Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Goraksha Shataka

2026-05-24T15:12:15Z

AndyMfn275514:

[[File:Goraksha Shataka last folio Thanjavur MS.jpg|thumb|upright=2|Gorakṣaśataka, last folio of Thanjavur manuscript]]
The '''''Gorakṣaśataka''''' is an early text on [[Haṭha yoga]] text from the 11th-12th century, attributed to the sage [[Gorakhnath|Gorakṣa]]. It was the first to teach a technique for raising [[Kundalini]] called "the stimulation of Sarasvati", along with elaborate [[pranayama]], breath control. It was written for an audience of [[Asceticism|ascetics]].

== Synopsis ==

The 2012 translation of the text by [[James Mallinson (author)|James Mallinson]] divides it into the following topics:{{sfn|Mallinson|2012}}

* Introduction
* The Conquest of the Breath
* [[Sattvic diet|Measured Diet]]
* Posture ([[Lotus position|Padmasana]] and [[Vajrasana (yoga)|Vajrasana]])
* The Stimulation of the goddess [[Saraswati|Sarasvatī]]
* The [[Pranayama|Restraint of the Breath]] ([[Anuloma pranayama|Surya]], [[Ujjayi]], [[Sitali]], and [[Bhastrika|Bhastri]] [[kumbhaka]]s{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=127, 131–133, 157–159}})
* The Three [[Bandha (yoga)|Bandha]]s ([[Mula Bandha|Mula]], [[Uddiyana bandha|Uddiyana]], and [[Jalandhara Bandha|Jalandhara]] bandhas)
* [[Samadhi]]
* Obstacles to the Practice of Yoga
* The Ascent of Kundalini
* Realization of the Truth

== Analysis ==

The title means "A hundred verses of [the sage] Gorakṣa".{{sfn|Simpson|2019}}

The ''Gorakṣaśataka'' is one of the first texts that teaches [[Haṭha yoga]]'s physical methods, without using the name.{{sfn|Simpson|2019}} The first verse states that the text is for ascetics who had renounced ordinary life to attain liberation.{{sfn|Mallinson|2012}} The text explains how to control the breath in [[pranayama]],{{sfn|Simpson|2019}} using novel techniques such as ''[[Surya bhedana|sūryabhedana]]'', "the piercing of the sun".{{sfn|Mallinson|2012}} It teaches śakticālanīmudrā ("stimulating [[Saraswati|Sarasvatī]]") along with the three [[Bandha (yoga)|bandha]]s.{{sfn|Mallinson|2011|p=771}} "Stimulating Sarasvatī" is done by wrapping the tongue in a cloth and pulling on it, stimulating the goddess [[Kundalini]] who is said to dwell at the other end of the [[central channel]].{{sfn|Mallinson|2016|pp=109–140}}{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=230–231, 243–244}} The text describes the complex process of raising Kundalini initiated by [[Mula bandha|mūlabandha]], the root lock, resulting in her dissolution, which is [[Moksha|liberation]].{{sfn|Westoby|2018}} It mentions three "knots" (''granthis''), a kind of [[chakra]], which have to be pierced to allow the Kundalini to pass through. The three are the knots of [[Brahma]] at the base of the [[Sushumna]] channel, of [[Vishnu]] at the heart, and of [[Rudra]], between the eyebrows.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=175, 214–215}}

Unlike [[Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)|Ashtanga, the eightfold yoga of Patanjali]], the text describes a system of six limbs: [[asana]] (posture), [[Pranayama|breath-restraint]] (which it calls ''pranasamrodha''), [[pratyahara]] (withdrawal), [[dharana]] (concentration), [[meditation]], and [[samadhi]]; omitting the first two limbs of Ashtanga, namely the [[yamas]] and [[niyamas]].
It recommends gradually increasing breath retention as the best way to samadhi.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=326}}

It does not mention mantras;{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=262}} nor does it mention the preservation of bindu, but merely says that liberation is achieved by controlling the mind through controlling the breath.{{sfn|Mallinson|2016|pp=109–140}}

Mallinson comments that the text is too terse to serve as a foundation for practice, and could not have substituted for direct instruction by a guru; nor in his view would it have been used as a [[mnemonic]]: he had never met a yogi who worked in that way. Rather, hatha yoga texts lent authority to a school of thought and its yoga practices.{{sfn|Mallinson|2012}}

== Influence ==

The ''Gorakṣaśataka'' was influential but is now less well-known than the ''[[Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā]]'' which copies around thirty of its hundred verses, describing techniques such as the [[pranayama]] method of ''[[ujjāyī]]'' or "victorious breath", widely used today in [[Vinyasa yoga]] classes.{{sfn|Simpson|2019}}

== References ==

{{reflist|22em}}

== Sources ==

* {{cite book |translator-last=Kuvalayananda |author-link=Swami Kuvalayananda |title=Goraksa-Satakam |publisher=Kaivalyadhama |year=2006 |orig-year=1954 |isbn=818948544X}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Mallinson |author-first=James |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |year=2011 |title=Yoga: Haṭha Yoga |url=https://www.academia.edu/1317005 |editor1-last=Basu |editor1-first=Helene |editor2-last=Jacobsen |editor2-first=Knut A. |editor2-link=Knut A. Jacobsen |editor3-last=Malinar |editor3-first=Angelika |editor4-last=Narayanan |editor4-first=Vasudha |editor4-link=Vasudha Narayanan |encyclopedia=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=3 |doi=10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_000354 |pages=770–781 |isbn=978-90-04-17641-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Mallinson |first=James |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |year=2012 |chapter=The Original Gorakṣaśataka |editor-last=White |editor-first=David Gordon |title=Yoga in Practice |location=Princeton |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/3491519/The_Original_Gorak%E1%B9%A3a%C5%9Bataka |pages=257–272}} – with a translation from the Sanskrit
* {{cite book |last=Mallinson |first=James |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |chapter=Śāktism and Haṭhayoga |title=Goddess Traditions in Tantric Hinduism: History, Practice and Doctrine |editor-link=Bjarne Wernicke-Olesen |editor-last=Wernicke-Olesen |editor-first=Bjarne |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2016 |pages=109–140 |isbn=978-1317585213 |url=http://www.academia.edu/1260034/Saktism_and_Ha_hayoga}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mallinson |first1=James |author1-link=James Mallinson (author) |last2=Singleton |first2=Mark |author2-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |title=Roots of Yoga |title-link=Roots of Yoga |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-241-25304-5 |oclc=928480104}}
* {{cite web |last=Simpson |first=Daniel |title=Stimulating the Goddess: James Mallinson on the Gorakṣa-śataka |url=https://sanskritreadingroom.wordpress.com/2019/11/24/stimulating-the-goddess-james-mallinson-on-the-gorak%E1%B9%A3asataka/ |website=Sanskrit Reading Room |access-date=19 March 2022 |date=24 November 2019}}
* {{cite web |last=Westoby |first=Ruth |title=Yogic Body |website=Sahapedia |year=2018 |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/yogic-body |access-date=19 March 2022}}
* {{cite book | last=Brzezinski | first=Jan K. | last2=Bharati | first2=Swami Veda | title=Yoga-taraṅgiṇī: A Rare Commentary on Gorakṣa-śataka : Sanskrit Text with Romanized Version | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | publication-place=Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India | date=2015-01-01 | isbn=978-81-208-3989-2}}

==External links==

* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/259062035/Goraksha-Shataka-of-Guru-Gorakhnath Text in Sanskrit and English], translated by Yoga Nath

{{Hatha yoga}}

[[Category:Hatha yoga texts]]

Agara, Bengaluru South district

2026-05-07T09:30:38Z

AndyMfn275514: starting location

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Agara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Ramanagara in Karnataka (India).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Agara Bangalore Rural is in Bengaluru South district
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru South district|Bengaluru South]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Kanakapura
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bengaluru
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Agara Bangalore Rural ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Village/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx |title=Census of India : List of Villages Alphabetical Order > Karnataka |work=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-18 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} , Census Village code= 2265900</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |title=Yahoo! maps India : |accessdate=2009-04-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archivedate=2008-12-18 }} Agara (Kanakapura), Bangalore Rural, Karnataka</ref> It is located in the [[Kanakapura]] [[taluk]] of [[Bengaluru South district]] in Karnataka.

==See also==
* [[Bengaluru South district]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/

{{Settlements in Bangalore Rural district}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Ramanagara district]]

{{BengaluruSouth-geo-stub}}

List of Indian state mottos

2026-05-06T14:48:19Z

AndyMfn275514: expanded content

{{short description|Indian state mottos}}

[[India]] is a [[country]] in [[South Asia]]. It is made up of 28 states and 8 union territories. 6 [[states and union territories of India|states]] have adopted their own state mottos, while 22 states and 6 [[Union territory|union territories]] use the national motto of India as their state motto.

==States==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!State
!Motto
!Language
!English transliteration
!English translation
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|సత్యమేవ జయతే
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| rowspan="5" |''[[Satyameva Jayate]]''
| rowspan="5" |''Truth alone triumphs''
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Arunachal Pradesh.svg}} [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| rowspan="4" |सत्यमेव जयते
| rowspan="13" |[[Sanskrit]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Assam, India.svg}} [[Assam]]
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Chhattisgarh.svg}} [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Goa,_India.svg}} [[Goa]]
|सर्वे भद्राणि पश्यन्तु मा कश्चिद् दुःखमाप्नुयात् <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dip.goa.gov.in/pages.php?id=9|title=Department of Information and Publicity | Goa Government|date=July 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722101821/http://www.dip.goa.gov.in/pages.php?id=9|archive-date=2018-07-22}}</ref>
|''Sarve bhadrāṇi paśyantu mā kaścid duḥkhamāpnuyāt''
|''May everyone see goodness, may none suffer any pain.''
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Gujarat.svg}} [[Gujarat]]
|rowspan="7"|सत्यमेव जयते
|rowspan="7"|''[[Satyameva Jayate]]''
|rowspan="7"|''Truth alone triumphs''
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Haryana Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Haryana]]
|-
|{{Flagicon image|}} [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Government banner of Jharkhand.png}} [[Jharkhand]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Karnataka Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Karnataka]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Kerala Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Kerala]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Madhya Pradesh Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Maharashtra Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Maharashtra]]
|प्रतिपच्चंद्रलेखेव वर्धिष्णुर्विश्व वंदिता महाराष्ट्रस्य राज्यस्य मुद्रा भद्राय राजते <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/state-govts-spin-on-chhatrapati-shivajis-rajmudra-draws-public-ire/articleshow/65015105.cms|title=State govt's spin on Chhatrapati Shivaji's rajmudra draws public ire|website=Pune Mirror}}</ref>
|''Pratipaccandralēkhēva vardhiṣṇurviśva vanditā mahārāṣṭrasya rājyasya mudrā bhadrāya rājatē''
|''The glory of Maharashtra will grow like the first day moon. It will be worshipped by the world and will shine only for the well being of people.''
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Government_of_Manipur.svg}} [[Manipur]]
| {{lang|mni|ꯀꯪꯂꯥꯁꯥ}}
|[[Meitei language|Meitei]]
|''[[Nongshaba|Kanglasha]]''
|''The Dragon Lord''
|-
|{{flagicon image|}} [[Meghalaya]]
|rowspan="2"| {{lang|sa|सत्यमेव जयते}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Sanskrit]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Satyameva Jayate]]''
|rowspan="2"|''Truth alone triumphs''
|-
|{{flagicon image|Mizoram Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Mizoram]]
|-
| [[Nagaland]]
|Unity <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/kohima-set-to-stamp-out-ashoka/cid/873536|title=Kohima set to stamp out Ashoka|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
|[[English language|English]]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|sa|सत्यमेव जयते}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Sanskrit]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[Satyameva Jayate]]''
| rowspan="3" |''Truth alone triumphs''
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Banner_of_Punjab,_India.svg}} [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Rajasthan Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Rajasthan]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of Sikkim.svg}} [[Sikkim]]
|{{lang|bo|༄༅།ཁམས་གསུམ་དབང་འདུས}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaSikkim.htm|title=SIKKIM / DÄMOJONG|website=www.hubert-herald.nl}}</ref>
|[[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]]
|''[[Trailokyavijaya|Kham-sum-wangdu]]''
|''Conqueror of the three worlds''
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Tamil Nadu Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{lang|ta|வாய்மையே வெல்லும்}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaTamilNadu.htm|title=TAMIL NADU|website=www.hubert-herald.nl}}</ref>
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''Vāymaiyē vellum''
| rowspan="6" |''Truth alone triumphs''
|-
| [[Telangana]]
|सत्यमेव जयते
|[[Sanskrit]]
| rowspan="5" |''[[Satyameva Jayate]]''
|-
|{{flagicon image|Tiripura Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Tripura]]
|সত্যমেব জয়তে
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Uttar Pradesh.svg}} [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| rowspan="2" |सत्यमेव जयते
| rowspan="2" |[[Sanskrit]]
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Uttarakhand.svg}} [[Uttarakhand]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
|সত্যমেব জয়তে
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|}

==Union territories==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Union territory
!Motto
!Language
!English transliteration
!English translation
|-
|{{flagicon image|Andaman and Nicobar Administration Banner.png}} [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|rowspan="6"|सत्यमेव जयते
|rowspan="6"|[[Sanskrit]]
|rowspan="6"|''[[Satyameva Jayate]]''
|rowspan="6"|''Truth alone triumphs''
|-
|{{flagicon image|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu emblem.png}} [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Delhi Capital Territory.svg}} [[Delhi]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Ladakh, India.svg}} [[Ladakh]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Banner of Puducherry.png}} [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|}

==Autonomous administrative divisions==
Some of the [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|autonomous administrative divisions]] established by the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India have adopted their own motto.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Autonomous Administrative Division
!Motto
!Language
!English transliteration
!English translation
|-
|[[Bodoland Territorial Region]]
| सत्यमेव जयते<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bihog.com/company/bodoland-territorial-council/|title=Bodoland Territorial Council|website=Bihog.com|access-date=2020-04-13|archive-date=2020-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027041827/https://bihog.com/company/bodoland-territorial-council/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|[[Sanskrit]]
|{{center|''[[Satyameva Jayate]]''}}
|{{center|''Truth alone triumphs''}}
|}

==See also==
*[[Satyameva Jayate]], the national motto of India
* [[List of Indian state symbols]]
* [[List of Indian state flags]]
* [[List of Indian state emblems]]
* [[List of Indian state songs]]
* [[List of Indian state foundation days]]
* [[List of Indian state animals]]
* [[List of Indian state birds]]
* [[List of Indian state flowers]]
* [[List of Indian state trees]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Symbols of Indian states}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:State mottos}}
[[Category:Lists of mottos|India states]]
[[Category:Indian culture-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian state symbols|Mottos]]

List of Indian Australians

2026-05-06T07:28:07Z

AndyMfn275514: starting new biography.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
[[Indian Australians]] are [[Australians]] of [[Indian people|Indian]] ancestry, including both Australians by birth and those born in [[India]] or elsewhere among the [[Indian diaspora]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/AUS/download/GCP_AUS.xlsx |work=2021 Census of Population and Housing |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |format=XLS |title=General Community Profile |access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref> The following provides a list of notable Indian Australians:

== Academics ==

=== Mathematicians ===
* [[Mathai Varghese]], mathematician and professor at the [[University of Adelaide]]
* [[Akshay Venkatesh]], mathematician<ref>{{cite web |title=A Number Theorist Who Bridges Math and Time |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/fields-medalist-akshay-venkatesh-bridges-math-and-time-20180801/}}</ref>

=== Professors and scholars in other disciplines ===
* [[Purushottama Bilimoria]], professor at [[Deakin University]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Professor Purushottama Bilimoria |url=https://ochs.org.uk/prof-purushottama-bilimoria/ |access-date=8 February 2025 |archive-date=16 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216131138/https://ochs.org.uk/prof-purushottama-bilimoria/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Arts and entertainment ==

=== Actors and actresses ===
* [[Anusha Dandekar]], actress
* [[Shibani Dandekar]], actress
* [[Lisa Haydon]], Bollywood actress<ref>{{cite web |title=Never dated Ness Wadia, not friends with Randeep Hooda: Lisa Haydon |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-never-dated-ness-wadia-not-friends-with-randeep-hooda-lisa-haydon-2015681/ |publisher=DNA |access-date=15 August 2015 |date=3 September 2014 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722061619/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-never-dated-ness-wadia-not-friends-with-randeep-hooda-lisa-haydon-2015681 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Mahesh Jadu]], actor<ref>{{cite web |title=I play spiritual guide in 'I, Frankenstein': Mahesh Jadu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/hollywood/i-play-spiritual-guide-in-i-frankenstein-mahesh-jadu/}}</ref>
* [[Vimala Raman]], actress
* [[Chandrika Ravi]], actress
* [[Pallavi Sharda]], actress
* [[Isha Sharvani]], Bollywood actress

=== Comedians ===
* [[Neel Kolhatkar]], comedian<ref>{{cite web |title=Indo-Australian Comedian Neel Kolhatkar Makes Waves on YouTube With Nonstop Laughter |url=https://www.india.com/lifestyle/indo-australian-comedian-neel-kolhatkar-makes-waves-on-youtube-with-nonstop-laughter-751125/}}</ref>

=== Film ===
* [[Partho Sen-Gupta]], filmmaker
* [[Anupam Sharma]], filmmaker, [[Australia Day Ambassador]], film entrepreneur

=== Models ===
* [[Samantha Downie]], ''[[Australia's Next Top Model]]'' contestant, model
* [[Maria Thattil]], activist, beauty queen, and model of South Indian descent who was crowned [[Miss Universe Australia]] 2020 and placed Top 10 at [[Miss Universe 2020]]

=== Media ===
* [[Jeremy Fernandez]], ''[[ABC Weekend]]'' presenter and reporter
* [[Marc Fennell]], film critic, technology journalist, radio personality, author, and television presenter
* [[Indira Naidoo]], newsreader

=== Musicians ===
* [[Charlie Collins (musician)|Charlie Collins]], singer-songwriter
* [[Samantha Jade]], singer-songwriter, and actress
* [[Tharini Mudaliar]], singer and actress who played a role in ''[[The Matrix Revolutions]]'' and ''[[Xena: Warrior Princess]]''
* [[Guy Sebastian]], winner of 2003 ''[[Australian Idol]]'', singer and songwriter

== Business ==
* [[Fazal Deen]], hawker, battery operator and businessman
* [[Pankaj Oswal]], controversial businessman, accused of embezzlement
* [[Vivek Chaand Sehgal|Vivek Chad Sehgal]], auto parts maker
* [[Maha Sinnathamby]], real estate

== Literature ==
* [[Aravind Adiga]], novelist, winner of the 2008 [[Man Booker Prize]]
* [[Kersi Meher-Homji]], journalist and author

== Politics and government ==
* [[Prue Car]], ALP MP for [[Electoral district of Londonderry|Londonderry]] in New South Wales
* [[Christabel Chamarette]], senator from Western Australia from 1992 to 1996
* [[Jinson Charls]], member of the [[Northern Territory Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Chris Crewther]], former Liberal MP for Dunkley
* [[Lauren Moss]], ALP MP for [[Electoral division of Casuarina|Casuarina]] in the Northern Territory
* [[Khoda Patel]], member of the [[Northern Territory Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dave Sharma]], former Liberal MP for Wentworth
* [[Lisa Singh]], former ALP Senator representing Tasmania
* [[Kaushaliya Vaghela]], former Victorian politician, community leader.
* [[Peter Varghese]], diplomat and Secretary of the [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)]]
* [[Anne Warner (Australian politician)|Anne Warner]], former Minister for Aboriginal and Islander Affairs, Queensland Labor Government

== Science and technology ==
* [[Chennupati Jagadish]] [[Order of Australia|AC]], pioneer in [[nanotechnology]]
* [[Zinnia Kumar]], scientist and international fashion model

== Sports ==
* [[Stuart Clark]], cricketer
* [[Arshdeep Dosanjh]], professional volleyball player and member of the [[Australia men's national volleyball team|Australia national team]]
* [[Hasrat Gill]], cricketer for [[Melbourne Stars (WBBL)|Melbourne Stars]] and [[Victoria women's cricket team|Victoria]]
* [[Sam Kerr]], footballer
* [[Daniel Kerr]], Australian rules footballer
* [[Roger Kerr (footballer)|Roger Kerr]], Australian rules footballer
* [[Jordan McMahon]], Australian rules footballer
* [[Clancee Pearce]], Australian rules footballer for Fremantle Football Club
* [[Eric Pearce (field hockey)|Eric Pearce]], former hockey player who represented Australia in four Olympics
* [[Julian Pearce (field hockey)|Julian Pearce]], former hockey player who represented Australia in 45 international matches
* [[Tanveer Sangha|Tanveer Singh Sangha]], cricketer for [[Sydney Thunder]] in the [[Big Bash League]] and member of [[Australia national cricket team|Australia's national team]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Tanveer Sangha, the Australian leggie with Indian roots? |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/sports/who-is-tanveer-sangha-the-australian-leggie-with-indian-roots}}</ref>
* [[Gurinder Sandhu|Gurinder Singh Sandhu]], cricketer for [[Queensland cricket team|Queensland]] in Domestic cricket and former member of [[Australia national cricket team|Australia's national team]]
* [[Rex Sellers (cricketer)|Rex Sellers]], cricketer and [[leg spinner]] who played for Australia in India in 1964
* [[Astra Sharma]], tennis player
* [[Lisa Sthalekar]], captain of the Australia Women's cricket team
* [[Terry Walsh (field hockey)|Terry Walsh]], hockey player and coach
* [[Rhys Williams (soccer, born 1988)|Rhys Williams]], professional footballer
* [[Nishan Velupillay]], professional footballer

== In fiction ==
* [[Chloe Frazer]], character from the ''[[Uncharted]]'' video game series
* Edwina "Eddie" Redcliffe, character from the ''[[Deadloch]]'' TV series

== See also ==
{{Portal|Australia|India}}
* [[Indian Australians]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Australian people by descent]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian people|Australians]]

Ajay Kumar Singh (Bihar politician, Indian National Congress)

2026-04-29T10:42:58Z

AndyMfn275514:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ajay Kumar Singh
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|predecessor =[[Shailesh Kumar (politician)|Shailesh Kumar]]
|successor = [[Nachiketa Mandal]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| constituency = [[Jamalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jamalpur]]
| term_start = 10 November 2020
| term_end = 14 November 2025
| profession = Politician
}}

'''Ajay Kumar Singh''' is an Indian politician, serving as a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] since 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/bihar-elections-candidate/ajay-kumar-singh-10056.html|title=Bihar Assembly Elections 2020 Candidate | Ajay Kumar Singh | Jamalpur}}</ref>.He was elected as MLA from [[Jamalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency]] in [[Munger district]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":0" />

==Political career==
In the Following [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Ajay Kumar Singh of the Indian National Congress won the seat by defeating Shailesh Kumar of the Janata Dal (United) with a margin of 4432 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/bihar-election/jamalpur-assembly-election-result-2020-166.html|title=Jamalpur Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Jamalpur Assembly Election Latest News & Updates|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ndtv.in/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-election-results-2020/jamalpur|title=Jamalpur Election Result 2020 : जमालपुर विधान सभा चुनाव 2020 उम्‍मीदवार के नाम, पिछले विजेता - NDTV India|website=ndtv.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-bihar-assembly-elections-2020-conflict-between-19-candidates-in-jamalpur-at-the-stake-of-minister-of-rural-works-shailesh-kumar-20961622.html|title=Jamalpur Election 2020: जमालपुर में 19 प्रत्‍याशियों के बीच संघर्ष, मंत्री की प्रतिष्‍ठा दांव पर - Bihar, Jamalpur Election 2020 News: Bihar Assembly Elections 2020 Conflict between 19 candidates in Jamalpur At the stake of Minister of Rural Works Shailesh Kumar|website=Jagran}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bihar-INC-politician-stub}}

[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]

Apsara Rani

2026-04-28T18:17:10Z

AndyMfn275514:

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Apsara Rani
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Anketa Maharana
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|1|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttaranchal]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
| years_active = 2019–present
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Dangerous (2022 film)|Dangerous]]''
}}

'''Anketa Maharana''' (born 12 January 1996), credited professionally as '''Apsara Rani''', is an Indian actress who appears primarily in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]].

== Career ==
Anketa made her acting debut with [[R. Raghuraj]]'s romantic drama ''[[4 Letters]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=4 Letters Review: Insensitive, infuriating and inexplicable |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2019/feb/22/4-letters-review-10244.html |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=22 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Her next film role was in the [[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]] directed romantic horror Oollalla Oollalla in 2020. Along with Nataraj and Noorin Shereef. The film was released on 1 January 2020 and received negative reviews upon its release and was declared a flop at the [[box office]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} The following year, she appeared opposite newcomer Rock Kacchi in Thriller, a romantic thriller from the director [[Ram Gopal Varma]]. It was on [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s insistence that Anketa changed her name to Apsara Rani. Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the film was released on Shreyas ET App on 14 August 2020, and received negative reviews from the audience and critics.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

In 2021, Apsara returned to Telugu Cinema with a special appearance in [[Gopichand Malineni]]'s thriller mystery [[Krack (film)|Krack]] starring [[Ravi Teja]] and [[Shruti Haasan]].She appeared as an [[Item number|item girl]] in the song "Bhoom Bhaddhal".<ref name="K"/> Apsara has also appeared as an [[Item number|item girl]] in the song "Pepsi Aunty" from the film [[Seetimaarr]].<ref name="S"/>

She was next cast in [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s ''Dangerous'', India's first [[lesbian]] [[crime action]] film along with [[Naina Ganguly]].<ref name="Da"/> She has also committed to essay the female lead opposite [[bilingual]] film Patnagarh, made in [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages, based on the [[Patnagarh bombing]]. Additionally, Apsara is reuniting with [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s D Company as an [[Item number|item girl]] in film.<ref name="D">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-08 |title=Odisha's Apsara Rani To Sizzle On Big Screen With RGV's D-Company; Watch The Trailer |url=https://odishabytes.com/odishas-apsara-rani-to-sizzle-on-big-screen-with-rgvs-d-company-watch-the-trailer/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=odishabytes |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
|2019
|''[[4 Letters]]''
|Anupama
|rowspan=4|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Debut film
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=4 Letters Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/4-letters/movie-review/68114089.cms |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2 | 2020
|''Oollalla Oollalla''
|Trisha
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oollalla Oollalla Movie Review : A shoddily made film. |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/oollalla-oollalla/movie-review/73057388.cms |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Thriller''
|Meghana
|Short film
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=2 Odisha actors in lead roles in Bollywood movie|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/2-odisha-actors-in-lead-roles-in-bollywood-movie.html|access-date=8 August 2020|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3 | 2021
|[[Krack (film)|''Krack'']]
|
|Special appearance in the song "Bhoom Bhaddhal"
|<ref name="K">{{Cite web|title=Pic Talk: Apsara Rani is shaking her leg opposite Ravi Teja in Krack – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pic-talk-apsara-rani-is-shaking-her-leg-opposite-ravi-teja-in-krack/articleshow/78698258.cms|access-date=3 January 2021|website=The Times of India|date=16 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[D Company (2021 film)|D Company]]''
|
| [[Hindi]]
|Special appearance in the song "Khatham"
|<ref name="D"/>
|-
|''[[Seetimaarr]]''
|
| Telugu
|Special appearance in the song "Pepsi Aunty"
|<ref name="S">{{Cite web |title=Apsara Rani as Pepsi Aunty from Gopichand and Tamannaah starrer Seetimaar released – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/apsara-rani-as-pepsi-aunty-from-gopichand-and-tamannaah-starrer-seetimaar-released/articleshow/81616687.cms |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=21 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Dangerous (2022 film)|Dangerous]]''
|
| Hindi
|
|<ref name="Da">{{Cite web |title=RGV's Dangerous Trailer 2 Apsara Rani– Bollywood Hungama|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/rgvs-dangerous-trailer-2-indias-first-lesbian-crime-action-film-naina-ganguly-apsara-rani/|access-date=5 October 2021
|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Hunt (2023 film)|Hunt]]''
|
| rowspan="6" |Telugu
|Special appearance in the song "Papa tho Pailam"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=HUNT: సుధీర్ బాబు సినిమాలో మంగ్లీ పాట.. 'పాపతో పైలం' సారూ..! |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/papa-tho-pailam-song-released-from-sudheer-babu-hunt-movie/articleshow/94783814.cms |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Thalakona (2024 film)|Thalakona]]''
|
|
|<ref name="Women-centric films are the need of the hour, says Apsara Rani">{{cite news |last1=Deccan Chronicle |title=Women-centric films are the need of the hour, says Apsara Rani |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/051122/women-centric-films-are-the-need-of-the-hour-says-apsara-rani.html |access-date=27 October 2023 |date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027080546/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/051122/women-centric-films-are-the-need-of-the-hour-says-apsara-rani.html |archive-date=27 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Racharikam]]''
|Bhargavi Reddy
|
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Blood Roses (film)|Blood Roses]]''
|Adhira
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-02-06 |title=Blood Roses: Blends power, emotion, and social consciousness |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/blood-roses-blends-power-emotion-and-social-consciousness-1046114 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Twitter|apsara_rani_}}
* {{Instagram|apsararaniofficial_}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rani, Apsara}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Dehradun]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Odia cinema]]
[[Category:Odia people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Pedapatnamlanka

2026-04-22T11:35:39Z

AndyMfn275514: Put up pg

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=April 2020}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pedapatnam Lanka
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.546|81.934|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Pedapatnam lanka''' is a village in [[Mamidikuduru]] Mandal in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
*[[Machilipatnam mandal]]

{{Konaseema district}}

[[Category:Villages in Konaseema district]]

{{Konaseema-geo-stub}}

Ulrik Christian Nissen

2026-04-21T19:22:51Z

AndyMfn275514:

{{Short description|Danish nobleman (1691–1756)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ulrik Christian Nissen
| order = 20th
| monarch = [[Frederick IV of Denmark|Frederick IV]]
| country = [[Denmark–Norway]]
| predecessor = [[Christen Brun-Lundegaard]]
| successor = Rasmus Hansen Attrup
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|last=yes|Diocesan offices|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office2 = Diocesan Governor of Aarhus
| term_start2 = 31 January 1744
| term_end2 = 26 November 1746
| monarch2 = [[Christian VI]] [[Frederick V of Denmark|Frederick V]]
| predecessor2 = [[Jacob Benzon]]
| successor2 = Hans Frederik Levetzau
| office3 = Diocesan Governor of Trondhjem
| term_start3 = 9 April 1736
| term_end3 = 1744
| order3 = 7th
| monarch3 = Christian VI
| predecessor3 = Jacob Benzon
| successor3 = Christian de Stockfleth{{collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|last=yes|County officies|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office4 = County Governor of Copenhagen
| term_start4 = 7 November 1752
| term_end4 = 17 October 1756
| order4 = 10th
| monarch4 = Frederick V
| predecessor4 = [[Christian Siegfried von Plessen]]
| successor4 = [[Jens Krag-Juel-Vind]]
| office5 = County Governor of Trondhjem
| term_start5 = 9 April 1736
| term_end5 = 1744
| order5 = 5th
| monarch5 = Christian VI
| predecessor5 = Jacob Benzon
| successor5 = Christian de Stockfleth
| office6 = County Governor of Havreballegaard
| term_start6 = 31 January 1744
| term_end6 = 26 November 1746
| monarch6 = Christian VI Frederick V
| predecessor6 = Jacob Benzon
| successor6 = Hans Frederik Levetzau
| office7 = County Governor of Stjernholm
| term_start7 = 31 January 1744
| term_end7 = 26 November 1746
| monarch7 = Christian VI Frederick V
| predecessor7 = Jacob Benzon
| successor7 = Hans Frederik Levetzau
{{collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
| birth_date = 1691
| birth_place = Denmark–Norway
| death_date = 17 October 1756
| office = Governor of Tranquebar
| term_start = 21 January 1720
| term_end = 12 October 1726
| death_place = Copenhagen, Denmark–Norway
| relations = {{Interlanguage link|Christian Siegfried Nissen-Benzon|da}} (brother)
}}'''Ulrik Christian von Nissen-Benzon to Skjersø'''{{Efn|{{IPA|da|ulʁɛg kʁɛsdjan fɔn nesən bɛnsɒn}}}} (alternatively spelled '''Ulrich''' and '''Kristian'''; 1691 – 17 October 1756) was a Danish nobleman and administrator.

Nissen was born in Denmark–Norway in 1691 and became ''[[Hofjunker]]'' in 1716. He was appointed as commander and [[Opperhoofd|''opperhoved'']] of the Danish colony of [[Tranquebar]] in 1718, in which he served until 1726. Upon returning home, Nissen became an ''[[Etatsråd]]'' in 1729 and from 1736 to 1744 diocesan governor (''{{Langx|da|stiftamtmand|label=none}}'') and [[County governor (Norway)|county governor]] of the [[Diocese of Trondhjem]] and {{Interlanguage link|Trondhjems amt|lt=Trondhjem County|no}}, respectively. Additionally, he served as diocesan governor of the [[Diocese of Aarhus]] and [[Amtmann|''amtmand'']] of {{Interlanguage link|Havreballegård Amt|lt=Havreballegård County|da}} and {{Interlanguage link|Stjernholm Amt|lt=Stjernholm County|da}} from 1747 to 1752, when he became ''amtmand'' of [[Copenhagen County]].

He took the name [[Nissen-Benzon|Benzon]] in 1754 after acquiring the ''{{Langx|da|stamhus|label=none}}'' (an [[entailed estate]]) of {{Interlanguage link|Skærsø (herregård)|lt=Skjersø|da}}. He died in Copenhagen on 17 October 1756, aged 64 to 65.

