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Manasellam (TV series)

2026-05-07T17:13:32Z

AngleaDeason621: Started a entry...

{{Infobox television
| image = Manasellam Zee Tamil.jpeg
| image_size =
| caption =
| alt_name = மனசெல்லாம்
| genre = [[Family]] <br> [[Romance film|Romance]]
| writer = Ramana Gopinath {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = Karthik Ramkumar
| director = {{ubl|
* Brahma G. Dev
}}
| based_on =
| starring = {{ubl|
* Deepak Kumar
* Surendar Shanmugam
* Venba
* Parameshwari Reddy
}}
| executive_producer =
| producer = Shihan Dr. Puspanathan
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| language = Tamil
| country = India
| open_theme =
| music = Aron
| company =
| editor = Rameshkumar
| cinematography = Gopal
| runtime = 20–22 minutes per episode
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| channel = [[Zee Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2025|1|20}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2025|11|22}}
}}

'''''Manasellam''''' ({{translation|All over the heart}}) is an Indian [[Tamil-language]] romantic family drama series that premiered on 20 January 2025 and ended on 22 November 2025 on [[Zee Tamil]]. It digitally streams on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/zee-tamil-launches-two-new-fiction-shows-manasellam-and-getti-melam/|title=Zee Tamil launches two new fiction shows; Manasellam and Getti Melam|website=www.medianews4u.com|date=20 January 2025|language=en}}</ref> It stars Deepak Kumar, Surendar Shanmugam, Venba and Parameshwari Reddy in the lead roles.<ref name="Cast & Story & Promo" /> The serial is based on the bond between an two elder brother and his two younger sisters family. It is produced by Shihan Dr. Puspanathan, written by Ramana Gopinath and directed by Brahma G. Dev. The series was launched along with ''[[Gettimelam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mediabrief.com/zee-tamil-new-serials-manasellam-and-getti-melam/|title=Zee Tamil announces two new shows: Manasellam and Getti Melam|website=mediabrief.com |date=20 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/127002|title=சின்னத்திரை : ஜீ தமிழில் இரண்டு புதிய தொடர்கள் |website=[[Dinamalar]]|date=20 January 2025|language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves around Raja Sundaram's family and his brother Gunasekaran and Sisters Subbulakshmi and Varalakshmi, who run a 'Cholan Masala' business out of their village.

Raja Sundaram's son Karikalan, an illiterate but kind person. Gunasekaran's son Arul, who in foreign education. Subbulakshmi, she is widow, her daughter Nandini is studious and patriotic. Second younger sister Varalakshmi's daughter Vanathi is distant from studies but innocent. They are plans to arrange two marriages, Karikalan with Vanathi and Arul with Nandini in same time. However the revelation of a secret love of Vanathi with Arul disrupts these plans and sparking conflict. The marriage ends with Karikalan weds Nandini and Arul weds Vanathi.<ref name="Cast & Story & Promo" />

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Deepak Chinky as Karikalan: Nandini's husband, Vanathi's ex-fiance, Arul's elder cousin, Sundaram and Manimegalai's son
* Jai Bala / Surendar Shanmugam as Arul: Vanathi's love interest turned husband, Nandini's ex-fiance and ex-lover, Karikalan's younger cousin, Gunasekaran and Kalyani's son
* Venba as Vanathi:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/manasellam-new-serial-coming-soon-at-zee-tamil-1735982740|title=ஜீ தமிழில் விரைவில் ஒளிபரப்பாகும் புதிய தொடர்.. வெளிவந்த புரொமோ |website=cineulagam.com|language=ta}}</ref> Arul's wife, Karikalan's ex-fiancee and ex-lover, Varalakshmi's daughter
* Parameshwari Reddy as Nandini: Karikalan's wife, Arul's ex-fiancee and ex-lover, Subbulakshmi's daughter

=== Recurring ===
* [[Uday Mahesh]] as Raja Sundaram: Manimegalai's husband and Karikalan's father
* Surendar Raaj as Gunasekaran: Sundaram's younger brother, Kalyani's husband and Arul and Kayal's father
* Bagyalakshmi as Manimegalai: Raja Sundaram's wife and Karikalan's mother
* Sindhujaa Vijii as Kalyani: Gunasekaran's wife and Arul and Kayal's mother
* Devi Teju as Subbulakshmi: Nandini's mother, Sundaram and Gunasekaran's first younger sister, Varalakshmi's elder sister
* Vasavi as Varalakshmi: Vanathi, and Sathya's mother, Sundaram and Gunasekaran's second younger sister, Subbulakshmi's younger sister
* Yadhavi / Vinitha as Kanaga: Sundaram's daughter from another wife
* Udumalai Ravi as Kanaga's uncle
* Hari Krishnan as Kalyani's brother
* Keerthi Vijay as Aishwarya
* Hema Chinraj as Sathya
* Dheekshi Jansi as Kayal
* Sumathi Sri as Arul, Karikalan, Nandini and Vanathi's grandmother

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
After ''[[Endrendrum Punnagai (TV series)|Endrendrum Punnagai]]'', Deepak Kumar made a comeback on [[Zee Tamil]], through the series as "Karikalan".<ref name="Cast & Story & Promo" /> Newcomer Jai Bala was cast as Arul, with his rise to fame coming through his numerous short films and single shot film ''[[Drama (2022 film)|Drama]]''. On 19 May 2025, Jai Bala opted out from the show<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-jai-bala-announces-his-exit-from-tv-show-manasellam-surendar-to-replace-him-as-arul/articleshow/121248315.cms|title=Actor Jai Bala announces his exit from TV show 'Manasellam'|date=18 May 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=|language=en}}</ref> and was replaced by Surendhar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actor-surendar-joins-the-cast-of-manasellam/articleshow/121248971.cms|title=Television actor Surendar joins the cast of 'Manasellam'|date=18 May 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=|language=en}}</ref> Actress Venba made her debut as Vanathi, with her rise to fame coming through her numerous child artist roles in films.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-manasellam-actress-vanba-acted-in-suriyas-film-ghajini/articleshow/118171444.cms|title=Did you know Manasellam actress Vanba acted in Suriya's film Ghajini?|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 February 2025|language=en}}</ref> Telugu Television actress Parameshwari Reddy made her Tamil debut as Nandini.<ref name="Cast & Story & Promo" />

=== Release ===
The first promo was released on 15 December 2024, which gave a brief insight in Raja Sundaram's family and The main characters of the series were also introduced. The second promo was unveiled on 3 January 2025, featuring Deepak Kumar, Jai Bala, Venba and Parameshwari Reddy depicting the story with a song and revealing the leads.<ref name="Cast & Story & Promo">{{Cite web|author=Vinodhini Kumar |url=https://www.southmoviez.com/tamil/tamil-tv/manasellam-serial-cast-trailer/|title=Another New Rural Serial 'Manasellam' to be launched in Zee Tamil Soon|website=www.southmoviez.com|date=16 December 2024|language=en}}</ref>

In end of July 2025, actress [[Sandhya (actress, born 1988)|Sandhya]] was cast as special Appearance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Sandhya makes a special appearance on 'Manasellam'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-sandhya-makes-a-special-appearance-on-manasellam/articleshow/122876156.cms|access-date=24 July 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt37284196}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/manasellam/0-6-4z5689897 ''Manasellam''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Borivali Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T20:38:11Z

AngleaDeason621: creating new bio

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Borivali
| constituency_no = 152
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 152-Borivali.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North]]
| district = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Sanjay Upadhyay]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| electors = 325,749
}}
'''Borivali Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]]. This constituency came into existence in 1951 as one of the 268 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Bombay state]].

==Overview==
Borivali constituency is one of the 26 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 |df= }}</ref>

Borivali is part of the [[Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Dahisar Assembly constituency|Dahisar]], [[Magathane Assembly constituency|Magathane]] [[Kandivali East Assembly constituency|Kandivali East]], [[Charkop Assembly constituency|Charkop]] and [[Malad West Assembly constituency|Malad West]] in the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Deshpande Madhav Krishna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="2" | Ishwarlal Pranjiwandas Parekh
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || J. G. Dattani
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Dwarkanath Govind Palkar
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="3" | [[Ram Naik]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=10}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan="3" | Hemendra Mehta
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="2" | [[Gopal Shetty]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Vinod Tawde]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Sunil Rane|Sunil Dattatraya Rane]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Sanjay Upadhyay]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borivali <ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Borivali">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Borivali |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13152.htm |access-date=4 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204104310/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13152.htm |archive-date=4 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanjay Upadhyay]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 139,947 |percentage = 69.82% |change = {{decrease}}9.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjay Waman Bhosale |party = Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 39,690 |percentage = 19.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kunal Vijay Mainkar |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 17,829 |percentage = 8.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 3,637 |percentage = 1.81% |change = {{decrease}}4.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kisan Sukhdevrao Ingole |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,677 |percentage = 0.84% |change = {{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 100,257 |percentage = 50.02% |change = {{decrease}}10.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 204,079 |percentage = 62.65% |change = {{increase}}7.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 200,442}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 325,749 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borivali <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sunil Rane|Sunil Dattatraya Rane]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 123,712 |percentage = 79.37% |change = {{increase}}18.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kumar Khilare |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,691 |percentage = 18.41% |change = {{increase}}9.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 10,095 |percentage = 6.48% |change = {{increase}}5.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajesh Ramkisan Mallah |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,232 |percentage = 1.43% |change = {{increase}}0.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhirubhai Gohil |party = Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Party |votes = 1,234 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 95,021 |percentage = 60.96% |change = {{increase}}16.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 165,979 |percentage = 55.06% |change = {{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 155,869}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 301,446 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}8.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}18.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borivali <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vinod Tawde]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 108,278 |percentage = 61.20% |change = {{increase}}13.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Agarwal Uttamprakash Ca |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 29,011 |percentage = 16.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nayan Pradip Kadam |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 21,765 |percentage = 12.30% |change = {{decrease}}14.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Ramdas Sutrale |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,993 |percentage = 8.47% |change = {{decrease}}15.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,056 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Inderpal Singh |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 1,190 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 79,267 |percentage = 44.80% |change = {{increase}}24.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 178,977 |percentage = 54.57% |change = {{increase}}6.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 176,920}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 327,955 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}13.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borivali <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Gopal Shetty]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 68,926 |percentage = 47.43% |change = {{decrease}}5.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nayan Pradip Kadam |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 38,699 |percentage = 26.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhushan Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,119 |percentage = 24.17% |change = {{decrease}}10.45 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,227 |percentage = 20.80% |change = {{increase}}2.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 145,333 |percentage = 48.31% |change = {{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 145,327}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 300,840 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}49.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}5.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borivali }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Gopal Shetty]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 152,748 |percentage = 52.63% |change = {{decrease}}10.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shashee Prabhu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 100,475 |percentage = 34.62% |change = {{increase}}0.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hemendra Mehta |party = Independent politician |votes = 28,506 |percentage = 9.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nanakbhai Rajbhar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,003 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 52,273 |percentage = 18.01% |change = {{decrease}}10.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 290,257 |percentage = 48.41% |change = {{increase}}6.68 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 290,250}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 599,541 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}10.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borivali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Hemendra Mehta |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 127,784 |percentage = 62.90% |change = {{decrease}}1.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Ramdas Sutrale |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 69,851 |percentage = 34.38% |change = {{increase}}7.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. M. Gaikwad |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,819 |percentage = 1.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 57,933 |percentage = 28.52% |change = {{decrease}}8.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 206,487 |percentage = 41.73% |change = {{decrease}}11.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 203,145}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 494,845 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borivali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Hemendra Mehta |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 163,639 |percentage = 64.47% |change = {{increase}}7.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chintaman Mali |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 68,810 |percentage = 27.11% |change = {{increase}}4.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. D. Shah |party = Janata Dal |votes = 6,470 |percentage = 2.55% |change = {{decrease}}13.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand Shetty |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 3,536 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayendra H. Parsawala |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,289 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mnjulabay Ramesh Patel |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,629 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 94,829 |percentage = 37.36% |change = {{increase}}3.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 257,908 |percentage = 53.09% |change = {{increase}}4.00 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 253,832}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 485,826 |ref = |change = {{increase}}40.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}7.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borivali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Hemendra Mehta |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 96,038 |percentage = 56.94% |change = {{increase}}5.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sutrale Vijay Ramdas |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,160 |percentage = 22.62% |change = {{decrease}}9.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rashmi Mhatre |party = Janata Dal |votes = 27,216 |percentage = 16.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohan Bhoir |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,904 |percentage = 2.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 57,878 |percentage = 34.31% |change = {{increase}}14.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 170,212 |percentage = 49.09% |change = {{increase}}0.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 168,672}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 346,721 |ref = |change = {{increase}}42.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borivali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ram Naik]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 59,981 |percentage = 51.55% |change = {{decrease}}2.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Navnit Gandhi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,454 |percentage = 32.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gajanan Santuram Thakare |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,011 |percentage = 14.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bilgu Yadav |party = Lokdal |votes = 944 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,527 |percentage = 19.36% |change = {{decrease}}0.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 117,717 |percentage = 48.46% |change = {{increase}}10.96 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 116,350}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 242,930 |ref = |change = {{increase}}41.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borivali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ram Naik]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 34,513 |percentage = 53.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aaba Alias Ramakant Patil |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 21,819 |percentage = 34.08% |change = {{increase}}16.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. Shroff |party = Janata Party |votes = 7,071 |percentage = 11.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,694 |percentage = 19.83% |change = {{decrease}}30.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,601 |percentage = 37.50% |change = {{decrease}}27.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,014}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,255 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}13.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borivali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ram Naik]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 60,510 |percentage = 67.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ramakant Parshuram |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 15,433 |percentage = 17.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Daruvale Vijay Mahadev |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 7,514 |percentage = 8.35% |change = {{decrease}}1.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajbhai Khot |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,504 |percentage = 6.12% |change = {{decrease}}45.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Agrawal Natvarlal |party = Independent politician |votes = 843 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 45,077 |percentage = 50.10% |change = {{increase}}22.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,371 |percentage = 64.64% |change = {{increase}}5.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,967}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,358 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}15.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borivali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dwarkanath Govind Palkar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,389 |percentage = 51.92% |change = {{increase}}10.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thakarshi Mulji Tanna |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 19,270 |percentage = 24.17% |change = {{increase}}8.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhanubhai J. Kapadia |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 9,999 |percentage = 12.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopal Dattaram Pendnekar |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 8,037 |percentage = 10.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chindu Kisan Sonawane |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,021 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,119 |percentage = 27.75% |change = {{increase}}4.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,611 |percentage = 59.14% |change = {{decrease}}5.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,716}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,007 |ref = |change = {{increase}}43.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borivali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = J. G. Dattani |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,148 |percentage = 41.10% |change = {{decrease}}18.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. G. Palkar |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 10,254 |percentage = 17.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. C. Dave |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 9,092 |percentage = 15.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. R. Karode |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 8,929 |percentage = 15.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. M. Jha |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 4,164 |percentage = 7.09% |change = {{decrease}}9.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Parekh |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,499 |percentage = 2.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,894 |percentage = 23.65% |change = {{decrease}}18.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,607 |percentage = 64.28% |change = {{increase}}2.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,760}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,843 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}38.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}18.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Borivali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ishwarlal Pranjiwandas Parekh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 55,940 |percentage = 59.53% |change = {{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padmakar Balkrishna Samant |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 16,601 |percentage = 17.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muljibhai Gopalji Paurana |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 15,480 |percentage = 16.47% |change = {{decrease}}20.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandurang Nana Gavand |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 5,094 |percentage = 5.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jeshtaram Jaishankar Jani |party = Independent politician |votes = 861 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 39,339 |percentage = 41.86% |change = {{increase}}20.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,030 |percentage = 62.24% |change = {{increase}}11.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,976}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,890 |ref = |change = {{increase}}74.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Borivali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ishwarlal Pranjiwandas Parekh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,831 |percentage = 58.63% |change = {{increase}}17.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jha Bhagirath Sadanand |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 17,021 |percentage = 37.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Samant Padmakar Balkrishna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,913 |percentage = 4.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,810 |percentage = 21.44% |change = {{increase}}16.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,765 |percentage = 51.11% |change = {{increase}}8.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,765}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,538 |ref = |change = {{increase}}67.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}17.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Borivali <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Deshpande Madhav Krishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,253 |percentage = 40.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Welingkar Laxmikant Narayan |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 8,145 |percentage = 35.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajda Pranjiwan Sunderdas |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,503 |percentage = 11.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dandekar Dattatray Anant |party = Independent politician |votes = 998 |percentage = 4.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Churi Madhav Narayan |party = Independent politician |votes = 688 |percentage = 3.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sarma Amarnath |party = Independent politician |votes = 656 |percentage = 2.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dwivedi Avadh Narayandhar |party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 409 |percentage = 1.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,108 |percentage = 4.89% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 22,652 |percentage = 42.26% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 22,652}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,603 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Borivali]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai Suburban district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.2318138|72.8251043}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Borivali]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

John Ralston Marr

2026-05-05T08:12:19Z

AngleaDeason621: adding a biography

{{Short description|English Indologist and writer (1927–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = John Ralston Marr
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1927|07|05}}
| birth_place = [[Leatherhead]], [[Surrey]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2022|05|19|1927|07|05}}
| death_place = England
| restingplace =
| othername =
| occupation = Writer<br />[[Indologist]]
| yearsactive =
| known for = Tamil Studies
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]<br />[[Kural Peedam Award]]
}}

'''John Ralston Marr''' (5 July 1927 – 19 May 2022) was an English [[Indologist]], writer and a member of faculty at the [[SOAS, University of London|School of Oriental and African Studies]], London.<ref name="Spring, Heat, Rains: A South Indian Diary">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80gWwO3XJOMC&q=John+Marr+tamil&pg=PR11 | title=Spring, Heat, Rains: A South Indian Diary | publisher=University of Chicago Press | author=David Shulman | year=2009 | pages=Preface (p.254) | isbn=9780226755786}}</ref>

He is known as a scholar of [[Carnatic music]] and [[Tamil literature]]<ref name="Padma Shree Dr John Marr (part 1 of 5)">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHlxGaAHk_E | title=Padma Shree Dr John Marr (part 1 of 5) | publisher=Life is Glorious | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=23 Mar 2009 | access-date=February 15, 2016}}</ref> and is the author of several publications<ref name="Marr on WorldCat">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AMarr%2C+John+Ralston.&qt=hot_author | title=Marr on WorldCat | publisher=WorldCat | date=2016 | access-date=February 15, 2016}}</ref> including ''An introduction to colloquial Tamil'',<ref name="An introduction to colloquial Tamil">{{cite book | title=An introduction to colloquial Tamil | publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies |author1=John Ralston Marr |author2=P Kothandaraman |author3=Arumugam Kandiah | year=1979 | pages=130 | oclc=416445131}}</ref> ''The Pĕriya purāṇam frieze at Tārācuram : episodes in the lives of the Tamil Śaiva saints'',<ref name="The Pĕriya purāṇam frieze at Tārācuram : episodes in the lives of the Tamil Śaiva saints">{{cite book | title=The Pĕriya purāṇam frieze at Tārācuram : episodes in the lives of the Tamil Śaiva saints | publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies | author=John Ralston Marr | year=1979 | pages=289 | oclc=498713718}}</ref> ''The eight Tamil anthologies, with special reference to Pur̲anān̲ūr̲u and Patir̲r̲uppattu''<ref name="The eight Tamil anthologies, with special reference to Pur̲anān̲ūr̲u and Patir̲r̲uppattu">{{cite book | title=The eight Tamil anthologies, with special reference to Pur̲anān̲ūr̲u and Patir̲r̲uppattu | publisher=Institute of Asian Studies | author=John Ralston Marr | year=1985 | pages=550 | oclc=13270225}}</ref> and ''Letterature dravidiche'', the last one in Italian language.<ref name="Letterature dravidiche">{{cite book | title=Letterature dravidiche | publisher=Società Editrice Libraria | author=John Ralston Marr | year=1969 | pages=559–626 | oclc=500157803}}</ref> His book, ''An introduction to Colloquial Tamil''. is a prescribed text for post graduate studies in [[Tamil language]] at the [[SOAS, University of London|School of Oriental and African Languages]]<ref name="Tamil Language 1 (PG)">{{cite web | url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/courseunits/15PSAC311.html | title=Tamil Language 1 (PG) | publisher=School of Oriental and African Languages | date=2016 | access-date=February 15, 2016 | archive-date=24 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124013218/http://www.soas.ac.uk/courseunits/15PSAC311.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> and he presented a paper at the ''Fourth International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies'' at Jaffna, in 1974.<ref name="Details of the Research Papers">{{cite web | url=http://sangam.org/jaffna-international-tamil-research-conference-1974/ | title=Details of the Research Papers | publisher=Sangam | date=2014 | access-date=February 15, 2016}}</ref>

He is a founder trustee of the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, UK<ref name="Description">{{cite web | url=http://www.bizdb.co.uk/company/bharatiya-vidya-bhavan-limited-01090630/ | title=Description | publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan | date=2016 | access-date=February 15, 2016}}</ref> and a recipient of the 2011 [[Kural Peedam Award]] of the [[Central Institute of Classical Tamil]], an autonomous institution under the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]].<ref name="Presidential awards for classical Tamil presented">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/presidential-awards-for-classical-tamil-presented/article5219483.ece | title=Presidential awards for classical Tamil presented | work=The Hindu | date=10 October 2013 | access-date=February 15, 2016}}</ref>

The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2009, for his contributions to education.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=January 3, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=October 15, 2015 }}</ref>

Marr died on 19 May 2022, at the age of 94.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remembering John Marr |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/news/remembering-john-marr |website=SOAS, University of London |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref>

{{Portal|India|Education|United Kingdom}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHlxGaAHk_E | title=Padma Shree Dr John Marr (part 1 of 5) | publisher=Life is Glorious | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=23 Mar 2009 | access-date=February 15, 2016}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5l4TVky1OA0 | title=Padma Shree Dr John Marr (part 2 of 5) | publisher=Life is Glorious | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=23 Mar 2009 | access-date=February 15, 2016}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3ndW2Vgg2U | title=Padma Shree Dr John Marr (part 3 of 5) | publisher=Life is Glorious | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=23 Mar 2009 | access-date=February 15, 2016}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKBe2c3i_Sk | title=Padma Shree Dr John Marr (part 4 of 5) | publisher=Life is Glorious | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=23 Mar 2009 | access-date=February 15, 2016}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwxx50Cw1sM | title=Padma Shree Dr John Marr (part 5 of 5) | publisher=Life is Glorious | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=23 Mar 2009 | access-date=February 15, 2016}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | title=Letterature dravidiche | publisher=Società Editrice Libraria | author=John Ralston Marr | year=1969 | pages=559–626 | oclc=500157803}}
* {{cite book | title=An introduction to colloquial Tamil | publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies |author1=John Ralston Marr |author2=P Kothandaraman |author3=Arumugam Kandiah | year=1979 | pages=130 | oclc=416445131}}
* {{cite book | title=The Pĕriya purāṇam frieze at Tārācuram : episodes in the lives of the Tamil Śaiva saints | publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies | author=John Ralston Marr | year=1979 | pages=289 | oclc=498713718}}
* {{cite book | title=The eight Tamil anthologies, with special reference to Pur̲anān̲ūr̲u and Patir̲r̲uppattu | publisher=Institute of Asian Studies | author=John Ralston Marr | year=1985 | pages=550 | oclc=13270225}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marr, John Ralston}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:British writers]]
[[Category:British Indologists]]
[[Category:Linguists from the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Academics of SOAS University of London]]
[[Category:Alumni of SOAS University of London]]
[[Category:People from Leatherhead]]

Sakhi Daler Khan

2026-05-05T05:21:11Z

AngleaDeason621: Made New Data First Draft...

{{Short description|Pakistani Army officer (1924–1994)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More footnotes|date=September 2010}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix = ''Fateh-e-Kotli''<br>''Ghazi-e-Azadi''
|name = Raja Sakhi Daler Khan
|honorific_suffix =
|image = Major_General_Sakhi_Daler_Khan_with_Mashriqi.jpg
|image_upright =
|alt =
|caption = Sakhi Delair Khan with Mashriqi
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|birth_name =
|other_name =
|nickname =
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1924|12|13}}
|birth_place = Sarsawa (now Sakhi Delar Abad), [[Kotli District]], [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1994|9|16|1924|12|13}}
|death_place =
|death_cause =
|burial_place =
|burial_label =
|burial_coordinates = 
|allegiance = {{flag|British Raj}}<br>{{flagdeco|India|1931}} [[Azad Hind|Free India]]<br>{{flag|Pakistan}}
|branch = {{army|British India}}<br>{{flagdeco|India|1931}} [[Indian National Army]] <br>{{army|Pakistan}}
|branch_label = 
|service_years =
|service_years_label =
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|battles = [[World War II]]<br>[[First Kashmir War]]
|battles_label =
|awards =
|memorials =
|alma_mater =
|spouse = 
|children =
|relations =
|other_work =
}}

'''Raja Sakhi Daler Khan''' (or '''Sakhi Delair Khan'''; 13 December 1924 – 16 September 1994) was an Indian Army officer. He led Pakistani troops and irregulars in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]. Due to his major role in the liberation of the kotli of [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]], the village of Sarsawa was subsequently renamed Sakhi Delair Abad in his honour.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Pirzada Irshad |title=A hand book on Azad Jammu & Kashmir |publisher=Nawab Sons Publications |year=2003 |isbn=9789695300503 |language=English}}</ref>

==Biography==
Raja Sakhi Delair Khan was born in the village of Sarsawa, [[Kotli]] on 13 December 1924, to a [[Mangran|Mangral Rajput]] family.<ref name="bio">{{cite web |title=16 ستمبر، یومِ وفات، فخرِ کشمیر و فاتحِ راجوری، راجہ سخی دلیر خان، منگرال راجپوت۔ |url=https://www.facebook.com/braverajputcommunity/posts/16-ستمبر-یوم%D9%90-وفات-فخر%D9%90-کشمیر-و-فاتح%D9%90-راجوری-راجہ-سخی-دلیر-خان-منگرال-راجپوتبر%D9%90-/702594041906162/ |website=Brave Rajput Community on Facebook |access-date=23 April 2026 |date=16 September 2023}}</ref> He joined the [[Indian National Army]]. He resigned from his post and joined the [[All-India Muslim League]] on 6 June 1946. League leader [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] requested that he file a report about the current situation of the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Khan visited the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, [[Ram Chandra Kak]] and the last ruling Maharrajah, [[Maharaja Hari Singh]], to better understand their views on whether Jammu and Kashmir should join with Pakistan as laid out in the British proposal for post-Independence India and Pakistan. He reported back to Jinnah at his residence at Aurang Zaib Road, Delhi in 1946 that an alternative plan was required to liberate [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Saraf |first=Mohammad Yusuf |title=Kashmiris' Fight for Freedom: Volume 2 (1947–1978) |publisher=Ferozsons |year=1979 |page=167 |url=https://archive.org/details/part-ii-kashmiris-fight-for-freedom-vol-2-1947-1978-by-yusuf-saraf/page/166/mode/1up |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref>

Khan tried to organise army veterans and recruit them for the fighting for Jammu and Kashmir by showing them a circular signed by Jinnah establishing a War Council on 5 September 1947. Following this, Khan led many battles against the [[Dogras|Dogra]] forces that were currently in control of the area, particularly in [[Kotli District]] and [[Rajouri District]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Under the leadership of Raja Sakhi Daler Khan the Muslims of Rajouri rose against the Dogra rulers and took Rajouri.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Rajouri was subsequently subject to a heavy armed assault lasting several days by the [[Fiftieth Parachute Brigade]], the [[Eightieth Brigade]], and the [[19th Indian Infantry Brigade]] supported by tanks of the [[Central Indian Horse]]. Rajouri fell under control of Indian forces on 12 April 1948, becoming part of the Indian state [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Khan died on 16 September 1994, at the age of 69.<ref name="bio"/>

==Decorations==
The War Council awarded Khan the following honours:{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

* ''Fakhr-e-Kashmir'' (Honour of Kashmir){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* ''Ghazi-e-Kashmir'' (Warrior of Kashmir){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* ''Khadam-e-Din'' (Servant of the Deen){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* Commander in Chief, Tehreek-e-Azaadi{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* Chief Convenor, Jammu and Kashmir Historical Committee{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{more footnotes|date=September 2012}}

* ''Tarekh-e-Kotli Mangralan'', Raja Sarfraz Ahmad Khan Mangral
* ''Mirpur Before 1947'', Sayad Sultan Shah
* ''The Kashmir'', Khalid Mehmood Kokhar Adocate Kotli
* ''Maghribi Jammu Main Jang-e-Azadi'', M. Latif

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Raja Sakhi Daler}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Indian National Army personnel]]
[[Category:People from Kotli District]]

Maharshi Raghava

2026-05-02T15:41:46Z

AngleaDeason621: Started stub...

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maharshi Raghava
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Raghava Gogineni<ref name="mymoviepicker">{{cite web |title=Maharshi Raghava |url=http://www.mymoviepicker.com/personne/maharshi-raghava-156121.htm |website=mymoviepicker.com |publisher=mymoviepicker |accessdate=3 July 2016 |archive-date=18 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818033430/http://www.mymoviepicker.com/personne/maharshi-raghava-156121.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="maastars"/>
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tenali]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<ref name="maastars"/>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1987–present
| spouse = Mythrayee<ref name="maastars"/>
| domestic_partner =
| parents =
| awards = {{unbulleted list|[[Nandi Awards]]}}
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Raghava Gogineni''',<ref name="maastars">{{cite web |last1=MAA |first1=Stars |title=Maharshi |url=http://www.maastars.com/maharshi-profile/ |website=maastars.com |publisher=maastars |accessdate=3 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921022940/http://www.maastars.com/maharshi-profile|archive-date=2013-09-21}}</ref> better known as '''Maharshi Raghava''', is an Indian actor who works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films and television. Raghava acted in more than 170 films in various roles. He shot to fame as a lead actor with his first film ''[[Maharshi (1987 film)|Maharshi]]'' (1987), which gave him the moniker ''Maharshi''.<ref name="apherald">{{cite web |last1=Saraswathi |first1=Saraswathi |title=Talented actor not recognized |url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/8610/Talented-actor-not-recognized-/ |accessdate=30 June 2016 |website=apherald.com |publisher=apherald |archive-date=20 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820070800/http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/8610/Talented-actor-not-recognized-/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He is a recipient of two [[Nandi Awards|Nandi TV Awards]].

==Personal life==
Maharshi Raghava studied till tenth standard in [[Tenali]], Thaluk High school. He also has stage experience. He played [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in a play called ''[[Gandhi Jayanti|Gandhi Jayanthi]]''. He visited the [[United States]] multiple times along with [[Murali Mohan]], [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], and [[Paruchuri brothers|Paruchuri Brothers]].<ref name="maastars"/>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Maharshi Raghava film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
|-
|1987|| ''[[Maharshi (1988 film)|Maharshi]]'' || Maharshi
|-
| rowspan="3" |1988
|''Nava Bharatham''
|
|-
| ''Illu Illaalu Pillalu'' ||
|-
| ''Nyayam Kosam''<ref>{{cite web |title=Nyayam Kosam 1988 Telugu Movie Cast Crew, Actors, Director, Nyayam Kosam Producer, Banner, Music Director, Singers & Lyricists |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/nyayam-kosam-6206/cast-crew |website=MovieGQ |access-date=19 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519101501/https://moviegq.com/movie/nyayam-kosam-6206/cast-crew |url-status=live }}</ref> || Inspector Raghava
|-
| 1989 || ''Aarthanadam''<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Aarthanadam Telugu Full Movie {{!}} Rajasekhar, Seetha, Chandra Mohan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzuN4hhK87A |publisher=Telugu Movies |date=2016-09-06 |access-date=2023-05-23 |language=en |via=YouTube |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630071126/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzuN4hhK87A |url-status=live }}</ref> || Chanti
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Prananiki Pranam]]'' || Giri
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1991 || ''Prema Enta Madhuram'' || Chitti Babu
|-
|''[[Sathruvu|Shatruvu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Chitram Bhalare Vichitram]]'' || Raghava
|-
| ''Keechurallu'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1992
|''Hello Darling''
|
|-
|''[[Dabbu Bhale Jabbu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Chanti (1992 film)|Chanti]]'' || Madman
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993 || ''[[Jamba Lakidi Pamba (1992 film)|Jamba Lakidi Pamba]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Matru Devo Bhava]]'' || Doctor
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Number One (1994 film)|Number One]]'' ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Pokiri Raja]]'' ||
|-
|1996
|''Nalla Pussalu''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1997 || ''[[Subhakankshalu]]''|| Robert
|-
| ''[[Korukunna Priyudu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Devudu]]'' ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Suryavamsam (1998 film)|Suryavamsam]]'' || Diwakar Prasad
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999 || ''[[Seenu (1999 film)|Seenu]]'' || MD
|-
| ''[[Ravoyi Chandamama]]'' || Meghana's brother
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Uncle (2000 film)|Uncle]]'' ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Ninnu Choodalani]]'' ||
|-
| 2005 || ''Slokam'' ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Athili Sattibabu LKG]]'' ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Sangamam (2008 film)|Sangamam]]'' ||
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
|-
|1996–1997
|[[Lady Detective (TV series)|''Lady Detective'']]
|
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|Episode 21
|-
|1997{{Ndash}}1999
|''[[Anveshitha]]''
|Vidyadhar
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|
|-
|1997{{Ndash}}2000
|''[[Ruthuragalu]]''
|Srinivas
|[[DD Saptagiri]]
|
|-
|2024 {{Ndash}} 2026
|''[[Nuvvunte Naa Jathaga]]''
|Sathyam Master
|[[Star Maa]]
|
|-
|}

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards|Nandi TV Awards]]
* 1997: Best Villain for ''Naari Yaagam''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi TV Awards G.O and Results 1997 |url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-tv-awards-1997.html |website=APSFTVTDC |access-date=5 January 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125073659/http://apsftvtdc.in/nandi-tv-awards-1997.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1999: Special Jury Award – Actor for ''Puvvu''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi TV Awards G.O and Results 1999 |url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-tv-awards-1999.html |website=APSFTVTDC |access-date=5 January 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125064559/http://apsftvtdc.in/nandi-tv-awards-1999.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0706474}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghava, Maharshi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:People from Tenali]]
[[Category:Actors from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ama Bus

2026-04-27T14:07:22Z

AngleaDeason621: post!

{{Short description|Bus transit service in Odisha, India}}
{{Hatnote|"Capital Region Urban Transport" redirects here.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Bus transit
| name = Ama Bus
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image = File:MoBus_AC_Bus.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Air Conditioned Ama Bus with blue colour scheme
| parent = Capital Region Urban Transport (CRUT)
| commenced = 6 November, 2018
| headquarters = Plot No. 548/1452, Patia, Kalarahanga, [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
| locale = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Cuttack]], [[Khordha]], [[Pipili]], [[Puri]], [[Konark]], [[Rourkela]], [[Sambalpur]], [[Berhampur]]
| service_area = [[Odisha]]
| service_type = [[Intelligent transportation system|Intelligent Public Transport System]]
| routes =
| destinations =
| stops =
| hubs =
| stations =
| lounge =
| fleet =
| ridership =
| website = {{URL|https://capitalregiontransport.in/}}
}}

'''Ama Bus''' ({{langx |or |ଆମ ବସ୍‌ |lit=Our Bus}}), formerly known as '''Mo Bus'''<ref>{{cite news |title=‘I’ to ‘We’: Mo Bus to become Ama Bus soon in Odisha |date=9 February 2025 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2025/Feb/09/i-to-we-mo-bus-to-become-ama-bus-soon-in-odisha |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=13 February 2026}}</ref> ({{langx |or |ମୋ ବସ୍‌ |lit=My Bus}}), is a [[public transport bus service]] run in [[Odisha]]. '''Capital Region Urban Transport (CRUT)''', a [[special purpose vehicle]] formed under the Housing and Urban Development Department of the [[Government of Odisha]], runs this service. The buses currently operate in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Cuttack]], [[Khordha]], [[Pipili]], [[Puri]], [[Konark]], [[Rourkela]], [[Sambalpur]], [[Berhampur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Company Profile |url=https://www.capitalregiontransport.in/about/company-profile |publisher=CRUT |access-date=13 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Spandana - The Heartbeat of Public Transport in Odisha |url=https://cms.bhubaneswarone.in/uploadDocuments/content/Spandana_-_The_Heartbeat_of_Public_Transport_in_Odisha.pdf |publisher=CRUT |accessdate=13 February 2026}}</ref> The service was inaugurated by the [[Chief Minister of Odisha]], [[Naveen Patnaik]] on 6 November, 2018.<ref name="launch-news">{{cite news |title=Odisha chief minister Naveen Patnaik takes a ride on the Mo Bus |date=6 November 2018 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/odisha-cm-takes-a-ride-rolls-out-mo-bus/cid/1674200 |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref>

==Features==
The buses are equipped with [[Wi-Fi]], [[closed-circuit television camera|CCTV]], [[GPS]], [[passenger information system|public information display system]] and on board announcement facility.<ref name="launch-news" /><ref>{{cite news |title=CM Naveen takes a ride in the newly inaugurated ‘Mo Bus’ |date=6 November 2018 |url=https://odishatv.in/odisha-news/cm-naveen-takes-a-ride-in-the-newly-inaugurated-mo-bus-331569 |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref>

The CRUT AMA BUS [[mobile app]], available on [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]], provides several commuter-friendly features such as locations of nearby bus queue shelters, live bus tracking, estimated time of arrival, real-time bus occupancy, online ticketing and pass purchase.<ref name="launch-news" /><ref>{{cite news |title=CRUT launches new, upgraded Mo Bus mobile app |date=24 February 2024 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Feb/24/crut-launches-new-upgraded-mo-bus-mobile-app |access-date=16 February 2026 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

To promote digital payments, CRUT offers 10% discount on digital tickets for all commuters and 15% discount for women. [[National Common Mobility Card]] and digital passes enable commuters to travel cashless.<ref>{{cite news |title=Odisha CM launches CRUT’s digital mobility initiatives for commuter ease |date=31 August 2025 |url=https://sambadenglish.com/latest-news/odisha-cm-launches-cruts-digital-mobility-initiatives-for-commuter-ease-9772008 |access-date=14 February 2026 |publisher=Sambad}}</ref>

[[Advanced driver-assistance system|Advanced Driver Assistance System]] (ADAS) and [[Driver monitoring system|Driver Fatigue Monitoring System]] (DFMS) will be installed in the buses to enhance safety.<ref>{{cite news |title=Advanced Driver Assistance System, DFMS to be installed in 500 Ama Buses in Odisha |date=19 May 2025 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2025/May/19/advanced-driver-assistance-system-dfms-to-be-installed-in-500-ama-buses-in-odisha |access-date=14 February 2026 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==

===Bus Queue Shelters===
[[File:MoBus Bus stop.jpg|thumb|Bus Queue Shelter at Governor House Square]]
Bus Queue Shelters (BQS) are designated places where buses stop for passengers to board or alight. Each BQS has covered shed to protect passengers against rough weather with polycarbonate semitransparent roof cover, seating arrangements, dustbins, vertical signage posts, back-lit display signage board with location information map and network map. Mounted on some BQS, [[GPS]]-based [[passenger information system|public information system]] (PIS) shows real-time information on Ama Bus plying on the routes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.capitalregiontransport.in/transit-services/mo-bus/bus-queue-shelters |title=Bus Queue Shelters |publisher=CRUT |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.capitalregiontransport.in/project-details/35 |title=Projects - Bus Queue Shelters |publisher=CRUT |access-date=18 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="Functions, Operations and Maintenance">{{cite web |url=https://www.capitalregiontransport.in/functions-operations-and-maintenance |title=Functions, Operations and Maintenance |publisher=CRUT |access-date=18 February 2026}}</ref>

===Automatic Ticket Vending Machines===
The Automatic Ticket Vending Machines (ATVMs) are equipped to issue tickets with a variety of payment methods, including cash, [[Unified Payments Interface|UPI]], and coins, and provide detailed route information.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.capitalregiontransport.in/project-details/55 |title=Projects - Automatic Ticket Vending Machines |publisher=CRUT |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>

===Depots===
Depots are assigned places in the cities where the maintenance of buses is carried out. Night parking and workshop facilities also from a part of the depots.<ref name="Functions, Operations and Maintenance" />

===OD Terminals===
The origin destination (OD) terminals are state of art bus terminals from where a particular bus route either starts or ends.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.capitalregiontransport.in/transit-services/mo-bus/od-terminals |title=OD Terminals |publisher=CRUT |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref>

==Routes==

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible autocollapse"
|+ class="nowrap" | Capital Region (Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Khordha, Puri)
|-
!Route
!Terminal A
!Terminal B
!Via
|-
|[[Double-decker bus|DD]]1
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|Shree Mandira Parking, Puri
|Kalpana Square
|-
|8
|IGKC Hospital
|[[Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital|SUM Hospital]] - Campus 2
|[[Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital|SUM Hospital]], ID Market, Jaydev Vihar, Rasulgarh
|-
|9
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|Patia
|Niladri Vihar
|-
|10
|[[Biju Patnaik International Airport]]
|[[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]], [[Cuttack]]
|Jaydev Vihar, [[Nandankanan Zoological Park|Nandankanan]], Biju Patnaik Park
|-
|11
|Trisulia Bus Stand
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|[[Nandankanan Zoological Park|Nandankanan]], Acharya Vihar
|-
|12
|[[Nandankanan Zoological Park|Nandankanan]]
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|Jaydev Vihar
|-
|13
|[[Nandankanan Zoological Park|Nandankanan]] Botanical Garden
|Lingipur
|AG Square
|-
|13E
|[[Nandankanan Zoological Park|Nandankanan]] Botanical Garden
|[[Dhauli]] Shanti Stupa
|AG Square
|-
|14
|Kalinga Vihar
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|[[Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital|SUM Hospital]], [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bus Terminal|BSABT]], [[Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology|OUAT]], AG Square
|-
|15
|[[Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal|CNBT]]
|Utkal Hospital
|Judicial Academy, KIIT Square, Infocity, Sailashree Vihar
|-
|15E
|[[Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal|CNBT]]
|Salia Sahi
|Judicial Academy, KIIT Square, Infocity, Sailashree Vihar, Utkal Hospital
|-
|16
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|[[Sri Sri University]]
|Vani Vihar, Rasulgarh, [[Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal|CNBT]], [[NLUO]]
|-
|17
|[[Biju Patnaik International Airport]]
|[[Barabati Stadium]]
|NH
|-
|18
|[[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bus Terminal|BSABT]]
|Jagatpur
|[[Nandankanan Zoological Park|Nandankanan]]
|-
|19
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar|AIIMS]]
|Mahanadi Vihar
|NH
|-
|20
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|Khordha New Bus Stand
|Vani Vihar
|-
|21
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|Khordha New Bus Stand
|[[Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology|OUAT]], Fire Station Square
|-
|22A
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|[[Khurda Road Junction railway station|Khordha Road Station]]
|
|-
|22B
|Jatani Gate
|Khordha New Bus Stand
|[[Jatani]]
|-
|23
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|IGKC Hospital
|Fire Station Square, [[Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital|SUM Hospital]]
|-
|24
|Kalinga Vihar
|Sai Mandir
|Rasulgarh
|-
|24E
|Kalinga Vihar
|Bainchua
|Rasulgarh, Sai Mandir
|-
|25
|Dumduma (Ranasinghpur)
|Gadakana
|Master Canteen, Mancheswar
|-
|26
|Dumduma (Jadupur)
|Rajdhani Engineering College Rokat
|Master Canteen, Rasulgarh, Chaikeisiani
|-
|27
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|Bhagwanpur
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar|AIIMS]]
|-
|28
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|Trident Galaxy
|Kalinga Nagar
|-
|29
|Bhagwanpur
|Sai Mandir
|
|-
|29E
|Bhagwanpur
|SBI Colony Kesora
|Sai Mandir
|-
|30
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|Chatabar (Mahatma Gandhi Academy of Prisons)
|[[Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital|SUM Hospital]]
|-
|31
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|[[Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar|Hi-Tech Hospital]] Square
|Toshali Bhawan, [[Laxmi Sagar]]
|-
|32
|[[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bus Terminal|BSABT]]
|[[Lingaraj Temple]]
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|-
|33
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|[[Pipili]] (Danda Mukundapur Bypass)
|
|-
|34
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|Balakati (Sai Hospital)
|
|-
|35
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|[[Adaspur]] (Udayanath College)
|Jayadev Pitha
|-
|35E
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|[[Adaspur]] (Udayanath College)
|Sudhananda Group of Institutions, Jayadev Pitha
|-
|36
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|Mundali
|Judicial Academy
|-
|37
|[[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bus Terminal|BSABT]]
|[[Naraj Marthapur railway station|Naraj Marthapur Railway Station]]
|Trisulia Square, OMFED Dairy
|-
|38
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|Taraboi
|Khordha Bypass, [[IIT Bhubaneswar|IIT]]
|-
|39
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar|AIIMS]]
|Capital Hospital, Bhimatangi
|-
|40
|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar|AIIMS]]
|SBI Colony Kesora
|Capital Hospital, Badagada Brit Colony
|-
|41
|[[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bus Terminal|BSABT]]
|[[DRIEMS]]
|NH, Link Road, Badambadi, Tangi
|-
|42
|[[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bus Terminal|BSABT]]
|[[Nandankanan Zoological Park|Nandankanan]] High School
|Chandaka
|-
|43
|[[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bus Terminal|BSABT]]
|Banamalipur
|Rasulgarh, Kalpana Square, Balakati, Balipatana
|-
|43E
|[[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bus Terminal|BSABT]]
|Abhayamukhi
|Rasulgarh, Kalpana Square, Balakati, Balipatana, Banamalipur
|-
|44
|[[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bus Terminal|BSABT]]
|[[Swami Vivekanand National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research|SVNIRTAR]] Olatpur
|Vani Vihar, Master Canteen, Kalpana Square, Rasulgarh, Nakhara
|-
|45
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|Jayadev Pitha
|Kalpana Square, Sai Mandir, Brahman Sarangi, Khamanga
|-
|46
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|[[Nandankanan Zoological Park|Nandankanan]] High School
|Kalayanpur, Gandarpur
|-
|47
|IGKC Hospital
|[[SCB Medical College]] (Settlement Office)
|[[Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital|SUM Hospital]], Ekamra Kanan, Mayfair, [[Nandankanan Zoological Park|Nandankanan]], [[Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal|CNBT]]
|-
|48
|Khordha New Bus Stand
|Jagatpur
|Pitapalli, Chandaka, [[Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal|CNBT]]
|-
|49
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|Delanga Hata
|[[Pipili]]
|-
|50
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|Puri Bus Stand
|
|-
|51
|[[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bus Terminal|BSABT]]
|Puri Bus Stand
|Rasulgarh
|-
|52
|Puri Bus Stand
|Mangalahata
|[[Puri railway station|Puri Railway Station]], Beach Road
|-
|53
|Malatipatpur Bus Stand
|[[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]
|Puri Bus Stand
|-
|54
|[[NLUO]]
|Puri Bus Stand
|[[Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal|CNBT]], Puri Bypass
|-
|56
|Khordha New Bus Stand
|Puri Bus Stand
|[[Jatani]], [[Pipili]]
|-
|56E
|[[Khurda Road Junction railway station|Khordha Road Station]]
|Puri Bus Stand
|[[Jatani]], [[Pipili]]
|-
|58
|Jagatpur
|Puri Bus Stand
|Link Road, Badambadi, Nakhara, Puri Bypass
|-
|59
|Mahanadi Vihar
|Puri Bus Stand
|Link Road, Badambadi, Nakhara, Puri Bypass
|-
|61
|Puri Bus Stand
|Satapada Bus Stand
|
|-
|62
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|Suando
|Kalpana Square, Pipili Bypass, Pattanaikia
|-
|63
|[[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bus Terminal|BSABT]]
|Madhabananda Temple, [[Niali]]
|Vani Vihar, Rasulgarh, Nakhara, [[Adaspur]]
|-
|64
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|Jatani Gate
|Vani Vihar, Gohiria Square, Madanpur, Bagchi Sri Shankara Hospital
|-
|65
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|Khordha New Bus Stand
|Vani Vihar, [[Wonderla]]
|-
|66
|[[Biju Patnaik International Airport]]
|Pathargadia Square (DN Wisdon School)
|Vani Vihar, Kelucharan Park, [[Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences|KISS College]]
|-
|70
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|[[Konark Sun Temple]]
|Nimapada, Gop
|-
|71
|[[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bus Terminal|BSABT]]
|[[Konark]]
|Rasulgarh, Nimapada, Gop
|-
|72
|[[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]
|Madhabananda Temple, [[Niali]]
|
|-
|73
|Puri Bus Stand
|[[Shree Jagannath Sanskrit University|Sanskrit University]]
|Medical Square, Collector Office
|-
|74
|[[Puri railway station|Puri Railway Station]]
|[[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]
|Puri Bus Stand
|-
|75
|[[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]
|[[Kakatpur]]
|Puri Bus Stand, Balighai, Marine Drive, [[Konark]]
|-
|76
|Puri Bus Stand
|[[Sakhigopal Temple]]
|
|-
|77
|Puri Bus Stand
|Nimapada Bus Stand
|Balighai, Marine Drive, [[Konark]], Gop
|-
|78
|[[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]
|[[Alarnatha Mandira]] (Brahamgiri New Bus Stand)
|
|-
|79
|[[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]
|Light House
|Police Line, SCS College, Kacheri, Swarga Dwar
|-
|80
|Naraj Police Outpost
|Agrahat, Charbatia
|[[NLUO]], [[Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal|CNBT]], [[Cuttack railway station|Cuttack Railway Station]], [[SCB Medical College]], Choudwar
|-
|80E
|Naraj Police Outpost
|Mangarajpur
|[[NLUO]], [[Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal|CNBT]], [[Cuttack railway station|Cuttack Railway Station]], [[SCB Medical College]], Choudwar
|-
|81
|[[Barabati Stadium]]
|Jagannath Temple, [[Salepur]]
|[[SCB Medical College]], OMP Square, Jagatpur
|-
|82
|[[Biju Patnaik International Airport]]
|[[SCB Medical College]] (Settlement Office)
|Capital Hospital, [[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]], Vani Vihar, Nakhara, [[Cuttack railway station|Cuttack Railway Station]]
|-
|83
|[[Dhabaleswar Temple]]
|Kandarpur
|[[Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal|CNBT]], 42 Mouza
|-
|84
|Biju Patnaik Park
|Madhabananda Temple, [[Niali]]
|[[Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal|CNBT]], Link Road, [[Swami Vivekanand National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research|SVNIRTAR]] Olatpur, [[Adaspur]]
|-
|85
|[[Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal|CNBT]]
|Gadama
|OMP Square, Kandarpur
|-
|86
|CDA Sector-9
|[[DRIEMS]]
|[[Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal|CNBT]], Choudwar, Tangi
|-
|87
|Biju Patnaik Park
|Mahanadi Vihar
|CDA, Judicial Academy, Link Road
|-
|87E
|Judicial Academy
|Nuapada
|Sati Choura Square, Chahata Ghata, [[Barabati Stadium]], [[SCB Medical College]], OMP Square, Mahanadi Vihar
|-
|88
|[[NLUO]]
|[[SCB Medical College]] (Settlement Office)
|CDA, Judicial Academy, Dolamundai, Professor Pada
|-
|89
|[[SCB Medical College]] (Settlement Office)
|Jagadguru Krupalu University
|
|-
|89A
|[[SCB Medical College]] (Settlement Office)
|Judicial Academy
|
|-
|90
|Khordha New Bus Stand
|Jagatpur
|NH
|-
|91
|[[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bus Terminal|BSABT]]
|Biju Patnaik Park
|NH
|-
|92
|[[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bus Terminal|BSABT]]
|Sai Mandir
|Khandagiri, Lingaraj Station, Bhimtangi, Capital Hospital, Kalpana Square
|-
|93
|[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar Railway Station]]
|Biju Patnaik Park
|Fire Station Square, [[Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital|SUM Hospital]], Kateni
|-
|94
|[[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bus Terminal|BSABT]]
|SIEP, Jatni
|Khandagiri, Tamando, Jatni Gate, [[Khurda Road Junction railway station|Khordha Road Station]]
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible autocollapse"
|+ class="nowrap" | Rourkela
|-
!Route
!Terminal A
!Terminal B
!Via
|-
|100
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|[[Rourkela Airport]]
|Ring Road, [[Ispat Post Graduate Institute and Super Specialty Hospital|Ispat General Hospital]], [[Chhend Colony]], [[Birsa Munda Hockey Stadium]]
|-
|101
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|Laukera
|Udit Nagar, Hanuman Vatika Chowk, [[Chhend Colony]], [[Rourkela Airport]]
|-
|101E
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|Panposh Railway Station
|Udit Nagar, Hanuman Vatika Chowk, [[Chhend Colony]]
|-
|102
|Vedvyas
|Jhirpani
|Panposh, [[Chhend Colony]], Koel Nagar
|-
|103
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|[[Panposh]]
|Udit Nagar, Hanuman Vatika Chowk, [[Chhend Colony]]
|-
|104
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|Jhirpani
|Sector 2, [[National Institute of Technology, Rourkela|NIT]], Jagda Chowk
|-
|105
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|[[Rajgangpur]]
|NH
|-
|106
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|Birmitrapur
|Ring Road, NH
|-
|107
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|Teterkela
|[[Bondamunda]], Bisra
|-
|108
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|Nuagaon
|Jagda Chowk, Jhirpani, Khuntagaon
|-
|109
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|Lathikata
|NH
|-
|110
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|Kalunga
|Raghunathpali
|-
|111
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|Bonaigarh
|
|-
|112
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|Lahunipara
|
|-
|113
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|Ushra
|NH
|-
|114
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|Nuagaon
|Hatibari
|-
|115
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|Potab
|Hatibari
|-
|116
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|Loram
|[[National Institute of Technology, Rourkela|NIT]], Jagda Chowk, Khutagaon, Sorda
|-
|117
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|Jaraikela
|[[Bondamunda]], Bisra
|-
|118
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|Salangabahal
|Kuarmunda, Biramitrapur
|-
|119
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|Kutra
|Rajgangpur Bypass
|-
|120
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|Gurundia
|Disco Chowk, Soldega
|-
|121
|DAV Pond
|Radio Station (Kantajhor)
|Basanti Colony, Rourkela New Bus Stand, [[National Institute of Technology, Rourkela|NIT]]
|-
|122
|Shaktinagar
|Fertilizer Township
|
|-
|124
|Rourkela New Bus Stand
|Hamirpur
|Malgodown, Basanti Colony, [[Chhend Colony]], [[Ispat Post Graduate Institute and Super Specialty Hospital|Ispat General Hospital]]
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible autocollapse"
|+ class="nowrap" | Sambalpur
|-
!Route
!Terminal A
!Terminal B
!Via
|-
|200
|[[Sambalpur City railway station|Sambalpur City Railway Station]]
|[[Sambalpur Junction railway station|Sambalpur Junction Railway Station]] (Khetrajpur Railway Station)
|Sambalpur Bus Terminal (Ainthapali), [[Budharaja|Budharaja Temple]], Modipara Chowk
|-
|201
|Sambalpur Bus Terminal (Ainthapali)
|[[Ghanteswari Temple]]
|[[Hirakud railway station|Hirakud Railway Station]], Goshala, Sainik School
|-
|202
|Sambalpur Bus Terminal (Ainthapali)
|Atal Chowk
|Laxmi Talkies, Collector Office, [[Samaleswari Temple]], [[Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology|VSSUT]], [[Sambalpur University]]
|-
|203
|Sambalpur Bus Terminal (Ainthapali)
|[[Hirakud Dam]]
|Remed Chowk, Hindalco Chowk
|-
|204
|Sambalpur Bus Terminal (Ainthapali)
|Maneswar
|Laxmi Talkies, Zilla School, Dhanupali, RTO Office
|-
|205
|Sambalpur Bus Terminal (Ainthapali)
|Nuajamada Chowk
|Hirakud College, Hirakud School
|-
|206
|[[Samleswari Temple]]
|[[Ghanteswari Temple]]
|District Court, Jail Chowk, Chaurpur Chowk, Jampali Road, Snehapali Road
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible autocollapse"
|+ class="nowrap" | Berhampur
|-
!Route
!Terminal A
!Terminal B
!Via
|-
|300
|Duduma Colony New Bus Stand
|NIST College
|Amba Market, Gandhi Nagar, Khallikote College, Bijipur, Golanthra
|-
|301
|[[Brahmapur railway station|Berhampur Railway Station]]
|Sitalapali Square
|Courtpeta Square, [[MKCG Medical College]], Ambapua, City College, [[Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital|SUM Hospital]] - Berhampur, [[Parala Maharaja Engineering College]]
|-
|302
|[[Brahmapur railway station|Berhampur Railway Station]]
|Regidi
|
|-
|303
|Duduma Colony New Bus Stand
|Gopalpur Bus Stand
|Amba Market, Gandhi Nagar, Khallikote College, Courtpeta Square, [[MKCG Medical College]], Ambapua, Mandiapalli, [[Berhampur University]]
|-
|303E
|Duduma Colony New Bus Stand
|Dhabaleswar Temple
|Amba Market, [[Brahmapur railway station|Berhampur Railway Station]], Lanjipalli, Ankuli, Pathara, Army AD
|-
|304
|[[Brahmapur railway station|Berhampur Railway Station]]
|D Patapur
|
|-
|304E
|[[Brahmapur railway station|Berhampur Railway Station]]
|Ralaba
|
|-
|305
|Haladiapadar Bus Stand
|Chatrapur
|
|-
|306
|Mahatma Gandhi Stadium
|Sonapur Beach
|Khallikote College, Bijipur, Kanisi Hata, Golanthra, Sidhha Bhairavi Temple
|-
|307
|Duduma Colony New Bus Stand
|Engineering School Chowk
|Amba Market, Gandhi Nagar, Khallikote College, Courtpeta Square, [[MKCG Medical College]]
|-
|308
|Duduma Colony New Bus Stand
|[[Brahmapur railway station|Berhampur Railway Station]]
|City Hospital
|-
|309
|Government ITI
|[[IISER Berhampur]]
|
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; border:1px solid; font-size:90%;"
! Award
! Year
! Category/Event
! Organisation Conferring
|-
|'''City With Best Public Transport System'''
|2024
|17th Urban Mobility India Award
|[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]<br>[[Government of India]]
|-
|'''Best Urban Transport Project'''
|2023
|16th Urban Mobility India Award
|[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]<br>[[Government of India]]
|-
|'''Integrated and Resilient Urban Transport'''
|2023
|3rd Urban Infra Business Summit & Awards
|[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]<br>[[Government of India]]
|-
|'''Sustainable Transport Award Honourable Mention'''
|2023
|Public Transport
|[[Institute for Transportation and Development Policy]]
|-
|'''Most Innovative Bus Transit System in India'''
|2022
|Transit & Mobility
|Urban Infra Group
|-
|'''Best Urban Transport Projects Implemented'''
|2022
|15th Urban Mobility India Award
|[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]<br>[[Government of India]]
|-
|'''Best Urban Transport Project Implemented'''
|2022
|Smart Solutions Challenge & Inclusive Cities Awards 2022
|[[National Institute of Urban Affairs]]<br>[[United Nations|United Nations (India)]]
|-
|'''Promoting Gender-Responsive Services'''
|2022
|United Nations Public Service Awards 2022
|[[United Nations]]
|-
|'''Best Urban Transport Project Implemented'''
|2021
|14th Urban Mobility India Award
|[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]<br>[[Government of India]]
|-
|'''Corona Warrior Samman'''
|2021
|Exemplary and Inspiring Services during COVID-19
|Prelude Novel Ventures
|-
|'''Smart Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)'''
|2021
|Smart Cities India Awards 2021
|Smart Cities India Expo
|-
|'''Innovations Undertaken in Urban Transport during COVID-19'''
|2020
|13th Urban Mobility India Award
|[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]<br>[[Government of India]]
|-
|'''Corporate Leadership Award 2020'''
|2020
|Consumer Connect
|My City Links
|-
|'''Marketing Campaign of the Year'''
|2020
|Brand Leadership Award Odisha 2020
|Prelude Novel Ventures
|-
|'''Best City Bus Service Project'''
|2019
|12th Urban Mobility India Awards
|[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]<br>[[Government of India]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.capitalregiontransport.in/ Official website]

{{State owned road transport companies in India}}

[[Category:Metropolitan transport agencies of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 2018]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Odisha]]

Addite Malik

2026-04-26T14:20:44Z

AngleaDeason621: stub!

{{short description|Indian television actress and entrepreneur (born 1982)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Addite Malik
| image = Addite Shirwaikar 2018.jpg
| caption = Malik at husband's Birthday Bash 2015
| birth_name = Addite Shirwaikar<ref name="DNA2022"/>
| birth_date = 13 October <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B3h1FmUp5Xk/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/additemalik/2153235578070996452 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-access=registration|title = Aditi Shirwaikar Malik on Instagram: "Blessed🙏 Happy Birthday to me 🎈🎈🎈🎈🎈🎈🎈"}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]), [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress<br/>Anchor<br/>Entrepreneur
| known_for = ''[[Shararat (TV series)|Shararat]]''<br/>''[[Miilee]]''<br/> ''[[Hero-Bhakti Hi Shakti Hai]]''
| years_active = 2000–2012
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Mohit Malik]]|2010}}
| children = 1
}}
'''Addite Malik''' ({{nee}} '''Shirwaikar'''; born 13 October) is an Indian television actress and entrepreneur. She is well known for playing the role of Meeta in ''[[Shararat (TV series)|Shararat]]'' and Sonu in ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''. She started her career in the early 2000s.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Aditi Shirwaikar |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/tv-actress/aditi-shirwaikar |publisher=nettv4u.com|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref> She has been a part of shows like ''[[Baat Hamari Pakki Hai]]'', ''[[Junior G]]'', ''[[Miilee]]'', ''[[2612]]''.

== Personal life ==
Malik was born to a Maharashtian family in [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/happy-birthday-mohit-malik-these-photos-kullfi-kumarr-bajewala-star-his-wife-are-couple-goals-498995?amp |title=Happy Birthday Mohit Malik: These photos of the Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala star with his wife are couple goals |first=Megha |last=Thadani |date=11 January 2020 |website=Pinkvilla |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730121718/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/happy-birthday-mohit-malik-these-photos-kullfi-kumarr-bajewala-star-his-wife-are-couple-goals-498995?amp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
She is married to an Indian television actor and her co-star from ''Miilee'', [[Mohit Malik]].<ref name="parents">{{cite news |author=Filmymonkey Team |title=Mohit Malik & wife Addite Malik set to be parents after 8 years of marriage? |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/kullfi-kumarr-bajewala-lead-actor-mohit-malik-wife-addite-malik-set-to-be-parents-after-8-years-of-marriage-922044 |accessdate=22 January 2020 |work=news.abplive.com |date=18 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Navya |last=Malini |date=14 March 2014 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/My-wife-receives-more-hate-mails-for-my-current-role-than-I-do-Mohit-Malik/articleshow/31952884.cms |title = My wife receives more hate mails for my current role than I do: Mohit Malik |work=Times of India |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref>
Mohit proposed to Addite on 1 April 2006, the couple became engaged on 14 July 2010, and were married on 1 December 2010.<ref name="parents"/> In December 2020, the couple announced that they are expecting their first child in May 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi |title=Addite and Mohit Malik: We are looking forward to becoming parents |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/addite-and-mohit-malik-we-are-looking-forward-to-becoming-parents/articleshow/79839892.cms |access-date=29 December 2020 |date=22 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> She gave a birth to a baby boy Ekbir on 27 April 2021.<ref name="DNA2022">{{cite news |title=Aditi Shirwaikar Malik pens emotional note on COVID recovery journey of son Ekbir |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-mohit-maliks-wife-aditi-shirwaikar-malik-pens-emotional-note-on-covid-recovery-journey-of-son-ekbir-2927758 |access-date=26 April 2022 |work=DNA |date=10 January 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaubey |first1=Pranita |date=29 April 2021 |title=It's A Baby Boy For TV Stars Aditi And Mohit Malik |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/its-a-baby-boy-for-tv-stars-aditi-and-mohit-malik-2424657 |work=NDTV |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>

== Career ==
She has started her career in early 2000s.<ref name="auto"/> She played the role of Sonu, in [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s serial ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''.<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news |title=TV actors who quit work for their family life: Aditi Shirwaikar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv-actors-who-quit-work-for-their-family-life/aditi-shirwaikar/photostory/65430457.cms |newspaper=Times of India |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref> In 2001, she worked in ''[[Junior G]]''.<ref name="TOI1"/> In 2002, she played the role of [[Juhi Parmar]]'s onscreen elder sister Mini Mishra in ''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]''.<ref name="TOI1"/> In 2003, she played the role of Meeta in [[Shararat (TV series)|''Shararat'']] for which she is well known.<ref name="TOI1"/><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Shararat stars Karanvir Bohra, Farida Jalal, Simple Kaul have small reunion. See pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/shararat-actors-karanvir-bohra-farida-jalal-and-simple-kaul-have-small-reunion-see-pics-1629382-2019-12-18 |access-date=16 August 2022 |magazine=India Today |date=18 December 2019}}</ref> In 2004, she has done [[Asit Kumarr Modi]]'s show ''[[Saarrthi]]'' in which she played the main atagonist Vishakha and Star Plus's ''[[Dekho Magar Pyaar Se]]'' and ''[[Koie Jane Na]]''.

In 2006, she played the role of one of the three sisters with [[Kamya Panjabi]] in ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]''. In 2008, she participated in ''[[Nach Baliye]]'' 4 with [[Mohit Malik]]. In 2009, she hosted ''[[Star Vivaah]]'' with [[Mohnish Bahl]].<ref name="auto2">{{cite web | url=https://www.radiomirchi.com/bhopal/whats-hot/audio/listen/star-vivahs-co-host-aditi-shirwaikar-s-touching/3435/1175 |title = Star Vivah's Co-host Aditi Shirwaikar's touching |website=Radio Mirchi}}</ref> In 2010, she had played the role of Preeti Avi's wife in ''[[Baat Hamari Pakki Hai]]'' opposite Rohit Bharadwaj.<ref name="TOI1"/> In 2011, she played the onscreen sister of ''[[Harshad Chopda]]'' as Mohan Galla's sister in ''[[Dharampatni]]''.

