22 August 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 May 2018}}</ref> They also participate in army [[Shooting sports in India|shooting]] competitions and conduct competitions such as TA inter-battalion football and volleyball events.<ref>{{cite news |author=Times News Service |title=Kannur Terriers to take part in ops in J&K {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kannur-terriers-to-take-part-in-ops-in-jk/articleshow/64271333.cms |access-date=22 August 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 May 2018}}</ref> In 2016, the 118 Infantry Battalion (TA) and the Cycle Polo Federation of India jointly organized the National Cycle Polo Championship, TA won the men's senior division.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nayse|first=Suhas|title=Territorial Army, Chhattisgarh boys emerge national cycle polo champions|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/territorial-army-chhattisgarh-boys-emerge-national-cycle-polo-champions/articleshow/51643972.cms|access-date=22 August 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 April 2016}}</ref> TA lost to Air Force Cycle Polo team in the National Cycle Polo Championship (2021–22).<ref>{{cite web |author=PIB |title=42nd Senior Men National Cycle Polo Championship 2021-22 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1801120 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |access-date=22 August 2022 |date=25 February 2022}}</ref> The TA has also organised golfing competitions.<ref>{{cite news |author=Times News Network |title=Golf tournament to tee off tomorrow|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/golf-tournament-to-tee-off-tomorrow/articleshow/45816740.cms |access-date=22 August 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 January 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and decorations==<br />
TA personnel have received many [[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|awards and decorations]]. As of 2021, these include one [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashok Chakra]], one [[Kirti Chakra]], five [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]s, five [[Vir Chakra]]s, five [[Shaurya Chakra]], one [[Yudh Seva Medal]], 78 [[Sena Medal]]s, 28 [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]s, 17 Mentioned-in-Dispatches, and 280 COAS commendation cards.<ref name="TOI"/><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px"><br />
<br />
File:Acclaimed Malayalam film actor Mohan Lal joined the Territorial Army on July 09, 2009 in the rank of an Honorary Lt. Colonel. The Defence Minister, Shri A. K. Antony is seen greeting Shri Mohan Lal soon after his induction.jpg|[[Mohanlal]] (left) with the then [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] [[A. K. Antony]] and [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] [[Deepak Kapoor]] after joining the TA in 2009.<br />
<br />
File:Indian Skipper M.S. Dhoni, Shooter Abhinav Bindra and Dr. Deepak Rao called on the Minister of State for Defence, Dr. M.M. Pallam Raju after granted honorary rank in Territorial Army, at a felicitation ceremony, in New Delhi.jpg|[[Deepak Rao]], [[M. S. Dhoni]], and [[Abhinav Bindra]] (right) with then Minister of State for Defence [[M. M. Pallam Raju]] after joining TA in 2011.<br />
<br />
File:The Chief of Army Staff, General Dalbir Singh conferring the rank of Lieutenant in the Territorial Army on Shri Anurag Singh Thakur, Member of Parliament and President BCCI, at a solemn ‘Commissioning’ ceremony, in New Delhi.jpg|The Chief of Army Staff [[General Dalbir Singh]] conferring the rank of Lieutenant in the TA on [[Anurag Thakur]] in 2016.<br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|India}}<br />
* [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{official website|jointerritorialarmy.gov.in}}<br />
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/ta.htm Territorial Army (TA)] at [[GlobalSecurity.org]]<br />
* [http://mod.nic.in/samachar/17/html/ch11.htm Evolution of Territorial Army] article at [[Sainik Samachar]]<br />
<br />
{{Indian Army Arms and Services}}<br />
{{Military of India|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1949 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Army units and formations of India]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1949]]<br />
[[Category:Units of the Indian Peace Keeping Force]]<br />
[[Category:Reserve forces]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandrabani&diff=493411Chandrabani2026-01-30T17:55:09Z<p>Aniketdigi: Created redirect page</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Dehradun]]<br />
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panvel-Karjat_Railway_Corridor&diff=524276Panvel-Karjat Railway Corridor2026-01-17T19:27:27Z<p>Aniketdigi: creating new stub!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox rail line<br />
| name = Panvel-Karjat Railway Corridor<br />
| type = [[Suburban rail]]<br />
| system = [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]<br />
| status = Under construction<br />
| locale = [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
| start = [[Panvel railway station]]<br />
| end = [[Karjat railway station]]<br />
| stations = 5<br />
| routes = 1<br />
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]]<br />
| character = Elevated, Surface, Tunnel<br />
| linelength = 29.6 km<br />
| tracks = 2<br />
| gauge = [[Indian gauge|5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge]]<br />
| electrification = [[25 kV AC railway electrification]]<br />
| speed = 80 km/h (proposed)<br />
| map = {{MSR Panvel-Karjat Railway Corridor}}<br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Panvel-Karjat Railway Corridor''' is a suburban railway infrastructure project under the [[Mumbai Urban Transport Project]] (MUTP-III). It was designed to enhance railway connectivity between [[Panvel]] and [[Karjat]] in the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] (MMR). The 29.6 km corridor is currently being developed by the [[Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation]] (MRVC) and is expected to reduce travel time while easing congestion on existing railway routes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai's suburban network to get major upgrade |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/mumbais-suburban-network-to-get-major-upgrade-3191518 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The project is part of an effort to expand the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] network and improve commuter transport between Mumbai and its extended suburbs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Panvel-Karjat Railway Corridor Achieves 67% Completion |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/panvel-karjat-railway-corridor-67-per-cent-work-complete-to-be-operational-in-dec-2025-blid8872 |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-29 |title=Panvel-Karjat Railway Corridor: 67% Work Done, Completion by December 2025 |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/infrastructure/panvel-karjat-railway-corridor's-67-work-done-completion-by-december-2025-86776 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Mumbai Live |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Route and stations ==<br />