== Early life ==
Ulrik Christian Nissen was born in Denmark–Norway in 1691 to the nobleman,{{Sfn|Teisen|Bobé|1927|p=74, 107}}{{Sfn|Nissen|Nissen|p=24|1978}} Herman Lorenz Nissen, and Ida Sofie Amalie Glud.{{Sfn|Rosenkrantz|1936}}{{Sfn|Bricka|1898}}{{Sfn|Weidling|2000|p=258}}{{Sfn|Nissen|Nissen|p=25|1978}}{{Sfn|Teisen|Bobé|1927|p=74}} His father was an ''[[etatsråd]]''{{Sfn|Bricka|1898}}{{Sfn|Krogh|1868}}''{{Sfn|Nissen|Nissen|p=24|1978}}'' and ''{{Langx|da|amtsforvalter|label=none}}'' (a regional economic official) in {{Interlanguage link|Segeberg Amt|lt=Segeberg County|da}},{{Sfn|Weidling|2000|p=258}} while his mother was the daughter of Bishop {{Interlanguage link|Søren Glud (biskop)|lt=Søren Glud|da}}.{{Sfn|Rosenkrantz|1936}}{{Sfn|Teisen|Bobé|1927|p=74}}{{Sfn|Nissen|Nissen|p=24|1978}} In 1716, Ulrik Nissen became ''[[hofjunker]]'' (young nobleman who serves in the court).{{Sfn|Rosenkrantz|1936}}{{Sfn|Teisen|Bobé|1927|p=74}}{{Sfn|Weidling|2000|p=258}}

== Governor of Tranquebar ==
On 11 September 1718,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=94}} Nissen was appointed as commander and [[Opperhoofd|''opperhoved'']] of the Danish colony of [[Tranquebar]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=94}}{{Sfn|Teisen|Bobé|1927|p=74}}{{Sfn|Bricka|1898}}{{Sfn|Weidling|2000|p=258}}{{Sfn|Nissen|Nissen|p=25|1978}} He departed from Denmark on the ship ''Jomfru Susanna'' in December the same year,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=94}} reaching Tranquebar in early 1720 after encountering difficulties at the [[Cape of Good Hope]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=94}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=66}} On 21 January 1720, the Governor, [[Christen Brun-Lundegaard]], resigned,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=54}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=66}} and Nissen's administration assumed the governorship during the following days.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=94}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=66}}

=== Tariff policies ===
As governor, Nissen issued a [[customs]] tariff on 5 August 1721, whereby import and export [[Duty (tax)|duties]] on the seaward side of the colony were fixed. Additionally, from the customs house, anchorage fees and weighing fees were levied on all vessels except those of the [[Danish East India Company]]. As [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] merchants conducted the majority of the coastal trade, attempts were made to attract them by granting reductions in duties for unloading and loading in the [[roadstead]] of Tranquebar.{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=66}} At the same time, the Mughal merchants who wished to pass through the coast of the town were compelled to purchase a sea passport ({{Langx|da|sø-pas|label=none}}), which cost 5-600 [[Rupee|rupees]] per year.{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|pp=66–67}} The {{Abbr|D.E.I.C.|Danish East India Company}}'s armed ships inspected all Mughal vessels to the best of their ability; however, in 1720, two ships were detained for having violated the Danish regulations, but were quickly released by the colony's [[privy council|Privy Council]] ({{Lang|da|secrete råd}}).{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=67}}

Concurrently, the colony's treasury was depleted of funds, and the Privy Council did not want to expose itself to new complications. The small vessels that engaged in the regional trade were in very poor condition, and it was difficult to maintain commercial communication between Tranquebar and the [[Sunda Islands]]. Additionally, the Danish [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] in [[Oddeway Torre]] was lost after a dispute with the local authorities, and trade on the [[Malabar Coast]] was temporarily abandoned.{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=67}} In 1725, the conditions were so bad that the Company was close to dissolving.{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=68}} Meanwhile, Nissen returned to Denmark–Norway on 22 October 1726 on board the ''Grev Laurvig'' with all his possessions,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=94}} while transferring the governorate to [[Rasmus Hansen Attrup]] on 12 October 1726,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=43, 94}} who was the former [[governor of Dannemarksnagore]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=68}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=39}}

== Later life as county governor ==
{{multiple image
| image1 = Nissen-benzon.jpeg
| image2 = Seal of Ulrich Christian Nissen.png
| footer = Coat of arms of the [[Nissen-Benzon|Nissen-Benzon family]] (top) and Ulrik Christian Nissen's personal seal (bottom)
| width1 = 150
| width2 = 150
| total_width = 150
| align = right
| direction = vertical
}}
Upon returning home,{{Sfn|Bricka|1898}} Nissen received the title of ''Etatsråd'' on 11 October 1729.{{Sfn|Rosenkrantz|1936}} From 9 April 1736 to 1744,{{Sfn|Weidling|2000|p=258}} he was diocesan governor (''{{Langx|da|stiftamtmand|label=none}}'') of the [[Diocese of Trondhjem]] and [[County governor (Norway)|county governor]] of {{Interlanguage link|Trondhjems amt|lt=Trondhjem County|no}}.{{Sfn|Rosenkrantz|1936}}{{Sfn|Weidling|2000|pp=35, 41, 258}} Followingly, on 31 January 1744,{{Sfn|Rosenkrantz|1936}} Nissen became a member of the naval ''[[Generalkrigskommisariat]]''.{{Sfn|Rosenkrantz|1936}}{{Sfn|Teisen|Bobé|1927|p=74}}{{Sfn|Bricka|1898}}{{Sfn|Weidling|2000|p=258}}{{Sfn|Nissen|Nissen|p=25|1978}} He was dismissed on 26 November 1746,{{Sfn|Rosenkrantz|1936}} as the institution merged with the Admiralty Court (''{{Langx|da|Admiralitetskollegiet|label=none}}''), although keeping his full salary for some time in compensation.{{Sfn|Bricka|1898}}

On 26 June 1747,{{Sfn|Rosenkrantz|1936}} Nissen became diocesan governor of the [[Diocese of Aarhus]] and [[Amtmann|''amtmand'']] of {{Interlanguage link|Havreballegård Amt|lt=Havreballegård County|da}} and {{Interlanguage link|Stjernholm Amt|lt=Stjernholm County|da}},{{Sfn|Teisen|Bobé|1927|p=74}}{{Sfn|Bricka|1898}}{{Sfn|Nissen|Nissen|p=25|1978}} where he served until 7 November 1752,{{Sfn|Rosenkrantz|1936}} when he became ''amtmand'' of [[Copenhagen County]].{{Sfn|Rosenkrantz|1936}}{{Sfn|Bricka|1898}}{{Sfn|Nissen|Nissen|p=25, 102|1978}} Nissen was additionally an [[Assessor (law)|assessor]] in the [[Danish Supreme Court]]{{Sfn|Rosenkrantz|1936}} from 1744 to 1756.{{Sfn|Nissen|Nissen|p=25|1978}}

On 4 September 1747,{{Sfn|Rosenkrantz|1936}}{{Sfn|Andrup|1946|p=5}} Nissen became a [[Knight of the Dannebrog]]{{Sfn|Bricka|1898}}{{Sfn|Weidling|2000|p=258}}{{Sfn|Teisen|Bobé|1927|p=74}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=94}} with the motto: "Grace will come at an unexpected hour" (''{{Langx|la|Gratia superveniet, quæ non sperabitur hora|links=no}}).{{Sfn|Andrup|1946|p=5}}'' Additionally, he received the ''{{Langx|da|stamhus|label=none}}'' ([[entailed estate]]) of {{Interlanguage link|Skærsø (herregård)|lt=Skjersø|da}} on 1 May 1755, after a compromise with his cousin on 10 December 1754.{{Sfn|Barfod|1877}} Subsequently, he took the name [[Nissen-Benzon|Benzon]]{{Sfn|Rosenkrantz|1936}}{{Sfn|Bricka|1898}} as a part of the compromise.{{Sfn|Barfod|1877}}{{Efn|According to the rules of the ''stamhus'', every owner had to add the name [[Nissen-Benzon|Benzon]] to their own surname.{{Sfn|Barfod|1877}}}}

Nissen died unmarried on 17 October 1756{{Sfn|Rosenkrantz|1936}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=94}}{{Efn|Other sources say 15 October 1756.{{Sfn|Krogh|1868}}{{Sfn|Bricka|1898}}{{Sfn|Nissen|Nissen|p=25|1978}}}} in Copenhagen.{{Sfn|Teisen|Bobé|1927|p=74}}{{Sfn|Bricka|1898}}{{Sfn|Weidling|2000|p=258}}

== See also ==

* {{Annotated link|Sivert Adeler}}
* {{Annotated link|Johan Sigismund Hassius}}

== Notes and references ==

=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== References ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Teisen |first=J. V. |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/927049.pdf |title=Danmarks Adels Aarbog 1927 |last2=Bobé |first2=Louis |author-link2=:da:Louis Bobé |publisher=J.H. Schultz Publishing |others=Illustrations by Friedrich Britze |year=1927 |series=Danmarks Adels Aarbog |location=Copenhagen |language=da |trans-title=Yearbook of the Danish nobility}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nissen |first=Gunnar Brun |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/927854.pdf |title=Slægten Nissen fra Bov sogn |last2=Nissen |first2=Harald |publisher=self-published |year=1978 |location=Trondheim |language=no, en |trans-title=The Nissen family from Bov parish}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rosenkrantz |first=Palle |author-link=:da:Palle Rosenkrantz |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/929042.pdf |title=Amtmandsbogen |publisher=Arthur Jensens Forlag |year=1936 |location=Copenhagen |pages=116 |language=da |trans-title=The Governor's Book}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bricka |first=Carl Frederik |author-link=Carl Frederik Bricka |url=https://www.google.dk/books/edition/Dansk_biografisk_lexikon/7bmhCPwRYbsC?hl=da&gbpv=1 |title=Dansk biografisk lexikon |collaboration=[[George Kringelbach|Kringelbach, George]] |publisher=[[Gyldendal]] |year=1898 |volume=12 |location=Copenhagen |pages=303 |language=da |trans-title=Danish biographical dictionary}}
* {{Cite book |last=Weidling |first=Tor |author-link=:no:Tor Weidling |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/2025/947905.pdf |title=Eneveldets menn i Norge |publisher=Messel Forlag |year=2000 |isbn=82-548-0065-0 |series=Rigsarkivaren skriftserie |volume=7 |location=Oslo |language=no |trans-title=Men of the absolutism in Norway}}
* {{Cite book |last=Krogh |first=Ferdinand |author-link=:da:Ferdinand von Krogh |url=https://www.google.dk/books/edition/De_danske_majorater/uQsCiDYdgIkC?hl=da&gbpv=1&dq=Ulrik+christian+Nissen+%22nissen-benzon%22&pg=PA312&printsec=frontcover |title=De danske majorater |publisher=[[Chr. Steen & Søn]] |year=1868 |location=Copenhagen |pages=312 |language=da |trans-title=The Danish Manors}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |author-link=Kay Larsen |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/922667.pdf |title=Guvernører, Residenter, Kommandanter og Chefer |publisher=Arthur Jensens Forlag |year=1940 |location=Copenhagen |pages= |language=Danish |trans-title=Governors, Residents, Commanders and Chiefs}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |title=De dansk-ostindiske Koloniers Historie |publisher=Centralforlaget |year=1907 |location=Copenhagen |language=Danish |trans-title=History of the Danish East Indian Colonies}}
* {{Cite book |last=Andrup |first=Otto |author-link=Otto Andrup |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/900720.pdf |title=Vaabenførende Slægter i Danmark |publisher=Heraldisk Forlag |year=1946 |volume=3 |location=Copenhagen |language=da |trans-title=Arms-bearing Families in Denmark}}
* {{Cite book |last=Barfod |first=Frederik |author-link=:da:Frederik Barfod |url=https://www.ronlev.dk/bibliotek/2242.pdf |title=Lavrits Ulrik la Cour og Ellen Kirstine Poulsen |publisher=self-published |year=1877 |location=Copenhagen |pages=116 |language=da}}
{{refend}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nissen, Ulrik Christian}}
[[Category:1691 births]]
[[Category:1756 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Danish India]]
[[Category:Benzon family]]
[[Category:Nobility from Denmark–Norway]]
[[Category:18th-century Danish nobility]]
[[Category:Tranquebar]]
[[Category:County governors of Copenhagen]]
[[Category:Governors of Danish India]]
[[Category:County governors of Norway]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog]]

Prayag Mukundan

2026-04-20T15:12:11Z

AndyMfn275514:

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prayag Mukundan
| image = Prayag_Mukundan.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Prayag Mukundan
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1991}}
| birth_place = [[kannur]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
| parents = M.V Mukundan & Prasanna M.M
| yearsactive = 2010–present
| website = {{URL|https://www.prayagmukundan.com}}
| awards = [[Kedamangalam Sadanandan]] memorial award for Best Cinematographer-2013
}}

'''Prayag Mukundan'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prayag Mukundan |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/content/tags/prayag-mukundan |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ഡെസ്ക് |first=വെബ് |title=പ്രയാഗിന്‍റെ സിനിമ പ്രയാണം... |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/movies/movies-special/life-cinematographer-prayag-mukundan-movies-article/2018/mar/15/447233 |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Madhyamam |date=15 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='സന്തോഷ് ശിവനെ പരിചയപ്പെടാൻ മുംബൈയിൽ ചെന്ന പ്രയാഗിനു മനസിലായി, ഒന്നും അത്ര എളുപ്പമല്ല..' |url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/prayag-mukundan-about-bollywood-film-p-k-experience-santhosh-sivan-1.3272750 |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Mathrubhumi Archives |date=November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian cinematographer working predominantly in [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]] film industries. With an educational background in VFX and Animation filmmaking and cinematography, he received mentorship from VFX director Biju Dhanapalan and cinematographers like [[C. K. Muraleedharan]], [[Sujith Vaassudev]] and Sudheer Palsane. Prayag's early body of work includes documentaries, advertisements, short films and government projects, including research collaborations with [[IIT Bombay]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2022-06-02 |title=Sudesh Balan's short film 'Saakshatkaaram' to be screened at MIFF |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sudesh-balans-saakshatkaaram-on-humanity-universal-emotions/article65480070.ece |access-date=2022-07-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He made his feature film debut as Director of photography with the Kannada film ''Thurthu Nirgamana'' (Emergency Exit).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=2022-06-24 |title=Thurthu Nirgamana movie review: A unique coming-of-age fantasy drama |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thurthu-nirgamana-movie-review-a-unique-coming-of-age-fantasy-drama/article65560673.ece |access-date=2022-07-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2013
! scope="row" | ''[[Punyalan Agarbattis]]''
| rowspan="1" |Assistant Camera
| rowspan="1" |Second Camera Operator
|-
| 2014
! scope="row" | ''[[PK (film)|PK]]''
| rowspan="1" |Camera Intern
| rowspan="1" |
|-
| 2015
! scope="row" | ''Anischit'' (Short)
| rowspan="2" |Assistant Camera
| rowspan="1" |
|-
| 2016
! scope="row" | ''[[School Bus]]''
| rowspan="1" |
|-
| 2017
! scope="row" | ''Baale'' (Short)
| rowspan="6" |Cinematographer
| rowspan="1" |
|-
| 2019
! scope="row" | ''Killimangalam Vazhi'' (Documentary)
| rowspan="1" | Won Kerala Kalamandalam Award
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
! scope="row" | ''Pottakinar'' (Short)
| rowspan="1" |
|-
! scope="row" | ''Saakshaathkaram'' (Short)
| rowspan="1" | Won the best short fiction film in the international competition of MIFF 2020
|-
| 2022
! scope="row" | ''[[Thurthu Nirgamana]]'' (Kannada Debut)
| rowspan="1" | Kannada Debut
|-
| 2023
! scope="row" | ''Penmudra'' (Documentary)
| rowspan="1" |
|-
| 2025
! scope="row" | ''Sangharsha Ghadana: The Art of Warfare''
| rowspan="2" | Director of Photography
| rowspan="1" |
|-
| 2026
| {{Pending film| Masthishka Maranam}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-09 |title=Krishand’s Masthishka Maranam gets a release date, teaser out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Feb/09/krishands-masthishka-maranam-gets-a-release-date-teaser-out |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|9601380}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukundan, Prayag}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Kerala]]

K Sanjay Murthy

2026-04-19T22:03:15Z

AndyMfn275514: created data!

{{Short description|15th Comptroller and Auditor General of India}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K Sanjay Murthy
| image = K_Sanjay_Murthy_IAS_15th_CAG_of_India.jpg
| office = [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India#List of CAGs of India|15th Comptroller and Auditor General of India]]
| term_start = 21 November 2024
| term_end =
| president = [[Draupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor = [[Girish Chandra Murmu]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Higher Education Secretary of India]]
| term_start1 = October 2021
| term_end1 = November 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Amit Khare]]
| successor1 = [[Vineet Joshi]]
| office2 = [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO of]] [[Industrial corridor#India|National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation]]
| term_start2 = 18 November 2019
| term_end2 = 1 October 2021
| appointer2 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| birth_name = Kondru Sanjay Murthy
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|12|20|df=y}}
| alma_mater = [[IIT Kharagpur]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date= 20 November 2025|title= IIT KGPian Kota Sanjay Murthy Takes Charge as India's New CAG|url=https://www.iitkgpalumnifoundation.in/newsroom/news/IIT-KGPian-Kota-Sanjay-Murthy-Takes-Charge-as-Indias-New-CAG.dz |access-date= 8 November 2025|website= IIT KGP Alumni foundation India|language=en}}</ref>
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]
| website =
}}
'''Kondru Sanjay Murthy'''<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date= 21 November 2025|title= who is K Sanjay Murthy the first Telgu bureaucrat CAG of India|url= https://www.ibtimes.co.in/who-sanjay-murthy-first-telugu-bureaucrat-become-cag-india-875147|access-date= 8 November 2025|website= [[IB Times]] |language=en}}</ref> (born 24 December 1964<ref name="thesecretariat">{{Cite web|title= IAS K Sanjay Murthy Biography|url= https://thesecretariat.in/bureautrack/k-sanjay-murthy-01hp011900 |access-date= 6 November 2025|website= The Secretariat|language=en}}</ref>) is a [[retired]] 1989 batch [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] from the [[Himachal Pradesh]] cadre and is currently serving as the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] since November 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/k-sanjay-murthy-assumes-charge-cag-comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-9681419/ |title=K Sanjay Murthy assumes charge as new Comptroller and Auditor General of India |date=21 November 2024| website=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date= 19 November 2024|title=K. Sanjay Murthy Appointed as Next Comptroller and Auditor General of India|url= https://m.thewire.in/article/government/k-sanjay-murthy-appointed-as-next-comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india |access-date= 6 November 2025|website= [[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date= 21 November 2024|title= PRESS COMMUNIQUE |url= https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2075327 |access-date= 6 November 2025|website= [[Press Information Bureau]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Kondru Sanjay Murthy was born on 24 December 1964 in [[Andhra Pradesh]] in India. He is the son of former [[Amalapuram]] MP and retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] [[KSR Murthy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/k-sanjay-murthy-appointed-as-indias-first-ias-cag-from-konaseema/articleshow/115460986.cms |title=K Sanjay Murthy appointed as India's first IAS CAG from Konaseema |date= 19 November 2024|access-date= 6 November 2025|website= Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Murthy has completed his education in [[mechanical engineering]] from [[IIT Kharagpur]].<ref name="auto"/>

==Civil Service career==
[[File:Shri K Sanjay Murthy IAS CAG of Swearing Ceremony.jpg|thumb|left|
President [[Droupadi Murmu]] administering the oath of office to K Sanjay Murthy as the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|15th Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] on 21 November 2024.]]

Murthy is a retired [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service officer]] of 1989 batch from [[Himachal Pradesh]] cadre.

In his state cadre in the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]. Murthy served in various capacities in the state for 13 years before going on a Central deputation between 2002-2007 during this period he held secretarial positions in Ministry of Environment and Forest and in Ministry of Communication and Information Technology. He was also associated with [[National Institute for Smart Government]] in [[Hyderabad]] assisting various state governments. After returning he served in important roles in Departments of Primary, Higher and Technical education of the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]] and also as the [[managing director]] of Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation.<ref name="auto1"/>

He also served as the Principal Secretary in the Ministry of Transport, Housing and Urban Development of [[Government of Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh State Government]] for a period of one year.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/meet-k-sanjay-murthy-1989-batch-ias-officer-the-new-cag-19512381.htm|title =K Sanjay Murthy, 1989 batch IAS officer, the new CAG| website= CNBC TV 18|date =21 November 2024|access-date = 7 November 2025}}</ref>

In Central Government he had served in as the [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary of]] [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Higher Education]] in the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] from October 2021 to November 2024 where his tenure saw the implementation of [[National Education Policy 2020]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2022|title= Higher Education Secy says implementation of NEP focuses on curriculum, competent faculty and leverage technology|url= https://www.yugmarg.com/news/5039-higher-education-secy-says-implementation-of-nep-focuses-on-curriculum-competent-faculty-and-leverage-technology.aspx|access-date=8 November 2025|website= Yugnarg|language=en}}</ref>

Before that he served as the [[Additional Secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]] in the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] and as the [[Joint Secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]] in [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]].

He has also served as the [[chief executive officer]] of National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 21 November 2024 |title= K Sanjay Murthy takes over as CAG|url= https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/k-sanjay-murthy-takes-over-as-comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india/articleshow/115516691.cms |access-date= 7 November 2025|website= [[The Economic Times]]|language=en}}</ref>

On 21 November 2024, Murthy was appointed as the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|15th Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] succeeding [[Girish Chandra Murmu]].

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murthy, K Sanjay}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Comptrollers in India]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Gov-bio-stub}}

2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore season

2026-04-17T22:30:48Z

AndyMfn275514: starting new details

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club =[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| season =2009
| image =
| coach = [[Ray Jennings]]
| captain = [[Anil Kumble]]
| ground = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| comp1 = [[2009 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = Runners-up
| comp2 = [[2009 Champions League Twenty20|CLT20]]
| comp2 result = Group stage
| most runs = [[Jacques Kallis]] (361)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=4801;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2009/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| most wickets =[[Anil Kumble]] (21)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=4801;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2009/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| prevseason = [[2008 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2008]]
| nextseason = [[2010 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2010]]
}}

[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] is a franchise cricket team based in [[Bangalore]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]]. They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2009 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained by [[Anil Kumble]]. Royal Challengers Bangalore finished runners-up in the IPL and qualified for the Champions League T20.<ref>{{cite web| title=IPL: Royal Challengers Bangalore Team Players List – RCB Squad|url=https://www.zerocric.com/royal-challengers-bangalore-team-2020-players-list-rcb-squad/|website= www.Zerocric.com|access-date= 5 February 2009}}</ref>

==Indian Premier League season==

===Standings===
Royal Challengers Bangalore finished 3rd in the league stage of IPL 2009.
{{:2009 Indian Premier League|team=RCB}}

===Match log===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Scorecard
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 1 || 18 April || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Cape Town]] || Won by 75 runs, MoM – [[Rahul Dravid]] 66 (48) || [http://content.cricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392182.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 2 || 20 April || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Sahara Oval St George's|Port Elizabeth]] || Lost by 92 runs || [http://content.cricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392185.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 3 || 22 April || [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Cape Town]] || Lost by 24 runs || [http://content.cricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392188.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 4 || 24 April || [[Kings XI Punjab]]|| [[Sahara Stadium Kingsmead|Durban]] || Lost by 7 wickets || [http://content.cricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392191.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 5 || 26 April || [[Delhi Daredevils]]|| [[Sahara Oval St George's|Port Elizabeth]] || Lost by 6 wickets || [http://content.cricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392194.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 6 || 29 April || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Sahara Stadium Kingsmead|Durban]] || Won by 5 Wickets, MoM – [[Mark Boucher]] 25* (13) || [http://content.cricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392199.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 7 || 1 May|| [[Kings XI Punjab]]|| [[Sahara Stadium Kingsmead|Durban]] || Won by 8 runs || [http://content.cricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392204.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 8 || 3 May || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[New Wanderers Stadium|Johannesburg]] || Won by 9 wickets, MoM – [[Jacques Kallis]] 69* (59) and 0/23 (4 overs) || [http://content.cricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392208.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 9 || 7 May || [[Rajasthan Royals]]|| [[SuperSport Park|Centurion]] || Lost by 7 wickets || [http://content.cricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392213.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 10 || 10 May || [[Mumbai Indians]]|| [[Sahara Oval St George's|Port Elizabeth]] || Lost by 16 runs || [http://content.cricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392218.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 11 || 12 May || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [|Pretoria || Won by 6 Wickets, MoM – [[Ross Taylor]] 81* (33) || [http://content.cricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392221.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 12 || 14 May || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Sahara Stadium Kingsmead|Durban]] || Won by 2 Wickets, MoM – [[Ross Taylor]] 46 (50) || [http://content.cricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392224.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 13 || 19 May || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[New Wanderers Stadium|Johannesburg]] ||Won by 7 Wickets, MoM – [[Jacques Kallis]] 58 (56) and 1/17 (4 overs) || [http://content.cricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392232.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 14 || 21 May || [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[SuperSport Park|Centurion]] ||Won by 12 runs, MoM – [[Manish Pandey]] 114* (73) || [http://content.cricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/match/392236.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| Semifinal || 23 May || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[New Wanderers Stadium|Johannesburg]] || Won by 6 wickets, MoM – [[Manish Pandey]] 48 (35) || [http://content.cricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/current/match/392238.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| Final || 24 May || [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[New Wanderers Stadium|Johannesburg]] || Lost by 6 runs, MoM – [[Anil Kumble]] 4/16 (4 overs) || [http://content.cricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/current/match/392239.html Scorecard]
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| Overall record: 9–7. Runners-up. Qualified for 2009 Champions Trophy Twenty20.
|}

==Champions League Twenty20==

===Match log===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Scorecard
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 1 || {{dts|format=dmy|2009-10-08}} || [[Cape Cobras]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bengaluru]] || Lost by 5 wickets|| [http://www.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2009/engine/match/416924.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 2 || {{dts|format=dmy|2009-10-12}} || [[Otago cricket team|Otago Volts]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bengaluru]] || Won by 80 runs, MoM - [[Jacques Kallis]] 73* (59) 3/18 (4 overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2009/engine/match/416932.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 3 || {{dts|format=dmy|2009-10-15}} || [[Victoria cricket team|Victorian Bushrangers]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bengaluru]] || Lost by 7 wickets ||[http://www.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2009/engine/match/416936.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 4 || {{dts|format=dmy|2009-10-17}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bengaluru]] || Won by 8 wickets, MoM – [[Ross Taylor]] 65 (38)|| [http://www.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2009/engine/match/416940.html Scorecard]
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| Overall record: 2-2. Failed to advance.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Royal Challengers Bangalore}}

[[Category:2009 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru seasons]]
[[Category:2000s in Bengaluru]]

Vedam (film)

2026-04-17T07:09:05Z

AndyMfn275514: stub

{{Short description|2010 film by Krish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vedam
| image = Vedam-poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Krish Jagarlamudi]]
| producer = [[Shobu Yarlagadda]] [[Prasad Devineni]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| writer = Krish Jagarlamudi
| starring = [[Allu Arjun]] [[Manchu Manoj]] [[Anushka Shetty]] [[Manoj Bajpayee]] [[Saranya Ponvannan]] Nagayya [[Deeksha Seth]] [[Lekha Washington]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = [[Gnana Shekar V. S.]]
| editing = Shravan Katikaneni
| studio = [[Arka Media Works]]
| distributor = [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|06|04}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Vedam''''' ({{translation|Chant}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[hyperlink cinema|hyperlink]] [[action drama film]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanmayi |first=Bhawana |title=Anthology films find many takers |url=https://telanganatoday.com/anthology-films-find-many-takers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606191335/https://telanganatoday.com/anthology-films-find-many-takers |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-06 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=C/o Kancharapalem (2018) - These 5 anthology films of Telugu cinema will leave you speechless |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/these-5-anthology-films-of-telugu-cinema-will-leave-you-speechless/c/o-kancharapalem-2018/photostory/66167088.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618020934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/these-5-anthology-films-of-telugu-cinema-will-leave-you-speechless/c/o-kancharapalem-2018/photostory/66167088.cms |archive-date=18 June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-06 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthology And Hyperlink Movies In Telugu |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/webstories/vedham-to-panchathantram-anthology-and-hyperlink-movies-in-telugu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322035034/https://www.filmibeat.com/webstories/vedham-to-panchathantram-anthology-and-hyperlink-movies-in-telugu |archive-date=22 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=FilmiBeat}}</ref> written and directed by [[Krish (director)|Krish]], and produced by [[Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni]] under their banner [[Arka Media Works]]. The film features an [[ensemble cast]] consisting of [[Allu Arjun]], [[Manchu Manoj]], [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Saranya Ponvannan]], Nagayya, [[Deeksha Seth]], and [[Lekha Washington]]. [[M. M. Keeravani]] composed the music while [[Gnana Shekar V. S.]] did the cinematography.

''Vedam'' follows the lives of five main characters whose paths cross on a New Year’s Eve at a hospital in Hyderabad. The film released on 4 June 2010, where it was critically acclaimed and won multiple awards, including four [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]] (Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor and Best Actress).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Best Telugu Films of 2010 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-best-telgu-films-of-2010/20101206.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226130652/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-best-telgu-films-of-2010/20101206.htm |archive-date=26 December 2018 |access-date=6 December 2010 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> ''[[Film Companion]]'' included ''Vedam'' in their list of 25 Greatest Telugu Films Of The Decade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=25 Greatest Telugu Films Of The Decade {{!}} Film Companion |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017163531/https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=2021-01-21 |website=Film Companion |language=en}}</ref> Krish later remade the film in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] as ''[[Vaanam]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2011 |title=Vaanam Tamil Movie Review – cinema preview stills gallery trailer video clips showtimes |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/12535.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001215316/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/12535.html |archive-date=1 October 2010 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

==Plot==
Vivek Chakravarthy is an aspiring rockstar from Bengaluru who hails from a family of decorated army officers. While his mother wants him to join the army, Vivek dreams of music. On the eve of his first major concert in Hyderabad, he misses his flight and travels with his band by road. Along the way, their tire deflates, leaving him and his bandmate Lasya alone. They are attacked by a fanatic group but manage to escape with the help of a truck driver. After a minor accident in Hyderabad, they rush a pregnant woman to the hospital.

Saroja, a prostitute from Amalapuram, dreams of escaping her abusive employer Rattamma. With her friend Karpooram, a eunuch, she plans to flee to Hyderabad. After betraying the local sub-inspector Bullebbayi by drugging him, she manages to escape, only to find herself betrayed again by a broker in Hyderabad. After a scuffle, Karpooram is stabbed, and the duo ends up at the same hospital as Vivek and Lasya, seeking medical help.

Ramulu, a debt-ridden weaver from Sircilla, is struggling to pay off a loan that has led to his grandson’s captivity. He and his daughter-in-law Padma are desperate to save the child and come to Hyderabad, where Padma agrees to sell her kidney. Ramulu has already sold his own kidney in the past. At the same hospital where the others are, Padma’s kidney is sold for ₹1,00,000, though Ramulu only receives ₹37,000.

Rahimuddin Qureshi, from Old Basti in Hyderabad, is deeply scarred by the miscarriage of his wife during a violent religious scuffle. He plans to leave the country, but on the night of his farewell, the police arrest him and his nephews, alleging terrorist links. Rahim's nephew confesses to a terrorist connection, and Rahim is left trapped in the police station. While being transported to remand, Rahim tries to escape but is shot. He ends up at the hospital, alongside the other characters.

Anand Raj, known as Cable Raju, is a poor cable operator from the Jubilee Hills slum. He dreams of impressing Pooja, an upper-class girl, who does not know about his financial struggles. To gain entry into an expensive New Year’s party, Raju steals money by snatching chains from women. However, after a run-in with the police and a run-in with Saroja, Raju realizes his mistake when he steals money from Ramulu and later returns it, adding his own savings to make up for the theft.

At the hospital, the five characters’ lives collide when a group of terrorists, holding Rahim hostage, free their leader. The terrorists start their attack, and chaos ensues. Vivek and Raju try to save as many people as possible, even killing two terrorists in the process. Rahim, seeking redemption, saves his former enemy Shivaram and helps thwart the attack. In their final moments, Raju and Vivek heroically sacrifice their lives to protect the innocent.

In the aftermath, Saroja decides to leave her profession, and Vivek is posthumously hailed as a national hero. Raju’s death is mourned, but he earns respect, with Pooja visiting his grave. Rahim is freed by Shivaram, who recognizes his heroism. Ramulu's landlord tries to deceive him about the money owed, but Ramulu’s grandson proves the payment is complete, and they are finally freed.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Allu Arjun]] as Anand Raj a.k.a. "Cable" Raju
* [[Manoj Manchu]] as Vivek Chakravarti
* [[Anushka Shetty]] as Amalapuram Saroja ([[voice over]] by Jyothi Varma)
* [[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Rahimuddin Qureshi (Voice dubbed by [[Aziz Naser]])
* Nagayya as Ramulu
* [[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Padma
* [[Deeksha Seth]] as Pooja (voice dubbed by [[Anasuya Bhardwaj|Anasuya Bharadwaj]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hidden talent of sexy Anasuya revealed |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/29400/Hidden-talent-of-sexy-Anasuya-revealed-/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503144637/https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/29400/Hidden-talent-of-sexy-Anasuya-revealed-/ |archive-date=3 May 2021 |access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref>
* [[Lekha Washington]] as Lasya
* [[Ravi Prakash (Telugu actor)|Ravi Prakash]] as ACP Shivaram
* [[Aditi Gautam|Seiya Gautam]] as Zara
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Ganapati
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Brother Bairagi
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Police Inspector
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Dappu Subani
* Nikki as Karpooram
* [[Prudhviraj (Telugu actor)|Prudhviraj]] as Bullebbayi
* [[Nagineedu]] as Terrorist
* [[Kalpa Latha]]
* Pramila Rani as Raju's mother
* Sandhya Janak as Vivek's mother<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2012 |title=Tollywood's favorite mommy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tollywoods-favorite-mommy-sandhya-janak/articleshow/13034616.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919073515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tollywoods-favorite-mommy-sandhya-janak/articleshow/13034616.cms |archive-date=19 September 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Giridhar as Koti
* Rakesh Varre as Terrorist’s assistant
* [[Krish (director)|Krish]] as a [[sadhu]] in a [[cameo appearance]] in the song "Rupayi"<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2011 |title=Krish gets standing ovation! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/krish-gets-standing-ovation/articleshow/8168733.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007010750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/krish-gets-standing-ovation/articleshow/8168733.cms |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}

==Production==

=== Development ===
Director Krish had a visual of an old man walking along with a child in his dreams. However, he felt it as too arty to make a film and also the story was not complete. One day while travelling from [[Guntur]] to [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], he narrated the story of Nagayya (initially he named it Jalayya) to cinematographer Gnana Sekhar, who also worked with him in ''[[Gamyam]]''. The second story initially he conceptualised was about a film crew and later changed it to music band. The title of ''Vedam'' struck him when he was writing the story at [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry|Sirivennela]]'s home. The climax of the film was an inspiration from [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 Mumbai blasts]] in [[Taj Hotel]]. After getting a basic storyline he decided to produce ''Vedam'' on his banner [[First Frame Entertainment]], before producers Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni decided to finance it.<ref name=":0" />

=== Casting ===
Krish wanted to do the character of Karpooram, but decided against it after his mother warned him that doing so will affect his marital life. Later, when discussing the story with [[Anushka Shetty]], she suggested her personal make-up person Nikki for the role and Krish liked him. Anushka reduced her remuneration by 30% as the film was a low budget production. Rahimuddin Qureshi (the character played by [[Manoj Bajpai]]) is the name of Krish's best friend in intermediate. Newcomer Nagayya was cast in the film. The five principal characters were based on the five natural elements-Water, Air, Earth, Fire and Sky.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2009 |title=Vedam – Post mortem – Telugu cinema – Krish |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/vedam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007010752/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/vedam.html |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=4 August 2012 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> [[Manoj Manchu]] revealed that his character doesn't meet [[Allu Arjun]]'s character till the climax.<ref>{{Cite interview |last=Manchu |first=Manoj |title=Interview with Manoj Manchu |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/manojmanchu2.html |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115234934/https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/manojmanchu2.html |archive-date=15 January 2023 |url-status=live |work=[[Idlebrain.com]] |date=19 May 2010}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vedam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| caption = Album Cover
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2010|5}}
| recorded = 2010
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| length =
| label = Vel Records
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title = [[Rama Rama Krishna Krishna]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Jhummandi Naadam]]
| next_year = 2010
}}

The film's music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] while the lyrics were written by [[Sirivennela Seetarama Sastry]], Sahiti, E. S. Murthy and M. M. Keeravani<ref name="idlebrain.com">{{Cite web |date=2 May 2010 |title=Vedam music launchu function – Telugu cinema – Allu Arjun, Manoj Manchu & Anushka |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-vedam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628080105/http://idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-vedam.html |archive-date=28 June 2012 |access-date=4 August 2012 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> The audio was released in the presence of notable Telugu film personalities<ref name="idlebrain.com" /> on 3 May 2010.

Tracks 9 to 12 of the soundtrack were only made available on the official Digital release<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2010 |title=iTunes – Music – Vedam by Various Artists |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/vedam/id382000485 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112082548/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/vedam/id382000485 |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=4 August 2012 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> and not the physical CD.

{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track # !! Song !! Artist(s)
|-
| 1 || "Now or Never" || [[Benny Dayal]], [[Geeta Madhuri]] and Deepu
|-
| 2 || "Egiripothe Entha Baguntundi" || [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]], Geetha Madhuri and [[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
| 3 || "Rupai" || M. M. Keeravani
|-
| 4 || "Prapancham Naaventa Vasthunte" || [[Allu Arjun]], [[Anuj Gurwara]], [[Achu Rajamani|Achu]], [[Rahul Sipligunj|Rahul]] and [[Chaitra H. G.]]
|-
| 5 || "Malli Puttani"|| M. M. Keeravani
|-
| 6 || "Emi Tellisi Nannu Mohisthivi" || Padma, Poornima, Manju and Sudha Krishnan
|-
| 7 || "Vedam" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| 8 || "Ee Chikati Cherani" || M. M. Keeravani
|-
| 9 || "Alalai Kammani Kalali"|| ES Murthy
|-
| 10 || "Nuvumundhani Nemundhani"|| [[Kaala Bhairava]]
|-
| 11 || "Caterpillar"|| M. M. Keeravani
|-
| 12 || "Oneness" || M. M. Keeravani
|}

==Marketing==
''Vedam'' notably had no promotional activities since the film's launch in 2010. The first activity happened just before the music launch, by releasing the wallpaper masking the main actors and highlighting the film's title at www.idlebrain.com. After the film's music launch, the wallpaper was re-released by revealing the actors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedam – Telugu film wallpapers – Telugu cinema – Allu Arjun, Manoj Manchu & Anushka |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/download/vedam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815131517/http://www.idlebrain.com/download/vedam.html |archive-date=15 August 2012 |access-date=4 August 2012 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> The film was given A certificate because of violence and Anushka's character by [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] for video release.

==Critical reception==
''The Times of India'' gave a review stating "After watching contrived plots and stereotype protagonists, this path-breaking movie arrives like a breath of fresh air. Undeniably, it's another inspiring film from the maker of Gamyam."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vedam movie review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/movie-reviews/Vedham/movie-review/6015072.cms |access-date=5 Jun 2010 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Rediff gave a review stating "''Vedam'' is a must-watch for its story, screenplay, direction and technicalities. It offers hope to the audience interested in good and sensible cinema that such a film can be made in Telugu. ''Vedam'' is a beautiful confluence of writing and technical aspects. It has set a benchmark in Telugu cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedam is outstanding |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jun/04/south-telugu-movie-review-vedam.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605213405/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jun/04/south-telugu-movie-review-vedam.htm |archive-date=5 June 2010 |access-date=4 June 2010 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> idlebrain.com gave a review stating "''Vedam'' is a good film. Please watch it and encourage good/meaningful cinema. This film will be liked by classes and A center audiences. If masses and B/C centers patronage Vedam, it will not only do good to the film but to the entire Telugu film industry."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedam film review - Telugu cinema - Allu Arjun, Manoj Manchu & Anushka |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-vedam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607061657/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-vedam.html |archive-date=7 June 2010 |access-date=4 June 2010 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref>

==Awards==
; [[Nandi Awards of 2010]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film - Gold]] - [[Shobu Yarlagadda]]
* [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]] - Nagayya

; [[58th Filmfare Awards South]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film]] – [[Shobu Yarlagadda]] & [[Prasad Devineni]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director]] – [[Krish (director)|Krish]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor]] – [[Allu Arjun]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress]] – [[Anushka Shetty]]

; Nominations
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director - Telugu|Best Music Director]] - [[M. M. Keeravani]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer]] - [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]] - "Egiripothe Entha Baguntundi"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist - Telugu|Best Lyricist]] - [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]] - "Now or Never"

; 2011 [[CineMAA Awards]]
* Best Actress (Jury) – Anushka Shetty
* Best Director (Jury) – Krish
* Special Jury – Nagayya

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1649431|Vedam}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{succession box
| title=[[Filmfare Best Film Award (Telugu)]]
| years=2010
| before=''[[Magadheera]]''
| after=''[[Dookudu]]''}}
{{end}}

{{Filmfare Best Telugu Film}}
{{Krish (director)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vedam}}
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krish Jagarlamudi]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:2010 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Hyperlink films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:2010 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

K. U. Mohanan

2026-04-14T01:18:31Z

AndyMfn275514: created post

{{short description|Indian film cinematographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. U. Mohanan
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Payyanur]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India|Film and Television Institute of India, Pune]]
| occupation = [[Director of Photography]]
| spouse =
| children = [[Malavika Mohanan]] (daughter)
| parents = P G Poduval (father)
| relatives =
}}

'''K. U. Mohanan''' is an Indian film [[cinematographer]] who primarily works in the [[Bollywood]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industries]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chowdhary|first=Y. Sunita|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cinematographer-k-u-mohanan-is-all-praise-for-the-maharshi-team/article27057193.ece|title=From Andhadhun to Maharshi|date=2019-05-07|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-23|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/080817/k-u-mohanan-in-mollywood.html|title=K U Mohanan in Mollywood|date=2017-08-08|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/cinematographer-k-u-mohanan-signs-for-mohanlals-barroz/articleshow/69445247.cms|title=Cinematographer K.U. Mohanan signs for Mohanlal's 'Barroz'? - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=22 May 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref> He is an alumnus of the [[Film and Television Institute of India|Film and Television Institute of India, Pune]]. He has worked in several documentaries and Non feature films in his early days. He is a member of the [[Indian cinematographers|Indian Society of Cinematographers (ISC)]].