Her last show was ''[[2612]]'' went off air in 2013 in which she played the role of Malti Rakesh Bhargava .<ref name="TOI1"/>

== Entrepreneurship ==
She is the co-owner of nine restaurants, seven in [[Mumbai]], and one in [[Navi Mumbai]] and one in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/mohit-malik-addite-maliks-new-eatery-joint-please-creative-minds/2017/12/05/amp |title = Mohit Malik and Addite Malik's new eatery joint to please the 'creative minds'|date = 5 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/simple-kaul-launches-her-very-own-1bhk-customers-go-gaga-171220|title=Simple Kaul launches her very own 1BHK; customers go GAGA!|website=Tellychakkar|date=20 December 2017 |accessdate=22 January 2020}}</ref>
Her restaurants are:
*''The Homemade Cafe'' in [[Oshiwara]]
*''1BHK Brew House Kitchen'' in [[Oshiwara]]
*''The Homemade Cafe and Bar'' in [[Juhu]] (Permanently Closed in 2025)
*'' 1BHK Bar House Kitchen '' in [[Koramangala]]
*''Baoji Asian Home Cafe'' in [[Oshiwara]]
*''1BHK Bar House Kitchen '' in [[Vashi]]
*''Que Sera Sera'' in [[Andheri West]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Actor Mohit Malik Proudly Supports Wife Addite as She Launches Que Sera Sera Restaurant in Mumbai |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/releases/actor-mohit-malik-proudly-supports-wife-addite-as-she-launches-que-sera-sera-restaurant-in-mumbai/2023/07/31/amp |work=IWMBuzz |date=31 July 2023 |access-date=24 December 2023 }}</ref>
*''Sorozai'' in [[Versova, Mumbai|Versova]]
*''Rumbabaa'' in [[Andheri West]]

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Character
|-
|2000 ||''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''<ref name="TOI1"/> || Sonu
|-
|2001 ||''[[Junior G]]''<ref name="TOI1"/>|| Miss Magneto
|-
|2002 ||''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]''<ref name="TOI1"/> || Mini Mishra
|-
|2002-2008 || ''CID '' || Various Characters
|-
|2003 ||''[[Shararat (TV series)|Shararat]]''<ref name="TOI1"/> || Meeta
|-
|2004 ||''[[Saarrthi]] ''|| Vishakha
|-
|2004 ||''[[Dekho Magar Pyaar Se]]'' ||
|-
| ||Jai Ganesha ||
|-
|2004 ||''[[Koie Jane Na]]''||
|-

|2005 ||''[[Hare Kkaanch Ki Choodiyaan]]'' || Komal
|-
|2005 ||''[[Miilee]]'' || Khushi
|-
|2005||''[[Hero - Bhakti Hi Shakti Hai]]''||Miss Jasmin
|-
|2006 ||''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]'' || Chandramukhi (Chandra)<ref name="tellychakkar.com">{{cite web |date=4 August 2006 |title=A vamp with a difference |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/vamp-difference?amp |website=Tellychakkar}}</ref>
|-
|2008 ||''[[Nach Baliye]]4'' || Contestant<ref name="auto4">{{cite web |date=11 December 2008 |title=Mohit and Addite are out of Nach Baliye 4 |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2008/mohit-addite-out-111208.html |accessdate=29 January 2020 |website=FilmiBeat}}</ref>
|-
|2009 ||''[[Star Vivaah]] '' || Host<ref name="auto2"/>
|-
|2010 ||''[[Baat Hamari Pakki Hai]]''<ref name="TOI1"/> || Preeti
|-
|2010 || '' Adaalat ''|| Surbhi Miland Joshi
|-
|2011 ||''[[Dharampatni]]'' || Mohan Galla's sister<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Aditi Shirwaikar in Imagine's Dharampatni |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/aditi-shirwaikar-imagines-dharampatni?amp |website=Tellychakkar}}</ref>
|-
|2012 ||''[[2612]]''<ref name="TOI1"/> || Malti Rakesh Bhargava
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of Indian television actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|9851245}}
* {{Instagram|id=additemalik}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shirwaikar Malik, Addite}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

The Game: You Never Play Alone

2026-04-26T01:50:44Z

AngleaDeason621: Made First Page More To Come...

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = The Game- You Never Play Alone.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| creator = Amalga Creations Medias INC.
| writer = Deepthi Govindarajan
| director = [[Rajesh M. Selva]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Shraddha Srinath]]
* [[Santhosh Prathap]]
* [[Chandini Tamilarasan]]
* Bala Hasan R
* Subash Selvam
* Viviya Santh
}}
| music = [[Simon K. King]]
| cinematography = Akilesh Kathamuthu
| editor = [[Manimaran]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* Vignesh Menon
* Prasoon Garg
}}
| company = [[Applause Entertainment]]
| producer = [[Sameer Nair]]<br>Pramod Cheruvalath
| network = [[Netflix]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|10|02|df=y}}
}}

'''''The Game: You Never Play Alone''''' is a [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]-language [[thriller (genre)|thriller]] television series created by Amalga Creations Medias INC and directed by [[Rajesh M. Selva]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Game director Rajesh M Selva: I never interrupt the first takes of artistes|url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/the-game-director-rajesh-m-selva-i-never-interrupt-the-first-takes-of-artistes/4fba846a4f60|website=OTT Play|date=2 October 2025}}</ref> The series was written by Deepthi Govindarajan for [[Netflix]].
It stars [[Shraddha Srinath]],<ref>{{cite web|title='The Game: You Never Play Alone': Shraddha Srinath to headline Tamil series|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-game-you-never-play-alone-shraddha-srinath-netflix-tamil-series-rajesh-m-selva/article70011472.ece|website=The Hindu|date=4 September 2025}}</ref> [[Santhosh Prathap]] and [[Chandini Tamilarasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Game You Never Play Alone out on OTT: Stream Shraddha Srinath's thriller series in Tamil, Telugu and Hindi on this platform|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-game-you-never-play-alone-out-on-ott-stream-shraddha-srinaths-thriller-series-in-tamil-telugu-and-hindi-right-now-here/5ece0f1468231|access-date=2025-10-02 |website=OTT Play}}</ref>
The series was released on 2 October 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title='The Game: You Never Play Alone' release date: Shraddha Srinath's Tamil thriller to stream on THIS date—Find out|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-game-you-never-play-alone-release-date-shraddha-srinaths-tamil-thriller-to-stream-on-this-date-find-out/articleshow/123694557.cms|website=The Times of India|date=4 September 2025}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
A passionate game developer determined to build her career must confront and defy misogynistic pressures when she becomes the victim of vicious online and real-world harassment.

== Cast ==
* [[Shraddha Srinath]] as Kavya
* [[Santhosh Prathap]] as Anoop
* [[Chandini Tamilarasan]] as Bhanumathi
* Subramanian Gopalakrishnan as S.I Pandiyan
* Bala Hasan R
* Subash Selvam
* Viviya Santh
* Mukund K Rajesh as Dani
* Syama Harini as Anne
* Hema as Tara

==Release==
The series was released on [[Netflix]] on October 2, 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title='The Game: You Never Play Alone' - Netflix's first Tamil web series of 2025 OTT release date announced. Check plot and cast|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/the-game-you-never-play-alone-netflixs-first-tamil-web-series-of-2025-ott-release-date-announced-check-plot-and-cast/articleshow/123698281.cms?from=mdr|website=The Economic Times|date=4 September 2025}}</ref>

==Reception==
Harshini SV of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 stars and observed that "Kavya’s games are described (again, never shown) to be the best because of the intricate details in their gaming world, and this detail and depth are what’s missing in the promising yet unconvincing The Game: You Never Play Alone."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Harshini|last=SV|title=Game: You Never Play Alone Season 1 Review : Has Thrilling Moments But Never Levels Up|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/the-game-you-never-play-alone/season-1/seasonreview/124332802.cms|access-date=2025-10-02 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' stated that "The seven-episode series is a passable thriller, with enough developments to keep all its characters busy, most of all Kavya. The show’s interest in the unseemly aspects of gaming culture or generalised misogyny itself is ultimately shallow, a contrivance to increase Kavya’s workload."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|title='The Game: You Never Play Alone' review: A passable thriller with a doughty heroine|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1087207/the-game-you-never-play-alone-review-a-passable-thriller-with-a-doughty-heroine|access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Scroll.in |date=2 October 2025 }}</ref>
Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and said that "The Netflix show has promising ideas, but fails to explore them fully."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Janani|last=K|title=The Game You Never Play Alone review: Promising thriller falters in execution|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/the-game-you-never-play-alone-review-promising-thriller-falters-in-execution-netflix-shraddha-srinath-2796752-2025-10-02|access-date=2025-10-02 |website=India Today|date=2 October 2025}}</ref>

Shilajit Mitra of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' observed that "The Game nevertheless amuses as a send-up of India's digital economy. "The download is all that matters," says a thin-lipped foreign investor in Kavya's company. Mobile is both present and future (the only character we see gaming on a console is poor Anoop). Misogyny runs rampant when data is cheap, and, as with fake news and political radicalisation, you never play alone."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shilajit|last=Mitra|title='The Game: You Never Play Alone' Series Review: Misogyny and Mayhem in Chennai|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/the-game-you-never-play-alone-series-review-misogyny-and-mayhem-in-chennai|access-date=2025-10-02 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref>
Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and said that "The Game: You Never Play Alone’ is not just a thriller, but an eye-opener too for both youngsters and parents of teenagers and young adults."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Lachmi Deb|last=Roy|title='Netflix 'The Game: You Never Play Alone' Review: Sharp, engaging & immersive laced with gnawing suspicion|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflixs-the-game-you-never-play-alone-review-sharp-engaging-and-immersive-13938566.html|access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>
Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTT Play]]'' rated it 2.5/5 stars and commented that "With sharp moments but weak world-building, it’s a middling yet thought-provoking watch."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Anusha|last=Sundar|title=The Game You Never Play Alone series review: Shraddha Srinath series has promising start but fails to level up in world-building|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/the-game-you-never-play-alone-series-review-shraddha-srinath-series-has-promising-start-but-fails-to-level-up-in-world-building/9523fe69c4757|access-date=2025-10-02 |website=OTT Play}}</ref>

Rashmi Vasudeva of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave it 3 stars out of 5 and said that "However, as the series progresses, the glitches show. The mystery becomes predictable, the gaming world remains a glossy backdrop rather than an immersive universe, and the villains arrive straight from cliché land. Subplots fizzle before finding shape."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Anusha|last=Sundar|title='The Game: You Never Play Alone' movie review: Trolls, thrills and toxicity in Tamil OTT space
|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/the-game-you-never-play-alone-movie-review-trolls-thrills-and-toxicity-in-tamil-ott-space-3752114|access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
Sumit Rajguru of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated it 2.5/5 stars and said that "Overall, The Game – You Never Play Alone is an engaging show but marred by a predictable twist. Shraddha Srinath’s performance makes the web show worth watching. It has some flaws, but if you are a fan of crime thrillers, it is a treat for you."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Sumit|last=Rajguru|title=
The Game – You Never Play Alone Review: Shraddha Srinath Series Is Engaging But Marred By Predictable Twist
|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/the-game-you-never-play-alone-review-shraddha-srinath-series-is-engaging-but-marred-by-predictable-twist-review-152929327|access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Times Now |date=2 October 2025 }}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt38126232}}
* {{Netflix title|id=83077059}}

{{Netflix original current series|state=}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Game: You Never Play Alone, The}}
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

Sriranjani Sr.

2026-04-24T22:35:15Z

AngleaDeason621: Made First Info Basic Info...

{{Short description|Telugu theatre and film actress (1906–1939)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}

'''Mangalagiri Sriranjani''' (1906–1939), also known as '''Sriranjani Senior''', was a Telugu theatre and film actress and singer. Born in [[Narasaraopet]] Taluk, [[Andhra Pradesh]], she gained fame in the 1930s through her recordings and audio releases with the Gramophone Company of India. Sriranjani was a significant stage actress with Krishna Vilasa Nataka Samajam, known for her portrayal of mythological male roles such as [[Krishna]], [[Abhimanyu]], and [[Savitri and Satyavan|Satyavan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vanaparthy |first=Ranganath |title=Kalasevakulu: Sri Ranjani Sisters |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/kalasevak/sriranjani.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218191608/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/kalasevak/sriranjani.html |archive-date=18 February 2010 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

She made her film debut in Telugu cinema with [[C. Pullayya]]'s ''Lava Kusa'' (1934) and later appeared in notable films like ''[[Sri Krishna Leelalu (1935 film)|Sri Krishna Leelalu]]'' (1935) and ''[[Mayabazar (1936 film)|Mayabazaar]]'' (1936). Her film career was successful but brief; she acted in only eight films before her death from cancer in 1939.<ref name=":0" />

Sriranjani Senior was the elder sister of actress [[Sriranjani Jr.|Sriranjani Junior]] and the mother of director M. Mallikarjuna Rao.<ref>{{Cite web |last=సివిఆర్ మాణిక్యేశ్వరి |date=15 August 2016 |title=గూఢచారి 116 (ఫ్లాష్‌బ్యాక్ @50) |url=http://andhrabhoomi.net/content/main-108 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=[[Andhra Bhoomi]] |language=te}}</ref>

==Filmography==
* ''[[Lava Kusa (1934 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' (1934)
* ''Silver King'' (1935)
* ''[[Sri Krishna Leelalu (1935 film)|Sri Krishna Leelalu]]'' (1935)
* ''[[Sati Tulasi (1936 film)|Sati Tulasi]]'' (1936)
* ''[[Mayabazar (1936 film)|Sasirekha Parinayam]]'' (1936)
* ''[[Sarangadhara (1937 film)|Sarangadhara]]'' (1937) (actor and singer)
*''Bhakta Markandeya'' (1938)
* ''[[Vara Vikrayam (film)|Vara Vikrayam]]'' (1939)
* ''[[Vande Mataram]]'' (1939)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* Nata Ratnalu, Mikkilineni Radhakrishna Murthy, Second edition, 2002
* Luminaries of 20th Century, Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University, 2005

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0820164}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sriranjani}}
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1939 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu theatre]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]

{{India-stage-actor-stub}}
{{India-film-actor-1900s-stub}}

Chinna Thambi Mudaliar

2026-04-23T04:51:45Z

AngleaDeason621: creating bio

{{Short description|17th-century treasurer of the Madurai army}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chinna Thambi Mudaliar
| image =
| caption =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| parents =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| issue =
| children =
| monarch = [[Chokkanatha Nayak]]
| monarch2 =
| monarch1 =
| office3 =
| monarch3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| honorific_prefix =
| battles = [[Siege of Tanjore (1673)]]
| resting_place =
| relations =
| successor =
| death_place =
| term_end =
| term_start =
| allegiance = [[Madurai Nayakas]]
| occupation = [[Treasurer]]<br>[[Diplomat]]
| service_years =
| branch = [[Madurai Nayakas|Madurai Army]]
| unit =
| office = [[Treasurer]] of The [[Madurai Nayakas]]
| rank =
| birth_place =
}}

'''Chinna Thambi Mudaliar''' was the treasurer of the Madurai army during the reign of [[Chokkanatha Nayak]]. He played a key role alongside General [[Venkata Krishna Nayaka]] in the military campaigns, including the [[Siege of Tanjore (1673)]]. Trusted by the king, he managed the army's finances and resources during these expeditions. Chinna Thambi Mudaliar also acted as a diplomat participating in the unsuccessful marriage proposal to [[Vijaya Raghava Nayak]] of Tanjore, which ultimately led to the conflict. He was later honored with significant donatives for his service to the [[Madurai Nayakas]] Kingdom.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/>

==Career==
Chinna Thambi Mudaliar served as the treasurer of the Madurai army and accompanied General [[Venkata Krishna Nayaka]] during the military campaigns under [[Chokkanatha Nayak]]. Entrusted with managing the army's finances and logistics, he played a crucial role in ensuring the execution of the Tanjore campaign.<ref name="aps">{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.90932/page/n202/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Oriental Historical Manuscripts Vol. 2 |date=1835|pages=191–198}}</ref><ref name="bps">{{Cite book |last=Burgess |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501820/page/n61/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The Indian Antiquary, vol.46, 1917 |date=1917 |pages=58–62|language=en}}</ref><ref name="cps">{{Cite book |last=Krishnaswami Aiyangar |first=Sakkottai |url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofvijayan00krisrich/page/323/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Sources of Vijayanagar history |date=1919 |publisher=[Madras] : The University of Madras |others=University of California Libraries|pages=324–325}}</ref><ref name="dps">{{Cite book |last=R. Sathyanatha Aiyar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183822/page/n178/mode/1up?view=theater |title=History Of The Nayaks Of Madura |date=1924|pages=164–165}}</ref><ref name="eps">{{Cite book |last=Vruddhagrirsan |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7419/page/n173/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The Nayaks of Tanjore |last2=V. |date=1942 |pages=152–153|publisher=Published by University, Annamalaunagar}}</ref><ref name="fps">{{Cite book |last=Andhra Patrika Mudralay |first=Chennapur |url=https://archive.org/details/MFmL_tanjapura-andhra-nayaka-raja-charitramu-by-guruganti-sita-ramayya-telugu-1932-an/page/n399/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Tanjapura Andhra Nayaka Raja Charitramu By Guruganti Sita Ramayya Telugu 1932 Andhra Patrika Mudralay, Chennapur|pages=400–402}}</ref>

===Siege of Tanjore (1673)===
General [[Venkata Krishna Nayaka]] and Chinna Thambi Mudaliar under the orders of Chokkanatha Nayak of Madurai Invaded [[Tanjore]]. The conflict was Sparked by Tanjore. [[Vijaya Raghava Nayak]] the ruler of Tanjore, had a daughter celebrated for her beauty and qualities that caught the attention of [[Venkata Krishna Nayaka]] the general of [[Chokkanatha Nayak]] and Chinna Tambi Mudaliar, the treasurer of the Madurai army. They deemed her a suitable match for their king, [[Chokkanatha Nayak]] and sought his approval to initiate a marriage proposal. With the king's consent, a delegation was sent to [[Tanjore]] to negotiate the union.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/><ref name="eps"/><ref name="fps"/>

However [[Vijaya Raghava Nayak]] upon receiving the proposal, was outraged and refused, expressing his disdain with sharp words and dismissing the messengers without due respect. The insulted delegation returned to [[Trichinopoly]] and reported the incident to [[Venkata Krishna Nayaka]], Chinna Tambi Mudaliar, and Chokkanatha Nayak. Enraged by the affront, [[Chokkanatha Nayak]] immediately mobilized a large army, assembling elephants, horses, infantry, cannons, and weapons for an assault on Tanjore. He commanded [[Venkata Krishna Nayaka]] to lead the forces, capture the fort of [[Tanjore]] subdue the kingdom, and bring it under his control as retribution for the insult. Madurai’s army advanced on Tanjore, engaging in a bloody confrontation. Despite [[Tanjore]]’s well-fortified defenses, including 20,000 musketeers and powerful artillery, the [[Madurai]] forces relentlessly attacked, breaching the fort with cannon fire and earthworks. The [[Tanjore]] army suffered heavy losses, and the fort was stormed. [[Vijaya Raghava Nayak]] along with his sons, was killed during the assault. Following the victory, Chokkanatha appointed his foster brother, [[Alagiri Nayak]] as viceroy of Tanjore, consolidating Madurai’s power in the region.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/><ref name="eps"/><ref name="fps"/>

[[Chokkanatha Nayak]] following his successful conquest of [[Tanjore]] had numerous donatives and rewards distributed through his trusted treasurer, Chinna-Tambi Mudaliar.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="dps"/>

==See also==
* [[Chokkanatha Nayak]]
* [[Vijaya Raghava Nayak]]
* [[Venkata Krishna Nayaka]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mudaliar, Chinna Thambi}}
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel]]

List of urban local bodies in Odisha

2026-04-21T13:52:56Z

AngleaDeason621: Started a data

{{Short description|List of Urban local bodies of Indian state of Odisha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
[[Odisha]], a state on the eastern coast of India, is divided into 30 administrative geographical units called [[District|districts]]. '''Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)''' in Odisha, comprising Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, and [[Notified Area Council|NAC]]s, are established under the Department of Housing & Urban Development, [[Government of Odisha]]. The [[Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|74th Amendment Act]] defined their formation & activities.

[[Odisha State Election Commission]] conducts elections for the post of Mayors, Corporators, Chairpersons & Councilors. Last election of ULBs were conducted on [[2022 Odisha municipal elections|2022]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Urban Local Bodies Result – State Election Commission |url=http://sec.odisha.gov.in/urban-local-bodies-result/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Urban local bodies ==
Odisha has 143 [[Urban Local Bodies]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=ULBs {{!}} Department of Housing & Urban Development |url=https://urban.odisha.gov.in/node/180173 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=urban.odisha.gov.in}}</ref> It has been classified into three categories

* [[Municipal Corporation (India)|Municipal Corporations]] or ''Mahānagara Nigama'' is the largest local body in the state. It is generally constituted around [[Metropolis|metropolitan city]], which has a population of more than 100,000. Odisha has 6 municipal corporations
* [[Municipal Council (India)|Municipalities]] or ''Paura Parishada'' is formed around urban centre with more than 20,000 and less than 100,000 inhabitants. Generally, District headquarters and major town of the state. Odisha has 54 municipalities.
* [[Nagar panchayat|Notified Area Councils]] or ''Bigyāpita Anchala Parishada'' is formed on settlements which have transitioned from rural to urban. An urban centre with more than 12,000 and less than 40,000 inhabitants is classified as an NAC. Odisha has 83 NACs.

== Recent Developments ==
On 5 July 2025, ahead of the Bahuda Yatra, Chief Minister Mohan Charan Majhi announced that Puri Municipality would be upgraded to a Municipal Corporation, thereby making it the sixth municipal corporation in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-07-05 |title=Puri to get municipal corporation tag under government’s tourism hub push |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2025/Jul/05/puri-to-get-municipal-corporation-tag-under-governments-tourism-hub-push |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 16 August 2025, the Housing & Urban Development Department announced the formation of 12 new Notified Area Councils (NACs).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-16 |title=State forms 12 new NACs across 7 dists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/state-forms-12-new-nacs-across-7-dists/articleshow/123338056.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-09-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Subsequently, on 31 August 2025, during Swayat Shasan Divas, the Chief Minister announced the creation of 16 more NACs, the upgradation of seven NACs into municipalities, and reaffirmed the earlier decision to upgrade Puri to a Municipal Corporation bringing Odisha’s total to 28 new NACs, seven new municipalities, and one municipal corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-31 |title=Odisha govt forms 16 new notified area councils, upgrades seven others |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-govt-forms-16-new-notified-area-councils-upgrades-seven-others-101756637943082.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Municipal Corporations in Odisha ==

There are currently 6 [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporations]] in Odisha with 249 wards.<ref name=":3" />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! No.
! District
! City
! Corporation Name
! Year of Formation
! No. of Wards
! Last Election
! Mayor
! colspan=2|Party
|-
!1
|[[Khordha district|Khordha]]
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|[[Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation]] (BMC)
|1994
|67
|2022
|Sulochana Das
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
!2
|[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
|[[Cuttack]]
|[[Cuttack Municipal Corporation]] (CMC)
|1994
|59
|2022
|Subash Chandra Singh
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
!3
|[[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
|[[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]]
|[[Brahmapur, Odisha|Berhampur Municipal Corporation]] (BeMC)
|2008
|42
|2022
|Sanghamitra Dalei
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
!4
|[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|[[Sambalpur]]
|[[Sambalpur Municipal Corporation]] (SMC)
|2014
|41
| —
|Vacant
|
|
|-
!5
|[[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]]
|[[Rourkela]]
|[[Rourkela Municipal Corporation]] (RMC)
|2014
|40
| —
|Vacant
|
|
|-
!6
|[[Puri district|Puri]]
|[[Puri]]
|Puri Muncipal Corporation (PMC)
|2025
|(new)
| —
|Vacant
|
|
|}

== Municipalities in Odisha ==
There are 54 [[Municipal council (India)|municipalities]] in Odisha with 1062 Wards.<ref name=":0">{{cite web | url=https://urban.odisha.gov.in/node/180173 | title=ULBS | Department of Housing & Urban Development }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! No.
! District
! City
! No. of Wards
! Chairperson
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
|1
| rowspan="2" |[[Angul district|Angul]]
|[[Angul]]
|23
|Akshya Kumar Samanta
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|2
|[[Talcher]]
|21
|Pabitra Bhutia
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|3
| rowspan="2" |[[Balangir district|Balangir]]
|[[Balangir]]
|21
|Lika Sahu
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|4
|[[Titlagarh]]
|15
|Mamata Debi Jain
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|5
| rowspan="3" |[[Balasore district|Balasore]]
|[[Balasore]]
|31
|Sabita Sahoo
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|6
|[[Jaleswar]]
|17
|Pratip Kumar Pradhan
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|7
|[[Soro, Balasore|Soro]]
|19
|Madhab Dhada
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|8
|[[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]
|[[Bargarh]]
|19
|Kalpana Majhi
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|9
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
|[[Basudevpur]]
|23
|Nibedita Behera
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|10
|[[Bhadrak]]
|30
|Gulmaki Dalwazi
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|11
|[[Boudh district|Boudh]]
|[[Boudh]]
|(new)
|Vacant
|
|
|-
|12
|[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
|[[Choudwar]]
|19
|Manasi Swarnaprava Samal
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|13
|[[Debagarh district|Deogarh]]
|[[Debagarh|Deogarh]]
|11
|Santimanjari Dei
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|14
|[[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
|[[Dhenkanal]]
|23
|Jayanti Patra
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|15
|[[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
|[[Paralakhemundi]]
|16
|Nirmala Sethi
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|16
| rowspan="6" |[[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
|[[Asika|Aska]]
|(new)
|Vacant
|
|
|-
|17
|[[Bhanjanagar]]
|(new)
|Vacant
|
|
|-
|18
|[[Chhatrapur|Chatrapur]]
|(new)
|Vacant
|
|
|-
|19
|[[Hinjilicut]]
|21
|Subash Chandra Polai
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|20
|[[Kabisuryanagar]]
|(new)
|Vacant
|
|
|-
|21
|[[Polasara]]
|(new)
|Vacant
|
|
|-
|22
| rowspan="2" |[[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]
|[[Jagatsinghpur]]
|21
|Archana Singh
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|23
|[[Paradeep]]
|19
|Basanta Biswal
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|24
| rowspan="2" |[[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]
|[[Jajpur]]
|18
|Ranjulata Hota
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|25
|[[Byasanagar]]
|26
|Sangita Pingua
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|26
| rowspan="3" |[[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]
|[[Belpahar]]
|19
|Nimai Charan Panda
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|27
|[[Brajarajnagar]]
|23
|Jagayseni Oram
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|28
|[[Jharsuguda]]
|24
|Rani Hati
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|29
|[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
|[[Bhawanipatna]]
|20
|Sanjukta Behera
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|30
|[[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]
|[[Phulbani]]
|13
|Smitarani Mohanty
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|31
| rowspan="2" |[[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]
|[[Kendrapara]]
|21
|Sarita Sahoo
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|32
|[[Pattamundai]]
|20
|Hemant Kumar Sahoo
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|33
| rowspan="4" |[[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]
|[[Anandapur]]
|16
|Rajanirani Khatua
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|34
|[[Barbil]]
|15
|Laxman Mahanta
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|35
|[[Joda]]
|14
|Jagadish Prasad Sahoo
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|36
|[[Keonjhar]]
|21
|Niku Sahoo
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|37
| rowspan="2" |[[Khordha district|Khordha]]
|[[Jatani]]
|23
|Ananta Behera
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|38
|[[Khordha]]
|22
|Kanaka Laxmi Mohanty
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|39
| rowspan="3" |[[Koraput district|Koraput]]
|[[Jeypore]]
|28
|Narendra Kumar Mohanty
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|40
|[[Koraput]]
|21
|Lalat Ranjan Sethi
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|41
|[[Sunabeda]]
|25
|Rajendra Kumar Patra
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|42
|[[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]]
|[[Malkangiri]]
|19
|Manoj Barik
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|43
| rowspan="3" |[[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|[[Baripada]]
|28
|Krushna Nanda Mohanty
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|44
|[[Karanjia]]
|(new)
|Vacant
|
|
|-
|45
|[[Rairangpur]]
|15
|Abhishek Pattnaik
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|46
| rowspan="2" |[[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]]
|[[Nawarangpur]]
|17
|Kunu Nayak
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|47
|[[Umerkote]]
|14
|Radha Bhatra
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|48
|[[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]
|[[Nayagarh]]
|16
|Nirupama Khatei
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|49
| rowspan="2" |[[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]
|[[Gunupur]]
|19
|Mamata Gouda
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|50
|[[Rayagada]]
|24
|Patnaikuni Mahesh Patnaik
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|51
|[[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]
|[[Sonepur, Odisha|Sonepur]]
|15
|Tamasi Tamasmita Nayak
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|52
| rowspan="3" |[[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]]
|[[Biramitrapur]]
|11
|Sandeep Mishra
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|53
|[[Rajgangpur]]
|20
|Madhuri Lugun
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|54
|[[Sundergarh]]
|19
|Tanaya Mishra
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Notified Area Council in Odisha ==
There are 83 NACs in Odisha. (Note: Wards and population values for the new NACs are not yet available.)
{| class="wikitable sortable"style="text-align:center"
! Sr. No. !! District !! NAC Name !! Population !! Wards !! Chairperson !! Party
|-
| 1 || rowspan="2" | [[Angul district|Angul]]|| [[Athmallik|Athamallik]]|| 12,298 || 11 || Asha Kumari Sahoo|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 2 || [[Pallahara]]|| — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 3 || rowspan="4" | [[Balangir district|Balangir]]|| [[Kantabanji]]|| 21,819 || 16 || Bariyam Singh Saluja|| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|4
|[[Loisinga]]
|—
|(new)
|Vacant
|
|-
| 5 || [[Patnagarh]]|| 21,024 || 15 || Manasi Biswal|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 6 || Tusura || 10,638 || 11 || Ajaya Kumar Jaiswal|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 7 || rowspan="4" | [[Balasore district|Balasore]]|| [[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]]|| — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 8 || [[Nilagiri|Nilgiri]]|| 17,264 || 13 || Ambika Das|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 9 || [[Remuna]]|| 33,378 || 13 || Tanuja Giri|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 10 || [[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia]]|| — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 11 || rowspan="5" | [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]|| [[Attabira Assembly constituency|Attabira]]|| 17,243 || 12 || Banamali Bariha|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 12 || [[Barapali|Barpali]]|| 20,850 || 11 || Dinesh Gahir|| IND
|-
| 13 || [[Bijepur]]|| 11,230 || 11 || Sita Barik|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 14 || [[Padmapur|Padampur]]|| 17,625 || 11 || Sabitri Bag|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 15 || Sohela || — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 16 || rowspan="4" | [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]|| [[Chandabali]]|| 26,844 || 15 || Santi Sethi|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 17 || [[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar]]|| 22,920 || 11 || Nibedita Jena|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 18 || Dhusuri || — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 19 || [[Tihidi]]|| — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 20 || rowspan="5" | [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]|| [[Athagad|Athagarh]]|| 17,304 || 18 || Sasmita Rout|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 21 || [[Badamba, Odisha|Badamba]]|| — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 22 || [[Banki, Odisha|Banki]]|| 17,521 || 17 || Manika Sahoo|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 23 || [[Narasinghpur]]|| — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 24 || [[Salepur]]|| — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 25 || rowspan="4" | [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]|| [[Bhuban]]|| 22,200 || 15 || Suvendu Kumar Sahoo|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 26 || Gondia || — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 27 || [[Hindol, Odisha|Hindol]]|| 17,387 || 16 || Kesab Pradhan|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 28 || [[Kamakhyanagar]]|| 16,810 || 15 || Dharmananda Parida|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 29 || [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]|| [[Kashinagara|Kashinagar]]|| 9,684 || 13 || Mediboina Sudha Rani|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 30 || rowspan="13" | [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]|| [[Belaguntha|Bellaguntha]]|| 11,297 || 13 || Phyroj Kumar Sethi|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 31 || [[Buguda]]|| 15,176 || 13 || Chitrasen Pradhan|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 32 || [[Chikiti]]|| 11,645 || 12 || Dipa Kumari Sahu|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 33 || [[Digapahandi]]|| 13,190 || 11 || Prafulla Panda|| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 34 || [[Ganjam]]|| 11,747 || 12 || Prativa Padhy|| IND
|-
| 35 || [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]]|| 7,221 || 11 || A Janaki Ram|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 36 || [[Jagannath Prasad, Ganjam|Jagannath Prasad]]|| — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
|37
|[[Khallikote]]
|
|12
|Niranjan Behera
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 38 || [[Kodala]]|| 13,965 || 13 || Surjya Narayan Nayak|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 39 || [[Patrapur]]|| — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 40 || [[Purusottampur|Purushottampur]]|| 15,366 || 14 || Priyanka Gouda|| IND
|-
| 41 || [[Rambha, Odisha|Rambha]]|| 12,111 || 13 || Manasi Swain|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 42 || [[Surada]]|| 14,867 || 11 || Siba Sankar Panda|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 43 || rowspan="5" | [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]||[[Dharamgarh]]|| 16,585 || 14 || Ashok Kumar Mohanty|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 44 || [[Jaipatna]] || — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 45 || [[Junagarh, Kalahandi|Junagarh]]|| 19,656 || 12 || Mukesh Agrawal|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 46 || [[Kesinga]]|| 19,239 || 12 || Nruparaj Yadav|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 47 || [[Narla]]|| — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 48 || rowspan="2" | [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]|| [[Baliguda]]|| 18,664 || 13 || Gobinda Chandra Pradhan|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 49 || [[G. Udayagiri]]|| 11,302 || 13 || Bhanuprava Mishra|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 50 || [[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]|| [[Champua]]|| 17,576 || 13 || Girija Sankar Sahoo|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 51 || rowspan="3" | [[Khordha district|Khordha]]|| [[Tangi, Odisha|Tangi]]|| — || 12 || Vacant||
|-
| 52 || [[Banapur]]|| 17,278 || 15 || Mitu Nayak|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 53 || [[Balugaon]]|| 17,645 || 11 || Sukanti Paikaray|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 54
| rowspan="2" |[[Koraput district|Koraput]]|| [[Borigumma]] || — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 55 || [[Kotpad]]|| 16,326 || 13 || M. Shankar Rao|| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 56 || [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]]|| [[Balimela]]|| 11,796 || 12 || Pradeep Kumar Nayak|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 57 || rowspan="7" | [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]|| [[Bangriposi]]|| — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 58 || [[Betnoti]]|| — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 59 || [[Chitrada]]|| — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 60 || [[Jashipur]]|| — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 61 || [[Kaptipada]]|| — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 62 || Rasgobindpur || — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 63 || [[Udala]]|| 13,152 || 12 || Pramila Panda|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 64 || rowspan="4" | [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]|| [[Dashapalla|Daspalla]]|| 18,470 || 16 || Punam Priyadarshinee|| IND
|-
| 65 || [[Khandapada]]|| 9,038 || 13 || Arati Pradhan|| IND
|-
| 66 || [[Odagaon]]|| 11,941 || 15 || Vacant|| -
|-
| 67 || [[Raj-Ranpur|Ranapur]]|| 14,809 || 15 || Rangeen Mahanti|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 68 || rowspan="3" | [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]]|| [[Khariar]]|| 15,087 || 13 || Ujjwal Gupta|| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 69 || [[Khariar Road]]|| 18,967 || 19 || Sonia Jain|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 70 || [[Nuapada]]|| 16,208 || 14 || Mahammad Adam|| IND
|-
| 71 || rowspan="3" | [[Puri district|Puri]]|| [[Konark]]|| 16,779 || 13 || Sanjukta Tripathy|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 72 || [[Nimapada]]|| 19,289 || 11 || Sasmita Sahoo|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 73 || [[Pipili]]|| 17,623 || 16 || SK. Babu|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 74 || rowspan="2" | [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]|| [[Bissam Cuttack]]|| — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 75 || [[Gudari, Rayagada|Gudari]]|| 6,931 || 11 || Sarimita Sabar|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 76 || rowspan="4" | [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]|| [[Bamra State|Bamra]]|| — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 77 || [[Kuchinda]]|| 15,576 || 11 || Pradyut Kumar Mohanty|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 78 || [[Redhakhol]]|| 15,379 || 13 || Sibaram Sahoo|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 79 || [[Rengali Assembly constituency|Rengali]]|| — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 80 || rowspan="3" | [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]|| [[Binika]] || 15,765 || 12 || Subash Chandra Bhue|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
| 81 || [[Birmaharajpur|Biramaharajpur]]|| — || (new) || Vacant||
|-
| 82 || [[Tarbha]]|| 8,334 || 12 || Bandita Nayak|| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|}

== Overview (District Wise list) ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!No.
!District
!Municipal Corporation
!Municipalities
!NACs
|-
!1
|[[Angul district|Angul]]
|NA
|
# [[Angul]]
# [[Talcher]]
|
# [[Athmallik]]
# [[Pallahara]]
|-
!2
|[[Balangir district|Balangir]]
|NA
|
# [[Balangir]]
# [[Titlagarh]]
|
# [[Loisinga|Kantabanji]]
# [[Loisinga]]
# [[Patnagarh]]
# Tusura
|-
!3
|[[Balasore district|Balasore]]
|NA
|
# [[Balasore]]
# [[Jaleswar]]
# [[Soro, Balasore|Soro]]
|
# [[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]]
# [[Nilagiri]]
# [[Remuna]]
# [[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia]]
|-
!4
|[[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]
|NA
|
# [[Bargarh]]
|
# [[Attabira Assembly constituency|Attabira]]
# [[Athmallik|Barapali]]
# [[Bijepur]]
# [[Padmapur]]
# Sohela
|-
!5
|[[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
|NA
|
# [[Basudevpur]]
# [[Bhadrak]]
|
# [[Chandabali]]
# [[Dhamanagar]]
# Dhusuri
# [[Tihidi]]
|-
!6
|[[Boudh district|Boudh]]
|NA
|
# [[Boudh]]
|NA
|-
!7
|[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
|[[Cuttack Municipal Corporation|Cuttack]]
|
# [[Angul|Choudwar]]
|
# [[Athagad|Athagarh]]
# [[Badamba, Odisha|Badamba]]
# [[Banki, Odisha|Banki]]
# [[Narasinghpur|Narsingapur]]
# [[Salepur]]
|-
!8
|[[Debagarh district|Deogarh]]
|NA
|
# [[Debagarh|Deogarh]]
|NA
|-
!9
|[[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
|NA
|
# [[Dhenkanal]]
|
# [[Athmallik|Bhuban]]
# Gondia
# [[Hindol, Odisha|Hindol]]
# [[Kamakhyanagar]]
|-
!10
|[[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
|NA
|
# [[Paralakhemundi]]
|
# [[Athmallik|Kashinagar]]
|-
!11
|[[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
|[[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]]
|
# [[Aska Assembly constituency|Aska]]
# [[Bhanjanagar]]
# [[Chhatrapur]]
# [[Hinjilicut]]
# [[Kabisuryanagar]]
# [[Polasara]]
|
# [[Belaguntha]]
# [[Buguda]]
# [[Chikiti]]
# [[Digapahandi]]
# [[Ganjam]]
# [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]]
# [[Jagannath Prasad, Ganjam|Jagannatha Prasad]]
# [[Khallikote]]
# [[Kodala]]
# [[Patrapur]]
# [[Purusottampur]]
# [[Rambha, Odisha|Rambha]]
# [[Surada]]
|-
!12
|[[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]
|NA
|
# [[Bargarh|Jagatsinghpur]]
# [[Paradeep]]
|NA
|-
!13
|[[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]
|NA
|
# [[Jajpur]]
# [[Byasanagar]]
|
# [[Chandikhole|Chandikhol]]
|-
!14
|[[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]
|NA
|
# [[Belpahar]]
# [[Brajarajnagar]]
# [[Jharsuguda]]
|NA
|-
!15
|[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
|NA
|
# [[Bhawanipatna]]
|
# [[Dharamgarh]]
# [[Jaipatna]]
# [[Junagarh, Kalahandi|Junagarh]]
# [[Kesinga]]
# [[Narla]]
|-
!16
|[[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]
|NA
|
# [[Phulbani]]
|
# [[Baliguda]]
# [[G. Udayagiri]]
|-
!17
|[[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]
|NA
|
# [[Kendrapara]]
# [[Pattamundai]]
|NA
|-
!18
|[[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]
|NA
|
# [[Anandapur]]
# [[Barbil]]
# [[Joda]]
# [[Kendujhar|Keonjhar]]
|
# [[Champua]]
|-
!19
|[[Khordha district|Khordha]]
|[[Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation|Bhubaneswar]]
|
# [[Jatani]]
# [[Khordha]]
|
# [[Tangi, Odisha|Tangi]]
# [[Balugaon]]
# [[Banapur]]
|-
!20
|[[Koraput district|Koraput]]
|NA
|
# [[Jeypore|Jeypur]]
# [[Koraput]]
# [[Sunabeda]]
|
# [[Borigumma|Boriguma]]
# [[Kotpad]]
|-
!21
|[[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]]
|NA
|
# [[Malkangiri]]
|
# [[Balimela]]
|-
!22
|[[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|NA
|
# [[Baripada]]
# [[Karanjia]]
# [[Rairangpur]]
|
# [[Bangriposi]]
# [[Betnoti]]
# [[Chitrada]]
# [[Jashipur]]
# [[Kaptipada]]
# Rasgobindpur
# [[Udala]]
|-
!23
|[[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]]
|NA
|
# [[Nawarangpur]]
# [[Talcher|Umerkot]]
|NA
|-
!24
|[[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]
|NA
|
# [[Nayagarh]]
|
# [[Dashapalla|Daspalla]]
# [[Khandapada]]
# [[Odagaon]]
# [[Raj-Ranpur|Ranpur]]
|-
!25
|[[Nuapada district|Nuapada]]
|NA
|
# Khariar Road
|
# [[Khariar]]
# Sinapali
# [[Nuapada]]
# Komna
|-
!26
|[[Puri district|Puri]]
|[[Puri]]
|
|
# [[Chandabali|Konark]]
# [[Dhamanagar|Nimapada]]
# [[Pipili]]
|-
!27
|[[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]
|NA
|
# [[Gunupur]]
# [[Rayagada]]
|
# [[Bissam Cuttack]]
# [[Gudari, Rayagada|Gudari]]
|-
!28
|[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|[[Sambalpur Municipal Corporation|Sambalpur]]
|NA
|
# Bamra
# [[Nilagiri|Kuchinda]]
# [[Redhakhol]]
# Rengali

|-
!29
|[[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]
|NA
|
# [[Sonepur, Odisha|Sonepur]]
|
# [[Binika|Binka]]
# [[Birmaharajpur]]
# [[Tarbha]]
|-
!30
|[[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]]
|[[Rourkela Municipal Corporation|Rourkela]]
|
# [[Biramitrapur]]
# [[Rajgangpur]]
# [[Sundergarh]]
|NA
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Odisha}}

[[Category:Government of Odisha|Urban local bodies]]

Kishor Barman

2026-04-19T23:20:14Z

AngleaDeason621: adding post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kishor Barman
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office1 = Minister of [[Department of Higher Education (Tripura)|Higher Education]] and Panchayat
| term_start1 = 3 July 2025
| term_end1 =
| office2 = Member of Tripura Legislative Assembly
| term_start2 = 2023
| term_end2 =
| prime_minister =
| president =
| predecessor2 = Subhash Chandra Das
| successor2 =
| constituency2 = [[Nalchar Assembly constituency|Nalchar]]
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1981}}
| birth_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| spouse = Gargi Mandal<ref>{{cite news |title=Higher education minister Kisore Barman ties nuptial bond with beloved from West Bengal |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=4167&title=Higher-education-minister-Kisore-Barman-ties-nuptial-bond-with-beloved-from-West-Bengal |work=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref>
| cabinet = [[Government of Tripura]]
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Tripura University]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| website = 
| signature =
}}
'''Kishor Barman''' (born 1981)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Tripura]]. He is a member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nalchar Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Sipahijala district]]. He won the [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kishor Barman in Tripura Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/tripura/kishor-barman-nalchar-candidate-s23a021c004/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He is inducted into the cabinet of Tripura Government on 3 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-07-03 |title=BJP MLA Kishor Barman takes oath as Cabinet Minister in Tripura |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tripura/bjp-mla-kishor-barman-takes-oath-as-cabinet-minister-in-tripura/article69768135.ece |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Barman is from [[Nalchar Assembly constituency|Nalchar]], Sipahijala district, Tripura. He is the son of Amar Chand Barman. He completed his M.A. in Bengali, in 2004, at [[Tripura University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kishor Barman(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- NALCHAR (SC)(SEPAHIJALA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Tripura2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6937 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Barman won from Nalchar Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election. He polled 20,836 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Tapan Chandra Das of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], by a margin of 2,384 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He also serves as the general secretary of BJP.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-03 |title=Assembly elections: In Tripura, BJP's champ, but faces new 'challenger' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/tripura/news/in-tripura-bjps-champ-but-faces-new-challenger/articleshow/98374772.cms |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 3 July 2025, he was administered oath as a minister by the Governor N. Indrasena Reddy at Raj Bhavan in [[Agartala]]. He joined the Chief Minister Manik Saha cabinet as a 12th member. However, Tipra Motha and the Indigenous People’s Front, the allies of the ruling BJP and the Opposition parties, CPM and Congress, skipped the oath taking ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-03 |title=BJP MLA Kishor Barman sworn in as minister in Tripura, allies TIPRA Motha and IPFT skip oath-taking ceremony |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjp-mla-kishor-barman-sworn-in-as-minister-tripura-10104507/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barman, Kishor}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Sipahijala district]]
[[Category:Tripura University alumni]]

Sabeena Gadihoke

2026-04-19T00:41:08Z

AngleaDeason621: created new info

{{Short description|Indian author and professor}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox academic
| occupation = Professor
| education = {{ubl|[[Delhi University]] (B.A.)| [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] (Master's in Mass Communication)|[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (PhD)}}
| discipline = Media studies
| sub_discipline = Digital media arts
| workplaces = [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
}}

'''Sabeena Gadihoke''' is an Indian academic and filmmaker. She is a professor of Digital Media Arts at [[A. J. K. Mass Communication Research Centre]] at [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=A.J.K. Mass Communication Research Centre - Prof. Sabeena Gadihoke |url=https://www.jmi.ac.in/A.J.K.-Mass-Communication-Research-Centre/Faculty-Members/1502/Sabeena_Gadihoke |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=[[Jamia Millia Islamia]]}}</ref> She is the biographer of [[Homai Vyarawalla]], India's first female photojournalist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060319/spectrum/main1.htm |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gadihoke holds a Bachelor's in History from [[Delhi University]], a Master's in Mass Communication from the AJK MCRC, and a PhD from the School of Arts and Aesthetics, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Prior to working in academia, Gadihoke produced educational films at the Mass Communication Research Center.<ref name=":0" />

Gadihoke began teaching at Jamie Millia Islamia in 1990.<ref name=":0" />

She is a founding member of the independent video collective ''Mediastorm.<ref name=":0" />'' She received a grant from the [[India Foundation for the Arts]] in the late 1990s "to map out a feminist history of women photographers in the country".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabeena Gadihoke |url=https://indiaifa.org/grants-projects/sabeena-gadihoke.html |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=India Foundation for the Arts}}</ref>

== Publications ==

=== Books ===
* {{Cite book |title=Camera Chronicles of Homai Vyarawalla |publisher=Mapin/Parzor Foundation |year=2006}}

=== Chapters ===

* {{Cite book |last=Gadihoke |first=Sabeena |title=The Cinema of Me: The Self and Subjectivity in First Person Documentary |chapter=Secrets and Inner Voices: The Self and Subjectivity in Contemporary Indian Documentary |date=2012 |publisher=Wallflower Press |isbn=978-0-231-16214-2 |editor-last=Lebow |editor-first=Alisa |location=London; New York}}
* {{Cite book |date=2020-09-23 | chapter=All 'Dressed Up': Costume, Fashion and Identity in the Photographs of Homai Vyarawalla |title=Photography in India |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003103790-7/dressed-costume-fashion-identity-photographs-homai-vyarawalla-sabeena-gadihoke |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003103790-7/dressed-costume-fashion-identity-photographs-homai-vyarawalla-sabeena-gadihoke |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507022609/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003103790-7/dressed-costume-fashion-identity-photographs-homai-vyarawalla-sabeena-gadihoke |archive-date=2025-05-07}}

=== Articles ===

* {{Cite journal |date=2011-07-01 |title=Sensational Love Scandals and their After-lives: The Epic Tale of Nanavati |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/097492761100200202 |journal=BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies |language=EN |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=103–218 |doi=10.1177/097492761100200202 |issn=0974-9276|url-access=subscription }}

== Films ==

* ''Three Women and a Camera'' (1998)<ref name=":0" />
* ''Tales of the Night Fairies'' ([[Shohini Ghosh]], 2002)<ref name=":0" />

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm1614985}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gadihoke, Sabeena}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jamia Millia Islamia]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian cinematographers]]
[[Category:Indian women biographers]]
[[Category:Indian women cinematographers]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ananta Narayan Jena

2026-04-18T21:13:36Z

AngleaDeason621: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ananta Narayan Jena
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bhubaneswar Central Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Ananta Narayan Jena
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Ananta Narayan Jena''' is an Indian politician who was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bhubaneswar Central Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]] as a member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ananta Narayan Jena Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=593 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bhubaneswar Central (Madhya) Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Ananta Narayan Jena of BJD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bhubaneswar-central-madhya-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916492.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Five MLAs won by less than 1k votes; one by 37 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/five-mlas-won-by-less-than-1k-votes-one-by-37/articleshow/110778866.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jena, Ananta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Gayatri Gopichand

2026-04-17T14:27:36Z

AngleaDeason621:

{{short description|Indian badminton player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Gayatri Gopichand
| full_name = Gayatri Gopichand Pullela
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2003|03|04}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], Telangana, India
| residence =
| height = 1.62 m
| weight = 56 kg
| years_active =
| handedness = Right
| coach = [[Pullela Gopichand]]<br />[[Arun Vishnu]]
| event = Women's doubles
| highest_ranking = 9 (with [[Treesa Jolly]], 14 January 2025)
| current_ranking = 30 (with Treesa Jolly, 14 April 2026)
| played =
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[badminton]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|2022 Birmingham|[[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's doubles|Women's doubles]]}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|Asian Mixed Team Championships]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2023 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|2023 Dubai]] | Mixed team }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asian Team Championships]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2024 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2024 Selangor]] | Women's team }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Badminton at the 2019 South Asian Games|2019 Pokhara]]|Women's team}}
{{MedalSilver|2019 Pokhara|Women's singles}}
| bwfbadminton_id = 59966/gayatri-gopichand-pullela
}}

'''Gayatri Gopichand Pullela''' (born 4 March 2003) is an Indian [[badminton]] player and a member of the [[India national badminton team|national team]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/Gayatri-Gopichand-showing-signs-of-a-champion/article17125792.ece |title=Gayatri Gopichand showing signs of a champion |work=The Hindu |last=Rozario |first=Rayan |date=1 February 2018 |access-date=27 July 2018}}</ref> She is the daughter of former shuttlers [[P. V. V. Lakshmi]] and [[Pullela Gopichand]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/pullela-gopichands-daughter-gayathri-included-in-badminton-squad-for-asian-games-5236280/ |title=Pullela Gopichand's daughter Gayatri included in badminton squad for Asian Games |publisher=New Indian Express |date=28 June 2018 |access-date=27 July 2018}}</ref> She won the gold in the team event and the silver at the doubles event during the [[Badminton at the 2019 South Asian Games|2019 South Asian Games]].<ref name="sag19">{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sag-2019-siril-ashmita-lead-india-to-6-badminton-golds/1679538 |title=SAG 2019: Siril, Ashmita lead India to 6 badminton golds |publisher=Outlook India |date=6 December 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210170856/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sag-2019-siril-ashmita-lead-india-to-6-badminton-golds/1679538 |archive-date=10 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Gopichand won the silver in the mixed team and bronze in the doubles event at the [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Commonwealth Games]].<ref name="cwg22">{{cite web |last=Nalwala |first=Ali Asgar |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/commonwealth-games-2022-badminton-india-bronze-medal-matches-results |title=Commonwealth Games 2022 badminton: Kidambi Srikanth, Gayatri-Treesa duo win bronze medals |publisher=International Olympic Committee |date=8 August 2022 |access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref> She became the first Indian women's doubles player to make the semi-finals of [[All England Open Badminton Championships|All England Open]], 21 years after her father's victory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/badminton/290618/badminton-in-her-blood.html |title=Badminton in her blood |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=29 June 2018 |access-date=27 July 2018}}</ref>

==Achievements==
===Commonwealth Games===
[[File:The six medallists in the women's doubles.jpg|thumb|The six medallists in the women's badminton doubles at the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham. Left to right: [[Chloe Birch]] and [[Lauren Smith (badminton)|Lauren Smith]] (England), [[Pearly Tan]] and [[Thinaah Muralitharan]] (Malaysia), [[Treesa Jolly]] and Gayathri Gopichand (India).]]

''Women's doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|- style="background:#FFE4B5"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's doubles|2022]]
| align="left" | [[National Exhibition Centre]], [[Birmingham]], England
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Chen Hsuan-yu]]<br />{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Gronya Somerville]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 21–18
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white" | <ref name="cwg22"/>
|}

===South Asian Games===
''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|- style="background:#FFAAAA"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2019 South Asian Games|2019]]
| align="left" | [[Pokhara Rangasala|Badminton Covered Hall]], [[Pokhara]], Nepal
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashmita Chaliha]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 23–25
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white" | <ref name="sag19"/>
|}

===BWF World Tour (3 titles, 1 runner-up)===
The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |last=Alleyne |first=Gayle |title=BWF Launches New Events Structure |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300 (part of the HSBC World Tour), and the BWF Tour Super 100.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

''Women's doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | [[2022 Syed Modi International#Finals 4|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]]
| align="left" | Super 300
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Anna Cheong]]<br />{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teoh Mei Xing]]
| align="left" | 12–21, 13–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2022 Odisha Open#Finals 4|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Odisha Open]]
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Treesa Jolly
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanyogita Ghorpade]]<br />{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mishra]]
| align="left" | 21–12, 21–10
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2024 Syed Modi International#Finals 4|2024]]
| align="left" | Syed Modi International
| align="left" | Super 300
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Treesa Jolly
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Bao Lijing]]<br />{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Qian (badminton)|Li Qian]]
| align="left" | 21–18, 21–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2025 Syed Modi International#Finals 4|2025]]
| align="left" | Syed Modi International
| align="left" | Super 300
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Treesa Jolly
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaho Osawa]]<br />{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mai Tanabe]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 21–13, 21–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

===BWF International Challenge / Series (1 title, 5 runners-up)===
''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | [[Nepal International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Malvika Bansod]]
| align="left" | 14–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

''Women's doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | [[Polish International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Margot Lambert]]<br />{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Anne Tran]]
| align="left" | 10–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Treesa Jolly
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto]]<br />{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutaparna Panda]]
| align="left" | 23–21, 21–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | [[Welsh International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Treesa Jolly
| align="left" | {{flagicon|FRA}} Margot Lambert<br />{{flagicon|FRA}} Anne Tran
| align="left" | 20–22, 21–17, 14–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | [[Bahrain International Challenge]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Treesa Jolly
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Lanny Tria Mayasari]]<br />{{flagicon|INA}} [[Ribka Sugiarto]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 16–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

''Mixed doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Pratheek K.]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar]]<br />{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto]]
| align="left" | 16–21, 19–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white"| {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Ref(s)
|-
| 2024
| [[BWF Awards]]
| Best Dressed Female
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/badminton/bwf-awards-2024-indias-gayatri-gopichand-pullela-adjudged-best-dressed-shuttler-watch |title=BWF Awards 2024: India's Gayatri Gopichand Pullela Adjudged Best Dressed Shuttler - Watch |website=Outlook India |date=10 December 2024 |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[Times of India Sports Awards]]
|Badminton Player of the Year Female
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-18 |title= TOISA 2024: Badminton Aces Among the Nominees|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/toisa-2024-badminton-aces-among-the-nominees/articleshow/118272687.cms |access-date=2025-02-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[Badminton in India]]
*[[India national badminton team]]
*[[List of Indian sportswomen]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Gayathri Gopichand}}
* {{BWFB|59966|Gayatri Gopichand Pullela}}
* {{BWFT|7D5F5D06-0872-4BCD-BECC-F54B3C0B70F6|Gayatri Gopichand Pullela|member_id=59966}}
* {{2022 Commonwealth Games profile|43612|Gayatri Gopichand Pullela}}

{{Footer Asian Champions Badminton Team Women}}
{{Badminton in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopichand, Gayathri}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female badminton players]]
[[Category:Indian national badminton champions]]
[[Category:Asian Games badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in badminton]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in badminton]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in badminton]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2019 South Asian Games]]
[[Category:Telugu sportspeople]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Telangana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Penn Masala

2026-04-16T01:11:22Z

AngleaDeason621:

{{short description|American a cappella group}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Penn Masala
| image = Penn Masala Publicity Photo (2023).jpg
| caption = Penn Masala in 2023
| background = group_or_band
| origin = [[University of Pennsylvania]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], United States
| genre = [[World music|World]], [[a cappella]]
| years_active = 1996–present
| website = {{Official website|http://www.pennmasala.com}}
}}
'''Penn Masala''' is an American Indian origin a cappella group. It is the world's first<ref>{{cite book |title=Pitch Perfect: The Quest for Collegiate A Cappella Glory |last=Rapkin |first=Mickey |year=2009 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-59240-463-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/pitchperfectques0000rapk_q3n0 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/node/3585 Penn Masala performs at the White House] Penn Current - October 15, 2009</ref> Indian origin and premier<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100113171650/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/10/stories/2010011057570200.htm Penn Masala to perform in city] [[The Hindu]] - January 10, 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.indiawest.com/channel/278-65-penn-masala----the-world-s-premier-south-asian-a-cappella-group.html Penn Masala - The World's Premier South Asian A Cappella Group] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113070515/http://www.indiawest.com/channel/278-65-penn-masala----the-world-s-premier-south-asian-a-cappella-group.html |date=2012-01-13 }} India West</ref> a cappella group.<ref>{{cite news | last = Matheson | first = Kathy | title = UPenn group spices up college a cappella scene with Hindi songs | agency = Associated Press | date = 2007-02-24 | url =http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/02/25/america/NA-FEA-A-E-MUS-US-Hindi-A-Cappella.php | access-date =2008-02-17
}}</ref> Formed in 1996 by students at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], Penn Masala's music has been influenced by the Indian and Western cultures that represent the group's membership. The group was featured on the soundtrack of ''[[American Desi]]'',<ref name="asianweek">{{cite news | last = Patel | first = Anhoni | title = Penn Masala Croons A Cappella | publisher = [[AsianWeek]] | date = May 18, 2001 | url = http://www.asianweek.com/2001_05_18/ae1_pennmasala.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010622080232/http://www.asianweek.com/2001_05_18/ae1_pennmasala.html | archive-date = June 22, 2001 | access-date = 2008-02-17 | url-status = dead }}</ref> and has released twelve full-length albums: ''Awaaz'', ''11 PM'', ''Soundcheck'', ''The Brown Album'', ''Pehchaan'', ''On Detours'', ''Panoramic'', ''Kaavish'', ''Resonance'',''Yuva'', ''Musafir'', ''Midnight Oil,'' an EP titled ''Vol. 1'' and the compilation album ''Out of Stock''. The group has performed at the White House (in October 2009 via invitation of [[Barack Obama]] and June 2023 via invitation from [[Joe Biden]]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/penn-masala-sings-srks-chaiyya-chaiyya-at-white-house-for-pm-modis-welcome/articleshow/101198111.cms?from=mdr|title=Penn Masala sings SRK's 'Chaiyya Chaiyya' at White House for PM Modi's welcome|newspaper=The Times of India |date=June 22, 2023}}</ref>
[[File:PM Obama.jpg|thumb|Penn Masala performs in the Blue Room of the White House in October 2009 due to invite from President [[Barack Obama]]]]
Penn Masala has also performed for the Indian Filmfare Awards, and for prominent leaders including [[Henry Kissinger]], [[Ban Ki-moon]], [[Mukesh Ambani]], and [[Narendra Modi]]. The group also had a cameo role in [[Pitch Perfect 2]],<ref name="auto">{{cite news|title=The South Asian a cappella group is the only real collegiate performance group in the movie|url=http://www.thedp.com/article/2014/08/penn-masala-in-pitch-perfect-2| work=The Daily Pennsylvanian |first=Eunice|last=Lim|date=2014-08-24|access-date=2015-05-18}}</ref> released in May 2015.

==History==
Penn Masala, often stylized as '''pennmasala''', was formed in 1996 by students at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] who wanted to represent their subcontinental heritage and music through [[a cappella]] singing. Among other, more long-standing a cappella groups, Penn Masala stood out as the only one in the world that sang [[Hindi]] music.<ref>{{cite news | last = Steinberg | first = Jacques | title = 10 Questions for the Dean of Admissions of the University of Pennsylvania | work = [[New York Times]] | date = Jan 4, 2012 | url =http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/04/choice-blog-admissions-upenn/ | access-date =2012-01-19}}</ref> This defining characteristic of the group brought it immediate attention as members fused Hindi and English music in original song formats. Soon, the group began to bill itself as "The world's first and premier Hindi a cappella group". Within just four years of its inception, Penn Masala had gained close to 15 members. By 2002, the group released its first two CDs: ''Awaaz'' (Hindi for ''sound'') was released in 1999, and ''11 PM'' was released in 2001. Over the next 3 years, Penn Masala released two more full-length albums, ''Soundcheck'' and ''The Brown Album'', and a compilation CD entitled ''Out of Stock'', which included favorites from the first 3 albums. In 2007, the group released its fifth studio album, ''Pehchaan'' (Hindi for ''identity''). The group followed up the success of ''Pehchaan'' with their sixth album, ''On Detours,'' which was released in March 2009 and ''Panoramic'', released in 2011. In 2013, they released their eighth studio album titled ''Kaavish'', which features the hit single "Fix You / Ishq Bina". In March 2014, Penn Masala released The Evolution of Bollywood Music video, which has since received over 1 million views on YouTube. They were invited to perform at the [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|2014 IIFA Awards]] as a result of the media attention they subsequently received. In the fall of 2014, Penn Masala released a music video for their cover of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbxLjKISFE4 Manwa Laage] from the movie ''Happy New Year'', featuring prominent artist [[Jonita Gandhi]]. The track was selected to be on the ''Best of College A Cappella (BOCA)'' album in 2015. In March 2015, Penn Masala released The Bollywood Breakdown, a compilation of contemporary songs that combine elements of hip-hop with Bollywood music. In May 2015, Penn Masala released the music video for Tonight (I'm Lovin’ You) / Dilliwaali Girlfriend, a mix featured on their ninth album, ''Resonance''. The group had a cameo role in [[Pitch Perfect 2]],<ref name="auto"/> released in May 2015, as competitors to the Barden Bellas. The soundtrack for the movie included Penn Masala's Hindi version of "Any Way You Want It", and won the award for the Best Soundtrack at the American Music Awards in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pitch Perfect 2: All the Details Behind UPenn's A Cappella Group Cameo|url=http://www.people.com/article/penn-masala-pitch-perfect-2-max-handelman-upenn?xid=rss-topheadlines| work=People.com |first1=Michelle|last1=Tauber|first2=Lydia|last2=Price|date=2015-05-13|access-date=2015-05-18}}</ref> Their tenth studio album, ''Yuva'', was released in 2017. An [[Extended play|EP]], ''Vol. 1'', was released in 2018, their eleventh album, ''Musafir'', was released in 2020, and their twelfth and most recent album, ''Midnight Oil'', was released in 2022. In 2023, President [[Joe Biden]] invited them to the [[White House]]; they sang [[Chaiyya Chaiyya|"Chaiya Chaiya"]] for [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Modi]] when Modi visited the United States in June of that year. Eminent dignitaries were also there at the state dinner that day including tech leaders such as [[Sundar Pichai]] (who later congratulated them on the occasion), [[Tim Cook]], [[Satya Nadella]], and [[Raj Subramaniam]]; and musicians such as the violinist, [[Joshua Bell]], who shook hands with all the members.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US President to host PM Modi: Joshua Bell, Penn Masala to perform at White House State Dinner |url=https://www.editorji.com/entertainment-news/us-president-to-host-pm-modi-joshua-bell-penn-masala-to-perform-at-white-house-state-dinner-1687408824103 |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Editorji |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, Masala was invited to perform at the [[2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics cauldron|Paris Olympics]] at the first-ever Team India Olympic House. The weekend long back-to-back performances were full-length shows for international audiences at the Olympic Village. The performances were attended by notable athletes and Team India leadership, including the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian Men's Hockey team]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenfield |first=Theo |title=A capella group Penn Masala performs at Team India house at 2024 Paris Olympics |url=https://www.thedp.com/article/2024/08/penn-masala-performs-india-house-paris-olympics |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=www.thedp.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

==Performances==
[[File:Penn Masala logo.png|thumb|200px|Penn Masala's logo]]

Penn Masala performs around the world, with much of their traveling done in the [[United States]]; the group performs at numerous universities and events across the world, spanning cities from [[Kolkata]] to [[London]] to [[Montreal]] and [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Penn Masala's Pehchaan | publisher = IndiaPost.com | date = March 4, 2007 | url = http://indiapost.com/article/lifestyle/66/ | access-date =2008-02-17 }}</ref>

In 1998, soon after the release of ''Awaaz'', Penn Masala went on its first international tour to the [[United Kingdom]], hitting the airwaves and performing all across the United Kingdom. The group gave two particularly noteworthy concerts in New York City: once in 2000 at the [[Zee TV|Zee]] Gold [[Bollywood]] Awards in the [[Nassau Coliseum]], and again in 2002 at the [[Bollywood]] Music Awards in the [[Hammerstein Ballroom]].

==India tours==

The group has travelled to India multiple times. In 2002, the group travelled to Mumbai, India to perform at the [[Star Screen Awards]], during which time the members appeared on [[MTV]] Asia. In 2006, the group celebrated its 10th anniversary with a tour of India. The men performed at such venues as the [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]] at [[Nariman Point]] in [[Mumbai]] and [[Swabhumi]] in [[Kolkata]]. In January 2010, the group did another tour across India, selling out the [[Hard Rock Cafe]]s in New Delhi and Mumbai. Penn Masala also performed at the [[Oberoi Trident]] at a ceremony honoring the achievements of [[Reliance Industries]] Chairman [[Mukesh Ambani]]. Present were many notable personalities, including [[Nita Ambani]], director [[Rajkumar Hirani]], director/producer [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]], former Chief Minister of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Farooq Abdullah]], actors [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]], [[Rahul Bose]] and [[Vinod Khanna]], and cricketer [[Sachin Tendulkar]] among others. The group also performed at the well-known [[Lumbini Park]] Amphitheatre in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], and were featured in numerous media outlets, including [[NDTV]], CNBC TV 18, [[BBC|BBC Asia]], ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'', Zee TV, and [[CNN-IBN]] among others.<ref>[http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=426874664522 Penn Masala's 2010 India Tour Recap] - Penn Masala</ref> Penn Masala's fourth India tour took place in January 2013, where they shot a music video of "Fix You / Ishq Bina" and performed in five cities across all of the [[Hard Rock Cafe]]s in the entire country.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_penn-masala-eyes-bollywood_1785388] Penn Masala Eyes Bollywood</ref> The January 2013 tour was covered by many major India new outlets, including ''The Times of India'' and ''DNA India'', who met with members Ram Narayan and Sam Levenson to write about the tour.<ref>{{cite news|last=Badola|first=Shreya|title='Penn Masala' eyes Bollywood|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_penn-masala-eyes-bollywood_1785388|newspaper=DNA|date=January 4, 2013}}</ref> Their most recent tour to India was in May 2023.
[[File:04-01-23 Penn Masala Concert.jpg|thumb|Penn Masala performing at [[Irvine Auditorium]] in 2023.]]

==United Kingdom and Canada tours==

After its initial United Kingdom tour, Penn Masala continued reaching out to audiences abroad with a tour of the nation in March 2010. Among others, two notable performances were at [[St. James's Church, Piccadilly|St. James Piccadilly]] in central [[London]], and in [[Hammersmith]], where the group headlined a nationwide music competition. In November 2010 Penn Masala performed in [[Montreal]], their first Canadian performance in ten years. Then again in 2012, Penn Masala toured the United Kingdom and did a show for The Rajasthani Foundation's Diwali Charity Gala Ball. Audience members included the Hinduja Brothers of the [[Hinduja Group]], [[Lakshmi Narayan Mittal]], Europe's richest man and CEO of [[ArcelorMittal]], as well as the company's CFO [[Aditya Mittal]]. The group performed in the United Kingdom in October 2018 as well.