The corridor spans 29.6 km, connecting [[Panvel railway station|Panvel]] to [[Karjat railway station|Karjat]] and includes five stations: Panvel, {{rws|Chikhale}}, {{rws|Poyanje}}, {{rws|Chouk}} and, Karjat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-15 |title=Panvel-Karjat Corridor: 5 New Stations To Benefit Thane-Kalyan Commuters |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/infrastructure/5-new-stations-panvel-karjat-railway-corridor-to-benefit-several-cr-commuters-80864 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Mumbai Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Changing City: Panvel-Karjat New Suburban Railway Corridor 67% Complete |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/panvel-karjat-new-suburban-railway-corridor-67-complete-9697136/ |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Infrastructure ==<br />
The project includes several key infrastructural components. It includes three tunnels with a total length of 3,100 meters, including the Wavarle Tunnel, which spans 2.6 km.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-07 |title=At 2.6km, Mumbai suburban railways longest tunnel complete on Panvel-Karjat line |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/at-2-6km-mum-suburban-railways-longest-tunnel-complete-on-panvel-karjat-line/articleshow/110805100.cms |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A total of 47 bridges are planned, with 35 completed as of late 2024, including six major and 29 minor bridges.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=All You Need to Know About Panvel Karjat Rail Corridor |url=https://marathon.in/infrastructure/all-you-need-to-know-about-panvel-karjat-rail-corridor/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Marathon Group |language=en-US}}</ref> Additionally, four Road Over Bridges (ROBs) have been constructed at key locations such as Mohope and Kiraoli.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-07 |title=Breakthrough achieved of longest tunnel on Panvel-Karjat suburban rail line: MRVC |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/breakthrough-achieved-of-longest-tunnel-on-panvel-karjat-suburban-rail-line-mrvc/articleshow/110803153.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The Pune Expressway Underpass is also near completion, with final touches underway.<ref>{{cite news |title=CR fifth rail corridor on fast track, will be complete in a year |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/cr-fifth-rail-corridor-on-fast-track-will-be-complete-in-a-year-101732992066550.html |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Panvel-Karjat Suburban Railway Corridor Project picks up pace |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/metro-rail-and-railways-infrastructure/panvel-karjat-suburban-railway-corridor-project-picks-up-pace/65773 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=www.constructionworld.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Project progress ==<br />
As of October 2024, the project had reached 67% completion, with key milestones achieved. Land acquisition has been completed, securing 56.82 hectares of private land and 4.4 hectares of government land. Forest clearance for Stage I has been obtained, with Stage II clearance in advanced stages. Earthwork has progressed significantly, with over 2 million cubic meters of filling completed. The excavation of all three tunnels has been fully completed, with lining works underway.<ref>{{cite news |title=First train enters new Panvel-Karjat suburban corridor, marking key milestone |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/first-train-enters-new-panvel-karjat-suburban-corridor-marking-key-milestone-23499905 |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-03 |title=Railway board member inspects ongoing Panvel-Karjat rail corridor project |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/railway-board-member-inspects-ongoing-panvel-karjat-rail-corridor-project/articleshow/105702497.cms |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Impact and benefits ==<br />
Once completed, the Panvel-Karjat corridor is expected to significantly reduce travel time between [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] (CSMT) and Karjat, cutting the journey duration by approximately 30 minutes compared to the existing route via [[Kalyan Junction railway station|Kalyan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-01 |title=Mumbai Rail Network Expands: Panvel-Karjat Corridor To Cut Travel Time By 30 Minutes |url=https://www.oneindia.com/mumbai/mumbai-rail-network-expands-panvel-karjat-corridor-to-cut-travel-time-by-30-minutes-4003099.html |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=CSMT To Karjat In Just 30 Minutes Soon; Here's How |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mumbai/csmt-to-karjat-in-just-30-minutes-soon-heres-how-article-105716779 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> The improved connectivity had been expected to provide a direct suburban rail link between Mumbai and Karjat via Panvel, helping alleviate congestion and streamline passenger movement. The project is also expected to boost economic growth by fostering urban development, increasing property values, and attracting new investments in the surrounding areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Panvel-Karjat railway line set to ease commuting in Mumbai |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/metro-rail-and-railways-infrastructure/new-panvel-karjat-railway-line-set-to-ease-commuting-in-mumbai/44558 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=www.constructionworld.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Punepulse |date=2025-01-02 |title=Navi Mumbai Major Transformative Infrastructure Projects to Complete in 2025 - PUNE PULSE |url=https://www.mypunepulse.com/navi-mumbai-major-transformative-infrastructure-projects-to-complete-in-2025/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Future outlook ==<br />
The railway corridor is expected to be fully operational by December 2025, integrating into Mumbai's rapidly expanding suburban railway network.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-15 |title=First train enters Panvel-Karjat suburban corridor, marking major progress |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/first-train-enters-new-panvel-karjat-suburban-corridor-marking-key-milestone-23499905 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> Upon completion, it is anticipated to enhance regional transport efficiency and serve as a critical link for daily commuters in the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-27 |title=Mumbai local train updates: Central Railway sets tentative timetable for services on new Panvel-Karjat corridor |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-local-train-updates-central-railway-sets-tentative-timetable-for-services-on-new-panvel-karjat-corridor-23491188 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-01 |title=Mumbai 2025: Faster, Smarter, Greener! A Glimpse at city's upcoming landmark infrastructure projects |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-mumbai-2025-faster-smarter-greener-a-glimpse-at-citys-upcoming-landmark-infrastructure-projects-3704841/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]<br />