== Early life ==
Mohanan was born into a Hindu family. His father, P. G. Poduval, was a well-known [[Kolkali]] singer in [[Payyanur]], [[Kannur]], Kerala.<ref name=":0" /> He is the father of actress [[Malavika Mohanan]].

== Filmography ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= October 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Aadhi Haqeeqat, Aadha Fasana]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| Documentary
|-
| 1994
| ''[[English, August (film)|English, August]]''
|[[English language|English]]
|
|-
| 1997
| ''The Magnificent Ruin''
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
| TV
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999
| ''[[Naukar Ki Kameez]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
| Additional Cinematography
|-
| 2000
| ''Shayanam''
| [[Malayalam]]
| Film by [[M. P. Sukumaran Nair|MP Sukumaran Nair]]
|-
| 2001
| ''Valon Ja Varjon Huoneet''
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|Documentary
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Lagaan]]''
| Additional Cinematography
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
| ''[[Freaky Chakra]]''
|English
|
|-
| ''[[Samay: When Time Strikes]]''
|Hindi
|
|-
| 2005
| ''John & Jane''
|English
|Documentary
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]''
| rowspan="4" | Hindi
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Aaja Nachle]]''
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[We Are Family (2010 film)|We Are Family]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
| ''[[Miss Lovely]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Celluloid Man]]''
| [[Multilingualism|Multilingual]]
| Documentary
|-
| ''[[Talaash (2012 film)|Talaash]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
| ''[[Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal]]''
| Malayalam
|
|-
| ''[[Fukrey]]''
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
| ''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
| ''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]''
| Malayalam
|
|-
| ''[[Lust Stories]]''
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
| Anthology; Dibakar Banerjee's segment
|-
| ''[[Andhadhun]]''
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]''
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Debut in [[Telugu cinema]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
| ''[[Raksha Bandhan (film)|Raksha Bandhan]]''
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Phone Bhoot]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
| ''[[The Goat Life|Aadujeevitham]]''
| Malayalam
| Uncredited
|-
| ''[[The Family Star]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Agni (2024 film)|Agni]]''
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
|-
| TBA || ''[[Panjab '95]]'' ||
|-
|}

==Awards==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= October 2022}}
* Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer]] (2015) - ''[[Miss Lovely]]''
* Nominated, [[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer – Telugu|SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer]] (2019) - ''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]''
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography]] for ''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]'' in the year 2018.
* Won Golden Sparrow for Best Cinematography at 1st Diorama International Film Festival & Market (2019) - ''[[Andhadhun]]''

==See also==
*[[Indian cinematographers]]
*[[Cinema of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=0595933|name=K U Mohanan}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190103151849/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2badf1f7d1 K.U. Mohanan Filmography – BFI]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohanan, K. U.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]

{{cinematographer-stub}}

A. Manjunath

2026-04-01T02:16:27Z

AndyMfn275514: starting a article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. Manjunath
| caption =
| image =
| constituency = [[Magadi Assembly constituency|Magadi]]
| birth_name =
| office = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2018
| predecessor = H C Balakrishna
| term_end = 2023
| successor = H. C. Balakrishna
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|05|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ramanagara district|Ramanagara]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| party = [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
}}

'''A. Manjunath''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Magadi Assembly constituency|Magadi]] in [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election]] and won by a margin of 51,425 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/karnataka/magadi-election-result|title=Magadi Election Result 2018 live updates: JDS's MLA A Manjunath wins by 51,425 votes}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manjunath, A.}}
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Jerlin Anika

2026-03-30T14:04:21Z

AndyMfn275514: created post!

{{short description|Indian badminton player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Jerlin Anika Jayaratchagan
| image = Jerlin Anika J.jpg
| birth_date = 2004
| country = {{IND}}
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Women's [[badminton]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Deaflympics]]}}{{MedalGold|[[2021 Summer Deaflympics|Caxias do Sul 2021]]|[[Badminton at the 2021 Summer Deaflympics|singles]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2021 Summer Deaflympics|Caxias do Sul 2021]]|[[Badminton at the 2021 Summer Deaflympics|mixed doubles]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2021 Summer Deaflympics|Caxias do Sul 2021]]|[[Badminton at the 2021 Summer Deaflympics|team]]}}
}}

'''Jerlin Anika Jayaratchagan''' also simply known as either '''J. Jerlin Anika''' or '''Jerlin Anika''' (born 2004) is an Indian deaf badminton player.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jerlin Anika Jayaratchagan |url=https://www.deaflympics.com/athletes/jerlin-jayaratchagan |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Deaflympics}}</ref>

== Biography ==
She hails from [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. She was diagnosed with hearing disability at the age of two. She studied at Avvai Corporation GHSS in Madurai and college at Lady Doak in Madurai.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rozario |first=Rayan |date=2020-05-03 |title=Nervous wait for Jerlin |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/nervous-wait-for-jerlin/article31495750.ece |access-date=2022-05-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>.She pursued her interest in badminton at the age of eight. She took part in the Federation of India School Games 2016 while still being enrolled as a class IX student in St.Joseph's Girls Higher Secondary School and bagged silver medal in U-13 category.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=2017-04-20 |title=Hearing impairment is no hurdle for Jerlin Anika as she braves challenges to qualify for the upcoming Summer Deaflympics badminton event in Turkey |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/hearing-impairment-is-no-hurdle-for-jerlin-anika-as-she-braves-challenges-to-qualify-for-the-upcoming-summer-deaflympics-badminton-event-in-turkey/article18152664.ece |access-date=2022-05-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> According to her coach, T. Saravanan, she had a disadvantage of reaction time to the shuttle.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

== Career ==
She became a national champion at the 2017 badminton championship in Hyderabad and her performance helped her to qualify for the [[Summer Deaflympics]] in the same year. She represented [[India at the 2017 Summer Deaflympics]] at the age of 13 and contested in the women's singles and women's doubles events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India at 2017 Summer Deaflympics |url=https://www.deaflympics.com/games/2017-s/ind |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Deaflympics |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505084400/https://www.deaflympics.com/games/2017-s/ind |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the age of 13, she was also the youngest participant at the [[2017 Summer Deaflympics]]. She along with [[Prithvi Sekhar]] subsequently became the first set of athletes from Tamil Nadu to compete at Deaflympics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rupavathi |first=Jeba |date=2020-01-23 |title=Fighting against odds |url=https://www.asianage.com/sports/in-other-sports/230120/fighting-against-odds.html |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref>

She competed at the 2018 Asia Pacific Deaf Badminton Championships which was held in Malaysia where she secured two silver medals and a bronze.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayani |first=P.A. |date=2019-07-27 |title=Her success is not an easy journey |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/her-success-is-not-an-easy-journey/article28732440.ece |access-date=2022-05-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> At the 5th Asia Pacific Deaf Badminton Championships, she clinched the bronze medal in the senior category in the women's doubles following it up with silver medal achievements in singles and doubles events in U-21 girls category.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganesh |first=Sanjana |date=2018-11-10 |title=Shuttling to success in silence |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/shuttling-to-success-in-silence/article25465931.ece |access-date=2022-05-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Srikkanth D.|date=8 Nov 2018 |title=This badminton champion from Madurai brought laurels for country in Malaysia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/this-badminton-champion-from-madurai-brought-laurels-for-country-in-malaysia/articleshow/66538967.cms |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

She won gold medal at the age of 15 in the girls' singles final during the 2019 World Deaf Youth Badminton Championships which was held in [[Taipei]]. She defeated Germany's [[Finja Rosendahl]] in straight sets to become a youth deaf world champion. In addition to the gold medal feat, she also secured silver medals in girls' doubles and mixed doubles events during the second edition of the World Deaf Youth Badminton Championships in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Srikkanth D.|date=17 Jul 2019 |title=Tamil Nadu girl wins gold in World Deaf Youth Badminton Championships |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/tamil-nadu-girl-wins-gold-in-world-deaf-youth-badminton-championships/articleshow/70258534.cms |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

She represented [[India at the 2021 Summer Deaflympics]] (held in May 2022) which marked her second appearance at the Deaflympics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sixty-five Indian athletes to participate in Deaflympics |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/indian-deaflympics-contingent-brazil-send-off-ceremony/article38480143.ece |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Sportstar |date=26 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Judge |first=Shahid |title=Explainer: India at Deaflympics – here's what you need to know about the quadrennial event |url=https://scroll.in/field/1023014/explainer-india-at-deaflympics-heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-quadrennial-event |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Scroll.in |date=May 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> She clinched three gold medals at the [[2021 Summer Deaflympics]] in the mixed doubles, team event and women's singles events.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Srikkanth D.|date=5 May 2022 |title=Deaflympics in Brazil: TN's Jerlin Anika part of badminton team that won gold |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/deaflympics-in-brazil-tns-jerlin-anika-part-of-badminton-team-that-won-gold/articleshow/91339075.cms |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-12 |title=24th Summer Deaflympics {{!}} Shuttler Jerlin Anika wins three gold medals |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/24th-summer-deaflympics-shuttler-jerlin-anika-wins-two-golds/article65406647.ece |access-date=2022-05-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2022 |title=Madurai Girl Bags Three Gold Medals In Badminton At Deaf Olympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/madurai-girl-bags-three-gold-medals-in-badminton-at-deaf-olympics/articleshow/91528038.cms |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> She was awarded the Arjuna award in 2022, the second-highest sporting honour of India.

== See also ==

* [[India at the Deaflympics]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commonscatinline}}
* {{BWF}}
* {{BWF2}}
* [http://www.deaflympics.com/athletes/dhanush-srikanth Jerlin Anika] at [[Deaflympics]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anika, Jerlin}}
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Madurai]]
[[Category:Indian female badminton players]]
[[Category:Deaf badminton players]]
[[Category:Indian deaf people]]
[[Category:Deaflympic badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Deaflympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2021 Summer Deaflympics]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2017 Summer Deaflympics]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2021 Summer Deaflympics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Delhi Metro

2026-03-29T11:36:05Z

AndyMfn275514: cleanup intro for accuracy and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Rapid transit system in India serving Delhi NCR}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox public transit
| name = Delhi Metro
| image = Delhi Metro full logo.svg
| imagesize = 125px
| image2 = DelhiMetroYellowLine.JPG
| imagesize2 = 300px
| image3 =
| caption2 = A [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] train at [[Patel Chowk metro station]]
| caption3 = Delhi Metro coming from [[Noida]]
| alt2 = See caption
| owner = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
| locale = [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region (NCR)]]
| transit_type = [[Rapid transit]]
| lines = [[#Network|10]]<ref name="present network"/>
| stations = [[List of Delhi Metro stations|271]]{{efn|name=fn1}}
| ridership = 64.6 [[lakh]] (6.46 million, 2025)<ref name="Ridshp"/>
| key_people = Katikithala Srinivas (Chairman) Vikas Kumar (Managing Director)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors of DMRC |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/corporate/board-of-directors-of-dmrc |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531063551/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/corporate/board-of-directors-of-dmrc |url-status=live }}</ref>
| top_speed = {{convert|120|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="DMRC Airport Line - Top speed - 120">{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-metro-increases-speed-to-120kmph-on-airport-line-know-how-long-will-it-take-to-reach-delhi-airport-11694876761841.html |title=Delhi Metro increases speed to 120 kmph on Airport Line. Know how long will it take to reach Delhi airport |date=16 September 2023 |publisher=Live Mint |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106192819/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-metro-increases-speed-to-120kmph-on-airport-line-know-how-long-will-it-take-to-reach-delhi-airport-11694876761841.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DMRC Airport Line - Top speed - 100">{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-airport-metro-line-now-running-at-100-kmph-8513498 | title=Delhi airport metro line, now running at 100 KMPH | date=23 March 2023 }}</ref>
| average_speed = {{convert|45|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/vroom-delhi-metro-top-speed-increased-now-igi-airport-to-new-delhi-railway-station-in-just-article-98905394 | title=VROOM! Delhi metro top speed increased! Now, IGI Airport to New Delhi Railway Station in just | date=22 March 2023 | access-date=31 July 2023 | archive-date=31 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731060158/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/vroom-delhi-metro-top-speed-increased-now-igi-airport-to-new-delhi-railway-station-in-just-article-98905394 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DMRC Airport Line - Top speed - 100"/>
| headquarters = Metro Bhawan, [[Barakhamba#Barakhamba Road|Barakhamba Road]], [[New Delhi]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.delhimetrorail.com/|delhimetrorail.com}}
| began_operation = {{start date and age|df=yes|24 December 2002}}
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
| vehicles = 350 trains<ref name = "DM - First train for Phase-4 in Delhi">{{cite press release |last=Dayal |first=Anuj |date=15 November 2024 |title=FIRST TRAIN SET ORDERED FOR DELHI METRO'S PHASE 4 OPERATIONS REACHES DELHI |url=https://delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/pressrelease_details/first-train-set-ordered-for-delhi-metros-phase-4-o |location= |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] |agency= |quote=The Delhi Metro currently operates on a network of 392.4 kilometres with 288 Metro stations (including the Noida – Greater Noida corridor and the Rapid Metro, Gurugram) operating with a fleet of about 350 Metro trains with four, six and eight coach combinations on both, broad gauge as well as standard gauge tracks. |access-date=24 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-04 |title=Delhi Metro adding 120 more coaches to upgrade remaining fleet of 6-coach trains |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-metro-adding-120-more-coaches-to-upgrade-remaining-fleet-of-6-coach-trains-101617557646079.html |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410212433/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-metro-adding-120-more-coaches-to-upgrade-remaining-fleet-of-6-coach-trains-101617557646079.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
| train_length = 4/6/8 coaches<ref name="introduction"/><ref name = "DM - First train for Phase-4 in Delhi" />
| headway = 2 minutes<ref name = "DM - Train frequency" />
| system_length = {{convert|374.47|km|abbr=on}}{{efn|name=fn2}}<ref>https://metrorailnews.in/modi-to-open-2-new-section-of-delhi-metro/</ref>
| track_gauge = {{plainlist|
* {{Track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}} broad gauge ([[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red]], [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue]] and [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow]] lines)
* {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}} (Other lines)
}}
| el = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| map = [[File:Rapid Transit Map of Delhi.jpg|350px]]
| map_name =
| map_state =
| alt =
| caption =
| area served =
| line_number = {{plainlist|
* {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
* {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
* {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
* {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
* {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
* {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Airport Express|croute}}
* {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
* {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
* {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Grey|croute}}
* {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Golden|croute}}
}}
| start =
| end =
| annual_ridership = 235 [[crore]] (2.35 billion, 2025){{efn|name=line_util}}<ref name="Ridshp">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2025 |title= Delhi Metro handles 235.8 crore passenger journeys in 2025 |url=https://dailypioneer.com/news/delhi-metro-handles-235-8-crore-passenger-journeys-in-2025 |work=The Pioneer |location= |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>
| character =
}}

The '''Delhi Metro''' is a [[rapid transit]] system that serves [[Delhi]] and the adjoining satellite cities of [[Faridabad]], [[Gurugram]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Noida]], [[Bahadurgarh]], and [[Ballabhgarh]] in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] of [[India]].<ref>{{cite news| title = After 5 years of riding the New York City subway, I tried the Delhi Metro at the busiest time of the year – and it showed me exactly what I'm missing| access-date = 24 February 2019| date = 24 November 2018| first = Tanya| last = Dua| work = Business Insider| url = https://www.businessinsider.in/after-5-years-of-riding-the-new-york-city-subway-i-tried-the-delhi-metro-at-the-busiest-time-of-the-year-and-it-showed-me-exactly-what-im-missing/articleshow/66778934.cms| archive-date = 26 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181126092730/https://www.businessinsider.in/after-5-years-of-riding-the-new-york-city-subway-i-tried-the-delhi-metro-at-the-busiest-time-of-the-year-and-it-showed-me-exactly-what-im-missing/articleshow/66778934.cms| url-status = dead}}</ref> The system consists of [[#Network|10 colour-coded lines]]<ref name="present network">{{Cite web |title=Present Network |url=https://delhimetrorail.com/pages/es/introduction#:~:text=Presently%2C%20the%20Delhi%20Metro%20network,Bahadurgarh%20and%20Ballabhgarh%20in%20Haryana. |access-date=February 19, 2025 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref> serving [[List of Delhi Metro stations|271 stations]],{{efn|name=fn1|Transfer stations are counted more than once. There are 26 transfer stations. If transfer stations are counted once, the result is 245 stations. [[Ashok Park Main metro station|Ashok Park Main]] station, where the two branches of the [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]] share tracks and platforms, is counted as one station. [[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)|Noida Metro]] and [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] stations are not counted; if they were, the result would be 303 stations.<ref name="route map">{{Cite web |title=Route map |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/network_map |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321225457/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/network_map |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="present network"/><ref name="introduction">{{Cite web |title=Introduction {{!}} DMRC |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/introduction |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416024331/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/introduction |url-status=live }}</ref>}} with a total length of {{convert|374.466|km|abbr=on}}.{{efn|name=fn2|The Delhi Metro's own network length is 374.47 km. The [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] and [[Noida Metro]] are operated and maintained by the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]], and the total length operated by the DMRC is {{convert|416.49|km}}.<ref name="route map"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/pink-line-comes-full-circle-as-delhi-metro-grows-to-416km/articleshow/129286201.cms|title=Pink Line comes full circle as Delhi Metro grows to 416 km|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|author=Priyangi Aggarwal|place=New Delhi|date=2026-03-09|accessdate=2026-03-12}}</ref><ref name="introduction"/>}} It is India's [[Urban rail transit in India#List of systems|largest]] and busiest [[Urban rail transit in India|metro rail system]]. The metro has a mix of underground, at-grade, and elevated stations using [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad-gauge]] and [[standard-gauge]] tracks. The metro makes over 4,300 trips daily.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/pressrelease_details/dmrc-services-update-5 | title= DMRC Services Update | date= 24 October 2023 | website= delhimetrorail.com | publisher= Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) | access-date= 14 November 2023 | archive-date= 6 November 2023 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231106192824/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/pressrelease_details/dmrc-services-update-5 | url-status= live }}</ref>

Construction began in 1998, and the first elevated section ([[Shahdara metro station|Shahdara]] to [[Tis Hazari metro station|Tis Hazari]]) on the [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]] opened on 25 December 2002. The first underground section ([[Vishwa Vidyalaya metro station|Vishwa Vidyalaya]] – [[Kashmere Gate metro station|Kashmere Gate]]) on the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] opened on 20 December 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/it-all-started-15-xmas-days-ago/articleshow/62234532.cms|title=Delhi Metro: It all started 15 Xmas days ago|last=Roy|first=Sidharatha|date=25 December 2017|website=[[The Times of India]]|location=New Delhi|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180107021824/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/it-all-started-15-xmas-days-ago/articleshow/62234532.cms |archive-date=7 January 2018|url-status=live|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> The network was developed in phases. Phase I was completed by 2006, followed by Phase II in 2011. Phase III was mostly complete in 2021, except for a small extension of the [[Airport Express Line (Delhi Metro)|Airport Line]] which opened in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-dmrcs-remarkable-growth-delhi-metro-surpasses-390-kms-becomes-indias-longest-metro-network-3246305/|title=DMRC's remarkable growth: Delhi Metro surpasses 390 kms, becomes India's longest metro network|date=18 September 2023|access-date=19 September 2023|archive-date=13 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213204234/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-dmrcs-remarkable-growth-delhi-metro-surpasses-390-kms-becomes-indias-longest-metro-network-3246305/|url-status=live}}</ref> Work on Phase IV began on 30 December 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/corporate/project-update|title=Project Update an Janakpuri West – R. K. Ashram Marg corridor|access-date=25 April 2022|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407215449/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/corporate/project-update|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC), a joint venture between the [[Government of India]] and [[Government of Delhi|Delhi]], built and operates the Delhi Metro.<ref name="delhi300">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/dmrc-to-join-global-club-of-metro-networks-having-span-of-over-300-km/articleshow/66417846.cms|title=Delhi Metro to join global club of metro networks having span of over 300 km|website=The Times of India|date=29 October 2018|archive-date=31 October 2018|access-date=29 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031162716/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/dmrc-to-join-global-club-of-metro-networks-having-span-of-over-300-km/articleshow/66417846.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="delhi300a">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/pm-inaugurates-kmp-expressway-ballabhgarh-mujesar-metro-rail-link/685668.html |title=PM inaugurates KMP expressway, Ballabhgarh-Mujesar Metro rail link |work=Tribuneindia News Service |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |access-date=20 November 2018 |archive-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426200529/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/pm-inaugurates-kmp-expressway-ballabhgarh-mujesar-metro-rail-link/685668.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The DMRC was certified by the [[United Nations]] in 2011 as the first metro rail and rail-based system in the world to receive carbon credits for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions, reducing annual carbon emission levels in the city by 630,000 tonnes.<ref name="introduction"/>

The Delhi Metro has interchanges with the [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon]] (with a shared ticketing system) and [[Noida Metro]]. On 22 October 2019, DMRC took over operations of the financially troubled Rapid Metro Gurgaon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title=Delhi Metro takes over operations of Gurgaon Rapid Metro |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-metro-takes-over-operations-of-gurgaon-rapid-metro-11571807783874.html |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204032212/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-metro-takes-over-operations-of-gurgaon-rapid-metro-11571807783874.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Delhi Metro's annual ridership was 235.8[[crore]] (2.35 billion) in 2025.{{efn|name=line_util|Based on line utilisation, which counts transit lines used for a single journey.}}<ref>{{cite news |last=|first= |date=18 January 2024 |title= Delhi Metro handles 235.8 crore passenger journeys in 2025 |url= https://dailypioneer.com/news/delhi-metro-handles-235-8-crore-passenger-journeys-in-2025 |work=Daily Pioneer |location=New Delhi |access-date=19 March 2026 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118000618/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-metro-logs-2-billion-passenger-trips-for-2023-highest-ever-101705517441601.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ridership">{{Cite web|author=Ashish Chandrorkar|date=19 February 2021|title=A comprehensive report on Metro rail systems in India|url=https://indiainfrahub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Indian-Metro-Systems_A_Chandrorkar.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831140650/https://indiainfrahub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Indian-Metro-Systems_A_Chandrorkar.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 }}</ref> The system also has interchanges with the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi-Meerut RRTS]], India's fastest urban regional transit system.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-16 |title=Delhi-NCR travel boost: RRTS, metro together solve connectivity puzzle; Namo Bharat stations integrated with DMRC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/rrts-metro-together-solve-connectivity-puzzle/articleshow/123907309.cms |access-date=2025-10-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002185628/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/rrts-metro-together-solve-connectivity-puzzle/articleshow/123907309.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
===Background===
[[File:Delhi Metro evolution.gif|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=Non-Animated timeline of the metro|Evolution of the Delhi Metro from 2003 to 2018]]
The concept of mass rapid transit for [[New Delhi]] first emerged from a 1969 traffic and travel characteristics study in the city.<ref name="Siemiatycki">{{cite journal |last=Siemiatycki |first=Matti |date=June 2006 |title=Message in a Metro: Building Urban Rail Infrastructure and Image in Delhi, India |journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research |pages=277–292 |volume=30 |issue=2 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2427.2006.00664.x |bibcode=2006IJURR..30..277S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Over the next several years, committees in a number of government departments were commissioned to examine issues related to technology, route alignment, and governmental jurisdiction.<ref name="Siemiatycki"/> In 1984, the Urban Arts Commission proposed the development of a multi-modal transport system which would build three underground mass rapid transit corridors and augmenting the city's [[Delhi Suburban Railway|suburban railway]] and road transport networks.<ref name="History">{{cite web |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/needformetro/history.aspx |title=History of Delhi Metro |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] |access-date=17 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925022045/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/needformetro/history.aspx |archive-date=25 September 2010 }}</ref>

The city expanded significantly while technical studies and financing the project underway, doubling its population and increasing the number of vehicles five-fold between 1981 and 1998.<ref name="History"/> Traffic congestion and pollution soared as an increasing number of commuters used private vehicles, and the existing bus system was unable to bear the load.<ref name="Siemiatycki"/> A 1992 attempt to privatise the bus transport system compounded the problem, with inexperienced operators plying poorly maintained, noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes; this resulted in long waiting times, unreliable service, overcrowding, unqualified drivers, speeding and reckless driving<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pucher |first=John |author2=Nisha Korattyswaroopam |author3=Neenu Ittyerah |title=The Crisis of Public Transport in India |journal=Journal of Public Transportation |year=2004 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.5038/2375-0901.7.4.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> which led to road accidents. The Government of India under Prime Minister [[H.D. Deve Gowda]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-derailment-of-e-sreedharan/articleshow/81295358.cms|title=The derailment of E Sreedharan|date=2 March 2021|website=TOI|language=en|access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304013339/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-derailment-of-e-sreedharan/articleshow/81295358.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Government of Delhi set up the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) on 3 May 1995, with [[Elattuvalapil Sreedharan]] its managing director.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/needformetro/metro-need.aspx |title=Structure of Delhi Metro |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] |access-date=17 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916160251/http://delhimetrorail.com/needformetro/metro-need.aspx |archive-date=16 September 2010 }}</ref>
[[Mangu Singh]] succeeded Sreedharan as DMRC managing director on 31 December 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sreedharan calls it a day; Mangu Singh takes over as new chief of Delhi Metro |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sreedharan-calls-it-a-day-mangu-singh-takes-over-as-new-chief-of-delhi-metro-567587 |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106192807/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sreedharan-calls-it-a-day-mangu-singh-takes-over-as-new-chief-of-delhi-metro-567587 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Initial construction===
When the project was originally approved by the [[Union Cabinet]] in September 1996, it had three corridors. In 1997, [[Official Development Assistance (Japan)|official development assistance]] loans from Japan were granted to finance and conduct the first phase of the system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Breaking Ground: A Narrative on the Making of Delhi Metro |url=https://www.jica.go.jp/Resource/activities/evaluation/ku57pq00001zf034-att/analysis_en_01.pdf |access-date=June 4, 2024 |website=jica.go.jp |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602145821/https://www.jica.go.jp/Resource/activities/evaluation/ku57pq00001zf034-att/analysis_en_01.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Construction of the Delhi Metro began on 1 October 1998.<ref name="construction">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19981002/27550424.html |title=Delhi metro rail work begins but without fanfare |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418065417/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19981002/27550424.html |archive-date=18 April 2008 }}</ref> To avoid problems experienced by the [[Kolkata Metro]], which witnessed substantial delays and ran 12 times over budget due to "political meddling, technical problems and bureaucratic delays", the DMRC was created as a [[Special-purpose entity|special-purpose vehicle]] vested with autonomy and power to execute the large project which involved many technical complexities in a difficult urban environment within a limited time frame. Putting the central and state governments on an equal footing gave an unprecedented level of autonomy and freedom to the company, which had full powers to hire people, decide on tenders, and control funds.<ref name="expindia">{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=84775 |title=Delhi Metro showcases public sector success |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=13 April 2007 |access-date=10 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225005743/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=84775 |archive-date=25 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |author=CAG of India |date=2008 |title=Chapter 2, Coordination and Planning – Implementation of Phase I of Delhi Mass Rapid Transit System by DMRC Limited (Report No. PA 17 of 2008) |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/old_reports/union/union_performance/2007_2008/Commercial/Report_no_17/chap_2.pdf |page=1 |access-date=27 December 2023 |archive-date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629231104/https://cag.gov.in/uploads/old_reports/union/union_performance/2007_2008/Commercial/Report_no_17/chap_2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The DMRC hired the [[MTR Corporation|Hong Kong MTRC]] as a technical consultant on rapid-transit operation and construction techniques.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/corporate/ch/investor/2001frpt_c/annual%20report%202001(C).pdf|title=二零零一度|website=MTR Corporation|access-date=3 August 2017|archive-date=8 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308095559/http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/corporate/ch/investor/2001frpt_c/annual%20report%202001(C).pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Construction proceeded smoothly except for a major disagreement in 2000, when the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] forced the system to use {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] despite the DMRC's preference for [[standard gauge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2000/08/07/stories/140760l1.htm|title=Delhi Metro Rail to adopt BG system|date=7 August 2000|website=[[Business Line]]|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201164121/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2000/08/07/stories/140760l1.htm|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> This decision led to an additional capital expenditure of {{INRConvert|260|c}}.<ref>{{cite report |author=CAG of India |date=2008 |title=Chapter 3, Selection of Technologies – Implementation of Phase I of Delhi Mass Rapid Transit System by DMRC Limited (Report No. PA 17 of 2008) |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/old_reports/union/union_performance/2007_2008/Commercial/Report_no_17/chap_3.pdf |page=2 |access-date=27 December 2023 |quote=Based on their engineering judgment, the management had informed (December 2003) the MoUD that the adoption of the BG had resulted in an additional cost of Rs. 260 crore (Annexure II). The company also anticipated additional energy consumption of Rs. 2.26 crore per annum (Annexure III) due to adoption of the BG rolling stock and as such has decided to adopt the SG for all new lines in Phase II except for the extensions of the existing lines. |archive-date=2 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702224824/https://cag.gov.in/uploads/old_reports/union/union_performance/2007_2008/Commercial/Report_no_17/chap_3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |author=CAG of India |date=2008 |title=Annexures – Implementation of Phase I of Delhi Mass Rapid Transit System by DMRC Limited (Report No. PA 17 of 2008) |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/old_reports/union/union_performance/2007_2008/Commercial/Report_no_17/annexures.pdf |page=2 |access-date=27 December 2023 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229135046/https://cag.gov.in/uploads/old_reports/union/union_performance/2007_2008/Commercial/Report_no_17/annexures.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Delhi Metro's first line, the [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]], was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] on 24 December 2002.<ref name="first">{{Cite news |title=Indian PM launches Delhi metro |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2602907.stm |newspaper=BBC News |date=24 December 2002 |access-date=22 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422001958/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2602907.stm |archive-date=22 April 2012 }}</ref> The metro became India's second underground [[Rapid transit in India|rapid transit system]], after the [[Kolkata Metro]], when the [[Vishwavidyalaya metro station|Vishwavidyalaya]]–[[Kashmere Gate metro station|Kashmere Gate]] section of the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] opened on 20 December 2004. The underground line was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]]. The project's first phase was completed in 2006,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061027/delhi.htm#1|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Delhi and neighbourhood|website=The Tribune|access-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312114559/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061027/delhi.htm#1|archive-date=12 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060114/saturday/main1.htm|title=The Tribune – Magazine section – Saturday Extra|website=The Tribune|access-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716153346/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060114/saturday/main1.htm|archive-date=16 July 2007}}</ref> on budget and almost three years ahead of schedule, an achievement described by [[Business Week]] as "nothing short of a miracle".<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Nandini Lakshman |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_12/b4026009.htm |title=The Miracle-Worker of the Delhi Metro |magazine=[[Bloomberg BusinessWeek]] |date=19 March 2007 |access-date=10 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225004202/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_12/b4026009.htm |archive-date=25 December 2008 }}</ref>

=== Phase I ===

A 64.75 kilometer (40.23 miles) network of 59 stations was constructed in [[Delhi]], encompassing the initial sections of the Red, Yellow, and Blue Lines. The stations were opened to the public between 25 December 2002 and 11 November 2006.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%;margin:auto"
! colspan="7" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Phase 1 Network<ref name="Economic Survey of Delhi 2022–23">{{Cite web |title=Economic Survey of Delhi 2022–23 |url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/ch._12_transport_0.pdf |access-date=30 March 2023 |pages=206–208|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001164152/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/ch._12_transport_0.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="present network" />
|-
!No.
!Line
!Stations
!Length (km)
! colspan="2" | Terminals
!Opening date<ref name="Economic Survey of Delhi 2014-15">{{Cite web |date= |title=Economic Survey of Delhi 2014-15 |url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/2016-17/2014-15/esd_2014-15_ch-12.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020222834/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/2016-17/2014-15/esd_2014-15_ch-12.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" |1
| rowspan="3" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Red}}; text-align: center;" |[[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]]|| style="text-align:center;" |6
|8.35
|[[Shahdara metro station|Shahdara]]
|[[Tis Hazari metro station|Tis Hazari]]
|25 December 2002<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-07 |title=25 years of DMRC! How Delhi Metro has become a lifeline for the national capital – from 1995 to 2019 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure/25-years-of-dmrc-how-delhi-metro-has-become-a-lifeline-for-the-national-capital-from-1995-to-2019/1569685/ |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112160417/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure/25-years-of-dmrc-how-delhi-metro-has-become-a-lifeline-for-the-national-capital-from-1995-to-2019/1569685/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| 4.87
|Tis Hazari
|[[Inderlok metro station|Inderlok]]
|3 October 2003<ref name=":17" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
|8.84
|Inderlok
|[[Rithala metro station|Rithala]]
|31 March 2004<ref name=":17" />
|-
! rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|yellow}};text-align:center; " |[[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]]
| style="text-align:center;" |4
|4.06||[[Vishwa Vidyalaya metro station|Vishwavidyalaya]]||[[Kashmere Gate metro station|Kashmere Gate]]
|20 December 2004<ref name=":17" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| 6.62
|Kashmere Gate
|[[Central Secretariat metro station|Central Secretariat]]
|3 July 2005<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-07-02 |title=Delhi Metro goes underground |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/delhi-metro-goes-underground/articleshow/1158393.cms |access-date=2024-04-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430220129/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/delhi-metro-goes-underground/articleshow/1158393.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" |3
| rowspan="3" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|blue}};text-align:center; " |[[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]]
| style="text-align:center;" |22||22.74
| rowspan="2" |[[Dwarka metro station|Dwarka]]
|[[Barakhamba Road metro station|Barakhamba Road]]
|31 December 2005<ref name=":18">{{Cite news |date=2005-12-30 |title=PM inaugurates Barakhamba-Dwarka Metro line |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-inaugurates-barakhamba-dwarka-metro-line/articleshow/1351999.cms |access-date=2024-04-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430220130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-inaugurates-barakhamba-dwarka-metro-line/articleshow/1351999.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
|6.47
|[[Dwarka Sector 9 metro station|Dwarka Sector 9]]
|1 April 2006<ref name=":17" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |3||2.80||Barakhamba Road
|[[Indraprastha metro station|Indraprastha]]
|11 November 2006<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-11-11 |title=Barakhamba-Indraprastha section of Metro opens |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/barakhamba-indraprastha-section-of-metro-opens/story-aGqWgKNlu0fqJUN5KfXfuL.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430220127/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/barakhamba-indraprastha-section-of-metro-opens/story-aGqWgKNlu0fqJUN5KfXfuL.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!59
!64.75
!
!
!
|}