==Domestic tours==
[[File:Penn masala atlanta.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Penn Masala concert at the World Congress Center in Atlanta, Georgia]]
Every semester, Penn Masala tours at a few university campuses. For example, in 2011, Penn Masala performed full-length shows at [[University of Michigan]], [[Vanderbilt University]], [[Ohio University]], [[University of Houston]], [[Rutgers University]], [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]], [[University of North Carolina]], [[University of Maryland]] and a second performance at [[Rutgers University]], as well as an international gig in the United Kingdom. The group performed at [[Southern Methodist University]] for Bhangra Blitz in April 2013. However, on top of these routine performances, Penn Masala has also performed for a number of famous individuals ranging from [[Anderson Cooper]] to [[Henry Kissinger]] to [[Ban Ki-moon]].

On October 14, 2009, Penn Masala performed at the [[White House]] in Washington, D.C. for the White House's celebration of Diwali and the signing ceremony of the Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.<ref>[http://www.dailypennsylvanian.com/article/penn-masala-performs-white-house Penn Masala performs at White House] Daily Pennsylvanian - October 14, 2009</ref> The event took place in the [[East Room]], with attendees including President [[Barack Obama]], the Secretary of Commerce and Secretary of Education, associate director of Public Engagement Kalpen Modi (also known as [[Kal Penn]]), members of Congress, and distinguished community members. Penn Masala opened the ceremony with a performance which was followed by a speech by President Obama, who commended their creative energy and contributions to the Asian American community. In fact in 2012, it was leaked that along with artists such as [[Jay-Z]], [[Adam Levine]], [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]], [[Arcade Fire]] and others, Penn Masala was to be courted by President [[Barack Obama]]'s team in order to obtain their celebrity endorsement.<ref>{{cite news | last = Smith | first = Grady | title = Obama's wish-list of celebrity endorsements leaks, but Lady Antebellum says no thanks | publisher = [[Entertainment Weekly]] | date = January 19, 2012 | url =http://music-mix.ew.com/2012/01/13/obamas-wish-list-of-celebrity-endorsements | access-date =2012-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Cass | first = Michael | title = Confirmed and Passed Surrogates | publisher = [[The Tennessean|Tennessean]] | date = January 19, 2012 | url =http://www.tennessean.com/assets/pdf/DN183776111.PDF | access-date =2012-01-19}}</ref> In 2011, Penn Masala was invited to perform for the presidents of universities all over the world as well as [[UN Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]].

Penn Masala also holds a large annual spring concert at the University of Pennsylvania in the university's largest performance venue, [[Irvine Auditorium]]. The concert features a wide selection of their songs, and incorporates humor throughout the show using skits and videos that often parody or spoof popular culture. The end of the show is usually marked by a traditional gathering of Masala alumni and current members of the group on stage to commemorate the group and its extensive alumni network

==Music==
Penn Masala combines various musical traditions, including Hindi film music, [[pop music|pop]], [[hip-hop music|hip-hop]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[rock music|rock]], and [[Indian classical music|Indian classical]] styles. The group also uses a wide array of languages in their songs. Their compositions are primarily sung in English or Hindi, but certain songs include Arabic, Punjabi, Kannada, and Tamil as well.<ref>{{cite web | last =Sharda | first =Ashish | title =Interview with Penn Masala | publisher =Shabd | url =http://shabd.ektaa.org/upcoming_events.htm | access-date =2008-02-17 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122316/http://shabd.ektaa.org/upcoming_events.htm | archive-date =2007-09-30 }}</ref>

Penn Masala blends popular songs to create its own independent version, which is melodically and thematically unified. Most songs fuse popular Hindi and English songs (in the past the group has covered songs by artists such as [[U2]] and [[Justin Timberlake]]), into an a cappella rendition. Some songs are purely Hindi; for example, "Bahara" on ''Panoramic'',<ref>[http://xdvmagazine.com/music/asian-fusion/penn-masala-panoramic-album/ Panoramic (Album)] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130210044811/http://xdvmagazine.com/music/asian-fusion/penn-masala-panoramic-album/ |date=2013-02-10 }} XDV Magazine - January 2, 2012</ref> and "Yeh Honsla" on ''On Detours'' and others purely English, such as "What Goes Around Comes Around" on ''On Detours''. Other songs, such as "Aicha" and "Is Pal Mein", incorporate Hindi and English lyrics into a single song. "Aankhon Mein Tu Hai" also includes [[Tamil language|Tamil]] verses, "Saade Dil Te", "Kangna" and "Tere Werga" incorporate [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] songs, while "Masala Dosa" begins with the [[Kannada]] hymn "[[Krishna Ni Begane]]", "Aicha" includes [[Arabic]] verses and "Fix You - Ishq Bina" includes [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. While most of the group's songs are interpretations of already-existing songs, the group also composes originals (one or two per album), such as "Main Tanha" and "Pehchaan" on the album ''Pehchaan'', "Kal Ka Sapna" and "Distant Places" on ''On Detours'', "Is Pal Mein" and "Kaash" on ''Panoramic'', "Mann Mein Ujaala" on ''Kaavish,'' "Reflection (In Your Eyes)" on ''Resonance,'' "Ishaara" on ''Yuva'' and "Meant To Be/Chalta Raha" on ''Musafir''.

Penn Masala's music has been popularly and critically acclaimed. "Meri Sapno Ki Rani" and "Aap Jaise Koi" were both featured in ''[[American Desi]]'', while a [[music video]] for "Chamak Challo" debuted in the Top 10 on [[Channel V|Channel [V]]] India. Both "Chamak Challo" and "Bharat Humko Jaan Se Pyara Hai", a celebration of India's 50th anniversary of [[Indian Independence Movement|independence]], brought immediate attention to the group in the fall of 1997, and have been fan favorites ever since. Penn Masala songs have been routinely selected for Varsity Vocals' ''Best of Collegiate A Cappella'' CD.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://almanac.upenn.edu/archive/volumes/v56/n19/hot.html|title=01/26/10, Honors and Other Things - Almanac, Vol. 56, No. 19|website=almanac.upenn.edu}}</ref> "Bharat Humko Jaan Se Pyara Hai" was the first Penn Masala song to be honored. After that, " "Pehchaan" from ''Pehchaan'', "Lovestoned/Ya Ali" from ''On Detours'', "Is Pal Mein" from ''Panoramic'', and "Manwa Laage" from ''Resonance'' have all been selected to be on the ''Best of Collegiate A Cappella'' CD for their respective years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.varsityvocals.com/news.html#BOCA|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717031537/http://www.varsityvocals.com/news.html|url-status=dead|title=2012 announced|archivedate=July 17, 2012}}</ref>

In 2012, the group was named one of the five best college a cappella groups in the United States by ''[[USA Today]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://college.usatoday.com/2012/10/01/the-5-best-college-a-cappella-groups-in-the-country/|title=The 5 Best College A Capella Groups in the Country}}</ref> and twelve best college a cappella groups by online magazine ''[[Her Campus]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hercampus.com/life/12-best-college-cappella-groups-country/|title=The 12 Best College A Cappella Groups in the Country|date=August 20, 2013}}</ref>

==Members==
Penn Masala is a living, evolving group. Made up of University of Pennsylvania students, the group's membership constantly changes as veteran members graduate and new members enter the group<ref>[https://twitter.com/PennMasala/status/25031912774 Welcoming New Members] - Penn Masala</ref> through an audition process. Although the majority of Penn Masala's members are of Indian descent, non-Indian members such as Brian Hong, Sam Levenson, Brendan McManus, Albert Gu, and Nick Chang have been a part of the group.<ref name="asianweek"/> Former members also occasionally perform with the group when they tour different cities.

Penn Masala currently consists of: Aryaman Meswani, Gaurish Gaur, Avik Agarwal, Sauman Das, Aadi Shah, Ram Pantula, Advaith Satish, Nick Chang, Aarav Doshi, Rishabh Tole, Anay Apte, and Jaydon Gollapudi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Penn Masala - Group |url=https://www.pennmasala.com/group |website=Penn Masala |access-date=7 April 2023}}</ref>

===Alumni===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Graduation Year
!Names
|-
|1999
| Alekh Dalal, Ankur Gupta, Himanshu Sheth, Naveen Wadhera
|-
|2000
| Abhijeet Patwardhan, Brian Hong, Budhaditya Bhattacharya, Deep Trivedi, Kunal Bajaj, Mihir Talati, Rishi Patel
|-
|2001
| Ameesh Shah, Pankaj Kakkar, Sandip Agarwala, Veeral Rathod
|-
|2002
| Akash Shah, Arpan Punyani, Saurabh Moonat
|-
|2003
| Gaurav Kapadia, Kalin Agarwal, Rishabh Jain, Sandeep Acharya, Vimal Vora, Vishal Oberoi, Viral Juthani
|-
|2004
| Indranil Guha, Prateek Sureka, Devang Shah
|-
|2005
| Adarsh Shah, Ashish Doshi, Prashant Shankar, Shakir Iqbal
|-
|2006
| Ramnath Vaidyanathan, Samir Amrute, Varun Sureka
|-
|2007
| Anand Anbalagan, Ankit Agarwal, Jay Patel, Sathvik Tantry, Srikant Rao, [[Tushar Vashisht]]
|-
|2008
| Ameya Phadke, Ankit Shah, Samir Sheth
|-
|2009
| Anup Bharani, Chethan Mudiyam, Ricky Sharma
|-
|2010
| Ankit Dhir, Nikhil Marathe, Sagar Bhatt
|-
|2011
| Bhuwan Vashisht, Dhruv Batura, Manoj Racherla, Sachin Amrute
|-
|2012
| Bharat Moudgil, Harshil Shukla, Mahesh Murali, Shriram Chauhan, Vinay Rao
|-
|2013
| Akshat Vaidya, Ram Narayan, Sam Levenson
|-
|2014
| Akiff Premjee, Varshil Patel, Rohan Murthy
|-
|2015
| Dilip Rajan, Ashwin Muthiah, Dhruv Maheshwari
|-
|2016
| Prashant Ramesh, Chetan Khanna, Anil Chitrapu, Aneesh Kanakamedala
|-
|2017
|Hariharan Ravi, Praveen Rajaguru, Brendan McManus, Pranay Sharma, Kashish Hora
|-
|2018
|Nikhil Raman, Wrik Sinha, Yamir Tainwala, Vishnu Rachakonda
|-
|2019
|Atman Panigrahi, Sanjit Chakravarthy, Anant Maheshwari
|-
|2020
|Shaunak Kulkarni, Anvit Reddy, Anirudh Bikmal, Ajay Vasisht
|-
|2021
|Kushal Modi, Harsh Meswani, Dev Shaurya Singhal
|-
|2022
|Aveek Ganguly, Shrivats Kannan, Partha Rao
|-
|2023
|Saaketh Narayan, Vishvesh Dhar, Albert Gu, Sachit Gali
|-
|2024
|Venugopal Chillal, Riju Datta, Samarth Nayak
|-
|2025
|Ajay Kilambi, Raghu Raman, Prateek Adurty
|-
|}
The group also gives special thanks to the following: Santosh Govindaraju, [[Siddhartha Khosla]], Swapnil Shah, Sameer Mungur, Ananda Sen, Vishal Oberoi

==Discography==

===Albums===
*''Midnight Oil'' (2022)
*''Musafir'' (2020)
*''Penn Masala, Vol.1 (2018)''
*''Yuva'' (2017)
*''Resonance'' (2015)
*''Kaavish'' (2013)
*''Panoramic'' (2011)
*''On Detours'' (2009)
*''Pehchaan'' (2007)
*''Out of Stock'' (2005)
*''The Brown Album'' (2005)
*''Soundcheck'' (2003)
*''Aap Jaisa Koi'' (2001) (from ''[[American Desi]]'')
*''11 PM'' (2001)
*''Awaaz'' (1999)

'''''Midnight Oil (2022)'''''
{{track listing
| title1 = Late Night Drive (Intro)
| length1 = 1:07
| title2 = Uptown Funk / Badtameez Dil
| length2 = 3:36
| title3 = Versace On The Floor / Aao Naa
| length3 = 4:40
| title4 = Ragas of Malhar
| length4 = 4:37
| title5 = Taare Zameen Par / Paradise
| length5 = 5:03
| title6 = Lakshya
| length6 = 3:39
| title7 = Blinding Lights / Bol Na Halke
| length7 = 4:24
| title8 = My Future / Yeh Dooriyan / Kalank
| length8 = 4:53
| title9 = Anyone / Hawayein
| length9 = 4:01
| title10 = Teri Mitti
| length10 = 4:29
| title11 = Om Shanti Om / September
| length11 = 4:30
| title12 = Dhoom / Talk Dirty
| length12 = 3:56
| title13 = I Don't Care / Kadhaippoma
| length13 = 3:36
| title14 = Hazy
| length14 = 3:21
| title15 = TikTok Medley (Bonus)
| length15 = 5:38
}}
'''''Musafir (2020)'''''
{{track listing
| title1 = Castle On The Hill / Ilahi
| length1 = 4:06
| title2 = Miss Independent / Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga
| length2 = 4:18
| title3 = Tu Hi Hai / Jaane Kyon Log Pyaar
| length3 = 3:30
| title4 = [[Ae Watan]]
| length4 = 3:47
| title5 = Everglow / Kaise Mujhe
| length5 = 4:54
| title6 = Pal / In My Blood
| length6 = 3:01
| title7 = [[Bulleya]] / Dusk Till Dawn
| length7 = 4:54
| title8 = When We Were Young / Tera Yaar Hoon Main
| length8 = 4:06
| title9 = Meant To Be / Chalta Raha (Original)
| length9 = 4:34
| title10 = Tu Cheez Badi Hai Mast
| length10 = 4:07
| title11 = Let Me Love You / Suit / [[High Rated Gabru]]
| length11 = 4:33
| title12 = Cake By The Ocean / Ghungroo / Stronger
| length12 = 4:17
| title13 = United By Music - Desi Regional Medley
| length13 = 5:14
}}

'''''Penn Masala, Vol.1 (2018)'''''
{{track listing
| title1 = [[Mast Magan]] / Iktara
| length1 = 3:57
| title2 = The Udit Narayan Mix
| length2 = 2:15
| title3 = O Saathi / Too Good at Goodbyes
| length3 = 2:19
| title4 = Controlla / Baarish
| length4 = 3:25
| title5 = Attention / Bandook Meri Laila
| length5 = 2:15
| title6 = Havana / [[Bom Diggy]] / [[Main Tera Boyfriend]]
| length6 = 2:07
| title7 = Shut Up and Dance / Buddhu Sa Mann
| length7 = 2:21
| title8 = The Ten Years Medley
| length8 = 2:57
}}

'''''Yuva - (2017)'''''
{{track listing
| title1 = One Thing / [[Jeena Jeena]]
| length1 = 4:23
| title2 = Baar Baar Dekho / Haal Kaisa Hai Janaab Ka
| length2 = 3:27
| title3 = Phir Le Aaya Dil
| length3 = 5:04
| title4 = Ishaara
| length4 = 4:36
| title5 = Tu Hai Ke Nahi / Climax
| length5 = 4:37
| title6 = Photograph / Aayat / Laal Ishq
| length6 = 5:06
| title7 = Agar Tum Saath Ho / Treat You Better
| length7 = 4:44
| title8 = Sau Aasmaan / If I Lose Myself
| length8 = 4:48
| title9 = [[Humma Humma]]
| length9 = 3:48
| title10 = Sooraj Dooba Hain / Sugar
| length10 = 3:53
| title11 = The Antakshari Project: Holi
| length11 = 5:44
| title12 = Desi 4Chord Medley
| length12 = 3:50
| title13 = [[Nashe Si Chadh Gayi]] / Hymn for the Weekend
| length13 = 4:17
}}

'''''Resonance - (2015)'''''
{{track listing
| title1 = Main Rang Sharbaton Ka - Sunday Morning
| length1 = 4:40
| title2 = Without You - Teri Jhuki Nazar
| length2 = 4:19
| title3 = [[Manwa Laage]] (feat. Jonita Gandhi)
| length3 = 3:54
| title4 = Stay - [[Tere Bina (song)|Tere Bina]]
| length4 = 4:29
| title5 = [[Tum Hi Ho]] - Mad World
| length5 = 4:20
| title6 = Reflection (In Your Eyes)
| length6 = 3:30
| title7 = Can't Feel My Face - Rehna Tu
| length7 = 3:58
| title8 = Yun Hi Chala Chal
| length8 = 5:36
| title9 = La La La - Bang Bang
| length9 = 4:02
| title10 = Clocks - Koi Hai Toh Sahee
| length10 = 3:58
| title11 = Tonight (I'm Lovin' You) - Dilliwaali Girlfriend
| length11 = 3:47
}}

'''''Kaavish - (2013)'''''
{{track listing
| title1 = Fix You/Ishq Bina
| length1 = 4:51
| title2 = Rain Bhai Kaari (Maajhi)
| length2 = 5:34
| title3 = Mad/Pee Loon
| length3 = 4:31
| title4 = Sun Zara/U Got It Bad
| length4 = 3:26
| title5 = It Will Rain/Piya O Re Piya
| length5 = 3:56
| title6 = Can You Stand The Rain/Mann Ki Lagan
| length6 = 3:58
| title7 = Tere Warga/Fight For You
| length7 = 4:48
| title8 = Ghanan Ghanan
| length8 = 4:16
| title9 = Tu Aashiqui Hai
| length9 = 3:45
| title10 = Mann Mein Ujjala
| length10 = 5:34
}}

'''''Panoramic - (2011)'''''
{{track listing
| title1 = Remedy/Kabar Nahin
| length1 = 3:48
| title2 = Ajab Si/Here Comes The Sun
| length2 = 3:17
| title3 = Bahara
| length3 = 3:44
| title4 = Viva La Vida/Jashn-e-Bahara
| length4 = 4:24
| title5 = Is Pal Mein
| length5 = 3:04
| title6 = She Will Be Loved/O Re Piya
| length6 = 4:58
| title7 = Kaash
| length7 = 3:23
| title8 = Heartless/Kabhi Kabhi
| length8 = 4:28
| title9 = Dreaming With a Broken Heart/Pehli Nazar Mein
| length9 = 4:02
| title10 = [[Chaiyya Chaiyya]]
| length10 = 4:15
| title11 = Down/Desi Girl
| length11 = 4:21
}}
'''''On Detours - (2009)'''''
{{track listing
| title1 = Detours
| length1 = 2:47
| title2 = Over My Head/Kya Mujhe Pyar Hai
| length2 = 3:45
| title3 = Zara Se/With You
| length3 = 4:12
| title4 = Lovestoned/Ya Ali
| length4 = 4:28
| title5 = Ramta Jogi
| length5 = 3:51
| title6 = Because of You/Tu Hi Meri Shab Hai
| length6 = 3:42
| title7 = Aadat/Apologize
| length7 = 4:30
| title8 = What Goes Around...Comes Around
| length8 = 5:05
| title9 = Kal Ka Sapna
| length9 = 4:31
| title10 = Streets/Roobaroo
| length10 = 4:17
| title11 = Yeh Honsla
| length11 = 4:10
| title12 = Distant Places
| length12 = 4:31
}}

'''''Pehchaan - (2007)'''''
{{track listing
| title1 = Neelay Neelay/Only You
| length1 = 3:52
| title2 = Every Breath/Bheegey Hont
| length2 = 4:10
| title3 = [[Mitwa]]
| length3 = 5:12
| title4 = Used to Love U/Kangna
| length4 = 3:13
| title5 = Woh Lamhe
| length5 = 3:50
| title6 = Pehchaan
| length6 = 4:26
| title7 = Anytime/Meri Yaad
| length7 = 4:12
| title8 = Main Tanha
| length8 = 3:46
| title9 = Don't Stop/Dosti
| length9 = 3:53
| title10 = Aicha
| length10 = 3:53
| title11 = Dheere Jalna
| length11 = 4:45
| title12 = Aankhon Mein Tu Hai
| length12 = 2:55
}}
'''''The Brown Album - (2005)'''''
{{track listing
| title1 = Back Again
| length1 = 1:11
| title2 = Desert Rose
| length2 = 3:11
| title3 = Saadat Dil Te/Turn Me On
| length3 = 3:31
| title4 = Maa Tujhe Salaam
| length4 = 4:12
| title5 = Aankhon Mein Tu Hai
| length5 = 2:57
| title6 = Walking Away/Kya Kare Kya Na Kare
| length6 = 5:02
| title7 = Dil Kya Kare/Ain't No Sunshine
| length7 = 2:52
| title8 = Wedding Qawwali
| length8 = 5:08
| title9 = Four Seasons/Tu Hi Re
| length9 = 4:31
| title10 = Pachaas Paisa
| length10 = 4:24
| title11 = One/Chalte Chalte
| length11 = 5:06
| title12 = Tere Bin/Water Runs Dry
| length12 = 5:37
| title13 = Main Hoon Na/I'll Be There
| length13 = 4:19
| title14 = Masala Dosa
| length14 = 0:44
| title15 = Nahin Samne
| length15 = 4:40
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.pennmasala.com}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/whitehouse?blend=1&ob=4#p/search/0/_VRb9lGjeFY Penn Masala performs at the White House]
* [http://www.ndtv.com/news/videos/video_player.php?id=1193296 Penn Masala on NDTV's Friday Night Lights]

{{Penn}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:University of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Collegiate a cappella groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1996]]
[[Category:American vocal groups]]

Gulabgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:48Z

AngleaDeason621: creating a article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gulabgarh
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 56
| mla = [[Khurshied Ahmed]]
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Reasi district|Reasi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jammu Lok Sabha constituency|Jammu]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = ST
}}

'''Gulabgarh Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a northern union territory of [[India]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/gulabgarh.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Gulabgarh Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | Mohammed Ayub Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=3 | [[Haji Buland Khan]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || rowspan=3 | [[Abdul Ghani Malik (politician)|Abdul Ghani Malik]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Haji Mumtaz Ahmad Khan]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Khurshied Ahmed]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Gulabgarh<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Gulabgarh|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0856.htm|access-date=9 July 2025|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709134949/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0856.htm|archive-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khurshied Ahmed]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=30,591 |percentage=42.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aijaz Ahmad Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=24,064 |percentage=33.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Akram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,215 |percentage=17.10% |change={{increase}}1.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,743 |percentage=2.44% |change={{increase}}1.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Farooq |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=1,688 |percentage=2.36% |change={{decrease}}17.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arshad Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes=775 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,527 |percentage=9.14% |change= {{increase}}5.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,436 |percentage=75.45% |change= {{decrease}}6.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,684 |ref = |change= {{increase}}38.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Gulabgarh<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Haji Mumtaz Ahmad Khan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,964 |percentage=32.00% |change={{increase}}24.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Ghani Malik (politician)|Abdul Ghani Malik]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=16,148 |percentage=28.77% |change={{decrease}}2.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shafiq Ur Rehman |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=11,202 |percentage=19.96% |change={{increase}}8.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pardeep Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,767 |percentage=15.62% |change={{increase}}10.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shaber Ahmed |party=Hindustan Janta Party |votes=741 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=539 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jawahar Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=425 |percentage=0.76% |change={{decrease}}0.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ud Din |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=346 |percentage=0.62% |change={{decrease}}2.51 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,816 |percentage=3.24% |change= {{decrease}}3.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,132 |percentage=82.09% |change= {{increase}}4.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,379 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}0.72 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Gulabgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Ghani Malik (politician)|Abdul Ghani Malik]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=14,268 |percentage=31.28% |change={{decrease}}3.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Haji Mumtaz Ahmad Khan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=11,020 |percentage=24.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mumtaz Kouser |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=5,193 |percentage=11.39% |change={{increase}}8.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,892 |percentage=10.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shafiq-Ur-Rehman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,280 |percentage=7.19% |change={{decrease}}7.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Israil |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,252 |percentage=4.94% |change={{increase}}3.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pushminder Singh |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=1,424 |percentage=3.12% |change={{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ayub |party=People's Democratic Front (Jammu and Kashmir) |votes=735 |percentage=1.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Jalani |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=696 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,248 |percentage=7.12% |change= {{decrease}}1.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,609 |percentage=77.66% |change= {{increase}}21.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,727 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}7.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}3.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Gulabgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Ghani Malik (politician)|Abdul Ghani Malik]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=12,476 |percentage=35.15% |change={{decrease}}2.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajaz Ahmad Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=9,546 |percentage=26.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,283 |percentage=14.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani Bhat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,079 |percentage=14.31% |change={{increase}}3.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mumtaz Kouser |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=1,027 |percentage=2.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Din Mohammed |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=650 |percentage=1.83% |change={{decrease}}5.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=518 |percentage=1.46% |change={{increase}}0.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Saleem Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=332 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ayub |party=Independent politician |votes=317 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Wani |party=Independent politician |votes=264 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,930 |percentage=8.26% |change= {{increase}}4.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,492 |percentage=55.99% |change= {{decrease}}9.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,386 |ref = |change= {{increase}}46.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Janata Dal |swing= {{decrease}}5.72 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Gulabgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Ghani Malik (politician)|Abdul Ghani Malik]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=11,644 |percentage=40.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ajaz Ahmad Khan]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=10,688 |percentage=37.52% |change={{decrease}}10.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Ghani Bhat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,086 |percentage=10.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,020 |percentage=7.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Akram |party=Independent politician |votes=660 |percentage=2.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ayub |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=389 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=956 |percentage=3.36% |change= {{decrease}}10.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,487 |percentage=67.01% |change= {{decrease}}5.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,183 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}7.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Gulabgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Haji Buland Khan]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=15,545 |percentage=48.37% |change={{decrease}}12.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani |party=Independent politician |votes=11,143 |percentage=34.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moulana Saddrud- Din |party=Independent politician |votes=4,587 |percentage=14.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Noor Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes=484 |percentage=1.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid |party=Independent politician |votes=377 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,402 |percentage=13.70% |change= {{decrease}}13.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,136 |percentage=72.36% |change= {{increase}}10.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,962 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}12.09 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Gulabgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Haji Buland Khan]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=14,348 |percentage=60.47% |change={{increase}}2.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ayub Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,994 |percentage=33.69% |change={{increase}}12.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=546 |percentage=2.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rashid Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=428 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jamala |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=413 |percentage=1.74% |change={{decrease}}56.41 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,354 |percentage=26.78% |change= {{decrease}}10.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,729 |percentage=62.96% |change= {{increase}}14.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,712 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}2.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Gulabgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Haji Buland Khan]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=8,723 |percentage=58.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ayub Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,203 |percentage=21.35% |change={{decrease}}68.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gnani Bhutt |party=Janata Party |votes=2,050 |percentage=13.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Manhas |party=Independent politician |votes=689 |percentage=4.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Shan |party=Independent politician |votes=337 |percentage=2.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,520 |percentage=36.80% |change= {{decrease}}44.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,002 |percentage=47.60% |change= {{decrease}}23.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,279 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}9.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}32.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Gulabgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ayub Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,638 |percentage=90.26% |change={{decrease}}6.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Ghani |party=Independent politician |votes=2,213 |percentage=8.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Noor Ud Din Kalana |party=Independent politician |votes=230 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,425 |percentage=81.44% |change= {{decrease}}11.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,081 |percentage=71.40% |change= {{decrease}}5.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,818 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.51 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Gulabgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ayub Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,307 |percentage=96.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=F. Mohammed |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=880 |percentage=3.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,427 |percentage=92.72% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,187 |percentage=88.14% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,836 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==See also==
* [[Kishtwar district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{coord|33.269|76.171|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kishtwar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Srinivas Varadachariar

2026-04-12T13:03:48Z

AngleaDeason621: Made New Entry Needs Work

{{Short description|Indian judge (1881–1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Sir
| office = Chief Justice of the [[Federal Court of India]]
| term_label = Acting
| governor-general = [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|The Marquess of Linlithgow]]
| term_start = 25 April 1943
| term_end = 7 June 1943
| predecessor = [[Sir Maurice Gwyer]]
| successor = [[Patrick Spens, 1st Baron Spens|Sir Patrick Spens]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1881|06|20|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1970|09|06|1881|06|20|df=yes}}
}}

'''Sir Srinivas Varadachariar''' (20 June 1881{{Spaced en dash}}6 September 1970) was an Indian jurist who was the first Indian [[chief justice]] of the [[Federal Court of India]] when he served as the acting chief justice of the court between 25 April 1943 and 7 June 1943. He was also a judge of the [[Madras High Court]] and of the [[Federal Court of India]]. Varadachariar headed the ad-hoc committee of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], which drafted the provisions to set up the [[Supreme Court of India]].

== Biography ==

Varadachariar was born on 20 June 1881 into a family of [[Iyengar]] priests, with limited financial means. His father was the priest to the house of lawyer and jurist Sir [[V. Bhashyam Aiyangar]], the first Indian [[Advocate-General of Madras]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Varadachariar started as an apprentice under Aiyangar and later under [[P. S. Sivaswami Iyer]]. He was admitted into the bar in 1905 and rose to become the judge of the [[Madras High Court]] in 1934.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Madras Musings - We care for Madras that is Chennai |url=https://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2022%20No%2020/on-the-trail-of-judges-and-lawyers.html |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=madrasmusings.com |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117030406/https://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2022%20No%2020/on-the-trail-of-judges-and-lawyers.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" />

Varadachariar was knighted and appointed as a judge of the [[Federal Court of India]], the forerunner to the [[Supreme Court of India]], in 1939.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu Images - S. Varadachariar |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=1917824590&ST=RU&SI=7 |access-date=16 November 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]] Images}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Supreme Court of India |url=http://archive.org/details/courtsofindiapas00supr |title=Courts of India Past To Present |date=2016 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India |others=Public Resource}}</ref> He was appointed by the then [[Governor-General of India]], [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Victor Hope]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wc |first=Andew |date=6 November 2022 |title=List Of Chief Justice Of India (2022 Updated) |url=https://www.gkgigs.com/chief-justice-of-india/ |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=GkGigs |language=en-us |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117030925/https://www.gkgigs.com/chief-justice-of-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Varadachariar succeeded [[M. R. Jayakar]] who stepped down as a judge when he was appointed to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 February 1939 |title=Federal Court of India |work=[[The Times]] (London, England) |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=TTDA&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CCS220148814&v=2.1&it=r&sid=ebsco |access-date=16 November 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111234907/https://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?userGroupName=wikipedia&sid=ebsco&origURL=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DTTDA%26u%3Dwikipedia%26id%3DGALE%257CCS220148814%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26sid%3Debsco&prodId=TTDA |url-status=live }}</ref> At the time, the Federal Court of India had three judges, a British judge, and two Indian judges with one Hindu and one Muslim judge.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gadbois |first=George H. |title=The Federal Court of India: 1937-1950 |date=1964 |journal=Journal of the Indian Law Institute |volume=6 |issue=2/3 |pages=253–315 |jstor=43949806 |issn=0019-5731}}</ref> Varadachariar served as the acting [[chief justice]] of the Federal Court of India between 25 April 1943 and 7 June 1943, when the first chief justice of the court Sir [[Maurice Linford Gwyer]] stepped down. In serving as the acting chief justice, he was the first Indian chief justice of the Federal Court of India.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Court Express: Chief Justice of India swearing in videos |url=https://courtexpress.in/Videos/Swearing-in%20CJI.html |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=courtexpress.in |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117022506/https://courtexpress.in/Videos/Swearing-in%20CJI.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Amongst the significant cases presided by Varadachariar as the Chief Justice included ''King Emperor v Beonarilal Sharma'', a case that is noted to have cost him his position as the permanent chief justice of the court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhavan |first=Rajeev |date=August 1972 |title=Juristic Techniques in the Supreme Court of India (1950 - 1971) |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/33977/1/11015721.pdf |access-date=17 November 2022 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117035126/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/33977/1/11015721.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite being the senior most judge in the court, he was succeeded by British judge [[William Patrick Spens]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandrachud |first=Abhinav |title=The Informal Constitution |date=1 April 2014 |chapter=Historical Background |pages=21–70 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/25979/chapter/193798649 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198098560.003.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-809856-0 |access-date=17 November 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111234908/https://academic.oup.com/book/25979/chapter-abstract/193798649?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-04 |title=Thakur set to be CJI in December - Seniority norm followed, no surprises |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f6h&AN=110802281&site=eds-live |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |page=1 |publication-place=Calcutta, India |via=[[EBSCOHost]]}}</ref> As a judge, Varadachariar retired from the Federal Court of India in 1946 after serving for seven years.<ref name=":2" />

Varadachariar was also the chairman of the Government of India's [[Pay Commission|First Central Pay Commission]] in 1946. The commission's recommendations were accepted by the government in May 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=V. Bhaskara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8Ydxc66NrIC&dq=Srinivas+Varadachariar&pg=PA274 |title=Public Administration, Steel Or Plastic Frame |date=2008 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-617-4 |language=en |access-date=30 November 2022 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207120115/https://books.google.com/books?id=d8Ydxc66NrIC&dq=Srinivas+Varadachariar&pg=PA274 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was also the chairman of the Income Tax Investigation Commission set up under the Taxation of Income Act.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathew |first=Sibichen K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KW2SAAAAQBAJ&dq=Srinivas+Varadachariar&pg=PT184 |title=Making People Pay: The Economic Sociology of Taxation |date=14 August 2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-0148-4 |language=en |access-date=30 November 2022 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207120111/https://books.google.com/books?id=KW2SAAAAQBAJ&dq=Srinivas+Varadachariar&pg=PT184 |url-status=live }}</ref> Varadachariar headed the ad-hoc committee of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], which drafted the provisions to set up the Supreme Court of India.<ref name=":2" />

He later served as the president of the board of the Lady Sivaswami Iyer Girls' School in Madras.<ref name=":1" /> In addition to legal learnings, Varadachariar was a scholar of Sanskrit.<ref name=":2" />

== Published works ==

* {{Cite book |last=Varadachariar |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlOPGAAACAAJ |title=The Hindu Judicial System |date=1946 |publisher=Lucknow University |language=en}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varadachariar, Srinivas}}
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:Lawyers from British India]]

Gilli Nata

2026-04-12T04:47:55Z

AngleaDeason621: creating new article

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gilli Nata
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Malavalli Nataraj
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|06|21}}
| birth_place = Dadadapura, [[Malavalli]], [[Mandya]], [[Karnataka]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2022{{endash}}present
| known_for = Winner of [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 12|Bigg Boss Kannada]] (season 12)
| notable_works =
}}

'''Malavalli Nataraj''' (born 21 June 1998), more popularly known as '''Gilli Nata''', is an actor and television personality working in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] entertainment industry. He began his career working as set assistant and in art departments for films. Gilli's breakthrough came in 2022 with ''[[Comedy Khiladigalu|Comedy Khiladigalu season 4]]'', a humour television reality show, where he finished as the first runner-up.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/comedy-khiladigalu-4-winner-harish-hiriyur-lifts-the-trophy/articleshow/98094203.cms|title=Comedy Khiladigalu 4 winner: Harish Hiriyur lifts the trophy|work=The Times of India|date=20 February 2023}}</ref> Following this, he featured in the dance reality show, ''[[Dance Karnataka Dance]]'' and won the Best Entertainer Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-kannada-12-winner-gilli-nata-instagram-followers-2026-01-19-1026532|title=Bigg Boss Kannada 12 winner Gilli Nata had 2 lakh followers before the show; here's his Instagram count now|work=India TV News|date=19 January 2026}}</ref> He made his film debut in 2024 with ''Langoti Man'' and later featured in a small role in [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]'s ''[[The Devil (2025 film)|The Devil]]'' (2025).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/gilli-talks-about-devil-after-leaving-bigg-boss-house-what-she-said-about-darshan-hmg-2284460.html|title=Gilli-Darshan-ಬಿಗ್ ಬಾಸ್ ಮನೆಯಿಂದ ಹೊರ ಬರ್ತಿದ್ದಂತೆ ದರ್ಶನ್ ನೆನೆದ ಗಿಲ್ಲಿ,ಭಾವುಕವಾಗಿ ಮನಬಿಚ್ಚಿ ಹೇಳಿದ್ದು ಇದು|work=Kannada News18|date=19 January 2026|language=kn}}</ref>

Gilli's biggest success came through the [[Reality television|reality show]] [[Bigg Boss Kannada]] [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 12|(season 12)]] (2025–26), where he emerged as the winner.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/bigg-boss-kannada-12-winner-gilli-nata-lifts-the-trophy-bags-50-lakh-and-a-brand-new-suv/articleshow/126650515.cms |title=Bigg Boss Kannada 12 winner: Gilli Nata lifts the trophy, bags ₹50 Lakh and a brand-new SUV|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 May 2019 |location=India |access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/bigg-boss-kannada-12-winner-gilli-nata-gets-mobbed-as-thousands-of-fans-come-on-the-roads-to-welcome-him-1400049 |title=Bigg Boss Kannada 12 Winner: Gilli Nata gets mobbed as thousands of fans come on the roads to welcome him|work=Pinkvilla|date=19 January 2026}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Gilli was born as Malavalli Nataraj on 21 June 1998 in a humble farmer family of Kullaiah and Savitha in Dadadapura village of [[Malavalli]] Taluk in [[Mandya]] district. He completed his schooling in Mandya and later pursued a two-year ITI course.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/entertainment-news/who-is-gilli-nata-bigg-boss-kannada-season-12-winner-who-turned-struggles-into-success-know-real-name-prize-money-more-165181/|title=Who is Gilli Nata? Bigg Boss Kannada Season 12 Winner Who Turned Struggles Into Success, Know Real Name, Prize Money & More|work=Sunday Guardian Live|date=19 January 2026}}</ref>. He migrated to [[Bengaluru]] dreaming about making big in entertainment industry. He took up small assignments as a set assistant and worked in art departments for various film projects.

== Career ==
=== Television ===
Gilli Nata began gaining public recognition through his participation in ''[[Comedy Khiladigalu|Comedy Khiladigalu]]'' Season 4 (2022), where he finished as the first runner-up. He went on to participate in ''[[Dance Karnataka Dance]]''. He later appeared in ''[[Bharjari Bachelors]]''.

In January 2026, Gilli Nata reached a major milestone in his television career by emerging as the winner of [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 12]]. The finale aired on January 18, 2026, where he was the winner, winning ₹50 lakh and a Maruti Suzuki car.

=== Films ===
Gilli's first film appearance was in a comedy role in the film ''Langoti Man'' (2024). This was followed by small budget films such as ''Super Hit'' (2024) and ''1st Day 1st Show'' (2025). He had a short role in ''[[The Devil (2025 film)|The Devil]]''.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Ref
|-
| 2024 || ''Langoti Man'' || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/gilli-nata-wins-bigg-boss-kannada-season-12-rs-50-lakh-prize-maruti-suzuki-car-2854069-2026-01-19|title=Who is Gilli Nata, Bigg Boss Kannada 12 winner who took home Rs 50 lakh and a car|work=India Today|date=19 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025 || ''1st Day 1st Show'' || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kolkata/1st-day-1st-show/ET00452395|title=1st Day 1st Show (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Crew|work=Book My Show|date=11 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Devil (2025 film)|The Devil]]'' || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/darshans-devil-introduces-bigg-boss-kannada-12-fame-gilli-nata-in-powerful-new-look-actors-fierce-look-impresses-fans/articleshow/125103713.cms|title=Darshan's 'Devil' introduces Bigg Boss Kannada 12 fame Gilli Nata in powerful new look; Actor's fierce look impresses fans|work=The Times of India|date=5 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan="4" |2026
|''[[Chowkidar (2026 film)|Chowkidar]]''
|
|
|-
|''Hayagrriva''
|
|
|-
|''Super Hit''
|
|
|-
|''Sarkari Shaale H8''
|
|
|}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm16467190}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bigg Boss Kannada}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Hanumantha Lamani]] (2024) |
title= [[Bigg Boss Kannada]] Winner |
years= ([[Bigg Boss Kannada season 12|Series 12]]) 2025 |
after= TBA (2026)
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nata, Gilli}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Reality show winners]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Big Brother (franchise) winners]]
[[Category:People from Mandya]]
[[Category:Indian television actors]]

{{India-actor-stub}}

Meghana Sajjanar

2026-04-08T18:41:27Z

AngleaDeason621: Started new entry

{{Short description|Indian sport shooter (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Meghana Sajjanar
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|20 January 1994}}
| birth_place = [[Karnataka]], India
| education = [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] [[Computer science and engineering|CSE]]
| alma_mater = [[Jain University]]
| sport = [[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
| event = [[ISSF 10 meter air rifle|10 m air rifle]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[ISSF 10 meter air rifle|10 m air rifle shooting]]}} [[File: Shooting pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF World Shooting Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2022 Cairo]]|[[2022 ISSF World Shooting Championships#Women|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2025 Cairo]]|[[2025 ISSF World Shooting Championships#Rifle|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Shooting Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships|2026 New Delhi]]|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships#Women|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships|2026 New Delhi]]|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships#Women|Individual]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF World Cup|World Cup]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 ISSF World Cup|2025 Ningbo]]|[[2025 ISSF World Cup#Rifle events|Individual]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[FISU World University Championships|World University Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[FISU World University Championships|2018 Kuala Lumpur]]|[[FISU World University Championships|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[FISU World University Championships|2018 Kuala Lumpur]]|[[FISU World University Championships|Individual]]}}
}}
'''Meghana Sajjanar''' (born 20 January 1994) is an Indian [[sport shooter]] from Karnataka. She specialises in the [[ISSF 10 meter air rifle|10 m air rifle]] event.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ISSF - International Shooting Sport Federation |url=https://www.issf-sports.org/athletes/SHINDW2001199401 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.issf-sports.org}}</ref> She became first women from Karnataka to make it to India's senior shooting team.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-26 |title=Bengaluru shooter Meghana makes Indian team |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/bengaluru-shooter-meghana-makes-indian-team/articleshow/56791746.cms |access-date=2026-04-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Sajjanar is from Bengaluru, Karnataka. Her mother was a teacher and father, an engineer. She completed her B.Tech at Jain University, Bengaluru.<ref name=":1" />

She represented India at the Gabala World Cup Gabala in the women's 10m air rifle event and shot a score of 419.6 to enter the final where she scored 205.7 and finished fourth.<ref name=":0" /> In 2017, she also took part in the Munich and New Delhi World Cup events and finished 15th and 16th respectively. In 2017, she came sixth in the Asian Championship at Wako City. She also won individual silver and team gold in World University Championship 2018. In 2019 Asian Championship at Taoyuan, she came seventh.<ref name=":0" />

Before winning the bronze at Ningbo World Cup, she also took part in the Munich World Cup where she finished 25th.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-14 |title=Meghana Sajjanar wins air rifle bronze |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/meghana-sajjanar-wins-air-rifle-bronze/article70049444.ece |access-date=2025-11-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2022 and 2025, she was part of the Indian team that won the bronze medal in the air rifle team event at the Cairo World Championship.<ref name=":0" />

In September 2025, she won a bronze in the women’s air rifle in the World Cup in Ningbo, China.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-14 |title=Meghana Sajjanar wins air rifle bronze |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/meghana-sajjanar-wins-air-rifle-bronze/article70049444.ece |access-date=2026-04-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In February 2026, she won an individual bronze and a team gold in the Asian Championship held at the Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range in Delhi. She was eight months pregnant when she won the bronze in the women’s 10m air rifle category.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rai |first=Jai |date=2026-02-08 |title=Eight months pregnant, Indian shooter shines at Asian Championship |url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/eight-months-pregnant-indian-shooter-shines-at-asian-championship-1.500435902 |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gurung |first=Anmol |date=2026-02-07 |title=Meghana, eight months pregnant, captures 'inspiring' medals at Asian Shooting Championship |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2026/Feb/07/meghana-eight-months-pregnant-captures-inspiring-medals-at-asian-shooting-champ |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ISSF |id=SHINDW2001199401}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sajjanar, Meghana}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female sport shooters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Venkatarama Reddy

2026-03-29T04:44:19Z

AngleaDeason621: Made New Details W/ Refs...

{{Short description|Indian police chief}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox police officer
|honorific_prefix = Raja Bahadur
|name = Venkata Rama Reddy
|education =
|alma_mater =
|honorific_suffix = [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire|OBE]]
|image = Raja bahadur venkataramireddy.jpg
|caption = Statue of Venkatarama Reddy
|birth_name =
|birth_date = 22 August 1869
|birth_place = [[Kothakota|Rayanpet]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1953|1|25|1869|8|22|df=y}}
|awards = [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] <br /> Raja Bahadur
|allegiance = {{flag|British India}}<br />{{flag|Hyderabad State}}
|department =
|branch =
|service_years =
|status = Retired
|rank = [[Kotwal]] ([[Police commissioner|Police Commissioner]]]
}}

'''Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy''' (22 August 1869 – 25 January 1953) was a police officer who served as the [[Commissioner of Police, Hyderabad City]]. He was the first [[Hindu]] [[Kotwal]] of [[Hyderabad State]], as in the late 19th and early 20th century, during the rule of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams]], the position of [[Kotwal]] of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] (Police commissioner), was usually held by Muslims. His tenure lasted 14 years and commanded great respect among the public for his outstanding Police administration.<ref name="Bawa1992">{{cite book|author=Basant K. Bawa|title=The last Nizam: the life and times of Mir Osman Ali Khan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h45uAAAAMAAJ&q=raja+bahadur+reddy|year=1992|publisher=Viking|pages=120, 121|isbn=9780670839971}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hyderabadpolice.gov.in/Main/AboutUs.htm Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy | Hyderabad Police online portal]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206002744/http://hyderabadpolice.gov.in/Main/AboutUs.htm|date=6 February 2015}}</ref>

Many sources state that the [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|7th Nizam]] was very Fond of Raja Venkatrama Reddy and was very Close to him.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/grandson-reveals-mir-osman-alis-connect-with-his-hindu-employees/articleshow/70424660.cms|title=Grandson reveals Mir Osman Ali's connect with his Hindu employees|newspaper=The Times of India|date=29 July 2019|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=rajabahadur/>{{failed verification span|text=Many sources state that the [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|7th Nizam]] was very fond of Raja Venkatrama Reddy and was very close to him|date=December 2024}}

==Early life==
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2024}}
Reddy was born in August 1869 in Rayanipet village of [[Wanaparthy Samsthanam|Wanaparthy Samsthan]] in [[Hyderabad State|Kingdom of Hyderabad]] (now [[Mahbubnagar district]]). His father was a Patel of some eight villages and was well off. He was a grand nephew of the then Raja of Wanaparthy. His mother died three days after his birth, whereas his father when he only 5 years old.<ref name=rajabahadur>{{cite news|last=Avadhuta|first=Mahesh|title=Raja Bahadur Venkata Rama Reddy key player in Hyderabad education|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/240817/raja-bahadur-venkata-rama-reddy-key-player-in-hyderabad-educ.html|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=23 August 2017|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> Caretaker of Wanaparthy Samsthan, William Wahab, then took care of him. The Raja of Wanaparthy had employed a Catholic teacher to educate some of his boys. He was educated in his village and then at Wanaparthy where he became a classmate of Raja Rameshwar Rao II.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

==Life==
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2023}}
The Commissioner of Police of the City of Hyderabad used to be called the 'Kotwal'. It is one of the oldest establishment and used to be the most powerful job in the [[Exalted Highness|H.E.H.]] Nizam's Government.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

As a city police commissioner, he also headed the '''Baldia''' in Ex-Officio cadre. He is responsible for peace and neatness in the city. He has introduced street lighting as a security measure (Those days it was called Kandil). He appointed dedicated staff for the purpose. He introduced a weekly special sanitation programme in all streets, through which it was possible to see the clean city every Friday morning.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

Venkatram Reddy serving at Raichur, Wahab, the caretaker died suddenly. Venkatram stayed on at Raichur and became a ward of Wahab’s successor, a Pathan named Nazar Muhammad Khan. By now the young man had acquired some rudimentary education. Khan got him the job of Grade IV Amin in the police. {{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

He served in various districts and because of his diligence rose gradually. While working at Nizamabad, he helped trace a British deserter from the army and was given a reward of eleven rupees. Hemkin, the Chief of State Police, adjudged him as the best officer in the state. He was appointed head of the district police in 1901 and served in a number of districts including the Atraf-e-Balda – area around the city. His old classmate who was now the Raja of Wanaparthy asked for his services as Secretary of the Estate, on promotion.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}

When Nawab Imad Jung Bahadur became the Kotwal of Hyderabad, he asked Venkatram to be appointed as his First Assistant.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} He worked in that capacity for six years and instituted many reforms in the city police.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} Nawab Imad Jung Bahadur died in harness in 1920.

==As Kotwal==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2024}}
Venkatarama was asked to see the [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|7th Nizam]] ([[Mir Osman Ali Khan]]). Although he had worked in the Nizam’s Private Estate, he had never met the ruler before. He was therefore naturally very jittery. It was a Friday and when the Assistant Kotwal presented himself at the King Kothi. After his prayers, the Nizam looked up the nervous officer four or five times and then said, 'Well, you can go'. The next day he was appointed the Kotwal. From then on he would see the Nizam not every day, but sometimes several times a day.

Venkatarama Reddy handled his delicate job adroitly. Not only the [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|7th Nizam]], but also members of both the leading communities were very happy with them. That was a time when the Freedom Struggle was gaining strength. Hyderabad was engulfed by the [[Khalifat|Khalifat Movement]]. A group of agitators came from Ahmedabad and joined the local leaders in the demonstration. The demonstration became violent and the doors and windows of the Residency court were smashed. Venkatarama Reddy himself went to the site and persuaded the leaders to adopt peaceful means. He also ensured peace at the Ganesh procession by making four policemen the bearers of the palanquin carrying the idol.<ref>{{cite web|title=RAJA BAHAUR VENKATARAMA REDDY|url=https://www.fdaytalk.com/telangana-history-great-leaders-rbvrr/|date=11 January 2018|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>

==Honours==
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2024}}
The [[Nizam]] gave him the title of [[Raja]] [[Rao Bahadur|Bahadur]] on his birthday. In the [[1931 New Year Honours]], Reddy was appointed an [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] (OBE).<ref>{{cite news|title=Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood|page=22|issue=14719|date=6 January 1931|work=[[The Edinburgh Gazette]]|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/14719/page/22}}</ref> After many extensions of service, he finally retired in 1934. In relaxation of rules for pension, instead of half his salary, he was given a pension of 1,000 rupees a month. Immediately thereafter, he was appointed Special Officer of the Nizam’s private estate ([[Sarf-e-Khas]]). He was also made chairman of the Commission for Inquiry into the Indebtedness of the Sahibzadas.

He was an active [[Freemasonry|freemason]]. The walls of [[Goshamahal Baradari]] are adorned with portraits of many freemasons including Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy. <ref>{{Cite web |last=INDIA |first=THE HANS |date=2016-02-10 |title=Yeh Humara Shehar: Goshamahal |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2016-02-09/Yeh-Humara-Shehar-Goshamahal/206003 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2024}}
When Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy died in 1953, he had only thirty rupees in cash on his person. His first wife died a few months after the birth of his son, Ranga Reddy. His second wife had already two children. The daughter, Narsamma was married to a contractor who built Pathergatti. The son, Laxma Reddy did Bar-at Law, married two English ladies one after another and became a judge of the High Court. He had three sons and a daughter who are no more.

The [[Telangana State Police Academy]] was renamed ''Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy Telangana State Police Academy'' by the [[Government of Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telanganastateinfo.com/rbvr-telangana-state-police-academy/|title=RBVR Telangana State Police Academy|date=6 February 2015|access-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206131023/http://www.telanganastateinfo.com/rbvr-telangana-state-police-academy/|archive-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII]]
*[[Nizams of Hyderabad]]

==Further reading==
*The Legendary Kotwal By [[Narendra Luther]]

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Venkatarama}}
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Wanaparthy district]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Indian Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Police commissioners of Hyderabad]]

B. Vittalacharya

2026-03-28T16:38:07Z

AngleaDeason621: slightly enhanced page per standard format per sources

{{Short description|Indian film director, producer (1920–1999)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = B. Vittalacharya
| image = B.VittalacharyaImg.jpg
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1920|01|28}}
| birth_place = [[Udupi]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India (Present day in [[Karnataka]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|05|28|1920|01|28}}
| othername = Jaanapada Brahma, Maayaajala Mannan
| yearsactive = 1944–1993
| spouse = Jayalakshmi Acharya
| occupation = {{Hlist | Film director | producer}}
}}

'''B. Vittalacharya''' (28 January 1920 – 28 May 1999) was an Indian film director and producer known for his works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kinema2cinema.com/directors/janapada-brahma-vithalacharya-14.html |title=Janapada Brahma Vithalacharya Directors - Kinema2Cinema.com |access-date=13 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310074345/http://www.kinema2cinema.com/directors/janapada-brahma-vithalacharya-14.html |archive-date=10 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was known as ''Janapada Brahma'' in the Telugu film industry. Vittalacharya formed his film production company ''Vittal Productions,'' which produced the first film directed by him, ''Rajya Lakshmi''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=B. Vittalacharya |url=http://actiononframes.com/artist/b-vittalacharya-310/ |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=actiononframes.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 1952, he did his first movie ''Sri Srinivasa Kalyana'' in Kannada. He went on to make Kannada movies after the success of ''Sri Srinivasa Kalyana''.
In 1954, he produced and directed ''Kanyadhanam,'' a revolutionary Kannada film for that time. Wishing to remake the same in Telugu, he moved to [[Madras]] and settled there. After making two more Kannada movies, he concentrated on producing and directing. He also directed movies for other producers. He directed a total of 19 movies with [[N. T. Rama Rao]], the doyen of Telugu cinema at the time. Though he did not get any awards, most of his films were box office successes and he was fondly called "Jaanapada Brahma" and "Maayaajala Mannan" by his fans. He was well known for the visual effects shown in most of his movies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2015 |title=A Face to the Faceless: The B Vittalacharya Tribute |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/a-face-to-the-faceless-the-b-vittalacharya-birthday-tribute/ |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en-US |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805093749/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/a-face-to-the-faceless-the-b-vittalacharya-birthday-tribute/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Biography==
B. Vithalacharya was born into [[Madhwa Brahmin]] family{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} on 28 January 1920 in Udayavara, in then [[Udupi]] Taluk as a seventh child. He was interested in dramas, Bayalata and [[Yakshagana]] since childhood. His father Padmanabhacharya was a noted ayurvedic doctor, who used to treat patients free of cost. He studied only up to third class. He left the house to seek his fortune at the age of nine years. Reaching Arasikere, he did odd jobs and finally bought an Udupi Restaurant from his cousin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=B Vittalacharya {{!}} V CINEMA – Biography, Photos, Movies, Age, Height, Family |url=https://www.vcinema.com/celebrity/about:blank |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en}}</ref> He successfully ran the hotel.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}

He participated in the [[Quit India Movement]] against the British Government along with some friends. He was imprisoned. After release from the Jail, he handed over his hotel business to his younger brother. He established One Touring Cinema in Hassan District along with his friend Sri D. Shankar Singh and others.

He was the executive partner running the Touring Talkies on a daily basis. He multiplied the single Touring Talkies into four units. He used to watch each and every film they screened and learnt film making techniques practically. In 1944, he married Jayalakshmi Acharya, the third daughter of U. Ramadasa Acharya of K. R. Pete.

With the same friends and Shankar Singh, they moved to [[Mysore]] and formed a film production company under the banner of Mahatma Pictures. They produced 18 Kannada pictures from 1944 to 1953, among them very successful ones like ''Naga Kanya'', ''Jagan Mohini'', and ''Srinivasa Kalyana''. During that period, one by one the partners parted company and finally only D. Shankar Singh and Vittalacharya remained. Some of the films were directed by others, some by D. Shankar Singh and some by Vittalacharya.

In 1953, he parted ways with D. Shankar Singh, and formed his own company under the banner Vittal Productions and produced and directed his first film, ''Rajya Lakshmi''. In 1954, he produced and directed ''Kanyadhanam'', a revolutionary Kannada film for that time. Wishing to remake the same in Telugu, he moved to [[Madras]] and settled there till his death.

==Filmography==
{{more citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of B. Vittalacharya film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 1952
| ''[[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana (1952 film)|Sri Srinivasa Kalyana]]''
| Kannada
| Director and producer
|-
| 1953
| ''Rajya Lakshmi''
| Kannada
| Director and producer
|-
| 1954
| ''Kanyadhanam''
| Kannada
| Director and producer
|-
| 1956
| ''Muttiyde Baghya''
| Kannada
| Director and producer
|-
| 1956
| ''Vaddante Pelli''
| Telugu
| Director and producer
|-
| 1957
| ''Jaya Vijaya''
| Kannada
| Director and producer
|-
| 1957
| ''Mane Thumbida Hennu''
| Kannada
| Producer
|-
| 1958
| ''Anna Chellalu''
| Telugu
| Director
|-
| 1958
| ''Mane Thumbida Hennu''
| Kannada
| Director
|-
| 1958
| ''Pelli Meeda Pelli''
| Telugu
| Director and producer
|-
| 1959
| ''Penn Kulathin Pon Villakku''
| Tamil
| Director
|-
| 1960
| ''Anna Chellelu''
| Telugu
| Director
|-
| 1960
| ''Kanaka Durga Pooja Mahima''
| Telugu
| Director and producer
|-
| 1961
| ''Varalakshmi Vratham''
| Telugu
| Director and producer
|-
| 1962
| ''[[Khaidi Kannayya]]''
| Kannada
| Director
|-
| 1962
| ''Madana Kama Raju Katha''
| Telugu
| Director and producer
|-
| 1963
| ''[[Manthiri Kumaran]]''
| Tamil
| Director
|-
| 1963
| [[Bandipotu (1963 film)|''Bandipotu'']]
| Telugu
| Director
|-
| 1963
| ''[[Guruvunu Minchina Sishyudu]]''
| Telugu
| Director and producer
|-
| 1963
| ''Nava Graha Pooja Mahima''
| Telugu
| Director and producer
|-
| 1963
| ''[[Veera Kesari]]''
| Kannada
| Director
|-
| 1964
| ''[[Aggi Pidugu]]''
| Telugu
| Director and producer
|-
| 1965
| ''[[Jwaladweepa Rahasyam]]''
| Telugu
| Director
|-
| 1965
| [[Mangamma Sapatham (1965 film)|''Mangamma Sapatham'']]
| Telugu
| Director
|-
| 1965
| ''Vijaya Simha''
| Kannada
| Director
|-
| 1966
| ''[[Aggi Barata]]''
| Telugu
| Director and producer
|-
| 1966
| ''Iddaru Monagallu''
| Telugu
| Director
|-
| 1967
| [[Chikkadu Dorakadu (1967 film)|''Chikkadu Dorakadu'']]
| Telugu
| Director
|-
| 1967
| ''[[Pidugu Ramudu]]''
| Telugu
| Director
|-
| 1967
| ''Aggi Dora''
| Telugu
| Director and producer
|-
| 1968
| ''Bhale Monagadu''
| Telugu
| Director
|-
| 1968
| ''[[Kadaladu Vadaladu]]''
| Telugu
| Director
|-
| 1969
| ''[[Gandikota Rahasyam]]''
| Telugu
| Director
|-
| 1969
| ''[[Aggi Veerudu]]''
| Telugu
| Director and producer
|-
| 1970
| ''[[Ali Baba 40 Dongalu]]''
| Telugu
| Director
|-
| 1970
| ''[[Lakshmi Kataksham]]''
| Telugu
| Director
|-
|1970
| ''[[Vijayam Manade]]''
|Telugu
|Director
|-
| 1971
| ''[[Rajakota Rahasyam]]''
| Telugu
| Director
|-
| 1971
| ''C. I. D. Raju''
| Telugu
| Producer
|-
| 1972
| ''[[Beedala Patlu]]''
| Telugu
| Director and producer
|-
| 1973
| ''[[Palleturi Chinnodu]]''
| Telugu
| Director and producer
|-
| 1974
| ''Aadadani Adrushtam''
| Telugu
| Director and producer
|-
| 1975
| ''Kotalo Paga''
| Telugu
| Director and producer
|-
| 1978
| [[Jaganmohini (1978 film)|''Jaganmohini'']]
| Telugu
| Director and producer
|-
| 1979
| ''Gandharva Kanya''
| Telugu
| Director and producer
|-
| 1980
| ''Madana Manjari''
|Telugu
| Director and producer
|-
| 1983
| ''Nava Mohini''
|Telugu
| Director and producer
|-
| 1984
| ''Jai Bhetala 3D''
|Telugu
| Story and Screen Play
|-
| 1985
| ''Mohini Sapadham''
|Telugu
| Producer and director
|-
| 1986
| ''Veera Pratap''
|Telugu
| Director
|-
| 1987
| ''Sri Devi Kamakshi Kataksham''
|Telugu
| Director
|-
| 1991
| ''Srisaila Bhramarambika Kataksham''
|Telugu
| Director
|-
| 1992
| ''Karuninchina Kanakadurga''
|Telugu
| Director
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0009775}}
* [http://www.citwf.com/person46515.htm Complete list of films directed by B.Vittalacharya]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vithalacharya, B.}}
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Udupi]]
[[Category:Tulu filmmakers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Tulu people]]

Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)

2026-03-27T15:44:48Z

AngleaDeason621:

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Unnaipol Oruvan 2009.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster in Tamil
| director = [[Chakri Toleti]]
| producer = Kamal Haasan<br /> [[Chandrahasan|Chandra Haasan]] <br /> [[Ronnie Screwvala]]
| writer = [[Neeraj Pandey]] <br /> [[Kamal Haasan]] <br /> E. R. Murugan
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Neelakanta (director)|Neelakanta]] {{Small|(Telugu)}}
}}
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[A Wednesday!]]''|Neeraj Pandey}}
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] (Tamil)<br />[[Kamal Haasan]]<br />[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] (Telugu)
| music = [[Shruti Haasan]]
| cinematography = Manoj Soni
| editing = Rameshwar S. Bhagat
| studio = [[Raaj Kamal Films International]] <br /> [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|09|18}}
| runtime = 109 minutes {{Small|(Tamil)}} <br /> 106 minutes {{Small|(Telugu)}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil <br /> Telugu
| budget = 
}}

'''''Unnaipol Oruvan''''' (also released internationally under the translated title '''''Someone Like You''''') is a 2009 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by [[Chakri Toleti]] in his directorial debut. It stars [[Mohanlal]] and [[Kamal Haasan]] in the lead roles. The film was [[Multiple-language version|simultaneously made]] in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as '''''Eenadu''''' ({{translation|Today}}) with [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] playing Mohanlal's role. Both are remakes of the 2008 [[Hindi]] film ''[[A Wednesday!]]''. Set in [[Chennai]] and [[Hyderabad]] in the Tamil and Telugu versions respectively, the story depicts the confrontation between an anonymous caller who has planted bombs in the city and wants four terrorists to be released, and a police commissioner who tries to hunt him down.

Released on 18 September 2009, both ''Unnaipol Oruvan'' and ''Eenadu'' received positive reviews from critics and were commercially successful. The film marked Mohanlal's return to [[Tamil cinema]] in a lead role after ''[[Pop Carn]]'' (2003). ''Unnaipol Oruvan'' has attained a cult following throughout the decade and is considered as one of the best investigation thriller films in Tamil cinema.

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=May 2024}}
D.I.G Govindan Raghavan Maarar (Eashwar Prasad in Telugu version), the recently dismissed [[Commissioner of Police]] of [[Chennai]] ([[Hyderabad]] in Telugu version), describes in a [[voice-over]] about his sudden termination from the police, due to a common man who walked into his life. An unnamed man is shown strategically placing a travel bag on a train at the city's Central railway station and in a shopping mall. He then proceeds to place another bag, under the pretense of lodging an [[First information report|FIR]], in the toilet of a police station in [[Anna Salai]], Chennai ([[Lakdi ka pul|Lakdi-ka-pool]], Hyderabad in Telugu version), and then arrives on the rooftop of an under-construction building and sets up his base of operations, equipped with gadgets and instruments.

The caller calls up the Commissioner and informs him that five bombs have been planted in locations throughout city, which are programmed to explode simultaneously within 4 hours. The caller demands that he would like to negotiate with a senior government official, who has the full authority. Commissioner seeks the services of the [[Chief secretary (India)|chief secretary]] to act as the negotiator and also alerts his team involved in intelligence research and surveillance, tapping all the available resources in gathering preliminary information and tracing the location of the caller, who later tips off [[news reporter]] Natasha Rajkumar (Shilpa Krishna in Telugu version), telling her to reach Anna Salai police station immediately. The Commissioner initially suspects the caller to be bluffing, but his doubts are dispelled as the caller, to prove his seriousness and the police force's helplessness, reveals that a bomb has been planted in the Anna Salai police station.

When the bomb disposal squad find the bomb, there is only three minutes left. They manage to deactivate the bomb after following the caller's instructions. Natasha reaches the scene on the caller's instructions and reports about the situation. An intense debate ensues between the Commissioner and the chief secretary on who would act as the negotiator with the caller. The chief secretary appoints Commissioner as the State's negotiator with unrestricted power for few hours. The caller sequentially calls and taunts the Commissioner, probing him for his views on religion and philosophy, and finally asks the State to release three terrorists and one convicted arms seller, all who were arrested by Commissioner years ago. Commissioner's men realise that the caller is using advanced software to automatically switch the numbers and locations of his mobile phone [[SIM card]] every minute, rendering their manpower and the obsolete equipment useless and prompting them to employ the services of a young hacker, an [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]] drop-out.

In the meantime, the Commissioner is able to obtain a facial composite of the caller with help of the police officer to whom the caller had approached to lodge the fake FIR, but much of the time passes without any concrete results on the identity or the location of the caller. Ultimately, Commissioner agrees with the caller's demand and puts two of his best men, Arif Khan and Sethuraman (Gautham Reddy in Telugu version), in charge of handing over the four terrorists at the [[Cholavaram|Sholavaram]] ([[Begumpet]] in Telugu version) airstrip. Once there, the caller confirms the identity of the four men via a conference call with Arif and the Commissioner. He then asks Arif and Sethu to unlock their handcuffs and leave them alone at a particular spot. Sethu orders his men to do as told but, at the last moment, Arif decides not to hand over terrorist Abdullah, to ensure all the information regarding the locations of the bombs can be forced out from the caller.

Sethu argues with Arif and demands he do as ordered, but Arif forcefully grabs Abdullah and starts walking away. The other three enter a car which explodes soon after, killing them, but the caller knows that Abdullah is alive, and threatens to blow up the remaining bombs across the city unless Arif and Sethu kill Abdullah. The Chief Secretary tells the Commissioner that the [[Chief minister|CM]] has to know about the current situation but the Commissioner disagrees and tells her that he will face the consequences, and orders Arif to kill the terrorist. Arif kills Abdullah and Sethu shoots Arif in the hand to make it look like an attack for self-defense. The caller confirms it via the news and reveals that he was bluffing and there are no more bombs anywhere in Chennai. He tells that as terrorism is instant, justice and safety must be so. Then the Commissioner questions the IIT hacker to trace the caller, but he refuses.

The Commissioner looks in the hacker's computer, discovers the location, and leaves abruptly towards the site. The caller, meanwhile, destroys all of his gadgets with a mini bomb inside a drum. As he leaves his hideout with all his camouflage, the Commissioner catches up to him. Both shake hands; in a voiceover, Commissioner says the caller told him his real name but does not reveal it as it does not have any significance. He adds that the higher most officials saved themselves by framing him as a recluse and the CM fired him. Commissioner admits that they all knew the caller was disturbed because of the insecure environment and the incompetence of the governing authorities but he never imagined him to go to [[Vigilantism|such lengths and have the guts to do something like that]]. He also repeats that the facts of this incident cannot be found in any written records but only in the memories of those who actually witnessed it. Commissioner acknowledges that although the incident has ambiguous moral significance, he personally feels that whatever happened, happened for the best and he walked away.