* [[Mumbai Urban Transport Project]]<br />
* [[Central Railway (India)]]<br />
* [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://mrvc.indianrailways.gov.in Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402160003/https://mrvc.indianrailways.gov.in/ |date=2 April 2023 }}<br />
* [https://indianrailways.gov.in Indian Railways Official Website]<br />
<br />
{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Nerul-Uran/Panvel-Karjat}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Karjat-Panvel rail line]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway lines]]<br />
<br />
{{India-rail-transport-stub}}</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_Against_Corruption&diff=503866India Against Corruption2026-01-09T21:53:57Z<p>Aniketdigi: Created First Info W/ Refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Anti-corruption movement in India}}<br />
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
'''India Against Corruption''' ('''IAC''') is a non-political anti-corruption movement in India since 2007 which rose to prominence during the anti-corruption protests of [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement|2011]]. Divisions among personalities on IAC's platform eventually led to the formation of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<br />
<br />
== Rise ==<br />
The IAC popular movement which began in 2007<ref>{{cite web | author=Web Desk | title=Rahul says AAP was propped up by BJP to bring down UPA, subvert democracy | website=The Week | date=2020-09-15 | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/09/15/rahul-says-bjp-propped-up-aam-aadmi-party-to-bring-down-upa-subvert-democracy.html | access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=IAC rejects Congress's conspiracy charge against forum {{!}} Business Standard News | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/iac-rejects-congress-s-conspiracy-charge-against-forum-117122500566_1.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915143332/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/iac-rejects-congress-s-conspiracy-charge-against-forum-117122500566_1.html | access-date=2026-01-09 | archive-date=2019-09-15}}</ref> as a Hindutva affiliated movement for [[Right to Information]] activists concerned with exposing Commonwealth Games and other "scams", expanded as part of a [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement|larger wave of demonstrations and protests]] from 2010.<ref>{{cite news |first=Abantika |last=Ghosh |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shifting-stir-to-mumbai-a-mistake-iac/893269/0 |title=Shifting stir to Mumbai a mistake: IAC |work=The Indian Express|date=29 December 2011 |access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref> which hoped to bring about a corruption-free India. The campaign gained strength through [[social media]], building a massive network of supporters. Initially [[Ramdev]], a populist Indian [[yogi]] seemed to be the figurehead for this campaign but his connections to the right-wing [[Sangh Parivar]] threatened to damage the credibility of what was perceived as an apolitical movement.<ref name="How Ramdev & Sri Sri got together, grew apart 2011 p. ">{{citation | title=How Ramdev & Sri Sri got together, grew apart | date=2011-06-02 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/how-ramdev-sri-sri-got-together-grew-apart/ | access-date=2024-04-16 | page=}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times 2011 z419">{{cite web | title=Ramdev's agitation fully backed by RSS & its front organisations: PC | website=The Economic Times | date=2011-06-09 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ramdevs-agitation-fully-backed-by-rss-its-front-organisations-pc/articleshow/8782716.cms?from=mdr | access-date=2024-04-16}}</ref> This led to IAC's managers substituting him as centrepiece by [[Anna Hazare]] whose connections to Sangh Parivar were less obvious.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ghosh | first=Abantika | title=IAC 100% RSS front: Long-time aides tell Anna to correct course | website=The Indian Express | date=2012-01-09 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/iac-100-rss-front-longtime-aides-tell-anna-to-correct-course/ | access-date=2024-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=No differences with IAC, we work together: Anna Hazare aides | website=India Today | date=2012-01-09 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/lokpal-anna-hazare-india-against-corruption-89018-2012-01-08 | ref={{sfnref | India Today | 2012}} | access-date=2024-04-16}}</ref><ref name="Srivastava 2011 t102">{{cite web | last=Srivastava | first=Piyush | title=Congress sharpens knives for Anna Hazare over RSS link | website=India Today | date=2011-10-08 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/congress-targets-anna-hazare-as-rss-admits-links-142898-2011-10-07 | access-date=2024-04-16}}</ref> Hazare's support base is described by [[Meera Nanda]] as being largely "from urban middle-classes and idealistic youth". The urban support for Hazare attracted high-profile support for the campaign from [[Bollywood]] stars, the internet-savvy, and mainstream English-language news media.<ref name="Nanda">{{cite book |title=The God Market: How Globalization is Making India More Hindu |first=Meera |last=Nanda |author-link=Meera Nanda |publisher=NYU Press |year=2011 |isbn=9781583673096 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxVvrSevzQsC&pg=PR22 |pages=xxii-xxiii}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
In 2012, the IAC began to disassociate from Hazare's followers (then popularly known as "Team Anna").<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/lokpal-anna-hazare-india-against-corruption-89018-2012-01-08 | title=No differences with IAC, we work together: Anna Hazare aides | date=9 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The End of Authority: How a Loss of Legitimacy and Broken Trust Are Endangering Our Future |first=Douglas E. |last=Schoen |author-link=Douglas Schoen |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2013 |isbn=9781442220324 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbF8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA185 |pages=185–186}}</ref> On 3 August 2012, the deep differences of opinion among the central figures of the anti-corruption protest spilled into the public domain. [[Arvind Kejriwal]]'s faction conducted an online survey which suggested that direct involvement in politics was preferable, leading to their exit to form the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP). On 5 August 2012 Hazare rejected the survey findings and announced he was disbanding Team Anna.