=== Phase II ===
A total of {{convert|123.3|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} network of 86 stations and 10 routes and extensions was built. Seven routes were extensions of the Phase I network, three were new colour-coded lines, and three routes connect to other cities (the Yellow Line to Gurgaon and the Blue Line to Noida and Ghaziabad) of the national capital region in the states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. At the end of Phases I and II, the network's total length was {{convert|188.05|km|abbr=on}} and 145 stations became operational between 4 June 2008 and 27 August 2011.<ref name="introduction" />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%;margin:auto"
! colspan="7" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Phase 2 network<ref name="Economic Survey of Delhi 2022–23"/><ref name="present network" />
|-
!No.
!Line
!Stations
!Length (km)
! colspan="2" | Terminals
!Opening date<ref name="Economic Survey of Delhi 2014-15"/>
|-
!1
| style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Red}}; text-align: center;" |[[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]]|| style="text-align:center;" |3
|style="text-align:center;" |2.86
|[[Shahdara metro station|Shahdara]]
|[[Dilshad Garden metro station|Dilshad Garden]]
|4 June 2008<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-06-03 |title=Metro comes to Dilshad Garden |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/metro-comes-to-dilshad-garden/story-gf9WM31ywRGP07krF3dDbL.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220171557/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/metro-comes-to-dilshad-garden/story-gf9WM31ywRGP07krF3dDbL.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" |2
| rowspan="4" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|yellow}};text-align:center; " |[[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]]
| style="text-align:center;" |5
|style="text-align:center;" |6.38
|[[Vishwavidyalaya metro station|Vishwavidyalaya]]||[[Jahangirpuri metro station|Jahangirpuri]]
|4 February 2009<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-02-04 |title=DU-Jahangirpuri Metro line flagged off, opens to public from today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/dujahangirpuri-metro-line-flagged-off-opens-to-public-from-today/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427211346/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/dujahangirpuri-metro-line-flagged-off-opens-to-public-from-today/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |15.82
|[[Millennium City Centre Gurugram metro station|Millennium City Centre Gurugram]]
|[[Qutab Minar metro station|Qutab Minar]]
|21 June 2010<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-21 |title=Delhi Metro reaches Gurgaon, brings smiles to residents |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/delhi-metro-reaches-gurgaon-brings-smiles-to-residents-77042-2010-06-20 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427211344/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/delhi-metro-reaches-gurgaon-brings-smiles-to-residents-77042-2010-06-20 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |1
| colspan="2"|[[Chhatarpur metro station|Chhatarpur]]
|26 August 2010<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-08-26 |title=Chattarpur station to open today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/chattarpur-station-to-open-today/articleshow/6435360.cms |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103054816/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-26/delhi/28316715_1_metro-station-cmrs-metro-rail-safety |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |9
|style="text-align:center;" |11.76
|Qutab Minar
|[[Central Secretariat metro station|Central Secretariat]]
|3 September 2010<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-03 |title=Central Secretariat-Qutub Minar Metro line gets operational |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/central-secretariatqutub-minar-metro-line-gets-operational-364146-2010-09-03 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427211344/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/central-secretariatqutub-minar-metro-line-gets-operational-364146-2010-09-03 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" |3
| rowspan="3" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|blue}};text-align:center; " |[[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1
|style="text-align:center;" |2.17
|[[Indraprastha metro station|Indraprastha]]
|[[Yamuna Bank metro station|Yamuna Bank]]
|10 May 2009<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-10 |title=Delhi Metro chugs into East Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/delhi-metro-chugs-into-east-delhi/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427211344/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/delhi-metro-chugs-into-east-delhi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| style="text-align:center;" |12.85
|Yamuna Bank
|[[Noida City Centre metro station|Noida City Centre]]
|12 November 2009<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-11-12 |title=Delhi Metro enters Noida, to open to public tomorrow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-metro-enters-noida-to-open-to-public-tomorrow/articleshow/5222704.cms |access-date=2024-04-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427211344/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-metro-enters-noida-to-open-to-public-tomorrow/articleshow/5222704.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2
|style="text-align:center;" |2.28
|[[Dwarka Sector 9 metro station|Dwarka Sector 9]]
|[[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station|Dwarka Sector 21]]
|30 October 2010<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-10-30 |title=Noida Metro line extended to Dwarka Sec-21 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/noida-metro-line-extended-to-dwarka-sec-21/articleshow/6841808.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427211346/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/noida-metro-line-extended-to-dwarka-sec-21/articleshow/6841808.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |4
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|blue}};text-align:center; "|[[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line Branch]]
|style="text-align:center;" |6
|style="text-align:center;" |6.25
|Yamuna Bank
|[[Anand Vihar metro station|Anand Vihar]]
|6 January 2010<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=2010-01-07 |title=Anand Vihar Metro line opens for public |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/anand-vihar-metro-line-opens-for-public_593434.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502071553/https://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/anand-vihar-metro-line-opens-for-public_593434.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |2
|style="text-align:center;" |2.26
|Anand Vihar
|[[Vaishali metro station|Vaishali]]
|14 July 2011<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2011-07-14 |title=Delhi Metro begins service to Ghaziabad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/delhi-metro-begins-trains-to-ghaziabad-137526-2011-07-13 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427213515/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/delhi-metro-begins-trains-to-ghaziabad-137526-2011-07-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |5
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|green}};text-align:center; " |[[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]]
|style="text-align:center;" |14
|style="text-align:center;" |14.19
|[[Inderlok metro station|Inderlok]]
|[[Mundka metro station|Mundka]]
|3 April 2010<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |date=2010-04-02 |title=Metro's Green Line opened |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Metrorsquos-Green-Line-opened/article16350846.ece |access-date=2024-04-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426192131/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Metrorsquos-Green-Line-opened/article16350846.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |2
|style="text-align:center;" |3.41
|[[Ashok Park Main metro station|Ashok Park Main]]
|[[Kirti Nagar metro station|Kirti Nagar]]
|27 August 2011<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=2011-08-27 |title=Kirti Nagar-Ashok Park Metro opens to public |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/kirti-nagar-ashok-park-metro-opens-to-public_728679.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427213517/https://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/kirti-nagar-ashok-park-metro-opens-to-public_728679.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |6
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|violet}};text-align:center; " |[[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]]
|style="text-align:center;" |13
|style="text-align:center;" |15.34
|[[Central Secretariat metro station|Central Secretariat]]
|[[Sarita Vihar metro station|Sarita Vihar]]
|3 October 2010<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=2010-10-03 |title=Metro to JLN Stadium from today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/metro-to-jln-stadium-from-today/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427213519/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/metro-to-jln-stadium-from-today/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |3
|style="text-align:center;" |4.82
|Sarita Vihar
|[[Badarpur Border metro station|Badarpur Border]]
|14 January 2011<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-01-14 |title=DMRC opens Sarita Vihar-Badarpur section |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/DMRC-opens-Sarita-Vihar-Badarpur-section/article15519517.ece |access-date=2024-04-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427213515/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/DMRC-opens-Sarita-Vihar-Badarpur-section/article15519517.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Airport Express}};text-align:center; "|[[Delhi Airport Metro Express|Airport Express]]
|style="text-align:center;" |4
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |22.91
|[[New Delhi metro station|New Delhi]]
|[[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station|Dwarka Sector 21]]
|23 February 2011<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |date=2011-02-23 |title=Airport Express Corridor opens; reach IGI in 18 minutes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Airport-Express-Corridor-opens-reach-IGI-in-18-minutes/article15455824.ece |access-date=2024-04-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427213517/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Airport-Express-Corridor-opens-reach-IGI-in-18-minutes/article15455824.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |2
| colspan="2" |[[Dhaula Kuan metro station|Dhaula Kuan]] & [[Delhi Aerocity metro station|Delhi Aerocity]]
|15 August 2011<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-15 |title=Airport Metro gets 2 new stations |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/airport-metro-gets-2-new-stations/story-CSgHe4KGluoLS0WDUUQFqN.html |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425213404/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/airport-metro-gets-2-new-stations/story-CSgHe4KGluoLS0WDUUQFqN.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!86
!123.30
!
!
!
|}

=== Phase III ===

Phase I (Red, Yellow and Blue Lines) and Phase II (Green, Violet, and Airport Express Lines) focused on adding radial lines to expand the network. To further reduce congestion and improve connectivity, Phase III included eight extensions to existing lines, two ring lines (the Pink and Magenta Lines) and the Grey Line. It has 28 underground stations, three new lines and seven route extensions, totaling {{convert|162.375|km|mi}}, at a cost of {{INRConvert|410.079|b}}.<ref name="delhimetrorail.com-2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/funding |title=Funding |date=5 April 2019 |website=delhimetrorail.com |publisher=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation |access-date=12 January 2022 |quote=Phase III: The total estimated expenditure for Phase III expansion is Rs. 41,079 crores. |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417200603/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/funding |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="phase3">{{cite news|url=http://post.jagran.com/Delhi-Metro-rings-in-the-New-Year-under-new-chief-1325423311|title=Delhi Metro rings in the New Year under new chief|date=1 January 2012|newspaper=Jagran Post|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702223600/http://post.jagran.com/delhi-metro-rings-in-the-new-year-under-new-chief-1325423311|archive-date=2 July 2017|url-status=dead|publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The three new Phase III lines are the Pink Line on Inner Ring Road (Line 7), the Magenta Line on Outer Ring Road (Line 8) and the Grey Line connecting Dwarka and Najafgarh (Line 9).<ref name="present network" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%;margin:auto"
! colspan="7" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Phase 3 network<ref name="Economic Survey of Delhi 2023–24">{{Cite web |title=Economic Survey of Delhi 2023–24, Chapter 12: Transport |url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/chapter_12.pdf |access-date=28 March 2024 |page=240|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092244/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/chapter_12.pdf|archive-date=30 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="present network" />
|-
!No.
!Line
!Stations
!Length (km)
! colspan="2" | Terminals
!Opening date
|-
!1
| style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Red}} ; text-align: center;" |[[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]]
| style="text-align:center;" |8
|style="text-align:center;" |9.64
|[[Dilshad Garden metro station|Dilshad Garden]]||[[Shaheed Sthal (New Bus Adda) metro station|Shaheed Sthal (New Bus Adda)]]||9 March 2019<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2019-03-08 |title=PM flags off Red Line extension |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/pm-flags-off-red-line-extension/article26476439.ece |access-date=2022-04-25 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412143442/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/pm-flags-off-red-line-extension/article26476439.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!2
| style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|yellow}}; text-align: center;" |[[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]]|| style="text-align:center;" |3
|style="text-align:center;" |4.37
|[[Jahangirpuri metro station|Jahangirpuri]]
|[[Samaypur Badli metro station|Samaypur Badli]]
|10 November 2015<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-10 |title=Naidu, Kejriwal to flag-off Jahangirpuri-Samaypur Badli extension of Delhi Metro |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/naidu-kejriwal-to-flag-off-jahangirpuri-samaypur-badli-extension-of-delhi-metro_1820546.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501120446/https://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/naidu-kejriwal-to-flag-off-jahangirpuri-samaypur-badli-extension-of-delhi-metro_1820546.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!3
| style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|blue}}; text-align: center; " |[[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]]
| style="text-align:center;" |6
|style="text-align:center;" |6.80
|[[Noida City Centre metro station|Noida City Centre]]||[[Noida Electronic City metro station|Noida Electronic City]]||9 March 2019<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/pm-modi-inaugurates-delhi-metros-blue-line-extension/articleshow/68331659.cms|title=Blue Line Metro: PM Modi inaugurates Delhi Metro's Blue Line extension | Noida News|website=The Times of India|date=9 March 2019|archive-date=17 April 2023|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417215556/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/pm-modi-inaugurates-delhi-metros-blue-line-extension/articleshow/68331659.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |5
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|green}}; text-align: center; " |[[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]]
| style="text-align:center;" |7
|style="text-align:center;" |11.19
|[[Mundka metro station|Mundka]]||[[Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh metro station|Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh]]||24 June 2018<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-24 |title=Delhi Metro Green Line: Mundka-Bahadurgarh section inaugurated by PM Modi; 5 facts every commuter should know |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure/delhi-metro-green-line-mundka-bahadurgarh-pm-modi-haryana-stations/1217981/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426212651/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure/delhi-metro-green-line-mundka-bahadurgarh-pm-modi-haryana-stations/1217981/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align: center;" |1
|style="text-align: center;" |–
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[Punjabi Bagh West metro station|Punjabi Bagh West]]
| 29 March 2022<ref>{{cite news | title = Delhi metro's first interchange station inaugurated at Punjabi Bagh, connects Green line to Pink line | url = https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-metro-s-first-interchange-station-inaugurated-at-punjabi-bagh-connects-green-line-to-pink-line-read-here-11648552780696.html | work = Home News India | location = West Punjabi Bagh, Punjabi Bagh, Delhi | date = March 29, 2022 | access-date = March 31, 2022}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" |6
| rowspan="5" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|violet}};text-align:center; " |[[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]]
|style="text-align:center;" |2
|style="text-align:center;" |3.23
|[[Mandi House metro station|Mandi House]]
|[[Central Secretariat metro station|Central Secretariat]]
|26 June 2014<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-26 |title=Delhi Metro's Mandi House-Central Secretariat line opens |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-metros-mandi-house-central-secretariat-line-opens/articleshow/37243174.cms |access-date=2024-04-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118215418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Delhi/Delhi-Metros-Mandi-House-Central-Secretariat-line-opens/articleshow/37243174.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |1
|style="text-align:center;" |0.97
|[[Mandi House metro station|Mandi House]]
|[[ITO metro station|ITO]]
|8 June 2015<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-08 |title=Delhi Metro services begin on ITO-Mandi House section |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/delhi-metro-services-begin-on-ito-mandi-house-section_1609679.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426214153/https://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/delhi-metro-services-begin-on-ito-mandi-house-section_1609679.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |9
|style="text-align:center;" |13.56
|[[Badarpur Border metro station|Badarpur Border]]||[[Escorts Mujesar metro station|Escorts Mujesar]]||6 September 2015<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-06 |title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates Badarpur-Faridabad metro line |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/infra/story/badarpur-faridabad-metro-line-flagged-off-by-pm-narendra-modi-52069-2015-09-06 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426205701/https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/infra/story/badarpur-faridabad-metro-line-flagged-off-by-pm-narendra-modi-52069-2015-09-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |4
|style="text-align:center;" |5.07
|[[Kashmere Gate metro station|Kashmere Gate]]||[[ITO metro station|ITO]]
|28 May 2017<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2017 |title=Delhi Metro's ITO-Kashmere Gate 'Heritage Line' opens for public |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/delhi-metro-s-ito-kashmere-gate-heritage-line-opens-for-public-117052800271_1.html |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=Business Standard |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426212650/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/delhi-metro-s-ito-kashmere-gate-heritage-line-opens-for-public-117052800271_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2
|style="text-align:center;" |3.35
|[[Escorts Mujesar metro station|Escorts Mujesar]]||[[Raja Nahar Singh metro station|Raja Nahar Singh (Ballabhgarh)]]||19 November 2018<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-19 |title=Delhi Metro Violet Line: PM Modi flags off new Escorts Mujesar-Ballabhgarh section; check route, stations |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-delhi-metro-violet-line-pm-modi-flags-off-new-escorts-mujesar-ballabhgarh-section-check-route-stations-1386438/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426211202/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-delhi-metro-violet-line-pm-modi-flags-off-new-escorts-mujesar-ballabhgarh-section-check-route-stations-1386438/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!-
| style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Airport Express}};text-align:center;" |[[Delhi Airport Metro Express|Airport Express]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1
|style="text-align:center;" |2.01
|[[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station|Dwarka Sector 21]]||[[IICC - Dwarka Sector 25 metro station|Yashobhoomi - Dwarka Sector 25]]||17 September 2023<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2023-09-17 |title=Airport Line extension opens for passengers, ends at YashoBhoomi Dwarka Sector 25 station |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/airport-line-extension-opens-for-passengers-ends-at-yashobhoomi-dwarka-sector-25-station/articleshow/103733029.cms |access-date=2024-04-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426212659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/airport-line-extension-opens-for-passengers-ends-at-yashobhoomi-dwarka-sector-25-station/articleshow/103733029.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" |7
| rowspan="5" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|pink}};text-align:center; " |[[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]]
| style="text-align:center;" |12
|style="text-align:center;" |21.57
|[[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]]||[[Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus metro station|Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus]]||14 March 2018<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=2018-03-14 |title=Majlis Park-South Campus corridor of Delhi Metro's Pink Line inaugurated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/majlis-park-south-campus-corridor-of-delhi-metros-pink-line-inaugurated/articleshow/63301856.cms |access-date=2024-04-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426203029/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/majlis-park-south-campus-corridor-of-delhi-metros-pink-line-inaugurated/articleshow/63301856.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |6
|style="text-align:center;" |8.53
|[[Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus metro station|Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus]]||[[Lajpat Nagar metro station|Lajpat Nagar]]||6 August 2018<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-06 |title=Delhi Metro's South Campus-Lajpat Nagar section on Pink Line inaugurated |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-metro-s-south-campus-lajpat-nagar-section-on-pink-line-inaugurated/story-8S3PBezoJKX1bs6cBdfzBJ.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426203028/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-metro-s-south-campus-lajpat-nagar-section-on-pink-line-inaugurated/story-8S3PBezoJKX1bs6cBdfzBJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |15
|style="text-align:center;" |17.86
|[[Trilokpuri metro station|Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake]]||[[Shiv Vihar metro station|Shiv Vihar]]||31 October 2018<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-31 |title=Delhi Metro's Pink Line from Shiv Vihar to Trilokpuri now open for public |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/delhi-metro-pink-line-from-shiv-vihar-to-trilokpuri-now-open-for-public-149670-2018-10-31 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426203028/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/delhi-metro-pink-line-from-shiv-vihar-to-trilokpuri-now-open-for-public-149670-2018-10-31 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |5
|style="text-align:center;" |9.63
|[[Lajpat Nagar metro station|Lajpat Nagar]]||[[Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar metro station|Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar]]||31 December 2018<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-31 |title=Delhi metro pink line: Lajpat Nagar-Mayur Vihar Pocket 1 corridor inaugurated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-metro-pink-line-lajpat-nagar-mayur-vihar-pocket-1-corridor-inaugurated/articleshow/67320402.cms |access-date=2024-04-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216045756/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-metro-pink-line-lajpat-nagar-mayur-vihar-pocket-1-corridor-inaugurated/articleshow/67320402.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |0
|style="text-align:center;" |1.65
|[[Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar metro station|Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar]]||[[Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake metro station|Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake]]||6 August 2021<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-06 |title=Pink Line: Cut Travel Time & Save Money As Trilokpuri - Mayur Vihar Pocket 1 To Open Today |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/trilokpuri-sanjay-lake-mayur-vihar-pocket-1-section-of-the-pink-line-to-launch-today-dmrc-1474439 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425213403/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/trilokpuri-sanjay-lake-mayur-vihar-pocket-1-section-of-the-pink-line-to-launch-today-dmrc-1474439 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |8
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|magenta}} ;text-align:center;" |[[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]]|| style="text-align:center;" |9
|style="text-align:center;" |12.64
|[[Kalkaji Mandir metro station|Kalkaji Mandir]]||[[Botanical Garden metro station|Botanical Garden]]||25 December 2017<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2017-12-25 |title=Delhi Metro's Magenta Line open to public from 5 pm; expected to ferry over 3.6 lakh commuters daily |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/delhi-metros-magenta-line-open-to-public-from-5-pm-expected-to-ferry-over-3-6-lakh-commuters-daily-4275079.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426203028/https://www.firstpost.com/india/delhi-metros-magenta-line-open-to-public-from-5-pm-expected-to-ferry-over-3-6-lakh-commuters-daily-4275079.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |16
|style="text-align:center;" |24.82
|[[Janakpuri West metro station|Janakpuri West]]||[[Kalkaji Mandir metro station|Kalkaji Mandir]]||29 May 2018<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2018-05-28 |title=Delhi Metro's Kalkaji Mandir-Janakpuri West stretch inaugurated |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/kalkaji-mandir-janakpuri-west-stretch-of-delhi-metro-s-magenta-line-inaugurated/story-rdqM2YxNUnr0XcVq43ek1O.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426192958/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/kalkaji-mandir-janakpuri-west-stretch-of-delhi-metro-s-magenta-line-inaugurated/story-rdqM2YxNUnr0XcVq43ek1O.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |9
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|grey}}; text-align: center;" |[[Grey Line (Delhi Metro)|Grey Line]]
| style="text-align:center;" |3
|style="text-align:center;" |4.30
|[[Dwarka metro station|Dwarka]]||[[Najafgarh metro station|Najafgarh]]||4 October 2019<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2019-10-04 |title=Delhi Metro's Grey Line connecting Dwarka and Najafgarh inaugurated |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/delhi-metro-grey-line-connecting-dwarka-and-najafgarh-inaugurated-232267-2019-10-04 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426203026/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/delhi-metro-grey-line-connecting-dwarka-and-najafgarh-inaugurated-232267-2019-10-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|style="text-align:center;" |0.89
|[[Najafgarh metro station|Najafgarh]]
|[[Dhansa Bus Stand metro station|Dhansa Bus Stand]]
|18 September 2021<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2021-09-18 |title=Grey Line: Delhi Metro's Najafgarh-Dhansa Bus Stand corridor inaugurated |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/grey-line-delhi-metros-najafgarh-dhansa-bus-stand-corridor-inaugurated/article36531274.ece |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425213405/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/grey-line-delhi-metros-najafgarh-dhansa-bus-stand-corridor-inaugurated/article36531274.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |Total||111||162.375|| || ||
|}

Work on Phase III began in 2011,<ref name="phaseThree1">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-11/news/30504664_1_e-sreedharan-delhi-metro-modern-transport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613110439/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-11/news/30504664_1_e-sreedharan-delhi-metro-modern-transport|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2015|title=Metro to cover whole of Delhi by 2012|date=11 December 2011|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=8 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="approval">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/jung-wants-better-access-to-all-metro-stations|title=Jung wants better access to all Metro stations|date=23 April 2014|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=24 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424171321/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/jung-wants-better-access-to-all-metro-stations/|archive-date=24 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> with 2016 the planned deadline.<ref name="Deadlines">{{cite press release|title=Phase 3 Corridors|publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]]|url=http://delhimetrorail.com/Corridors.aspx|access-date=4 June 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606064936/http://delhimetrorail.com/Corridors.aspx|archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> Over 20 tunnel-boring machines were used simultaneously to expedite construction,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-31/news/31010369_1_tunnelling-tbms-metro-s-phase-iii|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305024414/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-31/news/31010369_1_tunnelling-tbms-metro-s-phase-iii|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2016|title=Tunnelling work starts for Metro's Phase III|date=31 January 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=8 April 2012}}</ref> which was completed in March 2019 (except for a small stretch due to non-availability of land).<ref name="PhaseFour1">[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/will-not-let-funding-row-derail-phase-iv-government/articleshow/59435629.cms Will not let funding row derail Phase-IV: Government] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707054713/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/will-not-let-funding-row-derail-phase-iv-government/articleshow/59435629.cms|date=7 July 2017}}, [[The Economic Times]], 4 July 2017.</ref> Short extensions were later added to Phase III, which was expected to be completed by the end of 2020, but construction was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was completed on 18 September 2021 with the opening of the Grey Line extension from [[Najafgarh metro station|Najafgarh]] to [[Dhansa Bus Stand metro station|Dhansa Bus Stand]].<ref>{{cite news|last= Prasad|first= Nikita|date= 17 September 2021|title= Grey Line's Najafgarh-Dhansa Bus Stand Corridor To Open For Services Tomorrow|url= https://www.ndtv.com/business/delhi-metro-grey-line-delhi-metro-grey-line-najafgarh-dhansa-bus-stand-corridor-to-open-for-passengers-tomorrow-2543764|work= NDTV|access-date= 12 January 2022|archive-date= 13 January 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220113093054/https://www.ndtv.com/business/delhi-metro-grey-line-delhi-metro-grey-line-najafgarh-dhansa-bus-stand-corridor-to-open-for-passengers-tomorrow-2543764|url-status= live}}</ref> An extension of the Airport Line to [[Yashobhoomi Dwarka Sector - 25 metro station|Yashobhoomi Dwarka Sector - 25]] metro station was later added, and it was completed on 17 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-17 |title=Airport Line extension opens for passengers, ends at YashoBhoomi Dwarka Sector 25 station |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/airport-line-extension-opens-for-passengers-ends-at-yashobhoomi-dwarka-sector-25-station/articleshow/103733029.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-01 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924154327/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/airport-line-extension-opens-for-passengers-ends-at-yashobhoomi-dwarka-sector-25-station/articleshow/103733029.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

Driverless operations on the {{convert|38|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} Magenta line began on 28 December 2021, making it the Delhi Metro's (and India's) first driverless metro line.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bedi |first=Aneesa |date=28 December 2020 |title=PM Modi launches India's first driverless metro train in Delhi. Here's all you need to know |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/pm-modi-launches-indias-first-driverless-metro-train-in-delhi-heres-all-you-need-to-know/575285/ |work=The Print |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531075304/https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/pm-modi-launches-indias-first-driverless-metro-train-in-delhi-heres-all-you-need-to-know/575285/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 25 November 2021, the {{convert|59|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} Pink Line also began driverless operations. The total driverless DMRC network is nearly {{convert|97|km|mi|abbr=on}}, putting Delhi Metro in fourth position globally among such networks behind [[Rapid Rail|Kuala Lumpur]].<ref>{{cite news|date= 25 November 2021|title= Driverless train operations on Pink Line flagged off|url= https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/driverless-train-operations-on-pink-line-flagged-off-7760501.html/amp|work= Money Control|access-date= 12 January 2022|archive-date= 31 May 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220531155421/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/driverless-train-operations-on-pink-line-flagged-off-7760501.html/amp|url-status= live}}</ref>

The expected daily ridership of the network after the completion of Phase III was estimated at 53.47 [[lakh]] passengers. Actual DMRC ridership was 27.79 lakh in 2019–20, 51.97 percent of the projected ridership. Actual ridership of the Phase III corridors was 4.38 lakh, compared with a projected ridership of 20.89 lakh in 2019–20 (a deficit of 79.02 percent).<ref name = "DM Ridership Half of the Figure Projected (HT)">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-metro-ridership-only-half-of-the-figure-projected-by-dmrc-cag-report-101638469842598.html |title=Delhi Metro ridership only half of the figure projected by DMRC: CAG report |last=Chitlangia |first=Risha |date=3 December 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=12 January 2022 |quote=The CAG report said pointed out that the DMRC had projected an average daily ridership in the entire network (phases I, II and III) would rise to 53.47 lakh in 2019-20 but the actual ridership was only around 27.79 lakh (51.97% of the projected figure). The report also claimed that DMRC had projected daily ridership of around 20.89 lakhs in the four Phase III corridors in 2019-20 but the actual ridership was just 4.38 lakh. |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113052514/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-metro-ridership-only-half-of-the-figure-projected-by-dmrc-cag-report-101638469842598.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = "CAG Report: Phase-III of Delhi Metro (December 2021) - Page 16">{{cite web |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2021/Report%20No.%2011%20of%202021_DMRC_English-061a88483a1f130.47012068.pdf |title=Report No.11 of 2021 - Performance Audit on Implementation of Phase III, Delhi Mass Rapid Transit System by DMRC, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |date=2 December 2021 |website=cag.gov.in |publisher=Comptroller and Auditor General of India |access-date=12 January 2022 |page=16 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219135727/https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2021/Report%20No.%2011%20of%202021_DMRC_English-061a88483a1f130.47012068.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The communication-based train control (CBTC) on Phase III trains enables them to run at a 90-second headway, although the actual headway between trains is higher because of the relatively low demand on the new corridors.<ref name = "DM - Train frequency">{{cite web |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/train-frequency |title=Delhi metro average train frequency during peak and off-peak hours (As on 31.12.2021) |website=delhimetrorail.com |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320180415/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/train-frequency |url-status=live}}</ref> Keeping the short headway and other constraints in mind, DMRC changed its decision to build nine-car-long stations for new lines and opted for shorter stations which can accommodate six-car trains.<ref name = "CAG Report: Phase-III of Delhi Metro (December 2021) - Page 12">{{cite web |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2021/Report%20No.%2011%20of%202021_DMRC_English-061a88483a1f130.47012068.pdf |title=Report No.11 of 2021 - Performance Audit on Implementation of Phase III, Delhi Mass Rapid Transit System by DMRC, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |date=2 December 2021 |website=cag.gov.in |publisher=Comptroller and Auditor General of India |access-date=12 January 2022 |page=12 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219135727/https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2021/Report%20No.%2011%20of%202021_DMRC_English-061a88483a1f130.47012068.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Phase IV ===
Phase IV, with a length of {{convert|103|km|mi|abbr=on}} and six lines, was finalized by the [[Government of Delhi]] in December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-20 |title=Delhi Metro's Much-awaited Phase 4 Gets AAP Govt's Nod, Likely to be Ready by 2024 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/delhi-metros-much-awaited-phase-4-gets-aap-govts-nod-likely-to-be-ready-by-2024-1978485.html |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516091600/https://www.news18.com/news/india/delhi-metros-much-awaited-phase-4-gets-aap-govts-nod-likely-to-be-ready-by-2024-1978485.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Approval from the government of India was received for three priority corridors in March 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Delhi Metro: Cabinet approves three corridors of Delhi Metro Phase IV |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/cabinet-approves-three-corridors-of-delhi-metro-phase-iv/articleshow/68301051.cms |access-date=2022-05-16 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516092251/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/cabinet-approves-three-corridors-of-delhi-metro-phase-iv/articleshow/68301051.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Construction of the corridors {{convert|65.1|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}} began on 30 December 2019, with an expected completion date of 2026.<ref>{{cite news |date= 20 June 2021 |title= Completion targets of Metro Phase-4 will depend on Covid-19 scenario: DMRC |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/completion-targets-of-metro-phase-4-will-depend-on-covid-19-scenario-dmrc-101624192413235.html |work= Hindustan Times |access-date= 11 January 2022 |quote= “DMRC is currently engaged in the construction of 65 kilometers of new lines across three priority corridors as part of its Phase 4 expansion. These corridors are expected to be completed by 2025. However, given the fact that the Covid-19 scenario is still evolving, the completion targets shall be reviewed accordingly,” said Anuj Dayal, executive director, of corporate communications, DMRC. |archive-date= 11 January 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220111140133/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/completion-targets-of-metro-phase-4-will-depend-on-covid-19-scenario-dmrc-101624192413235.html |url-status= live }}</ref> The metro's total length will exceed {{convert|450|km|mi}} at the end of Phase IV,<ref name="times1">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-metro-phase-4-gets-government-nod/articleshow/56379166.cms Delhi Metro Phase-4 gets government nod] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419063513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-metro-phase-4-gets-government-nod/articleshow/56379166.cms |date=19 April 2023 }}, ''[[The Times of India]]'', 6 January 2017.</ref><ref name="PhaseFour1" /> not including other independently operated systems in the National Capital Region such as the {{convert|29.7|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} Aqua Line of the [[Noida-Greater Noida Metro]]<ref>{{cite news |author=Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/25/stories/2006122514830100.htm |title=Delhi Metro map to cover Greater Noida |date=25 December 2006 |access-date=10 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601085515/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/25/stories/2006122514830100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=1 June 2009 }}</ref> and the {{convert|11.7|km|mi|adj=on}} [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon]] which connect to the Delhi Metro.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Megha Suri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/-Pvt-metro-link-to-get-Central-nod-soon/articleshow/5514881.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105163856/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-30/delhi/28137396_1_metro-link-dlf-metro-rapid-metro-rail-gurgaon |url-status=live |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Pvt metro link to get Central nod soon |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 January 2010 |access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref><ref name="approval1">[https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/delhi-metro-dmrc-to-come-up-with-elevated-road-network-below-these-3-new-lines-details-here/1420938/ Delhi Metro: DMRC to come up with elevated road network below these 3 new lines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221130144/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/delhi-metro-dmrc-to-come-up-with-elevated-road-network-below-these-3-new-lines-details-here/1420938/ |date=21 December 2018 }}, ''The Financial Express'', 21 December 2018.</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%;margin:auto"
! colspan="9" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Phase IV network
|-
! No.
! Line
! Stations
! Length (km)
! colspan="2" |Terminals
! Status
! Expected completion date
! Opening date
|-
!rowspan="2" |7
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|pink}};text-align:center; " | [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]]
|7
|12.32
|[[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]]
|[[Maujpur - Babarpur metro station|Maujpur - Babarpur]]
|Completed
|
| 8 March 2026<ref name="Hindustan Times-2026">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-08 |title=PM Modi inaugurates two new Delhi Metro corridors: Key details of Pink and Magenta line extension |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/pm-modi-new-delhi-metro-corridors-key-details-pink-and-magenta-line-extension-routes-majlis-park-deepali-chowk-101772949619664-amp.html |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1
|–
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[Soorghat metro station|Soorghat]]
|Under Construction
| 2026
|
|-
! rowspan="5"|8
| rowspan="5"style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|magenta}};text-align:center;" |[[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]]
|1
|1.8
|[[Janakpuri West metro station|Janakpuri West]]
|[[Krishna Park Extension metro station|Krishna Park Extension]]
| Completed
|
| 5 January 2025
|-
|7
|9.9
|[[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]]
|[[Deepali Chowk metro station|Deepali Chowk]]
|Completed
|
| 8 March 2026<ref name="Hindustan Times-2026"/>
|-
|6
| rowspan="2"|17.53
|[[Krishna Park Extension metro station|Krishna Park Extension]]
|[[Deepali Chowk metro station|Deepali Chowk]]
|rowspan="2"|Under construction<ref name=":21">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/work-begins-on-delhi-metro-phase-iv/article30437781.ece|title=Work begins on Delhi Metro Phase-IV|date=31 December 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=31 December 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|2026<ref name="TimesNow-2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-05 |title=First section of Delhi Metro phase-IV to open by July 2024, says DMRC chief |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/first-section-of-delhi-metro-phase-iv-to-open-by-july-2024-says-dmrc-chief-article-104978294 |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=TimesNow |language=en |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124152229/https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/first-section-of-delhi-metro-phase-iv-to-open-by-july-2024-says-dmrc-chief-article-104978294 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|
|-
|8
|[[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]]
|[[Ramakrishna Ashram Marg metro station|RK Ashram Marg]]
|
|-
|10
|12.38<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2024 |title=Cabinet approves two corridors of Delhi Metro Phase-IV projects namely (i) Lajpat Nagar to Saket G-Block and (ii) Inderlok to Indraprastha |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/cabinet-approves-two-corridors-of-delhi-metro-phase-iv-projects-namely-i-lajpat-nagar-to-saket-g-block-and-ii-inderlok-to-indraprastha/ |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201003532/https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/cabinet-approves-two-corridors-of-delhi-metro-phase-iv-projects-namely-i-lajpat-nagar-to-saket-g-block-and-ii-inderlok-to-indraprastha/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Inderlok metro station|Inderlok]]
|[[Indraprastha metro station|Indraprastha]]
|Under Construction<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=Cabinet okays two new Delhi Metro corridors at ₹8400 crore project cost {{!}} All you need to know |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cabinet-okays-two-new-delhi-metro-corridors-at-rs-8400-crore-project-cost-all-you-need-to-know-101710323830812.html |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=12 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241012011634/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cabinet-okays-two-new-delhi-metro-corridors-at-rs-8400-crore-project-cost-all-you-need-to-know-101710323830812.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|2029<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=Delhi Metro Update: Two new metro lines announced for National Capital! Inderlok to Indraprastha and Lajpat Nagar to Saket G Block - Here' all you need to know - Infrastructure News {{!}} The Financial Express |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-delhi-metro-update-two-new-metro-lines-announced-for-national-capital-inderlok-to-indraprastha-and-lajpat-nagar-to-saket-g-block-here-all-you-need-to-know-3424118/ |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=www.financialexpress.com |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201004522/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-delhi-metro-update-two-new-metro-lines-announced-for-national-capital-inderlok-to-indraprastha-and-lajpat-nagar-to-saket-g-block-here-all-you-need-to-know-3424118/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|
|-
!10
| style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|golden}};text-align:center;" |[[Golden Line (Delhi Metro)|Golden Line]]
|15
|23.62
|[[Tughlakabad Station metro station|Tughlakabad]]
|[[Delhi Aerocity metro station|Delhi Aerocity]]
|Under construction<ref name=":21" />
|2026<ref name="TimesNow-2023" />
|
|-
!11
| style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|golden}};text-align:center;" |[[Golden Line (Delhi Metro)|Golden Branch Line]]
|8
|8.4
|[[Lajpat Nagar metro station|Lajpat Nagar]]
|[[Saket G Block metro station|Saket G-Block]]
|Under construction<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-12 |title=Golden Line: DMRC begins work on Lajpat Nagar-Saket G block metro corridor |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/golden-line-dmrc-begins-work-on-lajpat-nagar-saket-g-block-metro-corridor/articleshow/125933856.cms |access-date=2025-12-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=16 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216200507/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/golden-line-dmrc-begins-work-on-lajpat-nagar-saket-g-block-metro-corridor/articleshow/125933856.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|2029<ref name=":23" />
|
|-
!1
| style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Red}}; text-align: center;" |[[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]]
|21
|26.46<ref>{{Cite news |title=Delhi Metro: Red Line to Extend to Kundli in Haryana, Check Station Names - News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/delhi-metro-red-line-to-extend-to-kundli-in-haryana-check-station-names-9151807.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213100934/https://www.news18.com/auto/delhi-metro-red-line-to-extend-to-kundli-in-haryana-check-station-names-9151807.html |archive-date=13 February 2025 |access-date=2025-12-12 |work=News18 |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Rithala metro station|Rithala]]
|Kundli
|Approved<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-06 |title=Union Cabinet approves Rithala-Kundli corridor of Delhi Metro |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/union-cabinet-approves-rithala-kundli-corridor-of-delhi-metro/article68955967.ece |access-date=2025-12-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=5 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405231358/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/union-cabinet-approves-rithala-kundli-corridor-of-delhi-metro/article68955967.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|2029
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Total||84||112.427|| || || || ||
|}

=== Phase V ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%;margin:auto"
! colspan="8" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Phase V (A) network
|-
!No.
!Line
!Stations
!Length (km)
! colspan="2" | Terminals
!Status
!Expected completion date
|-
!8
| style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Magenta}} ; text-align: center;" |[[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]]
| style="text-align:center;" |8
|style="text-align:center;" |9.913
|[[Ramakrishna Ashram Marg metro station|R K Ashram Marg]]
|[[Indraprastha metro station|Indraprastha]]
|Approved<ref name=":5a">{{Cite news |date=2015-12-25 |title=Cabinet approves 3 new corridors of Delhi Metro worth ₹12,015 crore; PM Modi says, Delhi Metro expansion to boost ‘Ease of Living’ in national capital |language=en-IN |work=News on air |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/cabinet-approves-delhi-metro-phase-5a-worth-%E2%82%B912015-crore/ |access-date=2026-02-26 }}</ref>
|2029
|-
! rowspan="2"|10
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Golden}} ; text-align: center;" |[[Golden Line (Delhi Metro)|Golden Line]]
| style="text-align:center;" |3
|style="text-align:center;" |3.9
|[[Tughlakabad metro station|Tughlakabad]]
|[[Kalindi Kunj metro station|Kalindi Kunj]]
|Approved<ref name=":5a"/>
|2029
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1
|style="text-align:center;" |2.263
|[[Delhi Aerocity metro station|Delhi Aerocity]]
|[[Terminal 1 IGI Airport metro station|Terminal 1 IGI Airport]]
|Approved<ref name=":5a"/>
|2029
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!12
!16.076
!
!
!
!
|}