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Cast (Tamil)
!Cast (Telugu)
!Role (Tamil)
!Role (Telugu)
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Kamal Haasan]]</div>
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">The Anonymous Caller</div>
|-
|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Mohanlal]]</div>
|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]</div>
|<div style="text-align: center;">
[[Director general of police|DGP]] I. G. Raghavan Maraar </div>
|<div style="text-align: center;">
[[Director general of police|DGP]] Eashwar Prasad </div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]</div>
|<div style="text-align: center;">Chief Secretary of [[Tamil Nadu]]</div>
|<div style="text-align: center;">Chief Secretary of [[Andhra Pradesh]]</div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Anuja Iyer]]</div>
|<div style="text-align: center;">Natasha Rajkumar</div>
|<div style="text-align: center;">Shilpa Krishna</div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Poonam Kaur]]</div>
|<div style="text-align: center;">Anuradha "Anu" Sethuraman</div>
|<div style="text-align: center;">Anu Gowtham Reddy</div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Ganesh Venkatraman]]</div>
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">Inspector Arif Khan </div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]]</div>
|<div style="text-align: center;">Inspector Sethuraman</div>
|<div style="text-align: center;">Inspector Gowtham Reddy</div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">Mukhtar Khan</div>
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">Ibrahim Abdullah</div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Prem Kumar (Tamil actor)|Prem Kumar]]</div>
|<div style="text-align: center;">Inspector Zakariah</div>
|<div style="text-align: center;">Inspector Francis</div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]]</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">Aravind Adhavar</div>
| <div style="text-align: center;">Aravind Babu</div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Santhana Bharathi]]</div>
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">Karamchand Lala</div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[M. S. Bhaskar]]</div>
|<div style="text-align: center;"> Pankajaksha</div>
|<div style="text-align: center;"> Complainant</div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[R. S. Shivaji]]</div>
|<div style="text-align: center;">Sub-Inspector K. Baburaj</div>
|<div style="text-align: center;">Sub-Inspector Babu Rao</div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Sarath Mandava]]</div>
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">Police Inspector</div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Karate Raja]]</div>
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">Ahmedallah</div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">Mahesh</div>
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">Inaithullah</div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Anand Krishnamoorthi]]</div>
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">Hacker Arun</div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">Prem Nizaar</div>
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">Inspector Naik</div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">Kasi Nadimpalli</div>
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">Bomb Squad Murali</div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Rohit Khurana]]</div>
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">Cameraman Giri</div>
|-
|<div style="text-align: center;">Koti Reddy</div>
|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Sivannarayana Naripeddi|Sivannarayana]]</div>
| colspan="2"| <div style="text-align: center;">Interrogation Room Doctor</div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">A. S. Ramana</div>
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">Rafiq</div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Gautami]]</div>
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">The Anonymous Caller's wife – voice only</div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Shruti Haasan]]</div>
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">Cameo appearances in promotional song</div>
|-
| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Blaaze]]</div>
|}

== Production ==
{{Expand section|date=October 2025}}
[[File:Eenadu 2009 poster.jpg|thumb|250px|Poster of Telugu version]]
The film is the directorial debut of Chakri Toleti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2009 |title='Kamalji gave me 100 per cent control' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/2009/sep/16/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-director-chakri-toleti.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251008064024/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/2009/sep/16/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-director-chakri-toleti.htm |archive-date=2025-10-08 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> The title ''Unnaipol Oruvan'' was derived from a novel by [[Jayakanthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2021 |title='Sila Nerankalil Sila Manitharkal' title row: D Jayakanthan's children make an appeal to Kamal Hassan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/dec/17/sila-nerankalil-sila-manitharkal-title-row-d-jayakanthans-children-make-an-appeal-to-kamal-hassan-2396473.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218134200/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/dec/17/sila-nerankalil-sila-manitharkal-title-row-d-jayakanthans-children-make-an-appeal-to-kamal-hassan-2396473.html |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=24 December 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The project was first reported in February 2009,<ref>{{cite web |date=6 February 2009 |title=Kamal to start A Wednesday remake! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14852773 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713150047/http://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-to-start-a-wednesday-remake-news-tamil-kkfsw2giahi.html |archive-date=13 July 2012 |access-date=30 November 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and started filming that April <ref>{{cite news |date=10 April 2009 |title=Kamal starts shooting bilingual remake of 'A Wednesday' |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200904102111.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012011919/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200904102111.htm |archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=29 September 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2009 |title=A Wednesday, remade with Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Apr/11/a-wednesday-remade-with-kamal-haasan-40352.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008060335/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Apr/11/a-wednesday-remade-with-kamal-haasan-40352.html |archive-date=2025-10-08 |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film, a Tamil-Telugu bilingual, stars Kamal Haasan in both versions, with Mohanlal appearing only in Tamil and Venkatesh in Telugu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2009 |title='Kamal is incomparable' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2009/Sep/10/kamal-is-incomparable-85054.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251024011726/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2009/Sep/10/kamal-is-incomparable-85054.html |archive-date=24 October 2025 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> It was shot with a [[Red Digital Cinema|Red One]] camera.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2012 |title=Digitally yours, says Kollywood |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/May/20/digitally-yours-says-kollywood-369797.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010073900/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/May/20/digitally-yours-says-kollywood-369797.html |archive-date=10 October 2025 |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Themes ==
According to Kamal Haasan, ''Unnaipol Oruvan'' portrays the "common man's anger, angst and suffering".<ref>{{cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=17 September 2009 |title=Anger, action, reaction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Anger-action-reaction/article16881944.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908034502/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema//article60634098.ece |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=23 April 2019 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The [[British Board of Film Classification]] noted the film had a vigilante theme, as a character placed lives under threat and murdered convicts because of a lack of faith in the justice system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unnai Pol Oruvan |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/unnai-pol-oruvan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mjiwmjq |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228145511/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/unnai-pol-oruvan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mjiwmjq |archive-date=28 December 2022 |access-date=28 December 2022 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Unnai Pol Oruvan / Eenadu
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Shruti Haasan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 6 September 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil <br /> Telugu
| length = 21:26
| label = [[Sony Music South]] <br /> [[Aditya Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|xKaHSgvicxs|Official Audio Jukebox (Telugu)}}
}}
}}

The music was composed by [[Shruti Haasan]] in her debut as a music composer. The album contains four songs and a remix. The audio launch was held on 6 September 2009 at [[Sathyam Cinemas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geetha |date=2009-09-03 |title=Vettaikaran audio launch on September 11 |url=https://hamaraphotos.com/regional/vettaikaran-audio-launch-on-september-11.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008064659/https://hamaraphotos.com/regional/vettaikaran-audio-launch-on-september-11.html |archive-date=2025-10-08 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Hamara Photos |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2009 |title=No fanfare in Unnai Pol Oruvan's audio launch |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Sep/08/no-fanfare-in-unnai-pol-oruvans-audio-launch-84537.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251024013201/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Sep/08/no-fanfare-in-unnai-pol-oruvans-audio-launch-84537.html |archive-date=2025-10-24 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

; Tamil Track List
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:26
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Unnaipol Oruvan
| lyrics1 = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| extra1 = [[Shruthi Haasan]], Akshara Haasan, Subbalakshmi, Satish, Leo, Krishnan Swaminathan, Bala, Mira, Tara, Aiden
| length1 = 3:43
| title2 = Nilai Varumaa
| lyrics2 = Kamal Haasan
| extra2 = [[Bombay Jayashree]], [[Kamal Haasan]]
| length2 = 4:44
| title3 = Vaanam Ellai...Illai
| lyrics3 = Kamal Haasan, [[Blaaze]] (Rap bit)
| extra3 = Shruti Haasan, [[Blaaze]]
| length3 = 3:15
| title4 = Allah Jaane
| lyrics4 = [[Manushyaputhiran]]
| extra4 = Kamal Haasan
| length4 = 5:10
| title5 = Allah Jaane (Remix)
| lyrics5 = Remix by Vinayaka
| extra5 = Shruti Haasan
| length5 = 4:34
}}

; Telugu Track List
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:26
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Eenaadu
| lyrics1 = [[Vennelakanti]]
| extra1 = [[Shruthi Haasan]], Subbalakshmi, Satish, Leo, Krishnan Swaminathan, Bala, Mira, Tara, Aiden
| length1 = 3:43
| title2 = Eenaadu Ee Samaram"
| lyrics2 = [[Vennelakanti]]
| extra2 = [[Bombay Jayashree]], Kamal Haasan
| length2 = 4:44
| title3 = Ningi Haddu
| lyrics3 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]], [[Blaaze]] (Rap bit)
| extra3 = Shruti Haasan, [[Blaaze]]
| length3 = 3:15
| title4 = Allah Jaane
| lyrics4 = [[Veturi]]
| extra4 = Kamal Haasan
| length4 = 5:10
| title5 = Allah Jaane (Remix)
| lyrics5 = [[Veturi]]
| extra5 = Shruti Haasan
| length5 = 4:34
}}

== Release ==
''Unnaipol Oruvan'' was initially set to release on 12 August 2009, since the date coincided with the release of Kamal Haasan's first film ''[[Kalathur Kannamma]]''. However, owing to technical and administrative difficulties, the release was postponed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2009 |title=Kamal's 'Unnai Pol..' postponed to September |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Jul/27/kamals-unnai-pol-postponed-to-september-71634.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008054159/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Jul/27/kamals-unnai-pol-postponed-to-september-71634.html |archive-date=2025-10-08 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Prior to the revised 18 September date,<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2009 |title=Unnaipol Oruvan confirmed on Sep 18! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/unnaipol-oruvan-confirmed-on-sep-18-news-tamil-kkfr51habjf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308092919/http://www.sify.com/movies/unnaipol-oruvan-confirmed-on-sep-18-news-tamil-kkfr51habjf.html |archive-date=2012-03-08 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Pyramid Saimira]] attempted to stall the film's release, citing Haasan's unpaid dues to them. The film was given a [[U/A certificate|U/A (Parental Guidance) rating]] from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] after the makers decided against making certain cuts to avoid affecting the plot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=R. S. |date=16 September 2009 |title=Courting trouble |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/courting-trouble/articleshow/22043748.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106161247/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/courting-trouble/articleshow/22043748.cms |archive-date=6 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> In 2015, the Telugu version ''Eeenadu'' was screened at the Habitat Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 10th Habitat Film Festival 2015 |url=http://www.habitatfilmclub.com/pdf/HFC_Brouchre_2015.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322032250/http://www.habitatfilmclub.com/pdf/HFC_Brouchre_2015.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2017 |access-date=26 October 2020 |publisher=Habitat Film Club}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
Writing for ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', Gautaman Bhaskaran wrote that ''Unnaipol Oruvan'' is "far more engaging and energetic than its predecessor" and that "superstar Mohanlal plays Chennai police commissioner Raghavan Maraar with rare finesse and extraordinary subtlety ... His screen presence is so overwhelming that an equally great Tamil superstar, Kamal Haasan, as the nameless Common Man, is overshadowed".<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=24 September 2009 |title=Someone Like You -- Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/film-review-93585 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908034459/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/film-review-93585/ |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=28 May 2020 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' said that technically the film is picture-perfect and that both Kamal Haasan and Mohanlal coming together is worth the ticket money. It mentioned that unlike in the Hindi version where [[Naseeruddin Shah]] had an edge over [[Anupam Kher]], here the best dialogues were almost equally given to Mohanlal as well, "what elevates the film to a new high is the crisp presentation and outstanding performances from the lead actors, mainly Kamal and Mohanlal, who simply rock".<ref name="SIFY">{{cite web |title=Unnaipol Oruvan |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/unnaipol-oruvan-review-tamil-14910968.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709002314/http://www.sify.com/movies/unnaipol-oruvan-review-tamil-14910968.html |archive-date=9 July 2013 |access-date=6 March 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated that "Debutant director Chakri Toleti's job is a cakewalk. Having chosen a proven subject, and a formidable star cast which does not have to be told anything beyond the shooting schedule, the captain's hat sits on his head easily".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2009 |title=Unnaipol Oruvan Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/unnaipol-oruvan/movie-review/5037340.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212002555/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/unnaipol-oruvan/movie-review/5037340.cms |archive-date=12 February 2021 |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Regarding the Telugu version, ''[[Rediff.com]]'' stated that "For the Telugu audience, ''Eenadu'' is a film which is out of the formulaic pattern and the hero warp Telugu cinema is in, and shows that films like it can be made too which can be seen and enjoyed with the audience taking home something extra too!"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |title=Review: Eenadu is almost like A Wednesday |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-telugu-movie-review-eenadu/20090918.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624034620/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-telugu-movie-review-eenadu/20090918.htm |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=2 December 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''The Times of India'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and stated that "The much-awaited ''Eenadu'' lives up to the big expectations and carries the essence of the original (''A Wednesday'')".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Eenadu Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/eenadu/movie-review/5033874.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007142840/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/eenadu/movie-review/5033874.cms |archive-date=7 October 2021 |access-date=2 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{RaajKamalFilmsInternational}}
{{Chakri Toleti}}

[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2000s vigilante films]]
[[Category:2009 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2009 thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Chakri Toleti]]
[[Category:Films produced by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]

IDBI Bank

2026-03-25T19:15:30Z

AngleaDeason621: fix intro to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian development finance institution}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = IDBI Bank Limited
| logo = IDBI Logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| trading_name =
| former_name = Industrial Development Bank of India Limited (1964–2008)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|500116}}|{{NSE|IDBI}}}}
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| predecessor = Industrial Development Bank of India
| founded = {{Start date and age|1964|07|01|df=yes}}<ref name = "history">{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.idbi.bank.in/idbi-bank-about-us.aspx |website=IDBI Bank |access-date=2 December 2025}}</ref>
| founder = [[Government of India]] <br />(by the IDBI Act, 1964)
| hq_location = IDBI Tower, [[World Trade Centre, Mumbai|WTC Complex]], [[Cuffe Parade]]
| hq_location_city = [[Colaba]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| hq_location_country = India<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact Us |url=https://www.idbi.bank.in/contact-us.asp |website=IDBI Bank |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref>
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|TN Manoharan ([[Chairman|Part Time Chairman]] & [[Independent director|Independent Director]])||Rakesh Sharma ([[Managing director|MD]] & [[CEO]])}}
| products = {{ubl|[[Investment banking]]|[[Commercial banking]]|[[Retail banking]]|[[Asset Management]]|[[Pensions]]|[[Mortgages]]|[[Credit cards]]}}
| brands =
| services =
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|30370|c}} (2024)<ref name=pl><cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/a7fdae12-9e40-4629-a48e-d0168d118eab.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510064111/https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/a7fdae12-9e40-4629-a48e-d0168d118eab.pdf |date=10 May 2024 }}</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|9774|c}} (2024)<ref name=pl/>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|5763|c}} (2024)<ref name=pl/>
| assets = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|411661|c}} (2025)<ref name=pl/>
| equity = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|40320|c}} (2024)
| num_employees = 20,078
| num_employees_year = September 2024
| owner = [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] (49.24%)<br /> [[Government of India]] (45.5%)<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt, LIC together may dilute up to 65% stake in IDBI Bank |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/govt-lic-together-may-dilute-up-to-65-stake-in-idbi-bank-8883991.html |access-date=22 October 2022 |work=Monet Controlsendwesternunion
|language=en}}</ref>
| parent = 
| divisions =
| subsid = {{Unbulleted list|IDBI Capital Markets & Securities|IDBI Intech|IDBI Asset Management|IDBI MF Trustee Company|IDBI Trusteeship Services<ref>{{cite web |title=IDBI Group |url=https://www.idbi.com/idbi-group.asp |website=IDBI Bank |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref>}}
| module = 
| ratio = 13.31%
| rating = 
| website = https://www.Idbi.bank.in
| footnotes =
}}

The '''IDBI Bank Limited''' ('''IDBI Bank''' or '''IDBI''') is a [[Scheduled Commercial Bank]] under the ownership of [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] (LIC) and [[Government of India]]. It was established by [[Government of India]] as a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Reserve Bank of India]] in 1964 as '''Industrial Development Bank of India''', a [[development finance institution]], which provided financial services to industrial sector.

In 2005, the institution was merged with its subsidiary commercial division, IDBI Bank, and was categorised as "Other Public Sector Bank" category. Later in March 2019, [[Government of India]] asked LIC to infuse capital in the bank due to high [[Non-performing loan|NPA]] and capital adequacy issues and also asked LIC to manage the bank to meet the regulatory norms. Consequent upon LIC acquiring 51% of the total paid-up equity share capital, the bank was categorised as a 'Private Sector Bank' for regulatory purposes by [[Reserve Bank of India]] with effect from 21 January 2019. IDBI was put under Prompt Corrective Action of the Reserve Bank of India and on 10 March 2021 IDBI came out of the same. At present direct and indirect shareholding of [[Government of India]] in IDBI Bank is approximately 95%, which Government of India (GoI) vide its communication F.No. 8/2/2019-BO-II dated 17 December 2019, has clarified and directed all Central/State Government departments to consider IDBI Bank for allocation of Government Business.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Arindam|date=25 August 2021|title=Tumultuous journey of a development bank|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/tumultuous-journey-of-a-development-bank/article36103013.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828155634/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/tumultuous-journey-of-a-development-bank/article36103013.ece|archive-date=28 August 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|website=[[Business Line]]}}</ref> Many national institutes find their roots in IDBI like [[SIDBI]], [[Exim Bank of India|EXIM]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eximbankindia.in/|title=Home - Exim Bank|website=www.eximbankindia.in}}</ref> [[National Stock Exchange of India]], [[SEBI]], [[National Securities Depository Limited]]. Presently, IDBI Bank is one of the largest Commercial Banks in India.

As of July 2025, the bank has an aggregate balance sheet size of ₹4,11,661.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idbi.com/idbi-bank-about-us.asp |title=About us |publisher=IDBI Bank |access-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> It also has more than 2,100 Banking branches and more than 3,700 ATMs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Personal & Corporate Banking {{!}} MSME & Agri banking - IDBI Bank |url=http://www.idbibank.in/err404.aspx |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=www.idbibank.in}}</ref> 24 banking outlet- fixed BC, spreading all over India as of July 2025, including one overseas branch in [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]]. It operates 58 e-lounges {{As of|2023|8|1|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idbibank.in/branch-atm.asp |title = IDBI Bank Branch & ATM Locator|publisher=IDBI Bank |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> {{As of|2021|9}}, [[Life Insurance Corporation|LIC]] holds the majority stake in this bank having 49.24% shareholding and the [[Government of India]] holds 45.48%, with LIC being in control of the management of the bank.

==History==

===Overview of development banking in India===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
Development Banking emerged after the [[Second World War]] and the [[Great Depression]] in the 1930s. The demand for reconstruction funds for the affected nations compelled in setting up of national institutions for reconstruction. At the time of Independence in 1947, India had a fairly developed banking system. The adoption of bank dominated financial development strategy was aimed at meeting the sectoral credit needs, particularly of agriculture and industry. Towards this end, the [[Reserve Bank of India|Reserve Bank]] concentrated on regulating and developing mechanisms for institution building. The commercial banking network was expanded to cater to the requirements of general banking and for meeting the short-term working capital requirements of industry and agriculture. Specialized Development Financial Institutions (DFIs) such as the IDBI, [[NABARD]], [[National Housing Bank|NHB]] and [[SIDBI]] were set up to meet the long-term financing requirements of industry and agriculture.

===Formation of Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI)===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
The Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) was established in 1964 under an [[Act of Parliament]] as a wholly owned subsidiary of the [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 1964 |title=The Industrial Development Bank Of India Act, 1964 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1403851/ |access-date=6 January 2026 |website=Indian Kanoon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Issues relating to Industrial Development Bank of India Limited |url=https://eparlib.sansad.in/bitstream/123456789/732292/1/9766.pdf |access-date=6 January 2026 |website=Parliament Library, [[Sansad Bhavan]]}}</ref> In 1976, the ownership of IDBI was transferred to the Union government and it was made the principal financial institution for coordinating the activities of institutions engaged in financing, promoting and developing industry in India. IDBI provided financial assistance, both in rupee and foreign currencies, for green-field projects and also for expansion, modernization, and diversification purposes. In the wake of financial sector reforms unveiled by the government since 1992, IDBI also provided indirect financial assistance by way of refinancing of loans extended by State-level financial institutions and banks and by way of rediscounting of bills of exchange arising out of the sale of indigenous machinery on deferred payment terms.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

After the public issue of IDBI in July 1995, the government shareholding in the bank came down from 100% to 75%.

IDBI played a pioneering role, particularly in the pre-reform era (1964–91), in catalyzing broad-based industrial development in India in keeping with its government-ordained 'development banking' charter.{{Promotion inline|date=January 2026}}<br />Some of the institutions built with the support of IDBI are the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]], [[National Stock Exchange of India]], the [[National Securities Depository Limited]], the [[Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited]], the Credit Analysis & Research Ltd, the Exim Bank (India), the [[Small Industries Development Bank of India]] and the [[Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India]].

===Conversion of IDBI into a commercial bank===
A committee formed by RBI recommended the development financial institution (IDBI) to diversify its activity and harmonize the role of development financing and banking activities by getting away from the conventional distinction between commercial banking and developmental banking. To keep up with reforms in financial sector, IDBI reshaped its role from a development finance institution to a commercial institution. With the ''Industrial Development Bank (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act'', 2003, IDBI attained the status of a limited company viz., IDBI Ltd.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Subsequently, in September 2004, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] incorporated IDBI as a 'scheduled bank' under the ''RBI Act, 1934''. The commercial banking arm, IDBI Bank, was merged into IDBI in 2005.<ref name=":0"/>

=== Direct government intervention ===
The merger was expected to streamline operations of the bank. However, IDBI continued to base its policy towards industrial sector like the erstwhile IDBI entity did. This resulted in the retail business of the bank to be limited to 13 percent of its total business. {{As of|2018|3}}, the total [[Non Performing Assets (NPA)]] rose to {{INRConvert|55588|c|lk=on|year=2018}} and were about 28 percent of its total loans. This was the highest among Indian banks. The Union government intervened, with [[Life Insurance Corporation]] bailing out the bank with an infusion of {{INR|9300}} crores.<ref name=":0"/>

On 29 June 2018, LIC got a technical go-ahead from the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) to increase stake in IDBI Bank up to 51%.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 June 2018|title=IRDAI clears LIC IDBI Bank Deal|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/irdai-clears-lic-idbi-bank-deal-issuer-to-invest-rs-10000-13000-crore-in-tranches/articleshow/64795569.cms|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref> LIC completed the acquisition of 51% controlling stake on 21 January 2019, with a total investment of {{INR|21624}} crores.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 January 2019|title=LIC completes acquisition of 51% stake in IDBI Bank|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/lic-completes-acquisition-of-51-stake-in-idbi-bank/articleshow/67621734.cms|access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=K.|first=Ram Kumar|date=8 March 2021|title=LIC holds the key in Govt's IDBI Bank stake sale|work=[[Business Line]]|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/lic-holds-the-key-in-govts-idbi-bank-stake-sale/article34016850.ece|url-status=live|access-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423150930/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/lic-holds-the-key-in-govts-idbi-bank-stake-sale/article34016850.ece|archive-date=23 April 2021}}</ref>

== Operations ==

===Acquisition of United Western Bank===
In 2006, IDBI Bank acquired [[United Western Bank]] (headquartered at [[Satara district|Satara]]) in a rescue. By acquiring UWB, IDBI Bank doubled the number of its branches from 195 to 425.<ref name=History>{{cite web |url=http://www.idbi.com/idbi-bank-history.asp |title=History |publisher=IDBI Bank |access-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/sep/12bank.htm |title=United Western Bank to merge with IDBI |newspaper=Rediff.com |date=13 September 2006 |access-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>

=== Strategic disinvestment to LIC ===
LIC of India completed the acquisition of 51% controlling stake in the bank in January 2019, making it the majority shareholder. Subsequent to the enhancement of equity stake by LIC of India, Reserve Bank of India has clarified via press release on 14 March 2019, that IDBI Bank stands re-categorised as a private sector bank, with retrospective effect from 21 January 2019. LIC took over the management control of the bank while the Union government, categorised as a promoter.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=19 September 2021|title=IDBI Bank strategic sale: Most merchant bankers indicate 52 weeks' time|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/idbi-bank-strategic-sale-most-merchant-bankers-indicate-52-weeks-time/articleshow/86338225.cms|access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref>

==Listings and shareholding==
IDBI Bank's equity shares are listed on [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and the [[National Stock Exchange of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/idbi-bank-ltd/idbi-bank/500116/ |title=IDBI Bank|publisher=BSEindia.com |access-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nseindia.com/live_market/dynaContent/live_watch/get_quote/GetQuote.jsp?symbol=IDBI |title=IDBI Bank |publisher=NSE India |access-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=February 2022|reason=Update what happened after LIC takeover}} {{As of|2025|9|30}}, the Union government held 45.48% shares in IDBI Bank, while LIC held 49.24% and the remaining is held by non-promoters.<ref name=":1" />

==Employees==
As of 1 September 2023, the bank had 18,283 employees, out of which 197 were employees with [[disability|disabilities]].<ref name=IDBIAR2012-13>{{cite web |url=http://www.idbi.com/pdf/annualreport/Anual-Report-2012-2013-07082013.pdf |title=Annual Report 2012-13 |publisher=IDBI Bank |access-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> The average age of bank employees on the same date was 34 years.<ref name=IDBIAR2012-13/> The bank reported a business of ₹25.64 crores per employee and a net profit of ₹12.17 lakhs per employee during the FY 2012–13.<ref name=IDBIAR2012-13/>
{{Infobox company
| name = IDBI Intech Ltd.
| logo = Idbi-intech-ltd.jpg
| logo_caption = IDBI Intech Ltd
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| website = [https://www.idbiintech.com IDBI Intech Ltd]
| foundation = March 2000
| location = [[Navi Mumbai]], India
| parent = IDBI Bank
| industry = [[Computer services|IT Solutions & Services in Banking and Finance services]]
| services = [[Information Technology Consulting|IT Consulting]]<br />[[IT Services]]<br /> [[Outsourcing]]<br />[[Software|Software Products]]
| num_employees = 1750 (As on 31 October 2021)
}}

IDBI Intech Ltd. (IIL) is a wholly owned subsidiary of IDBI Bank, established in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idbiintech.com/|title=IDBI Intech Ltd | Integrating Disruptive Technologies|website=IDBI Intech Ltd}}</ref>

It provides IT related services in the areas of [[Consultancy]], System Integration, System implementation & support, Applications & Server hosting and other IT related managed services and specialized training.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/banking/finance/banking/IDBI-to-ramp-up-IDBI-Intech/articleshow/1760462.cms|title=IDBI to ramp up IDBI Intech|date=16 July 2006|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/IDBI-Bank-wins-Asian-Banker-Technology-Implementation-Award-2011/5131661227|title=IDBI Bank wins Asian Banker Technology Implementation Award 2011|accessdate=30 April 2023}}</ref>

IDBI Intech has been accredited with ISO 9001:2000 certification for IT-related services including Data Centre Management and Call Centre, and also Certified IT Security Auditing Organisation with the [[Indian Computer Emergency Response Team]] (CERT-In).<ref>[http://www.cert-in.org.in/panelofauditors.htm Panel of Auditors] cert-in.org.in</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
* IDBI Bank ranked #1197 in the [[Forbes Global 2000]] in May 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/idbi-bank/ |title=IDBI Bank on the Forbes Global 2000 List |work=Forbes |date=May 2013 |access-date=18 February 2014}}</ref>
* It received the 'Overall Best Bank' and 'Best Public Sector Bank' awards in the Dun & Bradstreet Banking Awards, 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/idbi-bank-wins-dun-bradstreet-banking-awards-2011-for-overall-best-bank-best-public-sector-bank-111090500107_1.html |title=IDBI Bank Wins Dun & Bradstreet Banking Awards 2011 for Overall Best Bank & Best Public Sector Bank |newspaper=Business Standard|date=5 September 2011 |access-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>
* In 2011, it received Banking Technology awards for best use of Business Intelligence and the best Risk Management from Indian Banks Association.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/idbi-bank-bags-iba-s-prestigious-banking-technology-awards-111030400123_1.html |title=IDBI Bank bags IBA's prestigious Banking Technology Awards |work=Business Standard|date=4 March 2011 |access-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>

==COVID-19 Moratorium==
IDBI Bank was one of the banks to apply an automatic moratorium or automatic relief on loan accounts during the COVID-19 pandemic, without the consent of the customers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-08 |title=List of banks offering automatic loan moratorium on EMIs |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/loan-moratorium-on-emis-1586356573-1 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref> Customers would have to send an email to opt out of the moratorium. Ultimately, customers would end up paying more than what they were initially supposed to pay. This move could be considered to be highly unethical on part of such a reputed bank.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[Indian Financial System Code]]
* [[List of companies of India]]
* [[List of national development banks]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Banking in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Idbi Bank}}
[[Category:Banks established in 1964]]
[[Category:Banks based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1964]]
[[Category:Private sector banks in India]]
[[Category:Life Insurance Corporation]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Menawali

2026-03-24T21:11:06Z

AngleaDeason621: updated page

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name =
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra
| sanskrit_translit =
| marathi =
| country = [[India]]
| district = [[Satara district|Satara]]
| locale = Menavli
| elevation_m =
| architecture = [[Nagara architecture|Nagara]]
| number_of_monuments=
| inscriptions =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Menavli''' is a village about three kilometres from [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]] in the [[Satara district]]. The village's claim to fame is due to the palace (wada) built by [[Nana Fadnavis]], 18th century Maratha statesman and the regent of Peshwa [[Madhavrao II]].

==Fadnavis Wada==
[[File:Nana phadanvis wada.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Rear entrance to Nana Phadanvis Wada]]The Nana Phadnavis Wada<ref>{{cite web
| title = Baji J. Ram Rao, ''Menavli''
| url = http://ramrao.com/travel/menavali/#nanawada
}}</ref> is a large six-quadrangular, perimeter-protected wada.

===History===
Bhavan Rao Trymbak [[Pant Pratinidhi]] of [[Aundh State|Aundh]] and Raghunath Ghanshyam Mantri (Satara) bestowed the village of Menavli to Nana Phadnavis in December 1768.

Nana Phadnavis settled the village and built his residence complex here. It had a [[Wada (house)|Wada]] (A mansion with an inner courtyard), a [[Ghat]] (steps) leading from the mansion to the [[Krishna River]] and two temples, one dedicated to Lord Vishnu and another to Meneshwar (मेणेश्वर) Lord Shiva.
The architectural combination of a Wada-type residence, a Ghat on a water-body and a Temple was typical of Peshwa era. This construction was completed around 1780. The Phadnavis wada is one of the very rare places where such a combination is preserved intact. Originally, simple stone steps descending into a river, ghats evolved into an elaborate arrangement of terraces with separate areas for different activities, such as bathing, washing, filling water and performing religious rites. Temples were traditionally built on ghats<ref>Dengle, N., 1993. Culture and Space. Architecture Plus Design, 10(6), p.41.</ref> The Shiva temple on the ghat has a bell which was taken from a Portuguese church inside [[Vasai Fort]] by [[Chimaji Appa]], Maratha general and brother of [[Bajirao I]] when he captured the fort from the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] in 1739.<ref>{{cite web|title=Church Bells of Vasai Fort|url=http://www.vasaiker.com/index.php/history-of-vasai/church-bells-of-vasai-fort/|website=vasaiker.com|accessdate=7 December 2017}}</ref>

Nana, being the Peshwas' record keeper transcribed and maintained their documents of accounts and administrative letters in the ancient "Modi" script. These documents, known as the famous "Menavli Daptar" were preserved in this Wada at Menavli.The Daptar documents are now preserved at [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College]], Pune<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kantak|first1=M.R.|title=The First Anglo-Maratha War 1774-1783: A Military Study of Major Battles|date=1993|publisher=South Asia Books|isbn=978-9994330645|page=192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdXnVOKKkssC&q=menavali&pg=PR7}}</ref>

After Nana's death in 1800, the Peshwa [[Bajirao II]], confiscated the Wada. The British General [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] (the future Duke of Wellington) returned the property to the Nana's wife Jeeubai on 25 March 1804. After her death, Sir [[Bartle Frere]] (governor of Bombay) handed over the property to Nana's descendants.

===The Wada and the surroundings today===
The Nana Phadnavis Wada today remains with his descendants. Having split the major part of his properties between themselves, the Wada is still owned jointly by them all. Wadas are systems of open courtyards of increasing security. The wada here has six courtyards. Nana's corridors on the upper floor are lined with teak-wood lattice work. A concealed escape stairway in the wall leads out of the Wada. Descending the stone steps leads to the ghat on the river Krishna. On descending the steps.
There is a dark musty, narrow, steep staircase concealed in the metre-thick wall to the floor above. The staircase was at once secret and easily secured, admitting only one person at a time into Nana Phadnavis's darbar hall.<ref>Gupta, R.R., 2007. Wada of Maharashta, an Indian courtyard house form. Cardiff University (United Kingdom)page 388-400.</ref>
The wada contains Murals that have been classified under Maratha painting.<ref>Chavan, K., 1998. Maratha Painting. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 58, pp.181-196.[https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930548]</ref> A mural here depicts Sita in Marathi saree.,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chaitanya|first1=Krishna|title=A history of Indian painting|date=1994|publisher=Abhinav Publ.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170173106|pages=25–27|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McSbSMhArFgC&q=Menawali+&pg=PA1}}</ref><ref>Sarode, M., 1998. A Rare Glass-Painting of Mahishasurmardini, Maharashtra. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 58, pp.175-180.</ref> Some of the paintings depict Krishna with Gopis<ref>Varsha Shirgaonkai & Ramakrishnan K S, International Journal of Humanities, Arts, Medicine and Sciences (Best: Ijhams) ISSN 2348-0521 Vol. 3, Issue 6, Jun 2015, 41-48 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Drramakrishnan_Ks/publication/278967139_LAVANI_LITERATURE_AS_A_SOURCE_OF_SOCIO-CULTURAL_HISTORY_OF_MEDIEVAL_MAHARASHTRA/links/55888bef08ae8c4f34064cf5.pdf]</ref>

The bell house of the Meneshwar temple houses a six hundred and fifty kilogram bell. This bell was captured by Peshwa [[Bajirao I]]’s brother, [[Chimaji Appa]], from a cathedral in the Portuguese fort at [[Bassein Fort|Bassein]]. Dated 1707, the five-alloy bell bears a bas-relief of Mary carrying the infant Jesus Christ cast into it.

An ancient [[baobab]] tree, with a massive coniform trunk stands just outside the wada. It has a platform constructed around it and is said to be as old as the Wada itself. It is believed to have been brought as a sapling from Africa by travelling traders as a gift. This tree was featured in the Bollywood movie Swades, where the village elders hold a [[Panchayat]] meeting on the stone platform around this tree.

==Movie location==
[[File:Menavali pan.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Nana Fadnavis Wada]]
Several Bollywood movies have been shot, using the wada as an exotic location, notably, [[Yudh (film)|Yudh]] (Jackie Shroff/Tina Munim), [[Mrityudand]] (Madhuri Dixit), [[Goonj Uthi Shehnai]], [[Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hain]] (Govinda), [[Gangaajal]] (Ajay Devgan), Sarja (Ajinkya Deo), [[Bajirao Mastani]] and [[Swades]] (Shahrukh Khan, Gayatri Joshi).<ref>{{cite news|title=Meena Iyer tells us about Bollywood's favourite location, Wai. And why Wai locals love Bollywood|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA5LzAzLzAxI0FyMDI2MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225052217/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA5LzAzLzAxI0FyMDI2MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2017|accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref> The film crew of the movie Swades, once camped at the ghat to shoot some footage. The crew cleaned and painted the old stone walls of the ghat and the temples.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mycanvass.in/bollywood-hindi-film-shot-menavali-ghat-wai-maharashtra/ |title=Bollywood Hindi Film Shot at Menavali Ghat Wai, Maharashtra - MYCanvass |access-date=7 December 2017 |archive-date=8 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208122316/http://www.mycanvass.in/bollywood-hindi-film-shot-menavali-ghat-wai-maharashtra/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Satara district]]

Telangana Gaddar Film Awards

2026-03-24T05:23:40Z

AngleaDeason621:

{{Short description|Annual film awards by the Government of Telangana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Telangana Gaddar Film Awards (TGFA)
| image = Gaddar Award 2024 Ponnam Ravichandra (cropped).jpg
| current_awards = Telangana Gaddar Film Awards of 2024
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = ''Honouring the Excellence and achievements in [[Telugu cinema]] ''
| presenter = Telangana Film Development Corporation (TGFDC)
| sponsor = [[Government of Telangana]]
| country = India
| location = [[HITEX Exhibition Centre]], [[Hyderabad]]
| status = Active
| established = {{Start date and age|2024|01|31}}
| firstawarded = 2025
| lastawarded = 2025
| website = {{URL|https://filmin.telangana.gov.in/fdc/TGFA.html}}
}}

The '''Telangana Gaddar Film Awards''' ('''TGFA''') are annual film awards presented by the [[Government of Telangana]] instituted in 2025. The awards are named after the Telugu poet and balladeer [[Gaddar]]. They are presented through the Telangana Film Development Corporation (TFDC) and recognise excellence in [[Telugu cinema]] in the years following the formation of the state of [[Telangana]] in 2014. These awards replace the [[Nandi Awards]] presented by the erstwhile [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].

The awardees are decided by an independent jury formed by the TFDC. The jury annually invites films for the award and analyses the submitted films before deciding the winners.

The award has attracted criticism on its launch, including the naming of the award, the manner of selection of the winners by jury members, and conferring an award to a propaganda film on its inaugural edition.

== History and background ==
[[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], is the home of [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddem |first=Appaji |date=2022-03-04 |title=Is Telugu cinema set for a change of scene Hyderabad to Visakhapatnam? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/is-telugu-cinema-set-for-a-change-of-scene-from-hyderabad-to-visakhapatnam/article65191021.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Previously, it was part of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that hosted the [[Nandi Awards]]. However, following the [[bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh]] in 2014, the newly formed state of [[Telangana]] lacked its own state film awards.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2017-01-21 |title=Come Dasara, Telangana to give its own film awards |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2017/Jan/21/come-dasara-telangana-to-give-its-own-film-awards-1561950.html |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

Efforts to revive the awards date back to 2017. The [[Government of Telangana]], led by then [[Chief Minister of Telangana|Chief Minister]] [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]], did not want to retain the erstwhile Nandi Awards, and considered introducing a new award. Deviating from the previous tradition of presenting the award on the festival of [[Ugadi]], it was proposed to be awarded on the festival of [[Vijayadashami|Dasara]]. The then cinematography minister [[Talasani Srinivas Yadav]] announced that names such as Nemali, Simham, Kakatiya Kala Toranam and Palapitta were being considered for the annual film awards.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-02-07 |title=Simha' top name for Telangana film awards |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/070217/simha-top-name-for-telangana-film-awards.html |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> However, the plans of instituting the award did not materialise.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2022-03-08 |title=With no Nandi Awards for years; the reputation of the Telugu Film Industry will be at stake: Committee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/with-no-nandi-awards-for-years-the-reputation-of-the-telugu-film-industry-will-be-at-stake-committee/articleshow/90080424.cms |access-date=2026-01-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 31 January 2024, during a meeting commemorating the birth anniversary of balladeer [[Gaddar]], Chief Minister [[Revanth Reddy]] officially announced the new Telangana State film awards.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-01-31 |title=CM announces annual awards to artistes, poets and film personalities in the name of Gaddar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/cm-announces-annual-awards-to-artistes-poets-and-film-personalities-in-the-name-of-gaddar/article67797070.ece |access-date=2026-01-25 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> These awards, which will take the place of the Nandi Awards,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-01 |title=Gaddar Awards will replace Nandis: CM Revanth |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/Feb/01/gaddar-awards-will-replace-nandis-cm-revanth |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> are named Telangana Gaddar Film Awards, honouring the revolutionary Telugu poet and balladeer Gaddar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudhir |first=T. S. |date=2024-12-11 |title=Opinion: Revanth Reddy, KCR and the politics of reinventing Telangana Talli |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/story/revanth-reddy-kcr-and-the-politics-of-reinventing-telangana-talli-opinion-2648257-2024-12-11 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> In March 2024, a committee was formed with [[B. Narsing Rao]] as chairman, and [[Dil Raju]] as vice-chairman, to frame guidelines for the awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-13 |title=Telangana Govt frames guidelines for Gaddar Cine Awards |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/telangana-govt-frames-guidelines-for-gaddar-cine-awards-1866638 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

Dil Raju, the chairman of Telangana Film Development Corporation (TFDC), announced the awards will be presented for films released in 2024 and will also retrospectively acknowledge the best films from 2014 to 2023, compensating for the lack of government-supported film awards since the formation of Telangana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-13 |title=Telangana’s Gaddar Awards to honour a decade of films, Dil Raju shares details |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/telanganas-gaddar-awards-to-honour-a-decade-of-films-dil-raju-shares-details-2693151-2025-03-13 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> On 13 March 2025, submissions for films for the inaugural ceremony of Telangana Gaddar Film Awards were invited across various categories, including individual artists and technicians for the year 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhoomi |first=Vivek |date=2025-03-11 |title=Entries for Gaddar Cine Awards invited from March 13 |url=https://www.siasat.com/entries-for-gaddar-cine-awards-invited-from-march-13-3193323/ |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=}}</ref>

== Trophy ==
The memento for the Telangana Gaddar Film Awards features a golden hand holding a traditional [[Drum|dappu]], encircled with a [[film reel]]. The designer of the award, Ramavath Nayak, explained that "The hand signifies the people’s power to shape their lives and the dappu represents the beat of revolution, of collective justice. And the film reel ties it all to the power of storytelling through cinema."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Mahi |date=2025-07-20 |title=Creating the Gaddar Award demanded cultural sensitivity and historical insight, says the artist |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/creating-the-gaddar-award-demanded-cultural-sensitivity-and-historical-insight-says-the-artist/article69835488.ece |access-date=2026-01-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Juries and Rules ==

* Each year, Telangana Film Development Corporation (TGFDC) calls for submissions of [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language films that have been censored and certified by [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) between January 1 to December 31 of the year preceding the announcements of the awards.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |year=2025 |title=TELANGANA GADDAR FILM AWARDS (TGFA) REGULATIONS |url=https://filmin.telangana.gov.in/fdc/assets/files/TGFA_2025_REGULATIONS_20.01.2026.pdf |access-date=25 January 2026 |website=[[Government of Telangana|Telangana Film Development Corporation Limited]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-20 |title=TGFA Invites Entries for Telangana Gaddar Film Awards for 2025 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/tgfa-invites-entries-for-telangana-gaddar-film-awards-for-2025-1931473 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>
* All Telugu-language films produced worldwide, including those produced by any Government agencies, will be eligible for the awards.<ref name=":2" />
* The Government of Telangana establishes a separate jury, with the Chairman and Managing Director of Telangana Film Development Corporation Limited serving as the Member – Convener of the Committee, who will responsible for the selection of award recipients.<ref name=":2" /> The jury for the inaugural Telangana Global Film Awards (TGFA) was led by veteran actress [[Jayasudha]].<ref name=":0" />

== Categories ==
Awards are presented in 35 distinct categories, recognising outstanding achievements in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-05-29 |title=First edition of Gaddar Telangana Film Awards announced, Kalki 2898 AD selected as the best feature film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/first-edition-of-gaddar-telangana-film-awards-announced-kalki-2898-ad-selected-as-the-best-feature-film/article69632231.ece |access-date=2026-01-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Bahubali' 'RRR' chosen for Telangana govt's 'Gaddar Film Awards' |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/05/30/mes10-tl-film-awards.html |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> The awards cover a wide spectrum: feature films, technical categories (direction, acting, cinematography, etc.), special categories (such as best children’s film, best film on heritage or environment), as well as honorary lifetime achievement awards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana Gaddar Film Awards {{!}} Celebrate Telugu Excellence |url=https://tgfa.in/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Telangana Gaddar Film Awards |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-29 |title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards 2024 full list of winners: Kalki 2898 AD wins best film, Allu Arjun wins best actor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-2024-full-list-of-winners-kalki-2898-ad-wins-best-film-allu-arjun-wins-best-actor-101748511071615.html |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Urdu language]] films are also included for the first time in the Feature Film category.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eaty |first=Neelima |date=2025-03-11 |title=Telangana Govt to include Urdu films in Gaddar Cinema Awards for first time |url=https://hyderabadmail.com/telangana-govt-to-include-urdu-films-in-gaddar-cinema-awards-for-first-time/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Hyderabad Mail |language=en-IN}}</ref> Awards are presented in the following categories:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Special Awards ===
These awards are presented by [[Government of Telangana]], based on the recommendations of the jury. Special awards carry a cash prize of {{Indian rupee}}10.00 [[lakh]], memento, and citation.

* [[N. T. Rama Rao|NTR]] National Award for an eminent Film Artist for outstanding contribution to the growth and development of the [[Indian cinema]]
* [[P. Jairaj|Paidi Jairaj]] Film Award for an eminent Film Personality (other than Film Artist) for outstanding contribution to the growth and development of the Indian Cinema
* [[B.N. Reddi|BN Reddy]] Film Award for an eminent Film Director for outstanding contribution to the growth and development of the [[Telugu Cinema]]
* [[B. Nagi Reddi|Nagireddy]] and [[Chakrapani (director)|Chakrapani]] Film Award for an eminent Film Producer for outstanding contribution to the growth and development of the Telugu Cinema
* [[Kantha Rao]] Film Award for an eminent Telugu Film Artist for his outstanding contribution to Telugu cinema
* [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu|Raghupathi Venkaiah]] Film Award for an eminent film personality (other than artist) for his outstanding contribution to [[Telugu cinema]]
* [[C. Narayana Reddy]] Award for an eminent Poet, writer for outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Telugu cinema

=== Feature Films ===

* [[Telangana Gaddar Film Award for Best Feature Film |Best Feature Film {{En dash}} Gold, Silver and Bronze]]
* Best Feature Film in Urdu Language
* Best Feature Film on National Integration, Communal Harmony and Social Uplift of Depressed Classes
* Best Film on Environment / Heritage / History
* Best Debut Feature Film – Director
* Best Wholesome Entertainment Film (Dr. [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]] Uttama Prajadharana Chitram)
* Best Feature Film on Social Messaging
* Best Animation Film
* Best Special Effects Film
* Best Children's Film

=== Individual awards for artists and technicians ===

* Best Director
* Best Leading Actor
* Best Leading Actress
* Best Supporting Actor
* Best Supporting Actress
* Best Music Director
* Best Male Playback Singer
* Best Female Playback Singer
* Best Comedian
* Best Child Artist
* Best Story Writer
* Best Screenplay Writer
* Best Lyricist
* Best Cinematographer
* Best Editor
* Best Audiographer
* Best Choreographer
* Best Art Director
* Best Action Choreographer
* Best Make Up Artist
* Best Costume Designer
* Special Jury Award (4 No.s)

=== Documentary Films ===

* First Best Documentary Film
* Second Best Documentary Film
* Third Best Documentary Film
* Diploma of merit for Documentary Film

=== Short Films ===

* First Best Short Film
* Second Best Short Film
* Third Best Short Film
* Diploma of merit for Short Film

=== Books / Articles on Telugu Cinema ===

* Best Book on Telugu Cinema
* Best Critic on Telugu Cinema

== Award ceremonies ==
{{main|Telangana Gaddar Film Awards of 2024}}
The inaugural edition of the Telangana Gaddar Film Awards was held on 14 June 2025 at the [[HITEX Exhibition Centre]], [[Hyderabad]]. The event was attended by Telangana Chief Minister [[Revanth Reddy]], Deputy Chief Minister [[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]], Minister for Cinematography [[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]], and producer [[Dil Raju]], who is also the chairman of the Telangana Film Development Corporation (TGFDC).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telugu Films Stand Tall: Revanth|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema-should-replace-bollywood-cm-revanth-reddy-1885250|website=www.deccanchronicle.com|date=2025-06-14|access-date=2026-01-24|language=en|first=Saba Anjum|last=Shaik}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
The opposition [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] criticised naming the Awards after Gaddar, as he was a former [[Maoist]] ideologue. "It sets a bad precedent. How is Gaddar, who followed a path of violence against elected governments, related to the film industry and its artistes? Why will actors and technicians be proud to hold on to an award that is named after such a person,” said BJP spokesperson Krishna Sagar Rao. However, the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] defended their decision, with its spokesperson Syed Nizamuddin saying, "The BJP is raising some baseless allegations. The awards reflect the true spirit of inclusion."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-16 |title=Row over Telangana Film Awards named after Gaddar as BJP, Cong trade fireworks |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/row-over-telangana-film-awards-named-after-gaddar-bjp-cong-10068816/ |access-date= |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en|last=Henry|first=Nikhila}}</ref>

The Telugu Film Chamber of Commerce (TFCC) has opted to hold its own film awards in opposition to the state government's Gaddar Film Awards. There has been further criticism regarding the naming of the awards after Gaddar, with one Telugu film producer saying, “It was not right to change the name of Nandi Awards to Gaddar Awards. Whether one likes it or not, Gaddar promoted [[Naxalism]] and fought against the state. There could have been one award in his name. Nandi was an ideal name without any controversy."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telangana and Telugu Filmdom are on the war path; industry launches its awards|url=https://www.siasat.com/telangana-and-telugu-filmdom-are-on-the-war-path-industry-launches-its-awards-3177077/|website=The Siasat Daily|date=2025-02-07|access-date=|language=en|first=C. R. Gowri|last=Shanker}}</ref>

Arunank Latha and Ashok Danavath, who expressed their views on ''[[NewsClick]],'' have raised concerns about whether the award genuinely honours Gaddar. "Using Gaddar’s name for political or commercial gain, without addressing the very injustices he fought against, amounts not to honour but to appropriation. To invoke his name without embodying his values is, ultimately, an act of disrespect," they added. They further stated that it was ironic that the same Nandi Awards he once rejected have now been renamed after him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Latha |first=Arunank |last2=Danavath |first2=Ashok |date=21 June 2025 |title=Gaddar Film Awards: Symbolic Legacy or Commodification of Revolutionary Politics? |url=https://www.newsclick.in/gaddar-film-awards-symbolic-legacy-or-commodification-revolutionary-politics |website=[[NewsClick]]}}</ref> The absence of Gaddar's portrait during the inaugural event, while portraits of Chief Minister and others were displayed, has also been criticised.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sana |first=Saicharan |date=2025-06-15 |title=The case of missing Gaddar: Telangana’s film awards event forgets its star |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/telangana/the-case-of-missing-gaddar-telanganas-film-awards-event-forgets-its-star/ |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=The South First |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-06-13 |title=Congress govt omits Balladeer Gaddar’s photo in award invite, draws flak |url=https://telanganatoday.com/congress-govt-omits-balladeer-gaddars-photo-in-award-invite-draws-flak |access-date= |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

It was also reported that the winners for 2025 were allegedly selected based on "whims and fancies," with jury members only partially viewing a limited number of the nominated films.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rayasam |first1=Raj |title=Telangana Gaddar Film Awards: Jury didn’t even watch all films before picking winners! |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/telangana/telangana-gaddar-film-awards-jury-didnt-even-watch-all-entires-before-picking-winners/ |access-date=21 December 2025 |publisher=South First |date=17 June 2025}}</ref> Additionally, concerns have been raised regarding the lack of representation from Telangana within the jury, as the majority of the 2025 jury members were from Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=S.R. |date=2025-04-17 |title=గద్దర్ అవార్డుల కమిటీలో.. తెలంగాణవాళ్లెక్కడ? |url=https://vidhaatha.com/news/gaddar-awards-for-telugu-movies-no-telangana-people-missing-in-selection-panel-112427 |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=vidhaatha.com |language=te}}</ref>

Awarding the film [[Razakar (film)|''Razakar: The Silent Genocide of Hyderabad'']] (2024) in Best Feature Film in History category on its inaugural ceremony also drew criticism as the film was widely seen as a propaganda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minhaz |first=Ayesha |date=2025-06-20 |title=Awarding ‘Razakar’: Congress Faces Backlash Over Controversial Choice at Telangana Gaddar Film Awards |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/telangana-gaddar-awards-razakar-controversy-congress-bjp/article69716729.ece |access-date= |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |language=en|quote=it faces criticism for conferring an award on Razakar: The Silent Genocide of Hyderabad—a film widely seen as a vehicle for right-wing propaganda.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lasania |first=Yunus |date=2025-05-02 |title=Propaganda film Razakar bags best cinematography at Dadasaheb Phalke awards |url=https://www.siasat.com/propaganda-film-razakar-bags-best-cinematography-at-dadasaheb-phalke-awards-3215440/ |access-date= |website=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=en |quote=Right-wing Hindutva propaganda movie ‘Razakar: Silent Genocide of Hyderabad’ has won the best cinematography and best debut director awards at the Dadasaheb Phalke awards.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Meenakshi |first=Anjana |last2=Jahnavi |date=2025-06-15 |title=Hindutva propaganda film Razakar gets Telangana govt’s Gaddar Film Award |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/hindutva-propaganda-film-razakar-gets-telangana-govts-gaddar-film-award |access-date= |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en |quote=Razakar, a propaganda film produced by a BJP leader, was criticised for misrepresenting Hyderabad state’s history and villainising Muslims as a whole.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-31 |title=TG govt under fire for Gaddar Award to 'communal' film 'Razakar' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/tg-govt-under-fire-for-gaddar-award-to-communal-film-razakar-1503439816.html |access-date= |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |language=}}</ref> In June 2025, a group of social activists have written a formal letter to the Telangana Government to withdraw the award presented to the film which they argued as "highly polarising" and "propaganda-driven."<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-06-23 |title=Withdrawal of award to ‘Razakar’ urged |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/withdrawal-of-award-to-razakar-urged-981983 |access-date= |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://filmin.telangana.gov.in/fdc/TGFA.html}}

[[Category:Indian film awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2025]]
{{Film and Television Awards in India}}

Raghopur, Vaishali

2026-03-22T17:21:26Z

AngleaDeason621: further updated page for clarity further and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|Community development block in Vaishali district, Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Raghopur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.56|N|85.35|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| leader_title2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = [[Tejashwi Yadav]] (RJD)
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name3 = [[Chirag Paswan]] (LJP)(RV)
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 46
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bajjika language|Bajjika]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 844508
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06224
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hajipur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Raghopur, Vaishali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghopur]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Raghopur''' is a [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] in [[Vaishali district]] of Bihar. Situated between two streams of the Ganges river, it is a river island. Ancient name of Raghopur is Kotigram.

==History==
The creation and history of the Raghopur island are much older than previously thought, as recently [[Harappan architecture|Harappan]]-type bricks<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Sanjeev Kumar |title=Harappa signs in bricks of Raghopur |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/harappa-signs-in-bricks-of-raghopur/cid/1375856 |access-date=3 November 2020 |publisher=Telegraph India |date=8 April 2017}}</ref> from Raghopur Diara were discovered. While digging for piling work to build a house at the Diara, around 10  km north of Patna, the landowner came across thousands of large bricks. He used some and kept the rest as samples out of curiosity. On 4 April 2017, the director of the state archaeological directorate, Atul Verma, visited the area and checked the samples. Vijay Kumar Choudhary, archaeologist and executive director of the Bihar Heritage Development Society, confirmed Harappan bricks <ref>{{cite web |url=http://hshdb.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Harappa-bricks-in-Raghopura-Diara.pdf |title=Harappa bricks in Raghopura Diara |website=Haryana Sarasvati Heritage Development Board |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref> had the proportions of 1:2:4 in terms of thickness, width, and length. He said the state archaeological directorate's move was a step in the right direction to establish that human settlements existed in the area. Raghopur Diara is situated between Chechar in the north and [[Didarganj Yakshi|Didarganj]] in the south, places of archaeological importance. Chechar in [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] is a Neolithic site, while remains from the Mauryan period have been found during excavations at Didarganj in Patna.

==Demographics==
As of the [[2001 Census of India|2001 India census]],<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Area_Profile/SubDistrict_Profile.aspx?cki=bSpoxDd9yWu Area Profile of Raghopur sub-district of Vaishali district, Bihar state ]</ref> Raghopur had a population of 187,722. Males constitute 54% of the population. Raghopur has an average literacy rate of 33%. The villages in Raghopur include Paharpur, Jurawanpur, Fatehpur, Birpur, Chaksingar, Rampur, and Shiv Nagar. Among all, Birpur is the largest village in this block.

== Notable people ==
* [[Uday Narayan Rai]], Former Minister, Bihar
* [[Satish Kumar Yadav]], Former MLA, Raghopur
* [[Rakesh Raushan]], Politician

==Transport==
The nearest towns to Raghopur are Patna, [[Hajipur]] and [[Bidupur]]. The nearest railway stations are Khoosarupur Fatuha and Bankaghat. The nearest airport is in Patna. There is only one seasonal road link (Pipa pul) that connects it to Patna, Fatuha. Apart from that, boats are a primary method of reaching the area. New Six lane Ganga bridge inaugurated in 2025 for all weather connection, kachchi dargah bidupur bridge. From didarganj to Himmatpur, Raghopur. In future this bridge extend to Nepal.

== References ==
{{portal|Islands}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Blocks of Vaishali district}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]

Brazilian Armed Forces

2026-03-22T04:25:20Z

AngleaDeason621: refined details per standard format and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|Combined military forces of Brazil}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox national military
| name = Brazilian Armed Forces
| native_name = {{lang|pt|Forças Armadas Brasileiras}}
| image = Emblem of the Brazilian Armed Forces.svg
| caption = Emblem of the Joint General Staff of the Armed Forces
| image2 = Bandeira do EMCFA atual.svg
| caption2 = Flag of the Joint General Staff of the Armed Forces
| branches = {{ubl
|{{army|Brazil|name=Army}}
|{{navy|Brazil|name=Navy}}
|{{air force|Brazil|name=Air Force}}
}}
| headquarters = [[Ministry of Defence (Brazil)|Ministry of Defense]], [[Brasília]]
| commander-in-chief = {{flagicon image|Presidential Standard of Brazil.svg|size=25px}} [[President of Brazil|President]] [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
| commander-in-chief_title = [[President of Brazil|Commander-in-Chief]]
| minister = {{flagicon image|Flag of Minister of State (Brazil).svg|size=25px}} [[José Múcio]]
| minister_title = [[Ministry of Defence (Brazil)|Minister of Defence]]
| commander = {{flagicon image|Bandeira-Insignia do Chefe do Estado-Maior Conjunto das Forças Armadas (Brasil).svg|size=25px}} [[Renato Rodrigues de Aguiar Freire|Renato Freire]]
| commander_title = [[Joint Chiefs of Staff of the Armed Forces|Chief of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]]
| amount = {{USD|24.8 billion|link=yes}} (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Orçamento e Finanças |url=https://www.gov.br/defesa/pt-br/assuntos/orcamento-e-financas-1 |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=Gov.br |language=pt}}</ref>
| percent_GDP = 1,1% (2023)
| age = 18–45 years of age for compulsory military service for men
| conscription = 10 to 12 months
| active = 376,000<ref name=IISS1>{{cite book| url=https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/the-military-balance-2023| title=The Military Balance 2023| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=15 February 2023| publisher=[[Routledge]]| location=[[London]]| page= 383| isbn=9781032508955}}</ref>
| ranked =
| reserve = 1,340,000<ref name=IISS1/>
| deployed =
| domestic_suppliers =
| foreign_suppliers =
| history = [[Military history of Brazil]]<br />[[:Category:Wars involving Brazil|Warfare directory of Brazil]]<br />[[List of wars involving Brazil|Wars involving Brazil]]<br />[[:Category:Battles involving Brazil|Battles involving Brazil]]
| ranks = [[Military ranks of Brazil]]
}}

The '''Brazilian Armed Forces''' ({{langx|pt|Forças Armadas Brasileiras}}, {{IPA|pt|ˈfoʁsɐz ɐʁˈmadɐz bɾaziˈlejɾɐs|IPA}}) are the unified [[Military|military forces]] of the [[Brazil|Federative Republic of Brazil]]. They consist of three [[Military branch|service branches]], the [[Brazilian Army]], [[Brazilian Navy]] and [[Brazilian Air Force]].<ref>According to article 144 of the [[1988 Brazilian Constitution]], the para-military [[Military Police (Brazil)|Military Police]] alongside the [[Military Firefighters Corps]] are constitutionally considered an auxiliary and potential reserve to the [[Brazilian army|Army]], though subordinate to the state governors. They can, however, be compelled to federal service under a statute similar to [[Posse comitatus (common law)|posse comitatus]][https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituicao.htm]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811161853/https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituicao.htm|date=August 11, 2015}}</ref>

Brazil's armed forces are the [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|second largest]] in the Americas, after the [[United States Armed Forces|United States]], and the largest in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere by the level of military equipment, with 334,500 active-duty troops and officers.<ref name="ReferenceC">[[#IISS2012|IISS 2012]], pp. 376–378</ref><ref>[http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMI14439-15273-2,00-UMA+NOVA+AGENDA+MILITAR.html Uma Nova Agenda Militar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325232014/http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0%2C%2CEMI14439-15273-2%2C00-UMA%2BNOVA%2BAGENDA%2BMILITAR.html |date=2017-03-25 }} Revista Época. Retrieved on 16 April 2015.</ref> Brazilian soldiers were in Haiti from 2004 until 2017, leading the United Nations Stabilization Mission ([[MINUSTAH]]).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/internacional/noticia/2017-08/brazils-military-operations-haiti-officially-over| title = Brazilian troops leave Haiti| date = 31 August 2017}}</ref>

== Organization ==

The Armed Forces of Brazil are divided into 3 branches:<ref name=contituicao>{{cite web | title = Brazilian Federal Constitution | publisher = Brazilian Government (official text) | url = http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituicao.htm | access-date = 2007-05-17 }} See also: [http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html "Brazilian Federal Constitution in English"], text translated to English (unofficial). Retrieved on 2007-05-17.</ref>
* [[Brazilian Army]]
* [[Brazilian Navy]]
* [[Brazilian Air Force]]

The [[Military Police (Brazil)|Military Police]] (state police) alongside the [[Military Firefighters Corps]] are described as an auxiliary and reserve force of the Army.<ref name=contituicao/> All military branches are part of the [[Ministry of Defence (Brazil)|Ministry of Defence]].<ref>Ministry of Defence Structure [http://www.defesa.gov.br/estrutura/index.php "Defence"] ''Ministério da Defesa''. Retrieved June 22, 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414144154/http://www.defesa.gov.br/estrutura/index.php |date=April 14, 2015 }}</ref>

The [[Brazilian Navy]] which is the oldest of the Brazilian Armed Forces, includes the [[Brazilian Marine Corps]] and the [[Brazilian Naval Aviation]].{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

=== Service obligation and manpower ===

There is compulsory military service for those aged 18–45; conscript service obligation – 10 to 12 months; voluntary service is allowed from age 17–45. An increasing percentage of the ranks are "long-service" volunteer professionals; women were allowed to serve in the armed forces beginning in the early 1980s when the Brazilian Army became the first army in South America to accept women into career ranks; women serve in Navy and Air Force only in Women's Reserve Corps.<ref name="ReferenceD">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Brazil|date=11 February 2022}}</ref>

=== Mission and challenges ===

South America is a relatively peaceful continent in which wars are a rare event;<ref name="p. 9">{{cite news |url=http://www.senado.gov.br/JORNAL/arquivos_jornal/arquivosPdf/080331.pdf |page=9 |newspaper=Jornal do Senado |language=pt-br |title=Corrida bélica ao sabor da economia |date=6 April 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320032948/http://www.senado.gov.br/JORNAL/arquivos_jornal/arquivosPdf/080331.pdf | archive-date=2009-03-20 | url-status=dead}}</ref> as a result, Brazil has not had its territory invaded since 1865 during the [[Paraguayan War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMI14439-15273-3,00-UMA+NOVA+AGENDA+MILITAR.html |title=Especial – NOTÍCIAS – Uma nova agenda militar |publisher=Revistaepoca.globo.com |access-date=2010-06-19 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224065239/http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMI14439-15273-3,00-UMA+NOVA+AGENDA+MILITAR.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Additionally, Brazil lacks contested territorial disputes with any of its neighbours<ref name="ReferenceD"/> and neither does it have rivalries, like [[Chile]] and [[Bolivia]] have with each other.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200610/25/eng20061025_315049.html |title=People's Daily Online – Bolivia bans Argentina from reselling gas to Chile |publisher=English.peopledaily.com.cn |date=2006-10-25 |access-date=2010-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3632235.stm | work=BBC News | title=Fresh anger over Bolivia gas plan | date=April 16, 2004 | access-date=April 1, 2010}}</ref> However, Brazil is the only country besides China and Russia that has land borders with 10 or more nations. Moreover, Brazil has {{convert|16,880|km|mi|sp=us}} of land borders<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web |url=http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMI14439-15273-2,00-UMA+NOVA+AGENDA+MILITAR.html |title=Especial – NOTÍCIAS – Uma nova agenda militar |publisher=Revistaepoca.globo.com |access-date=2010-06-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325232014/http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0%2C%2CEMI14439-15273-2%2C00-UMA%2BNOVA%2BAGENDA%2BMILITAR.html |archive-date=2017-03-25 }}</ref> and {{convert|7367|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="educacao.uol.com.br">{{cite web|url=http://educacao.uol.com.br/geografia/litoral-brasileiro.jhtm |title=Litoral brasileiro – Geografia – UOL Educação |publisher=Educacao.uol.com.br |date=2007-12-20 |access-date=2010-06-19}}</ref> of coastline to be patrolled and defended. Overall, the Armed Forces have to defend 8.5 million km<sup>2</sup> (around 3.2 million sq. mi.) of land and patrol 4.4 million km<sup>2</sup> (around 1.7 million sq. mi.)<ref>[https://www.mar.mil.br/secirm/document/livrogeo.pdf] (p.22) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320032951/https://www.mar.mil.br/secirm/document/livrogeo.pdf|date=March 20, 2009}}</ref> of [[territorial waters]] – or ''[[Brazilian Blue Amazon|Blue Amazon]]'', as the [[Brazilian Navy]] calls them.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mar.mil.br/menu_v/amazonia_azul/amazonia_azul.htm| title = Amazônia Azul}}</ref> To achieve this mission, significant manpower and funding is required.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

==Military history of Brazil==
{{see also|Armed Forces of the Empire of Brazil}}

Since 1648 the Brazilian Armed Forces have been relied upon to fight in defense of Brazilian sovereignty and to suppress civil rebellions. The Brazilian military also has several times intervened militarily to overthrow the [[Government of Brazil|Brazilian government]].<ref name="revistaepoca.globo.com">{{cite web |url=http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/1,,EMI14440-15273,00.html |title=Especial – NOTÍCIAS – Os pés de barro de um gigante |publisher=Revistaepoca.globo.com |access-date=2010-06-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825094407/http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/1%2C%2CEMI14440-15273%2C00.html |archive-date=2010-08-25 }}</ref>

The Brazilian Armed Forces were subordinated to the Emperor, its [[Commander-in-Chief]].<ref>See Articles 102 and 148 of the Brazilian Constitution of 1824</ref> He was aided by the [[Ministry of Defence (Brazil)|Ministers of War and Navy]] in regard to matters concerning the [[Brazilian Army|Army]] and the [[Brazilian Navy|Armada]], respectively. Traditionally, the Ministers of War and Navy were civilians but there were some exceptions.<ref name=Carvalho193>Carvalho (2007), p.193</ref><ref>Lyra, p.84</ref> The model chosen was the British parliamentary or Anglo-American system, in which "the country's Armed Forces observed [[Civilian control of the military|unrestricted obedience]] to the civilian government while maintaining distance from political decisions and decisions referring to borders' security".<ref>Pedrosa, p.289</ref>

The military personnel were allowed to run and serve in political offices while staying on active duty. However, they did not represent the Army or the Armada but instead the population of the city or province where elected.<ref name=Carvalho193/> [[Pedro I of Brazil|Dom Pedro I]] chose nine military personnel as [[Senate of Brazil|Senators]] and five (out of 14) to the State Council. During the Regency, two were chosen to the Senate and none to the State Council as there was no Council at the time. [[Pedro II of Brazil|Dom Pedro II]] chose four military personnel to become Senators during the 1840s, two in the 1850s and three until the end of his reign. He also chose seven military personnel to be State Counselors during the 1840s and 1850s and three after that.<ref>Holanda, pp.241–242</ref>

It has built a tradition of participating in UN [[peacekeeping]] missions such as in [[Haiti]] and [[East Timor]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/01/world/brazil-is-leading-a-largely-south-american-mission-to-haiti.html | work=The New York Times | title=Brazil Is Leading a Largely South American Mission to Haiti | first=Larry | last=Rohter | date=August 1, 2004 | access-date=April 1, 2010}}</ref> Below a list of some of the historical events in which the Brazilian Armed Forces took part:

=== Armed conflicts involving Brazil ===
{{see also|List of wars involving Brazil}}

* [[First Battle of Guararapes]] (1648): Decisive Portuguese victory that helped end [[Dutch Brazil|Dutch occupation]]. Due to this battle, the year 1648 is considered as the year of the foundation of the Brazilian Army.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMI14439-15273-4,00-UMA+NOVA+AGENDA+MILITAR.html |title=Especial – NOTÍCIAS – Uma nova agenda militar |publisher=Revistaepoca.globo.com |access-date=2010-06-19 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305013600/http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMI14439-15273-4,00-UMA+NOVA+AGENDA+MILITAR.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Invasion of Cayenne (1809)]] (1809) : Was a combined military operation by an Anglo-Portuguese expeditionary force against Cayenne, capital of the French South American colony of French Guiana in 1809, during the Napoleonic Wars.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}
* [[Luso-Brazilian invasion]] (1816–1820) : Was an armed conflict between the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves and the partisans of José Artigas over the Banda Oriental (Eastern Bank), present-day Uruguay.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}
* [[Brazilian War of Independence]] (1822–1824): Series of military campaigns that had as objective to cement Brazilian sovereignty and end Portuguese resistance.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}
* [[Confederation of the Equator]] (1824) : Was a short-lived rebellion that occurred in the northeastern region of Brazil during that nation's struggle for independence from Portugal.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}
* [[Cisplatine War]] (1825–1828) : Armed conflict over an area known as Banda Oriental or "Eastern Shore" between the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and Empire of Brazil in the aftermath of the United Provinces' emancipation from Spain.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}
* [[Ragamuffin War]] (1835–1845) : Was a Republican uprising that began in southern Brazil, in the states of [[Rio Grande do Sul]] and [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] in 1835. The rebels, led by Generals Bento Gonçalves da Silva and Antônio de Sousa Neto with the support of the Italian fighter [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], surrendered to imperial forces in 1845.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}
* [[Platine War]] (1851–1852): The Brazilian Empire and its allies went to war against the dictator [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] of the [[Argentine Confederation]].{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}
* [[Uruguayan War]] (1864–1865): Brazilian intervention in [[Uruguay]]. With support from Argentina, imperial forces deposed President [[Atanasio Aguirre]] from office and instated general [[Venancio Flores]] in his place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://historia2ano.blogspot.com/2008/11/17-formao-dos-pases-platinos.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709035552/http://historia2ano.blogspot.com/2008/11/17-formao-dos-pases-platinos.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-09 |title=História 2 Ano: 17 – Formação dos países platinos |publisher=Historia2ano.blogspot.com |date=2008-11-17 |access-date=2010-06-19 }}</ref>
* [[Paraguayan War]] (1864–1870): Over 200,000 Brazilians fought on this conflict,<ref name="ReferenceA" /> which is considered as the most serious in Brazilian history.<ref>Arruda, José and Piletti, Nelson -''Toda a História'' (1997)(7° edition)(229 p.)</ref>
* [[Brazilian Naval Revolt]] (1893–1894) : Were armed mutinies promoted mainly by Admirals Custodio de Mello and Saldanha da Gama and their fleet of Brazilian Navy ships against unconstitutional staying in power of the central government in Rio de Janeiro.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smith |first=Joseph|title=Brazilian Diplomacy and Foreign Intervention in the Brazilian Naval Revolt, 1893-94 |url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/RCHA/article/download/RCHA0000110117A/28738 |journal=Revista Complutense de Historia de América}}</ref>
* [[War of Canudos]] (1893–1897): The deadliest rebellion of Brazil, the insurrectionists defeated the first 3 military forces sent to quell the rebellion.<ref name="ReferenceA" />
* [[Contestado War]] (1912–1916) : Was a guerrilla war for land between settlers and landowners, the latter supported by the Brazilian state's police and military forces. The war lasted from October 1912 to August 1916. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rise of the Military in Politics: From the Old Republic to Estado Novo {{!}} Brazil: Five Centuries of Change |url=https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-5/military-in-politics/ |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=library.brown.edu}} </ref>
* [[Brazil during World War I]]: Brazil entered into World War I on October 26, 1917 alongside the [[Triple Entente]] after German submarines torpedoed several Brazilian ships. Brazilian troops and paramedics were deployed in France, but the Brazilian navy didn't arrive in Europe until November 10, 1918, one day before the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|Armistice]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulze |first=Frederik |date=March 16, 2015 |title=Brazil |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/brazil/ |access-date=March 11, 2026 |website=1914-1918-Online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War}}</ref>
* [[Constitutionalist Revolution]] (1932) : Was the armed movement occurred in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, between July and October 1932, which aimed at the overthrow of the Provisional Government of Getúlio Vargas and the promulgation of a new constitution for Brazil.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}
* [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB)|Brazil in World War II]] (1942–1945): Brazil declared war on [[Nazi Germany]] in August 1942<ref name="revistaepoca.globo.com" /> and in 1944 sent an Expeditionary Force of 25,334 soldiers to fight in Italy. Brazil also supplied vital raw materials for the war effort and ceded important airbases at Natal and Fernando de Noronha Archipel that made possible the North African invasion, i.e. [[Operation Torch]], and had a key role in patrolling the South Atlantic sea lanes.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

Brazilian Expeditionary Force, initially composed of an infantry division, eventually covered all Brazilian military forces who participated in the conflict, including the Brazilian Air Force who did a remarkable job in the last nine months of war with 445 missions executed. Offensive: 2546, Defensive: 4.<ref>Koshiba, Luiz and Pereira, Denise – ''História do Brasil'' (1999) (7° edition) (291 p.)</ref>

=== Brazilian military coups d'état ===
The Republican period experienced several military coups d'état in the 75 years between 1889 and 1964, such as:{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

* [[History of Brazil (1889–1930)#Constitutionalist Revolution|Proclamation of the Republic]] (1889): End of the [[Brazilian Empire]], this was the first [[coup d'état]] by the Brazilian military.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

* [[Revolution of 1930]]: Second military overthrow of government,<ref name="revistaepoca.globo.com" /> in which President [[Washington Luís]] was replaced by Getúlio Vargas, who became the Provisional President.<ref name="Brazil Under Vargas">{{cite web |title=Brazil Under Vargas |url=https://library.brown.edu/create/brazilundervargas/chronology/ |website=Brown University Library |access-date=25 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251025084446/https://library.brown.edu/create/brazilundervargas/chronology/ |archive-date=25 October 2025}}</ref>

* [[1945 Brazilian coup d'état|End of ''Estado Novo'']] (1945): Then Dictator [[Getúlio Vargas]] was deposed by [[general]]s and General [[Eurico Dutra]] was elected president.<ref name="revistaepoca.globo.com" />

* [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état]]: President [[João Goulart]] was removed from office, leading to a military dictatorship which lasted until 1985.<ref name="revistaepoca.globo.com" />

==Ministry of Defence==
{{Main|Ministry of Defence (Brazil)}}

[[File:Foto Oficial do Senhor Ministro da Defesa José Múcio Monteiro Filho (52624967260).jpg|left|thumb|[[José Múcio]], the current defence minister.]]
[[File:Minist%C3%A9rio_de_Defesa_do_Brasil.JPG|thumb|right|Ministry of Defense of Brazil]]
On 10 July 1999, the Ministry of Defence was created, with the abolition of the EMFA and the merger of all three ministries of the Armed Forces (Army, Navy and Air Force) into a singular ministry of the Cabinet.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/brazil/mod.htm| title = About Ministry of Defense of Brazil}}</ref>

===Joint Staff of the Armed Forces===
{{Main|Joint Staff of the Armed Forces}}

[[File:Concha Acústica do Exército.jpg|thumb|[[Army High Command]] HQ in Brasília]]

Joint Staff of the Armed Forces is an agency of the Ministry of Defense of Brazil, which centralizes the coordination of command of the armed forces: Army, Navy and Air Force. It was created by Complementary Law No. 136 of 25 August 2010, and has in Ordinance No. 1429 its operating guidelines.