<ref>{{cite news |agency=PTI |location=New Delhi |date=19 September 2012 |title=Anna Hazare tells Arvind Kejriwal not to use his name, photo for votes as they part ways |work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/team-anna-split-anna-hazare-arvind-kejriwal-part-ways-116470-2012-09-19 |access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=So what is the Aam Aadmi Party all about|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/what-is-the-aam-aadmi-party-all-about-122411-2012-11-23|date=24 November 2012|work=India Today|location=New Delhi |access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Hazare-disbands-Team-Anna-says-no-talks-with-govt-on-Lokpal/articleshow/15374041.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031501/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-06/india/33064289_1_team-anna-core-committee-anna-hazare-lokpal-bill |url-status=live |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=Hazare disbands Team Anna, says no talks with govt on Lokpal |date=6 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2012 Hazare said that he was forming a new Team Anna 2.0 which would have a new office in New Delhi and use the label India against Corruption.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/after-announcing-team-anna-hazare-to-inaugurate-new-office-in-delhi/305049-3-244.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113211832/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/after-announcing-team-anna-hazare-to-inaugurate-new-office-in-delhi/305049-3-244.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 November 2012 |title=After announcing team, Anna Hazare to inaugurate new office in Delhi |publisher=IBN Live |date=11 November 2012 |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/team-anna-gets-new-people-but-will-their-gameplan-be-a-game-changer-121507-2012-11-14 |title=Team Anna gets new people. But will their gameplan be a game-changer? |work=India Today|date=15 November 2012 |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref> <br />
Eventually Team Anna instead adopted the name Jantantra Morcha after the India Against Corruption name owners swiftly took it over to focus instead on Right to Information issues instead of the Jan Lokpal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Khandekar |first=Nivedita |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/anti-corruption-body-abandons-janlokpal/story-m8y4b7EWjL8UExhJI8afoM.html |title=Anti-corruption body abandons Janlokpal |work=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2013-09-03 |accessdate=2024-04-13 |quote= Hazare, who formed the Jantantra Morcha. The group, which now runs — and claims to own — the IAC, mostly comprises Right to Information (RTI) activists. The group had taken over the IAC immediately after the split but held its first formal meeting on Monday. Its national convenor Sarbajit Roy said: “We do not support Janlokpal or the Lokpal. You cannot have a comprehensive Lokpal dealing with petty local corruption as well as systemic mega corruption deals such as 2G or defence deals.” In its new avatar, the IAC decided that the RTI was virtually dead and that “there is a need to defend RTI in India”. }}</ref> Welcoming Anna's Jantantra Morcha initiative in 2015, National convener of India Against Corruption, Sarabjit Roy said IAC has nothing against Anna since he was never officially a part of IAC nor was he a leader of the movement. IAC's concerns were that Anna is misled into associations with projects and people that he shouldn't be with and Anna was then in the company of scoundrels. As per Roy, IAC is now a group of intellectuals after Arvind Kejriwal took all the aam aadmis (common folk) to politics.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shrivastava |first=Anvit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/anna-hazare-launches-anti-graft-front/articleshow/46790597.cms |title=Anna Hazare launches anti-graft front |work=Times of India |publisher=Times of India |date=2015-04-03 |accessdate=2024-04-13 |quote=National convener of India Against Corruption, Sarabjit Roy, cautiously welcomed Anna's initiative. "We have nothing against Anna. He was never officially a part of IAC nor was he a leader of the movement. Our concern is that Anna gets associated with projects and people that he shouldn't be with. He has been misled. He was in the company of scoundrels. IAC is no more an aam aadmi movement, as Arvind took all the aam aadmis to politics. We are a group of intellectuals now." }}</ref> The denuded Team Anna's sporadic claims to the India Against Corruption name for political purposes was regularly disputed by the India Against Corruption organization which stated<br />
<blockquote>''These persons are imposters of IAC who are misusing our name for electioneering purposes. IAC is a non-political body, and we strongly object to utilisation of our well known name in connection with Mr. Anna Hazare or for political motives.''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/delhi/anna-to-address-on-electoral-reforms-392625 |title=Anna to address on electoral reforms |work=The Tribune |date=2017-04-16 |accessdate=2024-04-13 }}</ref><br />''Gen (Retd.) V.K.Singh was never associated with India Against Corruption and neither was Mr. Anna Hazare a part of it. Referring to them in the context of IAC is misleading especially in context of political activity."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Smriti Kak |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-is-the-only-party-that-thinks-of-national-interest-says-vk-singh/article5739915.ece |title=BJP is the only party that thinks of national interest, says V.K. Singh |work=The Hindu |location=Ghaziabad |date=2021-11-17 |accessdate=2024-04-13 |quote=Gen (Retd.) V.K.Singh was never associated with India Against Corruption and neither was Mr. Anna Hazare a part of it. Referring to them in the context of IAC is misleading especially in context of political activity }}</ref>''</blockquote><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Corruption in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|35em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{commons category|India Against Corruption}}<br />
<br />
*[https://www.indiaagainstcorruption.org.in/ Official website]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Political advocacy groups in India]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-corruption activism in India]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baring_Union_Christian_College&diff=489860Baring Union Christian College2025-12-29T19:33:47Z<p>Aniketdigi: adding first info added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Baring Union Christian College''' is a postgraduate college in [[Batala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]. It is affiliated with [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] in [[Amritsar]].<ref name=coll>{{cite web|url=http://www.buccbatala.org/college-profile.html|title=BUCC, Batala - College Profile|website=www.buccbatala.org}}</ref> The campus includes the palace of [[Maharaja]] [[Sher Singh]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Terence Khushal Singh.png|thumb|Terence Khushal‑Singh, founder and first principal of Baring Christian College]]<br />