===Construction Incidents===
On 19 October 2008, a [[launching gantry]] and part of the overhead Blue Line extension under construction in [[Laxmi Nagar (Delhi)|Laxmi Nagar]] collapsed and fell on a passing bus. Workers were using a crane to lift a 400-tonne concrete span of the bridge when the gantry and a {{convert|34|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} span of the bridge collapsed on the bus. The driver and a construction worker were killed.<ref name="Delhi Metro bridge collapses; 1 dead">{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/delhi-metro-bridge-collapses-1-dead--your-say--pics/76209-3.html?from=rssfeed |title=Delhi Metro bridge collapses; 1 dead |newspaper=IBN Live |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=19 October 2008 |access-date=19 October 2008 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228071537/https://www.news18.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 12 July 2009, a section of a bridge collapsed while it was being erected at Zamrudpur, east of Kailash, on the Central Secretariat – Badarpur corridor. Six people died and 15 were injured.<ref name="Delhi Metro bridge collapses; 5 dead">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/a-chronology-of-delhi-metro-accidents/story-sLeHNhHvW5diUXA8kIBk5K.html|title=A chronology of Delhi Metro accidents|date=12 July 2009|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107180520/http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/a-chronology-of-delhi-metro-accidents/story-sLeHNhHvW5diUXA8kIBk5K.html|archive-date=7 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> A crane removing the debris collapsed the following day and collapsed two other nearby cranes, injuring six.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Day-2-3-cranes-fall-Metro-image-takes-beating/articleshow/4774296.cms?referral=PM|title=Day 2: 3 cranes fall, Metro image takes beating|last=Suri|first=Megha|date=14 July 2009|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627200911/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Day-2-3-cranes-fall-Metro-image-takes-beating/articleshow/4774296.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=27 June 2014|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref> On 22 July 2009, a worker at the Ashok Park Metro station was killed when a steel beam fell on him.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=10567 |title=Labourer dies at Delhi Metro construction site |newspaper=Central Chronicle |date=22 July 2009 |access-date=22 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708131946/http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=10567 |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}</ref> Over a hundred people, including 93 workers, have died since work on the metro began in 1998.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/city-s-nightmare-on-wheels/story-oXFBsU0IoAgu90F2uxfx7M.html|title=City's nightmare on wheels|last=Mathur|first=Atul|date=7 December 2009|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122181558/http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/city-s-nightmare-on-wheels/story-oXFBsU0IoAgu90F2uxfx7M.html|archive-date=22 January 2018|url-status=live|location=Delhi}}</ref>

On 23 April 2018, five people were injured when an iron girder fell off the elevated section of a Metro structure under construction at the Mohan Nagar intersection in Ghaziabad. A car, an auto rickshaw, and a motorbike were also damaged in the incident.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/five-injured-as-iron-girder-falls-off-metro-structure-in-ghaziabad/story-UTU1uSjNUWBJ8cMJI0SE3K.html|title=Five injured as iron girder falls off Metro structure in Ghaziabad|date=23 April 2018|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423141309/https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/five-injured-as-iron-girder-falls-off-metro-structure-in-ghaziabad/story-UTU1uSjNUWBJ8cMJI0SE3K.html|archive-date=23 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Lines ==
===Red Line (Line 1)===
{{Main|Red Line (Delhi Metro)}}

[[File:New Delhi Metro.jpg|thumb|alt=Older, but still modern, rapid-transit train at a station|Older rolling stock used by the DMRC on Line 1. Most of the stock running on Lines 2, 3, and 4 are planned to be sent to Line 1.]]
The Red Line, the first metro line opened, connects [[Rithala metro station|Rithala]] in the west to [[Shaheed Sthal (New Bus Adda) metro station|Shaheed Sthal (New Bus Adda)]] in the east for a distance of {{convert|34.55|km|mi}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.delhimetrotimes.in/delhi-metro-red-line.html|title=Delhi Metro Red Line|access-date=20 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005183547/http://www.delhimetrotimes.in/delhi-metro-red-line.html|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Partly elevated and partly at grade, it crosses the [[Yamuna River]] between the [[Kashmere Gate metro station|Kashmere Gate]] and [[Shastri Park metro station|Shastri Park]] stations.<ref name="Yamuna">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/On-May-2-Metro-to-cross-Yamuna-again/articleshow/4441285.cms?referral=PM|title=On May 2, Metro to cross the Yamuna again|date=24 April 2009|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203232317/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/On-May-2-Metro-to-cross-Yamuna-again/articleshow/4441285.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=3 February 2015|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The opening of the first stretch on 24 December 2002, between [[Shahdara metro station|Shahdara]] and [[Tis Hazari metro station|Tis Hazari]], crashed the ticketing system due to demand.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rdec2002/24122002/r241220027.html |title=Prime Minister inaugurates Metro Rail services between Tis Hazari and Shahdara |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=24 December 2002 |access-date=29 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721174826/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rdec2002/24122002/r241220027.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/12/26/1040511133673.html|title=Passengers swamp Delhi's new metro|date=27 December 2002|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116141128/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/12/26/1040511133673.html|archive-date=16 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequent sections were opened from Tis Hazari – Trinagar (later renamed [[Inderlok metro station|Inderlok]]) on 4 October 2003,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/70000-travel-by-Tri-Nagar-Tis-Hazari-Metro-rail/articleshow/216425.cms?referral=PM|title=70,000 travel by Tri Nagar-Tis Hazari Metro rail|date=5 October 2003|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116200552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/70000-travel-by-Tri-Nagar-Tis-Hazari-Metro-rail/articleshow/216425.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=16 January 2018|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Inderlok – Rithala on 31 March 2004, and Shahdara – Dilshad Garden on 4 June 2008.<ref name="Stations">{{cite web |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/station-info.aspx |title=Metro Station Information |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] |access-date=29 March 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918092841/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/station-info.aspx |archive-date=18 September 2010 }}</ref> The Red Line has interchanges at [[Kashmere Gate metro station|Kashmere Gate]] with the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow]] and [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Lines]], at [[Inderlok metro station|Inderlok]] with the [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]], and at [[Netaji Subhash Place metro station|Netaji Subhash Place]] and [[Welcome metro station|Welcome]] with the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]], and at [[Madhuban Chowk metro station|Madhuban Chowk]] with the [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]]. An interchange with the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] at [[Mohan Nagar metro station|Mohan Nagar]] is planned. Six-coach trains were commissioned on the line on 24 November 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/DMRC-to-introduce-six-coach-trains-on-Dilshad-Garden-Rithala-line-on-Sunday/articleshow/26278242.cms?referral=PM|title=DMRC to introduce six-coach trains on Dilshad Garden-Rithala line on Sunday|date=23 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204191346/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/DMRC-to-introduce-six-coach-trains-on-Dilshad-Garden-Rithala-line-on-Sunday/articleshow/26278242.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref> An extension from [[Dilshad Garden metro station|Dilshad Garden]] to [[Shaheed Sthal (New Bus Adda) metro station|Shaheed Sthal (New Bus Adda)]] opened on 8 March 2019. The metro introduced a set of two eight-coach trains on the Red Line, converted from the existing fleet of 39 six-coach trains, in November 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/eight-coach-trains-introduced-on-red-line-delhi-metro/articleshow/95376369.cms|title=Eight-coach trains introduced on Red line: Delhi Metro|newspaper=The Times of India|date=8 November 2022|archive-date=20 February 2023|access-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220142229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/eight-coach-trains-introduced-on-red-line-delhi-metro/articleshow/95376369.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Yellow Line (Line 2)===
{{Main|Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)}}

[[File:DelhiMetroYellowLine2.JPG|thumb|alt=Still-modern train at a station|Old Yellow Line Mitsubishi-Rotem trainset]]
[[File:Delhi metro train.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|Train arriving at a Yellow Line station]]

The Yellow Line, the metro's second line, was its first underground line.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/A-subterranean-journey-begins/articleshow/964370.cms?referral=PM|title=A subterranean journey begins|date=20 December 2004|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303140135/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/A-subterranean-journey-begins/articleshow/964370.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Running {{convert|49|km|mi}} north to south, it connects [[Samaypur Badli metro station|Samaypur Badli]] with [[Millennium City Centre Gurugram metro station|Millennium City Centre Gurugram]] in [[Gurugram]]. The northern and southern parts of the line are elevated, and the central section (which passes through some of the most congested parts of Delhi) is underground. The underground section between [[Vishwavidyalaya metro station|Vishwavidyalaya]] and [[Kashmere Gate metro station|Kashmere Gate]] opened on 20 December 2004; the Kashmere Gate – [[Central Secretariat metro station|Central Secretariat]] section opened on 3 July 2005, and Vishwa Vidyalaya – [[Jahangirpuri metro station|Jahangirpuri]] on 4 February 2009.<ref name="Stations" /> The line has India's second-deepest metro station<ref name="railnews.co.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.railnews.co.in/delhi-metro-museum-celebrates-3rd-anniversary-unveils-exhibitations-at-7-metro-stations-organise-quiz-competition-for-homeless-children/|title=Delhi Metro Museum Celebrates 3rd Anniversary|website=RailNews Media India Ltd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911210823/http://www.railnews.co.in/delhi-metro-museum-celebrates-3rd-anniversary-unveils-exhibitations-at-7-metro-stations-organise-quiz-competition-for-homeless-children/|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref> at [[Chawri Bazar metro station|Chawri Bazar]], {{convert|25|m|ft}} below ground level.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/hauz-khas-set-to-get-deepest-underground-metro-station-by-march-2016/|title=Hauz Khas set to get deepest underground metro station by March 2016|date=16 September 2014|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116004233/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/hauz-khas-set-to-get-deepest-underground-metro-station-by-march-2016/|archive-date=16 January 2018|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

An additional stretch from [[Qutab Minar metro station|Qutab Minar]] to [[Millennium City Centre Gurugram metro station|Millennium City Centre Gurugram]], initially operating separately from the mainline, opened on 21 June 2010; the [[Chhatarpur metro station|Chhatarpur station]] on this stretch opened on 26 August of that year. Due to delays in acquiring land to construct the station, it was built with prefabricated structures in nine months and is the only Delhi Metro station made completely of steel.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Chhattarpur Metro Station To Become Operational From Tomorrow|date=25 August 2010|publisher=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|location=New Delhi|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=IT8bnclZM5cBAlld|access-date=22 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004026/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=IT8bnclZM5cBAlld|archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Chattarpur-station-to-open-today/articleshow/6435360.cms?referral=PM|title=Chattarpur station to open today|date=26 August 2010|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303140135/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Chattarpur-station-to-open-today/articleshow/6435360.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The connecting link between Central Secretariat and Qutub Minar opened on 3 September 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/news/gurgaon-gets-a-lifeline-as-cst-qutub-corridor-opens-news-national-kjduEhecbaj.html|title=Gurgaon gets a lifeline as CST-Qutub corridor opens|date=8 September 2010|newspaper=Sify News|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116122608/http://www.sify.com/news/gurgaon-gets-a-lifeline-as-cst-qutub-corridor-opens-news-national-kjduEhecbaj.html|archive-date=16 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 10 November 2015, the line was further extended between Jahangirpuri and [[Samaypur Badli metro station|Samaypur Badli]] in Outer Delhi.<ref name="PR 9112015">{{cite news |title=The Jahangirpuri- Samaypur Badli section (Extension of Line-2) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=wELDXDv2xz0lld |access-date=9 November 2015 |publisher=Delhi Metro |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113010320/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=wELDXDv2xz0lld |archive-date=13 November 2015 }}</ref>

Interchanges are available with the [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]] and [[Maharana Pratap Inter State Bus Terminus|Kashmere Gate ISBT]] at [[Kashmere Gate metro station|Kashmere Gate]], with the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] at [[Rajiv Chowk metro station|Rajiv Chowk]], with the [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]] at [[Kashmere Gate metro station|Kashmere Gate]] and [[Central Secretariat metro station|Central Secretariat]], with the [[Delhi Airport Metro Express|Airport Express]] at [[New Delhi metro station|New Delhi]], with the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] at [[Azadpur metro station|Azadpur]] and [[Dilli Haat - INA metro station|Dilli Haat - INA]], with the [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]] at [[Hauz Khas metro station|Hauz Khas]] and [[Haiderpur Badli Mor metro station|Haiderpur Badli Mor]], with [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon]] at [[Sikanderpur metro station|Sikanderpur]], and with [[Indian Railways]] at [[Chandni Chowk metro station, Delhi|Chandni Chowk]] and [[New Delhi metro station|New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/New-Delhi-Metro-station-your-connect-with-National-rail/articleshow/1154950.cms?referral=PM|title=New Delhi Metro station, your connect with National rail|last=Sharma|first=Nidhi|date=29 June 2005|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122191746/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/New-Delhi-Metro-station-your-connect-with-National-rail/articleshow/1154950.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=22 January 2018|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/01/stories/2005070111420400.htm|title=Secretariat to DU in 18 minutes flat|date=1 July 2005|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201164123/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/01/stories/2005070111420400.htm|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Yellow Line is the metro's first line to replace four-coach trains with six- and eight-coach configurations. The Metro Museum at [[Patel Chowk metro station]], [[South Asia]]'s only rapid-transit museum, has a collection of display panels, historical photographs and exhibits tracing the genesis of the Delhi Metro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Museum |url=https://museum.delhimetrorail.com/ |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=museum.delhimetrorail.com |archive-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721130754/https://museum.delhimetrorail.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The museum was opened on 1 January 2009.<ref name="railnews.co.in" />

=== {{anchor|Blue Line (Line 3 & Line 4)}}Blue Line (Lines 3 and 4) ===
{{Main|Blue Line (Delhi Metro)}}

[[File:DelhiMetroBlueLineBombardier.jpg|thumb|alt=Modern train at a station|New Bombardier Blue Line trainset]]
The Blue Line, the third line of the metro open, was the first to connect areas outside Delhi.<ref name="NoidaDNA">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_metro-enters-noida-set-to-change-travelling-habits-of-people_1310610 |title=Metro enters Noida, set to change travelling habits of people |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=12 November 2009 |access-date=12 January 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401164052/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_metro-enters-noida-set-to-change-travelling-habits-of-people_1310610 |archive-date=1 April 2012 }}</ref> Mainly elevated and partly underground,<ref name="BlueTOI">{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-28/delhi/27852475_1_delhi-metro-metro-line-barakhamba-station |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126065324/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-28/delhi/27852475_1_delhi-metro-metro-line-barakhamba-station |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Metro to travel underground and overhead |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 December 2005 |access-date=4 April 2010}}</ref> it connects [[Dwarka Sub City]] in the west with the satellite city of [[Noida]] in the east for a distance of {{convert|56.61|km|mi}}.<ref name="NoidaDNA"/> The line's first section, between [[Dwarka metro station|Dwarka]] and [[Barakhamba Road metro station|Barakhamba Road]], opened on 31 December 2005, and subsequent sections opened between Dwarka – [[Dwarka Sector 9 metro station|Dwarka Sector 9]] on 1 April 2006, Barakhamba Road – [[Indraprastha metro station|Indraprastha]] on 11 November 2006, Indraprastha – [[Yamuna Bank metro station|Yamuna Bank]] on 10 May 2009, Yamuna Bank – [[Noida City Centre metro station|Noida City Centre]] on 12 November 2009, and Dwarka Sector 9 – [[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station|Dwarka Sector 21]] on 30 October 2010.<ref name="Stations"/> The line crosses the Yamuna River between the [[Indraprastha]] and Yamuna Bank stations,<ref name="Yamuna"/> and has India's second [[extradosed bridge]] across the [[Northern Railways]] mainlines near [[Pragati Maidan]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/12/stories/2006111212620100.htm |title=Delhi Metro just got bigger and better |date=12 November 2006 |access-date=4 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629014624/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/12/stories/2006111212620100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref>

A branch of the Blue Line, inaugurated on 8 January 2010, runs for {{convert|6.25|km|mi}} from the Yamuna Bank station to [[Anand Vihar metro station|Anand Vihar]] in East Delhi.<ref name="Anand Vihar">{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/railways/Anand-Vihar-Metro-line-opens-for-public/articleshow/5419382.cms |title=Delhi Anand Vihar Metro line opens for public |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=7 January 2010 |access-date=8 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110055534/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Transportation/Railways/Anand-Vihar-Metro-line-opens-for-public/articleshow/5419382.cms |archive-date=10 January 2010 }}</ref> It was extended to [[Vaishali metro station|Vaishali]] on 14 July 2011.<ref name="Vaishali">{{Cite press release |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=ibd0tm2x1GAlld |title=Anand Vihar – Vaishali Section To Open For Passenger Services From 14th July 2011 |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] |date=13 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727190330/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=ibd0tm2x1GAlld |archive-date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> A {{convert|2.76|km|mi|adj=on}} stretch from [[Dwarka Sector 9 metro station|Dwarka Sector 9]] to [[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station|Dwarka Sector 21]] opened on 30 October 2010.<ref name="Dwarka21">{{Cite press release |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=qZpXzaO5CaMlld |title=Press Release: DMRC Extends Metro Services To Dwarka Sector 21 on Line-3 |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] |date=30 October 2010 |access-date=30 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123032157/http://delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=qZpXzaO5CaMlld |archive-date=23 November 2010 }}</ref> On 9 March 2019, a {{Cvt|6.67|km|adj=on}} extension from [[Noida City Centre metro station|Noida City Centre]] to [[Noida Electronic City metro station|Noida Electronic City]] was opened by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/pm-modi-flags-off-noida-city-centre-noida-electronic-city-section-of-delhi-metro-s-blue-line/379517|title=PM Modi flags off Noida City Centre-Noida Electronic City section of Delhi Metro 's Blue Line {{!}} Business News|website=timesnownews.com|date=9 March 2019|language=en-GB|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329112940/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/pm-modi-flags-off-noida-city-centre-noida-electronic-city-section-of-delhi-metro-s-blue-line/379517|url-status=live}}</ref> Interchanges are available with the [[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)]] [[Noida Sector 51 metro station|Noida Sector 51]] station at [[Noida Sector 52 metro station|Noida Sector 52]], with the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] at [[Rajiv Chowk metro station|Rajiv Chowk]],<ref name="BlueTOI"/> with the [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]] at [[Kirti Nagar metro station|Kirti Nagar]], with the [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]] at [[Mandi House metro station|Mandi House]], with the [[Delhi Airport Metro Express|Airport Express]] at [[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station|Dwarka Sector 21]], with the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] at [[Rajouri Garden metro station|Rajouri Garden]], [[Mayur Vihar-I metro station|Mayur Vihar Phase-I]], [[Karkarduma metro station|Karkarduma]] and [[Anand Vihar metro station|Anand Vihar]], with the [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]] at [[Janakpuri West metro station|Janakpuri West]] and [[Botanical Garden metro station|Botanical Garden]], and with [[Indian Railways]] and the Interstate Bus Station (ISBT) at Anand Vihar station (which connects with [[Anand Vihar Railway Terminal]] and [[Inter State Bus Terminals|Anand Vihar ISBT]]).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?672357 |title=40000 Footfalls at Anand Vihar Metro on Day 1 |newspaper=[[Outlook India]] |date=7 January 2010 |access-date=4 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117171326/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?672357 |archive-date=17 January 2010 }}</ref> An interchange with the Red Line at [[Mohan Nagar metro station|Mohan Nagar]] is planned.

=== Green Line (Line 5) ===
{{Main|Green Line (Delhi Metro)}}

[[File:Green Line Delhi metro.jpg|thumb|alt=A modern train pulling into a station|Mitsubishi-Rotem-BEML rolling stock on the Green Line]]
Opened in 2010, the Green Line (Line 5) was Delhi Metro's fifth and its first standard-gauge line; the others were broad gauge. It runs between [[Inderlok metro station|Inderlok]] (a Red Line station) and [[Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh metro station|Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh]], with a branch line connecting its Ashok Park Main station with Kirti Nagar on the Blue Line. The elevated line, built as part of Phase-II, runs primarily along the busy [[National Highway 10 (India, old numbering)|NH-10]] route in West Delhi. It has 24 stations, including an interchange with the Pink Line at [[Punjabi Bagh West metro station|Punjabi Bagh West]], and covers a distance of {{convert|29.64|km|abbr=on}}. The line had India's first standard-gauge maintenance depot at Mundka.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Metro-gets-first-standard-gauge-depot/article16816399.ece |title=Metro gets first standard gauge depot |date=23 February 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 January 2018 |location=New Delhi |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301213743/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Metro-gets-first-standard-gauge-depot/article16816399.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

It opened in two stages, with the {{convert|15.1|km|4=2|adj=on}} Inderlok–Mundka section opening on 3 April 2010 and the {{convert|3.5|km|4=2|adj=on}} Kirti Nagar–Ashok Park Main branch line opening on 27 August 2011. On 6 August 2012, to improve commuting in the National Capital Region, the government of India approved an extension from Mundka to Bahadurgarh in Haryana. The {{convert|11.18|km|adj=on}} stretch has seven stations ([[Mundka Industrial Area metro station|Mundka Industrial Area]], [[Ghevra metro station|Ghevra]], [[Tikri Kalan metro station|Tikri Kalan]], [[Tikri Border metro station|Tikri Border]], [[Pandit Shree Ram Sharma metro station|Pandit Shree Ram Sharma]], [[Bahadurgarh City metro station|Bahadurgarh City]] and [[Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh metro station|Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh]]) between Mundka and Bahadurgarh, and opened on 24 June 2018.

=== Violet Line (Line 6) ===
{{Main|Violet Line (Delhi Metro)}}

[[File:DelhiMetroVioletLine.JPG|thumb|alt=Modern train with the number 6 in front|Mitsubishi-Rotem-BEML rolling stock on the Violet Line]]
The Violet Line is the sixth metro line opened and the second standard-gauge corridor, after the Green Line. The {{convert|47|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} line connects [[Raja Nahar Singh metro station|Raja Nahar Singh]] in [[Ballabgarh]] via [[Faridabad]] to [[Kashmere Gate metro station|Kashmere Gate]] in [[Delhi|New Delhi]], with {{convert|26|km|mi|abbr=on}} overhead and the rest underground. The first section between Central Secretariat and [[Sarita Vihar metro station|Sarita Vihar]] opened on 3 October 2010, hours before the inaugural ceremony of the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], and connects [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] (the venue for the games' opening and closing ceremonies).<ref name="inauguration">{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/now-metro-central-secretariat-sarita-vihar-too.html|title=Metro from Central Secretariat to Sarita Vihar too|date=3 October 2010|newspaper=[[Yahoo! News]]|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116193521/https://www.yahoo.com/news/now-metro-central-secretariat-sarita-vihar-too.html|archive-date=16 January 2018|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Completed in 41 months, it includes a {{convert|100|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} bridge over the Indian Railways mainlines and a {{convert|167.5|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} cable-stayed bridge across a road flyover; it connects several hospitals, tourist attractions, and an industrial estate. Service is provided at five-minute intervals.<ref name="inauguration" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Train-services-on-Delhi-Metros-Central-Secretariat-to-Sarita-Vihar-section-will-start-one-hour-late-from-7-am-from-October-17-to-October-24-for-integration-of-the-section-with-the-extension-to-Badarpur-/articleshow/6759388.cms|title=Train services on Delhi Metro's Central Secretariat to Sarita Vihar section will start one hour late (from 7 am) from October 17 to October 24 for integration of the section with the extension to Badarpur.|last=Suri|first=Megha|date=16 October 2010|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116200533/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Train-services-on-Delhi-Metros-Central-Secretariat-to-Sarita-Vihar-section-will-start-one-hour-late-from-7-am-from-October-17-to-October-24-for-integration-of-the-section-with-the-extension-to-Badarpur-/articleshow/6759388.cms|archive-date=16 January 2018|url-status=live|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> An interchange with the Yellow Line is available at Central Secretariat through an integrated concourse. On 14 January 2011, the remaining portion from Sarita Vihar to Badarpur was opened; this added three new stations to the network.<ref name="Badarpur">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/DMRC-opens-Sarita-Vihar-Badarpur-section/Article1-650172.aspx |title=DMRC opens Sarita Vihar–Badarpur section |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=14 January 2011 |access-date=14 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020000826/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/DMRC-opens-Sarita-Vihar-Badarpur-section/Article1-650172.aspx |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref>

The section between Mandi House and Central Secretariat was opened on 26 June 2014, and a {{convert|971|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} section between ITO and Mandi House was opened on 8 June 2015. A {{convert|14|km|mi|abbr=on}} extension south to Escorts Mujesar in [[Faridabad]] was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 6 September 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Janpath to Faridabad: On Sunday morning, a Metro ride for PM Modi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/pm-modi-boards-delhi-metro-to-inaugurate-violet-line-extension-to-faridabad/article1-1387944.aspx |access-date=6 September 2015 |agency=Press Trust of India |website=Hindustan Times |date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906094002/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/pm-modi-boards-delhi-metro-to-inaugurate-violet-line-extension-to-faridabad/article1-1387944.aspx |archive-date=6 September 2015 }}</ref> All nine stations on the Badarpur–Escorts Mujesar (Faridabad) section of the metro's Phase III received the highest rating (platinum) for adherence to green-building norms from the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC). The awards were given to DMRC Managing Director [[Mangu Singh]] by IGBC chair P. C. Jain on 10 September 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Faridabad Metro Stations get highest Green Building Rating |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=FghLyznclJwZklld |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208083221/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=FghLyznclJwZklld |archive-date=8 December 2015 |website=delhimetrorail.com}}</ref>

The line's Faridabad corridor is the longest corridor outside Delhi: 11 stations and {{convert|17|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/ncr-s-longest-metro-line-in-faridabad/story-47VYXeZgAksDPwwb4zBQjK.html|title=NCR's longest Metro line in Faridabad|last=Ray|first=Subhendu|date=23 January 2012|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|location=Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303140135/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/ncr-s-longest-metro-line-in-faridabad/story-47VYXeZgAksDPwwb4zBQjK.html|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> On 28 May 2017, the [[ITO metro station|ITO]]–[[Kashmere Gate metro station|Kashmere Gate]] corridor was opened by Union Minister of Urban Development [[Venkaiah Naidu]] and [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]]. The underground section is popularly known as the Heritage Line.<ref name="VL">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-kashmere-gate-set-to-become-biggest-interchange-station-4674136/|title=Delhi: Kashmere Gate set to become biggest interchange station|date=26 May 2017|website=[[The Indian Express]]|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825232428/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-kashmere-gate-set-to-become-biggest-interchange-station-4674136/|archive-date=25 August 2017|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref><ref name = "Delhi Metro - Phase 3 Challenges">{{cite book |last=Dayal |first=Anuj |author-link= |date=5 April 2018 |title=Delhi Metro - Phase 3 Challenges |location=New Delhi |publisher=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation}}</ref>{{rp|16}} Interchanges are available with the Red Line at Kashmere Gate, with the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] at Kashmere Gate and [[Central Secretariat metro station|Central Secretariat]], with the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] at [[Mandi House metro station|Mandi House]], with the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] at [[Lajpat Nagar metro station|Lajpat Nagar]] and with the [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]] at [[Kalkaji Mandir metro station|Kalkaji Mandir]].

=== Airport Express Line / Orange Line ===
{{Main|Airport Express Line (Delhi Metro)}}

[[File:Delhi Metro Airport Express.jpg|thumb|alt=The outside of an Airport Express train, outdoors|The Airport Express Line]]
[[File:DelhiMetro AirportExpress 20111214.jpg|thumb|alt=Roomy, comfortable-looking train interior|Interior of an Airport Express train]]
The Airport Express line runs {{convert|22.7|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[New Delhi metro station|New Delhi]] to [[Yashobhoomi Dwarka Sector - 25 metro station|Yashobhoomi Dwarka Sector - 25]], linking the [[New Delhi railway station]] and [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]. The line was operated by Delhi Airport Metro Express Pvt. Limited (DAMEL), a subsidiary of [[Reliance Infrastructure]] (the line's [[concessionaire]] until 30 June 2013). It is now operated by DMRC.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Hawk-eyed-vigil-on-airport-metro-line/articleshow/6321859.cms?referral=PM|title=Hawk-eyed vigil on airport metro line|last=Singh|first=Megha Suri|date=17 August 2010|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116195012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Hawk-eyed-vigil-on-airport-metro-line/articleshow/6321859.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=16 January 2018|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The line was built at a cost of {{INRConvert|57|b}}, of which Reliance Infrastructure invested {{INRConvert|28.85|b}} and will pay fees in a revenue-share model.<ref name="rg7j">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/delhi-airport-express-rail-link-opens.html |title=Delhi Airport Express rail link opens |magazine=[[Railway Gazette International]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203153334/https://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/delhi-airport-express-rail-link-opens.html |archive-date=3 December 2019 |access-date=27 April 2022 }}</ref> It has six stations (Dhaula Kuan and Delhi Aerocity became operational on 15 August 2011), and some have [[airport check-in|check-in facilities]], parking, and eateries.<ref name="airportnew">{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/airport-express-link-metro-gives-a-preview/537817/0|title=Airport Express Link: Metro gives a preview|date=6 November 2009|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201164122/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/airport-express-link-metro-gives-a-preview/537817/0|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Rolling stock consists of six-coach trains, operating at ten-minute intervals, with a maximum speed of {{convert|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name="airportnew" />

Originally scheduled to open before the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], the line failed to obtain the mandatory safety clearance and was opened on 23 February 2011 after a delay of about five months. Sixteen months after beginning operations, it was shut down for viaduct repairs on 7 July 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/airport-metro-misses-cwg-deadline-56656 |title=Airport Metro misses CWG deadline |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=3 October 2010 |access-date=9 November 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006063255/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/airport-metro-misses-cwg-deadline-56656 |archive-date=6 October 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article1477411.ece |title=Cities / Delhi : Airport to be 20 minutes from Connaught Place from Wednesday |newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 February 2011 |access-date=24 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928001539/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article1477411.ece |archive-date=28 September 2011 }}</ref> The line reopened on 22 January 2013.<ref name="reopen">{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/hzMT4yr6aK1KXw9Y7S2ArJ/Delhi-Airport-Metro-Express-back-on-track.html|title=Delhi Airport Metro Express back on track|date=22 January 2013|newspaper=Livemint|access-date=16 January 2018|url-status=live|publisher=[[HT Media Ltd]]|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117011820/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/hzMT4yr6aK1KXw9Y7S2ArJ/Delhi-Airport-Metro-Express-back-on-track.html|archive-date=17 January 2018}}</ref> On 27 June 2013, Reliance Infrastructure told DMRC that they were unable to operate the line beyond 30 June of that year. DMRC took over the line on 1 July 2013 with a 100-person operations and maintenance team.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-metro-takes-over-operations-of-airport-express-line/article4869374.ece |title=Delhi Metro takes over operations of Airport Express Line |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 July 2013 |access-date=5 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704044343/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-metro-takes-over-operations-of-airport-express-line/article4869374.ece |archive-date=4 July 2013 }}</ref> In January 2015, DMRC reported that the line's ridership had increased about 30 percent after a fare reduction of up to 40 percent the previous July.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/airport-metro-sees-30-rise-in-ridership-after-fare-reduction-115010400104_1.html |title=Airport Metro sees 30% rise in ridership after fare reduction |newspaper=Business Standard |date=1 January 2015 |access-date=19 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107175025/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/airport-metro-sees-30-rise-in-ridership-after-fare-reduction-115010400104_1.html |archive-date=7 January 2015 }}</ref> DMRC announced a further fare reduction on 14 September 2015, with a maximum fare of ₹60 and minimum of ₹10 instead of ₹100 and ₹20.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/DMRC-to-reduce-Airport-line-fares/articleshow/48969098.cms |title=DMRC to reduce Airport line fares |newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 September 2015 |access-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918093517/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/DMRC-to-reduce-Airport-line-fares/articleshow/48969098.cms |archive-date=18 September 2015 }}</ref> DMRC said that this was done to reduce crowding on the Blue Line, diverting some Dwarka-bound passengers to the Airport Express Line (which was underutilised and faster than the Blue Line). The line's speed was increased from {{Convert|100|km/h|abbr=on}} to {{Convert|110|km/h|abbr=on}} on 24 June 2023, enabling a 16-minute ride from [[New Delhi metro station|New Delhi]] to [[IGI Airport metro station|IGI Airport]].

Interchanges are available with the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] at [[New Delhi metro station|New Delhi]], with the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] at [[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station|Dwarka Sector 21]], with the [[Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus metro station|Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus]] metro station of the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] at [[Dhaula Kuan metro station|Dhaula Kuan]], and with Indian Railways at [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]. An expansion of Dwarka Sector 25 was inaugurated on 17 September 2023 with the opening of the adjacent [[Yashobhoomi|India International Convention Centre]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Inaugurates Delhi Metro Airport Express Line Extension, Takes Ride To YashoBhoomi |url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/pm-modi-inaugurates-delhi-metro-airport-express-line-extension-takes-ride-to-yashobhoomi-2663518.html |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918160434/https://zeenews.india.com/railways/pm-modi-inaugurates-delhi-metro-airport-express-line-extension-takes-ride-to-yashobhoomi-2663518.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Pink Line (Line 7) ===
{{Main|Pink Line (Delhi Metro)}}

[[File:A Hyundai-Rotem coach of Delhi Metro's Pink Line at Mayur Vihar-I metro station.jpg|thumb|alt=Head-on photo of a train at an outdoor station|A [[Hyundai Rotem]] coach on the Pink Line at the Mayur Vihar-I station]]
The Pink Line is the second new line of the Delhi Metro's third phase. It was opened on 14 March 2018, with an extension opening on 6 August. The [[Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake metro station|Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake]]-to-[[Shiv Vihar metro station|Shiv Vihar]] section was opened on 31 October, and the [[Lajpat Nagar metro station|Lajpat Nagar]]-to-[[Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar metro station|Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar]] section opened on 31 December of that year. The section, between [[Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar metro station|Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar]] and Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake, was opened on 6 August 2021 after delays due to land-acquisition and rehabilitation issues.<ref name=":20">{{Cite news| date=6 August 2021| title=Delhi Metro Pink Line's Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake-Mayur Vihar Pocket-1 stretch inaugurated| language=en-IN| work=The Hindu| url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-metro-pink-lines-trilokpuri-sanjay-lake-mayur-vihar-pocket-1-stretch-inaugurated/article35759836.ece| access-date=14 November 2023| archive-date=22 September 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922094112/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-metro-pink-lines-trilokpuri-sanjay-lake-mayur-vihar-pocket-1-stretch-inaugurated/article35759836.ece| url-status=live}}</ref> The final section between [[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]] and [[Maujpur - Babarpur metro station|Maujpur - Babarpur]] was opened on 8 March 2026.<ref name="Hindustan Times-2026"/> It covers Delhi in a Ring-shaped pattern which makes it India's first Ring metro which travels in clockwise or anti-clockwise direction with a brach line connecting [[Shiv Vihar metro station|Shiv Vihar]] to it.

The Pink Line has 46 stations from [[Maujpur - Babarpur metro station|Maujpur - Babarpur]] via [[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]] to [[Shiv Vihar metro station|Shiv Vihar]], both in North Delhi. With a length of {{convert|73.49|km|mi}}, it is the Delhi Metro's longest line. The mostly elevated line covers Delhi in a Ring-shaped pattern. It is also known as the Ring Road Line, since it runs along the busy [[Inner Ring Road, Delhi|Ring Road]].<ref name = "Delhi Metro - Phase 3 Challenges" />{{rp|86}}

The line has interchanges with most of the metro's other lines, including with the [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]] at [[Netaji Subhash Place metro station|Netaji Subhash Place]] and [[Welcome metro station|Welcome]], with the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] at [[Azadpur metro station|Azadpur]] and [[Dilli Haat – INA metro station|Dilli Haat – INA]], with the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] at [[Rajouri Garden metro station|Rajouri Garden]], [[Mayur Vihar-I metro station|Mayur Vihar Phase-I]], [[Anand Vihar metro station|Anand Vihar]] and [[Karkarduma metro station|Karkarduma]], with the [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]] at [[Punjabi Bagh West metro station|Punjabi Bagh West]], with [[Dhaula Kuan metro station|Dhaula Kuan]] of the Airport Express at [[Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus metro station|Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus]], with the [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]] at [[Lajpat Nagar metro station|Lajpat Nagar]], with the [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]] at [[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]], with Indian Railways at [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]] and [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar Terminal]], and the [[Inter-State Bus Terminals|ISBTs]] at [[Swami Vivekanand Inter State Bus Terminus|Anand Vihar]] and [[Sarai Kale Khan Inter-State Bus Terminus|Sarai Kale Khan]]. The Pink Line reaches the Delhi Metro's highest point at [[Dhaula Kuan]]{{snd}}{{convert|23.6|m|ftin}}, passing over the Dhaula Kuan grade-separator flyovers and the Airport Express Line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/new-high-for-metro-with-track-at-24m/|title=New high for Metro with the track at 24m|date=26 September 2014|work=The Indian Express|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316214324/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/new-high-for-metro-with-track-at-24m/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "Delhi Metro - Phase 3 Challenges" />{{rp|87}}

=== Magenta Line (Line 8) ===
{{Main|Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)}}

[[File:Delhi Metro - Magenta Line.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|A Magenta Line train at a station]]

The Magenta Line is the Delhi Metro's first new line of its third phase. The Botanical Garden-to-Kalkaji Mandir section opened on 25 December 2017, and the Janakpuri West-to-Kalkaji Mandir section of the line opened on 28 May 2018. Further in Phase IV extension the [[Janakpuri West metro station|Janakpuri West]]-to-[[Krishna Park Extension metro station|Krishna Park Extension]] section opened on 5 January 2026 and the [[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]]-to-[[Deepali Chowk metro station|Deepali Chowk]] section opened on 8 March 2026.

It has 33 stations of which 26 stations, from [[Krishna Park Extension metro station|Krishna Park Extension]] to [[Botanical Garden metro station|Botanical Garden]] and 7 stations, from [[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]] to [[Deepali Chowk metro station|Deepali Chowk]]. The line directly connects to Terminal 1D of [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]. The Hauz Khas station on this line and the Yellow Line is the deepest metro station, at a depth of {{convert|29|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Sumegha|last=Gulati|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/hauz-khas-set-to-get-deepest-underground-metro-station-by-march-2016/|title=Hauz Khas set to get deepest underground metro station|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2014-09-16|access-date=2022-04-30|archive-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116004233/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/hauz-khas-set-to-get-deepest-underground-metro-station-by-march-2016/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Magenta Line has interchanges with the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] at [[Hauz Khas metro station|Hauz Khas]] and [[Haiderpur Badli Mor metro station|Haiderpur Badli Mor]], with the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] at [[Janakpuri West metro station|Janakpuri West]] and [[Botanical Garden metro station|Botanical Garden]], and with the [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]] at [[Kalkaji Mandir metro station|Kalkaji Mandir]], with the [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]] at [[Madhuban Chowk metro station|Madhuban Chowk]] and with the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] at [[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]]. India's first driverless train service began on the Magenta Line in December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 December 2020|title=First driverless metro in Delhi: All you need to know about Magenta line|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/first-driverless-metro-in-delhi-all-you-need-to-know-about-magenta-line-1753774-2020-12-28|access-date=2021-09-30|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930013322/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/first-driverless-metro-in-delhi-all-you-need-to-know-about-magenta-line-1753774-2020-12-28|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of February 2026, it was decided that the Inderlok-Indraprastha corridor under Green Line's extension for Phase 4 will now be implemented as an extension for Magenta Line instead, which will bring the total corridor length from Botanical Garden to Inderlok to about 89 km, making it the longest metro line in Delhi. Consequently, the line will form an interchange with itself at [[Nabi Karim metro station|Nabi Karim]].