Advising the Minister of Defense in the upper direction of the armed forces, aiming the organization, preparation and employment, in order to fulfill its constitutional mission and its subsidiaries assignments, with the goals strategic planning and the joint use of the military services.

It is up to JSAF plan together and integrated employment of staff of the Navy, Army and Air Force, optimizing the use of the military and logistical support in the defense of the country and in peacekeeping, humanitarian and rescue operations; border security; and civil defense actions.

The body has its powers and duties according to the Regimental Structure approved by Decree 7.9744, April 1, 2013. Since its inception, the JSAF has worked with the Central Administration of the Ministry of Defence, on the Esplanade of Ministries in Brasilia (DF).

The head of the JSAF is private of a general officer of the last post, active or reserve, designated by the Ministry of Defence and appointed by the president. Their hierarchical level is the same of the military commanders of the Navy, Army and Air Force. Under the coordination of the Joint Armed Forces also operates the Committee of Chiefs of Staffs of the military services.

The current head of JSAF is the Admiral [[Renato Rodrigues de Aguiar Freire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2022/12/09/forcas-armadas-escolha-de-comandantes-seguira-criterio-de-antiguidade-diz-mucio.ghtml|title=Forças Armadas: escolha de comandantes seguirá critério de antiguidade, diz Múcio|website=G1|language=pt|date=9 December 2022}}</ref>

==Brazilian Army==
{{Main|Brazilian Army}}

The [[Army High Command]] of Brazil is formed by the Army Commander and other [[army general]]s in active service.<ref name="esg.br/">{{cite web|url=http://www.esg.br/index.php/br/2014-02-19-17-51-50/apresentacao|title=Apresentação|website=esg.br|accessdate=19 July 2021}}</ref> The country current has sixteen active 4-star generals, several of them in command posts. The mission of ACE includes the selection of a list of candidates to the post of commander, the prospection of regional and global political situations, among others roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.oglobo.globo.com/malu-gaspar/post/alto-comando-do-exercito-se-reune-para-tratar-da-crise-com-bolsonaro-e-pazuello.html|title=Alto Comando do Exército se reúne para tratar da crise com Bolsonaro e Pazuello|website=O Globo|date=2 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esg.br/index.php/es/2014-02-19-17-51-50/nossa-historia|title=História da ESG|accessdate=19 July 2021}}</ref>

===FORPRON===
The ''Brazilian Army Readiness Forces'' (''Forças de Prontidão do Exército Brasileiro'' in Portuguese) is a 15,000-strong division meant to operate in real missions of conventional combat, law and order and interagency operations within the Brazilian territory or as divisional forces abroad led by officers from the ''General Staff of the Readiness Forces'' subordinate to the Army High Command.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defesanet.com.br/terrestre/noticia/42192/Exercicio-de-Certificacao-da-FORPRON-da-10%C2%AA-Brigada-entra-em-fase-de-planejamento-/#:~:text=FORPRON%20O%20objetivo%20da%20FORPRON,da%20ordem%20e%20opera%C3%A7%C3%B5es%20interag%C3%AAncias.|title=Exercício de Certificação da FORPRON da 10ª Brigada entra em fase de planejamento|website=DefesaNet|date=2 September 2021|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defesaaereanaval.com.br/exercito/forpron-26o-batalhao-de-infantaria-para-quedista-esta-certificada-para-atuar-em-qualquer-local-do-territorio-nacional-e-internacional|title=FORPRON: 26º Batalhão de Infantaria Pára-quedista está certificada para atuar em qualquer local do território nacional e internacional|website=Defesa Aerea e Naval|date=18 May 2022|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/exercitooficial/status/1609249275174592514|title=FORPRON|website=Brazilian Army Twitter|date=31 December 2022|language=pt}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Infantryy.jpg|Brazilian Army [[Infantry]]
File:Blindados em Rosário do Sul - RS (9919079464).jpg|[[Leopard 1|Leopard 1A5]] main battle tank
File:Cavalaria (29242886961).jpg|Brazilian [[VBTP-MR Guarani]] IFVs
File:Cavalaria (28698748214).jpg|[[EE-9 Cascavel]] armored reconnaissance
File:Cavalaria (29242889921).jpg|[[Leopard 1|Leopard 1A5]] in night shooting exercise
File:19 04 2022- Dia do Exército Brasileiro (52017080500).jpg|Brazilian Army [[EC725]]
File:Ministro Jaques Wagner assiste exercício de artilharia antiaérea do Exército (20161936520).jpg|Brazilian [[Flakpanzer Gepard]]
File:Exército Brasileiro (4968751470).jpg|[[Electronic warfare|Electronic Warfare]] trucks
File:Junglee.jpg|[[Jungle warfare|Jungle Warfare]] infantry
File:Aviation Command.jpg|[[Airmobile]] infantry with a [[Eurocopter AS565 Panther|AS565 Panther]] of the [[Brazilian Army Aviation Command|Aviation Command]]
File:Paratroopers.jpg|Brazilian Army [[Paratrooper]]s
File:Makunfron.jpg|Border [[Battalion]] Soldier
File:Specialforces.jpg|[[Special Operations Command (Brazil)|Army Special Forces]]
File:Brazilian military helicopter underway, 2012.jpg|Brazilian [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk|UH-60 Black Hawk]] in the Amazon region
File:Combatente da Caatinga (26700198395).jpg|Brazilian [[Caatinga]] soldiers
</gallery>

==Brazilian Navy==
{{Main|Brazilian Navy}}

The navy ({{langx|pt|Marinha do Brasil}}) has eight bases throughout Brazil.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/brazil/navy.htm| title = Brazilian Navy}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Operação "Poseidon 2021" (51474511477).jpg|Helicopter carrier [[Brazilian aircraft carrier Atlântico|''Atlântico'']]
File:Operação Poseidon (51443464716).jpg|[[Eurocopter EC725|EC725]] helicopter aboard [[Brazilian aircraft carrier Atlântico|''Atlântico'']]
File:GLAM MB Piloto Caça Untitled-1 (36124829324).jpg|Brazilian Navy [[Douglas A-4 Skyhawk|A-4 Skyhawk]]
File:Aspirantex 2020 (49488413213).jpg|Frigate [[Brazilian frigate Constituição (F-42)|''Constituição'']] underway
File:US Navy 110422-N-ZI300-115 The Brazilian navy frigate Bosisio (F 48) fires at an unmanned aerial vehicle during a drone exercise (DRONEX) with ship.jpg|Brazilian [[frigate]]s in shooting exercise
File:GLAM MB IMG 4068 (28933649305).jpg|Corvette [[Brazilian corvette Barroso (V-34)|''Barroso'']] firing missile [[Exocet]]
File:Lançamento de Armas 2021 Exocet 11 (51279148576).png|[[Eurocopter EC725|EC725]] firing an [[Exocet]] missile
File:ABC 3561 (26818408105).jpg|[[Task force|Task Force]] with [[NDM Bahia (G40)|''Bahia'']] leading
File:Aeronaves UH 15 - Super Cougar (52098235541).jpg|Brazilian Navy squadron of [[Eurocopter EC725|EC725]]s in flight
File:Operação Formosa 2014 (15481886779).jpg|Brazilian Marines [[Astros II|ASTROS]] system
File:Operação Ágata Norte 2022 - Operação Demonstrativa em Belém (PA) (52130022414).jpg|Brazilian Navy SOF ([[GRUMEC]])
File:Operação Formosa 2016 (30388031181).jpg|Brazilian Marines SOF ([[COMANF]])
File:Aeronave ScanEagle em um lançador (52200554203).jpg|Brazilian [[Boeing Insitu ScanEagle|ScanEagle]] UAV
File:Fuzileiros Navais (32669765020).jpg|Brazilian Marines [[Mowag Piranha|MOWAG Piranha]]
</gallery>

==Brazilian Air Force==
{{Main|Brazilian Air Force}}

The Brazilian Air Force ({{langx|pt|Força Aérea Brasileira}}, {{IPA|pt|ˌfoʁsaˈɛɾjɐ bɾaziˈlejɾɐ|}}, also known as ''FAB'', {{IPA|pt|ˈfabi|}} or {{IPA|pt|ˌɛfiaˈbe|}}) is the second-largest air force in the Americas (behind only the United States) and has around 70,000 active [[personnel]]. The FAB is subdivided into four operational commands.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Brazilian Saab Gripen E (cropped).jpg|[[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|F-39E Gripen]] during an exercise
File:22 10 2021 Solenidade Militar alusiva ao Dia do Aviador e ao Dia da Força Aérea Brasileira (51619395824).jpg|[[Embraer C-390 Millennium|KC-390]] in formation with [[Northrop F-5|F-5M]] and [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|F-39E]]
File:Aeronave A-29 Super Tucano em voo sobre a Floresta Amazônica.jpg|[[Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano|A-29 Super Tucano]] patrolling the [[Amazon rainforest]]
File:Brazilian Air Force AMX air-to-air refuelling.jpg|[[AMX International AMX|AMX]] attack aircraft
File:Brazilian Gripen F-39E (cropped).jpg|[[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|F-39E Gripen]] multirole fighter
File:Sábado Aéreo 2014 (15101174380).jpg|[[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk|UH-60L]] helicopter
File:R99 - RIAT 2007 (2370466415).jpg|Brazilian Air Force [[Embraer R-99|E-99]] AEW&C
File:CRUZEX 2013 (10798689103).jpg|Two [[Northrop F-5|F-5M]] taking off in aerial alert
File:Operação Atlântico 2018 (31993852168).jpg|Brazilian Air Force [[Eurocopter EC725|EC725]]
File:P3am-orion.jpg|[[Lockheed P-3 Orion|P-3AM Orion]] patrol aircraft
File:Revo02.jpg|Air Force [[Lockheed Martin KC-130|KC-130]] refuels [[Eurocopter EC725|H-36 Caracal]] over [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]
File:Vant Hermes 450 da FAB no aeroporto de Cáceres (MT) (8101398607).jpg|[[Elbit Hermes 450|RQ-450]] UAV
File:Infantaria.jpg|Brazilian [[Air force ground forces and special forces|Air Force Infantry]]
File:Parasar.jpg|Air Force SOF ([[Para-SAR]])
</gallery>

==Brazilian aerospace command==
{{Main|Aerospace Operations Command}}

[[File:Comae.png|thumb|right|Coat of arms of [[Aerospace Operations Command]]]]
The Aerospace Operations Command is a Brazilian [[space command|air and space command]] created in 2017<ref name="COMAE 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.fab.mil.br/organizacoes/mostra/455/|title=COMAE|access-date=12 July 2021|website=Brazilian Air Force|language=pt}}</ref> and is part of the [[Brazilian Air Force]]. It is responsible for planning, coordinating, executing and controlling the country's air and space operations.<ref name="COMAE 2">{{Cite news|url=https://br.linkedin.com/company/comae|title=COMAE media|access-date=12 July 2021|language=pt}}</ref> The [[Brazilian Navy]] and [[Brazilian Army]] also are part of the organization.

==Troop relocation==
[[File:19 04 2022 - Ministro da Defesa prestigia celebração dos 374 anos do Exército (52017823580).jpg|thumb|right|Leopard 1A5BR]]
Brazil has the need to patrol its {{convert|16,880|km|mi|sp=us}} of land borders.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> Since the 1990s Brazil has been relocating its forces in accordance to this [[national security]] requirement.

Between 1992 and 2008, the ''1st, 2nd'' and ''16th Jungle Infantry Brigades'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fazenda.gov.br/resenhaeletronica/MostraMateria.asp?page=&cod=372337 |title=Entrevista – Enzo Martins Peri |publisher=Resenha Eletrônica |access-date=2010-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021221658/http://www.fazenda.gov.br/resenhaeletronica/MostraMateria.asp?page=&cod=372337 |archive-date=2008-10-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fab.mil.br/portal/operacoes_aereas/solimoes/ft.htm |title= Operação TIMBÓ IV |publisher=Fab.mil.br |access-date=2010-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706161001/http://www.fab.mil.br/portal/operacoes_aereas/solimoes/ft.htm |archive-date=2011-07-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the ''3rd Infantry Battalion'', the ''19th Logistics Battalion'', and the ''22nd Army Police Platoon'' were transferred by the Army from the states of [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] and [[Rio Grande do Sul]] to the [[Brazilian Amazon|Amazon]] region<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |url=http://odia.terra.com.br/economia/htm/uniao_cortara_tropa_do_rio_168086.asp |title=O DIA Online – União cortará tropa do Rio |access-date=2008-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216142630/http://odia.terra.com.br/economia/htm/uniao_cortara_tropa_do_rio_168086.asp |archive-date=2008-12-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in accordance with the [[Argentina–Brazil relations#Democratization (1985)|friendship policy with Argentina]]. After those redeployments the number of Army troops in that region rose to 25,000.<ref name="estado.com.br">{{cite web|url=http://www.estado.com.br/editorias/2008/04/20/pol-1.93.11.20080420.1.1.xml |title=Estadão.com.br |date=2008-04-20 |access-date=2010-06-19}}</ref> Also relocated from the state of Rio de Janeiro were the ''1st'' and ''3rd Tank Regiments'', now stationed in the city of [[Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul|Santa Maria]], in the state of [[Rio Grande do Sul]].<ref name="autogenerated1" />

However, despite those efforts, the presence of the Armed Forces on the border regions of the [[Brazilian Amazon]] continues to be sparse and disperse, given the fact that the Army has just 28 border detachments in that area, a total of 1,600 soldiers, or 1 man for every {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=on}} of borders.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> More redeployments are expected since the states of Rio de Janeiro, [[Minas Gerais]] and [[Espírito Santo]] still concentrate over 49,000 soldiers.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> In May 2008, the Navy announced new plans to reposition its forces throughout Brazil.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

==Communications and territorial surveillance==
The Brazilian territory corresponds to 47.3% of the South American continent,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.int/brazil/brasil/brazil-land.htm|title=Brazil – Land|last=|date=|website=Permanent Missions|publisher=United Nations|at=Geography|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023154830/http://www.un.int/brazil/brasil/brazil-land.htm|archive-date=23 October 2014|access-date=}}</ref> and its land border is over 16.000 km and 4,5 million km2 of sea territory.<ref name="SISFRON">{{cite web |url=http://www.epex.eb.mil.br/index.php/sisfron |title=SISFRON |website=[[Brazilian Army]] |language=pt}}</ref> With the objective of ensuring Brazil's sovereignty, strategic monitoring and communications projects have been launched in recent years.

===SGDC===
[[File:23062020 Cerimônia de Inauguração do Centro de Operações Espaciais Principal (COPE-P).jpg|thumb|right|Inauguration of the ''Space Operations Center'' in Brasília, June 2020.]]
The ''Geostationary Defense and Strategic Communications Satellites'' or ''SGDC'', are geostationary communication satellites developed by the [[Brazilian Air Force]] and the [[Brazilian Space Agency]], created with the objective of operating strategic military, government and civil communications, also offering broadband internet throughout the national territory.<ref name="SGDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.fab.mil.br/noticias/mostra/35918/ESPA%C3%87O%20-%20Cerim%C3%B4nia%20marca%20inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20das%20instala%C3%A7%C3%B5es%20do%20Centro%20de%20Opera%C3%A7%C3%B5es%20Espaciais |title=Cerimônia marca inauguração das instalações do Centro de Operações Espaciais |website=[[Brazilian Air Force]] |date=June 24, 2020|language=pt}}</ref> The first satellite called [[SGDC-1]], was launched in 2017<ref>{{cite web |url=http://g1.globo.com/ciencia-e-saude/noticia/governo-lanca-satelite-que-permitira-acesso-a-banda-larga-em-areas-remotas.ghtml |title=Brasil lança satélite que permitirá acesso à banda larga em áreas remotas |work=[[G1 (website)|G1]], Brasília |date=May 4, 2017 |access-date=June 25, 2020|language=pt}}</ref> and the [[SGDC-2]] has planned to launch in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last=Henry |first=Caleb |url=https://spacenews.com/brazil-to-order-second-dual-civil-military-communications-satellite/ |title=Brazil to order second dual civil-military communications satellite |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=April 10, 2019 |access-date=June 25, 2020}}</ref> The ''Space Operations Center'' (COPE) was inaugurated in 2020, subordinated to the [[Aerospace Operations Command]], with the objective of operating the satellites.<ref name="SGDC"/>

===SISFRON===
[[File:Ponta Pora radar station (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Ponta Porã radar station]]
The ''Integrated Border Monitoring System'' (SISFRON) is a border system developed by the [[Brazilian Army]] for supporting operational employment decisions, operating in an integrated manner with all defense systems in the country, whose purpose is to strengthen the presence and capacity for monitoring and action in the national land border strip. It was conceived at the initiative of the Army Command, as a result of the approval of the ''National Defense Strategy'' in 2008, which guides the organization of the Armed Forces. ''SISFRON'' is planned to eventually cover the 16,886 kilometers of the border line, favoring the employment of organizations subordinate to the North, West, Southern and the Amazon military commands.<ref name="SISFRON"/>

===SisGAAz===
The ''Blue Amazon Management System'', is a surveillance system planned by the [[Brazilian Navy]], in order to oversee the "[[Brazilian Blue Amazon|Blue Amazon]]", the country's exclusive economic zone and [[Continental shelf of Brazil|continental shelf]], a resource-rich area covering about {{convert|4500000|km2||abbr=on|sp=us}}{{update inline|date=October 2025}} off the Brazilian coast. This area is home to a huge diversity of [[Marine life|marine species]], valuable metallic minerals and other [[Mineral|mineral resources]], [[petroleum]], and the world's second largest [[Rare-earth element|rare-earth]] reserve.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brasil tem segunda maior reserva mundial de terras raras, mas não aparece entre os maiores produtores|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/brasil-tem-segunda-maior-reserva-mundial-de-terras-raras-mas-nao-aparece-entre-os-maiores-produtores-23703560|publisher=O Globo|language=pt|date=30 May 2019}}</ref> The SisGAAz will integrate equipment and systems composed of radars incorporated on land and vessels, as well as high resolution cameras and features such as the fusion of information received from collaborative systems.<ref>{{cite news |title=SisGAAz: Proteção e Monitoramento das Águas Jurisdicionais Brasileiras|url=https://www.marinha.mil.br/sisgaaz-protecao-e-monitoramento-das-aguas-jurisdicionais-brasileiras|website=Brazilian Navy|language=pt}}</ref>

===Link-BR2===
{{Main|Link-BR2}}

The ''Link-BR2'' is a datalink developed by the Air Force and the Brazilian defence company [[AEL Sistemas]], this technology allow the exchange of data such radar information, videos and images with other units of the three branches anytime and anywhere, using an advanced encrypted protocol with a high degree of security.<ref>{{cite news |title=FAB coloca para rodar sistema de última geração feito para o caça Gripen|url=https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/radar/fab-coloca-para-rodar-sistema-de-ultima-geracao-feito-para-o-caca-gripen|website=Veja|date=16 December 2020|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=FAB prepara os testes de voo do Projeto Link-BR2|url=https://tecnodefesa.com.br/fab-prepara-os-testes-de-voo-do-projeto-link-br2|website=Tecnodefesa|date=1 December 2020|language=pt}}</ref>

==Future==
{{Main|Future of the Brazilian Armed Forces}}

==See also==
* [[Joint Staff of the Armed Forces]]
* [[Brazilian Naval Aviation]]
* [[Brazilian Navy]]
**[[Brazilian Marines]]
* [[Brazilian Army]]
** [[Brazilian Army Aviation]]
* [[Brazilian Air Force]]
* [[National Force of Public Safety]]
* [[National Defense Council (Brazil)]]
* [[Brazil and weapons of mass destruction]]
* [[Policing in Brazil]]
** [[Military Police (Brazil)|Military Police of Brazilian States]]
** [[Rondas Ostensivas Tobias de Aguiar]]: Military Police of the State of São Paulo.
** [[Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais|BOPE]]: Special Police Operations Battalion of the Military Police of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
** [[Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State]]
* [[List of Wars involving Brazil]]
* [[Military of the Empire of Brazil]]

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2018| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=14 February 2018| publisher=[[Routledge]]| location=[[London]]| isbn=9781857439557| ref=IISS2018}}
*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2012| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=7 March 2012| publisher=[[Routledge]]| location=[[London]]| isbn=978-1857436426| ref=IISS2012}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Military of Brazil}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071204213707/https://www.defesa.gov.br/ Brazilian Ministry of Defence]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260114030746/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/ Brazil military profile] from the ''[[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]]''
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/brazil/index.html Brazil military guide] from GlobalSecurity.org

{{Brazil topics}}
{{Military of Brazil}}
{{Military of South America}}

[[Category:Military of Brazil| ]]

Vinai Kumar Saxena

2026-03-16T19:56:57Z

AngleaDeason621:

{{Short description|Lieutenant Governor of Ladakh (born 1958)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vinai Kumar Saxena
| native_name =
| image = Vinai Kumar Saxena (cropped).jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2023
| office = 4th [[List of lieutenant governors of Ladakh|Lieutenant Governor of Ladakh]]
| term_start = 6 March 2026
| predecessor = [[Kavinder Gupta]]
| office1 = [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]]
| term_start1 = 26 May 2022
| term_end1 = 6 March 2026
| predecessor1 = [[Anil Baijal]]
| successor1 = [[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Arvind Kejriwal]] (2022–2024)<br />[[Atishi Marlena]] (2024–2025)<br />[[Rekha Gupta]] (2025–)
| office2 = Chairman of the [[Khadi and Village Industries Commission]]
| term_start2 = 25 October 2015
| term_end2 = 23 May 2022
| predecessor2 = Arun Kumar Jha
| successor2 = Manoj Kumar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|03|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Banda District, India|Banda]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| religion =
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| spouse = Sangita Saxena<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-lt-governor-arvind-kejriwal-meet-amid-tussle-3720992|title=Delhi Lt Governor, Arvind Kejriwal Meet Amid Tussle|website=ndtv.com|publisher=NDTV News|location=New Delhi|date=25 January 2023|access-date=26 January 2023|agency=Asian News International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127210533/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-lt-governor-arvind-kejriwal-meet-amid-tussle-3720992|archive-date=27 January 2023}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University|Kanpur University]]<ref name="CNBC"/>
| president = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
| residence = [[Raj Niwas, Delhi]]
| website =
| occupation = {{hlist|Business executive|activist}}
| children = 2
}}

'''Vinai Kumar Saxena''' (born 23 March 1958) is an Indian business executive who is currently serving as the [[List of lieutenant governors of Ladakh|4th Lieutenant Governor of Ladakh]] since 2026. He previously served as the [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|22nd Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]] from 2022 to 2026.<ref name="telegraphindia" /> He previously served as chairman of the [[Khadi and Village Industries Commission]] from 2015 to 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nsut.ac.in/en/chancellor-nsut|title=Chancellor, NSUT|archive-date=1 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201213137/http://nsut.ac.in/en/chancellor-nsut|website=nsut.ac.in|publisher=Netaji Subhas University of Technology|access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> He also served as the president of Kumarappa National Handmade Paper Institute.<ref name="KNHPI">{{cite web |date=2018 |title=President's profile — Shri Vinai Kumar Saxena |url=https://www.knhpi.org.in/president-profile.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215182128/https://www.knhpi.org.in/president-profile.php |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=knhpi.org |publisher=Kumarappa National Handmade Paper Institute |location=Delhi}}</ref>

His tenure as the [[Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]] has been marred by allegations of partisanship, undue indulgences, and persistent interference in the administrative functions of the elected [[Government of Delhi|Delhi Government]]. Such criticisms have been amplified by his long-standing admiration for and association with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], whose party, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], has remained at loggerheads with the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], its principal opposition that governed Delhi until early 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-16 |title=LG VK Saxena obstructing government's work: AAP legal cell |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/lg-vk-saxena-obstructing-governments-work-aap-legal-cell/articleshow/97959162.cms |access-date=2025-11-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Lt Governor VK Saxena stalling implementation of Solar Policy: Atishi |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/delhi-lt-governor-v-k-saxena-stalling-implementation-of-solar-policy-atishi-595434/ |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Saxena was born on 23 March 1958 in [[Banda district, India|Banda district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Profile">{{cite web|url=https://lg.delhi.gov.in/lg-profile|title=Shri Vinai Kumar Saxena — The Lieutenant Governor|website=lg.delhi.gov.in|publisher=The lieutenant Governor of Delhi|access-date=3 August 2023|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803083641/https://lg.delhi.gov.in/lg-profile|archive-date=3 August 2023}}</ref> In 1975, he founded a student union within his institution, Mardhan Singh Inter College in Talbehat, Lalitpur, and was later elected its general secretary.<ref name="CNBC">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/inai-kumar-saxena-the-new-l-g-of-delhi-had-opposed-medha-patkar-over-narmada-project-13593562.htm/amp|title=Vinai Kumar Saxena, the new L-G of Delhi, had opposed Medha Patkar over Narmada project|first=Sudarsanan|last=Mani|date=24 May 2022|access-date=25 February 2023|website=cnbctv18.com|publisher=CNBC Television|archive-date=3 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803164523/https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/inai-kumar-saxena-the-new-l-g-of-delhi-had-opposed-medha-patkar-over-narmada-project-13593562.htm/amp}}</ref> In 1981, he graduated from [[Kanpur University]]. He holds a [[Pilot licensing and certification|pilot license]].<ref name="Profile"/>

== Earlier career ==
Saxena began his professional career as an assistant officer in [[J. K. Organisation|J.K. Group]] of companies in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="Profile"/> He was eventually appointed the general manager of the group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/education/gk-update/vinay-kumar-saxena-biography-in-hindi/articleshow/91764771.cms|title=जानिए कितने पढ़े-लिखे हैं दिल्ली के नए एलजी विनय सक्सेना...|trans-title=Know how educated and experienced Delhi's new LG Vinay Saxena is...|language=hi|date=24 May 2022|access-date=26 June 2023|first=Neha|last=Upadhaya|website=navbharattimes.indiatimes.com|publisher=The Navbharat Times|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626033202/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/education/gk-update/vinay-kumar-saxena-biography-in-hindi/articleshow/91764771.cms|archive-date=26 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Profile"/> Saxena later went on to become the CEO and director of the Dholera Port Project in Dholera.<ref name="Rediff">{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/v-k-saxenas-road-to-delhi-lg-via-gujarat/20220603.htm|title=V. K. Saxena's Road To Delhi LG via Gujarat|date=3 June 2022|access-date=26 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106143302/https://www.rediff.com/news/report/v-k-saxenas-road-to-delhi-lg-via-gujarat/20220603.htm|archive-date=6 November 2024|first1=Aditi|last1=Phadnis|work=Rediff News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/hailed-as-indias-singapore-dholera-dressed-up-and-waiting-8609294/|website=The Indian Express|title=Hailed as 'India's Singapore': Dholera, dressed up and waiting|date=15 May 2023|access-date=26 June 2023|first=Avinash|last=Nair|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608044922/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/hailed-as-indias-singapore-dholera-dressed-up-and-waiting-8609294/|archive-date=8 June 2023}}</ref> He also led the construction of concrete [[gravity dam]] of the [[Sardar Sarovar Dam|Sardar Sarovar Project]] (SSP) with the backing of the Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited.<ref name="Delhi Gov"/>

===National Council for Civil Liberties of India===
In 1991, he started the National Council for Civil Liberties of India (NCCL), an NGO headquartered in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name="CNBC"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi gets new LG: Who is Vinai Kumar Saxena?|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/delhi-gets-new-lg-who-is-vinai-kumar-saxena20220523214415/|website=aninews.com|publisher=Asian News International|location=New Delhi|access-date=28 November 2022|archive-date=17 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817153458/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/delhi-gets-new-lg-who-is-vinai-kumar-saxena20220523214415/}}</ref> His organisation opposed [[Medha Patkar]] and the [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]], an environmental initiative aimed at the ecological preservation and prevention of the displacement of thousands of people owing to the construction of the [[Sardar Sarovar Dam|Sardar Sarovar Project]] in Gujarat, and other upcoming hydro projects on Narmada Valley.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2023 |title=AAP's 'proof' in Medha Patkar assault case: 'Should he remain Delhi L-G?' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aaps-proof-in-medha-patkar-assault-case-should-he-remain-delhi-lg-101678969661611-amp.html |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=The Hindustan Times |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405021137/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aaps-proof-in-medha-patkar-assault-case-should-he-remain-delhi-lg-101678969661611-amp.html }}</ref><ref name="Delhi Gov">{{cite web|url=https://delhi.gov.in/lt-governor-office|title=Govt of Delhi: Lt. Governor office — Shri Vinai Kumar Saxena (The Lieutenant Governor)|website=delhi.gov.in|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=3 August 2023|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803115942/https://delhi.gov.in/lt-governor-office|archive-date=3 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-10 |title=FIR against social activist Medha Patkar in Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bhopal-news/fir-against-social-activist-medha-patkar-in-madhya-pradesh-101657472253674.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117040447/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bhopal-news/fir-against-social-activist-medha-patkar-in-madhya-pradesh-101657472253674.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-17 |title=A short history of the Sardar Sarovar Dam on river Narmada |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/a-short-history-of-the-sardar-sarovar-dam-on-river-narmada-4847807/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019030049/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/a-short-history-of-the-sardar-sarovar-dam-on-river-narmada-4847807/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cross-defamation-cases-court-issues-non-bailable-warrant-against-medha-patkar-4679624/lite/|title=Cross defamation cases: Court issues non-bailable warrant against Medha Patkar|date=29 May 2017|access-date=26 January 2023|agency=PTI|website=indianexpress.com|publisher=The Indian Express|archive-date=29 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529152639/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/cross-defamation-cases-court-issues-non-bailable-warrant-against-medha-patkar-4679624/lite/}}</ref> A long-running criminal defamation case filed by Saxena in 2001 against Patkar culminated in her conviction by the Delhi Court on 24 May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/court-convicts-activist-medha-patkar-in-defamation-case-filed-by-delhi-lg-v-k-saxena/articleshow/110400968.cms|title=Court convicts activist Medha Patkar in defamation case filed by Delhi LG V K Saxena|agency=Press Trust of India|date=24 May 2024|work=The Economic Times|access-date=1 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524131405/https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/court-convicts-activist-medha-patkar-in-defamation-case-filed-by-delhi-lg-v-k-saxena/articleshow/110400968.cms|location=New Delhi|archive-date=24 May 2024}}</ref> The court held Patkar guilty of defamation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://app.ecourts.gov.in/ecourt_mobile_encrypted_DC/display_pdf.php?filename=ZIIe%2Fe0AN94spfLXRdONYGpsCj2fFlYJbcTGl5J5E0G2AoZh6LLbJh4hlcICdQaz&caseno=jjnxpM%2FKeFpCOBNpVep%2BtojlXN%2Fm5%2B7Igus30dFXBiI%3D&cCode=9ZlIEp0G5VNxKgqa5ZA1kA%3D%3D&appFlag=&state_cd=DytSfGyRsIC664sNz2SgoA%3D%3D&dist_cd=3PM%2Be6%2FxchEBB9x1jMGwIw%3D%3D&court_code=9ZlIEp0G5VNxKgqa5ZA1kA%3D%3D&bilingual_flag=0|title=IN THE COURT OF SH. RAGHAV SHARMA, METROPOLITAN MAGISTRATE-06, SOUTH EAST DISTRICT, SAKET COURTS, NEW DELHI — V. K. SAXENA VS MEDHA PATKAR (CC NO: 613940/2016)|work=ecourts.gov.in|access-date=1 August 2024|archive-date=1 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801143027/https://app.ecourts.gov.in/ecourt_mobile_encrypted_DC/display_pdf.php?filename=ZIIe%2Fe0AN94spfLXRdONYGpsCj2fFlYJbcTGl5J5E0G2AoZh6LLbJh4hlcICdQaz&caseno=jjnxpM%2FKeFpCOBNpVep%2BtojlXN%2Fm5%2B7Igus30dFXBiI%3D&cCode=9ZlIEp0G5VNxKgqa5ZA1kA%3D%3D&appFlag=&state_cd=DytSfGyRsIC664sNz2SgoA%3D%3D&dist_cd=3PM%2Be6%2FxchEBB9x1jMGwIw%3D%3D&court_code=9ZlIEp0G5VNxKgqa5ZA1kA%3D%3D&bilingual_flag=0}}</ref>

As president of the NCCL, he unsuccessfully petitioned the [[Gujarat High Court]] in 2011 against then-[[List of governors of Gujarat|Governor of Gujarat]] Bw's appointment of retired judge [[R. A. Mehta|Rameshchandra Amrut Mehta]] as [[Lokayukta]], claiming a “breach of constitutional propriety” for "bypassing" the advice of the state’s council of ministers, led by then–Chief Minister [[Narendra Modi]], who would later, as Prime Minister, appoint him the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/delhis-new-lieutenant-general-vinai-kumar-saxena-fought-many-battles-for-his-second-home-state-gujarat/articleshow/91774258.cms|title=Delhi's new Lieutenant General Vinai Kumar Saxena fought many battles for his 'second home state' Gujarat|date=25 May 2022|access-date=26 November 2022|first=Anubhuti|last=Vishnoi|website=economictimes.com|agency=The Economic Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524194935/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/delhis-new-lieutenant-general-vinai-kumar-saxena-fought-many-battles-for-his-second-home-state-gujarat/articleshow/91774258.cms|archive-date=24 May 2022}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news | title = Anna man is Gujarat Lokayukta| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Anna-man-is-Gujarat-Lokayukta/articleshow/9753412.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110909124128/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-27/ahmedabad/29935689_1_gujarat-hc-gujarat-high-court-chief-justice | url-status = live | archive-date = 9 September 2011 | work = [[The Times of India]]| date = 27 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Shah |first=Jumana |date=15 June 2011 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_is-justice-ra-mehta-likely-to-be-appointed-gujarat-lok-ayukta_1555291 |title=Is Justice RA Mehta likely to be appointed Gujarat lok ayukta? |work=DNA India |access-date=12 April 2013 |archive-date=5 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005044427/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_is-justice-ra-mehta-likely-to-be-appointed-gujarat-lok-ayukta_1555291 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/r-mehta-gujarat-lokayukta-111044463.html |title=R.A. Mehta is Gujarat Lokayukta — Yahoo! News India |publisher=In.news.yahoo.com |date=26 August 2011 |access-date=12 April 2013 |archive-date=13 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513125749/http://in.news.yahoo.com/r-mehta-gujarat-lokayukta-111044463.html }}</ref> However, in 2012, the appointment of the Lokayukta in Gujarat was upheld by multiple courts, including the Gujarat High Court and the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/setback-for-narendra-modi-gujarat-hc-upholds-lokayuktas-appointment/221825-37-64.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105023557/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/setback-for-narendra-modi-gujarat-hc-upholds-lokayuktas-appointment/221825-37-64.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2013 |title=Setback for Narendra Modi, Gujarat HC upholds Lokayukta's appointment|publisher=IBNLive.IN.com |date=18 January 2012 |access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gujarat-government-challenges-lokayukta-appointment-in-sc/222212-37-161.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715162826/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gujarat-government-challenges-lokayukta-appointment-in-sc/222212-37-161.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 July 2014 |title=Gujarat government challenges Lokayukta appointment in SC|publisher=IBNLive.IN.com |date=19 January 2012 |access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/supreme-court-upholds-gujarat-lokayukta-s-appointment-312160 |title=Supreme Court upholds Gujarat Lokayukta's appointment |publisher=NDTV |date=2 January 2013 |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212359/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/supreme-court-upholds-gujarat-lokayukta-s-appointment-312160 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/apex-court-upholds-justice-mehtas-appointment-as-gujarat-lokayukta/|title=Apex court upholds Justice Mehta's appointment as Gujarat Lokayukta|publisher=TEHELKA|access-date=7 July 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205209/http://www.tehelka.com/apex-court-upholds-justice-mehtas-appointment-as-gujarat-lokayukta/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The courts dismissed Saxena's petition, holding that while “the governor is bound to act under the advice of the Council of Ministers,” Mehta’s appointment was valid as it was made in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Gujarat High Court. The post of Gujarat’s Lokayukta, the state’s anti-corruption ombudsman, had been vacant for over nine years before the Governor made efforts to initiate an appointment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/setback-to-modi-as-supreme-court-upholds-lokayukta-appointment/article4264450.ece |title=Setback to Modi as Supreme Court upholds Lokayukta appointment |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=TheHindu |date=3 January 2013 |access-date=7 July 2014 |last1=Venkatesan |first1=J. |archive-date=26 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326075645/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/setback-to-modi-as-supreme-court-upholds-lokayukta-appointment/article4264450.ece }}</ref>

===Later career===
Saxena was appointed as a "Member of University Court" of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in 2019.<ref name="CNBC"/> In 2020, he was nominated as a member of the decision-making body of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research at the [[Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology]].<ref name="CNBC"/>

Saxena later became associated with Kumarappa National Handmade Paper Institute (KNHPI).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/handmade-paper-from-white-currency-waste-launched/articleshow/92760512.cms|title=Handmade Paper From White Currency Waste Launched In Jaipur|date=9 July 2022|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001154545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/handmade-paper-from-white-currency-waste-launched/articleshow/92760512.cms|agency=TNN|archive-date=1 October 2022|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://papermart.in/knhpi-develops-handmade-paper-of-white-currency-waste/|title=KNHPI develops Handmade Paper from White Currency Waste|date=18 August 2022|access-date=16 July 2024|website=papermart.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908081503/https://papermart.in/knhpi-develops-handmade-paper-of-white-currency-waste/|archive-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>

==Chairman of KVIC==
In 2015, Vinai was appointed chairperson of the [[Khadi and Village Industries Commission]] (KVIC),<ref name="Profile"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-21|title=Tribunal bars unauthorised use of Khadi brand name|url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2021/05/21/fashion/tribunal-bars-unauthorised-use-of-khadi-brand-name/|access-date=2021-05-23|website=Indiaretailing.com|language=en-US|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523044550/https://www.indiaretailing.com/2021/05/21/fashion/tribunal-bars-unauthorised-use-of-khadi-brand-name/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2021-05-20|title='Khadi', 'Khadi India' not generic names, rules tribunal|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/khadi-khadi-india-not-generic-names-rules-tribunal/article34603078.ece|access-date=2021-05-23|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523044549/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/khadi-khadi-india-not-generic-names-rules-tribunal/article34603078.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=MPost|date=2021-05-20|title=KVIC: Court bars individuals/cos from using 'Khadi' brand name without authorisation|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/business/kvic-court-bars-individualscos-from-using-khadi-brand-name-without-authorisation-440669|access-date=2021-05-23|website=millenniumpost.in|language=en|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523044558/http://www.millenniumpost.in/business/kvic-court-bars-individualscos-from-using-khadi-brand-name-without-authorisation-440669}}</ref> an organization responsible for promoting rural employment and small-scale industries in India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 May 2022|title=New Delhi LG V.K. Saxena: The man who made Khadi Commission grew by massive 248%|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=961408|access-date=26 August 2022|website=daijiworld.com|publisher=Daiji World News|agency=IANS|language=en-US|archive-date=25 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625190545/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=961408|location=New Delhi}}</ref> During his tenure, KVIC introduced several product, including plastic-mixed handmade paper and Khadi Prakritik Paint, a wall paint made from cow dung that later received a patent from the Government of India in September 2022.<ref name="Profile"/><ref name="Mint">{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/kvic-turnover-crosses-rs-1-lakh-crore-in-2021-22-beats-all-indian-fmcg-cos-11651310719703.html|title=KVIC turnover crosses ₹1 lakh crore in 2021–22, beats all Indian FMCG cos|date=30 April 2022|access-date=3 August 2023|location=New Delhi|website=livemint.com|publisher=The Live Mint|archive-date=9 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109101149/https://www.livemint.com/industry/kvic-turnover-crosses-rs-1-lakh-crore-in-2021-22-beats-all-indian-fmcg-cos-11651310719703.html}}</ref>

In 2017–18, the organization recorded a 13 percent increase in sales, and in 2018–19, revenues rose by more than 25 percent to nearly ₹75,000 crore.<ref name="KVIC">{{cite web |date=16 August 2019 |title=Honey Mission News — Papad, cosmetics, honey push Khadi Commission sales up 25% to Rs.75, 000 crore |url=https://www.kvic.gov.in/kvicres/newhm/hmnewspagination.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803164527/https://www.kvic.gov.in/kvicres/newhm/hmnewspagination.html |archive-date=3 August 2023 |access-date=26 December 2022 |website=kvic.gov.in |publisher=Khadi and Village Industries Commission |agency=TNN}}</ref> In 2021–22, KVIC reported a turnover of ₹1.15 lakh crore, the highest in its history.<ref>{{cite web|work=The Print|date=5 August 2022|access-date=26 April 2025|first1=Abhishek|last1=Dey|title="Tussauds to Patkar & now AAP, Delhi L-G VK Saxena is an 'activist' with many 'wins' to his name"|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/tussauds-to-patkar-now-aap-delhi-l-g-vk-saxena-is-an-activist-with-many-wins-to-his-name/1069397/|archive-date=13 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913200032/https://theprint.in/india/governance/tussauds-to-patkar-now-aap-delhi-l-g-vk-saxena-is-an-activist-with-many-wins-to-his-name/1069397/}}</ref>

[[File:Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi, the Minister of State for Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (IC), Shri Giriraj Singh and the Chairman, KVIC, Shri Vinai Kumar Saxena at the ‘Khadi Fashion Show’.JPG|thumb|Saxena (in red) at the Khadi Fashion Show during the International SME convention 2018, in [[New Delhi]]]]
During Saxena’s chairmanship, KVIC signed agreements with several major textile companies, including [[Raymond Group]], [[Aditya Birla Fashion and Retail]], and [[Arvind (company)|Arvind Mills]], to promote and market khadi products in India and overseas.<ref name="Rediff"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kvic-takes-big-steps-to-widen-base-of-khadi-garment-consumers-117052301484_1.html|title=KVIC takes big steps to widen base of khadi garment consumers|date=23 May 2017|location=New Delhi|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Business Standard|access-date=26 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523163428/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kvic-takes-big-steps-to-widen-base-of-khadi-garment-consumers-117052301484_1.html|archive-date=23 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/garments-/-textiles/arvind-ltd-to-buy-denim-khadi-from-khadi-and-village-industries-commission/articleshow/59714404.cms|title=Arvind Ltd to buy Denim khadi from Khadi and Village Industries Commission|date=22 July 2017|location=New Delhi|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Economic Times|access-date=26 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018102016/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/garments-/-textiles/arvind-ltd-to-buy-denim-khadi-from-khadi-and-village-industries-commission/articleshow/59714404.cms|archive-date=18 October 2018}}</ref>

==Sustainable habitat initiatives==

===Plantation drive===
During Saxena’s tenure as Chairperson of the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) from 2015 to 2022, the organisation launched several environmental initiatives.<ref name="Habitat">{{cite web|url=https://lg.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication/striving_for_a_sustainable_habitat_0.pdf|title=Striving for a sustainable habitat: The ongoing journey of Delhi Lt. Vinai Kumar Saxena|archive-date=15 July 2024|work=lg.delhi.gov.in|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715110310/https://lg.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication/striving_for_a_sustainable_habitat_0.pdf}}</ref> These included a nationwide campaign for the plantation of ''Moringa oleifera''—approximately 45,000 trees—in states such as [[Uttar Pradesh]], Bihar, [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Delhi]]. The campaign was intended to promote beekeeping and raise awareness about the plant’s nutritional and medicinal properties.<ref name="Habitat"/>

In 2021, he launched Project BOLD (“Bamboo Oasis on Lands in Drought”) to establish bamboo plantations in arid and semi-arid areas of India.<ref name="Habitat" /> Under the project, around 31,000 bamboo saplings were planted over 42.47 lakh square feet across regions such as Udaipur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Leh, Ladakh, Goa, Gujarat, Varanasi, and Jammu.<ref name="Habitat" />

==Lieutenant Governor of Delhi==
[[File:Vinai Saxena seated in his office room, photographed on January 18, 2023.jpg|thumb|Saxena in January 2023]]
On 23 May 2022, Saxena was appointed the [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor]] of [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] by the [[President of India]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 May 2022 |title=Khadi commission head Vinai Kumar Saxena is Delhi's new Lieutenant Governor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/vinai-kumar-saxena-new-lieutenant-governor-delhi-7932386/ |access-date=25 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524234651/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/vinai-kumar-saxena-new-lieutenant-governor-delhi-7932386/ }}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite news |agency=PTI |date=26 May 2022 |title=Vinai Kumar Saxena takes oath as 22nd Lt Governor of Delhi |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/vinai-kumar-saxena-takes-oath-as-22nd-lt-governor-of-delhi/cid/1866969 |access-date=28 May 2022 |work=The Telegraph |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528081009/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/vinai-kumar-saxena-takes-oath-as-22nd-lt-governor-of-delhi/cid/1866969 }}</ref> becoming the maiden corporate individual ever selected for a gubernatorial post.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meet Delhi's new LG: First corporate man on such a gubernatorial post who holds a pilot's license|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/meet-delhi-s-new-lg-vinai-kumar-saxena-first-corporate-man-on-such-a-gubernatorial-post-who-holds-a-pilot-s-license-11653360110193.html|website=livemint.com|date=24 May 2022 |publisher=The Live Mint|location=New Delhi|access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524040217/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/meet-delhi-s-new-lg-vinai-kumar-saxena-first-corporate-man-on-such-a-gubernatorial-post-who-holds-a-pilot-s-license-11653360110193.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/kvicindia/status/1528773221436096512|title=A proud moment for the whole KVIC. Incumbent Chairman of KVIC Shri Vinai Kumar Saxena has been appointed as the Lieutenant Governor of NCT of Delhi. He is the first corporate man ever selected for such gubernatorial post.|date=23 May 2022|access-date=3 August 2023|website=Twitter.com (@kvicindia) – Khadi India Official|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523162235/https://twitter.com/kvicindia/status/1528773221436096512|archive-date=23 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/meet-delhis-new-lg-vinai-kumar-saxena-a-kanpur-university-graduate-who-holds-a-pilots-licence/articleshow/91752167.cms|title=Meet Delhi's new LG Vinai Kumar Saxena: A Kanpur University graduate who holds a pilot's licence|date=23 May 2022|access-date=24 May 2022|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524041416/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/meet-delhis-new-lg-vinai-kumar-saxena-a-kanpur-university-graduate-who-holds-a-pilots-licence/articleshow/91752167.cms|archive-date=24 May 2022}}</ref> He succeeded [[Anil Baijal]] for the post, who was in office since 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vinai Kumar Saxena is the new Lieutenant-Governor of Delhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/vinai-kumar-saxena-is-the-new-lieutenant-governor-of-delhi/article65454828.ece |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=thehindu.com |publisher=The Hindu |location=New Delhi |date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902153003/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/vinai-kumar-saxena-is-the-new-lieutenant-governor-of-delhi/article65454828.ece |archive-date=2 September 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Anil-Baijal-sworn-in-as-Delhi-Lieutenant-Governor/article16968516.ece |title=Anil Baijal sworn in as Delhi Lieutenant-Governor |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 December 2016 |access-date=17 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223205447/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Anil-Baijal-sworn-in-as-Delhi-Lieutenant-Governor/article16968516.ece |archive-date=23 February 2025 }}</ref> In 2023, [[National Green Tribunal]] appointed Saxena as chairperson of a high-level committee on the Yamuna Rejuvenation Project, which is a part of [[Namami Gange Programme]], but the appointment was stayed by an order of the Supreme Court of India in July of the same year.<ref>{{cite news |title=SC stays NGT order to appoint Delhi LG VK Saxena as Chairperson of Yamuna panel |first1=Nitin |last1=Kumar |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/delhi/delhi-sc-stays-ngt-order-to-appoint-lg-vinai-kumar-saxena-chairperson-yamuna-rejuvenation-project-panel-national-green-tribunal-aap-govt-2023-07-11-880460 |date=11 July 2023 |access-date=29 August 2023 |work=IndiaTVNews.com |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714051224/https://www.indiatvnews.com/delhi/delhi-sc-stays-ngt-order-to-appoint-lg-vinai-kumar-saxena-chairperson-yamuna-rejuvenation-project-panel-national-green-tribunal-aap-govt-2023-07-11-880460 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Supreme Court stays NGT order appointing Delhi L-G VK Saxena as head of Yamuna panel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-stays-ngt-order-appointing-delhi-lg-vk-saxena-as-head-of-yamuna-panel-8825759/lite/ |date=11 July 2023 |access-date=29 August 2023 |work=IndianExpress.com |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711072225/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-stays-ngt-order-appointing-delhi-lg-vk-saxena-as-head-of-yamuna-panel-8825759/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SC stays NGT order naming Delhi L-G as Yamuna panel head |url=https://legal.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/litigation/sc-stays-ngt-order-naming-delhi-l-g-as-yamuna-panel-head/101676231 |date=11 July 2023 |access-date=29 August 2023 |work=economictimes.indiatimes.com |agency=IANS |archive-date=21 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421165217/https://legal.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/litigation/sc-stays-ngt-order-naming-delhi-l-g-as-yamuna-panel-head/101676231 }}</ref>

On 20 February 2025, Saxena administered the oath of office to the newly elected CM of Delhi, [[Rekha Gupta]], at the oath ceremony hosted in [[Ramlila Maidan]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=KN Mishra |first1=Alok |date=20 February 2025 |title=Rekha Gupta sworn in as Delhi CM; six ministers take oath of office |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/rekha-gupta-sworn-in-as-delhi-cm-six-ministers-take-oath-of-office-101740037864206.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220082906/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/rekha-gupta-sworn-in-as-delhi-cm-six-ministers-take-oath-of-office-101740037864206.html |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=27 February 2025 |work=The Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 February 2025 |title=Rekha Gupta sworn in as Delhi's fourth woman chief minister in grand ceremony at Ramlila Maidan |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/rekha-gupta-sworn-in-as-delhi-chief-minister-becomes-4th-woman-cm-of-national-capital/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220073206/https://ddnews.gov.in/en/rekha-gupta-sworn-in-as-delhi-chief-minister-becomes-4th-woman-cm-of-national-capital/ |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=27 February 2025 |work=DD News}}</ref>

=== Allegations of partisan conduct, close relations with the BJP, and controversies ===
Saxena’s tenure as Delhi’s Lieutenant Governor has been marked by frequent clashes with the [[Aam Aadmi Party|Aam Aadmi Party (AAP)]]–led elected government, whose dominance in the capital has long been a source of frustration and setback for the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] at the state level. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], who oversees the BJP, has often directed sharp jibes, critical remarks, and political retorts at [[Arvind Kejriwal]], the former [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] and the national convener of the AAP.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-03 |title='Mai bhi koi sheesh mahal bana sakta tha': PM Modi's veiled dig at Kejriwal in Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mai-bhi-koi-sheesh-mahal-bana-sakta-tha-pm-modis-veiled-dig-at-kejriwal-in-delhi/articleshow/116911300.cms |access-date=2025-11-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India Today News |date=2025-02-04 |title=Some focus on jacuzzi, stylish showers: In Parliament, PM targets Arvind Kejriwal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-parliament-reply-thanks-arvind-kejriwal-jacuzzi-stylish-shower-har-ghar-jal-bjp-aap-2674717-2025-02-04 |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Saxena shares close relations with Modi, often heaping him with praises and laudatory remarks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-27 |title='Ek Matra Jugnoo...': Delhi LG Praises PM Modi With Inspirational Quote AT Times Now Summit 2024 {{!}} WATCH |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/viral/in-pm-modis-praise-delhi-l-g-recites-inspirational-quote-at-times-now-summit-2024-watch-article-108813785 |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> During his tenure as the chairperson of the Khadi and Village Industries Commission, Saxena commissioned the 2017 edition of KVIC's calendar and diaries prominently featuring Modi's photo, replacing that of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], which stirred up a brouhaha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2017-01-13 |title=KVIC chief VK Saxena defends PM Narendra Modi's photo on calendar, diary |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/kvic-chief-vk-saxena-defends-pm-modis-photo-on-calendar-diary-479280 |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>

Against the backdrop of burgeoning crime against women, a problem for which Delhi incurs notoriety in particular, the Bus Marshal Scheme was introduced by the AAP-led Delhi Government in 2015, whereby appointed marshals safeguarded the security of women and children aboard the vast fleet of buses operated by the [[Delhi Transport Corporation]]. This move also prompted by the fact that the Delhi Government lacks authority over [[Delhi Police]], which is exclusively controlled by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Ministry]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Pankaj |date=2024-09-12 |title=Delhi Minister Atishi urges Lt Governor to reinstate bus marshals |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/delhi/story/delhi-news-aap-minister-atishi-lt-governor-vk-saxena-bus-marshals-2598233-2024-09-12 |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, however, Saxena ordered the termination of all civil defence volunteers discharging duties as bus marshals, effectively dismantling a program meant to protect vulnerable commuters. [[Atishi Marlena|Atishi]], a member of the Delhi Council of Ministers, publicly urged Saxena to reinstate the program, but her plea was ignored.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Pankaj |date=2024-09-12 |title=Delhi Minister Atishi urges Lt Governor to reinstate bus marshals |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/delhi/story/delhi-news-aap-minister-atishi-lt-governor-vk-saxena-bus-marshals-2598233-2024-09-12 |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

On February 28, 2024, Saxena suspended the Delhi Solar Policy 2024, which had been announced a month earlier by the AAP-led Delhi Government. The policy aimed to reduce electricity bills and promote solar energy usage by allowing consumers to sell excess power back to the grid for a commission. The suspension of the program drew criticism, particularly given [[Air pollution in Delhi|Delhi’s severe air pollution]], one of the highest levels among major global cities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2024-02-28 |title=Delhi LG Vinai Kumar Saxena suspends Delhi Solar Policy 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-lg-vinai-kumar-saxena-suspends-delhi-solar-policy-2024/article67894772.ece |access-date=2025-11-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2024, Saxena's office ordered the termination of 233 contractual staff working for the [[Delhi Commission for Women]], a statutory body entrusted with the investigation and examination of all matters pertaining to the safety of women. Saxena claimed that their appointment was in "violation of the guidelines" of the Government of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Scroll |date=2024-05-02 |title=LG Vinai Kumar Saxena approves sacking of 223 Delhi Commission for Women employees |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1067350/lg-vinai-kumar-saxena-approves-sacking-of-223-delhi-commission-for-women-employees |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

Saxena has been accused of frequently acting on behalf of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by interfering in the affairs of the [[Government of Delhi|Delhi Government]], which was controlled by the BJP’s principal political rivals, the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], until February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-06-04 |title=AAP accuses LG Vinai Kumar Saxena of 'interfering' in Delhi government's work, forgetting his remit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2022/Jun/04/aap-accuses-lg-vinai-kumar-saxena-of-interfering-in-delhi-governments-work-forgetting-his-remit-2461805.html |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==== Erosion of Delhi Government powers through the LG Office ====
In the [[Government of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India]] lawsuit heard by the Supreme Court of India in 2018, the court ruled that the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi held no independent decision-making authority, and that the Governor, appointed by the [[Union Government]], was obligated to follow the "aid and advice" of the elected [[Government of Delhi]] on all subjects except for those related to public order, policing, and land, domains over which the Home Ministry exercised exclusive jurisdiction owing to Delhi's distinct status as a federal territory. The judgment also stated that the elected legislature of Delhi was not required to seek the concurrence of the Lieutenant Governor over its decisions. This decision effectively upheld the paramountcy of the elected Delhi Government as the ultimate authority.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lieutenant Governor and the NCT Delhi |url=https://www.scobserver.in/cases/nct-delhi-union-of-india-the-lieutenant-governor-and-the-nct-delhi-case-background/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> In a bid to undermine the implications stemming from this judgement, the BJP-led Union Government introduced The Government of NCT of Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2021, on March 24 in the [[Rajya Sabha]], which, upon passing a vote, was signed into law by President [[Ram Nath Kovind|Kovind]] on March 28. Per the amendment, which modified the National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991, any references to the term "Delhi Government" in any legislation or law ratified by the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] would now refer to the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi. The Union Government justified this move claiming it was necessary to ensure "complete synchronisation" between it and the Government of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-28 |title=NCT of Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2021 comes into effect, now 'Government of Delhi means Lt Governor' |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/nct-of-delhi-amendment-act-2021-comes-into-effect-now-government-in-delhi-means-lt-governor/2241480/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> This amendment considerably diminished the Delhi Government's authority over administration, relegating it of the paramountcy it previously held by forcing it to seek the consent and opinion of the Lieutenant Governor before undertaking any executive action. The BJP was accused of undermining the mandate of the elected government, which was overseen by its political adversary, by usurping its power in favour of its own representative, an office not accountable to the public.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-04 |title=With the National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2021, the Centre has usurped the Delhi government's powers |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/power-by-proxy-centre-usurps-delhi-government-powers-with-the-government-of-national-capital-territory-of-delhi-gnctd-amendment-act-2021/article34232678.ece |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

On May 11, 2023, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled in favour of the Delhi Government yet again on the subject of who held authority over the bureaucrats in the administration of services. The contention stemmed primarily from the interpretation of Article 239AA(3)(a) of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], whose inclusion by the 69th Amendment of 1991 was spurred by the desires of the citizenry of Delhi to be conferred with statehood. The bench, headed by Chief Justice of India [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|DY Chandrachud]], held that the legislature (elected government) has control over bureaucrats in administration of services and control over officers' transfer and posting except in matters of public order, police and land. The judgment re-established that power rested with the [[Government of Delhi]], and that the bureaucrats of its administration were accountable to the elected Council of Ministers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=Business |title=What is Delhi Services Bill? How will it change the governance of Delhi? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/what-is-delhi-services-bill-how-will-it-change-the-governance-of-delhi-123080200557_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802141223/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/what-is-delhi-services-bill-how-will-it-change-the-governance-of-delhi-123080200557_1.html |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in another bid to circumvent the legal precedents established by this seminal verdict, the BJP-led Union Government retaliated by promulgating an [[Ordinance (India)|ordinance]]—a temporary executive measure designed to sidestep scrutiny by courts and legislature—titled the [[Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2023|Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Ordinance, 2023]], that effectively grant the Lieutenant Governor primacy and overriding powers over the Delhi Government on the subject of bureaucracy. This ordinance entailed the establishment of the National Capital Civil Services Authority (NCCSA), whose sole purview is to authorise the transfer, posting, and initiation of disciplinary proceedings against bureaucrats. By constituting the NCCSA in such a fashion that its constitution favoured the Union Government, the Chief Minister of Delhi finds himself virtually outvoted by members beholden to the Union Government. This clever constitution of the NCCSA effectively strips the elected Government of Delhi over its powers previously re-instated by the 2023 Supreme Court judgement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/papers/control-of-services-in-delhi-the-centre-counters-the-supreme-court/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=www.isas.nus.edu.sg}}</ref>