Baring Union Christian College traces its origins to the late 19th and early 20th centuries through successive educational initiatives in Batala, Punjab. In April 1878, Reverend Francis Henry Baring, a missionary of the [[Church Mission Society]], established the Baring Boys boarding school. A separate Baring High School opened in the 1930s, and Baring Union Christian College was formally established in June 1944.<br />
<br />
[[File:Baring Union Christian College Staff Picture.jpg|thumb|A whole school photograph at Baring Christian College]]<br />
The roots of the college extend to a simple school founded around 1886 by Miss Sarah Maria Tucker, who taught children Bible stories and was locally known as “A Lady Of England” (A.L.O.E.) for her broader interest in the welfare of Batala’s residents. Tucker partnered with Francis Henry Baring to establish a boys’ high school focused on Christian leadership. <br />
<br />
In 1942, the Church Mission Society appointed Terence Khushal‑Singh (M.A., B.A., LL.B, Allahabad University; Diploma in Education, Bristol, England) as principal. While in Batala, Khushal‑Singh identified the now vacant Anarkali Palace, formerly owned by Maharajah Sher Singh, as a potential site for a college campus. With support from his wife, Jessica (M.A., Cambridge University), and approval from the CMS and the Bishop of Lahore, the transformation of the palace into an educational institution began. In 1944, **Baring Christian College** was officially founded.<br />
<br />
The period surrounding Indian independence and Partition in 1947–48 brought uncertainty. Batala and the college were initially allocated to Pakistan along with many Christian institutions but were later restored to India. During this turbulent time, regular education was disrupted. Khushal‑Singh, risking his life, managed a refugee camp on the college grounds. At the request of Lady [[Edwina Mountbatten]], he also established a handicraft section for refugee women.<br />
<br />
By March 1948, Khushal‑Singh had reopened the college. By 1949, it had expanded from an intermediate college to a full degree‑awarding institution. However, that same year the Church Mission Society decided to withdraw from Batala. Baring Christian College was transferred to the administration of an American Presbyterian Church. Ranjit M. Chetsingh succeeded Khushal‑Singh as principal, and Khushal‑Singh was reassigned by the CMS to serve as principal of St. Mary’s Teacher Training College in Pune.<br />
<br />
To emphasize cooperation rather than division between Christian missions in the region, the institution’s name was changed to **Baring Union Christian College**. Under this title, the college continued its educational mission.<br />
<br />
Principal Ranjit M. Chetsingh led the college until 1954, when he left to serve with the Friends World Committee for Consultation in London. Subsequent principals included Dr. Loughlin, Dr. McLeod, and Dr. Webster—who was noted for his interest in Sikhism. Mr. Clarence McMullin served briefly as principal before becoming Director of the Christian Institute for Sikh Studies, a position he held for 30 years.<br />
<br />
Baring Union Christian College continues to operate in Batala, with **Dr. Edward Masih** serving as principal.<br />
<br />
[[File:Anarkali Palace.png|thumb|The Anarkali Palace, converted into the campus of Baring Christian College]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{morecat|date=September 2023}}<br />
[[Category:Colleges in India]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allahabad_Address&diff=462260Allahabad Address2025-12-16T18:48:13Z<p>Aniketdigi: minor expand lead per sources and cleaned formatting to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1930 Allahabad speech by Muhammad Iqbal}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}<br />
[[File:Iqbal 2.jpg |thumb|right|[[Muhammad Iqbal]], then president of the [[Punjab Muslim League|Muslim League]] in 1930 and address deliverer]]<br />
The '''Allahabad Address''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|خطبہ الہ آباد}}}}) was a speech by scholar, [[Sir Muhammad Iqbal]], one of the best-known in [[History of Pakistan|Pakistani history]]. It was delivered by Iqbal during the 21st annual session of the [[All-India Muslim League]], on the afternoon of Monday, 29 December 1930, at [[Allahabad]] in [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] (U. P.). In this address Iqbal outlined a vision of independent states for the great Muslim-majority provinces in northwestern India, thus becoming the first politician to articulate what would become known as the ''[[Two-nation theory]]''—that Muslims are a distinct nation and thus deserve political independence from other regions and communities of India.<ref name="The statement">{{cite web|title=The statement-Allama Iqbal's Presidential Address at Allahabad 1930. This was a great step taken for the political independence of Muslims in India.|url=http://www.quaid.gov.pk/politician13.htm|publisher=The Quaid.gov|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093504/http://www.quaid.gov.pk/politician13.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
Allama Iqbal defined the Muslims of India as a nation and suggested that there could be no possibility of peace in the country unless and until they were recognised as a nation and under a federal system, the Muslim majority units were given the same privileges which were to be given to the Hindu majority units. It was the only way in which both the Muslims and the Hindus could prosper in accordance with their respective cultural values. In his speech, he emphasised that unlike [[Christianity]], Islam came with "legal concepts" with "civic significance," with its "religious ideals" considered as inseparable from social order: "therefore, the construction of a policy on national lines, if it means a displacement of the Islamic principle of solidarity, is simply unthinkable to a Muslim."<ref name="Naipaul">{{cite book |last=Naipaul |first=V. S. |title=Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples |pages=250–52}}</ref><br />
<br />
Iqbal thus stressed not only the need for the political unity of Muslim communities but the undesirability of blending the Muslim population into a wider society not based on Islamic principles. However, he would not elucidate or specify if his ideal Islamic state would construe a [[theocracy]], even as he rejected secularism and nationalism. The latter part of Iqbal's life was concentrated on political activity. He would travel across Europe and West Asia to garner political and financial support for the League, and he reiterated his ideas in his 1932 address, and during the [[Indian Round Table Conferences 1931-1933|Third Round-Table Conference]], he opposed the Congress and proposals for transfer of power without considerable autonomy or independence for Muslim provinces.<ref name="The statement"/><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{main|Pakistan Movement|Two-Nation Theory}}<br />
<br />