=== Grey Line (Line 9) ===
{{Main|Grey Line (Delhi Metro)}}

[[File:GL 2.jpg|thumb|alt=A train at a station|A Hyundai Rotem train on the Grey Line]]
The [[Grey Line (Delhi Metro)|Grey Line]] (also known as Line 9), the Delhi metro's shortest line, runs from [[Dwarka metro station|Dwarka]] to [[Dhansa Bus Stand metro station|Dhansa Bus Stand]] in western Delhi. The {{convert|4.295|km|abbr=on|adj=on}} line has four stations (Dhansa Bus Stand, [[Najafgarh metro station|Najafgarh]], [[Nangli metro station|Nangli]] and Dwarka), and has an interchange with the Blue Line at Dwarka. The Najafgarh-to-Dwarka section was opened on 4 October 2019. The extension to Dhansa Bus Stand was scheduled to open in December 2020, but construction was delayed by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]; it opened on 18 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grey Line's Najafgarh- Dhansa Bus Stand Section Opens: How It Will Benefit Commuters|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/delhi-metro-grey-line-delhi-metro-grey-line-najafgarh-dhansa-bus-stand-corridor-opens-for-passengers-today-2545488|access-date=2021-09-19|website=NDTV.com|date=18 September 2021|archive-date=19 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919054610/https://www.ndtv.com/business/delhi-metro-grey-line-delhi-metro-grey-line-najafgarh-dhansa-bus-stand-corridor-opens-for-passengers-today-2545488|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Network==
{{Main|List of Delhi Metro stations}}

The Delhi Metro has been undergoing construction in phases. Phase I consisted of 59 stations and {{convert|64.75|km|mi|abbr=on}} of route length,<ref name="DelhiMetro-PresentNetwork">{{cite web |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/network |title=Network |website=delhimetrorail.com |publisher=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409143155/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/network |url-status=live }}</ref> of which {{convert|13.0|km|mi|abbr=on}} is underground and {{convert|52.0|km|mi|abbr=on}} at grade or elevated.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Underground network in Phase 1 is 13 km |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/delhi-metro-wraps-up-tunneling-works-of-phase-iii/articleshow/55689235.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-04-25 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425065820/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/delhi-metro-wraps-up-tunneling-works-of-phase-iii/articleshow/55689235.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The inauguration of the [[Dwarka metro station|Dwarka]]–[[Barakhamba Road metro station|Barakhamba Road]] corridor of the Blue Line completed Phase I in October 2006.<ref name="End1">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/section/cities/?newsid=206789|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231230947/https://indianexpress.com/section/cities/?newsid=206789|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2020|title=Phase 1 complete, Pragati Maidan now on Metro map|date=27 October 2006|newspaper=Express India|access-date=18 April 2010}}</ref> Phase II consists of {{convert|123.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} of route length and 86 stations,<ref name="DelhiMetro-PresentNetwork"/> and is completed; the first section opened in June 2008, and the last section opened in August 2011.<ref name="Deadline">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Delhi-Metro-confident-of-meeting-deadline/article14836060.ece|title=Delhi Metro confident of meeting deadline|last=Ramachandran|first=Smriti Kak|date=17 September 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303140135/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Delhi-Metro-confident-of-meeting-deadline/article14836060.ece|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Phase III consists of 109 stations, three new lines and seven route extensions, totaling {{convert|160.07|km|mi|abbr=on}},<ref name="DelhiMetro-PresentNetwork"/> at a cost of {{INRConvert|410.79|b}}.<ref name="delhimetrorail.com-2019" /> Most of it was completed on 5 April 2019, except for a small section of the Pink Line between the Mayur Vihar Pocket 1 and Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake stations<ref name="Ramnani">{{cite news |last= Ramnani |first= Vandana |date= 6 August 2021 |title= Delhi's 59-km Pink Line Metro now fully operational; becomes longest operational corridor |url= https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/delhis-59-km-pink-line-metro-now-fully-operational-becomes-longest-operational-corridor-7287061.html |work= Money Control |access-date= 11 January 2022 |archive-date= 11 January 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220111153631/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/delhis-59-km-pink-line-metro-now-fully-operational-becomes-longest-operational-corridor-7287061.html |url-status= live }}</ref> (opened on 6 August 2021), the Grey Line extension from Najafgarh to Dhansa Bus Stand<ref name="Prasad">{{cite news|last= Prasad|first= Nikita|date= 17 September 2021|title= Grey Line's Najafgarh-Dhansa Bus Stand Corridor To Open For Services Tomorrow|url= https://www.ndtv.com/business/delhi-metro-grey-line-delhi-metro-grey-line-najafgarh-dhansa-bus-stand-corridor-to-open-for-passengers-tomorrow-2543764|work= NDTV|access-date= 11 January 2022|archive-date= 13 January 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220113093054/https://www.ndtv.com/business/delhi-metro-grey-line-delhi-metro-grey-line-najafgarh-dhansa-bus-stand-corridor-to-open-for-passengers-tomorrow-2543764|url-status= live}}</ref> (opened on 18 September 2021), and the Airport Express extension from Dwarka Sector 21 to Yashbhoomi-Dwarka Sector 25 (opened on 17 September 2023). Phase IV, with six lines totaling {{convert|103.93|km|mi|abbr=on}}, was finalized in July 2015. Of this, {{convert|61.679|km|mi|abbr=on}} across three lines (priority corridors) with 45 stations was approved by the government of India for construction on 7 March 2019. The Golden Line was lengthened in October 2020, making the project {{convert|65.1|km|mi|abbr=on}} long. Magenta Line's one station extension along the RK Ashram Marg opened on 5 January 2025 currently as far as Krishna Park Extension, with the rest of the network (Along with planned routes) is planned to be completed by at least 2029.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/1267/APPROVED-PHASE-IV-CORRIDORS-AS-ON-19.08.2021.pdf |title=Approved Phase IV (3 Priority) Corridors |website=delhimetrorail.com |publisher=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426210748/https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/1267/APPROVED-PHASE-IV-CORRIDORS-AS-ON-19.08.2021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 20 June 2021 |title= Completion targets of Metro Phase-4 will depend on Covid-19 scenario: DMRC |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/completion-targets-of-metro-phase-4-will-depend-on-covid-19-scenario-dmrc-101624192413235.html |work= Hindustan Times |access-date= 11 January 2022 |quote= “DMRC is currently engaged in the construction of 65 kilometers of new lines across three priority corridors as part of its Phase 4 expansion. These corridors are expected to be completed by 2025. However, given the fact that the Covid-19 scenario is still evolving, the completion targets shall be reviewed accordingly,” said Anuj Dayal, executive director, corporate communications, DMRC. |archive-date= 11 January 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220111140133/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/completion-targets-of-metro-phase-4-will-depend-on-covid-19-scenario-dmrc-101624192413235.html |url-status= live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="10" |Delhi Metro network
|-
!Line No.
!Line Name
!Opened<ref name="present network"/>
!Last extension<ref name="present network"/>
!Stations<ref name="route map"/>
!Length (km)<ref name="route map"/>
!colspan="2"| Terminals
!Rolling stock<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.delhimetrorail.com/train-coach-run| title= Monthly average of trains/coaches run in delhi metro - (updated as on 31.12.2021)| website= delhimetrorail.com| publisher= Delhi Metro Rail Corporation| access-date= 11 January 2022| archive-date= 20 March 2022| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220320180626/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/train-coach-run| url-status= live}}</ref>
!Track gauge (mm)
|-
!1
! style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Red}}; text-align: center;" |[[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]]
|25 December 2002<ref name=":17" />
|9 March 2019<ref name=":0" />
| style="text-align:center;"|29|| style="text-align:right;" |34.55||[[Shaheed Sthal metro station|Shaheed Sthal]]||[[Rithala metro station|Rithala]]||31 trains, 219 coaches
| rowspan="4" |[[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|1676]]
|-
!2
! style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|yellow}}; text-align: center;" |[[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]]
|20 December 2004<ref name=":17" />
|10 November 2015<ref name=":1" />
| style="text-align:center;"|37||style="text-align:right;"|49.02||[[Samaypur Badli metro station|Samaypur Badli]]||[[Millennium City Centre Gurugram metro station|Millennium City Centre Gurugram]]
|54 trains, 429 coaches
|-
!3
! rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|blue}}; text-align: center;" |[[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]]
|31 December 2005<ref name=":18" />
|9 March 2019<ref name=":2" />
| style="text-align:center;"|50|| style="text-align:right;" |56.11||[[Noida Electronic City metro station|Noida Electronic City]]||rowspan="2"|[[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station|Dwarka Sector 21]]||rowspan="2"|60 trains, 480 coaches
|-
!4
|7 January 2010<ref name=":19" />
|14 July 2011<ref name=":12" />
| style="text-align:center;"|8||style="text-align:right;"|8.51||[[Vaishali metro station|Vaishali]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |5
! rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|green}}; text-align: center;" |[[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]]
|3 April 2010<ref name=":13" />
| style="text-align:left;"|24 June 2018<ref name=":3" />|| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |24
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:right;"|28.78||[[Inderlok metro station|Inderlok]]||rowspan="2"|[[Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh metro station|Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh]]|| rowspan="2" |20 trains, 80 coaches
| rowspan="8" |[[Standard gauge|1435]]
|-
|27 August 2011<ref name=":14" />
| style="text-align:left;"|–||[[Kirti Nagar metro station|Kirti Nagar]]
|-
!6
! style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|violet}};text-align:center;" |[[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]]
|3 October 2010<ref name=":15" />
|19 November 2018<ref name=":4" />
| style="text-align:center;"|34|| style="text-align:right;" |46.34||[[Kashmere Gate metro station|Kashmere Gate]]||[[Raja Nahar Singh metro station|Raja Nahar Singh]]||37 trains, 220 coaches
|-
!-
! style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Airport Express}};text-align:center;" |[[Delhi Airport Metro Express|Airport Express Line]]
|23 February 2011<ref name=":16" />
| style="text-align:left;" |17 September 2023<ref name=":5" />
| style="text-align:center;" |7|| style="text-align:right;" |22.91||[[New Delhi metro station|New Delhi]]||[[IICC - Dwarka Sector 25 metro station|Yashobhoomi Dwarka Sector 25]]||6 trains, 36 coaches
|-
!7
!style="text-align:center; background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|pink}};" |[[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]]
|14 March 2018<ref name=":9" />
| style="text-align:left;" |8 March 2026<ref name="Hindustan Times-2026"/>
| style="text-align:center;" |46
| style="text-align:right;" |73.49
|[[Maujpur - Babarpur metro station|Maujpur - Babarpur]]
|[[Shiv Vihar metro station|Shiv Vihar]]
|48 trains, 286 coaches<ref name="Phase 4 coaches"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" |8
! rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|magenta}}; text-align: center;" |[[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]]
| rowspan="2" |25 December 2017<ref name=":10" />
|5 January 2025<ref name=":7" />
| style="text-align:center;"|26
| style="text-align:right;" |40.26
|[[Botanical Garden metro station|Botanical Garden]]
|[[Krishna Park Extension metro station|Krishna Park Extension]]
| 24 trains, 144 coaches
|-
| 8 March 2026<ref name="Hindustan Times-2026"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|7
| style="text-align:right;" |9.92
|[[Deepali Chowk metro station|Deepali Chowk]]
|[[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]]
| 24 trains, 144 coaches<ref name="Phase 4 coaches">{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-metro-receives-first-phase-4-train-marks-milestone-in-expansion-7025806 |title=Delhi Metro's First Phase-4 Train Arrives In Mukundpur Depot For Operation |website=www.ndtv.com|publisher=NDTV|access-date=12 March 2026 }}</ref>
|-
!9
! style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|grey}} ; text-align: center;" |[[Grey Line (Delhi Metro)|Grey Line]]
|4 October 2019<ref name=":11" />
|18 September 2021<ref name=":8" />
|style="text-align:center;" |4
|style="text-align:right;" |5.19
|[[Dwarka metro station|Dwarka]]
|[[Dhansa Bus Stand metro station|Dhansa Bus Stand]]
|3 trains, 17 coaches
|-
! colspan="4" | Total!! !style="text-align:right;" | 245 (25 double, 1 triple transfer)
! style="text-align:right;" |374.47
! -!! -!!307 trains, 2055 coaches
!-
|}

== Expansion==

=== Delhi ===

====Delhi Metro Expansion Phase-V====
Former DMRC managing director [[E. Sreedharan]] stated that by the time Phase IV is completed, the city will need Phase V to cope with increased population and transport needs.<ref name="phaseThree1" /> Following extensions are planned as part of Phase-V.

* {{anchor|BL1}}[[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)#Future|Delhi Blue Line Metro: Yamuna Bank to Loni]] From the existing [[Yamuna Bank metro station]], the Blue Line will be further extended {{Convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the [[Loni, Ghaziabad|Loni]] on Delhi-Ghaziabad border in Phase-V.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/delhi-metro-to-come-up-with-eight-new-corridors-in-phase-iv-194167-2014-05-24|title=Delhi Metro to come up with eight new corridors in Phase IV|website=India Today|date=24 May 2014|language=en|access-date=4 August 2018|archive-date=4 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804201454/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/delhi-metro-to-come-up-with-eight-new-corridors-in-phase-iv-194167-2014-05-24|url-status=live}}</ref> See also [[Delhi Metro#PL1|Delhi Pink Line: Shiv Vihar-Loni extension]] below.
* [[Central Vista Loop Line (Delhi Metro)|Central Vista Loop Line]] (4 stations, including 1 existing) As part of [[Central Vista Redevelopment Project]], this underground line with 4 stations, including the existing [[Central Secretariat metro station]] interchange of existing [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] and [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]], by connecting the new government buildings coming up as part of the Central Vista Redevelopment project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/mobile/news.php?id=1153954&u=new-delhi-underground-metro-aims-to-transform-central-vista-by-2026-1153954 | title=New Delhi underground metro aims to transform Central Vista by 2026 }}</ref>
* [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)#Future|Delhi Yellow Line: Samaypur Badli to Khera Kalan extension]] (3 stations, 2 new and 1 existing) From existing [[Samaypur Badli metro station]] to Khera Kalan in [[North Delhi]] via a proposed station at Siraspur has been proposed. This extension will have 2 new stations, Khera Kalan and Siraspur. A detailed project report (DPR) was prepared in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बादली-सिरसपुर मेट्रो कॉरिडोर की डीपीआर तैयार, छह महीने से सरकार से मंजूरी का इंतजार |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/delhi/development/dpr-of-badli-siraspur-metro-corridor-ready-and-now-awaiting-approval-from-government/articleshow/108834729.cms |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi |archive-date=5 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405201349/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/delhi/development/dpr-of-badli-siraspur-metro-corridor-ready-and-now-awaiting-approval-from-government/articleshow/108834729.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Indira Gandhi International Airport#Air train|Delhi Airport Air Train]] (IGI APM). It is a proposed [[People mover|Automated People Mover]] (APM) at [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] (IGI Airport) which will have 4 airside and 1 outside station, namely Terminal T1 air side station, Aerocity Business Park outside air side station, Aerocity air side station, Cargo Terminal outside air side station, T2&T3 air side station.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-30 |title=Delhi: Air Train To Be Introduced At Indira Gandhi International Airport, Authorities To Decide Between Two Options |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/delhi-air-train-to-be-introduced-at-indira-gandhi-international-airport-authorities-to-decide-between-two-options-10104129 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=English Jagran |language=en |archive-date=8 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908143613/https://english.jagran.com/india/delhi-air-train-to-be-introduced-at-indira-gandhi-international-airport-authorities-to-decide-between-two-options-10104129 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Haryana ===
{{anchor | Har | Haryana }}
====Bahadurgarh====
Bahadurgarh or Rohtak do not have own separate metro network, these cities in Haryana state are or will be connected to Delhi by the Delhi Metro.

* [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)#Future|Delhi Green Line Metro: Bahadurgarh to Asaudha]] (studies and DPR done): from the existing Bahadurgarh ([[Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh metro station]]) to [[Asaudha]] ([[Asaudah railway station]]) has been approved,<ref name="dna1" /> where it will interchange with [[Haryana Orbital Rail Corridor]].<ref name=mapb3>[https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ncr-news-new-metro-link-from-gurugram-s-rezang-la-chowk-to-delhi-igi-airport-two-more-proposed-kmp-manesar-3026125 NCR news: New Metro link from Gurugram’s Rezang La Chowk to Delhi IGI Airport, two more proposed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609044404/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ncr-news-new-metro-link-from-gurugram-s-rezang-la-chowk-to-delhi-igi-airport-two-more-proposed-kmp-manesar-3026125 |date=9 June 2023 }}, DNA, 24 Feb 2023.</ref>
* [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)#Future|Delhi Green Line Metro: Asaudha to Rohtak]] (studies done): further extension to [[Rohtak]] city.<ref name="dna1" />

====Faridabad ====

Faridabad and Palwal do not have own separate metro network, these cities in Haryana state are or will be connected to Delhi by [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Delhi Metro Violet Line]].

* Faridabad-Gurugram link (studied and DPR done): see below in Gurugram section.
* Delhi-Palwal extension (studied and DPR done): extension of Delhi Metro Violet Line.
* Palwal-Noida Airport extension (no studied done or approved): extension of Delhi Metro Violet Line.

====Gurugram ====

Gurugram has own separate light metro network called the [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon]], with the following [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon#Future|several extensions planned]]:

* Inter-city links

{{anchor | GuruFarid }}
** Faridabad-Gurugram link (studies and DPR done): from the existing Bata Chowk metro station on Delhi Metro Violet Line to Gurugram Vatika Chowk".<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 September 2020|title=Survey complete for Gurugram-Faridabad metro link {{!}} Gurgaon News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/survey-complete-for-gurgaon-fbd-metro-link/articleshow/78027860.cms|access-date=2021-09-16|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629063047/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/survey-complete-for-gurgaon-fbd-metro-link/articleshow/78027860.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://metrorailnews.in/gurgaon-faridabad-metro-system-fostering-connectivity-economic-development-and-seamless-travel/ Gurgaon – Faridabad Metro System: Fostering Connectivity, Economic Development and Seamless Travel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318040113/https://metrorailnews.in/gurgaon-faridabad-metro-system-fostering-connectivity-economic-development-and-seamless-travel/ |date=18 March 2025 }}, metrorailnews.in, 7/1/2024.</ref><ref name=alloc25>[https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/punjab-and-haryana/faridabad/haryana-budget-2025-intercity-express-metro-will-run-from-bata-chowk-in-faridabad-to-gurugram/articleshow/119137639.cms फरीदाबाद के बाटा चौक से गुरुग्राम के लिए चलेगी इंटरसिटी एक्सप्रेस मेट्रो, हरियाणा सरकार ने बजट में की घोषणा] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318053159/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/punjab-and-haryana/faridabad/haryana-budget-2025-intercity-express-metro-will-run-from-bata-chowk-in-faridabad-to-gurugram/articleshow/119137639.cms |date=18 March 2025 }}, navbharattimes, 18 Mar 2025.</ref>

{{anchor | GuruIGI}}
** Gurugram-IGI Airport link (studies and DPR done): from the Rezang La Chowk in Gurugram to the existing Delhi Orange Line Yashobhoomi Dwarka Sector 25 station for the IGI Airport.<ref name=newp1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/joy-after-long-wait-as-gurgaon-metro-gets-central-green-light/articleshow/100834637.cms Joy after long wait as Gurgaon Metro gets central green light] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216185444/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/joy-after-long-wait-as-gurgaon-metro-gets-central-green-light/articleshow/100834637.cms |date=16 December 2023 }}, Times of India,
8 June 2023.</ref>

** Gurugram-Southeast Delhi link (no studies done or approved): from Vatika Chowk on SPR in southeast Gurugram to Mehrauli in southeast Delhi, not yet approved and no studies done yet.
* Intera-city links

{{anchor | GuruLoop}}
** Gurugram Metro Loop (studies and DPR done): from the existing [[Millennium City Centre Gurugram metro station]] to existing Cyber City station.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2020|title=Gurgaon Metro News: Haryana govt clears final DPR of Metro Rail Connection from HUDA City Centre to other parts of Gurugram {{!}} Gurgaon News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/haryana-govt-clears-final-dpr-of-metro-rail-connection-from-huda-city-centre-to-other-parts-of-gurugram/articleshow/77529945.cms|access-date=2021-09-16|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916193207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/haryana-govt-clears-final-dpr-of-metro-rail-connection-from-huda-city-centre-to-other-parts-of-gurugram/articleshow/77529945.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=civilmet1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/hry-budget-focuses-on-ai-metro-and-infra-growth-in-gurugram-101742235304928.html Hry budget focuses on AI, metro, and infra growth in Gurugram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318015501/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/hry-budget-focuses-on-ai-metro-and-infra-growth-in-gurugram-101742235304928.html |date=18 March 2025 }}, Hindustan Times, 1 Mar 2025.</ref> In March 2025, Haryana invited tenders to begin civil construction of 15 km section from Millennium City metro station to Sector 9 metro station.<ref name=consdpr1/>
** Radial lines within Gurugram such as the following:

{{anchor | GuruNS}}
*** North–south link or Old Gurugram Metro (studies and DPR done): from Kapashera to Manesar-Panchgaon (Pachgaon to integrate with RRTS station and WPE).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/tcp-dept-realigns-metro-route-linking-ggn-to-manesar/articleshow/57135101.cms|title=TCP department realigns metro route linking Gurgaon to Manesar|work=The Times of India|access-date=4 August 2018|archive-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831001935/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/tcp-dept-realigns-metro-route-linking-ggn-to-manesar/articleshow/57135101.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dna1">[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-expected-pm-narendra-modi-to-announce-metro-s-extension-to-other-parts-of-haryana-says-cm-bhupinder-hooda-2122498 Expected PM Narendra Modi to announce Metro's extension to other parts of Haryana, says CM Bhupinder Hooda] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026081907/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-expected-pm-narendra-modi-to-announce-metro-s-extension-to-other-parts-of-haryana-says-cm-bhupinder-hooda-2122498|date=26 October 2016}}, DNA India News, September 2015.</ref>

{{anchor | GuruSS}}
*** Southwest-South link, 17 km, DPR underway: from [[Gurgaon railway station]], Rajiv Chowk, Vatika Chowk on SPR (Souther Peripheral Road), and Bhondsi,<ref name=newr1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/rapid-rail-to-transform-commuting-multi-model-transit-hubs-proposed-in-gurgaon/articleshow/115540639.cms 5 Multimodel Hubs in Gurugram on Delhi-Alwar RRTS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124213557/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/rapid-rail-to-transform-commuting-multi-model-transit-hubs-proposed-in-gurgaon/articleshow/115540639.cms |date=24 January 2025 }}, India TImes, 22 Nov 2024.</ref> will connect to Metro extension from Millennium City Centre metro station at the Gurugram railway station and Delhi-Gurugram-Alwar RRTS line at Rajiv Chowk. In March 2025, Haryana invited tenders to hire consultant to prepare DPR for this route.<ref name=consdpr1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/ggm-hmrtc-to-hire-consultant-for-2-new-metro-corridors-101742494383392.html Ggm: HMRTC to hire consultant for 2 new metro corridors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421054857/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/ggm-hmrtc-to-hire-consultant-for-2-new-metro-corridors-101742494383392.html |date=21 April 2025 }}, Hindustan Times, 21 March 2025.</ref>

{{anchor | GuruEW}}
*** East–west link (no studies done or approved): from Gurugram Golf Course Extension Road to Gurugram Sector 5 along [[Sheetla Mata Mandir Gurgaon|Sheetla Mata Road]], with stations at Millennium City Centre Gurugram metro station (existing), Signature Tower crossing, Rana Pratap Chowk, and Atul Kataria Chowk. In March 2025, Haryana invited tenders to hire consultant to prepare DPR for this route.<ref name=consdpr1/>

====Jhajjhar====

Jhajjhar does not have own separate metro network, this city in Haryana state will be connected to Delhi in future by extension to the Delhi Metro.

* [[Grey Line (Delhi Metro)#Extension|Delhi Grey Line Metro Phase-V: Dhansa-Jhajjhar extension]] (studies done): Delhi Metro Grey Line from the existing [[Dhansa Bus Stand metro station|Dhansa Bus Stand]] in [[Najafgarh]] to [[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar City]] via Badli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.railnews.in/haryana-cm-announces-extension-of-delhi-metro-upto-jhajjar-town/|title=Haryana CM announces extension of Delhi Metro up to Jhajjar town – RailNews Media India Ltd|website=railnews.in|language=en-US|access-date=6 August 2018|archive-date=6 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806180506/http://www.railnews.in/haryana-cm-announces-extension-of-delhi-metro-upto-jhajjar-town/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Gurugram-Jhajjhar Metro (no studies done or approved): as extension of Gurugram Metro via Badsa AIIMS and Badli.

====Sonipat====

Sonipat does not have own separate metro network, Sonepat city in Haryana state will be connected to Delhi in future through extensions to the Delhi Metro in the following two phases:

* [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)#Phase IV|Red Line Phase-IV Rithala-Narela-Nathupur extension]] (under-construction).<ref name=soneext1/>
* [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)#Phase V|Red Line Phase-V Nathupur-Sector7 extension]] (studies done):<ref name=soneext1>[https://www.dainiktribuneonline.com/news/haryana/there-is-hope-for-the-metro-line-to-be-extended-till-sonepat-sector-7/ मेट्रो लाइन का विस्तार सोनीपत सेक्टर-7 तक होने की उम्मीद बंधी] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420190352/https://www.dainiktribuneonline.com/news/haryana/there-is-hope-for-the-metro-line-to-be-extended-till-sonepat-sector-7/ |date=20 April 2025 }}, dainiktribuneonline, 16 Apr 2025.</ref>

=== Uttar Pradesh ===
{{anchor | UP}}
==== Ghaziabad ====

Following are the extensions of Delhi Metro as Ghaziabad does not have separate Metro network.

* {{anchor|PL1}}[[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Delhi Pink Line: Shiv Vihar-Loni extension]], from [[Shiv Vihar metro station|Shiv Vihar]] to [[Loni, Ghaziabad|Loni]] extension as part of Phase-V.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-01|title=Ghaziabad looks to extend three Metro lines, seeks DPRs|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gzb-looks-to-extend-three-metro-lines-seeks-dprs/story-FOOPRCWXSa7UG1kC0LqUUJ.html|access-date=2021-09-16|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916194847/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gzb-looks-to-extend-three-metro-lines-seeks-dprs/story-FOOPRCWXSa7UG1kC0LqUUJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> See also [[Delhi Metro#BL1|Delhi Blue Line Metro: Yamuna Bank to Loni]] above.
* [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)#Extension|Delhi Pink Line: Gokulpuri-Hindon Airport-Arthala extension]], 13 km link from the existing [[Gokulpuri metro station]] of pink Line to the west Ghaziabad (existing [[Arthala metro station]] of Red Line metro) via [[Hindon Airport]].<ref name=railext1>[https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/new-metro-line-to-connect-north-east-delhi-with-trans-hindon-area-in-ghaziabad-article-113263970 New Metro Line To Connect North-East Delhi With Trans Hindon Area In Ghaziabad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250329183603/https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/new-metro-line-to-connect-north-east-delhi-with-trans-hindon-area-in-ghaziabad-article-113263970 |date=29 March 2025 }}, timesnownews.com, 11 Sept 2024.</ref>

==== Noida ====
{{main|Noida Metro}}

Noida has own separate network called Noida Metro, which connects to the Delhi Metro.

* [[Noida Metro#KP|Noida Aqua Line: Sector 51 - Knowledge Park-V extension]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-04 |title=Greater Noida Authority approves phase 2 of Aqua Line |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/greater-noida-authority-approves-phase-2-of-aqua-line-3253341.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405100351/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/greater-noida-authority-approves-phase-2-of-aqua-line-3253341.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Noida Metro#PRT|Noida Airport-Greater Noida Sector 142 PRT]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Driverless pod car between Jewar airport & amusement park in Film City: Plan details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/prt-between-jewar-airport-amusement-park-in-film-city-plan-details/articleshow/85997138.cms |work=The Times of India |date=7 September 2021 |access-date=7 September 2021 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907034820/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/prt-between-jewar-airport-amusement-park-in-film-city-plan-details/articleshow/85997138.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Noida Metro: Extension Plan from Sector 142 to Botanical Garden Gains Momentum |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/noida-metro-extension-plan-from-sector-142-to-botanical-garden-gains-momentum-8689035.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=23 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823110353/https://www.news18.com/auto/noida-metro-extension-plan-from-sector-142-to-botanical-garden-gains-momentum-8689035.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-01 |title=Noida Metro Submits Report For Approval Of 11.5-km Aqua Line extension. Check Areas It will Connect |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/noida-metro-submit-report-for-approval-of-11-5-km-aqua-line-extension-check-areas-it-will-connect-article-105640428 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=TimesNow |language=en |archive-date=25 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825001017/https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/noida-metro-submit-report-for-approval-of-11-5-km-aqua-line-extension-check-areas-it-will-connect-article-105640428 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Noida Metro#GN|Greater Noida-Noida Airport Metro]]: from the existing [[Noida Sector 148 metro station]] on Noida Aqua Line to Noida International Airport.<ref name=blh1>{{cite news |last1=Rajput |first1=Vinod |date=3 September 2021 |title=Metro corridor to link Capital, Jewar airport |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/metro-corridor-to-connect-noida-airport-and-delhi-s-igia-101630607174187.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=17 December 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018195810/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/metro-corridor-to-connect-noida-airport-and-delhi-s-igia-101630607174187.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=blh2>{{Cite news |last=Shalabh |date=9 April 2021 |title=Greater Noida to Jewar airport in less than 25 minutes? DMRC to ready plan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/gr-noida-to-jewar-airport-in-less-than-25-mins-dmrc-to-ready-plan/articleshow/81978375.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 September 2021 |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214182844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/gr-noida-to-jewar-airport-in-less-than-25-mins-dmrc-to-ready-plan/articleshow/81978375.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Noida Metro#Ballabh|Ballabhgarh-Noida Airport Metro]]: From [[Ballabhgarh metro station]] on [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Delhi Metro Violet Line]] to [[Palwal]] and [[Jewar]] Airport.<ref name=blh1/><ref name=blh2/>

=== {{anchor|Integration with RRTS (RapidX)|Stations and Overview}}Integration with RRTS===

Delhi RRTS system, a [[RapidX]] "Regional Rapid Transit System" (RRTS) which aims to connect Delhi with its neighbouring cities via eight lines of semi-high-speed trains operating at a maximum speed of {{Convert|160|km/h|abbr=on}}. Phase I of the project consists of three corridors: [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Meerut]], [[Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Alwar]], and [[Delhi–Sonipat–Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Panipat]] corridor. The Delhi–Meerut corridor, also known as the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Meerut RRTS]], is currently under development by the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=NCRTC {{!}} Delhi – Meerut Corridor |url=https://ncrtc.in/details/ |access-date=11 June 2017 |website=ncrtc.in |language=en-US |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205183031/https://ncrtc.in/details/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/over-rs-30-000-crore-cleared-for-delhi-meerut-high-speed-rail-corridor-1996284|title=Delhi-Meerut rapid rail project gets green light|author=Staff Reporter|work=NDTV|access-date=20 February 2019|language=en|archive-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827050043/https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/over-rs-30-000-crore-cleared-for-delhi-meerut-high-speed-rail-corridor-1996284|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India's first rapid rail to open next week, with women driving RAPIDX|url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/metro-rail-and-railways-infrastructure/indias-first-rapid-rail-to-open-next-week-with-women-driving-rapidx/45623|work=Construction World|date=12 October 2023|access-date=16 October 2023|language=en|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018201705/https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/metro-rail-and-railways-infrastructure/indias-first-rapid-rail-to-open-next-week-with-women-driving-rapidx/45623|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Delhi–Meerut RRTS is {{cvt|82.15|km}} long and costs {{INRConvert|30274|c}}. It will comprise 14 stations (with nine additional stations for the [[Meerut Metro]]) and two depots. Three of the 14 stations (Sarai Kale Khan, New Ashok Nagar, and Anand Vihar) will be in Delhi, and are planned for seamless integration with the Delhi Metro.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ncrtc.in/details/ |title=Details - NCRTC |website=ncrtc.in |publisher=NCRTC |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205123038/https://ncrtc.in/details/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi–Meerut RRTS – Information, Route Map, Fares, Tenders & Updates|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/delhi-meerut-rrts-information-route-maps-fares-tenders-updates/|website=themetrorailguy.com|publisher=The Metro Rail Guy|language=en-US|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324224546/https://themetrorailguy.com/delhi-meerut-rrts-information-route-maps-fares-tenders-updates/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Operations==
[[File:HUDA City Center station (Delhi Metro).jpg|thumb|alt=Exterior of a modern building|[[Millennium City Centre Gurugram metro station]]]]
[[File:Delhi Airport Metro standing on New Delhi metro station.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|[[Platform screen doors]] at the New Delhi metro station]]
Trains operate at a frequency of one to two minutes to five to ten minutes between 05:00 and 00:00, depending upon peak and off-peak hours. They typically travel up to {{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, and stop for about 20 seconds at each station. Automated station announcements are in Hindi and English. Many stations have [[Automatic teller machine|ATMs]], [[restaurants|food outlets]], [[cafés]], [[convenience stores]] and mobile recharge. Eating, drinking, smoking, and chewing gum are prohibited. The metro has a sophisticated [[fire alarm system]] for advance warning in emergencies, and [[fire retardant material]] is used in trains and stations.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=65407 |title=Measures to Ensure Safe Passage for Metro Train Passengers |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=27 August 2010 |access-date=27 April 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227041917/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=65407 |archive-date=27 February 2014 }}</ref> Navigation information is available on [[Google Transit|Google Maps]].<ref name="Transit">{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/Delhi-Metro-routes-now-on-Google-Maps/articleshow/5644514.cms |title=Delhi Metro routes now on Google Maps |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=5 March 2010 |access-date=11 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307171527/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/Delhi-Metro-routes-now-on-Google-Maps/articleshow/5644514.cms |archive-date=7 March 2010 }}</ref> Since October 2010, the first coach of every train is reserved for women; the last coach is also reserved when the train changes tracks at the terminal stations on the Red, Green and Violet Lines.<ref name="times"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Women-get-exclusive-coach-in-Delhi-Metro/Article1-607431.aspx |title=Women get exclusive coach in Delhi Metro |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 October 2010 |access-date=2 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216161805/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/women-get-exclusive-coach-in-delhi-metro/article1-607431.aspx |archive-date=16 December 2014 }}</ref> The mobile Delhi Metro Rail app has been introduced for [[iPhone]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] users with information such as the location of the nearest metro station,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/CLRAfaBKdczSL03AkUvBjM/Delhi-Metro-launches-new-app-with-additional-features.html|title=Delhi Metro launches new app with additional features|date=24 July 2018|website=livemint.com|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725092628/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/CLRAfaBKdczSL03AkUvBjM/Delhi-Metro-launches-new-app-with-additional-features.html|url-status=live}}</ref> fares, parking availability, nearby tourist attractions, security and emergency helpline numbers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/dmrc-launches-smart-phone-app/article5050958.ece|title=DMRC launches smartphone app|date=23 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201164121/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/dmrc-launches-smart-phone-app/article5050958.ece|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

===Security===
Security has been provided by the [[CISF Unit Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|CISF Unit DMRC]] since 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CISF-to-take-over-Delhi-Metro-security/articleshow/1730990.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103182406/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-07/india/27875703_1_cisf-delhi-metro-baggage |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=CISF to take over Delhi Metro security |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 March 2007 |access-date=15 April 2010}}</ref> [[Closed-circuit camera]]s monitor trains and stations, and their feeds are monitored by the CISF and Delhi Metro authorities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_delhi-metro-parking-areas-to-be-bought-under-cctv-cameras_1361509 |title=Delhi metro parking areas to be bought under CCTV cameras |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis |date=21 March 2010 |access-date=15 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826091055/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_delhi-metro-parking-areas-to-be-bought-under-cctv-cameras_1361509 |archive-date=26 August 2010 }}</ref> Over 7,000 CISF personnel have been deployed for security in addition to [[metal detectors]], [[X-ray]] baggage-inspection systems, and [[detection dog]]s. Eighteen Delhi Metro Rail Police stations have been established, and about 5,200 CCTV cameras have been installed. Each underground station has 45 to 50 cameras, and each elevated station has 16 to 20 cameras. The cameras are monitored by the CISF and the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Megha Suri Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Moscow-blasts-put-Metro-security-in-alert-mode/articleshow/5740559.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103182411/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-30/delhi/28140741_1_metro-stations-delhi-metro-metro-security |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=Moscow blasts put Metro security in alert mode |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 March 2010 |access-date=15 April 2010}}</ref> [[Intercom]]s are provided in each train car for emergency communication between passengers and the train operator.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/1028/security_english.pdf |title=Commuters Guide to Security on Delhi Metro |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705001552/https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/1028/security_english.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Periodic [[Fire drill|security drills]] are carried out at stations and on trains.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Mock-drills-at-4-Metro-stations/articleshow/5724920.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103182417/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-26/delhi/28141931_1_drills-metro-stations-disaster-preparedness |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=Mock drills at 4 Metro stations |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 March 2010 |access-date=15 April 2010}}</ref> The DMRC is considering raising station walls and railings for passenger safety.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Metro-to-raise-height-of-walls-at-stations/articleshow/13058113.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715185337/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-09/delhi/31641256_1_metro-chief-mangu-singh-metro-stations-dmrc-official |url-status=live |archive-date=15 July 2013 |title=Metro to raise height of walls at stations |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 May 2012 |access-date=9 May 2012}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Ticketing and recharge}}Ticketing===