In the wake of its 2025 electoral win in the [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|state elections in Delhi]], the BJP-led Delhi Government petitioned the Supreme Court to withdraw all legal proceedings initiated by the outgoing AAP government against the Union Government and Lieutenant Governor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-24 |title=SC allows Delhi govt to withdraw cases filed during AAP rule against Centre, L-G |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/sc-allows-delhi-bjp-govt-to-withdraw-cases-against-centre-l-g-filed-under-aap-regime-10025127/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Saxena was born and grew up in [[Banda district, India|Banda]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Yamuna"/> In his autobiography, he wrote that he grew up on the banks of the Paishwani, a tributary of [[Yamuna river]].<ref name="Yamuna"/> He is married to Sangita Saxena, who is an educationist and social worker based in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/police-families-stood-like-a-rock-behind-personnel-sangita-saxena-1503292940.html|title=Police families stood like a rock behind personnel: Sangita Saxena|website=The Statesman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422163950/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/police-families-stood-like-a-rock-behind-personnel-sangita-saxena-1503292940.html|archive-date=22 April 2024|date=22 April 2024|access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref> Their daughter Shivangi Saxena is an interior designer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/09/01/delhi-lgs-daughter-designed-khadi-lounge-when-he-was-khadi-commission-chief|title=Delhi LG's daughter designed khadi lounge while he was khadi commission chief|work=newslaundry.com|access-date=29 January 2024|date=1 September 2022|first1=Prateek|last1=Goyal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810035350/https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/09/01/delhi-lgs-daughter-designed-khadi-lounge-when-he-was-khadi-commission-chief|archive-date=10 August 2024}}</ref>

==Controversies==
While serving as the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi, [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP) leaders alleged Saxena's involvement in a khadi scam and money laundering amounting to ₹1,400 crore during his tenure as chairman of the [[Khadi and Village Industries Commission]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 Aug 2022 |title=AAP MLAs Allege Delhi Lt Governor Involved In Rs 1400 Crore "Khadi Scam" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-2016-saxena-pressurised-his-employees-to-exchange-demonetised-notes-worth-rs-1400-cr-aap-3296051 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829095048/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-2016-saxena-pressurised-his-employees-to-exchange-demonetised-notes-worth-rs-1400-cr-aap-3296051 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |access-date=29 Aug 2022 |work=NDTV India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Jatin |date=29 August 2022 |title=Furore in Delhi Assembly over graft allegations against L-G |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/furore-in-delhi-assembly-over-graft-allegations-against-l-g/article65827028.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830030645/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/furore-in-delhi-assembly-over-graft-allegations-against-l-g/article65827028.ece |archive-date=30 August 2022 |access-date=30 August 2022 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> He denied the accusations, and issued legal notices to the AAP leaders.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-05 |title=Delhi Lieutenant Governor Sends Legal Notice To AAP Leaders For Defamation |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-lieutenant-governor-vk-saxena-sends-legal-notice-to-aap-leaders-for-defamation-3317613 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923090801/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-lieutenant-governor-vk-saxena-sends-legal-notice-to-aap-leaders-for-defamation-3317613 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The [[Delhi High Court]] granted Saxena interim relief, directing AAP to remove defamatory posts from social media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-27 |title=Delhi HC asks AAP leaders to take down posts defaming Lieutenant Governor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-hc-passes-interim-order-in-favour-of-lg-after-he-alleged-defamation-101664256926989.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928165422/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-hc-passes-interim-order-in-favour-of-lg-after-he-alleged-defamation-101664256926989.html |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Prashant |title=No material to substantiate AAP's allegations that Delhi LG Vinai Kumar Saxena was involved in ₹1,400 crore corruption: Delhi High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/no-material-substantiate-delhi-lg-vinai-kumar-saxena-involved-1400-corruption-delhi-high-court |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803083110/https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/no-material-substantiate-delhi-lg-vinai-kumar-saxena-involved-1400-corruption-delhi-high-court |archive-date=3 August 2023 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=Bar and Bench — Indian Legal news |date=27 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[List of deputy chief ministers of Delhi|Deputy Chief Minister of Delhi]], [[Manish Sisodia]], accused Saxena of approving the Delhi Excise Policy (2021–22) introduced by the [[Third Kejriwal ministry|Delhi Government]] without raising concerns about the opening of outlets in unauthorized areas, alleging that Saxena changed his position according to evolving circumstances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-23 |title=Delhi Excise Policy: NDMC to Bring Censure Motion in Aug 24 Meeting |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/delhi-excise-policy-ndmc-to-bring-censure-motion-in-aug-24-meeting-5808931.html |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103112902/https://www.news18.com/news/india/delhi-excise-policy-ndmc-to-bring-censure-motion-in-aug-24-meeting-5808931.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-06 |title=Delhi Excise Policy {{!}} Aam Aadmi Party alleges 'corruption' in change of decision by Centre's LG; seeks CBI probe |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-excise-policy-aam-aadmi-party-alleges-corruption-in-change-of-decision-by-centres-lg-seeks-cbi-probe/article65735648.ece |access-date=2022-09-06 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103112845/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-excise-policy-aam-aadmi-party-alleges-corruption-in-change-of-decision-by-centres-lg-seeks-cbi-probe/article65735648.ece }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-31 |title=Explained: All about Delhi reverting to its old liquor policy from Sept 1 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-delhi-reverting-its-old-liquor-policy-from-sept-1-8123219/ |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103114826/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-delhi-reverting-its-old-liquor-policy-from-sept-1-8123219/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Munish Chandra |last=Pandey |date=August 25, 2022 |title=High on liquor policy: Retail margins up by 989 per cent under Delhi's new excise rules, show probe papers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/retail-margins-up-under-delhi-new-excise-rules-show-probe-papers-1992484-2022-08-25 |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103112844/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/retail-margins-up-under-delhi-new-excise-rules-show-probe-papers-1992484-2022-08-25 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-05 |title=Delhi L-G Saxena sends legal notice to AAP leaders for defamation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-l-g-saxena-sends-legal-notice-to-aap-leaders-for-defamation-101662384484228.html |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103143900/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-l-g-saxena-sends-legal-notice-to-aap-leaders-for-defamation-101662384484228.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee News: Latest News, Live Breaking News, Today News, India Political News Updates |url=https://zeenews.india.com/video/india/delhi-lt-governor-sends-legal-notice-to-aap-leaders-2506308.html |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103112845/https://zeenews.india.com/video/india/delhi-lt-governor-sends-legal-notice-to-aap-leaders-2506308.html }}</ref> After assuming office in 2022, Saxena recommended a [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] probe into the [[2022 Delhi liquor scam|Delhi liquor scam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/kejriwal-s-arrest-latest-in-liquor-policy-scam-who-else-is-behind-bars-124032200367_1.html|title=Kejriwal's arrest latest in liquor policy 'scam': Who else is behind bars?|date=22 March 2024|access-date=27 March 2024|work=business-standard.com|location=New Delhi|first1=Nisha|last1=Anand}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi excise policy: ED issues 9th summons to CM Arvind Kejriwal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-excise-policy-ed-issues-9th-summons-to-arvind-kejriwal-101710647199168.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 March 2024 |access-date=24 March 2024 |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323170150/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-excise-policy-ed-issues-9th-summons-to-arvind-kejriwal-101710647199168.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arvind Kejriwal Arrested. He Skipped Summons 9 Times. See Details |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arvind-kejriwal-arrested-he-skipped-summons-9-times-see-details-5284875 |work=NDTV |date=21 March 2024 |access-date=24 March 2024 |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323170149/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arvind-kejriwal-arrested-he-skipped-summons-9-times-see-details-5284875 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kakkar |first1=Shruti |date=20 March 2024 |title="Why don't you appear on receiving ED summons": Delhi HC asks Arvind Kejriwal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/why-don-t-you-appear-on-receiving-ed-summons-delhi-hc-asks-arvind-kejriwal-101710918644418.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=24 March 2024 |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323171519/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/why-don-t-you-appear-on-receiving-ed-summons-delhi-hc-asks-arvind-kejriwal-101710918644418.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Joseph |first1=Manu |date=24 March 2024 |title=Why the arrest of Kejriwal may have big consequences |url=https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/why-the-arrest-of-kejriwal-may-have-big-consequences-11711283051976.html |work=Mint |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325144438/https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/why-the-arrest-of-kejriwal-may-have-big-consequences-11711283051976.html }}</ref>

On 16 March 2023, AAP politician [[Sanjay Singh (AAP politician)|Sanjay Singh]] released a video, accusing Saxena of "leading a violent mob" against activist and later AAP candidate [[Medha Patkar]] in 2002 at [[Sabarmati Ashram]] in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Delhi LG VK Saxena had led mob against Medha Patkar, alleges AAP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-lg-vk-saxena-had-led-mob-against-medha-patkar-alleges-aap/articleshow/98718246.cms |access-date=2024-05-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521190401/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-lg-vk-saxena-had-led-mob-against-medha-patkar-alleges-aap/amp_articleshow/98718246.cms }}</ref> The case remains sub-judice, with Saxena named as an accused.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha, DHNS |first=Satish |title=Patkar attack video was to malign me: Delhi L-G |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/patkar-attack-video-was-to-malign-me-delhi-l-g-1209077.html |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521191138/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/patkar-attack-video-was-to-malign-me-delhi-l-g-1209077.html }}</ref>

==Work(s)==
===Autobiography===
* ''Racing to Restore: the Yamuna Memoir'' (December 2023)<ref name="Yamuna">{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/books/2023/12/31/the-yamuna-memoir-from-an-admirer-of-the-river-to-its-custodian.html|title=V.K. Saxena's Yamuna memoir: From an admirer of the river to its custodian|first1=Mohit|last1=Sharma|archive-date=29 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229123922/https://www.theweek.in/review/books/2023/12/31/the-yamuna-memoir-from-an-admirer-of-the-river-to-its-custodian.html|date=31 December 2023|access-date=15 July 2024|work=The Week}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi]]
* [[Third Kejriwal ministry]]

==References==
===General sources===
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30159743.ece/|title=Against a people's movement|date=21 July 2001|access-date=26 November 2022|first=Ashish|last=Kothari|website=frontline.thehindu.com|agency=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803144651/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30159743.ece|archive-date=3 August 2023}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/the-making-of-a-capital-state/story-ErqSapmhJMx8mFuYaRM8CN.html|title=The making of a capital state|last=Mathur|first=Atul|date=7 December 2011|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=27 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113165738/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/the-making-of-a-capital-state/story-ErqSapmhJMx8mFuYaRM8CN.html|archive-date=13 November 2018|location=[[Delhi]]|issn=0972-0243|oclc=231696742}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/l-g-releases-book-on-unsung-heroes-of-freedom-movement/article65791817.ece|title=L-G releases book on unsung heroes of freedom movement|date=21 August 2022|access-date=26 September 2022|website=thehindu.com|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902044342/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/l-g-releases-book-on-unsung-heroes-of-freedom-movement/article65791817.ece|archive-date=2 September 2022}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.et-gbs.com/gbs2020/speakers/vinai-kumar-saxena/|title=GBS 2020 — Speakers — Vinai Kumar Saxena [Chairman, Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) in India]|website=et-gbs.com|publisher=Global Business Summit|date=2020|access-date=6 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922072945/https://www.et-gbs.com/gbs2020/speakers/vinai-kumar-saxena/|archive-date=22 September 2020}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/court-suspends-medha-patkars-sentence-in-defamation-case-filed-by-former-delhi-l-g-vk-saxena/article68460458.ece|title=Court suspends Medha Patkar's sentence in defamation case filed by former Delhi L-G V.K. Saxena|date=29 July 2024|work=The Hindu|access-date=1 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801144014/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/court-suspends-medha-patkars-sentence-in-defamation-case-filed-by-former-delhi-l-g-vk-saxena/article68460458.ece|location=New Delhi|archive-date=1 August 2024}}
*{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/law/medha-patkar-gets-bail-in-2001-defamation-case-heres-what-the-complaint-was-about|title=Medha Patkar Gets Bail in 2001 Defamation Case: Here's What the Complaint Was About|date=30 July 2024|work=The Wire|access-date=1 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801143654/https://m.thewire.in/article/law/medha-patkar-gets-bail-in-2001-defamation-case-heres-what-the-complaint-was-about|location=New Delhi|archive-date=1 August 2024}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|https://delhi.gov.in/lt-governor-office|Profile of Vinai Kumar Saxena}} at the [[Government of Delhi]] official website
* [https://twitter.com/LtGovDelhi Lieutenant Governor of Delhi] on [[Twitter]]
{{Portal bar|India|Biography|Business|Climate change}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saxena, Vinai Kumar}}
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Lieutenant governors of Delhi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Indian anti-corruption activists]]
[[Category:Social workers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]
[[Category:Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University alumni]]

Nervilia simplex var. himachalensis

2026-03-15T19:41:00Z

AngleaDeason621: created a info

{{Short description|Variety of orchid from Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Infraspeciesbox
| name = Twin Nervilia
| image = Plant with tuber of N.s.him..jpg
| image_caption = Plant of ''Nervilia simplex'' var. ''himachalensis''
| genus = Nervilia
| species = simplex
| varietas = himachalensis
| authority = R.Chandra & K.Gogoi
}}

'''''Nervilia simplex'' var. ''himachalensis'''''<ref>{{IPNI |id=77359684-1 |taxon=Nervilia simplex var. himachalensis |authority=R.Chandra & K.Gogoi}}</ref> is a variety of the orchid ''[[Nervilia simplex]]'' from the Northwestern Himalayas, [[Himachal Pradesh]], India.<ref name="Chandra-2024" />

== Taxonomy and naming ==
''Nervilia simplex'' var. ''himachalensis'' was first formally described in 2024 by Rimjhim Chandra and Khyanjeet Gogoi, who published the description in ''The Journal of the Orchid Society of India''.<ref name="Chandra-2024" />

The [[Specific epithet|specific epiphet]] is a [[metonym]] after the Himachal Pradesh, where the type specimens were collected.<ref name="Chandra-2024">{{Cite journal|last1=Chandra|first1=Rimjhim A.|last2=Gogoi|first2=Khyanjeet|date=2024-12-30|title=''Nervilia Simplex'' var. ''Himachalensis'' (Orchidaceae), a New Variety from Himachal Pradesh India|url=https://orchidsocietyindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/NERVILIA-SIMPLEX-VAR.-HIMACHALENSIS.pdf|journal=[[The Journal of the Orchid Society of India]]|volume=38|pages=9–13|issn=0971-5371}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390370382|title=NERVILIA SIMPLEX VAR. HIMACHALENSIS (ORCHIDACEAE), A NEW VARIETY FROM HIMACHAL PRADESH INDIA|accessdate=2025-04-09}}</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:Twin Nervilia.jpg|thumb|Flower of ''Nervilia simplex'' var. ''himachalensis'']]
[[File:Himachal New variety.jpg|thumb|Flower of ''Nervilia simplex'' var. ''himachalensis'' in habitat]]
[[File:Habitat of Twin Nervilia.jpg|thumb|Habitat at the type locality]]
''Nervilia simplex'' var. ''himachalensis'' is a ground-dwelling plant with somewhat round to oval [[tubers]] measuring {{Convert|2.0–2.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and {{Convert|1.8–2.0|cm|in|abbr=on}} in width. The leaf, about {{Convert|2-5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{Convert|2-3|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide, is pale green on the side facing away from the stem and darker green on the other side, with fine white branched veins, and is heart-shaped and slightly fleshy. The side facing the stem is sparsely bristly throughout, with 11–13 main veins. The leaf is wavy-edged with a pointed tip and an erect leaf stalk which is {{Convert|2-6|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. The [[inflorescence]], consisting of two flowers, is held erect, and is {{Convert|4-7|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, circular in cross section, slender, and hairless. The sheath below the base of the flower is about {{Convert|1.3|cm|in|abbr=on}} across. The [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncle]] is pale green, with 3–4 tube-shaped stem-clasping sheaths. The flower [[bract]] is narrow, [[papillose]]-shaped to tapering at the tip. The individual flower is held erect and is partly closed, measuring {{Convert|1.5–2.7|cm|in|abbr=on}} across. The [[sepal]] is pale green with faint grey lines, narrow in shape and with a pointed or tapering tip. The dorsal sepal is about {{Convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{Convert|0.2|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide with a pointed tip, while the lateral sepal is {{Convert|1.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{Convert|0.3|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide. The petals are creamy white and purple from the tip, narrow in shape, {{Convert|1.5–2|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{Convert|0.2–0.4|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide. The lip is strongly reflexed above the middle and is white tinged, purple fringed and white at base, about {{Convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{Convert|0.6|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide when closed, lacking [[Nectar spur|spurs]]. It is simple or 3 lobed with side margins erect and margins at the tip irregularly fringed, about {{Convert|1.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{Convert|0.6|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide. The side margins are erect and loosely enclose the [[Column (botany)|column]], while the margin at the tip is irregularly jagged or fringed; side lobes, when present, are small and somewhat round; the disk is [[papillose]], with 3 horizontal ridges extending from near the base almost to the tip. The [[Capsule (fruit)|capsule]] is 2 cm long.<ref name="Chandra-2024" />

== Distribution and habitat ==
''Nervilia simplex var. himachalensis'' occurs in the forests of the northwestern [[Himalayan range]] of Himachal Pradesh, India. It grows on the forest floor covered with dry pine needles from ''[[Pinus roxburghii]]'', at an altitude around {{Convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref name="Chandra-2024" />

== Etymology ==
[[File:N.s. var. him..jpg|thumb|Illustration of ''Nervilia simplex'' var. ''himachalensis'']]
The specific epithet refers to the Himachal Pradesh, India from where the plant was collected.<ref name="Chandra-2024" />
[[File:Herbarium Nervilia simplex var. himachalensis.jpg|thumb|Holotype of Nervilia simplex var. himachalensis]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q134178999}}

[[Category:Nervilia|simplex var. himachalensis]]
[[Category:Orchids of India]]
[[Category:Plants described in 2024]]

Kashi Vishwanath Temple

2026-03-11T19:27:37Z

AngleaDeason621: Structure improved and content revised

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Hatnote group|
{{Redirect|Kashi Vishwanath}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Shri Vishwanath Mandir|Shri Vishwanath Temple, BHU]]}}
{{other uses|Kashi Vishwanath Temple (disambiguation)}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Kashi Vishwanath Temple
| image = Kashi Vishwanath.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt = Vishveshvara Mandir
| caption = Entrance to present temple built by [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] in 1780.
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi#India Uttar Pradesh
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|25|18|38.79|N|83|0|38.21|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:5000|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
| locale = [[Varanasi]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Vishveshwara or Vishwanath ([[Shiva]])
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]]
| architecture = [[Mandir]]
| temple_board = Shri Kashi Vishwanath Temple Trust
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 1780
| creator = * 1585 - by [[Man Singh I]] and [[Raja Todar Mal]]
* 1780 - by Maharani [[Ahilyabai Holkar]]
* 1835 Gold Plating - by [[Maharaja Ranjeet Singh]], [[Sikh Empire]]
* 2021 Kashi Vishwanath corridor - by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]
| website = [http://www.shrikashivishwanath.org/ shrikashivishwanath.org]
|date_demolished = * 1194 by [[Muhammad of Ghor]]<br />
* 1505-1515 by [[Sikandar Lodi]]
* 1669 by [[Aurangzeb]]}}
{{Hinduism small}}

'''Kashi Vishwanath Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]]. It is located in Vishwanath Gali, in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The temple is a [[Hindu pilgrimage sites in India|Hindu pilgrimage site]] and is one of the twelve [[Jyotirlinga]] shrines. The presiding deity is known by the names Vishwanath and Vishweshwara ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Viśvanātha'' and ''Viśveśvara''), meaning ''Lord of the Universe''.

The original temple, called the ''Adi Vishveshwar Temple'', was demolished by [[Mohammad of Ghor]] during his invasion of India. Subsequently, the template was rebuilt by [[Man Singh I]] and [[Todar Mal]] under the emperor [[Akbar]].

According to several historical accounts, the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] ordered the demolition of the Hindu temple in 1669.<ref name="Desai">{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=Madhuri |title=Banaras Reconstructed: Architecture and Sacred Space in a Hindu Holy City |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780295741604 }}</ref> Subsequently, in 1678, the [[Gyanvapi Mosque]] was built on its site,<ref name="Bakshi2004">{{cite book|author=Akhil Bakshi|title=Between heaven and hell: travels through Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, and India: an account of the expedition hands across the borders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_1tAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Odyssey Books}}</ref> but Hindu pilgrims continued to visit the remnants of the temple.<ref name="Desai" /> Some scholars claim that the demolition was motivated by the rebellion of local [[Zamindar|zamindars]] (landowners) who were associated with the temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Truschke |first=Audrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUUkDwAAQBAJ&q=alamgir+mosque+aurangzeb&pg=PT70 |title=Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King |date=16 May 2017 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-0259-5 |language=en}}</ref> The demolition was intended as a warning by Aurangzeb to the anti-Mughal factions and Hindu religious leaders in the city.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asher |first=Catherine B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&pg=PA278 |title=Architecture of Mughal India |date=24 September 1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1 |language=en}}</ref>

The current structure was constructed on an adjacent site by the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] ruler [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] of [[Indore State|Indore]] in 1780.<ref name="govt page">{{cite web|url = http://varanasi.nic.in/temple/KASHI.html|title = Shri Kashi Vishwanath Temple - A Brief history}}</ref> In 2021, a major redevelopment of the temple complex was completed, and the Kashi Vishwanath Dham Corridor connecting the [[Ganges|Ganga river]] with the temple was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi|Modi]], leading to a many-fold increase in visitors.<ref name="DH">{{cite news |title=With 10-fold jump in tourist footfall, Varanasi balances tradition and change |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/with-10-fold-jump-in-tourist-footfall-varanasi-balances-tradition-and-change-2646066 |work=deccan herald |agency=PTI |date=13 August 2023 |access-date=31 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="Kashi2021">{{Cite news |title=PM Modi inaugurates Kashi Vishwanath Corridor |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-kashi-vishwanath-corridor-7670093/ |work=The Indian Express |date=14 February 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref> It has become one of the most visited Hindu temples in India, with an average 45,000 pilgrims per day in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=3-fold rise in average footfall at KVT |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/3-fold-rise-in-averagefootfall-at-kvt/articleshow/90004180.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 March 2022 |access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref> The total assets of the temple, were estimated to be more than {{INR}}6 crores in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's richest temples and their net worth! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/web-stories/indias-richest-temples-and-their-net-worth/photostory/103284438.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref>

== Legend ==
It is believed that [[Varanasi]] is the first [[Jyotirlinga]] to manifest itself.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2017 |title=History of the Kashi Vishwanath temple |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/religious-places/history-of-the-kashi-vishwanath-temple/articleshow/68206100.cms |access-date=6 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> According to the legend, it was at this place that [[Shiva]] (the Hindu god of destruction) manifested as an infinite column of light (''Jyotirlinga'', depicted as [[lingodbhava]]) in front of [[Brahma]] (the Hindu god of creation) and [[Vishnu]] (the Hindu god of preservation) when they had an argument about their supremacy.<ref name="R.">R. 2003, pp. 92-95</ref>

In order to discover the origin of the luminous column, Vishnu took the form of a boar ([[Varaha]]) and tracked the column beneath the ground, while Brahma, who assumed the shape of a swan, scoured the heavens in an attempt to locate the apex of the column. However, both of them were unsuccessful in identifying the source of the luminous column. Yet, Brahma deceitfully asserted that he had discovered the summit of the column, while Vishnu humbly admitted his inability to find the starting point of the radiant column. Due to Brahma's deceit over the discovery of the origin of the luminous column, Shiva penalised him by cutting his fifth head and placing a curse upon him. This curse entailed that Brahma would no longer receive reverence, whereas Vishnu, being truthful, would be equally venerated alongside Shiva and have dedicated temples for eternity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saraswati |first=Saranyu S. |title=Biological Decoding of the Hindu Gods and Goddesses |publisher=Notion Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781649516336 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Achuthananda |first=S |title=The Ascent of Vishnu and the Fall of Brahma |publisher=Relianz Communications Pvt Ltd. |year=2018 |isbn= |location=Queensland, Australia |pages=36–37 |language=English}}</ref>

Hindu scriptures describe Vishweshwara as the sacred deity of Varanasi, holding the position of king over [[Pantheon (religion)|all the other deities]] as well as over all the inhabitants of the city and the extended circuit of the ''Panchkoshi'', an area (the sacred boundary of Varanasi) spreading over 50 miles.<ref name="MAS">{{cite book |author1=Matthew Atmore Sherring |title=The Sacred City of the Hindus An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern Times |date=1968 |publisher=Trübner & Company |edition=First |location=London |author1-link=Matthew Atmore Sherring}}</ref>

== Jyotirlinga ==
The ''[[jyotirlinga]]'' is an ancient axis mundi symbol representing the supremely formless (''[[Para Brahman|nirguna]]'') reality at the core of creation, out of which the form (''[[Saguna brahman|saguna]]'') of Shiva appears. The ''jyothirlinga'' shrines are thus places where Shiva appeared as a fiery column of light.<ref>Eck 1999, p. 107</ref><ref name="Gwynne">See: Gwynne 2008, Section on Char Dham</ref>

There are twelve 'self manifested' ''jyotirlinga'' sites that take the name of the presiding deity; each is considered a different manifestation of Shiva.<ref name="Lochtefeld">Lochtefeld 2002, pp. 324-325</ref> At all these sites, the primary image is a ''[[lingam]]'' representing the beginningless and endless ''[[Stambha]]'' pillar, symbolising the infinite nature of Shiva.<ref name="Lochtefeld" /><ref name="E. U. Harding">Harding 1998, pp. 158-158</ref><ref name="paris_congress">Vivekananda Vol. 4</ref>

The twelve ''jyothirlinga'' are located at [[Somnath Temple|Somnath]] in [[Gujarat]], [[Mallikarjuna Temple, Srisailam|Mallikarjuna]] at [[Srisailam]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga|Mahakaleswar]] at [[Ujjain]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Omkareshwar]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Kedarnath Temple|Kedarnath]] in [[Uttarakhand]], [[Bhimashankar Temple|Bhimashankar]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[Kasi Viswanath Temple|Viswanath]] at [[Varanasi]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple|Triambakeshwar]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[Baidyanath Temple|Baidyanath Jyotirlinga]] at [[Deoghar]] in [[Jharkhand]], [[Nageshwar Temple, Dwarka|Nageswar]] at [[Dwarka]] in [[Gujarat]], [[Ramanathaswamy Temple|Rameshwar]] at [[Rameswaram]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[Grishneshwar]] at [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] in [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="R." /><ref name="Chaturvedi">Chaturvedi 2006, pp. 58-72</ref>

== History ==
=== Ancient and classical periods ===
The ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' contains a part titled "Kashi Khanda", while the ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana|Brahmavaivarta Purana]]'' includes a portion known as "Kashi Rahasya", both of which are dedicated to the city of [[Varanasi]].<ref name=":0">Altekar, Anant Sadashiv. 1947 (second edition). ''Benares and Sarnath: Past and Present''. Varanasi: Culture Publication House. Benares Hindu University.</ref>

As per the Kashi Khanda, there were a total of 1099 temples, out of which 513 were specifically devoted to the worship of [[Shiva]]. The scripture states that the Vishvanath temple was formerly known as Moksha Lakshmi Vilas. The temple housed a total of five ''[[mandapa]]s'' (halls). The lingam of Vishwanath was situated in the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' (innermost sanctuary). The remaining four mandapas include the ''Jnana mandapa'' located to the east, the ''Ranga mandapa'' to the west, the ''Aishvarya mandapa'' to the north, and the ''Mukti mandapa'' to the south.<ref name=":0" />

[[Nārāyaṇa Bhaṭṭa]], in his book ''Tristhalisetu'',<ref>Gokhale, R. (ed.). 1915. Tristhalīsetu of Narayan Bhatta. Pune: AnandashrmaMudranalaya.</ref> as well as Madhuri Desai describe that the temple centres around a repetition of destruction and reconstruction.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Desai|first=Madhuri|title=Banaras Reconstructed: Architecture and Sacred Space in a Hindu Holy City|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-295-74160-4|pages=3–16|chapter=INTRODUCTION: THE PARADOX OF BANARAS|jstor=j.ctvcwnwvg.4|chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwnwvg.4}}</ref>

=== Medieval period and destruction ===
{{Main|Razia Mosque}}

The original Vishwanath temple, initially known as the Adi Vishveshwar Temple, was destroyed by the [[Ghurids]] in 1194, when [[Mu'izz al-Din|Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam]] returned to [[India]] and defeated [[Jayachandra]] of [[Kannauj]] [[Battle of Chandawar|near Chandawar]] and afterwards razed the city of Kashi.<ref>{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=History of Medieval India:800-1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7|page=71|quote=In 1194, Muizzuddin returned to India. He crossed the Jamuna with 50,000 cavalry and moved towards Kanauj. A hotly contested battle between Muizzuddin and Jaichandra was fought at Chandawar near Kanauj. We are told that Jaichandra had almost carried the day when he was killed by an arrow, and his army was totally defeated. Muizzuddin now moved on to Banaras which was ravaged, a large number of temples there being destroyed|language=en}}</ref> In a few years{{Year needed|date=May 2023}}, the [[Razia Mosque]] was constructed in its place.<ref name=":13">{{Cite thesis|last=Shin|first=Heeryoon|title=Building a "Modern" Temple Town: Architecture and Patronage in Banaras, 1750-1900|date=May 2015|publisher=Yale University|page=4, 35, 38, 198}}</ref><ref name="SPUday2005">{{cite book|author=Udayakumar|first=S. P.|title=Presenting the Past: Anxious History and Ancient Future in Hindutva India|date=2005|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97209-7|pages=99|chapter=Ramarajya: Envisioning the Future and Entrenching the Past}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Bakker|first=Hans|date=1996|title=Construction and Reconstruction of Sacred Space in Vārāṇasī|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270235|journal=Numen|volume=43|issue=1|pages=42–43|doi=10.1163/1568527962598368|issn=0029-5973|jstor=3270235|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1230, the temple was rebuilt near the Avimukteshwara Temple, away from the main site, during the reign of Delhi's Sultan [[Iltutmish]] (1211–1266).<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2024 |title=The Legend and Legacy of Kashi Vishwanath Jyotirlinga - historified |url=https://historified.in/2024/08/08/the-legend-and-legacy-of-kashi-vishwanath-jyotirlinga/ |access-date=18 October 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> It was demolished again during the rule of either [[Hussain Shah Sharqi]] (1447–1458) or [[Sikandar Lodi]] (1489–1517).{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

=== Mughal period ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 400
| header = Sketches by [[James Prinsep]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0uA_AQAAMAAJ |title=Benares Illustrated in a Series of Drawings |author=James Prinsep |year=1996 |isbn=9788171241767 |page=29 |publisher=Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan}}</ref>
| image1 = Temple Of Vishveshwur Benares by James Prinsep 1834 (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = The Gyanvapi Mosque sketched as the ''Temple of Vishveshwur, Benares''.
| image2 = Plan Of The Ancient Temple Of Vishveshvur by James Prinsep 1832 (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = ''Plan of the Ancient Temple of Vishveshwar''.<br />The dotted line shows the portion of the temple occupied by the present Masjid.
}}

{{Main|Gyanvapi Mosque}}

[[Man Singh I|Raja Man Singh]] started rebuilding the temple during [[Akbar]]'s reign.<ref name="SPUday2005" /><ref>{{cite book |author=S. P. Udayakumar |title=Presenting the Past: Anxious History and Ancient Future in Hindutva India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjkEERJrRdwC&pg=PA99 |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-97209-7 |pages=99 }}</ref> [[Raja Todar Mal]] furthered the reconstruction of the temple in 1585.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Anand |first=Abhishek |date=29 January 2024 |title=Unraveling Gyanvapi's historical tapestry: 800 years of war and peace |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gyanvapi-mosque-kashi-vishwanath-temple-row-asi-survey-varanasi-2494955-2024-01-29 |magazine=India Today |access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref>

In the seventeenth century, during the rule of [[Jahangir]], [[Vir Singh Deo]] completed the construction of the earlier temple.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pauwels|first=Heidi|date=23 March 2011|title=A tale of two temples: Mathurā's Keśavadeva and Orcchā's Caturbhujadeva|url=http://tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19472498.2011.553497|journal=South Asian History and Culture|language=en|volume=2|issue=2|pages=278–299|doi=10.1080/19472498.2011.553497|s2cid=144492608|issn=1947-2498|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1669, Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] destroyed the temple and built the [[Gyanvapi Mosque]] in its place.<ref name="Catherine1992">{{cite book |author=Catherine B. Asher |title=Architecture of Mughal India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC|date=24 September 1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1 |pages=278–279}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Arjun |date=27 January 2024 |title=The temple that Aurangzeb razed: Evidence from history on Gyanvapi and Kashi Vishwanath |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/the-temple-that-aurangzeb-razed-evidence-from-history-9129714/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref> The remains of the erstwhile temple can be seen in the foundation, the columns, and the rear part of the mosque.<ref name="Vanessa2013">{{cite book |author1=Vanessa Betts |author2=Victoria McCulloch |title=Delhi to Kolkata Footprint Focus Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=acT9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 |date=30 October 2013 |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-909268-40-1 |pages=108–}}</ref>

=== Maratha and British period ===
[[File:Elevation of Kashi Vishwanath Temple 1891.jpg|thumb|Elevation of the present temple structure]]

In 1742, the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] ruler [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] devised a plan to demolish the mosque and reconstruct the Vishweshwar temple at the site. However, his plan did not materialise, partly because of the intervention of the [[Nawab of Awadh]], who was given control of the territory.<ref name="Madhuri_2007">{{cite book |author=Madhuri Desai |title=Resurrecting Banaras: Urban Space, Architecture and Religious Boundaries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdD3MYnYey8C&pg=PA30 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-549-52839-5 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{rp|2}} In 1750, the Maharaja of [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]] commissioned a survey of the land around the site with the objective of purchasing land to rebuild the Kashi Vishwanath temple, which in turn failed.<ref name="Madhuri_2007"/>{{rp|85}}

In 1785, at the behest of Governor General Warren Hastings, [[District magistrate|Collector]] Mohammed Ibrahim constructed a [[Naqqar khana|Naubatkhana]] in front of the temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barclay Jr. |first=George |title=The Son Of Man |publisher=iUniverse |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4502-6689-5 |location=Bloomington, Indiana |pages=280 |language=English}}</ref> In 1780, Malhar Rao's daughter-in-law, [[Ahilyabai Holkar]], built the present temple adjacent to the mosque.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Vandana |last2=Bikhchandani |first2=Raghav |last3=Laeeq |first3=Humra |date=25 June 2022 |title=Somnath and Gyanvapi temples were rebuilt – long ago by Maratha queen Ahilyabai Holkar |url=https://theprint.in/past-forward/somnath-and-gyanvapi-temples-were-rebuilt-long-ago-by-maratha-queen-ahilyabai-holkar/1009037/ |access-date=3 December 2023 |work=ThePrint}}</ref> In 1828, [[Baiza Bai]], widow of the Maratha ruler [[Daulat Rao Scindhia]] of [[Gwalior State]], built a low-roofed [[colonnade]] with over 40 pillars in the Gyan Vapi precinct.<ref name="MASherring_1868">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217371 |title=The Sacred City of the Hindus: An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern Times |author=Matthew Atmore Sherring |author-link=Matthew Atmore Sherring |publisher=Trübner & co. |year=1868 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217371/page/n97 55]–56 }}</ref> During 1833–1840, at the boundary of Gyanvapi Well, the ''ghats'' (steps by the riverside) and other nearby temples{{Which|date=December 2023}} were constructed.

Many noble families from various ancestral kingdoms of the Indian subcontinent, and their predecessor states, made generous contributions to the operation of the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashi Vishwanath Temple |url=https://behindeverytemple.org/hindu-temples/shiva/kashi-vishwanath-temple/ |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=Behind Every Temple |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1835, [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] of the [[Sikh Empire]], at the behest of his wife, [[Datar Kaur|Maharani Datar Kaur]], donated 1 tonne of gold for plating the temple's dome. In 1841, [[Raghuji Bhonsle III]] of [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]] donated silver to the temple.<ref name="Madhuri_2007" />{{rp|200}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217371 |title=The Sacred City of the Hindus: An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern Times |author=Matthew Atmore Sherring |author-link=Matthew Atmore Sherring |publisher=Trübner & co. |year=1868 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217371/page/n93 51] }}</ref>

The temple was managed by a hereditary group of [[pandits]] or [[mahant]]s. After the death of Mahant Devi Dutt, a dispute arose among his successors. In 1900, his brother-in-law, Pandit Visheshwar Dayal Tewari, filed a lawsuit, which resulted in him being declared the head priest.<ref name="AHC_1986">{{cite court |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/355412/ |litigants=Trivikram Narain Singh And Ors. vs State Of U.P. And Ors. |court=[[Allahabad High Court]] |date=28 October 1986 |access-date= 25 July 2015 }}</ref>

=== Post-Independence ===
Since 1983, the temple has been managed by a board of trustees set up by the government of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dumper |first=Michael |title=Power, piety, and people the politics of holy cities in the twenty-first century |date=2020 |isbn=978-0-231-54566-2 |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |oclc=1145080849}}</ref> The [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] of the Maa Shringar Gauri Temple, on the western side of the disputed Gyanvapi Mosque, was restricted after the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]] in December 1992, due to the ensuing deadly riots that followed the demolition of the mosque. In August 2021, five Hindu women petitioned a local court in Varanasi to be allowed to pray at the Maa Shringar Gauri Temple.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Varanasi court issues notices on shared shrine petition in Ayodhya|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/varanasi-court-issues-notices-on-shared-shrine-petition-in-ayodhya/cid/1827373|access-date=12 December 2021|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi addressing at the inauguration of Kashi Vishwanath Dham, in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh on December 13, 2021 (105966).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] speaking at the inauguration of the renovated Kashi Vishwanath Corridor on 13 December 2021.]]

After 239 years, the [[Kumbhabhishekham]] (consecration ceremony) of the temple was held on 5 July 2018, which was conducted by [[Nattukottai Nagarathar]], a mercantile community of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=North and South merged at this Altar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/north-and-south-merged-at-this-altar/article24527959.ece |work=The Hindu |date=27 July 2018 |access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>

The Kashi Vishwanath Corridor Project was launched by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in 2019 to make it easier to travel between the temple and the Ganges River and to create more space to prevent crowding. On 13 December 2021, Modi inaugurated the corridor with a sacred ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Kashi Vishwanath Corridor |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-kashi-vishwanath-corridor-7670093/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=The Indian Express |date=14 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> A press release by the government said that around 1,400 residents and businesses within the corridor's area were relocated elsewhere and compensated. It also said that more than 40 ruined, centuries-old temples were found and rebuilt, including the Gangeshwar Mahadev temple, the Manokameshwar Mahadev temple, the Jauvinayak temple, and the Shri Kumbha Mahadev temple.<ref>{{cite news|last=Verma|first=Lalmani|date=13 December 2021|title=PM Modi to inaugurate Kashi Vishwanath corridor in Varanasi today|language=|pages=|newspaper=The New Indian Express|publisher=Express Publications|location=New Delhi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-kashi-vishwanath-corridor-in-varanasi-7669259/|access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=A|first1=Divya|title=Explained: What is changing at the ancient Kashi Vishwanath temple complex?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/kashi-vishwanath-temple-narendra-modi-varanasi-7669709/|access-date=14 December 2021|website=The Indian Express| date=14 December 2021 }}</ref>

In February 2022, the sanctum sanctorum of the temple was gold-plated after an anonymous donor from South India donated 60&nbsp;kg of gold to the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2022 |title=God meets gold meets faith in 'PM's works' at Kashi Vishwanath Temple |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kashi-vishwanath-temple-narendra-modi-visit-gold-7799966/ |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Flowers from the temple are recycled into incense by the biomaterials startup [[PHOOL|Phool.co]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive - India's First Biomaterial Startup Phool.co Raises $8 Million In Series A Funding |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/startups/exclusive-indias-first-biomaterial-startup-phoolco-raises-8-million-in-series-a-funding/75005/1 |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

As of August 2023, the Kashi Vishwanath Temple Trust reported that 10 crore (100 million) tourists had visited the temple since the inauguration of the corridor in December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=With 10-fold jump in tourist footfall, Varanasi balances tradition and change |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/destination/states/with-10-fold-jump-in-tourist-footfall-varanasi-balances-tradition-and-change/102702701 |work=Economic TImes |agency=PTI |date=14 August 2023 |access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref>

== Temple complex ==
[[File:Benares well.jpg|thumb|The original holy well—Gyanvapi is in between the temple and [[Gyanvapi Mosque]]]]
[[File:Ganga Dwar, Gateway of Corridor of Kashi Vishwanath Temple, Varanasi 2.webp|thumb|Ganga Dwara, Gateway of Corridor that connects Kashi Vishwanath Temple with Ghats of the Ganges.]]
[[File:Annapurna Entrance of kashi vishwanath temple.jpg|thumb|Checking point at Kashi Vishwanath annapurna Entrance]]

The temple complex consists of a series of smaller shrines located in a small lane called the Vishwanatha Gali, near the river. The [[linga]] of the main deity at the shrine is {{convert|60|cm}} tall and {{convert|90|cm}} in circumference, housed in a silver altar.<ref name="cultural holidays">{{cite web
|url = http://www.cultureholidays.com/Temples/kashi.htm
|title = Cultural holidays - Kashi Vishwanath temple
|access-date = 17 November 2006
|archive-date = 8 April 2017
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170408111550/http://www.cultureholidays.com/Temples/kashi.htm
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> The main temple is a quadrangle, and there are shrines to other gods all around it. There are small temples for [[Bhairava|Kala Bhairava]], [[Kartikeya]], Avimukteshwara, [[Vishnu]], [[Ganesha]], [[Shani]], [[Shiva]], and [[Parvati]] in the complex.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Kashi Vishwanath Temple: Varanasi’s Holiest Shiva Temple|url=https://www.triptotemples.com/blogs/varanasi-tour/kashi-vishwanath-temple|website=Trip To Temples|access-date=30 January 2026|language=English|first=Trip To|last=Temples|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130023409/https://www.triptotemples.com/blogs/varanasi-tour/kashi-vishwanath-temple|archive-date=30 January 2026}}</ref>

There is a small well in the temple called the ''Jnana Vapi'', also spelled ''Gyan Vapi'' (the wisdom well). The Jnana Vapi is located to the north of the main temple, and during the invasion by the Mughals, the jyotirlinga was hidden in the well to protect it. It is said that the main priest of the temple jumped in the well with the [[lingam]] in order to protect the jyotirlinga from invaders.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Sacred Complex of Kashi: A Microcosm of Indian Civilization|url=https://www.google.com.br/books/edition/The_Sacred_Complex_of_Kashi/yOR1hvfH8s8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Gyanvapi&pg=PA167&printsec=frontcover|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|date=1979|language=en|first=Lalita Prasad|last=Vidyarthi|first2=Makhan|last2=Jha|first3=Baidyanath|last3=Saraswati|access-date=30 January 2026|page=299}}</ref>

There is a ''Sabha Griha'' (congregation hall) leading to the inner ''Garbha Griha'' (sanctum sanctorum). The jyotirlinga is enshrined in the sanctuary and placed on a silver platform. The structure of the temple is composed of three parts. The first consists of a 15.5-meter-high [[spire]] on the temple; the second is a gold [[Onion dome|dome]]; and the third is the gold spire within the sanctuary bearing a flag and a [[trident]].<ref name=":1" />

The Kashi Vishwanath Temple is popularly known as the Golden Temple, due to the gold plating of its spire. One tonne of gold donated by [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] has been used in the gold plating,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kashi Vishwanath Temple dome starts glittering with 23kg gold |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/kashi-vishwanath-temple-dome-starts-glittering-with-23kg-gold/articleshow/92071914.cms |access-date=10 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as well as in three domes, each made up of pure gold, donated in 1835.

The temple receives around 3,000 visitors every day. On certain occasions, the numbers reach 1,000,000 or more.

The Shri Kashi Vishwanath Dham corridor was constructed between Kashi Vishwanath Temple and [[Manikarnika Ghat]] along the Ganges River, providing various amenities for pilgrims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/feb/13/temple-woes-for-kashi-vishwanath-corridor-2102687.html|title=Temple woes for Kashi Vishwanath corridor|website=The New Indian Express|date=13 February 2020 }}</ref>

== Religious importance ==
Located on the banks of the holy river [[Ganges]], Varanasi is regarded as among the holiest of the [[Hindus|Hindu]] cities. The Kashi Vishwanath Temple is widely recognised as one of the most important places of worship in the Hindu religion, because the it holds the jyotirlinga of Shiva Vishveshwara, or [[Shiva|Vishvanath]].<ref name=":1" />

A visit to the temple and a bath in the Ganges is one of many methods believed to lead one on a path to ''[[moksha]]'' (liberation).<ref name=":1" /> Thus, Hindus from all over the world try to visit the place at least once in their lifetime. There is also a tradition that one should give up at least one desire after a pilgrimage to the temple, and the pilgrimage would also include a visit to the temple at [[Ramanathaswamy Temple, Rameswaram|Rameswaram]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] in South India, to which people take water samples of the Ganges to perform prayer there and bring back sand from near that temple.

Because of the immense popularity and holiness of Kashi Vishwanath Temple, hundreds of temples across [[India]] have been built in the same architectural style. Many legends tell of the true devotee achieving freedom from death and ''[[saṃsāra]]'' (aimlessness) by the worship of Shiva, Shiva's devotees upon death being directly taken to his abode on [[Mount Kailash]] by his messengers and not to judgement by [[Yama]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

It is one of the shrines of the [[Vaippu Sthalam]]s sung by Tamil [[Shaivism|Saivite]] [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] [[Sambandar]].<ref>பு.மா.ஜெயசெந்தில்நாதன், தேவார வைப்புத்தலங்கள், வர்த்தமானன் பதிப்பகம், சென்னை, 2009</ref><ref>[https://shaivam.org/hindu-hub/temples/place/463/vaaranasi-viswanathar-temple மூவர் தேவார வைப்புத் தலங்கள், Muvar Thevara Vaippu Thalangal, வாரணாசி - (காசி விஸ்வநாதர் ஆலயம்) Varanasi -Benaras - Kasi Vishvanathar Temple, 2-39-7]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shivatemples.com/vt/vt_kovil3/vt138.php|title=வாரணாசி, 2-39-7, 6-70-6, 6-7-11}}</ref>

== Festivals ==
''Phalgun Shukla [[Ekadashi]]'' is celebrated as ''Rangabhari Ekadashi'', that is, a festival of colours. According to tradition, before [[Holi]], Baba Vishwanath comes back to Kashi after having a cow in the form of Mother Bhagwati. The temple complex echoes with the beating of dozens of damroos (two-sided drums). This tradition has been performed for over 200 years. On [[Vasant Panchami]], Baba's Tilak is performed. There is [[Maha Shivaratri|Shivaratri's marriage]], and Rangbhari Ekadashi marks [[Parvati]] leaving with her husband Shiva.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-VAR-rangbhari-ekadashi-celebrated-in-kashi-vishwanath-temple-varanasi-news-hindi-5546329-PHO.html|title=जब बाबा विश्वनाथ मां भगवती का गौना करा लौटे काशी, ऐसे उड़े रंग-गुलाल|work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=8 March 2017 }}</ref> These traditions have been carried out by the erstwhile Mahant family of the temple for over a century.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/kv-dham-project-13-building-owners-refuse-to-sell-property/articleshow/71469345.cms|title = Kashi Vishwanath Dham project: 13 building owners refuse to sell property &#124; Varanasi News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=7 October 2019 }}</ref>

These rituals of Baba's marriage ceremony are performed at the residence of Kulpati Tiwari, the erstwhile Mahant of Shri Kashi Vishwanath Temple in Redzone.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-48308011|title = काशी-विश्वनाथ कॉरिडोर के मुसलमान क्यों बेचैन हैं ?|newspaper = BBC News हिंदी}}</ref> The seven rituals of Saptarishi Aarti were performed by Baba Vishwanath. According to the Puranas, Kashi is beloved by the Saptarishi; so, according to the tradition, the devotees of the Saptarishi Aarti perform the rituals of marriage. The seven archaks under the leadership of Pradhan Archak Pandit Shashibhushan Tripathi (Guddu Maharaj) completed the marriage in Vedic rituals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/111518554800-varanasi-news|title=मौर पहनकर निकले बाबा, लाल चुनरी में गौरा|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref> ''Mangala Aarti'' is performed at 3:30 am, ''Bhog Aarti'' at 12:00 pm, ''Saptarishi Aarti'' at 7:30 pm and ''Shringar Aarti'' at 11:00 pm.<ref>{{cite book|last=Karkar|first=S.C.|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|year=2009|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|location=Kolkota|page=10}}</ref>

The [[Yadav]] community of Kashi associated with ''Chandravanshi Gop Seva Samiti'' and ''Shree Krishna Yadav Mahasabha'' have been performing ''jalabhishek'' on a ''[[shivling]]'', traditionally for 94 years, starting in 1932.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yadav Bandhus Perform Jalabhishek Of Lord Shiva |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/yadav-bandhus-perform-jalabhishek-of-lord-shiva/articleshow/92968938.cms |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=19 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Transport and accommodations ==
There are transportation options for getting to Benaras by air, land, and water. [[Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport]] is located roughly 22 kilometres from the city centre and approximately 25 km from the temple complex. There are two railway stations in the city, namely [[Varanasi]] Cantonment Station and [[Kashi Railway Station]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kashi.gov.in/listing-details/shri-kashi-vishwanath|title=Shri Kashi Vishwanath {{!}} Kashi Official Web Portal|access-date=30 January 2026|website=kashi.gov.in}}</ref>

The city has two bus terminals: one located at the Cantonment (Cantt) and another at Golgadda, commonly referred to as Kashi Depot. The Cantonment terminal manages buses for both depots. The urban transportation system comprises many types of vehicles, including two-wheelers (34%), autos (20%), cycles (16%), pedestrians (14%), four-wheelers (6%), cycle rickshaws (6%), and other miscellaneous vehicles (4%).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kapur |first=Dr. Radhika |date=18 December 2023 |title=Significance of Culture and Religion in the City of Benaras |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324726535 |website=Researchgate.net |pages=5}}</ref>

There are various [[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharmshalas]], rented guest rooms, and other hotels and lodges available nearby at various prices, including a guest house run by the Shri Kashi Vishwanath Temple Trust.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Kashi Vishwanath Official Web Portal |url=https://www.shrikashivishwanath.org/ |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=www.shrikashivishwanath.org}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|India|Hinduism|Architecture}}{{Commons category}}{{Wikiquote}}
* [[Shri Vishwanath Mandir]]
* [[Vishalakshi Temple]]
* [[Mrityunjay Mahadev Mandir]]
* [[Ratneshwar Mahadev temple]]
* [[List of Hindu temples in Varanasi]]
* [[Nandmahar Dham]]
* [[Mata Mawai Dham]]
* [[Shree Kashi Karvat Mandir]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Notes ==
* {{Citation
| last=Chaturvedi
| first=B. K.
| year=2006
| title=Shiv Purana
| place=New Delhi
| publisher= Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd
| edition=First
| isbn=81-7182-721-7
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bchgql0em9YC&q=jyotirlinga&pg=PA58
}}
* {{Citation
| last=Eck
| first=Diana L.
| year=1999
| title=Banaras, city of light
| place=New York
| publisher= Columbia University Press
| edition=First
| isbn=0-231-11447-8
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J57C4d8Bv6UC&q=jyotirlinga&pg=PA107
}}
* {{Citation |last=Gwynne|first=Paul |title=World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction|year=2009|publisher=Blackwell Publication |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-4051-6702-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdsRKc_knZoC&q=jyotirlinga&pg=PT271}}.
* {{cite book
| last = Harding
| first = Elizabeth U.
| title = Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar
| chapter = God, the Father
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass
| year = 1998
| pages = 156–157
| isbn = 978-81-208-1450-9
}}
* {{Citation | last = Lochtefeld | first = James G. | title = The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M | year = 2002 | publisher=Rosen Publishing Group | isbn=0-8239-3179-X | page=122 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC}}
* {{Citation
| last=R.
| first=Venugopalam
| year=2003
| title=Meditation: Any Time Any Where
| place=Delhi
| publisher= B. Jain Publishers (P) Ltd.
| edition=First
| isbn=81-8056-373-1
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtnNw_hiA9oC&q=jyotirlinga&pg=PT113
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Vivekananda
| first = Swami
| title = The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda
| chapter = The Paris Congress of the History of Religions
| chapter-url = http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_4/translation_prose/the_paris_congress.htm
| volume = 4
}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Kashi Vishwanath Temple}}
* [http://www.shrikashivishwanath.org/ Kashi Vishwanath Temple] – official website
* [http://varanasi.nic.in/temple/kashi.html Shri Kashi Vishwanath Mandir, Varanasi]

{{Shaivism}}
{{Shiva temples}}
{{Temples in Varanasi}}
{{Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Vaippu sthalam}}{{Portal bar|India|Hinduism|Religion}}

[[Category:Jyotirlingas]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1780]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Mosques converted from Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Structures built or renovated by Ahilyabai Holkar]]
[[Category:Shaivism]]
[[Category:Former Hindu temples in India]]

Tribhuvandas Kalyandas Gajjar

2026-03-08T19:25:41Z

AngleaDeason621: Made Basic Page W/ Refs

{{short description|Indian chemist, educator and industrialist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Tribhuvandas Kalyandas Gajjar
| image = T K Gajjar.jpg
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1863|8|3}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1920|7|16|1863|8|3}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], British India
| fields = Chemistry
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Kala Bhavan, Vadodara|Kala Bhavan]]|[[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]] }}
| alma_mater = [[Elphinstone College]], [[Bombay]]
| awards =
| signature =
}}

'''Tribhuvandas Kalyandas Gajjar''', also known as '''T. K. Gajjar''', (1863–1920) was an industrial [[chemist]], educator and industrialist from India. He was a pioneer and proponent of modern industrial chemical industry in western region of [[British India]]. He introduced German synthetic dyes to the Indian textile industry, initiated large-scale alcohol production, and advanced technical education. He taught at [[Kala Bhavan, Vadodara|Kala Bhavan]] in [[Baroda]] (now Vadodara in [[Gujarat]]) and later at [[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]], [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai). He was a founder of chemistry laboratories and co-founder of [[Alembic Group|Alembic Chemical Works]].

==Early life and education==
Tribhuvandas Gajjar was born in 3 August 1863 in [[Surat]] (now in Gujarat) into the Vaishya [[Suthar]] caste, traditionally associated with carpentry.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Trivedi |first=J. P. |title=ગજ્જર, ત્રિભુવનદાસ કલ્યાણદાસ |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0-%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AD%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8-%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] |language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Citation |last=Bhattacharya |first=Nandini |title=The Bazaar and the Indigenous Pharmaceuticals Industry |date=2023-07-01 |work=Disparate Remedies: Making Medicines in Modern India |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK592786/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |publisher=McGill-Queen’s University Press |language=en}}</ref> His father, Kalyandas, (1829–1915) was a prominent civil engineer and businessman, owning timber shops in Surat and [[Ahmedabad]]. His father had written books on traditional architecture.<ref name=":0" /> Fulkorben was his mother.<ref name=":2" /> Gajjar displayed early mechanical aptitude, experimenting with broken laboratory equipment and mastering carpentry skills in his father’s workshop.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kochhar |first=Rajesh |date=2013-04-25 |title=Tribhuvandas Kalyandas Gajjar (1863-1920): The pioneering industrial chemist of Western India |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/104/08/1093.pdf |journal=Current Science |volume=104 |issue=8 |pages=1093–1097}}</ref> he had interest in several subjects including science and maths.<ref name=":1" />

After excelling in his [[matriculation]] in 1879, Gajjar joined [[Elphinstone College]], [[Bombay]], earning a B. Sc. in chemistry in 1882, standing first in his class. In 1884, he completed an MA in chemistry.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> He had briefly studied medicine at [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Grant Medical College]] as well as law with his friend.<ref name=":1" /> He lived in [[Karachi]] for some time.<ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
Gajjar wanted to start a polytechnic in Surat with help of Tapidas Sheth who had agreed to fund but the project failed due to death of Tapidas.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

He joined [[Baroda College]] as professor of chemistry in 1886.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> He started a printing and dyeing laboratory in [[Baroda]].<ref name=":2" /> He published a Gujarati quarterly ''Rang Rahasya'' about dyeing.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Recognizing the need for practical education in science, he proposed a polytechnic institute, leading to the establishment of [[Kala Bhavan, Vadodara|Kala Bhavan]] in 1890 under the support of [[Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III]]. As principal, Gajjar introduced courses in civil and mechanical engineering, textile chemistry, and dyeing.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> He emphasised the education in native languages and founded the Vernacular Academy to promote the cause. Collaborating with Yashwant B. Athlye, he planned a scientific and educational books in Gujarati and Marathi, supported by a grant of Rs. 50,000 from [[Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III]]. This effort resulted in the publication of two book series: ''Sayaji Gnanmanjusha'' and ''Sayaji Laghu Gnanmanjusha''; overseen by Gajjar. He also conceived a multilingual thesaurus but was never completed.<ref name=":1" /> When his idea to convert Kala Bhavan in an industrial university did not succeed and due to frustration with bureaucracy, he resigned from Kala Bhavan, and moved to Bombay in 1896.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

He played a critical role in revolutionizing the Indian textile industry. At a time when traditional vegetable dyes were losing global markets to coal-tar-based synthetic dyes, Gajjar partnered with German manufacturers to establish training programs in India. He collaborated with industrialist [[J. N. Tata]] to integrate dyeing technology into Indian mills, setting up laboratories and training schools in Surat, [[Delhi]], Ahmedabad, [[Kanpur]], [[Amritsar]] and other cities. His efforts helped Indian mills adopt advanced dyeing techniques, saving the industry from stagnation and providing employment to thousands of workers.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

After moving to Bombay, he joined [[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]] as a professor of chemistry and also started a laboratory.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He revised the curricula of the [[University of Bombay]] to include industrial applications of chemistry.<ref name=":0" /> His private initiative, the Techno-Chemical Laboratory in Girgaum, founded in 1900, trained students in starting their own factories, leading to the establishment of several industries. His laboratory allowed to award MA in Chemistry in 1907 by the University of Bombay.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:KITLV 92019 - Bourne and Shepherd - Sculpture of the queen at Bombay in India - Around 1870.tif|thumb|The statue of queen Victoria which Gajjar helped to clean]]
He developed techniques to clean pearls and to refine chemicals in his laboratory. The pearl cleaning technique brought him wealth but also legal issues. He also developed and patented a medicine during the [[Spanish flu]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> He had also devised Iodine Terchloride treatment of plague.<ref name=":2" /> When nationalist [[Chapekar brothers|Damodar Chapekar]] tarred [[Queen Victoria]]’s marble statue in Bombay in October 1896, he help it clean it when all other attempts failed. He was awarded {{INR}}2000 as a prize in 1897 for help. His {{INR}}5000 fees for the service were paid by [[Adamjee Peerbhoy]], [[Sheriff of Mumbai|Sheriff of Bombay]], when the government and the municipality could not.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kothari |first=Urvish |date=2023-10-17 |title=Tribhuvandas K. Gajjar, the Gujarati chemist who cleaned Queen Victoria's marble statue |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/tribhuvandas-k-gajjar-the-gujarati-chemist-who-cleaned-queen-victorias-marble-statue/1806787/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

His student Anant Shridhar Kotibhaskar founded a laboratory in [[Parel]], Bombay and was funded by Gajjar in sum of {{INR}}50,000. In 1903, he started a small factory called Parel Laboratories in Bombay. Later another spirit factory was started in Baroda in 1905 and a [[Lac (resin)|lac]] factory in [[Nadiad]] which was operational till 1907. In 1907, he co-founded [[Alembic Group|Alembic Chemical Works]] in [[Baroda]] with Kotibhaskar and his another student Bhailal Dajibhai Amin joined them later. The company initially focused on the production of rectified spirit, pharmaceutical products, and chemical reagents. The company’s distillation facilities were further expanded during [[World War I]], supplying alcohol and essential chemicals.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

He died on 16 July 1920 in Bombay.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-05 |title=ત્રિભુવનદાસ કે. ગજ્જર: રાણી વિક્ટોરિયાનાં પૂતળા પર દૂર કરવા અશક્ય મનાતા ડાઘને સાફ કરી આપનારા ગુજરાતી રસાયણશાસ્ત્રી |url=https://www.bbc.com/gujarati/articles/cx0l22qq7k5o |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=BBC News ગુજરાતી |language=gu}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Gajjar had a son.<ref name=":0" /> He was a friend with several writers and poets such as [[Govardhanram Tripathi]], [[Kavi Kant|Kant]] and [[Balwantray Thakore]]. Govardhanram Tripathi had died in his bunglow at Bombay.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

== Publication ==

* {{Cite journal |last=Gajjar |first=T. K. |date=1902-04-01 |title=The Iodine Terchloride Treatment of Plague |journal=The Indian Medical Gazette |language=en |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=134 |pmc=5156203 |pmid=29003668}}

== See also ==

* [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last=Mandali |first=Popatlal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R2r5zwEACAAJ |title=Tribhuvanadas Gajjar |date=2022 |publisher=Rannade Prakashan |isbn=978-93-94337-75-6 |language=gu}}

==External links==
* [https://rekhtagujarati.org/authors/tribhuvandas-kalyandas-gajjar/ebooks Books by T. K. Gajjar on Rekhta Gujarati]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gajjar, Tribhuvandas Kalyandas}}
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:People from Surat]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Scientists from British India]]
[[Category:People from Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai people]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Elphinstone College alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]

Karthika Deepam (film)

2026-03-03T20:23:58Z

AngleaDeason621: Article enhanced with better details

{{short description|1979 film by Lakshmi Deepak}}
{{No plot|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Karthika Deepam poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Lakshmi Deepak]]
| producer = {{Plain list|
* G. Radhadevi Gupta
* A. Krishnaiah
}}
| writer =
| story = [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]]
| screenplay = Lakshmi Deepak
| narrator =
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Sobhan Babu]]
* [[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]]
* [[Sridevi]]
}}
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| cinematography = J. Satyanarayana
| editing = K. Balu
| studio = Kavitha Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1979|5|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross =
}}

'''''Karthika Deepam''''' is a 1979 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by [[Lakshmi Deepak|Laxmi Deepak]] and starred [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]], and [[Sridevi]]. [[Sobhan Babu]] won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Filmfare Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=Winners' day in Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/sobhan-won-filmfare-best-actor-award-for-karthika-deepam |website=[[Filmfare]] |page=31 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref name="F">{{cite web |date=19 July 2024 |title=Directory & Yearbook |url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-awards-telugu-winners-1st-page |website=[[Filmfare]] |page=234 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

The film was remade in Hindi as ''[[Maang Bharo Sajana]]'' (1980),<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 1980 |title=హిందీలో "కార్తీక దీపం” |trans-title=''Karthika Deepam'' in Hindi |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1980/Jan/25-jan-1980.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913093648/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1980/Jan/25-jan-1980.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2016 |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |page=9 |language=te}}</ref> in Tamil as ''[[Karpoora Deepam]]'' (1985) and in Kannada as ''[[Sowbhagya Lakshmi]]'' (1987).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maang Bharo Sajana |url=http://myswar.co/album/maang-bharo-sajna-1980 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902104654/http://myswar.co/album/maang-bharo-sajna-1980 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=MySwar}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sobhan Babu]] in a dual role as
** Sridhara Rao
** Raja, Sridhara Rao's son
* [[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]] as Raja's adoptive mother
* [[Sridevi]] as Radha, Raja's biological mother<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=26 February 2018 |title=Sridevi: Star for all seasons |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sridevi-star-for-all-seasons/article22857098.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=21 January 2026 |archive-date=14 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114221818/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sridevi-star-for-all-seasons/article22857098.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Geetha
* [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]] as Dhananjaya Rao, Geetha's father
* [[Raja Babu (actor)|Rajababu]] as Sridhara Rao's assistant
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]]
* [[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]]
* [[Rama Prabha]]
* [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]
* [[Girija (actress)|Girija]]
* Attili Papa
* Sri Vani
* [[Mada Venkateswara Rao]]
* Potti Prasad
* K. V. Chalam as Driver
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]]
* [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]]
}}

== Music ==
The music was composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Karthika Deepam - 31 December 1979 Download |url=https://www.saregama.com/album/karthika-deepam_19646 |access-date=2026-01-23 |publisher=[[Saregama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Karthika Deepam - - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=1979-12-31 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/karthika-deepam/12UvKorcAxg_ |access-date=2026-01-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Aaraneekuma Ee Deepam
| length1 = 4:22
| lyrics1 = [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]]
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]], [[S. Janaki]]
| title2 = Chilakamma Palikindhi
| length2 = 3:44
| lyrics2 = Narala Rami Reddy
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], S. Janaki
| title3 = Chooda Chakkani Daana
| length3 = 2:54
| lyrics3 = Gopi
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| title4 = Muvvalemo Nedemo
| length4 = 3:13
| lyrics4 = [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
| extra4 = S. Janaki
| title5 = Ey Maata Aha Telusu Adi Kaadu
| length5 = 3:46
| lyrics5 = Gopi
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| title6 = Nee Kowgililo
| length6 = 3:18
| lyrics6 = Gopi
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 10 May 1979.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1126891882326384641 |user=baraju_SuperHit |title=Natabhushan #SobhanBabu garu, Sarada, Sridevi starrer Blockbuster Family film #KarthikaDeepam completes 40 years today (10/05/1979) Directed by Deepak. Music by Sathyam. |author=BA Raju's Team |date=10 May 2019 |access-date=January 23, 2026 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260123005744/https://x.com/baraju_SuperHit/status/1126891882326384641 |archive-date=January 23, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Prasad, reviewing the film for ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' on 18 May 1979, praised the treatment and execution of the story, particularly appreciating Sridevi's performance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |date=18 May 1979 |title=కథ కలగాపులాంగ ఉన్న దృశ్యాలు కనువిందు చేశాయి! - కార్తీక దీపం |trans-title=The scenes of the film are a feast for the eyes! - Karthika Deepam |url=https://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1979/May/18-may-1979.pdf |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |pages=9-10 |language=te |archive-date=30 March 2025 |access-date=22 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330062822/https://zaminryot.com/pdf/1979/May/18-may-1979.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="2"|[[27th Filmfare Awards South|1980]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Sobhan Babu]]
|{{won}}
| <ref name="F"/>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
|[[Sridevi]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0187201}}
[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:1979 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1979 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]

Vicky Donor

2026-03-02T09:25:29Z

AngleaDeason621: further corrected information based on references and improved wording after review

{{Short description|2012 film by Shoojit Sircar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vicky Donor
| image = Vicky Donor Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shoojit Sircar]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Zinia Sen, TNN |url=https://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-02/news-interviews/31983246_1_shoojit-sircar-film-on-sperm-donation-shoebite |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409112103/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-02/news-interviews/31983246_1_shoojit-sircar-film-on-sperm-donation-shoebite |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Sperm's part of daily vocab now: Shoojit Sircar |date=2 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-every-filmmaker-lives-for-this-moment/20120427.htm/ |title=Every filmmaker lives for this moment |work=Rediff.com |date=27 April 2012}}</ref>
| producer = [[John Abraham]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/So-what-s-a-sperm/Article1-832935.aspx/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403185402/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/So-what-s-a-sperm/Article1-832935.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2012|publisher=NDTV|title=John Abraham turns producer with Vicky Yadav|date=10 November 2011|access-date=18 February 2012}}</ref><br />[[Sunil Lulla]]<br>Ronnie Lahiri
| writer = [[Juhi Chaturvedi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/So-what-s-a-sperm/Article1-832935.aspx/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403185402/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/So-what-s-a-sperm/Article1-832935.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2012|title=So what's a sperm?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.movietalkies.com/artiste/68373/juhi-chaturvedi/ |title=Juhi Chaturvedi Filmography |publisher=Movietalkies.com |date=21 January 2013 |access-date=30 March 2012 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029002548/http://www.movietalkies.com/artiste/68373/juhi-chaturvedi |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/vicky-donor-is-not-about-sex-education-writer/252362-8-66.html/ 'Vicky Yadav' is not about sex education: Writer] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429052619/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/vicky-donor-is-not-about-sex-education-writer/252362-8-66.html/ |date=29 April 2012 }}</ref>
| starring = [[Ayushmann Khurrana]]<br />[[Yami Gautam]]<br />[[Annu Kapoor]]<br />[[Dolly Ahluwalia]]
| music = '''Songs & Score:'''<br>Abhishek-Akshay<br />'''Additional Songs:'''<br>Bann Chakraborty<br />[[Rochak Kohli]]<br />[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-17/news-interviews/31350323_1_infertility-and-artificial-insemination-sperm-donation-music/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715031909/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-17/news-interviews/31350323_1_infertility-and-artificial-insemination-sperm-donation-music/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Vicky Yadav's music scores a hit |date=17 April 2012}}</ref>
| cinematography = Kamaljeet Negi
| editing = Chandrashekhar Prajapati
| studio = [[Eros International]]<br>[[Rising Sun Films]]<br>[[J.A. Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Eros Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|04|20}}
| runtime = 125 minutes<ref name=Runtime>{{cite web|title=VICKY DONOR (12A) – British Board of Film Classification|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/vicky-donor-2012-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203055707/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/vicky-donor-2012-1|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2016|access-date=17 October 2012|date=17 April 2012}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}4
[[crore]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-29 |title=10 lowest budget movies in India that smashed box-office: Raazi, Stree, Vicky Donor, and more |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/lowest-budget-movie-in-india-1261830 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}68.32 crore<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=9|title = Vicky Donor|work=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref>
}}

'''''Vicky Donor''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Shoojit Sircar]] and produced by actor [[John Abraham]] in his maiden production venture with Sunil Lulla under [[Eros International]] and Ronnie Lahiri under Rising Sun Films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/John-Abraham-proud-of-his-first-baby/Article1-812426.aspx |website=hindustantimes.com |title=John Abraham proud of his first 'baby' |author-last=Saini |author-first=MInakshi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219142841/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/John-Abraham-proud-of-his-first-baby/Article1-812426.aspx |archive-date=19 February 2012 |date=16 February 2012 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[HT Media]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] and [[Yami Gautam]], with [[Annu Kapoor]] and [[Dolly Ahluwalia]] in pivotal roles. The concept is set against the background of [[sperm donation]] and [[infertility]] within a Bengali-Punjabi household. Both Ayushmann and Yami made their film debut through this film.