The Hindu-Muslim question had great importance and stood crucial to British Indian history after 1857, especially in the 20th century. But the key issue for Muslims remained "separate identity." On several occasions and addresses, the issue gets highlighted that the Muslims are a separate nation with different culture and civilisation, interests and rights. The [[Two-Nation Theory]] was not accepted by the Muslims, Hindus and the British peoples because they believed in "territorial nationalism". The Congress' perspective of the Hindu-Muslim relationship was that any perceived rift was the product of British [[divide and rule]] policy. For Muslims it was the core issue as it related to their culture, civilisation, heritage and the type of arrangement that were to be ratified in the future political and constitutional arrangements of India.<ref name="The statement"/><ref name="The Allahabad Address">{{cite news|title=The Allahabad Address-History, phases, background and importance|url=http://notesonpakistan.blogspot.com/2009/05/allama-iqbals-presidential-address-1930.html|publisher=Notes Pakistan|access-date=1 November 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
The idea of a separate homeland was based on many issues, the first of which being a perceived decline and degeneration of Muslims. Most of the Muslim world became the colonies of European states, thus rendering the [[Industrial Revolution]] and development of science and technology a preserve of the European nations. More specific to the Muslims of [[South Asia]] was that that of being in a minority, thus lending greater impetus to the need for cultural preservation.<ref name="The Allahabad Address"/><br />
<br />
===Phases of Development===<br />
<br />
====1st Phase: Pre-1905====<br />
The first phase pertains to the pre-1905 period, before delivering the address Iqbal addresses the factors for the decline of the Muslims and he tries to focus on Indian nationality, nationhood or Indian unity. Iqbal explained about resolving differences in his book ''[[Bang-i-Dara]]'' and writes ''[[Sare Jahan se Accha|Tarānah-i-Hindī]]'' and ''Naya Shawala'' to reunite Muslims with Hindus.<ref name=pritchett>Pritchett, Frances. 2000. [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/taranahs/juxtaposition.html "Tarana-e-Hindi and Taranah-e-Milli: A Study in Contrasts."] Columbia University Department of South Asian Studies.</ref><br />
<br />
====2nd Phase: The Stay in Europe 1905-08====<br />
The second phase pertains the period from 1905 to 1908. Iqbal spent these years in Europe, during his higher education and in Germany at Munich University<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1218406 |website=DAWN|title=Footprints: Finding Iqbal in Germany|date=9 November 2015}}</ref> for PhD. His stay in England helps to crystallise his ideas. Iqbal appreciated certain things in the West, for example, the quest for knowledge, their efforts for innovation and change. Iqbal was critical of materialism, capitalism and competition an unrestricted and unlimited competition that was undermining the society and it is during this period that he began to think philosophically and scientifically about the Muslims and he emphasised on the importance of spiritualism in one's life.<ref name="The Allahabad Address"/><br />
<br />
====3rd Phase: Return to India 1908 and onward====<br />
The third phase occurs when Iqbal comes back to India after his education. Here, his exclusive attention and focus were on the Muslim. He talked about the centrality of Islam, the question of submission to God, Oneness of God, He emphasised in his writings prose as well as poetry, and he discussed the Prophet Muhammad's role as the ideal leader as the leader that the Muslims should strive to follow. However, his focus was primarily on Muslims of the subcontinent when he dealt with the political or the constitutional issues of India. Iqbal was given the title of "Sir" in 1922 in recognition of his intellectual work. In 1927 Iqbal was elected to the Punjab Legislative Council, and thus served in the council for the next little over two years (from 1927 to 1930).<ref name="The Allahabad Address"/><br />
<br />
===Revival of Islamic polity===<br />
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Iqbal-RahmatAli.jpg|thumb|left|Iqbal with [[Choudhary Rahmat Ali]] and other Muslim leaders]] --><br />
Iqbal's six English lectures were published first from Lahore in 1930 and then by [[Oxford University Press]] in 1934 in a book titled [[The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam]]. Which were read at [[Madras]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and [[Aligarh]].<ref name="allamaiqbal.com">{{cite web |date=26 May 2006 |title=Allama Iqbal – Biography |url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/biography/biotxtread.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119075055/http://allamaiqbal.com/person/biography/biotxtread.html |archive-date=19 November 2010 |access-date=7 January 2011 |format=PHP}}</ref> These lectures dwell on the role of Islam as a religion as well as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com"/> In these lectures Iqbal firmly rejects the political attitudes and conduct of Muslim politicians, whom he saw as morally misguided, attached to power and without any standing with Muslim masses.<br />
<br />
Iqbal expressed fears that not only would secularism weaken the spiritual foundations of Islam and Muslim society, but that India's Hindu-majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence. In his travels to Egypt, Afghanistan, Iran and Turkey, he promoted ideas of greater Islamic political co-operation and unity, calling for the shedding of nationalist differences.<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{cite book|title=Gabriel's wing: a study into the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goE3AAAAIAAJ|first=Annemarie|last=Schimmel|publisher=Brill Archive|year=1962|pages=34–45}}</ref> He also speculated on different political arrangements to guarantee Muslim political power; in a dialogue with Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]], Iqbal expressed his desire to see Indian provinces as autonomous units under the direct control of the British government and with no central Indian government. He envisaged autonomous Muslim provinces in India. Under one Indian union, he feared for Muslims, who would suffer in many respects especially with regard to their existentially separate entity as Muslims.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com"/><br />
The Muslims of subcontinent were degraded both by British people and Hindus. After the advent of 1857, British people turn against Muslims thinking that they are only culprits and similarly Hindus want complete control over Muslims and they want to change constitution where Muslims should be suppressed and by not giving Muslims any importance. It was the cause due to which Iqbal presents his idea of uniting Muslims and Muslim majority areas such as Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and NWFP.<br />
<br />
==Address 1930==<br />
Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930 at its session in [[Allahabad]], in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] as well as for the session in Lahore in 1932. In his presidential address on 30 December 1930, Iqbal outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in northwestern India.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com"/><br />
[[File:Allahbad Address Points.jpg|thumb|250px|News clip reporting the landmark Allahabad session]]<br />
<br />
===The Address basis===<br />
In 1930 Iqbal delivered the Presidential Address the Allahabad Address, before address Iqbal also delivered landmark lectures on Islam in 1928 and 1929 in [[Aligarh]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Madras]]. Because Iqbal's address eye-plot was based on Islam. Iqbal's views on Islam and introversion with the modern conditions and modern situation helps him to generate the Allahabad Address. In 1932, Iqbal also presided over All India Conference that was held at Lahore and during that conference, he repeated some of the ideas and some of the thoughts which he had presented in his Address at 1930.<ref name="The Allahabad Address"/><br />
<br />
===The Address outline===<br />
In his address, Iqbal called for the creation of "a Muslim India within India", especially in North-western India.<ref name="res">[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html Sir Muhammad Iqbal’s 1930 Presidential Address], from Columbia University site</ref> Iqbal demanded the right of self-government for the Muslims.<ref name="Sevea2012">{{cite book|author=Iqbal Singh Sevea|title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrItm_F6wncC&pg=PA172|date=29 June 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-00886-1|page=14}}</ref> as he said:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|India is a continent of human groups belonging to different races, speaking different languages, and professing different religions [...] Personally, I would like to see the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]], [[Sindh]] and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Baluchistan]] amalgamated into a [[Pakistan|single State]]. Self-government within the British Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.}}<br />
<br />
Within his address, Iqbal also touched on his fear that Islam may have a similar fate as Christianity. "To Islam, matter is spirit realising itself in space and time" whereas Europe had "accepted the separation of Church and State and disliked the fact that their leaders were "indirectly forcing the world to accept it as unquestionable dogma [...] I do not know what will be the final fate of the national idea in the world of Islam. Whether Islam will assimilate and transform it as it has before assimilated and transformed many ideas expressive of a different spirit, or allow a radical transformation of its own structure by the force of this idea, is hard to predict. Professor Wensinck of Leiden (Holland) wrote to me the other day: "It seems to me that Islam is entering upon a crisis through which Christianity has been passing for more than a century. The great difficulty is how to save the foundations of religion when many antiquated notions have to be given up."<ref name="res" /><br />
<br />
Iqbal spoke of:<br />
{{blockquote|The unity of an Indian nation, therefore, must be sought not in the negation, but in the mutual harmony and cooperation, of the many. True statesmanship cannot ignore facts, however unpleasant they may be [...] And it is on the discovery of Indian unity in this direction that the fate of India as well as of Asia really depends [...] If an effective principle of cooperation is discovered in India it will bring peace and mutual goodwill to this ancient land which has suffered so long [...] And it will at the same time solve the entire political problem of Asia.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heritagetimes.in/allama-iqbal-muslim-league-two-nation-theory/|title=Sir/Allama Muhammad Iqbal's Presidential Address to the Allahabad Session of the All-India Muslim League in 1930|last=Salim|first=Saquib|website=Heritage Times|date=22 September 2019|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In regards to the army, Iqbal stated:<br />
{{blockquote| Punjab with 56 percent Muslim population supplies 54 percent of the total combatant troops to the Indian Army, and if the 19,000 Gurkhas recruited from the independent State of Nepal are excluded, the Punjab contingent amounts to 62 percent of the whole Indian Army. This percentage does not take into account nearly 6,000 combatants supplied to the Indian Army by the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan. From this, you can easily calculate the possibilities of North-West Indian Muslims in regards to the defence of India against foreign aggression. Thus processing full opportunity of development within the body politic of India, the North-West Indian Muslims will prove the best defenders of India against a foreign invasion.}}<br />
<br />
Iqbal also addresses how it was "painful to observe" the failed attempts to "discover such a principle of internal harmony". However, he still felt "hopeful". He expressed great concerns that the British politicians were "cleverly exploiting Hindu-Muslim differences regarding the ultimate form of Central Government" through Princes of the Princely States. He was also critical of the Simon Report that it did great "injustice to Muslims" to not be given a statutory majority for Punjab and Bengal. Furthermore, he demanded Sindh to be united with Baluchistan and turned into a separate province as it did not have anything in common with Bombay Presidency.<br />
<br />
Comparing the European democracy to Indian democracy, he justified the Muslim demand for a "Muslim India ''within'' India", saying:<ref>{{cite web|title = Sir Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 Presidential Address|work = Scribd|url = https://www.scribd.com/doc/32064186/Sir-Muhammad-Iqbal%E2%80%99s-1930-Presidential-Address|access-date = 24 February 2014|archive-date = 4 March 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140304105902/http://www.scribd.com/doc/32064186/Sir-Muhammad-Iqbal%E2%80%99s-1930-Presidential-Address|url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
{{blockquote|The principle of European democracy cannot be applied to India without recognizing the fact of communal groups. The Muslim demand for the creation of a Muslim India within India is, therefore, perfectly justified. The resolution of the All-Parties Muslim Conference at Delhi is, to my mind, wholly inspired by this noble ideal of a harmonious whole which, instead of stifling the respective individualities of its component wholes, affords them chances of fully working out the possibilities that may be latent in them. And I have no doubt that this House will emphatically endorse the Muslim demands embodied in this resolution.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heritagetimes.in/allama-iqbal-muslim-league-two-nation-theory/|title=Sir/Allama Muhammad Iqbal's Presidential Address to the Allahabad Session of the All-India Muslim League in 1930|last=Salim|first=Saquib|website=HeritageTimes|date=22 September 2019|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