[[File:Delhi Metro token (44477075641).jpg|thumb|left|alt=A token with a picture of a train|A Delhi Metro token]]
The metro's fares were last revised on 10 October 2017, based on the recommendation of the 4th Fare Fixation Committee in May 2016.<ref name="farerevision">{{cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/delhi-metro-fare-hike-chart-dmrc-raises-ticket-prices-take-a-look-at-full-list-of-revised-fare/888315/ |title=Delhi Metro fare hike chart: DMRC raises ticket prices |date=10 October 2017 |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=financialexpress.com |archive-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405140937/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/delhi-metro-fare-hike-chart-dmrc-raises-ticket-prices-take-a-look-at-full-list-of-revised-fare/888315/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Metro fares revised: Here's all you need to know about the fare hike and fare slabs {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/business/delhi-metro-fares-revised-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-fare-hike-and-fare-slabs-2113696/ |date=10 May 2017 |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=www.india.com |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518024141/https://www.india.com/business/delhi-metro-fares-revised-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-fare-hike-and-fare-slabs-2113696/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Metro commuters have five choices for ticket purchases:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/ticket |title=Ticket |website=delhimetrorail.com |publisher=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation |access-date=25 April 2022 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425095420/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/ticket |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[RFID]] token: RFID tokens are valid only for a single journey on the day of purchase. Their value depends on the distance travelled, with fares for a single journey ranging from {{INRConvert|10}} to {{INRConvert|60}}. Fares are calculated based on the distance between the origin and destination stations. As of 2024 they are no longer in use.<ref name="farerevision"/>
*Smart card: Smart cards are available for longer terms, and are the most convenient for frequent commuters. Valid for ten years from the date of purchase or the date of the last recharge, they are available in denominations of {{INRConvert|200}} to {{INRConvert|3000||1}}. A 10-percent discount is given, with an additional 10-percent discount for off-peak travel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/smart-card |title=Smart Cards |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] |access-date=25 April 2022 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426172732/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/smart-card |url-status=live }}</ref> A new card has a {{INRConvert|50}} deposit, refundable on its return before expiry if physically undamaged.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/metro-information-regarding-token-cards-and-recharge-1605143-2019-10-01 |title=Information on Delhi metro's tokens and smart cards |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=1 October 2019 |access-date=25 April 2022 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426172729/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/metro-information-regarding-token-cards-and-recharge-1605143-2019-10-01 |url-status=live }}</ref> For women commuters, the [[Government of Delhi|Delhi government]] unsuccessfully proposed a fare-exemption scheme.<ref>{{cite news |first=Devanjana |last=Nag |date=11 June 2019 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/delhi-metro-free-rides-for-women-travelling-from-delhi-to-ncr-and-vice-versa-heres-the-proposed-rule/1603773/ |title=Delhi Metro free rides for women: Travelling from Delhi to NCR and vice-versa? Here's the proposed rule |newspaper=The Financial Express |archive-date=12 June 2019 |access-date=25 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612141925/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/delhi-metro-free-rides-for-women-travelling-from-delhi-to-ncr-and-vice-versa-heres-the-proposed-rule/1603773/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bedi |first=Aneesha |date=6 November 2019 |title=Delhi Metro chief says free rides for women not possible until tech updated to check misuse |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/delhi-metro-chief-says-free-rides-for-women-not-possible-until-tech-updated-to-check-misuse/316202/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=25 April 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531063550/https://theprint.in/india/governance/delhi-metro-chief-says-free-rides-for-women-not-possible-until-tech-updated-to-check-misuse/316202/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A common ticketing facility, allowing commuters to use smart cards on [[Delhi Transport Corporation]] (DTC) buses and the metro, was introduced on 28 August 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dixit |first=Manas |url=https://edtimes.in/you-can-now-swipe-your-metro-card-to-pay-for-bus-rides-in-delhi/ |title=Common Mobility Card for DTC bus, metro |newspaper=ED Times |date=24 August 2018 |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926135224/https://edtimes.in/you-can-now-swipe-your-metro-card-to-pay-for-bus-rides-in-delhi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Tourist card: Tourist cards can be used for unlimited travel on the Delhi Metro for short periods of time. There are two kinds of tourist cards, valid for one and three days. The cost of a one-day card is {{INRConvert|0.2|k|1}} and a three-day card is {{INRConvert|0.5|k|1}}, including a refundable deposit of {{INRConvert|50}} paid at purchase.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/tourist-card |title=Tourist Card |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=delhimetrorail.com |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426172729/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/tourist-card |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[National Common Mobility Card]]: Part of the Indian government's One Nation, One Card policy, the National Common Mobility Card is an inter-operable transport card enabling a user to pay for travel, tolls, shopping and cash.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://npci.org.in/PDF/npci/knowledge-center/partner-whitepapers/NCMC-Tap-and-Transit-Pan-India-with-RuPay.pdf |title= NCMC - Tap & Transit, Pan India with RuPay |date= 1 September 2023 |website= npci.org.in |publisher= National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) |access-date= 14 November 2023 |archive-date= 13 November 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231113200900/https://www.npci.org.in/PDF/npci/knowledge-center/partner-whitepapers/NCMC-Tap-and-Transit-Pan-India-with-RuPay.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/pressrelease_details/indigenously-developed-national-common-mobility-ca |title= Indigenously Developed National Common Mobility Card, QR Ticket, Account Based Ticketing To Be Made Available in the Entire Metro Network; Contract for Implementing the Same Awarded |date= 25 February 2022 |website= delhimetrorail.com |publisher= DMRC |access-date= 14 November 2023 |archive-date= 13 November 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231113202807/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/pressrelease_details/indigenously-developed-national-common-mobility-ca |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-news-analysis/national-common-mobility-card |title= National Common Mobility Card |date= 5 March 2019 |website= drishtiias.com |publisher= Drishti IAS |access-date= 14 November 2023 |archive-date= 13 November 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231113200902/https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-news-analysis/national-common-mobility-card |url-status= live }}</ref> Enabled through [[RuPay]], the NCMC was commissioned on the Airport Express Line on 28 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-28|title=Delhi Metro: National Common Mobility Card facility introduced on Airport Express Line|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/delhi-metro-national-common-mobility-card-facility-introduced-on-airport-express-line-see-features/2159052/|access-date=2021-10-09|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=11 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211091220/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/delhi-metro-national-common-mobility-card-facility-introduced-on-airport-express-line-see-features/2159052/|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2023, DMRC completed the upgrade of its automatic fare collection (AFC) systems to be compliant with NCMC services.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/destination/states/delhi-metro-network-to-be-fully-ncmc-compliant-by-jun-2023-dmrc/89858333 |title=Delhi Metro network to be fully NCMC-compliant by Jun 2023: DMRC |website=ettravelworld.com |access-date=2022-03-26 |language=en |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211091217/https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/destination/states/delhi-metro-network-to-be-fully-ncmc-compliant-by-jun-2023-dmrc/89858333 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Web Team |first=BS |date=29 May 2023 |title=You can now use RuPay debit card for traveling in Delhi metro |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/you-can-now-use-rupay-debit-card-for-traveling-in-delhi-metro-details-here-123052900323_1.html |work=Business Standard |location=New Delhi |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113204338/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/you-can-now-use-rupay-debit-card-for-traveling-in-delhi-metro-details-here-123052900323_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:QR based ticket - DMRC.jpg|alt=Paper QR ticket|thumb|Delhi Metro QR ticket]]
*[[QR code|QR code based ticketing]]: A Delhi Metro QR ticket is a mobile-based ticket allowing travel like a token or recharge card.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/app-based-qr-ticketing |title=App based QR- Ticketing System |website=delhimetrorail.com |publisher=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation |access-date=25 April 2022 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425095418/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/app-based-qr-ticketing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Ramneek |date=9 March 2022 |title=Delhi Metro QR ticket: How to book Delhi Metro ticket using QR code via Android mobile phone and iPhone |url=https://www.91mobiles.com/hub/delhi-metro-qr-ticket/ |work=91 Mobiles |access-date=25 April 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328142446/https://www.91mobiles.com/hub/delhi-metro-qr-ticket/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A ticket can be bought online with the RIDLR app. For entry and exit, the QR ticket is scanned at the AFC gates. Similar to mobile-based tickets, paper QR tickets can be bought at a station.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/paper-qr-ticketing |title=Paper QR Ticket |website=delhimetrorail.com |publisher=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation |access-date=25 April 2022 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425095418/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/paper-qr-ticketing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Prashar |first=Sakshi |date=16 February 2021 |title=Delhi Metro to introduce QR code-based ticketing system in a bid to go contactless |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/delhi-metro-to-introduce-qr-ticketing-mechanism-to-go-cashless-contactless-in-covid-times/articleshow/80963858.cms |work=The Economic Times |access-date=25 April 2022 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425095419/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/delhi-metro-to-introduce-qr-ticketing-mechanism-to-go-cashless-contactless-in-covid-times/articleshow/80963858.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chitlangia |first=Risha |date=15 February 2021 |title=Delhi Metro to go contactless as DMRC pushes for QR code, RuPay-based ticketing |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-metro-to-go-cashless-touchfree-101613340496585.html |work=The Hindustan Times |access-date=25 April 2022 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425095418/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-metro-to-go-cashless-touchfree-101613340496585.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Problems===
[[File:Gurgaon IFFCO Chowk.jpg|thumb|alt=An urban landscape|The Yellow Line near the [[IFFCO Chowk metro station]] in [[Gurgaon]]. After complaints from nearby residents, the Delhi Metro installed barriers in 2011 to reduce noise pollution from metro trains.<ref name="Essel">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurugram/noise-barriers-not-enough-residents-want-speed-of-metro-trains-to-be-slowed/story-a6QkAmSQedKYzQgXiFpCEL.html|title=Noise barriers not enough, residents want speed of Metro trains to be slowed|year=2011|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=14 July 2018|archive-date=14 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714110628/https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurugram/noise-barriers-not-enough-residents-want-speed-of-metro-trains-to-be-slowed/story-a6QkAmSQedKYzQgXiFpCEL.html|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:Jasola Apollo Metro Station.jpg|thumb|alt=Exterior of a large station|The [[Jasola Apollo metro station]]]]
As the metro has expanded, high ridership on new trains has led to increasing overcrowding and delays.<ref name="Rush">{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/widening-reach-metro-looks-at-ways-to-ease-rush/542010/0|title=Widening reach, Metro looks at ways to ease rush|last=Dutta|first=Sweta|date=16 November 2009|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628234904/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/widening-reach-metro-looks-at-ways-to-ease-rush/542010/0|archive-date=28 June 2017|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Atul Mathur |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Crowded-stations-slow-trains/Article1-477845.aspx |title=Crowded stations, slow trains |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=19 November 2009 |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122205221/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Crowded-stations-slow-trains/Article1-477845.aspx |archive-date=22 November 2009 }}</ref> To alleviate the problem, eight-coach trains have been introduced on the Yellow and Blue Lines and more-frequent trains have been proposed.<ref name="Rush"/> Infrequent, overcrowded and erratic feeder bus services connecting stations to nearby localities have also been a concern.<ref>{{cite news |author=Atul Mathur |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Feeder-service-or-the-lack-of-it/Article1-484059.aspx |title=Feeder service or the lack of it |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=8 December 2009 |access-date=8 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711170718/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Feeder-service-or-the-lack-of-it/Article1-484059.aspx |archive-date=11 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/parking-feeder-bus-woes-on-metro-s-noida-line-60642-2009-11-11|title=Parking, feeder bus woes on Metros Noida line|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref> Although the quality and cleanliness of the Delhi Metro have been praised, rising fares have been criticized; fares are higher than those of the bus services the metro replaced.<ref name="Siemiatycki"/> According to a recent study, Delhi Metro fares are the second-most unaffordable among metros charging less than US$0.5 per ride.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-metro-is-second-most-unaffordable-in-world-cse/articleshow/65678814.cms|title=Delhi Metro is second-most unaffordable in world: CSE|work=The Times of India|access-date=6 September 2018|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905183227/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-metro-is-second-most-unaffordable-in-world-cse/articleshow/65678814.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Another study finds that Delhi Metro may also have a low ridership problem compared to its size and may not be generating the amount of traffic a metro system generates.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Roy | first1=Shubho | last2=Shah | first2=Ajay | date=December 2018 | title=Concerns with Delhi Metro | journal=The Leap Blog | url=https://blog.theleapjournal.org/2018/12/concerns-with-delhi-metro.html | access-date=21 January 2019 | archive-date=21 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232920/https://blog.theleapjournal.org/2018/12/concerns-with-delhi-metro.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Feeder buses===
[[File:DMRC Electric Feeder Bus - Front view - Wide.jpg|alt=Front view of a bus|thumb|A DMRC electric feeder bus at the [[Anand Vihar metro station]]]]
DMRC began its feeder bus service in 2007 with a fleet of 117 minibuses on 16 routes.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2007 |title=DMRC to introduce new feeder buses from Monday |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/dmrc-to-introduce-new-feeder-buses-from-monday/articleshow/2517256.cms |work=PTI |location=New Delhi |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107144558/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/dmrc-to-introduce-new-feeder-buses-from-monday/articleshow/2517256.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/otherdocuments/Feeder.pdf |title=Public Demands for Metro Feeder Services |website=delhimetrorail.com |publisher=DMRC |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107144555/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/otherdocuments/Feeder.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2024, it had a fleet of 47 [[Electric bus|electric feeder buses]] on five routes to nine metro stations: [[Kashmere Gate metro station|Kashmere Gate]], [[Gokulpuri metro station|Gokulpuri]], [[Shastri Park metro station|Shastri Park]], [[Laxmi Nagar metro station|Laxmi Nagar]], [[East Vinod Nagar - Mayur Vihar-II metro station|East Vinod Nagar - Mayur Vihar-II]], [[Anand Vihar metro station|Anand Vihar]], [[Dilshad Garden metro station|Dilshad Garden]], [[Vishwa Vidyalaya metro station|Vishwavidyalaya]], and [[GTB Nagar metro station|GTB Nagar]]. The routes are:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/metro-feeder-buses-routes |title=Metro Feeder Buses - Routes |website=delhimetrorail.com |publisher=DMRC |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231163500/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/metro-feeder-buses-routes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/search/feeder%20bus |title=Search Results: Feeder Bus |website=delhimetrorail.com |publisher=DMRC |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107144555/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/search/feeder%20bus |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Last Mile Connectivity |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/last-mile-connectivity |publisher=DMRC |access-date=17 July 2020 |website=delhimetrorail.com |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503094906/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/last-mile-connectivity |url-status=live }}</ref>
* MC-127: Kashmere Gate to [[North East Delhi district|Harsh Vihar]]
* MC-137: Shastri Park to [[Mayur Vihar|Mayur Vihar Phase-III]]
* MC-137 (Mini): [[Udyog Bhawan metro station|Udyog Bhawan]] to [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry|Vanijya Bhawan]]
* MC-341: Mayur Vihar Phase-III to Harsh Vihar
* ML-06: Vishwavidyalaya to [[Burari, Delhi|Shankarpura]]

===Ridership===

Note that DMRC reports different metrics versus the daily ridership below. DMRC report "daily passenger journeys" - for example, in 2022–23, DMRC reported that average daily passenger journeys were approx 4.63 million per day as compared to 5.16 million per day in 2019-20 (pre-Covid).<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 March 2024|title=Delhi Metro Annual Report 2022-23|url=https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/5227/English_AR-2022-23.pdf|access-date=11 March 2024|language=en|archive-date=3 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103145127/https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/5227/English_AR-2022-23.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Metro service was suspended on 25 March 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |date=24 March 2020 |title=PM calls for a complete lockdown of the entire nation for 21 days |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1608009 |access-date=11 January 2022 |website=Press Information Bureau |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325005308/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1608009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Operations resumed on 12 September 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2020 |title=Delhi Metro resumes full services from today. 5 facts you should know |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-metro-to-resume-full-services-from-today-7-facts-11599870743258.html |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922042838/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-metro-to-resume-full-services-from-today-7-facts-11599870743258.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the average daily ridership fell to 8.78 lakh (0.88 million) in FY 2020–21.<ref name ="Economic Survey of Delhi 2021–22">{{cite web| title=Economic Survey of Delhi 2021–22 | url=http://delhiplanning.nic.in/sites/default/files/E12_Transport.pdf#page=5|pages=217–219, 229 |access-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531151545/http://delhiplanning.nic.in/sites/default/files/E12_Transport.pdf |archive-date=31 May 2022}}</ref>

The maximum daily ridership (passenger journeys) of 7.86 million was reported on 18 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2024 |title=Delhi Metro recorded its highest-ever daily ridership on November 18 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/delhi-metro-records-highest-ever-daily-ridership-amid-severe-pollution-crisis/articleshow/115452948.cms |access-date=19 November 2024 |language=en |archive-date=19 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119122956/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/delhi-metro-records-highest-ever-daily-ridership-amid-severe-pollution-crisis/articleshow/115452948.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Bar chart
| title = Average daily ridership<ref>{{cite web |title=Average daily ridership 2004- 14 |url=https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/21/EnglishAR201314Low.pdf#page=32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112032123/https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/21/EnglishAR201314Low.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2022 |access-date=25 April 2022 |page=30}}</ref><ref name="Economic Survey of Delhi 2023–24"/>
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Ridership
| bar_width = 50
| width_units = em
| data_max = 5000000
| label1 = 2004–05
| data1 = 1,24,000
| label2 = 2005–06
| data2 = 2,68,000
| label3 = 2006–07
| data3 = 4,84,000
| label4 = 2007–08
| data4 = 6,25,000
| label5 = 2008–09
| data5 = 7,22,000
| label6 = 2009–10
| data6 = 9,19,000
| label7 = 2010–11
| data7 = 12,59,000
| label8 = 2011–12
| data8 = 16,60,000
| label9 = 2012–13
| data9 = 19,26,000
| label10 = 2013–14
| data10 = 22,04,908
| label11 = 2014–15
| data11 = 24,02,850
| label12 = 2015–16
| data12 = 26,15,050
| label13 = 2016–17
| data13 = 28,00,792
| label14 = 2017–18
| data14 = 25,87,271
| label15 = 2018–19
| data15 = 25,93,090
| label16 = 2019–20*^
| data16 = 27,80,000
| label17 = 2020–21*^
| data17 = 8,78,000
| label18 = 2021–22*^
| data18 = 25,16,068
| label19 = 2022–23*^
| data19 = 46,26,592
}}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Includes [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon]]

^ From 2019 onwards the DMRC changed the ridership calculation to count every trip taken by a passenger on a line. This means that a passenger that takes 2 connections will count 3 times towards ridership. This is different from the more standard practice of counting entire journeys applied in other metro systems.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=Delhi Metro logs 2 billion passenger trips for 2023 — highest ever |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-metro-logs-2-billion-passenger-trips-for-2023-highest-ever-101705517441601.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118000618/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-metro-logs-2-billion-passenger-trips-for-2023-highest-ever-101705517441601.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Therefore, Delhi metro reports approximately 55% higher ridership when compared to similar transit systems worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PERFORMANCE OF INDIAN METRO SYSTEMS: LESSONS FOR UPCOMING URBAN RAIL PROJECTS |url=https://cms.uitp.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Knowledge-Brief-November-2021.pdf |website=cms.uitp.org |access-date=13 February 2025 |archive-date=12 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312082504/https://cms.uitp.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Knowledge-Brief-November-2021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Finances==
===Summary financials===

{{ChartDirect
| width=575px
| type=line
| x=2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025
| y1=543,504,724,738,1608,2248,2687,3198,3571,4355,5388,6211,6462,7015,3289,4677,6645,7662,8152
| y2=399,300,473,356,750,933,1028,1062,1240,1281,1433,1836,1963,2208,-696,-431,811,1477,1593
| y3=24,26,90,-90,-12,-68,-8,-60,-275,-471,-348,-145,-764,-626,-3553,-4716,-2153,-1782,-1598
| y1Title=Revenue (₹ crore)
| y2Title=EBITDA (₹ crore)
| y3Title=Profit before tax (₹ crore)
}}
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Report 2006–07|url=http://old.delhimetrorail.com/OtherDocuments/AnnualReports/2006-07.pdf|website=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|access-date=18 May 2022|archive-date=26 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426210732/http://old.delhimetrorail.com/OtherDocuments/AnnualReports/2006-07.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Report 2007–08|url=http://old.delhimetrorail.com/OtherDocuments/AnnualReports/2007-08.pdf|website=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|access-date=18 May 2022|archive-date=26 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426210650/http://old.delhimetrorail.com/OtherDocuments/AnnualReports/2007-08.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Report 2008–09|url=http://old.delhimetrorail.com/OtherDocuments/AnnualReports/2008-09.pdf|website=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|access-date=18 May 2022|archive-date=26 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426210651/http://old.delhimetrorail.com/OtherDocuments/AnnualReports/2008-09.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Report 2009–10|url=http://old.delhimetrorail.com/OtherDocuments/AnnualReports/2009-10.pdf|website=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|access-date=18 May 2022|archive-date=26 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426210739/http://old.delhimetrorail.com/OtherDocuments/AnnualReports/2009-10.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Report 2010–11|url=http://old.delhimetrorail.com/OtherDocuments/AnnualReports/2010-11.pdf|website=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|access-date=18 May 2022|archive-date=26 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426210839/http://old.delhimetrorail.com/OtherDocuments/AnnualReports/2010-11.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Report 2011–12|url=https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/media/documents/Annual-Repot11-12English.pdf|website=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|access-date=25 April 2022|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425104539/https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/media/documents/Annual-Repot11-12English.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Report 2012-13|url=https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/15/DMRC_Annual-Report-2012-2013.pdf|website=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|access-date=25 April 2022|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425104919/https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/15/DMRC_Annual-Report-2012-2013.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Report 2013–14|url=https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/21/EnglishAR201314Low.pdf|website=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|access-date=25 April 2022|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112032123/https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/21/EnglishAR201314Low.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "annual report 2015">{{Cite web|title=Annual Report 2014–15|url=https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/14/DELHI1-92english.pdf|website=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|access-date=25 April 2022|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425104814/https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/14/DELHI1-92english.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="annualreport2016">{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2015-16|url=https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/16/DMRCAEnglhYear20156.pdf|website=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|access-date=25 April 2022|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425104631/https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/16/DMRCAEnglhYear20156.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/delhi-metro-rail-finances-in-the-red-116053101257_1.html|title=Delhi Metro Rail finances in the red|last=Singh|first=Sudheer Pal|date=31 May 2016|website=[[Business Standard]]|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930034706/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/delhi-metro-rail-finances-in-the-red-116053101257_1.html|archive-date=30 September 2017|url-status=live|access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="annualreport2017">{{Cite web|title=Annual Accounts And Directors Report 2016–17|url=https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/17/DMRC-AR-2017-WEB_23118.pdf#page=35|page=32|website=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|access-date=25 April 2022|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425104539/https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/17/DMRC-AR-2017-WEB_23118.pdf#page=35|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="annualreport2018">{{Cite web |title=Annual Accounts And Directors Report 2017–18 |url=https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/19/DMRC-English-AR-Year-2017-18.pdf#page=34 |page=32 |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417101938/https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/19/DMRC-English-AR-Year-2017-18.pdf#page=34 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2018-19 |url=https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/20/DMRC-REPORT-2018-2019-English-Web.pdf#page=32 |page=30 |website=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation |access-date=26 April 2022 |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417101913/https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/20/DMRC-REPORT-2018-2019-English-Web.pdf#page=32 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2019-20 |url=https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/18/DMRC-English-Annual-Report-2019-20.pdf#page=32 |page=30 |website=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation |access-date=26 April 2022 |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417101950/https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/18/DMRC-English-Annual-Report-2019-20.pdf#page=32 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2020-21 |url=https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/1749/DMRC-AR-2020-21-14022022.PDF#page=32 |page=30 |website=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation |access-date=26 April 2022 |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417101915/https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/1749/DMRC-AR-2020-21-14022022.PDF#page=32 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Report 2021-22|url=https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/3502/DMRC_Annaul_Report_2021-22_Lowres.pdf#page=37|page=35|access-date=14 February 2023|archive-date=14 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214132239/https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/3502/DMRC_Annaul_Report_2021-22_Lowres.pdf#page=37|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Report 2022-23|url=https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/5227/English_AR-2022-23.pdf#page=35|page=33|access-date=3 January 2024|archive-date=3 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103145127/https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/5227/English_AR-2022-23.pdf#page=35|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2023-24 |url=https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/7611/Annual-Report-2023-24-English.pdf#page=37|page=35}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2024-25 |url=https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/9862/Annual-Report-2024-2025-English.pdf |page=36}}</ref>

The Delhi Metro has been operating with a loss in EBT (earnings before taxes) since 2010, although the loss has shrunk since 2015–16. Its [[Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization|EBITDA]] (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization) declined from 73 percent in FY 2007 to 27 percent in FY 2016–17 before improving to 30 percent in 2017–18. The metro began a naming policy for stations in 2014, awarded by an open e-tendering process, to generate non-fare revenue.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Delhi: Station naming rights pushing up metro income {{!}} Delhi News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/station-naming-rights-pushing-up-metro-income/articleshow/68661807.cms |access-date=2022-02-15 |website=The Times of India |date=April 2019 |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927144659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/station-naming-rights-pushing-up-metro-income/articleshow/68661807.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-03|title=43 and counting… station branding is doing wonders for Delhi Metro revenue|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/43-and-counting-station-branding-is-doing-wonders-for-delhi-metro-revenue-5160850/|access-date=2022-02-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903161409/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/43-and-counting-station-branding-is-doing-wonders-for-delhi-metro-revenue-5160850/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=IIT Delhi: How a premier IIT fought and won a brand war at Delhi's metro station|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/et-explains/how-a-premier-iit-fought-and-won-a-brand-war-at-delhis-metro-station/articleshow/66920311.cms|access-date=2022-02-15|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903161722/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/et-explains/how-a-premier-iit-fought-and-won-a-brand-war-at-delhis-metro-station/articleshow/66920311.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Funding and Capitalisation===

DMRC is owned by the government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi and the government of India. Total debt was {{INRConvert|291.5|b|1}} in March 2016, and [[Equity (finance)|equity]] capital was {{INRConvert|239.9|b|1}}. The cost of the debt is zero percent for Union Government and Delhi Government loans, and from 0.01 and 2.3 percent for [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA) loans. On 31 March 2016, {{INRConvert|193.1|b|1}} was paid-up capital; the rest is reserves and surplus.<ref name="annualreport2016" />

== Depots ==
As of March 2026, the Delhi Metro has 16 operational depots, with 3 more under construction.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Delhi Metro Depots
|-
!Line
!Line name
!Number of depots
!Location
!Opening date
|-
! rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|red}}; text-align: center;" | [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|1
|[[Shastri Park metro station|Shastri Park]]
|25 December 2002
|-
|[[Narela]]
|''Under construction''
|-
! rowspan="3" |2
| rowspan="3" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|yellow}}; text-align: center;" | [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center"|3
|[[Vishwavidyalaya metro station|Khyber Pass]]
|20 December 2004
|-
|[[Sultanpur metro station|Sultanpur]]
|21 June 2010
|-
|[[Samaypur Badli metro station|Samaypur Badli]]
|28 May 2020
|-
! rowspan="2" |3 / 4
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|blue}}; text-align: center;" | [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|2
|[[Dwarka metro station|Najafgarh]]
|31 December 2005
|-
|[[Yamuna Bank metro station|Yamuna Bank]]
|10 May 2009
|-
! rowspan="2" |5
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|green}}; text-align: center;" |[[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|2
|[[Mundka metro station|Mundka]]
|2 April 2010
|-
|[[Bahadurgarh City metro station|Bahadurgarh]]
|24 June 2018
|-
! rowspan="2" |6
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|violet}}; text-align: center;" |[[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|2
|[[Sarita Vihar metro station|Sarita Vihar]]
|3 October 2010
|-
|[[Neelam Chowk Ajronda metro station|Neelam Chowk Ajronda]]
|6 September 2015
|-
! -
| style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Airport Express}}; text-align: center;" | [[Delhi Airport Metro Express|Airport Express]]
| style="text-align:center" | 1
|[[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station|Dwarka Sector 21]]
|23 February 2011
|-
! rowspan="2" |7
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Pink}}; text-align: center;" |[[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|2
|[[Majlis Park metro station|Mukundpur]]
|14 March 2018
|-
|Vinod Nagar - Ghazipur
|31 October 2018
|-
! rowspan="3" |8
| rowspan="3" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|magenta}}; text-align: center;" |[[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center"|2
|[[Kalindi Kunj metro station|Kalindi Kunj]] - [[Jasola Vihar Shaheen Bagh metro station|Jasola Vihar]]
|25 December 2017
|-
|[[Majlis Park metro station|Mukundpur]]
| 8 March 2026
|-
|[[Indraprastha metro station|Indraprastha]]
|''Under construction''
|-
! 9
| style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|grey}}; text-align: center;" | [[Grey Line (Delhi Metro)|Grey Line]]
| style="text-align:center"|1
|[[Najafgarh metro station|Najafgarh]]
|4 October 2019
|-
! 10
| style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|golden}}; text-align: center;" | [[Golden Line (Delhi Metro)|Golden Line]]
| style="text-align:center"|1
|[[Sarita Vihar Depot metro station|Sarita Vihar Depot]]
| ''Under construction''
|}
Some depots, such as [[Shastri Park metro station|Shastri Park]] and [[Yamuna Bank metro station|Yamuna Bank]], are near their respective at-grade station complexes; others, such as [[Sarita Vihar metro station|Sarita Vihar]] and [[Mundka metro station|Mundka]], are joined indirectly to the main line. The [[Najafgarh metro station|Najafgarh]] depot is unique in housing both broad gauge and standard gauge trains from the Blue and Grey Lines, respectively; the Sarita Vihar depot will house Violet and [[Golden Line (Delhi Metro)|Golden Line]] trains in the future.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pillai |first=Soumya |date=3 June 2019 |title=Grey Line puts villages of Najafgarh on Delhi Metro map |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/grey-line-puts-villages-of-najafgarh-on-metro-map/story-TrFJLgfsVLowCW5dJ2NCKI.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |location= |publisher= |quote=Apart from making an entry into the rural pockets, the Grey Line's Najafgarh station will be the first train depot in the network to have both standard and broad gauges. Since the section, which is created on a standard gauge, will connect with the Blue Line, which runs on a broad gauge, the depot will both services. |access-date=24 January 2026}}</ref> The Phase III [[Kalindi Kunj metro station|Kalindi Kunj]] and [[Mandawali - West Vinod Nagar metro station|Vinod Nagar]] depots were built differently due to land-acquisition issues; the former has an extra elevated stabling yard adjacent to the [[Jasola Vihar Shaheen Bagh metro station|Jasola Vihar - Shaheen Bagh]] station, and the latter has two sub-depots (one with two floors). An elevated stabling yard was also built adjacent to the [[Noida Electronic City metro station|Noida Electronic City]] station, but it is not considered a depot.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sinha |first=Snehil |date=3 November 2021 |title=Electronic City station may become a depot by next March |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/electronic-city-station-may-become-a-depot-by-next-march/articleshow/87496553.cms |work=[[Times of India]] |location= |publisher= |access-date=24 January 2026}}</ref> As part of Phase IV, the Mukundpur depot will be expanded to accommodate the Pink and Magenta Lines<ref>{{cite web |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2022/04/24/himcon-begins-delhi-metro-mukundpur-depots-expansion-work/ |title=Himcon Begins Delhi Metro Mukundpur Depot's Expansion Work |date=24 April 2022 |website=themetrorailguy.com |publisher=The Metro Rail Guy |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214195350/https://themetrorailguy.com/2022/04/24/himcon-begins-delhi-metro-mukundpur-depots-expansion-work/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 April 2022 |title=Delhi Metro to expand capacity at Mukundpur depot to cater requirements of phase 4 corridors |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/delhi-metro-to-expand-capacity-at-mukundpur-depot-to-cater-requirements-of-phase-4-corridors-11650177572411.html |work=Livemint |location=New Delhi |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214195350/https://www.livemint.com/news/delhi-metro-to-expand-capacity-at-mukundpur-depot-to-cater-requirements-of-phase-4-corridors-11650177572411.html |url-status=live }}</ref> without land-acquisition issues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-17 |title=Delhi Metro to augment capacity of Mukundpur depot: DMRC |url=https://theprint.in/india/delhi-metro-to-augment-capacity-of-mukundpur-depot-dmrc/920099/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214195350/https://theprint.in/india/delhi-metro-to-augment-capacity-of-mukundpur-depot-dmrc/920099/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:New Delhi Metro.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|A Phase I broad-gauge [[Mitsubishi Corporation]]–[[BEML]] train<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082051/https://in.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idINIndia-30371920071107 Reuters – Hyundai Rotem gets m order to supply trains]. In.reuters.com. Retrieved 24 October 2011.</ref>]]
[[File:DMRC Bombardier.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|A Phase II broad-gauge [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] train]]
The metro has two rail gauges. Phase I lines have {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] rolling stock, while all the newer lines have {{Railgauge|Standard}} rolling stock.<ref name="StandardGauge">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article1044622.ece|title=Delhi Metro gets standard gauge train|date=18 March 2009|newspaper=[[Business Line]]|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811092034/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article1044622.ece|archive-date=11 August 2011|url-status=dead|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=23 March 2009 |title=Delhi Metro begins shift to standard gauge rails |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-metro-begins-shift-to-standard-gauge-rails/articleshow/4320372.cms |work=[[Times of India]] |location= |publisher= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110183850/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-metro-begins-shift-to-standard-gauge-rails/articleshow/4320372.cms |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=26 January 2026}}</ref> As mentioned in the above table, trains are maintained at 15 depots across Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Metro-gets-first-standard-gauge-depot/article16816399.ece|title=Metro gets first standard gauge depot|date=23 February 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301213743/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Metro-gets-first-standard-gauge-depot/article16816399.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RW-Tech">{{cite web |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/delhi-metro/ |title=Delhi Metro, India |website=Railway-Technology.com |access-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228131955/http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/delhi-metro |archive-date=28 February 2018 }}</ref> [[Maglev]] trains were considered for some Phase III lines, but DMRC decided to continue with conventional rail in August 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/delhi-metro-says-no-to-maglev-technology/985544|title=Delhi Metro says no to Maglev technology|date=8 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201164122/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/delhi-metro-says-no-to-maglev-technology/985544|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

By 31 March 2015, the company had a total of 1,306 coaches (220 trains). In addition to line extensions, two new lines (7 and 8) were proposed in Phase III. Unattended train operation (UTO) will be in 486 coaches (81 six-car trains). An additional 258 broad-gauge (BG) coaches for Lines 1 to 4 and 138 standard-gauge (SG) coaches for Lines 5 and 6 were proposed. At the end of Phase III, there would be 2,188 coaches (333 trains). Except for a few four-car trains on Line 5, 93 percent of the trains would have a six- or eight-car configuration at the end of Phase III.<ref name="annual report 2015"/>

===Broad gauge===

Rolling stock is provided by two major suppliers. Phase I rolling stock was supplied by a consortium of companies ([[Hyundai Rotem]], [[Mitsubishi Corporation]], and [[Mitsubishi Electric|MELCO]]). The coaches look similar to the [[MTR Rotem EMU]], but have only four doors; sliding doors, instead of [[plug door]]s, are used. The coaches were initially built in South Korea by Rotem,<ref name="RW-Tech" /> then in Bangalore by [[BEML]] through a [[technology transfer]] arrangement.<ref>{{cite news |author=P. Manoj |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/25/stories/2005082504340500.htm |title=BEML to rake in big money from proposed metro projects |date=25 August 2005 |access-date=26 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328010423/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/25/stories/2005082504340500.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=28 March 2008 }}</ref> The trains consist of four lightweight {{convert|3.2|m|ftin|adj=mid|-wide}} stainless-steel coaches with vestibules (permitting movement throughout them) and can carry up to 1,500 passengers,<ref name="TOIcoaches">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Second-Metro-rail-arrives-in-Delhi/articleshow/25298669.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709210548/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-10-15/delhi/27293350_1_train-sets-first-metro-shahdara-tis-hazari |url-status=live |archive-date=9 July 2011 |title=Second Metro rail arrives in Delhi |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 October 2002 |access-date=26 September 2009}}</ref> with 50 seated and 330 standing passengers per coach.<ref name="DMRC stock">{{cite web |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/OtherDocuments/metro_museum/images/7.jpg |title=Rolling Stock: Ensuring Passenger Comfort, Safety and Reliability |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] |format=jpg |access-date=27 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021052831/http://delhimetrorail.com/OtherDocuments/metro_museum/images/7.jpg |archive-date=21 October 2010 }}</ref> The coaches are air-conditioned, equipped with automatic doors, microprocessor-controlled brakes and secondary air suspension,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/07/27/stories/2002072703730400.htm |title=Metro Rail gets first train |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 July 2002 |access-date=26 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708082826/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/07/27/stories/2002072703730400.htm |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}</ref> and can maintain an average speed of {{convert|32|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} over a distance of {{convert|1.1|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="DMRC stock"/> The system is extendable to eight coaches, and platforms have been designed accordingly.<ref name="TOIcoaches"/>