''Vicky Donor'' was released on 20 April 2012 at around 750 screens in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/548152|title=Vicky Donor Cast & Crew|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=18 February 2012}}{{dead link|date=July 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The film opened to universal critical acclaim and performed strongly at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4384&nCat=/ |title=Vicky Donor Continues Strong Run Emerges SUPER HIT |publisher=Box Office India }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120501114953/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/vicky-donor-earns-rs-22-crore-becomes-a-hit/253446-8-66.html Box Office: 'Vicky Donor' earns Rs 22 crore, becomes a hit] {{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Donor-s-Circle/940999/|title=Donor's Circle|date=18 April 2012|work=The Indian Express|access-date=7 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-vicky-donor-walks-away-with-the-cake-hate-story-manages-to-survive-3164112.html/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428012754/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-vicky-donor-walks-away-with-the-cake-hate-story-manages-to-survive-3164112.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 April 2012 |title=Vicky Donor walks away with cake |publisher=Daily.bhaskar.com }}</ref> It became a commercial success grossing {{Indian Rupee|}}66.32 crore worldwide, against a budget of {{Indian Rupee|}}10 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=9|title=Vicky Donor – Movie – Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref>

At the [[60th National Film Awards]], ''Vicky Donor'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]. At the [[58th Filmfare Awards]], it received 8 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Sircar), [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Ahluwalia) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] (Gautam), and won 4 awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (Kapoor) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]] (Khurrana).

The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Naruda Donoruda]]'' (2016) and in Tamil as ''[[Dharala Prabhu]]'' (2020).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Mythily |title='Dharala Prabhu', a Tamil remake of Bollywood film 'Vicky Donor' |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/dharala-prabhu-a-tamil-remake-of-bollywood-film-vicky-donor-1.70304881 |access-date=12 March 2020 |work=[[Gulf News]]|date=11 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Its-a-wrap-on-Sumanths-Vicky-Donor-remake/articleshow/53870979.cms|title=It's a wrap on Sumanth's Vicky Donor remake|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-11-13}}</ref>

==Plot==
Dr. Baldev Chaddha is a [[fertility]] expert who runs a clinic and a [[sperm bank]] in [[Daryaganj]], [[Delhi]], that guarantees high-quality [[sperm]] for couples. He has more failed cases than successes. He is on the lookout for a healthy and high-performing donor.

Vikram "Vicky" Arora hails from an [[Arora]] [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] family and is the only son of his widowed mother Dolly, who runs a small beauty parlour in [[Lajpat Nagar]]. They live with Vicky's grandmother. Vicky is a vagabond who provides no financial support to the household and starts searching for a job that will provide them with a better lifestyle.

Chaddha meets Vicky and likes his happy-go-lucky nature. He believes Vicky is the donor he has been looking for. He stalks him and eventually painstakingly convinces him to become a sperm donor. Though Vicky is hesitant at first, he accepts after being offered a high salary. Chaddha gets Vicky's semen sample tested from a lab and is delighted to hear that it was a sample with a very high sperm count. Chaddha decides to use it for his patients and starts getting high success rates. Vicky hides his career after facing ridicule from his friends but starts spending wildly renovating his house and the parlour. Chaddha too earns handsomely in this business.

Vicky meets an ambitious accountant, Ashima Roy, at the bank, and they fall in love after going out a number of times. They soon wish to get married, but as a divorced [[Bengali people|Bengali]] bank employee wanting to marry a carefree man from a loud [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] family, both face backlash from their families. However, they eventually manage to get everyone's approval. Vicky continues to hide his occupation and stops donating sperm after getting married, ignoring Chaddha, who continues to chase Vicky as he is his most successful donor.

In an ironic turn of events, the couple discovers that Ashima is [[infertile]]. Both of them get tested, but Vicky does not take the fertility test and is forced to admit to being a sperm donor. Taken aback by her husband's strange career, Ashima leaves for her paternal home. Vicky is heartbroken and cuts all ties with Chaddha.

The parlour is soon raided by [[income tax]] officers due to their frivolous renovations. Vicky is arrested on suspicion of handling [[black money]] but is bailed out by Dr. Chaddha, who reveals his occupation to his family members. Vicky's mother is disgusted and also apologises to Ashima. Vicky's grandmother and Ashima's father make them understand how Vicky's deed has helped many families bear children and ask them to have a progressive take on this.

Chaddha's assistant finds out the list of couples to whom Vicky has donated his sperm. Chaddha calls Vicky and Ashima to an event he has hosted where all families that Vicky helped bear children are present and helps Ashima see how his step helped them find happiness. He then tells them that one child is absent. This little girl has lost her parents in an accident. Her grandparents failed to contact Chaddha's clinic and had to send her to an orphanage. Dr. Chaddha suggests the couple adopt a little girl, Diya. Ashima begins to see reason and understands. The couple reunites, adopts the little girl, and Vicky continues to occasionally donate sperm for Chaddha's clinic.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] as Vikram "Vicky" Arora a.k.a. Vicky Donor
* [[Yami Gautam]] as Ashima "Tuna" Roy,<ref>{{cite news|author=Subhash K Jha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/What-a-saas-bahu-pair-in-Vicky-Donor/articleshow/12848234.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721131316/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-24/news-interviews/31392173_1_saas-bahu-film-shoojit-sircar |url-status=live |archive-date=21 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=What a saas-bahu pair in Vicky Yadav |date=24 April 2012}}</ref> Vicky's wife
* [[Annu Kapoor]] as Dr. Baldev Chaddha
* [[Dolly Ahluwalia]] as Mrs. Dolly Arora, Vicky's mother<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110416/saturday/main1.htm |title=Ties of success |work=[[Tribune (magazine)|The Tribune]] |date=16 April 2012 |access-date=7 May 2012}}</ref>
* [[Kamlesh Gill]] as Biji, Vicky's grandmother<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/meet-kamlesh-gill-vicky-donors-modern-biji/251166-8.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425212514/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/meet-kamlesh-gill-vicky-donors-modern-biji/251166-8.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 April 2012 |title=Meet Kamlesh Gill, Vicky Donor's progressive 'biji' |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=23 April 2012 |access-date=7 May 2012}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120905133153/http://www.ndtvmovies.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20120201858&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=206384/ Vicky Donor's "drinking mom" is a hit among fans]</ref>
* [[Puja Gupta (actress)|Puja Gupta]] as Shweta (Vicky's Neighbour)
* Jayant Das as Mr. Roy (Ashima's Father)
* Swaroopa Ghosh as Pishi (Ashima's Aunt)
*[[Inderpal Singh]] as Tayaji
* Bupesh Pandya as Chaman (Dr. Chadhha's Assistant)
* K.V Rajni as nurse Lata.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/anupama-chopra-s-review-vicky-donor/article1-843754.aspx/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422004302/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Vicky-Donor/Article1-843754.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 April 2012 |title='Vicky Donor' is great fun |publisher=HindustanTimes }}</ref>
* Paramjyot Singh as Vicky's Mama Ji
* [[John Abraham]] as himself in the song "Rum Whisky"
* Vijay Meenu as Parent in Chaddha's hospital
}}

==Themes and development==
''Vicky Donor'' deals with [[sperm donation]] and [[infertility]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/John-next-production-based-on-sperm-donors/Article1-812746.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218030100/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/John-next-production-based-on-sperm-donors/Article1-812746.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2012|work=Hindustan Times|title=John next production based on sperm donors|date=17 February 2012|access-date=18 February 2012}}</ref> When questioned about the risky subject matter, Abraham responded, "Basically, ''Vicky Donor'' is a romantic comedy. But the concept is set against the background of sperm donation." Abraham hoped that the film could shed light on a serious issue still considered "[[taboo]]" in Indian society.

Sircar said, "I want to take a light-hearted look at the taboo attached to infertility and artificial insemination." Before filming began, Sircar researched the plot themes for three years.<ref name="R1">{{cite news
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-07/news-interviews/30257028_1_ayushmann-khurrana-sperm-donor-film
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20111010054814/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-07/news-interviews/30257028_1_ayushmann-khurrana-sperm-donor-film
|archive-date=10 October 2011
|title=Ayushmann's film debut as sperm donor|date=7 October 2011|access-date=19 February 2012
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> [[Juhi Chaturvedi]], creative director at advertising agency [[Bates CHI & Partners|Bates]], who wrote the screenplay based on her own idea, had stayed in [[Lajpat Nagar]] as a student at [[College of Art, Delhi|College of Arts, Delhi]]. As the script went through several drafts, she met a couple who run a noted fertility clinic in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mr Bachchan has approved one of my new screenplays |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/61070-mr-bachchan-has-approved-one-of-my-new-screenplays.html |work=The Pioneer |date= 27 April 2012 }}</ref><ref name=tehelka2012>{{cite news| title =Vicky Donor is born |work=Tehelka| url =http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main52.asp?filename=hub120512VICKY.asp|date=12 May 2012|volume=9|issue=19| access-date = 23 August 2013}}</ref>

==Production==
Despite the usual trend, Abraham did not take up the leading role in the film: "It was a conscious decision to not act in my first production because I believe producing a film is about creating quality content that I believe in."<ref name="R2">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/John-Abraham-is-looking-for-a-Donor/articleshow/10653925.cms
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104094857/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-09/news-interviews/30373777_1_first-film-priyanka-chopra-john-abraham
|url-status=live
|archive-date=4 January 2013
|title=John Abraham is looking for a Donor |date=9 November 2011
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|access-date=19 February 2012
}}</ref> Director Sircar suggested Khurrana, a [[video jockey]] and television host, for the role of Vicky; he was considered because he was popular among the youth. He "can read and write [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] too."<ref name="R1"/><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Introducing-John-s-new-hero-Ayushman-Khurana/Article1-813255.aspx
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219032321/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Introducing-John-s-new-hero-Ayushman-Khurana/Article1-813255.aspx
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=19 February 2012
|work=Hindustan Times
|title=Introducing John's new hero: Ayushman Khurana
|date=18 February 2012
|access-date=18 February 2012
}}</ref> Khurrana turned down three film projects to play the lead in ''Vicky Donor''. To prepare for the role, he met medical experts and donors to understand sperm donation; a major medical consultant specializing in the field was later inducted as a medical adviser for the film. Additionally, Khurrana studied acting and attended workshops with N.K. Sharma in [[Delhi]].<ref name="R1"/> It was later reported that Abraham would perform an "[[item number]]."<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-john-turns-producer-and-item-boy-for-sperm-donors-2874314.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070856/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-john-turns-producer-and-item-boy-for-sperm-donors-2874314.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=4 March 2016
|work=Daily Bhaskar
|title=John turns producer and item boy for sperm donors! |date=18 February 2012
|access-date=18 February 2012
}}</ref> Commenting on his performance, Abraham said "I am glad I cast Ayushmann in the lead. He's a complete natural, has all the trappings of a fine actor and has delivered a super performance. It doesn't seem like ''Vicky Donor'' is his first film." It was reported that the production crew would feature "the best technicians from Los Angeles" and acclaimed action choreographer J J Perry. Incidentally, Ayushmann who plays the lead role, successfully performed a task on the reality show ''[[MTV Roadies]]: Season 2'', which was sperm donation.<ref name="R2"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/glamtalk/vicky-donor-ayushmann-khurranna-makes-ramp-debut_114248.htm|publisher=Zeenews.india.com|title='Vicky Donor' Ayushmann Khurranna makes ramp debut|date= 28 June 2012}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Vicky Donor (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack album features eight tracks which were composed by Abhishek-Akshay, Bann, [[Rochak Kohli]] and [[Ayushmann Khurrana]]. All of them contributed two tracks each. Actor Khurrana also composed and sung the track "[[Pani Da Rang]]" which was released as a single on 1 February 2012. The song was well received by music listeners. The song has a female version composed by Khurrana, and it was sung by Sukanya Purkayastha. The strings were later re-recorded by Aditya Kumar for online copy The entire album released by [[Eros Music]] on 29 February 2012.

The soundtrack album received positive reviews from critics. IBNlive.in says "''Vicky Donor'' album tracks are worth listening and contain rawness."<ref>{{cite web |title=Music Review: Rawness forms core of 'Vicky Donor' |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/music-review-rawness-core-of-vicky-donor/247838-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413174438/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/music-review-rawness-core-of-vicky-donor/247838-8-66.html |archive-date=2012-04-13 |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com}}</ref> [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] at [[58th Filmfare Awards]] for "Pani Da Rang."<ref>{{cite web |date=4 April 2012 |title=iTunes - Music - Vicky Donor (Original Soundtrack to the Motion Picture) by Abhishek - Akshay |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/vicky-donor-original-soundtrack/id516870953 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614053038/http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/vicky-donor-original-soundtrack/id516870953 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 June 2012 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Critical reception===
''Vicky Donor'' received critical acclaim upon release. Blessy Chettiar of ''[[DNA India]]'' rated the film with 4/5 and said, "Run to the nearest theatre and surrender yourself to charm of Vicky and his team. This "Aryaputra" provides only good quality entertainment."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-vicky-donor_1678299|title=Review: Vicky Donor|last=Chettiar|first=Blessy|newspaper=DNA|access-date=13 April 2012}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref> Madhureeta Mukherjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave ''Vicky Donor'' 3.5 out of 5 and said, "It takes a man to make a film like this, literally. Kudos to John Abraham for his brave maiden production. Thankfully, this sperm hits bullseye."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Vicky-Donor/movie-review/12729176.cms|title=Vicky Yadav|last=Mukherjee|first=Madhureeta|newspaper=ToI|access-date=13 April 2012}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Mathures Paul of ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' gave the film 3.5/5 and wrote, "''Vicky Donor'' is an admirable movie that is at once simple, emotional, daring and in your face."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=407392&catid=47|title=Donor 53!|last=Paul|first=Mathures|newspaper=The Statesman|access-date=14 April 2012}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

===Box office===

====India====
The film had an opening at the box office worldwide and collected {{INRConvert|18.8|m}} on its first day in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4320&nCat=/|title=Vicky Donor First Day Territorial Breakdown|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=22 April 2012|archive-date=31 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731031244/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4320&nCat=/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Vicky Donor'' showed good growth on Saturday as all India collections jumped around 35%–40%; it collected around {{INRConvert|26.0|m}} nett taking its two-day business to {{INRConvert|45.0|m}} nett.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4323&nCat=/|title=Vicky Donor Shows Growth on Saturday|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=22 April 2012|archive-date=31 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731043221/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4323&nCat=/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film got tough competition from ''[[Housefull 2]]'' in its first week of theatrical run in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4324&nCat=/|title=Housefull 2 Is First Choice Again This Week|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=22 April 2012|archive-date=31 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731030124/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4324&nCat=/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Vicky Donor'' is the 3rd small-budget film of 2012 after ''[[Paan Singh Tomar (film)|Paan Singh Tomar]]'' and ''[[Kahaani]]'' to receive such an acceptance by critics, multiplex goers and urban audience. It grossed {{INRConvert|32.5|m}} nett on Sunday. ''Vicky Donor'' had a decent three-day weekend as it grossed around {{INRConvert|77.5|m}} nett over its first weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4330&nCat=/|title=Vicky Donor Has Decent Weekend|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=23 April 2012|archive-date=31 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731091418/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4330&nCat=/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It had a good first week of around {{INRConvert|135.0|m}} nett.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4351&nCat=/|title=Vicky Donor Heads For Big Success|date=21 April 2012|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=7 May 2012|archive-date=31 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731033141/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4351&nCat=/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Vicky Donor'' had an excellent second week collecting around {{INRConvert|112.5|m}} nett taking its two-week total to around {{INRConvert|255.0|m}} nett.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4396&nCat=|title=Second Week Box-office Reports|date=28 April 2012|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> ''Vicky Donor'' continued its strong run into the third week and totally grossed {{INRConvert|405.0|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4384&nCat=|title=Vicky Donor Continues Strong Run Emerges SUPER HIT|date=28 April 2012|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=7 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4485&nCat=/|title=Multiplex Contribution To Big Hits of 2012|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=30 May 2012|archive-date=31 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731043904/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4485&nCat=/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/boxoffice-collections.aspx?collection_id=360/|title=6th Week Box Office Collections of VICKY DONOR|publisher=Boxofficecapsule.com}}</ref>

====Overseas====
The film had a wide release with close to 125 prints and grossed a decent $350,000 overseas in four days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4337&nCat=/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729150247/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4337&nCat=/|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 July 2012|title=Vicky Yadav Decent Housefull 2 On $5.75 Million in 17 Days|date=18 April 2012|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> It has done well in North America and decently in other markets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4369&nCat=/|title=Housefull 2 Top Grosser of 2012|date=25 April 2012|publisher=Box Office India}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Grosses are as follow:

* UK: £90,329 ($140,600)
* USA: $466,467
* UAE: $286,000
* Australia: $88,682

Total: $1.2 million (65 million)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.top10bollywood.com/2012/04/vicky-donor-box-office-collections.html|title=Vicky Donor Box Office Collections|access-date=10 May 2012|archive-date=21 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521062239/http://www.top10bollywood.com/2012/04/vicky-donor-box-office-collections.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Date of ceremony
! Award || Category || Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[60th National Film Awards|3 May 2013]]
| rowspan="3" |[[National Film Awards]]||[[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]||Producer: Sunil Lulla, [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], Ronnie Lahiri and Ram Mirchandani
Director: [[Shoojit Sircar]]
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/60th-national-film-awards-the-list-of-winners-597427.html|title=60th National Film Awards: The list of winners|work=News18|access-date=2018-07-18}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]||[[Annu Kapoor]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]||[[Dolly Ahluwalia]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[58th Filmfare Awards|20 January 2013]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|[[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Shoojit Sircar]], Sunil Lulla
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="8" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/58th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-are-here-2123.html|title=58th Idea Filmfare Awards nominations are here!|work=filmfare.com|access-date=2018-07-18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-58th-idea-filmfare-awards-2012/|title=Winners of 58th Idea Filmfare Awards 2012 - Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2013-01-20|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2018-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Shoojit Sircar]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]||[[Annu Kapoor]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Dolly Ahluwalia]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]||[[Ayushmann Khurana]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|[[Yami Gautam]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]||[[Ayushmann Khurrana]] <small>(for the song "[[Pani Da Rang]]")</small>
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]||[[Juhi Chaturvedi]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="12" |12 January 2013
| rowspan="12" |[[Star Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]||[[Dolly Ahluwalia]]
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="12" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4359|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105020213/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4359|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-05|title=Nominations: 19th Annual Colors Screen Awards {{!}} Latest Movie Features - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2013-01-05|access-date=2018-07-18}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4403|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925111241/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4403|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-25|title=Winners of 19th Annual Colors Screen Awards {{!}} Latest Movie Features - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2013-09-25|access-date=2018-07-18}}</ref>

<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/screen-awards-2013-hall-of-fame/1060726/|title=Screen Awards 2013: Hall Of Fame - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-07-18}}</ref>
|-
|[[Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer - Male|Best Male Debut]]||[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Screen Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]||[[Annu Kapoor]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Kamlesh Gill]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Film
|[[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Shoojit Sircar]], Sunil Lulla
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Director
|[[Shoojit Sircar]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Female Debut
|[[Yami Gautam]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Lyrics
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Rochak Kohli]] <small>(for the song "[[Pani Da Rang]]")</small>
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]] <small>(for the song "[[Pani Da Rang]]")</small>
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Story
|[[Juhi Chaturvedi]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Production Design
|Mansi Dhruv Mehta, Vinod
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Editing
|Shekhar Prajapati
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="13" |16 February 2013
| rowspan="13" |[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
|Best Film
|[[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Shoojit Sircar]], Sunil Lulla
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="13" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apsaraawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_nominees.html|title=8th Apsara Awards - Nominees|website=apsaraawards.org|access-date=2018-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://starguildawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_winners.html|title=Star Guild Awards - Winners|website=starguildawards.org|access-date=2018-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930223430/http://www.starguildawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_winners.html|archive-date=30 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|[[Shoojit Sircar]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Actor
| rowspan="2" |[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Star Guild Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Female Debut
|[[Yami Gautam]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actor]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Annu Kapoor]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Star Guild Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actress]]||[[Dolly Ahluwalia]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Screenplay
| rowspan="3" |[[Juhi Chaturvedi]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
| Best Story
|{{Won}}
|-
| Best Dialogue
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Lyricist
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Rochak Kohli]] <small>(for the song "[[Pani Da Rang]]")</small>
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Star Guild Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]||[[Ayushmann Khurrana]] <small>(for the song "[[Pani Da Rang]]")</small>
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |6 April 2013
| rowspan="8" |[[Times of India Film Awards]]
|Best Film
| rowspan="2" |[[Shoojit Sircar]]||{{Nom}}
| rowspan="8" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/category/media-center/articles-in/toifaarticle/18398495.cms|title=TOIFA 2013 nominations {{!}} Times of India Film Awards|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2018-07-18}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/toifa-2013-winners-barfi-wins-top-honors-70811.html|title=TOIFA 2013 Winners: Barfi! Wins Top Honors|work=indiatimes.com|access-date=2018-07-18|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|{{Nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor || rowspan="2" |[[Annu Kapoor]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Comic Actor
|{{Nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress ||[[Dolly Ahluwalia]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| Best Male Debut
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]||{{Won}}
|-
|Best Female Debut
|[[Yami Gautam]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]] <small>(for the song "[[Pani Da Rang]]")</small>
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2013 Zee Cine Awards|7 January 2013]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]||[[Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]||[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4376/Winners+of+Zee+Cine+Awards+2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227090929/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4376/Winners+of+Zee+Cine+Awards+2013|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-12-27|title=Winners of Zee Cine Awards 2013 {{!}} Latest Movie Features - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2013-12-27|access-date=2018-07-18}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]||[[Yami Gautam]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[14th IIFA Awards|6 July 2013]]
| rowspan="12" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Movie|Best Film]]
|[[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Shoojit Sircar]], Sunil Lulla
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="12" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4899|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425044822/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4899|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-04-25|title=Nominations for IIFA Awards 2013 {{!}} Latest Movie Features - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2013-04-25|access-date=2018-07-18}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5202|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224625/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5202|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-06-10|title=Winners of IIFA Awards 2013 {{!}} Latest Movie Features - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2015-06-10|access-date=2018-07-18}}</ref>

<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5020/IIFA%202013%20Technical%20Awards%20Winners|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826143745/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5020/IIFA%202013%20Technical%20Awards%20Winners|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-08-26|title=IIFA 2013 Technical Awards Winners {{!}} Latest Movie Features - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2013-08-26|access-date=2018-07-18}}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Shoojit Sircar]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Male|Best Male Debut]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female|Best Female Debut]]
|[[Yami Gautam]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance in a Comic Role]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Annu Kapoor]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Dolly Ahluwalia]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Juhi Chaturvedi]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Rochak Kohli]] <small>(for the song "[[Pani Da Rang]]")</small>
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]] <small>(for the song "[[Pani Da Rang]]")</small>
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |31 December 2012
| rowspan="5" |[[Big Star Entertainment Awards]]
|Most Entertaining Film of the Year
| rowspan="2" |[[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Shoojit Sircar]], Sunil Lulla
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/big-star-awards-2012-2013-winners-nominations/|title=Big Star Awards 2012 / 2013 - Winners, Nominations|website=www.indicine.com|date=17 December 2012 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-18}}</ref>
|-
|Most Entertaining Film (Comedy)
|{{Nom}}
|-
| Most Entertainment Debut - Male
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]||{{Won}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Debut - Female ||[[Yami Gautam]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Song ||[[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Rochak Kohli]] <small>(for the song "[[Pani Da Rang]]")</small>
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[5th Mirchi Music Awards|7 February 2013]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Mirchi Music Awards]]
|Song of the Year
| rowspan="2" |[[Ayushmann Khurrana]] <small>(for the song "[[Pani Da Rang]]")</small>
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/hindi/nomination.html|title=Nominations - Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2012|website=www.radiomirchi.com|access-date=2018-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/hindi/winners_list.html|title=Winners - Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2012|website=www.radiomirchi.com|access-date=2018-04-27}}</ref>
|-
|Upcoming Male Vocalist of the Year
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Music Composer of The Year|Upcoming Music Composer of the Year]]
|Donn & Bann <small>(for the song "Marr Jayian")</small>
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Rochak Kohli]] <small>(for the song "[[Pani Da Rang]]")</small>
|{{Won}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Lyricist of The Year|Upcoming Lyricist of the Year]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|Technical Sound Engineering of the Year
|Anish Gohil, Biswadeep Chatterjee
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Technical Programmer and Arranger of the Year
|Abhijit Nalani
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="8" | 26 January 2013
| rowspan="8" |[[Stardust Awards]]||[[Stardust Award for Best Film|Best Film]]||[[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Shoojit Sircar]], Sunil Lulla
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="8" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/4437|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123203049/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/4437|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-23|title=Nominations for Stardust Awards 2013 {{!}} Latest Celebrity Features - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2013-01-23|access-date=2018-07-18}}</ref>
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Best Director|Best Director]]||[[Shoojit Sircar]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|Superstar of Tomorrow - Male
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Actress
| rowspan="2" |[[Yami Gautam]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Superstar of Tomorrow - Female
|{{Nom}}
|-
| New Musical Sensation (Male) ||[[Ayushmann Khurrana]] <small>(for the song "[[Pani Da Rang]]")</small>
|{{Won}}
|-
|Standout Performance by a New Lyricist
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Rochak Kohli]] <small>(for the song "[[Pani Da Rang]]")</small>
|{{Nom}}
|-
| 28 January 2013
| Bollywood Hungama Surfers Choice Movie Awards || Best Debut (Male) || Ayushmann Khurana
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 6 January 2013
| rowspan="2" | ETC Bollywood Business Awards || Most Successful Small Budget Movie ||[[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Shoojit Sircar]], Sunil Lulla
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/etc-bollywood-business-awards-2012/presenting-nominees-etc-bollywood-business-awar|title=Presenting the nominees for ETC Bollywood Business Awards 2012|website=PINKVILLA|date=26 December 2012|language=en|access-date=2018-07-18|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718205647/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/etc-bollywood-business-awards-2012/presenting-nominees-etc-bollywood-business-awar|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Most Profitable Debut (Male) ||[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| 1 October 2012
|[[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]|| Star Plus Hottest Song of the Year ||[[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Rochak Kohli]] <small>(for the song "[[Pani Da Rang]]")</small>
|{{Won}}
|
|}

==Sequel and remakes==
After the major critical and commercial success of the film, producer [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] announced that he was encouraged by the response of ''Vicky Donor'' and has therefore laid a sequel on the cards. The sequel titled ''Vicky Pet Se'' is about a [[Male pregnancy|man getting pregnant]]. However, the story was similar to the 2022 film ''[[Mister Mummy]]'' starring [[Riteish Deshmukh]].

[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] has bought the remake rights for the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] version.<ref>Times of India. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131015105432/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-26/kochi/32868886_1_dileep-veteran-actor-thilakan Dileep to remake Bollywood hit Vicky Donor in Malayalam], ''[[The Times of India]]''. 26 July 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012.</ref> Telugu director [[Madhura Sreedhar Reddy|Madhura Sreedhar]] bought the remake rights of the film for the Telugu version named ''[[Naruda Donoruda]]'' starring [[Sumanth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/madhura-sreedhar-to-direct-telugu-version-of-vicky-donor-266930 |title=Madhura Sreedhar to direct Telugu version of Vicky Donor | NDTV Movies.com |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com |date=13 September 2012}}</ref> It was remade in Tamil as ''[[Dharala Prabhu]]'' starring [[Harish Kalyan]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2317337|Vicky Donor}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|vicky_donor_2012}}
* {{Mojo title|vickydonor}}

{{Shoojit Sircar}}
{{National Film Award Wholesome Entertainment}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films about sperm donation]]
[[Category:2012 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shoojit Sircar]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor National Film Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress National Film Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Durga Puja in popular culture]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Midlife crisis films]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Infertility]]
[[Category:2012 Hindi-language films]]

Thiruvananthapuram North–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Garib Rath Express

2026-02-22T14:35:15Z

AngleaDeason621:

{{Short description|Express train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 008000
| name = Thiruvananthapuram North - Lokmanya Tilak Terminus<br>''Garib Rath Superfast Express''
| image = Kochuveli Mumbai LTT train at Pudukad.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Garib Rath]]
| first = {{start date and age|2008|1|31}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| ridership = Southern Railway Thiruvananthapuram Division
| start = {{rws|Thiruvananthapuram North}} (TVCN)
| stops = 22
| end = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] (LTT)
| distance = {{convert|1812|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 30 hours 0 minutes (approx.)
| frequency = Bi-weekly
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 Tier Economy]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack = Yes
| catering = No [[Dining car|Pantry]] car
| observation = yes
| entertainment = yes
| baggage = yes
| map = {{Thiruvananthapuram North–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus GR Express Route}}
| other facilities =
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el = yes
| trainnumber = 12202 / 12201
| speed = Average: {{convert|50|km/h|abbr=on}}<br>Maximum: {{convert|110|km/h|abbr=on}}
}}

[[File:AC Chair Car coach of Garib Rath Express.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]] coach of [[Garib Rath Express]]]]

'''Thiruvananthapuram North – Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Garib Rath Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] express train of the [[Garib Rath Express]] category belonging to [[Indian Railways]] - [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] and [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] in India.

==Service==
The 12202 / 01 [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] [[Garib Rath Express]] covers the distance of 1812 kilometres in 26 hours 35 mins as 12202 [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] [[Garib Rath Express]]& in 27 hours 40 mins as 12201 [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] [[Garib Rath Express]].

During Monsoon, as this train crosses in [[Konkan Railway]] route, there are speed restrictions in this route. It covers the distance of 1812 kilometres in 30 hours 55 mins as 12202 [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] [[Garib Rath Express]]& in 30 hours as 12201 [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] [[Garib Rath Express]]. However, monsoon time table refers w.e.f 10 June to 31 October .

The speed calculation however does not take into account the inflation of distance (approximately 40%) on the [[Konkan Railway]] network.

As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per [[Indian Railways]] rules, its fare includes a superfast surcharge.

==Coaches==
[[File:Coachboard of kochuveli lokmanya tilak terminus garib rath express.jpg|thumb|Coachboard of kochuveli lokmanya tilak terminus garib rath express]]

The 12202 / 01 [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] [[Garib Rath Express]] presently has 16 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier Economy]] & 3 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]] coaches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revision in Composition of Garib Rath Express |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=16162&id=0,4,268.}}</ref>

It does not have a [[Dining car|Pantry car coach]].

As is customary with most train services in India, Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of [[Indian Railways]] depending on demand.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:orange;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:orange;"| 21
|-
|WAP 4||EOG||J3||J2||J1||G16||G15||G14||G13||G12||G11||G10||G9||G8||G7||G6||G5||G4||G3||G2||G1||EOG
|}

* EOG Consists of [[Diesel generator|Generator Van]]
* J Consists of [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Second Sitting (Chair Car)]]
* G Consists of [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 Tier Economy]]

==Routeing==
The train runs from [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] via [[Kollam Junction railway station|Kollam Junction]], [[Kayamkulam Junction railway station|Kayamkulam Junction]], [[Chengannur railway station|Chengannur]], [[Tiruvalla railway station|Tiruvalla]], [[Changanasseri railway station|Changanassery]], [[Kottayam railway station|Kottayam]], [[Ernakulam Town railway station|Ernakulam Town]], [[Thrissur railway station|Thrissur]], [[Shoranur Junction]], [[Tirur railway station|Tirur]], [[Kozhikode railway station|Kozhikode]], [[Kannur railway station|Kannur]], [[Kasaragod railway station|Kasaragod]], [[Mangalore Junction railway station|Mangalore Junction]], [[Udupi railway station|Udupi]], [[Mookambika Road Byndoor railway station|Byndoor Mookambika Road]], [[Ankola railway station|Ankola]], [[Karwar]], [[Madgaon Junction railway station|Madgaon Junction]], [[Ratnagiri railway station|Ratngiri]], [[Panvel railway station|Panvel]], [[Thane railway station|Thane]] to [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]].

==Traction==

As route is fully electrified, it is hauled by an WAP 5 of Vadodara Electric Loco shed or WAP 7 From Erode Electric Loco shed electric locomotive from Mumbai LTT to Kochuveli( Trivandrum North ) and vice versa.

==See also==
*[[List of trains run by Indian Railways]]
*[[Duronto Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/garibrath_trn_list.html |title=GARIBRATH & YUVA TRAIN LIST |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213212015/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/garibrath_trn_list.html |archivedate=13 December 2015 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/EQ-in-trains-to-be-streamlined-soon/2013/04/19/article1551843.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429051211/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/EQ-in-trains-to-be-streamlined-soon/2013/04/19/article1551843.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 April 2014|title=EQ in trains to be streamlined soon|publisher=newindianexpress.com|accessdate=2014-04-28}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/train-derails-cancellations-diversions-on-konkan-rly-route-114041400317_1.html|title=Train derails; cancellations, diversions on Konkan Rly route | Business Standard|publisher=business-standard.com|accessdate=2014-04-28}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate= 8 April 2014 }}

{{Railways in Western India}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Garib Rath Express}}
{{Express trains running through Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kochuveli-Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Garib Rath Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Goa]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Garib Rath Express trains]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2008]]
[[Category:Konkan Railway]]
[[Category:Thiruvananthapuram railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]

Nilima Sheikh

2026-02-09T04:55:44Z

AngleaDeason621: created a info

{{Short description|Indian artist (born 1945)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nilima Sheikh
| image = Nilima Sheikh.png
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age text|18 November 1945}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[British India]]
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Delhi University]]|[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]}}
| known_for = Painting
| spouse = [[Gulam Mohammed Sheikh]]
}}

'''Nilima Sheikh''' (born 18 November 1945) is a visual artist based in [[Vadodara|Baroda]], India.

Since the mid-1980s, Sheikh has done extensive research about traditional art forms in India, advocated for the sustainability of the practice of traditional painters, and used a wide range of visual and literary sources in her work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/programmes/programmes/exhibition-nilima-sheikh/period/current-upcoming|title=Exhibition {{!}} Nilima Sheikh|last=Archive|first=Asia Art|website=aaa.org.hk|language=en|access-date=2018-03-31|archive-date=31 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173318/https://aaa.org.hk/en/programmes/programmes/exhibition-nilima-sheikh/period/current-upcoming|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her work focuses on displacement, longing, historical lineage, tradition, [[communal violence]], and the ideas of [[femininity]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://khojworkshop.org/participant/nilima-sheikh/|title=Nilima Sheikh|website=Khoj|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919100749/http://khojworkshop.org/participant/nilima-sheikh/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="theartstrust-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.theartstrust.com/Magazine_article.aspx?articleid=363|title=Capturing the nuances of artist Nilima Sheikh's practice|website=The Arts Trust|access-date=27 April 2017|archive-date=8 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808171513/http://www.theartstrust.com/Magazine_article.aspx?articleid=363|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.flashartonline.com/2017/12/nilima-sheikh-chemould-prescott-road/|title=Nilima Sheikh Chemould Prescott Road / Mumbai|date=2017-12-15|work=Flash Art|access-date=2018-03-31|language=en-US}}</ref> She started exhibiting her work in 1969 and has participated in numerous group exhibitions, most recently [[documenta 14]], Athens and Kassel in 2017. Her first museum exhibition was organized by [[Art Institute of Chicago|The Art Institute of Chicago]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apollo-magazine.com/trouble-paradise-tribute-kashmir-art-institute-chicago/|title=Trouble in Paradise: A Tribute to Kashmir in Chicago {{!}} Apollo Magazine|date=2014-03-20|work=Apollo Magazine|access-date=2018-03-31|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Nilima was born on 18 November 1945 in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000097953|title=Sheikh, Nilima {{!}} Grove Art|year=2005|language=en|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T097953|access-date=2018-08-08|last1=Nagy|first1=Peter A.}}</ref> studied history at the [[Delhi University]] between 1962 and 1965, and received her Master of Fine Arts from the Faculty of Fine Arts, [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nilima Sheikh|url=https://www.saffronart.com/artists/nilima-sheikh|website=SaffronArt}}</ref> She was influenced by artists such as Kanwal Krishna, [[Devyani Krishna]], and [[K. G. Subramanyan]], and attributes the older [[Santiniketan]] experiment, Baroda's weightage to art history, and her earlier education in history as major influences.<ref name="idiva-interview">{{cite web|title=Artist Nilima Sheikh Recounts Her Art Journey|url=https://www.idiva.com/news-work-life/artist-nilima-sheikh-shares-her-journey-in-art/16042733|website=idiva}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Conversation Between Vishakha N. Desai And Nilima Sheikh And Shahzia Sikander To Mark The Exhibition, Conversations With Traditions At Asia Society, New York, 17 November 2001|url=http://www.criticalcollective.in/ArtistConversationInner3.aspx?Aid=40|website=Critical Collective|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026151619/https://criticalcollective.in/ArtistConversationInner3.aspx?Aid=40|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sheikh who originally trained in Western-style oil painting and later transitioned to a self-taught miniature painter due to her interests in historical traditions of painting in Asia.<ref name="idiva-interview" /> She has also stated to be influenced by pre-modern Rajput and Mughal court paintings, especially traditional tempera paintings like [[Pichhwai]] and [[thangka |Thangka paintings]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Conversations with Traditions: Nilima Sheikh and Shahzia Sikander|url=http://asiasociety.org/conversations-traditions-nilima-sheikh-and-shahzia-sikander|website=Asia Society}}</ref>

== Career ==
From 1987-89, Nilima organised and participated in the exhibition titled 'Through The Looking Glass' with her contemporaries, the women artists [[Nalini Malani]], [[Madhvi Parekh]], and [[Arpita Singh]]. The exhibition, featuring works by all four artists, travelled to five non-commercial venues across India. Inspired by a meeting in 1979 with [[Nancy Spero]], [[May Stevens]] and [[Ana Mendieta]] at the [[A.I.R. Gallery|AIR Gallery]] in New York (the first all-female artists’ cooperative gallery in the US), Nalini Malani had planned to organise an exhibition entirely of works by women artists, which failed to materialise due to a lack of interest and support.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rix |first=Juliet |title=Nalini Malani – interview: 'The future is female. There is no other way' |url=https://www.studiointernational.com/index.php/nalini-malani-interview-the-future-is-female-there-is-no-other-way-fundacio-joan-miro-national-gallery-london |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=www.studiointernational.com}}</ref>

== Exhibitions ==
Solo exhibitions include ''Terrain: Carrying Across, Leaving Behind'', Gallery Chemould, Mumbai (2017); "Each night put Kashmir in your dreams," Chemould Prescott Road, Mumbai (2010),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallerychemould.com/exhibitions/nilima-exhibition-2010/|title=Each Night Put Kashmir in Your Dreams|website=Gallery Chemould|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-date=31 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331104714/http://gallerychemould.com/exhibitions/nilima-exhibition-2010/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saffronart.com/sitepages/ArticleDetails.aspx?ArticleId=1048|title=Each Night Put Kashmir in Your Dreams|website=Saffronart|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162520/https://www.saffronart.com/sitepages/ArticleDetails.aspx?ArticleId=1048|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi (2010), and The Art Institute of Chicago (2014); ''Drawing Trails'', Gallery Espace, Delhi, India (2009).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aaa.org.hk/en/collection/search/library/nilima-sheikh-drawing-trails|title=Nilima Sheikh: Drawing Trails|website=Asia Art Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saffronart.com/sitepages/ArticleDetails.aspx?ArticleId=940|title='Drawing Trails' by Nilima Sheikh|website=Saffronart|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162418/https://www.saffronart.com/sitepages/ArticleDetails.aspx?ArticleId=940|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Group exhibitions include documenta 14, Athens and Kassel (2017); Revisiting Beauty, Gallery Threshold, New Delhi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/revisiting-beauty-threshold-art-gallery-new-delhi|title='Revisiting Beauty' with contemporary artists|website=Verve}}</ref> (2016); 48th Annual Exhibition 2015, Birla Academy of Art and Culture, Calcutta<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birlaart.com/48th-annual-exhibition-2015|title=48th Annual Exhibition 2015|website=Birla Academy of Art & Culture|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415104716/http://birlaart.com/48th-annual-exhibition-2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> (2015); Aesthetic Bind | Floating World, Chemould Prescott Rd, Colaba<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallerychemould.com/exhibitions/aesthetic-bind-cabinet-closet-wunderkammer/|title=Floating World|website=Gallery Chemould|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918024810/http://www.gallerychemould.com/exhibitions/aesthetic-bind-cabinet-closet-wunderkammer/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (2014); ''Touched by Bhupen'', Galerie Mirchandani + Steinruecke, Colaba<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galeriems.com/exhibition-details.php?id=64|title=Let me count the ways|website=Galerie Mirchandani + Steinruecke|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805203906/http://www.galeriems.com/exhibition-details.php?id=64|url-status=dead}}</ref> (2013); and Tracing Time - Works On Paper, Bodhi Art, Mumbai<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.artslant.com/ew/events/show/53180-tracing-time---works-on-paper|title=Tracing Time - Works on Paper|website=ArtSlant}}</ref> (2009).

In 2018, [[Asia Art Archive]] from Hong Kong organized an exhibition called ''[https://aaa.org.hk/en/programmes/programmes/lines-of-flight-nilima-sheikh-archive/search/keywords:lines-of-flight-nilima-sheikh-archive-513269/period/past Lines of Flight: Nilima Sheikh Archive drawing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207130818/https://aaa.org.hk/en/programmes/programmes/lines-of-flight-nilima-sheikh-archive/search/keywords:lines-of-flight-nilima-sheikh-archive-513269/period/past |date=7 February 2024 }}'' from their collection of Nilima Sheikh. The exhibition presents travelling as a research method and artistic techniques for her to reinterpret material cultures and histories across national borders.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Archive |first=Asia Art |title=Lines of Flight: Nilima Sheikh Archive |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/programmes/programmes/lines-of-flight-nilima-sheikh-archive |access-date=2019-02-13 |website=aaa.org.hk |language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, Sheikh's work was exhibited in [https://www.documenta14.de/en/artists/13561/nilima-sheikh documenta 14] in Athens, Greece, and in Kassel, Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.documenta14.de/en/artists/13561/nilima-sheikh|title=Nilima Sheikh|website=www.documenta14.de|language=en|access-date=2019-03-23}}</ref>

For the 2020 Dhaka Art Summit, Sheikh created one of her largest murals titled, 'Beyond Loss'.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-11|title=Seismic Movements.dhaka Art Summit 2020|url=https://artishockrevista.com/2020/02/11/seismic-movements-dhaka-art-summit-2020/|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Artishock Revista|language=es}}</ref>

== Art forms ==
Nilima creates artwork in a diverse range of forms. Those include stencils, drawing, painting, installation, large scrolls, theatre set designs and children books illustration. The books that she has been involved in production are: Do Mutthi Chawal (1986), Moon in the Pot (2008), Blue and Other Stories (2012) and Saare Mausam Achchhe (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archive |first=Asia Art |title=Nilima Sheikh Archive.Children's Book Illustrations |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/search/archive/nilima-sheikh-archive-childrens-book-illustrations |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=aaa.org.hk |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328121021/https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/search/archive/nilima-sheikh-archive-childrens-book-illustrations |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Research ==
Nilima finds inspirations from various cultures through travelling.

In the mid-1980s, she received a fellowship to document the traditional art forms, especially Picchwai paintings of [[Nathdwara]]. She made drawings of the motifs of these art forms, documented the tools and methods they use, and also corresponded with organizations related to cultural heritage to ask for support for the preservation of these art forms.<ref name=":0" />

In 1990, she was invited to visit Beijing, China by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations to look at the reproductions of Dunhuang murals. She visited again, together with Gulam in 2011, for a site visit at the caves in Dunhuang.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archive |first=Asia Art |title=Accumulated Grace: Nilima Sheikh on the Dunhuang Caves |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/ideas/ideas/accumulated-grace-nilima-sheikh-on-the-dunhuang-caves |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=aaa.org.hk |language=en}}</ref> Nilima believes the visual aesthetics of Dunhuang cave has influenced her own creative practice as she often infused shifting perspectives and scales into her own works.

== Further reading ==
* Sheikh, Nilima (2017).''Terrain: Carrying Across, Leaving Behind''. Chemould Prescott Road and Gallery Espace Art Pvt. {{ISBN|9788193023907}}
* Sangari, Kumkum (2013). ''Trace Retrace''. [[Tulika Books]]. {{ISBN|9789382381136}}
* Chadwick, Whitney (2012). ''Woman, Art and Society: Fifth Edition''. Thames & Hudson Inc. {{ISBN|9780500204054}}

==See also==
* {{Portal-inline|Biography}}
* {{Portal-inline|India}}
* {{Portal-inline|Art}}
* {{Portal-inline|Visual Arts}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Nilima Sheikh}}

* [https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/g11dxjwd2gj Profile on Google Arts & Culture]
* [https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/search/archive/nilima-sheikh-archive Nilima Sheikh Archive on Asia Art Archive]
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheikh, Nilma}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Women artists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Painters from Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:Painters from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women painters]]

2006 Delhi sealing drive

2026-02-01T22:20:48Z

AngleaDeason621: new

{{update|date=April 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
The '''2006 Delhi sealing drive''' was a campaign by the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] (MCD) to close (and thus "[[seal (mechanical)|seal]]" the locks of) a number of illegal commercial establishments in Delhi, India which lacked authorization. The drive witnessed considerable opposition from trading bodies in the city which led to the deaths of four people in September 2006. It ran until early 2007.

As of today, the [[Supreme Court of India]] has suspended the drive. The new plan envisions a mixed land use policy by which commercial and residential use can be simultaneous. However, the sealing drive in Delhi is very much in progress. Shops and establishments which were registered by the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] under 24 specified categories were made to pay various charges though most of them have commercial [[electricity meter]]s and some have approved commercial water meters. Almost all the shops had [[Value added tax|VAT]] registration and the owners were paying [[income tax]] through income from these shops. So all the shops which are running from residential areas and were not found on notified roads are being forcibly shut down.

==Opposition==

===Criticism of the government===
The [[Indian government|government of India]] has been reprimanded time and again by the courts for failing to conduct the drive properly: for making excuses such as the drive will create law and order problems, and for not proceeding against the big establishments but instead targeting small shops. Apparently the government has a way of solving the issue by putting in force the Delhi Master Plan 2021 which will allow mixed land use and thus make the commercial activity in residential area legal (a law which the court has declared invalid) out of judicial purview,<ref>{{cite web|last=Venkatesan|first=J.|title=IX Schedule has outlived its purpose: Nariman|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006103106031000.htm&date=2006/10/31/&prd=th&|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919025620/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006103106031000.htm&date=2006/10/31/&prd=th&|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 September 2012|work=[[The Hindu]] (hinduonnet.com)|accessdate=26 June 2011}}</ref> but the government has as yet not given any indication that it plans to do so. This is probably because that would put the government in direct confrontation with the [[judiciary]]. One of the allegations put forward is that the government is not taking any initiative to stop the drive in order to promote shopping [[Shopping mall|mall]]s.

===Court judgement===
Reacting to several PILs, the Supreme Court has repeatedly reprimanded the government for improperly conducting the drive. After the government introduced a law to provide relief to the trading bodies, the court declared it invalid in response to another [[public interest litigation]].<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?id=91283&template=delhidemolitions&callid=1&frmsrch=1&txtsrch=sealing www.ndtv.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929141633/http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?id=91283&template=delhidemolitions&callid=1&frmsrch=1&txtsrch=sealing |date=29 September 2007 }}</ref> The court has also struck down various petitions of the government suspending the drive.

Several traders' unions have argued that the action may have serious economic, social and psychological impact, and accused the government of not providing adequate alternate space required for shops and offices.

===Improper conduct allegations against CJI Y.K. Sabharwal===
Chief justice of the [[Supreme Court of India]], [[Y.K. Sabharwal]] in March 2005 took over the demolition cases although they had not been assigned to him.<ref name=prashant>
{{cite news
|title=Contempt of Judicial Power
|author=Prashant Bhushan
|author-link=Prashant Bhushan
|publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]
|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20070919&fname=prashant&sid=1
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104105700/http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20070919&fname=prashant&sid=1
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=4 January 2013
|date=19 September 2007
|accessdate=23 September 2007
}}</ref> In 2007, the paper [[Mid-Day]] revealed that Sabharwal's two sons Chetan and Nitin operated a real estate firm Pawan Impex, which after languishing for three years, suddenly attracted a 300-fold capitalization from the real-estate major [[BPTP]] around the same time that Sabharwal took over this case. As a result of the demolition of many well-established commercial offices across Delhi, the demand for mall spaces skyrocketed. In October 2005, Pawan Impex partnered with the promoters of Filatex India, and they went on to build the new [[Square One Mall(India)|Square One Mall]] luxury mall in [[Saket]].

In a newspaper rebuttal, Justice Sabharwal addressed some other allegations, but failed to explain why he did not [[recuse]] himself from a case where his own sons may be said to have a direct interest.<ref name=yks>{{cite news
|title=A former Chief Justice of India defends his honour
|author=Justice Y.K. Sabharwal
|work=[[Times of India]] Delhi
|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=Q0FQLzIwMDcvMDkvMDIjQXIwMTAwMA==&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom
|date=2 September 2007
|accessdate=23 September 2007
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015070814/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=Q0FQLzIwMDcvMDkvMDIjQXIwMTAwMA%3D%3D&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom
|archivedate=15 October 2007
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

In September 2007, four Mid-Day journalists were sentenced to four months imprisonment by the [[Delhi High Court]] for [[contempt of court]] (making such allegations about an ex-judge).<ref>
{{cite news
| title = 4 journos get jail term for scandalising ex-CJI
| publisher = [[CNN-IBN]]
| url = http://www.ibnlive.com/news/4-journos-get-jail-term-for-scandalising-excji/49078-3.html
| date = 21 September 2007
| accessdate = 23 September 2007
}}</ref>

Vitusha Oberoi, an editor at Mid-day, said: "We have said that what we have said is the truth (in their articles relating to former [[Chief Justice of India]] Y K Sabharwal) and that is why we should not be hauled up for contempt."<ref>
{{cite news| title= We have taken truth to be our defence: Vitusha Oberoi| work= [[The Hindu]]| url= http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200709211658.htm| date= 21 September 2007| accessdate= 22 September 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071014011601/http://hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200709211658.htm| archivedate= 14 October 2007| url-status=dead| df= dmy-all}}</ref>

==Timeline of the drive==
The demolition and sealing drive was started in February 2006, and ran until early 2007.
Some of the major events were as follows:<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/template/completetimeline.asp?template1=delhidemolitions ndtv.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929141037/http://www.ndtv.com/template/completetimeline.asp?template1=delhidemolitions |date=29 September 2007 }}</ref>
On 16 February 2006, the Delhi High Court sent a notice to the MCD to remove all the commercial ventures in residential areas in the city.
On 25 February, after some violent reactions the demolition activities were suspended.
During 18 March through 21 March, traders protested the 26 March date for SC hearings and there was a call for a [[bandh]].

On 24 March the SC extended the deadline to 28 March 2006 after seeing the tense situation in the capital. It ordered violating traders to submit [[affidavit]]s stating that they would shut down their businesses or face action from 29 March.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071201053623/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2006/03/25/stories/2006032513280100.htm www.hinduonnet.com]}}</ref> Over 40,000 traders filed the affidavits.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi Corporation moves apex court|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006110115971400.htm&date=2006/11/01/&prd=th&|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125120704/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006110115971400.htm&date=2006/11/01/&prd=th&|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 January 2013|work=[[The Hindu]] (hinduonnet.com)|accessdate=27 June 2011|author=}}</ref>
On 29 March, under tight security, MCD started sealing the commercial establishments whose owners had failed to file affidavits before the deadline set by the court.

On 25 April, the union urban development minister, [[Jaipal Reddy]], said that the [[Indian government|central government]] would provide a bill concerning regularisation of commercial establishments. MCD announced the end of the sealing drive on 20 May after the central government introduced a bill to suspend the action of municipal authorities. President [[Abdul Kalam|Kalam]] gave his assent to the bill to make it law on 21 May, and on 23 May the MCD started desealing shops in the capital.

In response to a petition moved jointly by the Delhi [[Resident Welfare Association|Residents Welfare Associations]] Front and an [[NGO]] Citizens Forum, which alleged that the new legislation was politically motivated in advance of the coming municipal elections, and was illegal, the SC issued notices to the [[Indian government|centre]] and the MCD on 23 May.

The SC termed the new law, which was putting a moratorium on demolitions and sealings in the capital, as invalid on 10 August. The court also ordered the MCD to restart sealing in the capital. The MCD resumed the sealing of shops in residential areas on 1 September, after a gap of three months. The All Delhi Traders Association filed a petition in the SC demanding the implementation of the Delhi Special Provisions Act that suspended the demolitions for a year. The monitoring committee appointed by the SC in consultation with the MCD decided that no day-to-day-need shops would be sealed.

In another effort to avoiding a confrontation with either the judiciary or the protesting trading bodies, the Delhi government's [[Delhi Development Authority]] (DDA) made several amendments to the 2001 Delhi Master Plan on 7 September. According to the proposed amendments:
# Professionals could use their basements as offices, except in 70 upmarket localities.
# MCD or government-recognised pre-primary schools would not be sealed.
# Commercial activity would be permitted in Delhi's 350 villages, except polluting or hazardous units.
::The amendments however offered no relief to Delhi's upmarket areas.

MCD expanded its sealing drive on 19 September; traders protested at nearly 100 locations across the city. The SC refused to stay the sealing drive.
Four people died in police shootings after the bandh called by the traders in Delhi turned violent on 20 September.
On 21 September the Prime Minister, [[Manmohan Singh]], set up a Group of Ministers (GoM) to look into the issues pertaining to sealing in Delhi. The MCD suspended all sealing operations in the capital for the time being, following the violence. It said it wanted more security to carry out the sealing drive.

On 29 September the SC declared that there would be no sealing of shops or commercial establishments till 31 October after which it would resume. The court also asked the owners of the illegal shops to submit affidavits stating that their businesses were being run on illegal premises. The court also clarified that it would not tolerate the government's continued attempts to pass new laws that dilute its orders to remove shops in residential areas.

On 18 October the Supreme Court further extended, till 31 January 2007, the last date for filing of affidavits by traders in the capital who were using residential premises for commercial activities for those who had not done so and thus in a way temporarily postponed the sealing of their shops. Sealing was however not stopped for the 44,000 traders who had already submitted the affidavits. On 25 October the Delhi Traders Association decided to intensify its protests against the sealing drive, which was scheduled to restart from 1 November. On 30 October, the traders started a three-day strike against the sealing drive.

On 31 October the traders tried to resolve the case and meet [[Jaipal Reddy]] and Delhi chief minister [[Sheila Dikshit]].

On 1 November the centre moved the SC seeking relief for the 44,000 traders in Delhi who were facing sealing. The centre told the Supreme Court's monitoring committee that sealings could not go on because the law and order situation could not be handled. They claimed that protests were threatening to become extremely violent, and could seriously affect the whole city.

On 2 November the SC decided to hear the sealing case on 6 November. The GoM decided not to carry out any sealing operations until 6 November. On 3 November, the MCD approached the SC with a fresh petition asking for an indefinite postponement of sealing, citing the law and order situation. The [[Delhi Police]] added that it needed reinforcements to deal with the law and order situation, which it would only have by 6 November.

On 6 November the SC refused to grant any relief to traders from the sealing drive.
The court dismissed applications of the Centre, Delhi government and the MCD, seeking relief for the traders. A meeting of the GoM decided that the SC's order on sealing would be implemented. After this statement, traders announced that they would hold a 24-hour bandh in Delhi on 7 November and then decide their future course of action.

On 7 November the traders protested against the Supreme Court's order to resume the sealing drive by holding a one-day strike. On 8 November the MCD restarted the drive amidst protests. 25 companies of paramilitary forces are deployed in New Delhi to assist in sealing drive.
On 9 November the [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]]'s office was sealed as it was operating from a posh residential colony.

On 27 November the government said that a master plan for Delhi, addressing all of its civic problems, would be finalised by January 2007.[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929142250/http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Delhidemolitions&id=97051&callid=1 ndtv.com]

On 4 December traders held a 'Sealing Chetna Week' (Sealing Awareness Week) against the sealing drive.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Delhidemolitions&id=97389&callid=1 ndtv.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929140528/http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Delhidemolitions&id=97389&callid=1 |date=29 September 2007 }}</ref>

On 18 December the showrooms of several top designers were sealed in the Ambawata complex mall near Qutub Minar in South Delhi.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Delhidemolitions&id=98101&callid=1 ndtv.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225703/http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Delhidemolitions&id=98101&callid=1 |date=26 September 2007 }}</ref>

On 24 January, the government filed a petition in the Supreme Court seeking to finish the drive as according to it the decisions passed by the court would become irrelevant once the Delhi Master Plan came into force in February 2007. (The plan allowed mixed land use in various circumstances according to which land can be used both for commercial and residential purposes.)<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Delhidemolitions&id=99926&callid=1 ndtv.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929140811/http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Delhidemolitions&id=99926&callid=1 |date=29 September 2007 }}</ref>

On 31 January thousands of traders filed affidavits that they would abide by the court's verdict as demanded by the SC even as the government claimed that the soon to be notified Delhi Master Plan would finish off the drive. The new Master Plan allowed far more liberal guidelines for construction and commercial development. Shops on streets across Delhi, that were forced to shut down, would have the right to reopen if they could provide parking. Under the new Masterplan, an extra floor could be added and the landlord could rent out each floor if he provided parking of two cars. Fifty per cent of the house could be used for an office and so could the basement.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Delhidemolitions&id=100237&callid=1 ndtv.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929141541/http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Delhidemolitions&id=100237&callid=1 |date=29 September 2007 }}</ref>

On 7 February, confusion prevailed on the issue as the government said that due to the provisions in the Master Plan there was no need for sealing. The SC appointed monitoring committee had demanded that sealing should continue.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Delhidemolitions&id=100566&callid=1 ndtv.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121831/http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Delhidemolitions&id=100566&callid=1 |date=29 September 2007 }}</ref>
On 8 February the Delhi Master Plan was notified which identified a mixed land use policy according to which shops on over 2000 roads could function. The SC said that sealing should be suspended until 12 February.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Delhidemolitions&id=100633&callid=1 ndtv.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929142646/http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Delhidemolitions&id=100633&callid=1 |date=29 September 2007 }}</ref>
On 9 February an NGO, The Delhi Pradesh Citizen Council, challenged the Masterplan in the Supreme Court saying that it is a move only to appease the traders ahead of incoming municipal elections.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/morenews/showmorestory.asp?id=100665&frmsrch=1&txtsrch=sealing ndtv.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929141452/http://www.ndtv.com/morenews/showmorestory.asp?id=100665&frmsrch=1&txtsrch=sealing |date=29 September 2007 }}</ref>
On 13 February the Supreme Court stayed the sealing of commercial establishments in residential areas on 2,183 roads covered by the Master Plan Delhi-2021 until the issuing of further orders.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sealing stayed until further orders|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/13/stories/2007021306581200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216030738/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/13/stories/2007021306581200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2007|accessdate = 27 June 2011|author=|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 February 2007}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20120919025620/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006103106031000.htm&date=2006/10/31/&prd=th& IX Schedule has outlived its purpose: Nariman]}} ''[[The Hindu]]'', 31 October 2006.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929141633/http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?id=91283&template=delhidemolitions&callid=1&frmsrch=1&txtsrch=sealing SC terms Delhi sealing, demolitions law illegal], [[ndtv.com]], 10 August 2006.{{Dead link|date=June 2011}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929141037/http://www.ndtv.com/template/completetimeline.asp?template1=delhidemolitions Timeline], ndtv.com{{Dead link|date=June 2011}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071201053623/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2006/03/25/stories/2006032513280100.htm Supreme Court extends sealing deadline]}} ''[[The Hindu]]'', 25 March 2006.{{Dead link|date=June 2011}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130125120704/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006110115971400.htm&date=2006/11/01/&prd=th& Delhi Corporation moves apex court]}} ''[[The Hindu]]'', 1 November 2006.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070212011631/http://www.delhisealing.org/ Delhi Sealing Drive : De-Sealing Drive in Delhi, Delhi Master Plan 2021, Your Voice on Delhi Sealing]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071127171447/http://urbanindia.nic.in/moud/what%27snew/Final_approved_notification.pdf Modifications to Delhi's master plan which would on implementation benefit traders]
* [http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/nov/06spec.htm Why shops are being sealed in Delhi] on Rediff.com
* [http://www.bptp.com/ BPTP homepage]

{{DEFAULTSORT:2006 Delhi Sealing Drive}}
[[Category:2006 in India|Delhi Sealing Drive, 2006]]
[[Category:2010s in Delhi]]
[[Category:Law enforcement operations in India]]
[[Category:2000s in Delhi]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in Delhi]]

Rita Tewari

2026-01-25T13:04:23Z

AngleaDeason621: created a article

{{short description|Molecular parasitologist}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Rita Tewari
| image = File:Rita Tewari (cropped).jpg
| caption = Rita Tewari speaking at a conference at [[EMBL]]
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| workplaces = [[University of Nottingham]]
}}
'''Rita Tewari''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[parasitologist]] who studies the [[cell and molecular biology]] of [[malaria]]. She currently holds a post as professor at the [[University of Nottingham]].