Commenting on the Hindu fears of religious rule in the Muslim autonomous states, Iqbal said:<br />
{{blockquote| Muslim demand is not actuated by the kind of motive he imputes to us; it is actuated by a genuine desire for free development which is practically impossible under the type of unitary government contemplated by the nationalist Hindu politicians with a view to secure permanent command dominance in the whole of India. Nor should the [[Hindu]]s fear that the creation of autonomous Muslim states will mean the introduction of a kind of religious rule in such states. I have already indicated to you the meaning of the word religion, as applied to [[Islam]]. The truth is that Islam is not a Church [...] I, therefore, demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim State in the best interests of India and Islam. For India, it means security and peace resulting from an internal balance of power; for Islam, an opportunity to rid itself of the stamp that [[Arab people|Arabian]] [[Imperialism]] was forced to give it, to mobilize its law, its education, its culture, and to bring them into closer contact with its own original spirit and with the spirit of modern times.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heritagetimes.in/allama-iqbal-muslim-league-two-nation-theory/|title=Sir/Allama Muhammad Iqbal's Presidential Address to the Allahabad Session of the All-India Muslim League in 1930|last=Salim|first=Saquib|website=HeritageTimes|date=22 September 2019|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
In his concluding remarks, Iqbal said:<br />
{{blockquote| India demands complete organization and unity of will and purpose in the Muslim community, both in your own interest as a community and in the interest of India as a whole [...] We have a duty toward India where we are destined to live and die. We have a duty towards Asia, especially Muslim Asia. And since 70 millions of Muslims in single country constitute a far more valuable asset to Islam than all the countries of Muslim Asia put together, we must look at the Indian problem not only from the Muslim point of view but also from the standpoint of the Indian Muslim as such.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heritagetimes.in/allama-iqbal-muslim-league-two-nation-theory/|title=Sir/Allama Muhammad Iqbal's Presidential Address to the Allahabad Session of the All-India Muslim League in 1930|last=Salim|first=Saquib|website=HeritageTimes|date=22 September 2019|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Importance==<br />
Iqbal's address was known to have a forceful and logical presentation of the Muslim case in India. His address arises the awareness why should Muslims be treated as a political entity rather than a minority. His address highlights the following views that would prove highly beneficial in future.<ref name="The Allahabad Address"/><br />
<br />
* Territorial adjustments will enable the Muslims to develop themselves in accordance with their ideas and serve the cause of Ummah.<br />
* Redistribution of territory developed later on the concept of a Muslim homeland.<br />
* He further expressed these ideas in letters to Jinnah from May 1936 to November 1937. He talked of a separate federation of Muslim provinces. The North Western India and Bengal can be considered as entitled to [[self-determination]] like other nations in India and outside. Shariah's development is impossible without a free Muslim state or states. He advised the Muslims to be above self-interest and devote themselves to Islam.<br />
* In difficult times, Islam has saved the Muslims.<br />
* Faith, culture and historical traditions are more important than patriotism.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Index of Muhammad Iqbal–related articles]]<br />
* [[Islam in India]]<br />
* [[Islam in Pakistan]]<br />
* [[Islam in Bangladesh]]<br />
* [[Islam in Egypt]]<br />
* [[Islam in Russia]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
* [http://www.allamaiqbal.com/webcont/393/AllahabadAddress.html Allahabad Address] at the Allama Iqbal.com<br />
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html Allahabad Address] at the Columbia University<br />
<br />
{{Pakistan Movement}}<br />
{{Muhammad Iqbal}}<br />
{{Islamic philosophy}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1930 in British India]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]<br />
[[Category:History of Prayagraj]]<br />
[[Category:Muhammad Iqbal]]<br />
[[Category:1930 speeches]]<br />
[[Category:History of the All-India Muslim League]]</div>Aniketdigihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Trinity&diff=539477Tamil Trinity2025-11-13T13:04:58Z<p>Aniketdigi: Created a article...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
<br />
The '''Tamil Trinity''' (also known as the Tamil Moovar) commonly refers to the three Tamil composers of early [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] music. They were [[Muthu Thandavar ]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Subramanian |first=V. K. |year=1996 |title=Sacred Songs of India |volume=10 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |page=2 |isbn=9788170174448}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Muthutandavar : A Landmark Composer |url=http://www.chembur.com/carnatic/page06.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707213340/http://www.chembur.com/carnatic/page06.html |archive-date=2006-07-07 |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=www.chembur.com}}</ref> (1525–1600 CE), [[Arunachala Kavi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Music |url=http://www.carnatica.net/tmusic.htm |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=www.carnatica.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=V |first=Sriram |date=2019-04-11 |title=The making of Rama Natakam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-making-of-rama-natakam/article26805079.ece |access-date=2025-11-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> (1711–1779) and [[Marimutthu Pillai]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Priyamvada |first=Amrita |year=2007 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian music |publisher=Anmol |page=11 |isbn=9788126131143}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Carpet Carnatic Composers: Marimutha Pillai |url=https://www.karnatik.com/co1069.shtml |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=www.karnatik.com}}</ref> (1712–1787), and lived five decades before the Tiruvarur Trinity or [[Trinity of Carnatic Music]]. They introduced several innovations that led to the evolution of the Carnatic ''kriti'' (song).<br />
<br />
A [[Tamil Trinity Memorial Hall|memorial hall]] was constructed in honor of the Tamil Isai Moovar, in Sirkazhi.<br />
<br />
{{Portal|India|Music}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
[[Tamil Trinity Memorial Hall]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Carnatic music]]<br />
[[Category:Indian classical music]]<br />
[[Category:Classical and art music traditions]]<br />
[[Category:Indian styles of music]]<br />
[[Category:Mayiladuthurai district]]</div>Aniketdigi