== Early life and education ==
Tewari was born in [[Delhi]], [[India]], however she moved to the North-East of the country when she was growing up. Her father was a professor in social sciences. Tewari reports having contracted malaria seven times when she was young.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://home.bt.com/news/science-news/expert-caught-malaria-seven-times-11363918749679|title=Expert 'caught malaria seven times'|date=10 July 2014|website=BT News|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526201523/http://home.bt.com/news/science-news/expert-caught-malaria-seven-times-11363918749679|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-07/uon-ta070814.php|title=The 'yin and yang' of malaria parasite development|website=EurekAlert!|language=en|access-date=2019-05-26|archive-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526201528/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-07/uon-ta070814.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.labnews.co.uk/news/malaria-research-close-to-understanding-parasite-lifecycle-30-07-2014/|title=Malaria research close to understanding parasite lifecycle|last=Admin|date=2014-07-30|website=Laboratory News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> She initially wanted to study [[medicine]] at university but had to read [[zoology]] instead due to a lack of choice in her local area. She returned to the city of her birth for her PhD, studying X-chromosome genetics at the [[University of Delhi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://exchange.nottingham.ac.uk/blog/dr-rita-tewari/|title=Profile: Dr Rita Tewari – Campus News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-26|archive-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526193431/https://exchange.nottingham.ac.uk/blog/dr-rita-tewari/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==
Tewari held a number of research posts across Europe after completing her PhD in 1989. In chronological order these included a postdoc at the [[Institut national de la recherche agronomique]], [[France]], senior research associate positions at the [[National Institute for Medical Research]]/[[University of Cambridge]] and [[Erasmus University Rotterdam]], and as a senior scientist at the [[Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology]], [[Norway]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/life-sciences/people/rita.tewari|title=Rita Tewari - The University of Nottingham|website=www.nottingham.ac.uk|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> In 1999 she was hired as a research lecturer at [[Imperial College London]], where she first began working on malaria using mice models.<ref name=":0" /> She remained here for nine years, notably contributing to research into the role of a [[calcium-dependent protein kinase]] in the life cycle of ''[[Plasmodium berghei]]'' with the lab of [[Oliver Bilker|Oliver Billker]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/college.asp?P=5272|title=Reporter - Key life cycle switch in malaria parasite|website=www.imperial.ac.uk|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brinkmann|first1=Volker|last2=Franke-Fayard|first2=Blandine|last3=Wenig|first3=Gerald|last4=Tewari|first4=Rita|last5=Dechamps|first5=Sandrine|last6=Billker|first6=Oliver|date=2004-05-14|title=Calcium and a Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase Regulate Gamete Formation and Mosquito Transmission in a Malaria Parasite|journal=Cell|language=en|volume=117|issue=4|pages=503–514|doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00449-0|issn=0092-8674|pmid=15137943|s2cid=15519738|doi-access=free}}</ref> The results demonstrated the importance of the protein and [[calcium]] release in the conversion of sexual blood stage forms of the parasite into reproductive forms upon being taken up by the [[mosquito]].<ref name=":2" />

Tewari became a lecturer at the [[University of Nottingham]] in 2008, and was subsequently promoted to associate professor in 2012, and full professor in 2015.<ref name=":1" />

Tewari and her lab have focused on studying the molecular players in malaria transmission and development, using the rodent malaria ''[[Plasmodium berghei|P. berghei]]'' as a model, in the hope of discovering new targets for drugs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/pressreleases/2013/february/malaria-on-the-shelph.aspx|title=Putting malaria on the SHELPH - The University of Nottingham|website=www.nottingham.ac.uk|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> A 2012 study published by the group identified a malarial [[Phosphatase|phosphotase]] essential for the parasite to become and function as the [[ookinete]] form, which spreads the parasite through the mosquito.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crick.ac.uk/news/2012-09-20-enzyme-discovery-may-lead-to-new-ways-to-fight-malaria|title=Enzyme discovery may lead to new ways to fight malaria|website=Crick|language=en|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tewari|first1=Rita|last2=Holder|first2=Anthony A.|last3=Tobin|first3=Andrew B.|last4=Sinden|first4=Robert E.|last5=Green|first5=Judith L.|last6=Solyakov|first6=Lev|last7=Straschil|first7=Ursula|last8=Patzewitz|first8=Eva-Maria|last9=Brady|first9=Declan|date=2012-09-20|title=A Unique Protein Phosphatase with Kelch-Like Domains (PPKL) in Plasmodium Modulates Ookinete Differentiation, Motility and Invasion|journal=PLOS Pathogens|language=en|volume=8|issue=9|article-number=e1002948|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1002948|issn=1553-7374|pmc=3447748|pmid=23028336 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A year later they helped discover a calcium transporter also essential for growth of the parasite.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sgul.ac.uk/news/news-archive/malaria-parasite-protein-identified-as-potential-new-target-for-drug-treatment|title=Malaria parasite protein identified as potential new target for drug treatment|website=www.sgul.ac.uk|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Staines|first1=Henry M.|last2=Tewari|first2=Rita|last3=Krishna|first3=Sanjeev|last4=Soldati-Favre|first4=Dominique|last5=Wheatley|first5=Sally P.|last6=Slavic|first6=Ksenija|last7=McFarlane|first7=Leon R.|last8=Poulin|first8=Benoit|last9=Frénal|first9=Karine|date=2013-02-28|title=The Plasmodium berghei Ca2+/H+ Exchanger, PbCAX, Is Essential for Tolerance to Environmental Ca2+ during Sexual Development|journal=PLOS Pathogens|language=en|volume=9|issue=2|article-number=e1003191|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1003191|pmid=23468629|pmc=3585132|issn=1553-7374 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2014 Tewari's group published a genetic screen of [[phosphatase]]s identified across the ''[[Plasmodium berghei|P. berghei]]'' genome.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mrc.ukri.org/news/browse/the-yin-and-yang-of-malaria-parasite-development/|title=The 'yin and yang' of malaria parasite development|last=Medical Research Council|first=M. R. C.|date=2019-01-14|website=mrc.ukri.org|language=en|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> A genetic knock-out could not be generated for half of the genes, suggesting a potentially essential function in the life of the parasite, and six others were found to play important roles in sexual development and transmission.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tewari|first1=Rita|last2=Pain|first2=Arnab|last3=Wickstead|first3=Bill|last4=Holder|first4=Anthony A.|last5=Tate|first5=Edward W.|last6=Arold|first6=Stefan T.|last7=Radhakrishnan|first7=Anand|last8=Mohamed|first8=Alyaa M. A. H.|last9=Wright|first9=Megan H.|date=2014-07-09|title=Genome-wide Functional Analysis of Plasmodium Protein Phosphatases Reveals Key Regulators of Parasite Development and Differentiation|url= |journal=Cell Host & Microbe|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=128–140|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2014.05.020|issn=1931-3128|pmc=4094981|pmid=25011111}}</ref> Genomic analysis for [[Sequence homology|protein orthologues]] and genetic manipulation continues to play a major role in Tewari's work, including the 2015 discovery of malarial [[cyclin]]s and their importance in development of the oocyst form in the mosquito.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-34808267|title=Scientists find key to malaria growth|date=2015-11-14|work=BBC|access-date=2019-05-26|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tewari|first1=Rita|last2=Wickstead|first2=Bill|last3=Pain|first3=Arnab|last4=Holder|first4=Anthony A.|last5=Yamano|first5=Hiroyuki|last6=Wheatley|first6=Sally P.|last7=Guttery|first7=David S.|last8=Brady|first8=Declan|last9=Rchiad|first9=Zineb|date=2015-11-13|title=Plasmodium P-Type Cyclin CYC3 Modulates Endomitotic Growth during Oocyst Development in Mosquitoes|journal=PLOS Pathogens|language=en|volume=11|issue=11|article-number=e1005273|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005273|issn=1553-7374|pmc=4643991|pmid=26565797 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/pressreleases/2015/november/cyclin-out-of-gear-malaria-parasites-grinding-to-a-halt-.aspx|title=Cyclin' out of gear: malaria parasites grinding to a halt - The University of Nottingham|website=www.nottingham.ac.uk|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref>

Tewari's work has been accomplished in collaboration with many notable [[malariologist]]s including [[Anthony Holder]], [[Robert Sinden]] and [[Maria Manuel Mota|Maria Mota]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/pressreleases/2017/july/nottingham-research-plays-key-role-in-malaria-breakthrough.aspx|title=Nottingham research plays key role in malaria breakthrough - The University of Nottingham|website=www.nottingham.ac.uk|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tewari, Rita}}
[[Category:Indian women molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Indian women microbiologists]]
[[Category:Indian parasitologists]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women parasitologists]]
[[Category:Malariologists]]

Isoti

2026-01-24T18:02:05Z

AngleaDeason621: adding entry

{{short description|Village in Pauri Garhwal}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| established_title = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand##Location in India
| established_date =
| coordinates = {{coord|30.0216|N|78.87|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pauri Garhwal district]]
| settlement_type =
| elevation_m = 1780
| name = Isoti Village
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| population_total = 397<ref name=":2" />
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
| footnotes =
| unit_pref = Metric
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 246162
| registration_plate = UK 12
| website =
| official_name =
| image_skyline = Isoti Village in Pauri Garhwal.jpg
}}
'''Isoti''' is a village in [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri]] Garhwal district of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Isoti village-Pauri 🇮🇳 |url=https://india.worldplaces.me/review/97839043-isoti-village.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529055602/https://india.worldplaces.me/review/97839043-isoti-village.html |archive-date=29 May 2022 |website=Worldpress |access-date=29 April 2022 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |title=ISOTI ADVENTURE – BAYBERRY ADVENTURES |url=https://bayberryadventures.com/isoti-adventure/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529071043/https://bayberryadventures.com/isoti-adventure/ |archive-date=29 May 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Bayberry Adventutes |language=en-US }}</ref>

It is {{cvt|26|km}} from sub-district headquarter [[Chaubattakhal]] and {{cvt|65|km}} from district headquarter Pauri. As per 2011 stats, Isoti is the gram panchayat of Isoti village.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |first= |title=Isoti Village in Pauri Garhwal |url=https://myroots.euttaranchal.com/village-basoti-pauri-garhwal-48042.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529074213/https://myroots.euttaranchal.com/village-basoti-pauri-garhwal-48042.html |archive-date=29 May 2022 |website=euttaranchal}}</ref>

==Geography==
Isoti is located at the altitude of {{convert|1780|m}}. It is {{cvt|70|km}} from district headquarter [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri]] and {{cvt|25|km}} from block [[Ekeshwar]]. The village encompasses an area of {{convert|169|ha}}. The nearby market is Tunakhal and main market is [[Satpuli]].<ref name=":2" />

==Religious shrines==
The famous local temple is Deeba Mandir, dedicated to goddess Deeba (considered preserver of forest).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Isoti Village |url=https://www.facebook.com/Isotivillage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529073109/https://m.facebook.com/login.php?next=https%3A%2F%2Fm.facebook.com%2FIsotivillage&refsrc=deprecated&_rdr |archive-date=29 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=[[Facebook]] |language=en}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
Deeba Temple in Isoti.jpg
Goddess Diva temple.jpg
Idols of goddess Deeba.jpg
</gallery>

==Demography==
As per the census of 2011, Isoti has a population of 397.<ref name=":2" />

{{Bar box|title=Population of Isoti|float=Right|titlebar=#Fcd116|left1=Demography|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Male]]s|orange|48.36}}
{{bar percent|[[Females]]|green|50.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Scheduled caste]] |yellow|1.36}}}}

*Sex ratio:1068
*Literacy:82.1
*Households:82
*Sc Population:7
*Males:192
*Females:205
*The child sex ratio is 957 which is higher than [[Uttarakhand]] of 890.
*The sex ratio of Isoti is 1068, which is higher than [[Uttarakhand]] of 963.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pauri Garhwal district}}

[[Category:Villages in Pauri Garhwal district]]

Guinea-Bissau–India relations

2026-01-24T07:59:06Z

AngleaDeason621: fixed lead additionally and corrected details for clarity

{{Infobox bilateral relations|Guinea-Bissau–India|Guinea-Bissau|India|map=Guinea-Bissau India Locator (cropped).png}}

'''Guinea-Bissau–India relations''' refers to the international relations that exist between [[Guinea-Bissau]] and [[India]]. The embassy of India in [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]] is concurrently accredited to Guinea-Bissau.<ref>{{cite web|title=Talk on US-India Relations by Consul General of India|url=http://www.iac.gatech.edu/news-events/stories/2016/4/talk-india-relations-consul-general/528131|website=Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts at Georgia Tech|access-date=14 April 2017|date=22 April 2016}}</ref> India opened an Honorary Consulate in Bissau on 28 May 2010.<ref name = "EmbArchive">{{cite web|title=India-Guinea Bissau Bilateral Relations|url=http://www.embassyofindiadakar.org/relationpages.php?id=84|website=Embassy of India, Dakar|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021042629/http://www.embassyofindiadakar.org/relationpages.php?id=84|archive-date=21 October 2015}}</ref> Guinea-Bissau has no diplomatic mission in India.<ref name="MEA2016"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Consulate of India in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.embassypages.com/missions/embassy21555/|website=Embassy Pages|access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Hony. consulate of the republic of Guinea.Bissau, India.jpg|thumb|Hony. consulate of the republic of Guinea.Bissau, India]]

The prime minister of the transitional government of Guinea-Bissau, [[Rui Duarte de Barros]], led a delegation that included the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Economy to India to attend the 9th CII EXIM Bank Conclave on India Africa Project Partnership in March 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian firms must grab African opportunity: Guinea-Bissau premier|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=168972|website=Daijiworld|access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=9th CII EXIM Bank Conclave on India Africa Project Partnership|url=http://www.ciiafricaconclave.com/Document/9/Overseas-delegation-2013.pdf|website=CII Africa Conclave|access-date=14 April 2017|date=2013|archive-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415012852/http://www.ciiafricaconclave.com/Document/9/Overseas-delegation-2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "MEA2014">{{cite web|title=India-Guinea Bissau Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Guinea_Bissau_July_2014.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=15 April 2017|date=July 2014}}</ref> Minister of State for Mines and Steel, [[Vishnudeo Sai]], visited Guinea-Bissau in September 2015 as the Prime Minister's Special Envoy. He invited President [[José Mário Vaz]] to attend the [[third India Africa Forum Summit]] in [[New Delhi]]. Vaz accepted the invitation and in October 2015, became the first Bissau-Guinean head of state to visit India.<ref name="MEA2016" /> He held bilateral talks with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 30 October 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thepeninsulaqatar.com/news/india/356952/modi-holds-bilaterals-with-41-visiting-african-leaders|title=Modi holds bilaterals with 41 visiting African leaders - The Peninsula Qatar|website=thepeninsulaqatar.com|access-date=2017-04-14|archive-date=2017-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415201001/http://thepeninsulaqatar.com/news/india/356952/modi-holds-bilaterals-with-41-visiting-african-leaders|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vaz was accompanied by a delegation that included Foreign Minister Artur Antonio da Silva.<ref name="MEA2016" /> Silva participated in the India-Africa foreign ministers’ meeting in New Delhi along with his Indian counterpart [[Sushma Swaraj]] and several African Foreign Ministers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/vAr92qoUFO9ZvqoV4ajE4N/Sushma-Swaraj-calls-for-Security-Council-seat-for-India-Afr.html|title=Sushma Swaraj calls for UNSC seat for India, Africa|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|date=2015-10-27|work=Mint|access-date=2017-04-14}}</ref>

Guinea-Bissau and India were among the first 19 countries to join the [[International Solar Alliance]], proposed by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], on 15 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/19-countries-sign-up-for-solar-alliance-116111701463_1.html|title=19 countries sign up for solar alliance|last=IANS|date=2016-11-17|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-04-14}}</ref>

==Trade==
India is an important trade partner of Guinea-Bissau, and was Guinea-Bissau's largest destination for exports in 2010 and 2011.<ref>{{cite web|last1=LUNDY|first1=BRANDON D.|title=The Lukewarm Response from the International Community to the Crises in Guinea-Bissau|url=http://www.e-ir.info/2012/10/01/realigning-interests-the-lukewarm-response-from-the-international-community-to-the-crises-in-guinea-bissau/#_ednref23|website=E-International Relations|access-date=14 April 2017|date=1 October 2012}}</ref> Guinea-Bissau is the world's fourth largest exporter of cashew nuts, and the sector accounts for 90% of the country's income and employs over 80% of its labour force making it vital to its economy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/guineaBissauNews/idAFL2E8IQI5420120726|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415104023/http://af.reuters.com/article/guineaBissauNews/idAFL2E8IQI5420120726|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2017|title=Guinea Bissau coup set to halve cashew production - UN | News by Country | Reuters|website=af.reuters.com|date=26 July 2012|access-date=2017-04-14}}</ref> India is the largest importer of unprocessed cashews from Guinea-Bissau, importing over 90% of the country's annual cashew exports.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/96106/guinea-bissau-falling-cashew-exports-raise-hardship|title=Falling cashew exports raise hardship|date=2012-08-15|work=IRIN|access-date=2017-04-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://macauhub.com.mo/2012/08/22/guinea-bissau-faces-problems-distributing-cashew-nut-production/|title=Guinea Bissau faces problems distributing cashew nut production|date=2012-08-22|website=Macauhub|access-date=2017-04-14|archive-date=2017-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415104000/http://macauhub.com.mo/2012/08/22/guinea-bissau-faces-problems-distributing-cashew-nut-production/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wiafe-Amoako|first1=Francis|title=Africa 2016-2017|date=28 July 2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781475829037|page=103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hal_DAAAQBAJ|access-date=14 April 2017|language=en}}</ref> Almost 98% of the cashew crop is exported to India for processing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/this-is-indias-trade-footprint-in-africa/|title=Explained: This is India's trade footprint in Africa|date=2015-10-23|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-04-14|language=en-US}}</ref> Since 2011, India has increased its domestic cashew production and reduced imports from Guinea-Bissau. India's decision to slash imports of cashews in 2012 resulted in a cashew nut export crisis in Guinea-Bissau.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world/how-india-ruined-an-african-country/story-a4XCdC0ZCKikiHyXWV4VwN.html|title=How India ruined an African country|date=2012-08-28|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2017-04-14|language=en}}</ref>

Bilateral trade between Guinea-Bissau and India totaled US$212.64 million in 2015–16, recording a growth of 26.46% over the previous fiscal. India exported $14.47 million worth of goods to Guinea-Bissau, and imported $198.17 million.<ref name="MEA2016" />

The Indian defence industry has supplied [[patrol boat]]s to Guinea-Bissau.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=Ian|title=The International Relations of Sub-Saharan Africa|date=1 April 2010|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9780826434012|page=90|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sy7gXFGRjvgC|access-date=14 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>

In May 2008, India offered to provide Guinea-Bissau unilateral duty free tariff preferential (DFTP) market access for export of goods and services.<ref name="EmbArchive" />

==Foreign aid==
Under [[IBSA Dialogue Forum|India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Dialogue Forum]]’s “Poverty Alleviation Funding Facility”, an Indian expert visited Guinea-Bissau in early 2006 to help the country in rice cultivation, and an Indian team of experts visited to assist in a solar power project.<ref name = "MEA2016">{{cite web|title=India-Guinea Bissau Relations|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Guinea_Bissau_2016DEC_new.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=15 April 2017|date=December 2016}}</ref>

Guinea-Bissau is a founding member of the TEAM-9 initiative.<ref>{{cite web|title=Team 9 Opens A New Innings In India-West Africa Relations|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/team-9-opens-a-new-innings-in-india-west-africa-relations/87180/|website=The Financial Express|access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref> Under TEAM-9, the Indian government has provided the country with a [[line of credit]] worth $25 million, which includes a $5 million line of credit for the food processing and agricultural sector and $20 million for rural electrification projects. IBSA Trust Fund Board approved a sum of $830,000 in February 2009 for renewable energy and agricultural capacity building in Guinea Bissau.<ref name = "MEA2016"/>

Citizens of Guinea-Bissau are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name="MEA2016"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Africa Scholarships|url=http://www.iccr.gov.in/content/africa-scholarships|website=Indian Council for Cultural Relations|access-date=5 April 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512210421/http://iccr.gov.in/content/africa-scholarships|archive-date=12 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Five Bissau-Guinean women from rural regions attended training at [[Barefoot College]] in [[Tilonia]], Rajasthan in 2009. After completing their course, they returned to Guinea-Bissau and successfully installed solar energy facilities in their villages.<ref name = "MEA2014"/>

== Indians in Guinea-Bissau ==
As of December 2016, around 100 Indians reside in Guinea-Bissau on a long-term basis. About 40-50 Indians visit the country annually during cashew season, staying in the country for a few weeks to negotiate, purchase and ship consignments of raw cashew to India.<ref name="MEA2016" />

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Guinea-Bissau}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guinea-Bissau-India relations}}
[[Category:Guinea-Bissau–India relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India]]
[[Category:India–Africa relations]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Guinea-Bissau|India]]

1943 IFA Shield final

2025-12-23T21:17:03Z

AngleaDeason621:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 1943 IFA Shield final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[IFA Shield|1943 IFA Shield]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| team1score = 3
| team2 = Police A.C.
| team2score = 0
| details =
| date = 26 August 1943
| stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground|Calcutta Ground]]
| city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| man_of_the_match1a =
| referee = P. Mishra
| attendance =
| weather =
| previous = 1942
| next = 1944
}}

The '''1943 IFA Shield final''' was the 51st final of the [[IFA Shield]], the second oldest football competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata clubs [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and Police A.C. on 26 August 1943 at the [[Mohun Bagan Ground|Calcutta Ground]] in Kolkata.

East Bengal won the final 3–0 to claim their 1st IFA Shield title. Appa Rao, Fatik Sinha and A.C. Somana scored the three goals in the final as East Bengal became the fourth Indian team after [[Mohun Bagan]], [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] and [[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]] to lift the IFA Shield title.<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|date=10 October 2022|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html|title=India - List of IFA Shield Finals|work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=18 November 2022}}</ref>

==Route to the final==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
!Round
!colspan="2"| Police A.C.
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|Round
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''bye''
|colspan="1"|–
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|First Round
|style="text-align:left"|Bengal Sporting
|colspan="1"|5–0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Kushtia Shivkali
|colspan="1"|8–1
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Second Round
|style="text-align:left"|Mahishur Blues
|colspan="1"|2–0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|BI Battalion
|colspan="1"|3–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Third Round
|style="text-align:left"|Burnpur United
|colspan="1"|0–0; 3–1
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|colspan="1"|1–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Quarter–Final
|style="text-align:left"|[[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]]
|colspan="1"|3–1
|-
|style="text-align:left"|B & A Railway
|7–1
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Semi–Final
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mohun Bagan]]
|0–0; 0–0; 0–0; 1–0
|-
|}

==Match==
===Summary===
The IFA Shield final began at the [[Mohun Bagan Ground|Calcutta Ground]] in Kolkata on 26 August 1943 in front of a packed crowd as [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and Police A.C. faced each other. East Bengal reached their second consecutive final after defeating B & A Railway 7–1 in the semi-final, having lost the previous one to [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] in 1942. Police made their third appearance in the final after 1937 and 1939, being champions in 1939, after they defeated the reigning [[Calcutta Football League]] champions [[Mohun Bagan]] 1–0 in the semi-final. East Bengal however, started the match positively as Appa Rao scored in the third minute of the match with a header after the ball rebounded off Police custodian Withers after he failed to save a powerful shot from Fatik Sinha. It was Fatik Sinha who double the lead in the second half as he headed home from close range. A.C. Somana made it three for East Bengal with a powerful shot after receiving a pass from Appa Rao as East Bengal became only the fourth Indian team to lift the IFA Shield title.<ref name=final>{{cite news |date=27 August 1943 |title=ইস্টবেঙ্গল দলের শিল্ড বিজয় |trans-title=East Bengal are the Shield Champions |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Deeparnab|last=Rakhshit|date=12 November 2020|url=https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/first-ifa-shield-champion-in-1943/|title=First IFA Shield Champion In 1943|website=eastbengaltherealpower.com|accessdate=18 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Debayan|last=Sen|date=1 August 2020|url=https://www.espn.in/football/east-bengal/story/4139529/a-century-of-excellence-east-bengals-greatest-hits|title=A century of excellence: East Bengal's greatest hits|work=ESPN|accessdate=18 November 2022}}</ref>

===Details===
{{footballbox
|date=26 August 1943
|time=14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|report=
|team2=[[Kolkata Police|Police]]
|score= 3–0
|goals1=*Appa Rao {{goal|}}
* Fatik Sinha {{goal|}}
* A.C. Somana {{goal|}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Mohun Bagan Ground|Calcutta Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=20,000 (est.)
|referee=P. Mishra}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes
|leftarm = FFDF00
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FF0000
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = East Bengal
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _collar_buttons_2
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = ffffff
| body = ffffff
| rightarm = ffffff
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = ffffff
| title = Police A.C.
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|British India}} D Sen
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|British India}} Paritosh Chakraborty
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|British India}} Rakhal Mazumdar ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|British India}} Ajit Nandi
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|British India}} Arokiraj
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|British India}} Nogen Ray
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|British India}} Fatik Sinha
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|British India}} Apparao
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|British India}} A.C. Somana
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|British India}} Sunil Ghosh
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|British India}} Sushil Chatterjee
|-
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Withers
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} J. Fawls ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Myers
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} M. Mills
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Robinson
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Avertoom
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} L. Hay
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} E. Templeton
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Hearn
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} P. D'Mellow
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Allen
|-
|}
|}

{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"

|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*50 minutes.
*Joint winners if both finals ends in a draw
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html IFA Shield Finals] – [[RSSSF]]

{{IFA Shield}}
{{East Bengal Club}}

[[Category:IFA Shield finals]]
[[Category:1943–44 in Indian football]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]
[[Category:Football competitions in Kolkata]]

Uperodon anamalaiensis

2025-12-18T04:10:20Z

AngleaDeason621: Made New Article Added Tags

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =Uperodon anamalaiensis frog (2011) 1745.jpg
| status = DD | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Biju, S.D. |author2=Dasaramji Buddhe, G. |author3=Dutta, S. |author4=Vasudevan, K. |author5=Srinivasulu, C. |date=2016 |title=''Uperodon anamalaiensis'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T57984A91600298 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T57984A91600298.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Uperodon anamalaiensis
| authority = ([[C. R. Narayan Rao|Rao]], 1937)
| synonyms = {{species list
| Ramanella anamalaiensis | Rao, 1937
| Ramanella minor | Rao, 1937
| Uperodon minor | (Rao, 1937) }}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=Frost/>
}}

'''''Uperodon anamalaiensis''''', also known as '''Anamalai dot frog''', '''Anamalai ramanella''', or '''reddish-brown microhylid frog''', is a species of narrow-mouthed frog (family [[Microhylidae]]) found in [[South India]]. The [[holotype]] was discovered at the base of the [[Anaimalai Hills]], [[Coimbatore]] district in the southern [[Western Ghats]].<ref name=Frost/> The holotype is missing and the status of the species was uncertain till 2010. Until rediscovered in the [[Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary]] in 2010, this frog was reported only once by [[C. R. Narayan Rao]] in 1937.

==Description==
Multiple populations of this species were located by S.P. Vijayakumar, Anil Zachariah, David Raju, Sachin Rai and S.D. Biju in different habitats within Parambikulam Tiger Reserve in [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. This frog exhibits a light to dark-brown dorsum with two yellow lines and scattered yellow spots. The underside of the body is brown with scattered white spots, giving it the common name 'Anamalai dot frog'. This frog calls loudly during the monsoon season. It hides under stones and logs on the forest floor or within tree holes during the rest of the year.<ref>
{{citation
|url=http://www.lostspeciesindia.org/LAI2/new2_rediscovered.php
|title=Anamalai Dot-Frog Ramanella anamalaiensis
|author1=Vijayakumar SP |author2=Zachariah, Anil
|name-list-style=amp |work=Lost Amphibians of India
|publisher=University of Delhi
|date=2011-02-19
|place=Delhi
|access-date=2011-02-18
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223184903/http://www.lostspeciesindia.org/LAI2/new2_rediscovered.php
|archive-date=2011-02-23
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Microhylidae/Microhylinae/Uperodon/Uperodon-anamalaiensis |title=''Uperodon anamalaiensis'' (Rao, 1937) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2019 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=1 July 2019}}</ref>
}}
* Biju, S.D. 2001. A synopsis to the frog fauna of the Western Ghats, India. Occasional Publication 1. ISCB. 1-24.
* Dutta, S.K. 1997. Amphibians of India and Sri Lanka. Odyssey Publishing House. Bhubaneswar.
* Rao, C.R.N. 1937. On some new forms of Batrachia from south India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. 6(6):387-427.

==External sources==
*[http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.arkive.org/media/02/020FDF7B-C2A8-4105-9879-BA35D06A65EF/Presentation.Large/Ramanella-anamalaiensis-on-leaf.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.arkive.org/ramanella/ramanella-anamalaiensis/&usg=__YdTwFUabrpvrVvcLrxty4arxo58=&h=405&w=650&sz=77&hl=en&start=1&sig2=sNL_kArAKPUPIEtRepIDtw&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=AEfj5EDVjC0uWM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3DRamanella%2Banamalaiensis%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Den%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=9vxeTeOwJMSt8Abh4sntCw Photos of Ramanella anamalaiensis]
*Rediscovery of five lost frogs from India (manuscript in preparation)

{{Taxonbar|from=Q28041919|from2=Q545748}}

[[Category:Uperodon|anamalaiensis]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by C. R. Narayan Rao]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 1937]]

Kash-m-kash

2025-11-25T06:26:29Z

AngleaDeason621: minor edit

{{morefootnotes|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| director =
| producer =
| writer =
| starring = [[Kash-m-kash#Cast|See below]]
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes =
| runtime =
| first_aired = {{start date|1995}}
| last_aired =
| channel = [[DD Metro]]
}}

'''''Kash-m-kash''''' is a TV show broadcast on [[Doordarshan]]'s [[DD Metro]] channel in 1995. The show stars [[Javed Jaffrey]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/television/javed-jaffrey-tv-offers-opportunities-to-every-talent-634442|title=Javed Jaffrey: TV offers opportunities to every talent - NDTV Movies|access-date=2016-06-24}}</ref> [[Suchitra Krishnamoorthi]], [[Alyy Khan|Aly Khan]], Nisha Singh, Aparna Kumar and others. Kash-m-kash TV series made it to the Top 10 series on DD Metro for many weeks running. The music and songs from Kash-m-Kash were released independently to popular demand on then newly privatized Radio Channels.

It was a 26-episode series, written by [[Haseena Moin]] and produced and directed by Chanda Narang. Chanda Narang was a Delhi-based Director-Producer of documentary films. Her most popular one being on the Ayodhya and Babri Masjid controversy, released under the title Ayodhya; a City Under Siege. Narang's documentary India's elections '91; The Temple Or The Mosque was released on Englands Channel 4 on 19 May 1991. Narang had extensive coverage of the congress president Rajiv Gandhi's final Electoral trail. Rajiv Gandhi's last interview before his travel to Chennai had been aired on Channel 4 just 3 days before his untimely death. Chanda Narang's topical and salient coverage of the elections and Congress president Rajiv Gandhi, was replayed many times by channel 4 following the assassination of India's Former Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi. Narang's documentary found multiple releases in channels about the world, catapulting the young Director and Producer in to visual media's big league.

Kash-m-Kash came four years later after Narang had set up a private video production studio in her home town of New Delhi, and clocked 8 more documentaries; 11 corporate films as well as, over 36 advertising films. Channel 4 in London financed Narang's first maiden feature film based on the darker side of the fictionalized Indian Circus. Kash-m-Kash came as a welcome relief to this director and producer as a light-hearted romance-comedy, with the cast from Mumbai and the crew from New Delhi. New Delhi in the early nineties had seen the advent of the Film City in NOIDA, with film-makers planning big budget shoots in the professional film studios of NOIDA. Studio Images and its Promoter and Chief, Chanda Narang, subsequently shot the first of her next series, Laxmi LLB, at the new Film City, continuing with her successful theme of romance-comedies. Narang's last documentary in 2001 is on the controversial Kashmiri shawl called Shahtoosh, or referred to by animal activists as the 'blood-shawl'.

== Cast ==
* [[Javed Jaffrey]]
* [[Suchitra Krishnamoorthi]]
* [[Alyy Khan]]
* Nisha Singh
* Aparna Kumar
* [[Roshan Seth]]

== Synopsis ==
Jaaved Jaaferi and Suchitra Krishnamoorthi play the lead characters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19950515-mtv-relaunches-its-english-language-service-in-asia-806755-1995-05-14|title=MTV relaunches its English-language service in Asia|date=15 May 1995 |access-date=2016-06-24}}</ref> Both the leads have a third person who is interested in them but they're united in the end. Actors Aly Khan and Nisha Singh form the other romantic pair in this series. Well known character actors, Sushma Seth and Roshan Seth, play the single parents to the main lead actress-characters, Suchitra Krishnamoorthi and Nisha Singh.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{imdbtitle|4058888|Kash-m-kash}}

[[Category:DD Metro original programming]]
[[Category:1995 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Patna–Hatia Super Express

2025-11-11T09:58:27Z

AngleaDeason621: created stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Patna - Hatia Super Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| status = This train merged with [[Kosi Express|Kosi Super Express]].
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Patna Junction}} ('''PNBE''')
| stops = 18
| end = {{rws|Hatia}} ('''HTE''')
| distance = {{convert|414|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 9h 20m
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board Catering <br> E-Catering
| observation = [[ICF coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 18625/18626
| speed = {{convert|44|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Patna - Hatia Super Express''' was an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[South Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Junction]] and [[Hatia railway station|Hatia]] in [[India]]. It was currently being operated with 18625/18626 train numbers on daily basis. Now this is merged with [[Kosi Express]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Railway-concessions-only-to-senior-citizens-living-in-country/articleshow/54683104.cms Railway concessions only to senior citizens living in country]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Temporary-stoppage-of-trains-at-Punpun-staion/articleshow/54352955.cms Temporary stoppage of trains at Punpun station]</ref><ref>[http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,423&dcd=1407&did=14779103188281E864A05391DDD051F87A1E48969FE02.web107 Enhancement of Advance Reservation Period from 10 Days to 30 Days for Some Trains]</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==

* [[Patna Junction railway station]]
* [[Hatia railway station]]
* [[Patna - Haita Patliputra Express|Patna - Hatia Patliputra Express]]
* Patna - Hatia Super Express
* [[Kosi Express]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/616 18625/Patna - Hatia Super Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1359 18626/Hatia - Patna Super Express]

{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patna - Hatia Super Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Samserganj (community development block)

2025-11-05T11:57:00Z

AngleaDeason621: General improvements to article content

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Samserganj
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Samserganj in Murshidabad.svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.6505|N|87.9701|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 92.69
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 26
| population_total = 284,072
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy
| demographics2_title2 = [[Literacy]](2011)
| demographics2_info2 = 54.98%
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 742224 (Nimtita)<br/>742202 (Dhuliyan)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 03485
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-57, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-58
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Samserganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Samserganj]], [[Farakka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Farakka]]
| website = {{URL|murshidbad.nic.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Samserganj''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Jangipur subdivision]] of [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Nimtita, a constituent panchayat of Samserganj block, is located at {{coord|24.6505|N|87.9701|E|format=dms|}}

Samserganj CD block is bounded by [[Farakka (community development block)|Farakka]] CD block in the north, [[Kaliachak III (community development block)|Kaliachak III]] CD block, across the Ganges in Malda district, and [[Chapai Nawabganj Sadar Upazila]] in [[Chapai Nawabganj District]] of Bangladesh, across the Ganges, in the east, [[Suti II]] CD block in the south and [[Pakur block|Pakur]] and [[Maheshpur block|Maheshpur]] CD blocks, in [[Pakur district]] of Jharkhand, in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/murshidabad.html |title = Tehsil Map of Murshidabad |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 6 August 2017}}</ref>

Murshidabad district has a 125.35 km long international border with Bangladesh of which 42.35 km is on land and the remaining is riverine. There are 9 blocks – Samserganj, Suti I, Suti II, Raghunathganj II, Lalgola, Bhagawangola I, Bhagawangola II, Raninagar II and Jalangi - along the [[Bangladesh-India border]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://murshidabad.nic.in/About.aspx | title = Egiye Bangla Murshidabad | publisher = Murshidabad district authorities | access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref>

Samserganj CD block lies in the [[Rarh]] region in Murshidabad district. The [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi River]] splits the district into two natural physiographic regions – Rarh on the west and Bagri on the east. The [[Padma River]] separates Murshidabad district from [[Malda district]] and [[Chapai Nawabganj District|Chapai Nawabganj]] and [[Rajshahi District|Rajshahi]] districts of Bangladesh in the north. The Rarh region is undulating and contains mostly [[clay]] and [[laterite|lateritic]] clay based soil. As the [[Rajmahal hills]] slopes gently down from adjoining [[Jharkhand]] it forms the Nabagram plain at the lowest edge of its elevation in this region. The eastern slope of the region is characterised by the existence of numerous [[cliff]]s and [[Beach ridge|bluffs]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref>

The Rarh region or the western part of the district is drained by the right bank tributaries of the Bhagirathi, flowing down from the hilly / plateau region of [[Santhal Pargana division]] in neighbouring Jharkhand. The [[Farakka Barrage]] regulates the flow of water into the Bhagirathi through the feeder canal. Thereafter, it is fed with the discharge from the Mayurakshi system. About 1,800 km<sup>2</sup> of area in the neighbourhood of [[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]] town is flooded by the combined discharge of the [[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]], [[Dwarka River|Dwarka]], [[Brahmani River (Birbhum)|Brahmani]], Gambhira, [[Kopai River|Kopai]] and [[Bakreshwar River|Bakreshwar]] – the main contributor being the Mayurakshi. Certain other areas in the western sector also get flooded.<ref name=river>{{cite web | url = http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170820073737/http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 20 August 2017 | title = Types and sources of floods in Murshidabad, West Bengal | work = Swati Mollah | publisher = Indian Journal of Applied Research, February 2013 | access-date = 15 August 2017 }}</ref>

The 38.38 km long [[Feeder Canal (Farakka)|feeder canal]] takes off upstream of the Farakka Barrage and links with the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi River]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://fbp.gov.in/ | title = Farakka Barrage Project | publisher = FBP | access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref> The feeder canal was constructed across the flow of the small flashy rivers such as Gumani, Trimohini and Kanloi. The discharges of the Trimohini and Kanloi were designed to flow into the feeder canal, and whenever the discharges of these rivers exceed the design capacity, they cause problems. The discharge of the Bagmari was designed to flow into the Ganga along its course through a siphone across the feeder canal. With the choking of the outlet to the Ganges, the flood discharge spills over to the basins of the Pagla and the Bansloi and floods around 100 km<sup>2</sup><ref name=river/>

A major problem in Murshidabad district is [[River bank failure|river bank erosion]]. As of 2013, an estimated 2.4 million people reside along the banks of the Ganges alone in Murshidabad district. Between 1931 and 1977, 26,769 hectares have been eroded and many villages have been fully submerged. 1980-1990 was a decade of erosion for this district and during the decade Giria, Sekhalipur, Khejustala, Mithipur, Fajilpur, Rajapur, Akheriganj, Parashpur villages were badly affected.<ref name=river/>

See also - [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts]]

Samserganj CD block has an area of 84.21 km<sup>2</sup>. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 9 [[gram panchayat]]s, 154 gram sansads (village councils), 38 [[mouza]]s and 24 inhabited villages. [[Dhulian#Police station|Samserganj]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad, Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 21 November 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Dhulian]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Murshidabad with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s in Samserganj block/ panchayat samiti are: Bhasaipaiker, Bogdadnagar, Chachanda, Dogachhinapara, Gazinagar Malancha, Kanchantala, Nimtita, Pratapganj and Tinpakuria.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Murshidabad - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 August 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]] Samserganj CD block had a total population of 284,072, of which 108,718 were rural and 175,354 were urban. There were 142,034 (50%) males and 142,038 (50%) females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 58,190. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 18,399 (6.48%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 164 (0.06%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 14 October 2015}}</ref>

Ratanpur, the block headquarters had a population of 1,482 in 2011.<ref name=census2011/>

As per 2001 census, Samserganj block has a total population of 211,561, out of which 106,427 were males and 105,134 were females. Samserganj block registered a population growth of 17.33 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 23.70 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_7.htm|title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 8 June 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 – Mushidabad district |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205646/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_7.htm |archive-date=September 28, 2011 }}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref name="Census Commission of India">{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2012-04-12 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

'''Decadal [[Population growth|Population Growth]] Rate (%)'''
{{ #invoke:Chart | bar-chart
| group 1 = 0 : 0 : 17.33 : 34.09
| group 2 = 25.5 : 28.2 : 23.8 : 21.1
| group 3 = 23.2: 24.6 : 17.84 : 13.9

| colors = olive : yellow : violet
| group names = Samserganj CD block : Murshidabad district : West Bengal
| x legends = 1971–1981 : 1981–1991: 1991–2001: 2001-2011
}}

Sources:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Growth Rate, Page 44 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001–2011, Page 50 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Decadal Growth Rate"/><ref name="Census Commission of India"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.voiceofdharma.org/books/tfst/appii1.htm | title = Population explosion in West Bengal: a survey | work = Table 1.1 Population in West Bengal 1941-1991 | publisher = South Asian Research Society | access-date = 15 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbdma.gov.in/PDF/census2001/Population_Decadal_Growth_Rate_Density_and_General_Sex.pdf | title = Final Population Totals West Bengal | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-date = 2 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170902053520/http://www.wbdma.gov.in/PDF/census2001/Population_Decadal_Growth_Rate_Density_and_General_Sex.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The decadal growth of population in Samserganj CD block in 2001-2011 was 34.09%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001–2011, Page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref>

The decadal growth rate of population in Murshidabad district was as follows: 33.5% in 1951–61, 28.6% in 1961–71, 25.5% in 1971–81, 28.2% in 1981-91, 23.8% in 1991-2001 and 21.1% in 2001-11.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Growth Rate, Page 44 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001-11 was 13.93%.<ref name="Decadal Growth Rate">{{cite web | url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/census2011/decadal-growth-rate.html | title = Decadal Growth Rate | publisher = Mps of India | access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref>

The decadal growth rate of population in neighbouring [[Chapai Nawabganj District]] in Bangladesh was 15.59% for the decade 2001–2011, down from 21.67% in the decade 1991-2001.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila_ChapaiNawabganj.pdf | title = Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011: Zila Report – Chapai Nawabganj | work = Page 17: Table PT 02 Population and Growth Rate, 1974-2011 | publisher = Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh | access-date = 19 December 2018 | archive-date = 28 September 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220928210419/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila_ChapaiNawabganj.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

There are reports of [[Illegal immigration to India|Bangladeshi infiltrators]] entering Murshidabad district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html|title = Bangladeshi Infiltration: The Reality Check |publisher= The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 | access-date = 23 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=telegraph>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1050823/asp/nation/story_5136259.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051205225003/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050823/asp/nation/story_5136259.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = December 5, 2005 |title = Report taking shape amid infiltration buzz |publisher= The Telegraph, 23 August 2005 | access-date = 23 July 2017}}</ref>

===Census towns and villages===
[[Census towns]] in Samserganj CD block were (2011 figures in brackets): [[Anup Nagar]] (12,940), [[Jafrabad, Murshidabad|Jafrabad]] (28,332), [[Kankuria]] (36,925), [[Uttar Mahammadpur]] (8,264), [[Chachanda]] (14,244), [[Dhusaripara]] (17,800), [[Serpur]] (8,900), [[Kohetpur]] (5,379), [[Bhasaipaikar]] (23,141), [[Jaykrishnapur, Murshidabad|Jaykrishnapur]] (12,599) and [[Basudebpur]] (6,830).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages in Samserganj CD block were (2011 figures in brackets): Malancha (16,918), Antardwipa (10,605), Adwaita Nagar (6,176), Umarpur (5,785), Dogachhi (13,848), Laskarpur (6,756), Balbalpara (5,207), Chandni Daha (5,996), Hasimpur (6,539) and Durgapur (4,169).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Samserganj CD block included (2011 population in brackets): [[Nimtita]] (2,068) and Ratanpur (1,482).

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Samserganj CD block was 124,196 (54.98% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 68,042 (60.42% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 56,154 (49.57% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 10.85%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Murshidabad district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Samserganj CD block (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|83.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|16.38}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.14}}
}}
In the 2011 census, Muslims numbered 237,152 and formed 83.48% of the population in Samserganj CD block. Hindus numbered 46,522 and formed 16.38% of the population. Others numbered 398 and formed 0.14% of the population. While the proportion of Muslims increased from 80.61% in 1991 to 81.22% in 2001, the proportion of Hindus declined from 19.39% in 1991 to 18.69% in 2001.<ref name=censusreligion2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = C1 Population by Religious Community | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 17.1, Population by religion in the blocks of Murshidabad | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 November 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Murshidabad district had 4,707,573 Muslims who formed 66.27% of the population, 2,359,061 Hindus who formed 33.21% of the population, and 37, 173 persons belonging to other religions who formed 0.52% of the population, in the 2011 census. While the proportion of Muslim population in the district increased from 61.40% in 1991 to 63.67% in 2001, the proportion of Hindu population declined from 38.39% in 1991 to 35.92% in 2001.<ref name=censusreligion2011/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 2.10, Population by religion in the district of Murshidabad, 1991 and 2001 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 November 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bengal-beats-India-in-Muslim-growth-rate/articleshow/48675987.cms |title = Bengal beats India in Muslim growth rate|publisher= The Times of India, 26 August 2015 | access-date = 23 July 2017}}</ref>

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 99.89% of the population.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
==Rural poverty==
As per the Human Development Report 2004 for West Bengal, the rural poverty ratio in Murshidabad district was 46.12%. Purulia, Bankura and Birbhum districts had higher rural poverty ratios. These estimates were based on Central Sample data of NSS 55th round 1999-2000.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf|title = West Bengal Human Development Report 2004 | work= Page 80: Table 4.5 Per capita consumption in rural and urban areas by district |publisher= Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 20 November 2018 }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood<br/>in Samserganj CD block'''
|value1 = 2.61
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 9.97
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 65.31
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 22.11
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Samserganj CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 3,197 and formed 2.61%, agricultural labourers numbered 12,209 and formed 9.97%, household industry workers numbered 80,000 and formed 65.31% and other workers numbered 27,085 and formed 22.11%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 November 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 24 inhabited villages in Samserganj CD block. 100% villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 6 villages (25.00%) have post offices. 22 villages (91.67%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 10 villages (41.67%) have a pucca approach road and 9 villages (37.50%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 2 villages (8.33%) have agricultural credit societies and 3 villages (12.50%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 96-97 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Samserganj CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 217 (0.92%,) patta (document) holders 1,752 (7.44%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 1,775 (7.54%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 7,583 (32.22%) and agricultural labourers 12,209 (51.87%).<ref name=handbook2014/>

Samserganj CD block had 18 fertiliser depots and 42 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013-14.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, Samserganj CD block produced 346 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 210 hectares, 221 tonnes of wheat from 111 hectares, 145 tonnes of maize from 56 hectares, 25,898 tonnes of jute from 1,584 hectares, 2,424 tonnes of potatoes from 85 hectares and 25,001 tonnes of sugar cane from 245 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Samserganj CD block was 1,121 hectares, out of which 100 hectares were irrigated with tank water, 121 hectares with deep tube wells and 900 hectares by other means.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Beedi industry===
As of 2003, around 400,000 workers were engaged in the prime area locations of [[beedi]] making, a household industry, in Farakka, Samserganj, Suti I, Suti II, Raghunathganj I and Raghunathganj II CD blocks. The majority of those working are women and children. Almost all households are engaged in this activity.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/28080/6/06_chapter%201.pdf| title = Child workers in household industry: a study of beedi industry in Murshidabad district of West Bengal | first= Sunirmal| last= Kar| work = Viswa Bharati University thesis, page 5 | publisher = Shodhganga | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.com/features/the-poor-man-s-cigarette-1485045757.html | title = The 'Poor man's cigarette' | work = Gurvinder Singh | publisher = The Statesman, 22 January 2017 | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Beedi-workers-of-Jangipur-hold-key/article16588097.ece#! | title = Beedi workers of Jangipur hold key | work = Indrani Dutta | publisher = The Hindu, 1 May 2009 | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref>

See also – [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOHuosSJEUo Beedi Workers of Murshidabad (in Hindi). Lok Sabha TV feature]

===Silk and handicrafts===
Murshidabad is famous for its silk industry since the Middle Ages. There are three distinct categories in this industry, namely (i) [[Mulberry]] cultivation and silkworm rearing (ii) Peeling of raw silk (iii) Weaving of silk fabrics.<ref name=handicrafts>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 22-23: Industry | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref>

Ivory carving is an important cottage industry from the era of the Nawabs. The main areas where this industry has flourished are Khagra and Jiaganj. 99% of ivory craft production is exported. In more recent years sandalwood etching has become more popular than ivory carving. Bell metal and Brass utensils are manufactured in large quantities at Khagra, Berhampore, Kandi and Jangipur.<ref name=handicrafts/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#4 | title = Egiye Bangla Murshidabad district | work = Handicrafts and Silk Industry | publisher = Murshidabad district administration | access-date = 17 August 2017}}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Samserganj CD block had offices of 7 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Murshidabad district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title= Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines |publisher= Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India| access-date = 3 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 26 November 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Barharwa-Azimganj-Katwa loop|collapse=yes}}

Samserganj CD block has 3 ferry services and 6 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The [[Barharwa-Azimganj-Katwa loop]] line passes through this block and there are stations at Sankopara, Dhuliyan Ganga, Basudebpur and Nimtita.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/azimganj-barharwa-passenger-53433/16075/1801/1381#st | title = 53433 Azimganj Barharwa Passenger | work = Time Table | publisher = indiarailinfo | access-date = 9 August 2017}}</ref>

[[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]] (old number NH 34) passes through this block.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date= 10 February 2017|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Samserganj CD block had 85 primary schools with 23,003 students, 13 middle schools with 4,133 students, 2 high school with 4,025 students and 9 higher secondary schools with 28,907 students. Samserganj CD Block had 1 general college with 2,603 students and 391 institutions special and non-formal education with 15,450 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In Samserganj CD block, amongst the 24 inhabited villages, all villages have a school, 19 villages have more than 1 primary school, 13 villages have at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 8 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 901-902, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Nimitita Rajbari ruined front facade 04.jpg|Ruined front facade of Nimtita Rajbari|thumb|left|250px]]
'''[[Nimtita]]''': Nimtita Rajbari, on the bank of the Ganges, is now a dilapidated structure, a testimony of a glorious past. [[Satyajit Ray]] shot one of his great films, ''[[Jalsaghar]]'', at Nimtita Rajbari in 1957, and then followed it up with the shooting of ''[[Devi (1960 film)|Devi]]'' in 1960 and ''[[Teen Kanya|Samapti]]'' in 1961.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.getbengal.com/details/the-grand-dilapidated-nimtita-palace-where-satyajit-ray-shot-jalshaghar | title = The grand dilapidated Nimtita Palace where Satyjit Ray shot Jalshaghar | publisher = Get Bengal | accessdate = 7 July 2021}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Samserganj CD block had 2 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 1 central PSU medical centre and 2 private nursing homes with total 20 beds and 1 doctor (excluding private bodies). It had 33 family welfare subcentres. 64,722 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Samserganj CD block has Central Hospital for Beedi Workers at [[Tarapur, Murshidabad|Tarapur]], PO Malancha, (with 50 beds), Anupnagar Rural Hospital at [[Dhulian]] (with 30 beds), Putimari [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]] (with 2 beds) and [[Uttar Mahammadpur]] PHC (with 10 beds).<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 September 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Samserganj CD block is one of the areas of Murshidabad district where ground water is affected by a high level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. All but one of the 26 blocks of Murshidabad district have arsenic contamination above the WHO level, all but two of the blocks have arsenic concentration above the Indian Standard value and 17 blocks have arsenic concentration above 300 mg/litre. The maximum concentration in Samserganj CD block is 287 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Murshidabad| access-date = 4 August 2017| archive-date = 22 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722092741/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Murshidabad}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Murshidabad topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Murshidabad district]]

Akheraj Rajpurohit

2025-11-02T07:03:21Z

AngleaDeason621: stub!

{{Short description|Rajpurohit of Marwar (1675 - 1720)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Patshah
| name = Akheraj Singh Rajpurohit
| image =
| caption = Thakur Akheraj Singh Rajpurohit
| birth_date = c. 1658
| birth_place = [[Tinwari]], [[Jodhpur]]
| death_date = March 1725
| children = Surajmal, [[Kesari Singh Rajpurohit]], Jaisingh, Mahasingh
| allegiance = [[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|20px]] [[Jodhpur State|Kingdom of Marwar]]
}}

'''Akheraj Singh Rajpurohit''' or '''Patshah Akheraj ji''' was the Rajguru and [[Sardar]] in the royal court of [[Marwar]] during the reign of Maharaja [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh]] and Maharaja [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]].

== Background ==
Akheraj Singh sevad was the thakur of [[Tinwari]] thikana. He was the member and leader of the Royal Council of [[Marwar]]. The Maharaja of Jodhpur granted [[jagir]] of [[Khedapa]], Bhainser Khutri, Bhainser Kotwali, [[Tinwari]], [[Khichan|Khinchan]], Jatiyawas. Akheraj Singh was a solitaire politician of that time. He was the son of Thakur Dalpatsingh of [[Tinwari]], who got martyred in the [[Battle of Dharmat|Battle of Dharmat(1658)]], at the age of 22. He was one of the trusted aides of Maharaja [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh]] and [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]]. Along with [[Durgadas Rathore]], he was fighting against Aurangzeb for the kingdom of Marwar and protecting young [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]]. He was brought up by [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar]] with all royal customs and manners, as he was yet to be born before his father died in the [[Battle of Dharmat|Battle of Dharmat(1658)]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sevaṛa |first=Prahalādasiṃha |title=Rājapurohita jāti kā itihāsa |date=2021 |publisher=Rājasthānī Granthāgāra |isbn=978-93-90179-06-0 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
After death of Maharaja [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh]], Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] wanted to usurp the [[Jodhpur]]. At that time Akheraj was serving the chief of the security council of [[Mehrangarh]] fort. Badshah sent his trusted sardars to Jodhpur. Badshah gave the [[Mansabdar|mansab]] of jodhpur to Inder Singh, son of Rao AmarSingh of [[Nagaur]]. Inder Singh wanted to vacate the fort of Mehrangarh but he did not get success. So he sent a [[battalion]] to [[Tinwari]] pargana to take revenge. Akheraj's brother Nagraj Singh died in the battle of Tinwari. During this crisis in Jodhpur, [[Durgadas Rathore]] succeeded in getting [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|kunwar Ajit Singh]] out ofJodhpur safely and kunwar was kept undercover in Deori village of [[Sirohi]]. Later Akheraj singh took him to kalindri. Mukundadas Khinchi kept guarding him in the guise of a monk. Akheraj stayed with kunwar [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]] during his days of struggle and offered his services along with [[Durgadas Rathore|Durgadas]].<ref name=":0" />

When [[Prince|kunwar]] [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]] became the ruler of [[Marwar]], he gave [[jagir]]s to all his associates. Akheraj got [[Tinwari]], [[Khichan|Khinchan]], Jatiyawas, Khedapa again. Maharaja gave more than 650 villages to Akheraj ji but with all humility and modesty, selfless Akheraj ji insisted on transferring the Jagirs to his fellow Rajpurohit brothers and even requested to grant new Jagirs to the ones deprived of any. Maharaja gave him titles of "'''Anvi Akheraj'''" and "'''Patshah Akheraj'''".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Munshi Hardayal |title=Report Mardumshumari Rajmarwar 1891 E. |last2=MEHAR |first2=JAHOOR KHAN |publisher=RAJASTHANI GRANTHAGAR |isbn=((9788186103321)) |language=Hindi, English}}</ref> In his honour a subclan named 'Akherajot Sevad' was started in the Sevad clan of [[Rajpurohit]]s, whose descendants are generally known as 'Akherajots of [[Tinwari]]'.

Akheraj has a heroic figure among the folk of [[marwar]]. Many folks' songs are sung in his memory even today. A couplet is famous in the folklore:

'''बण-बण भटकियाँ भांखरा, अज संग अखेराज'''

'''प्रोहिता रा पातशाह, राखण कामधा राज ||'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sevaṛa |first=Prahalādasiṃha |title=Rājapurohita jāti kā itihāsa |date=2021 |publisher=Rājasthānī Granthāgāra |isbn=978-93-90179-06-0 |language=hi |page=133}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:1725 deaths]]
[[Category:1650s births]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Marwar]]
[[Category:Jagirs]]
[[Category:Marwar]]
[[Category:Jodhpur]]

Kothapeta, Konaseema

2025-11-02T05:01:37Z

AngleaDeason621: slightly rework intro for clarity and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kothapeta
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.7162|81.8967}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema district|Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Kothapeta
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Konaseema|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2814_PART_B_DCHB_Konaseema.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=4 April 2017|pages=16,462}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 13.99
| elevation_footnotes = 1
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 24539
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 533 223
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP05 (Former)]]<br /> AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |accessdate=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728113337/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = Bandaru Satyananda Rao
}}
'''Kothapeta''' is a village in [[Kothapeta mandal]] of [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema district|Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="census" />

==Transport==
Kothapeta is located on [[SH 40]]([[Rajamahendravaram]]-[[Amalapuram]] road). The nearest major railway stations to Kothapeta are [[Rajahmundry railway station]] and [[Tanuku railway station]]. The nearest airport to Kothapeta is [[Rajahmundry Airport]] which is 50 km away.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Konaseema district}}

[[Category:Villages in Konaseema district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Konaseema district]]
[[Category:Places situated on the banks of the Godavari river]]

Penal Code of Bangladesh

2025-10-23T07:31:56Z

AngleaDeason621: updated

{{Short description|Penal code of the People's Republic of Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = The Penal Code, 1860
| imagealt =
| caption =
| citation = [http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-11.html Act No. XLV of 1860]
| territorial_extent = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by =
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| white_paper =
| committee_report = [[Law Commission of Bangladesh|First Law Commission]]
| amendments =
| repeals =
| related_legislation =
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = amended
}}
The '''Penal Code of Bangladesh''', formally titled the '''Penal Code, 1860''', is the general criminal law of the country. It is based on the [[Indian Penal Code]], which was enacted in 1860 by the [[Governor-General of India|Governor General-in-Council]]. The Code bears strong similarities to the penal laws of countries that were formerly part of the [[British Empire]] in South and Southeast Asia, including [[Penal Code (Singapore)|Singapore]], India, [[Pakistan Penal Code|Pakistan]], Sri Lanka and [[Penal Code (Malaysia)|Malaysia]].

The [[Parliament of Bangladesh]] has amended the Penal Code on several occasions, the most recent amendment occurring in 2004.

The Code is a legacy of the [[Victorian era]]. While its objective is to provide a general penal framework for Bangladesh,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/print_sections_all.php?id=11 |title=Penal Code, 1860 (Act No. XLV of 1860) |website=Bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd |date=1949-08-12 |accessdate=2017-07-10}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> the Parliament has also enacted various penal statutes to address specific areas of criminal law.

==History==
The Code was drafted on the recommendations of the [[Law Commission of India|First Law Commission]] of British India and presented to the [[Governor of Bengal]] in 1837. Although primarily based on Victorian English law, it also incorporated elements from the [[Napoleonic Code]] and the [[Louisiana Civil Code]] of 1825. The Code was adopted on 6 October 1860.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=92056&p_classification=01.04 |title=Bangladesh - The Penal Code (Act No. XLV of 1860) |website=Ilo.org |date=2013-01-17 |accessdate=2017-07-10}}</ref> After the [[partition of British India]], when [[East Bengal]] became part of Pakistan, it came to be known as the Pakistan Penal Code. Following Bangladesh's independence in 1971, the Code was re-enacted as the Penal Code, 1860.

==Chapters==
The following includes the chapters of the Code:

*Chapter I - Introduction
*Chapter II - General Explanations
*Chapter III - Punishments
*Chapter IV - General Exceptions
*Chapter V - Abetment
*Chapter VA - Criminal Conspiracy
*Chapter VI - Offences Against the State
*Chapter VII - Offences relating to the Army, Navy or Air Force
*Chapter VIII - Offences Against Public Tranquility
*Chapter IX - Offences by or relating to Public Servants
*Chapter IXA - Offences relating to Elections
*Chapter X - Contempts of the Lawful Authority of Public Servants
*Chapter XI - False Evidence and Offences Against Public Justice
*Chapter XII - Offences relating to Coin and Government Stamps
*Chapter XIII - Offences relating to Weights and Measures
*Chapter XIV - Offences Affecting the Public Health, Safety, Convenience, Decency and Morals
*Chapter XV - Offences relating to Religion
*Chapter XVI - Offences affecting the Human Body
*Chapter XVII - Offences against Property
*Chapter XVIII - Offences relating to Documents and Trade or Property Marks
*Chapter XIX - Criminal Breach of Contracts of Service
*Chapter XX - Offences relating to Marriage
*Chapter XXI - Defamation
*Chapter XXII - Criminal Intimidation, Insult, Prejudicial Act and Annoyance
*Chapter XXIII - Attempts to Commit Offences

==Controversial issues==
===Sedition===
[[Sedition]] and seditious libel have been criticized as an outdated law. While the United Kingdom has phased out penalties for seditious libel, its retention in the Bangladeshi Penal Code has been used by the government to target leading journalists and politicians.<ref>{{cite news|author=M Qaium |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/sedition-too-old-fashioned-modern-society-783640 |title=Sedition is too old fashioned in a modern society |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=2016-02-29 |accessdate=2017-07-10}}</ref>

===Section 309===
Section 309 criminalizes suicide, which hinders prevention, seeking support and counsel, as well as proper reporting.

===Section 377===
[[Section 377]] criminalizes homosexuality, which has been criticized by the [[LGBT rights]] movement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/apr/27/where-does-bangladesh-stand-homosexuality-issue |title=Where does Bangladesh stand on homosexuality issue? |website=Archive.dhakatribune.com |date=2016-04-27 |accessdate=2017-07-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605155955/http://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/apr/27/where-does-bangladesh-stand-homosexuality-issue |archivedate=2017-06-05 }}</ref>

===Capital punishment===
{{See also|Capital punishment in Bangladesh}}
[[Capital punishment]] remains legal in Bangladesh, although other common law countries like the United Kingdom and [[Canada]] have abolished the death penalty.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?country=bangladesh |title=The Death Penalty in Bangladesh |website=Deathpenaltyworldwide.org |date= |accessdate=2017-07-10 |archive-date=13 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513114233/http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?country=Bangladesh |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Law of Bangladesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Law of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Criminal codes]]

Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi

2025-10-06T16:37:28Z

AngleaDeason621: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1908–1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|religion = [[Islam]]
|honorific_prefix = [[Maulana]]
|name = Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi
|title =
|image = Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi.jpg
|birth_date = 1908
|birth_place = [[Agra]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1985|05|24|1908}}
|death_place = [[Karachi, Sindh]], Pakistan
|father =
|region = India
|denomination = [[Sunni]]
|jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
|movement = [[Deobandi]]
|main_interests = [[Urdu literature]], [[history]], [[Seerah]]
|notable_works = ''Fehm-e-Quran'', ''Ghulaman-e-Islam'', ''Siddiq-e-Akbar'', ''Wahi Ilahi''
|alma_mater = [[Madrasa Shahi, Moradabad]], [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], [[Oriental College, Lahore]], [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]
|influences = [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]]
|founder = [[Nadwatul Musannifeen]]
}}
'''Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi''' (1908 – 24 May 1985) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] Islamic scholar and an [[Urdu]]-language author who co-founded the [[Nadwatul Musannifeen]]. He served as the dean of the [[Faculty of Theology, Aligarh Muslim University|Faculty of Theology]] in Aligarh Muslim University.

Akbarabadi was an alumnus of [[Jamia Qasmia Madrasa Shahi]], [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] and the [[Oriental College, Lahore]]. He taught at [[Jamia Islamia Talimuddin]], Madrassa-e-Aalia, Fatehpuri, [[Aligarh Muslim University]], [[University of Calicut]] and the [[McGill University]]. He authored books including ''Fehm-e-Quran'', ''Ghulaman-e-Islam'', ''Siddiq-e-Akbar'' and ''Musalmano Ka Urooj-o-Zawal''. His students include [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] and [[Mushir-ul-Haq]].

==Birth and education==
Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi was born in the [[colonial India]]n city of [[Agra]] in 1908.<ref name="history">{{cite book |author1=[[Syed Mehboob Rizwi]] |translator=Prof. Murtaz Husain F. Quraishi |title=History of The Dar al-Ulum Deoband (Volume 2) |publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam, [[Darul Uloom Deoband|Dar al-Ulum Deoband]] |page=112|edition=1981 |url=https://archive.org/download/2VolumeBookOnTheHistoryOfDarAlUlumDeoband/HistoryOfTheDarulUloomDeoband-VolumeTwo1981.pdf |access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="nida0">{{cite book |author1=Mufti Ubaid Anwar Shah Qaiser |title=Nida'e Darul Uloom Waqf |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband]] |pages=49–53 |edition=Rabi-ut-Thaani, 1438|chapter=Maulana Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi: Ek Sahib-e-Qalam Shakhsiyat |language=ur}}</ref> He studied his primary classes at home, then he studied in [[Jamia Qasmia Madrasa Shahi]], and later graduated from the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. There he studied under [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]], [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] and [[Ibrahim Balyawi]].<ref name="nida0"/> He then undertook specialist courses at [[Oriental College, Lahore]]. During the period, Akbarabadi was appointed as a teacher of oriental languages in Madrasa-e-Aaliya, Fatehpuri. He gained a [[Master of Arts]] degree in Arabic from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]].<ref name="history" />

==Career==
After completing studies at [[Oriental College, Lahore]], Akbarabadi taught at [[Jamia Islamia Talimuddin, Dabhel]]. He then taught oriental languages in Madrassa-e-Aalia, Fatehpuri. After completing his [[Master of Arts|M.A]] from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]], he became a lecturer in the same college. In the meantime [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] (Former President of Pakistan) became his student.<ref name="nida0"/> In 1938, Akbarabadi established [[Nadwatul Musannifeen]] along with [[Atiqur Rahman Usmani]], [[Hamid al-Ansari Ghazi]] and [[Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Nayab Hasan Qasmi |title=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] Ka Sahafati ManzarNama |publisher=Idara Tehqeeq-e-Islami, [[Deoband]] |pages=176, 198}}</ref> He was offered principalship of the [[Aliah University|Madrasa Alia]], in Calcutta, of which he took the charge on 2 February 1949.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Akbarabadi |first1=Saeed Ahmad |title=نظرات |journal=Burhan |date=February 1949 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=2–4 |url=https://articles.rasailojaraid.com/Resources/ArticleFiles/20/1868/27497.pdf |access-date=12 February 2023 |publisher=[[Nadwatul Musannifeen]] |language=ur}}</ref>

In 1958, Akbarabadi became the dean of the Faculty of Theology in the [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. He transformed a weak faculty and introduced graduate teaching and a doctoral programme.<ref name="history" /> He supervised his (and the faculty's) first doctoral thesis, on [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]], which was later published by [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in 1974.<ref name="nida0" />

During 1961 and 1963, Akbarabadi was invited by [[Wilfred Cantwell Smith]] to be a visiting professor in the Institute of Islamic Studies at the [[McGill University]] in Canada.{{Sfn|Haq|2012|pp=21-22}} His students at the institute included [[Mushir-ul-Haq]], the former vice-chancellor of the [[University of Kashmir]].{{Sfn|Haq|2012|p=20}} He retired from the AMU in 1972.{{Sfn|Haq|2012|p=25}}

After that, he was a visiting professor at the [[University of Calicut]] and then at [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] then made him director of its new research department, [[Shaikhul Hind Academy]], a post he held from 25 December 1982 until his death on 24 May 1985.{{Sfn|Haq|2012|p=18}}

==Literary works==
He began his writing journey with ''[[Da'watul Haq]]''.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Qamruzzaman |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/57789 |title=Maulavi Wahiduzzaman Karanvi his contribution to Arabic language and literature in India |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |year=2001 |page=112 |location=India |language=ar |hdl=10603/57789 |degree=PhD}}</ref> His works include:<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile of Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi on WorldCat |url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n84031364/ |publisher=[[WorldCat]] |access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref>
*''Al-riq fi al-Islam''
*''Fehm-e-Quran''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Abdul Waris |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebook-detail/islami-uloom-mein-nadwat-ul-musannifin-ki-khidmaat-ek-mutala-abdul-waris-khan-ebooks |title=Islāmi Uloom mai Nadwatul Musannifeen ki Khidmāt: Ek mutāla |date=1999 |publisher=Islamic Book Foundation |location=New Delhi |pages=40–42 |trans-title=The contribution of Nadwatul Musannifeen in Islamic studies: A study}}</ref>
*''Ghulaman-e-Islam''
* ''Hindustan ki shar'i haisiyat''
* ''Hind Pak̄istān kī taḥrīk-i āzādī aur ʻulamāʼe ḥaqq kā siyāsī muʼaqqaf''
* ''K̲h̲ut̤bāt-i Iqbāl par ek naẓar''
*''Musalmano Ka Urooj-o-Zawal''
*''Siddiq-e-Akbar''
*''Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi aur unke Naaqid''
*''Uthman Zinnurayn''
*''Wahi Ilahi''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Abdul Waris |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebook-detail/islami-uloom-mein-nadwat-ul-musannifin-ki-khidmaat-ek-mutala-abdul-waris-khan-ebooks |title=Islāmi Uloom mai Nadwatul Musannifeen ki Khidmāt: Ek mutāla |date=1999 |publisher=Islamic Book Foundation |location=New Delhi |pages=44–45|trans-title=The contribution of Nadwatul Musannifeen in Islamic studies: A study}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Studies of Akbarabadi include:<ref name="nida0"/>
*''Maulana Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi: Ahwaal-Aasaar'' by Dr Masood Alam Qasmi
*''Maulana Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi: Hayat-o-Khidmat'' by Dr Qaiser Habeeb Hashmi
*''Maulana Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi aur unki Adbi Khidmat'' by Miss Jahan Ara (Thesis submitted in [[Punjab University, Lahore]]).

==See also==
* [[Syed Mehboob Rizwi]]
* [[Muhammad Taqi Amini]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
{{cite book |last1=Haq |first1=Mushirul |author1-link=Mushir-ul-Haq |year = 2012 |title=معاصر شخصیات |trans-title= Contemporary Personalities |publisher=Maktaba Jamia |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7587-831-0 |pages=18–26 |language=ur |chapter=Mawlānā Saeed Aḥmad Akbarābādī}}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Qasmi|first=Ishtiaque Ahmad|author-link=Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi|title=Maulana Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi Ka Zikr-e-Jamīl|trans-title=A mention of Maulana Saeed Ahmad Akbarbadi|date=2023|publisher=Shaikhul Hind Academy|location=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]|language=ur}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Education|Literature|Islam}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akbarabadi, Saeed Ahmad}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian historians of Islam]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:Madrasa Shahi alumni]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Members of Nadwatul Musannifeen]]
[[Category:Students of Anwar Shah Kashmiri]]
[[Category:Members of the Majlis-e-Shura of Darul Uloom Deoband]]

Economy of India/infobox

2025-10-06T02:51:42Z

AngleaDeason621: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Economy of India]]

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