Phase II rolling stock is supplied by [[Bombardier Transportation]], which received an order for 614 cars at a cost of about {{USD|1.1 billion}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bombardier.com/en/transportation/media-centre/press-releases/details?docID=0901260d8019ab49 |title=Bombardier to Deliver Further 76 MOVIA Metro Cars to Delhi Metro from Savli India Site |work=Press Release |publisher=Bombardier |date=5 September 2011 |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116062057/http://www.bombardier.com/en/transportation/media-centre/press-releases/details?docID=0901260d8019ab49 |archive-date=16 November 2011 }}</ref> Although the initial trains were made in [[Waggonbau Görlitz|Görlitz]], Germany and Sweden, the remainder will be built at Bombardier's factory in Savli (near [[Vadodara]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=14183 |title=Bombardier to supply coaches to Delhi Metro |website=projectsmonitor.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114191152/http://projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=14183 |archive-date=14 January 2010 }}</ref> The four- and six-car trains have a capacity of 1,178 and 1,792 commuters each, respectively. Coaches have [[closed-circuit television]] (CCTV) cameras with eight-hour backup, chargers for cell phones and laptops, and improved climate control.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Metro-to-get-swankier-bigger-coaches/articleshow/5019847.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105163832/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-17/delhi/28098189_1_train-sets-present-trains-anand-vihar |url-status=live |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Metro to get swankier, bigger coaches |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 September 2009 |access-date=26 September 2009}}</ref>

===Standard gauge===

Standard-gauge rolling stock is manufactured by BEML at its factory in Bangalore, and most of these trains are supplied to BEML by Hyundai Rotem. The four-car trains have a capacity of 1,506 passengers,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/beml-delivers-indias-1st-standard-gauge-metro-car/articleshow/4999078.cms|title=BEML delivers India's 1st standard gauge metro car|date=11 September 2009|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115185943/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/beml-delivers-indias-1st-standard-gauge-metro-car/articleshow/4999078.cms|archive-date=15 January 2018|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref> accommodating 50 seated and 292 standing passengers in each coach.<ref name="DMRC stock"/> The trains, with CCTV cameras in and outside the coaches, chargers for mobile phones and laptops, improved climate control and microprocessor-controlled disc brakes,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Trial-run-begins-on-first-standard-gauge-Metro-line/article16565587.ece|title=Trial run begins on first standard gauge Metro line|last=Ramachandran|first=Smriti Kak|date=30 July 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303140135/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Trial-run-begins-on-first-standard-gauge-Metro-line/article16565587.ece|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> will be capable of maintaining an average speed of {{convert|34|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} over a distance of {{convert|1.1|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="DMRC stock"/>

===Airport Express===

Eight six-car trains supplied by [[CAF Beasain]] were imported from Spain.<ref name="airport1">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/airport-line-handed-over-to-reliance-infra/621131/0 |title=Airport line handed over to Reliance Infra |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=20 May 2010 |access-date=5 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905214535/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/airport-line-handed-over-to-reliance-infra/621131/0 |archive-date=5 September 2010 }}</ref> CAF held five-percent equity in the DAME project, and [[Reliance Infrastructure]] held the remaining 95 percent<ref name="caf.net">{{cite web |url=http://www.caf.net/img/prensa/notprensa/20090602113223railway3_may2009.pdf |title=Delhi Airport line contracts finalised |publisher=[[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718025505/http://www.caf.net/img/prensa/notprensa/20090602113223railway3_may2009.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2011 }}</ref> before DMRC took over operations. Trains on this line have noise reduction and padded fabric seats. Coaches are equipped with LCD screens for entertainment and flight information. Trains have an event recorder which can withstand high levels of temperature and impact, and wheels have a flange-lubrication system for reduced noise and improved comfort.<ref name="times">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-Metro-to-reserve-coach-for-women-from-October-2/articleshow/6629919.cms |title=Delhi Metro to reserve coach for women from October 2 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 September 2010 |access-date=27 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928204005/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-Metro-to-reserve-coach-for-women-from-October-2/articleshow/6629919.cms |archive-date=28 September 2010 }}</ref>

==Signaling and telecommunication==

[[File:Metrocoach.jpg|thumb|alt=Interior of a metro car, with limited seating|Interior of a [[Mitsubishi Corporation]] coach]]
[[File:Delhi metro 1.jpg|thumb|alt=Elevated-train signal, with high-rise buildings in the background|Metro signal]]
The metro uses [[cab signalling|cab signaling]] with a centralised [[automatic train control]] system consisting of [[automatic train operation|automatic operation]], [[automatic train protection|protection]] and signaling modules.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/technicalnotes/tn_signalling.html |title=Technical Notes: Signalling |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312053117/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/technicalnotes/tn_signalling.html |archive-date=12 March 2008 |access-date=23 November 2009}}</ref> A 380 MHz digital trunked TETRA radio communication system from [[Motorola Solutions]] is used on all lines to carry voice and data information.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi Metro Railway Corporation, India |url=https://www.motorolasolutions.com/content/dam/msi/docs/business/solutions/tetra_solutions/transport/tetra_rail/_document/tetra_transportation_india_delhi_metro_railway_corporation_gloria.pdf |access-date=3 January 2010 |publisher=Motorola Electronics |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929005736/https://www.motorolasolutions.com/content/dam/msi/docs/business/solutions/tetra_solutions/transport/tetra_rail/_document/tetra_transportation_india_delhi_metro_railway_corporation_gloria.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> For the Blue Line, [[Siemens Mobility|Siemens]] supplied the electronic interlocking Sicas, the Vicos OC 500 operation-control system and the LZB 700 M automation-control system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://references.transportation.siemens.com/refdb/showReference.do?r=1881&div=2&l=en |title=Metro Line 3, New Delhi, India |publisher=Siemens |access-date=6 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211054343/http://references.transportation.siemens.com/refdb/showReference.do?r=1881&div=2&l=en |archive-date=11 December 2008 }}</ref> An integrated system with [[optical fibre cable]], on-train radio, CCTV, and a centralised clock and [[public address system]] is used for [[telecommunication]] during normal operations and emergencies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/technicalnotes/tn_telecom.html |title=Technical Notes: Telecommunication |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226184202/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/technicalnotes/tn_telecom.html |archive-date=26 December 2007 |access-date=23 November 2009}}</ref> [[Alstom]] supplied the signaling system for the Red and Yellow Lines, and [[Bombardier Transportation]] supplied its CITYFLO 350 signaling system for the Green and Violet Lines.

The Airport Express line introduced WiFi service at all its stations on 13 January 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.delhimetrotimes.in/delhi-metro-airport-express-line.html |title=Delhi Airport Metro Express |newspaper=Delhi metro times |access-date=4 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120003705/http://www.delhimetrotimes.in/delhi-metro-airport-express-line.html |archive-date=20 January 2015 }}</ref> Connectivity in trains is expected in the future. WiFi service is provided by YOU Broadband and Cable India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sify.com/finance/reliance-metro-airport-express-goes-wifi-with-you-broadband-news-press-releases-mbxlkdhbhiasi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113920/http://www.sify.com/finance/reliance-metro-airport-express-goes-wifi-with-you-broadband-news-press-releases-mbxlkdhbhiasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 August 2018 |title=Reliance Metro Airport Express, WiFi-enabled, EVS Chakravarthy, CEO YOU Broadband |newspaper=Business Wire India |access-date=22 August 2018 }}</ref> In August 2017, Wifi service began at all the 50 stations of the Blue Line.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Metro launches WiFi on Blue Line stations |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/delhi-metro-launches-wifi-on-blue-line-stations/articleshow/60222339.cms |access-date=22 August 2018 |work=The Economic Times |date=25 August 2017}}</ref> A fully automated, operator-less train system was offered to the metro by the French technology firm [[Thales Group|Thales]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/railways/delhi-metro-offered-fully-automated-driverless-train-system/articleshow/13485201.cms |title=Delhi Metro offered {{sic |hide=y|fully|-}}automated, driverless train system |access-date=25 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721153908/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/railways/delhi-metro-offered-fully-automated-driverless-train-system/articleshow/13485201.cms |archive-date=21 July 2012 }}</ref>

==Environment and aesthetics==
[[File:A Rooftop Solar System of Delhi Metro at the Anand Vihar metro station.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|A rooftop solar-power system at the Anand Vihar metro station]]
The metro has received awards for environmentally-friendly practices from organisations including the [[United Nations]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-Metro-gets-UN-certificate-for-preventing-carbon-emission/articleshow/4169221.cms?referral=PM|title=Delhi Metro gets UN certificate for preventing carbon emission|date=22 February 2009|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517111354/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-Metro-gets-UN-certificate-for-preventing-carbon-emission/articleshow/4169221.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=17 May 2014|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref> [[RINA (company)|RINA]],<ref name="Ecofriendly">{{cite web |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/ecofriendly/ohsas18001.html |title=Delhi Metro gets OHSAS 18001 |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607074341/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/ecofriendly/ohsas18001.html |archive-date=7 June 2008 |access-date=10 September 2009}}</ref> and the [[International Organization for Standardization]];<ref name="Ecofriendly"/> it is the second metro in the world, after the [[New York City Subway]], to be [[ISO 14001]] certified for environmentally-friendly construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usaid.gov/in/newsroom/press_releases/dec24_2.htm |title=Press Release: Delhi Metro Receives ISO 14001 For Eco-friendly Systems |publisher=[[USAID]] |date=24 December 2002 |access-date=27 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913034728/http://www.usaid.gov/in/newsroom/press_releases/dec24_2.htm |archive-date=13 September 2009 }}</ref> By March 2023, 64 metro stations, four sections on the central verge between [[Pier (architecture)|piers]], and 12 other Phase I and II locations on the network have [[rainwater harvesting]] for environmental protection;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://backend.delhimetrorail.com/documents/1337/Rain-Water-Harvesting.pdf |title=Details of Rain Water Harvesting in Various Metro Lines / Stations |website=backend.delhimetrorail.com |publisher=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="DelhiMetroRainWater">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-Metro-shows-the-way-with-water-harvesting-units/articleshow/1242306.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105163845/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-09-26/delhi/27867066_1_rain-water-water-harvesting-subcity |url-status=live |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Delhi Metro shows the way with water harvesting units |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 September 2005 |access-date=27 September 2010}}</ref> all 27 Phase-IV elevated stations will also harvest rainwater, and 52 recharge pits are being constructed for this purpose.<ref>{{cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Priyangi |date=13 March 2023 |title=Metro Phase-IV elevated stations in Delhi to go for rainwater harvesting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/metro-phase-iv-elevated-stations-in-delhi-to-go-for-rainwater-harvesting/articleshow/98591963.cms |work=Times of India |location=New Delhi |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref> It is the world's first railway project to earn [[carbon credit]]s after being registered with the United Nations under the UN's [[Clean Development Mechanism]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/delhi-metro-is-first-rail-project-to-earn-carbon-credits/articleshow/2676012.cms|title=Delhi Metro is first rail project to earn carbon credits|date=5 January 2008|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122181652/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/delhi-metro-is-first-rail-project-to-earn-carbon-credits/articleshow/2676012.cms|archive-date=22 January 2018|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref> and has earned 400,000 carbon credits with the [[regenerative braking]] systems on its trains.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-metro-on-track-to-earn-carbon-credits/|title=Delhi Metro on track to earn carbon credits|last=Sinha|first=Neha|date=20 December 2009|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=22 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072420/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-metro-on-track-to-earn-carbon-credits/|archive-date=23 January 2018}}</ref>

DMRC installed the metro's first [[rooftop solar power]] plant at the [[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station|Dwarka Sector-21 station]] in 2014. The network received 35 percent of its energy from [[Renewable energy|renewable sources]] by April 2023, which it intends to increase to 50 percent by 2031. Of this, 30 percent comes from the [[Rewa Ultra Mega Solar]] park in [[Madhya Pradesh]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=60% of Delhi Metro now powered by solar energy from Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2019/06/05/delhi-metro-goes-solar |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> four percent (50 MWp) comes from rooftop solar panels, and one percent comes from a [[waste-to-energy plant]] in [[Ghazipur, Delhi|Ghazipur]].<ref name = "Solar Share of 50% in 8 Years">{{cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Priyangi |date=4 April 2023 |title=Elevated plans: Delhi Metro eyes solar share of 50% in 8 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/elevated-plans-delhi-metro-eyes-solar-share-of-50-in-8-years/articleshow/99222738.cms |work=Times of India |location=New Delhi |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Metro-mulls-solar-panels-at-stations-to-go-green/articleshow/13829728.cms?referral=PM|title=Metro mulls solar panels at stations to go green|date=5 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122191758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Metro-mulls-solar-panels-at-stations-to-go-green/articleshow/13829728.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=22 January 2018|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref> DMRC has installed [[solar panel]]s at 142 locations: 15 depots, 93 stations, and 34 other buildings.<ref name = "Solar Share of 50% in 8 Years" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Sidhartha |date=24 May 2022 |title=Vertical solar panels to help bridge power gap for metro |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/news_details/416 |work=Times of India |location=New Delhi |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref>

The metro has been promoted as an integral part of community infrastructure, and artwork depicting the local way of life has been displayed at stations.<ref name="Siemiatycki"/>{{rp|284}} Students at local art colleges have designed murals at metro stations,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Vibrant-murals-bring-cheer/articleshow/31101558.cms?referral=PM|title=Vibrant murals bring cheer|last=Mukherjee|first=Anuradha|date=13 December 2002|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122191740/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Vibrant-murals-bring-cheer/articleshow/31101558.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=22 January 2018|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref> and the viaduct pillars of some elevated sections have been decorated with mosaic murals created by local schoolchildren.<ref>{{cite news|author=Preeti Jha |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/murals-by-salwan-public-school-students-decorate-metro-pillars-on-pusa-road/226660/ |title=Murals by Salwan Public School students decorate Metro pillars on Pusa Road |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=10 October 2007 |access-date=2 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014072617/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/murals-by-salwan-public-school-students-decorate-metro-pillars-on-pusa-road/226660/ |archive-date=14 October 2012 }}</ref> The metro station at [[INA Colony]] has a gallery of artwork and handicrafts from across India,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/at-ina-metro-station-a-gallery-for-traditional-art-crafts/676125/0|title=At INA Metro station, a gallery for traditional art, crafts|date=2 September 2010|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201164122/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/at-ina-metro-station-a-gallery-for-traditional-art-crafts/676125/0|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref> and all stations on the Central Secretariat – Qutub Minar section of the Yellow Line have panels depicting Delhi's architectural heritage.<ref>{{cite news |author=Smriti Kak Ramachandran |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/02/stories/2010090252320200.htm |title=Delhi metro gets a handicrafts gallery |date=2 September 2010 |access-date=21 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629014903/http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/02/stories/2010090252320200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref> The Nobel Memorial Wall at Rajiv Chowk has portraits of the seven Indian Nobel laureates: [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[CV Raman]], [[Hargobind Khorana]], [[Mother Teresa]], [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]], [[Amartya Sen]] and [[Venkatraman Ramakrishnan]].

==In popular culture==
A number of films have been shot in the Delhi Metro;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Garima |title=Delhi Metro in Bollywood films |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/delhi-metro-in-bollywood-films/articleshow/7071324.cms |access-date=2023-04-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lal |first=Niharika |title=From 5-6 per year, films shot in Metro down to 1 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/from-5-6-per-year-films-shot-in-metro-down-to-1/articleshow/51783309.cms |access-date=2023-04-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> the first was ''[[Bewafaa (2005 film)|Bewafaa]]'' in November 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-26 |title=Delhi Metro's fleeting 15 minutes of fame |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/delhi-metros-fleeting-15-minutes-of-fame/article8400611.ece |access-date=2023-04-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[Delhi-6]]'', ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'', ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'', and ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]'' also have scenes filmed inside Delhi Metro trains and stations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-21 |title=Delhi Metro finds many takers in film world |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/delhi-metro-finds-many-takers-in-film-world/story-qeqAhJiX1Sz089Enx8tdFM.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amitabh, Abhishek shoot for Paa in Delhi Metro |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/headlines-today-top-stories/story/amitabh-abhishek-shoot-for-paa-in-delhi-metro-49030-2009-05-30 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=India Today |date=31 May 2009 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Bang Bang!]]'' was filmed near the [[Mayur Vihar Extension metro station]] in March 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-03-03 |title=Hrithik-Katrina film shoot creates traffic mess |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/hrithik-katrina-film-shoot-creates-traffic-mess/articleshow/31299777.cms |access-date=2023-04-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-02 |title=Hrithik Roshan, Katrina Kaif's Bang Bang shoot halts Delhi traffic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaif-s-bang-bang-shoot-halts-delhi-traffic/story-ULyOd57dllsTyNABc8dByK.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and the 2019 film ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]'' was filmed in the metro.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Murtaza Ali |date=2019-10-05 |title=War is entertaining and worth every penny |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/culture/war-entertaining-worth-every-penny |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
* [[Transport in Delhi]]
** [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]]
** [[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
* [[List of suburban and commuter rail systems]]
* [[Lists of urban rail transit systems]]
* [[List of metro systems]]
* [[Metro Tunneling Group]]
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Dayal |first=Anuj |date=5 April 2018 |title=Delhi Metro - Phase 3 Challenges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/11-corridors-160km-and-why-it-was-so-tough/articleshow/63618231.cms |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] |page= |isbn= |access-date=10 February 2026}}
* {{Cite news |author=Rashmi Sadana |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/06/02/metrocity-journal-up-up-and-away/ |title=Metrocity Journal: Up, Up and Away |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=30 May – 2 June 2012}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Rashmi Sadana |title=On the Delhi Metro: An Ethnographic View |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=45 |issue=46 |pages=77–83 |date=13 November 2010}}
* {{cite news |author=G. S. Dhillon |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040129/science.htm#1 |title=Trenchless tunnelling |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=29 January 2004}}
* {{Cite book |title=A dream revisited: an archival journey into the making of the Delhi Metro Rail |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] |year=2003 |oclc=54073649 }}
* {{Cite book |title=A journey to remember |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] |year=2008 |page=94 |oclc=300027063 }}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
{{Rapid transit OSM map|display=title|text=Metro map}}

* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.delhimetrorail.com/network_map Delhi Metro route map]
* [https://www.indiacontent.in/search-topic/delhi-metro Collection of Delhi Metro images]
* [https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Works_planning_Dte/Delhi_Metro/DMRC/DMRC%20-%20%20DBR%20Viaduct%20%20Station%20May%20-%202025.pdf Approval of design basis reports for viaduct and elevated stations of DMRC phase-IV project]

{{Delhi}}
{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|all=yes}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}
{{Rapid transit in Asia}}
{{Greater Delhi transit}}
{{Automated trains and fixed-guideway transit}}
{{Internationally Metro Organizations}}

[[Category:Delhi Metro| ]]
[[Category:New Delhi]]
[[Category:Siemens Mobility projects]]
[[Category:Underground rapid transit in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 2002]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Automated guideway transit]]

St. Xavier's College, Kolkata

2026-03-26T17:36:36Z

AndyMfn275514: cleanup information further after review

{{short description|Private university and college in Kolkata, India}}
{{Cleanup higher education|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = St. Xavier's College
| image = St. Xavier's College, Kolkata logo.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = [[Coat of arms]]
| motto = ''Nihil Ultra'' ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = ''Nothing Beyond''
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| established = {{Start date and age|16 January 1860}}
| founder = [[Society of Jesus]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Jesuit]])
| academic_affiliation = [[University of Calcutta]]
| rector = Rev. Fr. Jeyaraj Veluswamy, SJ<ref name="Aministration">{{cite web |title=Administration – St. Xavier's College |url=https://www.sxccal.edu/administration/ |website=sxccal.edu |access-date=17 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
| principal = Rev. Fr. Dominic Savio, SJ<ref name="Aministration"/>
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| location = 30, Park Street [[Kolkata]] – 700016
| campus = Urban
| colors = {{color box|green}} {{color box|yellow}} Green & Yellow
| athletics_affiliations =
| sports_nickname = The Xaverians
| website = {{URL|www.sxccal.edu}}
| logo = Logoxaviers.jpg|
}}

'''St. Xavier's College''' is a [[Private university|private]], [[Catholic]], autonomous [[college]] in [[Kolkata]], India, run by the Calcutta Province of the [[Society of Jesus]] (Jesuits). Founded in 1860, it is named after [[Francis Xavier|St. Francis Xavier]], a [[Jesuit]] saint of the 16th century, who travelled to India. In 2006, it became the first autonomous college in [[West Bengal]]. The college is affiliated to the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=St Xavier's rides high on autonomy {{!}} Kolkata News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/St-Xaviers-rides-high-on-autonomy/articleshow/1698041.cms|access-date=2020-10-17|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, St. Xavier's was ranked sixth among colleges in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf|title=India Rankings 2024|website=www.nirfindia.org}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Building4sxc.JPG|thumb|The college campus]]
[[File:Stamp of India - 1985 - Colnect 167190 - St Xavier s College Calcutta.jpeg|thumb|1985 [[India Post|Indian postage stamp]] dedicated to the St. Xavier's College, Kolkata.]]
The college was founded in 1860 by the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]], an all-male [[Catholic religious order]] formed by [[Saint Ignatius of Loyola]]. The college is named after [[Francis Xavier]], the 16th-century Spanish Jesuit saint. The founder of the college was Father Henri Depelchin, SJ. He oversaw most of the ground work during the foundation years. The college's [[coat of arms]] has remained the same, since it was undertaken in 1905.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vision and Mission – St. Xavier's College|url=https://www.sxccal.edu/vision-and-mission/|access-date=2020-10-17|language=en}}</ref>

===Sans Souci theatre===
Before 1843, the Sans Souci theatre was located at 30 [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]] (now Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata-700016). In that year a fire broke out, leaving nothing but ashes. The site was later bought by seven Jesuits, who had arrived from Belgium. It is here that the present day campus stands tall.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sxcs.edu.in/sxcs.html |title=History of the institution |access-date=10 December 2012 |archive-date=11 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611031640/http://www.sxcs.edu.in/sxcs.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Foundation years===
The present 30, Park Street address where the college is situated, is an amalgamation of numbers 10 and 11, Park Street. Premise number 11, was bought for Rs 45,000.00, by Fr. Depelchen. These funds were made possible with the generous donations of the [[Anglo-Indians]] and with help from the home province of Belgium. Park Street is located in the heart of [[Kolkata]] and is a landmark street in the city, a melting pot of its diverse cultural, culinary, social and intellectual milieu.
{| class="wikitable toccolours" style="float: right"
|-
! Principals
|-
|
* Verstraeten, SJ (1959–1966)
* Jacques de Bonhome, SJ (1966–1976)
* Joseph D' Souza, SJ (1977–1995)
* P. C. Mathew, SJ (1995–2008)
* John Felix Raj, SJ (2009–2017)
* Dominic Savio, SJ (2017–''Incumbent'')
|}
[[File:SXC 20 1.jpg|thumb|St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]]
The college's very first class had only forty students. In 1862, two years after its inception, the college was affiliated to the Calcutta University.

[[File:Glibraryxaviers.JPG|thumb|left|The Goethals library deserves a special mention in the history of the institution.]]
However, there was a shortage of funds for expansion work in terms of class rooms and to accommodate the Jesuit fathers. So the Rector appealed to the public of Calcutta in newspapers for generous assistance and was responded to with magnanimity by well wishers of the city in 1864. Besides Fr Depelchin and his assistant, Br. Koppes the builder went around personally collecting funds. The present imposing five-storey building was built in an interval of six years, from 1934 to 1940, at a cost of Rs 9 lakhs, which was collected partly from the public of Calcutta, assistance from Belgium, and the huge rental received from the American army that occupied the building during the Second War.<ref name="ipstamp"/><ref name="history">sxccal.edu [http://www.sxccal.edu/history.htm history] Retrieved on 6 February 2008 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219092519/http://www.sxccal.edu/history.htm |date=19 December 2007 }}</ref> Expansion of the college has been a ceaseless effort, with a campus slated to come up in [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata]] and a second boys' hostel not far away from the existing one.

===Goethals library===
The Goethals library, which is located above the College Chapel, houses some of the oldest periodicals, journals and books at the university. The treasures were inherited by the Jesuit Fathers in 1908, from the then Archbishop of Calcutta, [[Paul Goethals]], S.J. Today, the treasures are well preserved and the library has become a spot of historical significance.

===Postage stamp===

A commemorative stamp was issued by the [[Indian Post Office|Indian Post]] on 12 April 1985 depicting the college campus. Thus recognizing the college's contribution to society.<ref name="ipstamp">indianpost.com [http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Paper/Unwatermarked%20adhesive%20coated%20paper/ST.XAVIERS%20COLLEGE%20CALCUTTA commemorative stamp] Retrieved on 4 February 2008</ref>

== Courses ==
[[File:Computerlabxaviers.jpg|thumb|right|A computer science class]]
The college has morning batch for boys only, that offers the [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree. The day section of the college houses the [[arts]] and [[science]] departments which offer undergraduate (honours) degrees in various subjects like English, [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[political science]], [[sociology]], [[microbiology]], [[computer science]], [[animation]] and [[multimedia]], [[mass communication]] and [[videography]], [[mathematics]], [[chemistry]], [[physics]], and [[economics]]. Masters programs in [[commerce]] (evening session), [[biotechnology]] (integrated five-year MSc), physics, microbiology and education are housed in the college along with the co-educational Bachelor of Commerce (evening) and [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] programs.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Courses|url=http://www.sxccal.edu/admissions2012/default_2012.htm|access-date=8 August 2012|archive-date=2 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902004020/http://www.sxccal.edu/admissions2012/default_2012.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The college has also introduced post-graduate programmes in English, political science and sociology since 2019.

The college, in its first ever foreign collaboration, has entered into a tie-up with the [[University of Manitoba]], Canada. The MOU was unveiled on 4 Feb 2008 by the principal of the college, Father PC Mathew and the dean of the faculty of food and agricultural sciences at the [[University of Manitoba]], Professor Michael Trevan.<ref>economictimes.indiatimes.com [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Services/Education/St_Xaviers_Calcutta_Canadian_university_tie_up/articleshow/2759999.cms tie-up with The University of Manitoba] Retrieved on 6 February 2008</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
[[File:Emptybenches.JPG|thumb|left|A classroom]]
[[File:SXC Kolkata Corridor.jpg|thumb|right|Corridor of St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]]
[[File:Xavierslibrary.jpg|thumb|left|The library]]
[[File:Greenbenchessxc.JPG|thumb|right|Socialising at the 'green benches']]
The college classes are spread over four floors across two buildings. There are over 50 classrooms, half a dozen audio-visual rooms and three computer laboratories, each with a capacity to seat over 70 people.

The college also has physics, chemistry and biotechnology laboratories to support the requirements of their respective departments; the Mass Communication and Videography department has a video library to assist its film students. The Central Library, spread over two floors, houses reference books from a gamut of different subjects, in addition to numerous periodicals, again from diverse fields; scientific journals and archives are also available as are books on fiction. The auditorium has a seating capacity of over 800 people. The football, and basketball courts are behind the main college building and are shared between the college students and the students of St. Xavier's Collegiate School, the secondary section of which is housed in an adjacent flank of the college building.

===Hangouts===
The canteen, the "Green Benches": a wi-fi enabled, student hangout area and Fr. Joris's Corner, an in-house stationery shop, are located parallel to the sports grounds. These are popular places during off periods and breaks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pictures and description of infrastructure|url=http://www.sxccal.edu/campus/infrastructure.htm|access-date=8 August 2012|archive-date=14 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214044753/http://www.sxccal.edu/campus/infrastructure.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The "Green Benches" has become the best place in the campus for hanging out and having fun. The spot has a citywide reputation for socializing and indulging in 'intelligent talks' with classmates.

== Popular culture ==
[[File:Barfi.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]], promoting their film [[Barfi!]] on the campus]]
The college has a culture of festivals- inter- and intra-college that span its academic calendar; that apart, the college campus and auditorium are often chosen as venues by outsider parties, in collaboration with the college, to host discussions and events. The college has also played host to numerous celebrity guests:

* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Prakash Jha]] visited the campus to promote their film [[Aarakshan]] in the year 2011;
* [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], former [[President of India]], has been a part of the college's annual Earth Summit more than once;
* [[Pranab Mukherjee]], former [[President of India]], has also visited the college;
* [[Manmohan Singh]], the [[Prime Minister of India]] at the time, visited the campus on occasion of the 150th year celebrations;
* [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Anurag Basu]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]], visited the college to promote their film [[Barfi!]], in 2012;
* [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Mika Singh]], [[Monali Thakur]], among others have performed at Beyond Barriers, an alumni organized, musical show, held at the college grounds, every year.
[[File:Mamtabanerjee.jpg|thumb|right|upright|CM [[Mamata Banerjee]] in the 2011 Convocation Ceremony]]

===Convocation – keynote speakers===

* [[M. K. Narayanan]], former [[Governor of West Bengal]]
* [[P. Chidambaram]], former [[Home Minister (India)|Home Minister]] and [[Finance Minister (India)|Finance Minister]], [[Government of India]]
* [[Mamata Banerjee]], [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]]

== Community and clubs ==

Apart from doing service to the community in the educational sphere, St. Xavier's is also involved in the [[Environmental movement|environmental]] issues, youth welfare, women's welfare and poverty reduction.

The college has an elected non-political student body called St. Xavier's College Student Council (SXCSC) which co-ordinates all the cultural activities on the campus.

The college also has many active clubs, which are aimed at building leadership, creativity and managerial qualities in students. A list of clubs and societies are mentioned below:<ref>{{cite web|title=List of clubs and societies|url=http://www.sxccal.edu/campus/campus.htm|access-date=15 June 2012|archive-date=29 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629214858/http://www.sxccal.edu/campus/campus.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Societiesxaviers.jpg|thumb|right|Some of the societies and cells at St. Xavier's]]
* Enactus SXC<ref>{{Cite web | title=Enthusia 2022: A Corporate Simulation Event for the Youth at SXC, Kolkata - Telegraph India | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/campus/enthusia-2022-a-corporate-simulation-event-for-the-youth-at-sxc-kolkata/cid/1897545 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113075112/https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/campus/enthusia-2022-a-corporate-simulation-event-for-the-youth-at-sxc-kolkata/cid/1897545 | access-date=2025-02-01 | archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.f6s.com/company/enactusst.xavierscollegekolkata#about|title=Enactus St.Xavier's College, Kolkata | F6S}}</ref>
* Entrepreneurship Development Cell and Incubation Centre (EDCIC)
* Fine Arts Society (FAS)
* National Cadet Corps (NCC)
* National Service Scheme (NSS)
* The Sports Department
* Hindi Literary Society (HLS)
* Bengali Literary Society (BLS)
* Xavierian Theatrical Society (XTS)
* Xavier's Academy of Dance & Music (XADAM)
* Xaverian Center for Equality and Liberty (XCEL)<ref>https://m.facebook.com/pages/category/Community/XCEL2016/about/ {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>
* Xavier's Finance Community (XFC)
* Xavier's Commerce Society (XCS)
* Xavier's Management Society (XMS)
* Leadership Training Service (LTS)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ltsworld.com/|title=Leadership Training Service (LTS) Official Website}}</ref>
* The English Academy
* The Debating Society (XDS)
* The Placement Cell<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sxcpc.blogspot.com/|title=St Xavier's College - Placement Cell|website=sxcpc.blogspot.com}}</ref>
* Xavier's Consulting Club (XCC)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://xaviersconsultingclub.in/|title=Home - Xavier's Consulting Club|date=30 June 2023}}</ref>
* Xaverian Astronomical Society (XAS)
* Xaverian Film Academy (XFA)
* Xavier's Sociological Society (XSS)
* HULT Prize SXC
* Electoral Literacy Club
* The Marketing Society, SXC
* Xavier's E-Sports Society (XESS)

== Sports and festivals ==
[[File:Sportsdayxaviers.JPG|thumb|right|Sports day]]
[[File:Bballsxc.JPG|thumb|right|Intra-college basketball]]
{{copyedit|section|reason=use of caps|date= February 2025}}
The college has facilities for playing sports and activities such as: football, basketball, hockey, volleyball, cricket, table tennis, badminton, [[carrom]] and [[Table football|foosball]]. These games are played throughout the year at both intra-college and inter-college levels.

A sports day is organised, every year in December. Students of the college, compete in various track and field events, on this day, amidst huge audiences from all over the city.

St. Xavier's College has some of the best festivals at the Undergraduate level in the country.

* '''XAVOTSAV''', the cultural festival is held annually in late January or early February.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sxccal.edu/campus/unionreport.htm |title=Xavotsav |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512055501/http://sxccal.edu/campus/unionreport.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most colleges of Kolkata are invited to participate in events like Band Performance, Neon Dance, Classical Dance, Singing etc. This festival is organized by the Students Union along with the alumni body of the college.
* '''PRISM''' is the annual corporate simulation organised by EDC for first years.
* '''INERTIA''', the international marketing festival is held annually in February or March.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sxccal.edu/ug_com/default.htm |title=Inertia |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-date=30 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630171608/http://www.sxccal.edu/ug_com/default.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The events comprises Ambush Marketing, Ad Spoof, Brand Manager, International Trade and Crisis Management to name a few. The participants of this festival are Undergraduate as well as post-graduate students from around India and its neighboring countries. This festival is organized by the students and professors of the Department of Management (Commerce).
* '''INSIGNIA''', the management festival is held annually in mid February.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sxccal.edu/campus/commercesociety.htm |title=Insignia reference |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054521/http://sxccal.edu/campus/commercesociety.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The top ten commerce colleges of India are invited to fight it out in events like Human Resource Management (HRM), Best Manager, Business Quiz, Marketing and Entrepreneurship Development (ED) among many other events. This festival is organized by the students of the Bachelors of Commerce department (B.Com.).
* '''XAVIER'S MANAGEMENT CONVENTION (XMC)''', the management festival is held annually in February or March.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sxccal.edu/campus/managementsociety.htm |title=Xavier's Management Convention(XMC) |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512055341/http://sxccal.edu/campus/managementsociety.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> XMC is a national festival. It includes events like Stress Interview (SI), B-Quiz (BQ), Business Plans(BP) and Advertising. This festival is organized by the students of the Bachelors of Business Administration (BBA) department.
* '''ENTREPRENEURSHIP AWARENESS CAMP (EAC),''' organised by the EDC is an entrepreneurial bootcamp session that spans over two to three days and features speaker sessions by eminent personalities of the startup world, and mentoring and investing sessions for startups that participate in the event from across the country.
* '''SPECTRUM''' is the festival of the Department of Physics. It comprises ''debate'', ''quiz'', ''drama'', ''lectures'' by famous ''noble laureates'' and many more. It generally spans for a period of two days.

St. Xavier's is the only English medium college to have separate festivals for Hindi and Bengali.

* '''VIVIDHA''', the Hindi festival, comprises events like Drama Competition, Extempore, Elocution etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sxccal.edu/campus/hindisociety.htm |title=Vividha |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512055033/http://sxccal.edu/campus/hindisociety.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The mode of communication throughout the festival is Hindi. This festival is organized by the members of the Hindi Literary Society (HLS).
* '''XAVULLASH''', the Bengali festival, comprises events like Debate, Extempore, Elocution etc. The mode of communication throughout the festival is Bengali. This festival is organized by the members of the Bengali Literary Society (BLS).
* The Department of Political Science inaugurated 3 major programmes since 2016 - '''SUFFRAGIUM''' started as the department's annual event. The day starts with the launching of the departmental journal ''Politique'' and offers a Q&A session between the students and the panelists comprising esteemed political scientists and researchers. The day also includes fun activities like Poli-Rattle (Just-A-Minute), Polo-Verse and Expeditious (Political Quiz).'''SANSAD''' is a Mock Parliament wherein students engage in a support/oppose debate on any political agenda acting as a simulation of the Lok Sabha.

== Publications ==
[[File:Societymagazines.jpg|thumb|right|College magazines]]
A list of magazines that college students publish every year. These magazines are widely appreciated in academic circles:

* '''XAVERIAN''': includes articles by students and staff members, who share their experiences of college.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sxccal.edu/campus/unionreport.htm |title=Xaverian Magazine |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512055501/http://sxccal.edu/campus/unionreport.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> It also includes interviews with famous alumni members and photos of passing out batches.
* '''YOUTHINK''', the annual commerce journal which includes articles from students and staff members on current commerce related issues.<ref>[http://www.sxccal.edu/campus/commercesociety.htm Youthink Journal]</ref> The topics in the past volumes were The Business of Sports, Turbulent Times, Superpowers, Change and The Gamble.
* '''ODE TO EXPRESSIONS''' is the annual magazine published by the English Academy. The magazine has featured columns by personalities such as [[Shashi Tharoor]] and [[Devdutt Pattanaik]], among others.
* '''YOUNG SOCIOLOGIST''' is the annual sociological journal published by the Xavier's Sociological Society under the purview of the Department of Sociology.<ref>{{Cite web | title=St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata - Xavier's Sociological Society | url=https://website.sxccal.edu/campus-life/socities-and-clubs/xaviers-sociological-society | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729045715/https://website.sxccal.edu/campus-life/socities-and-clubs/xaviers-sociological-society | access-date=2025-02-01 | archive-date=2023-07-29}}</ref>
* '''ECO ECHOES''' is the annual economics journal published by the Economics Department.<ref>[http://www.sxccal.edu/ug_eco/default.htm Eco Echoes Journal]</ref>
* '''HORIZON''' is the annual physics journal published by the Department of Physics. It highlights the technological advancements of the world.
* '''PEBBLE''' is the annual journal published by the St Xavier's College Science Association (SXCSA).
* '''POLITIQUE''' is the annual political journal published by the Department of Political Science that includes students' articles based on current affairs and global issues.

== Philanthropy and social activities ==
Prayas, a 3-day boot camp aimed at making underprivileged kids aware of the need of higher education was started in 2006 by the then principal of the college, Rev. Felix Raj, S.J. In the boot-camp, underprivileged children are brought to the college campus from nearby villages and slums for a fun filled day of activity and entertainment. The children are provided with free meals and gifts. This festival is organized by the social work department (under the [[National Service Scheme]]) of the university.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Camps for a cause at St. Xavier's College|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/camps-for-a-cause-at-st-xavier-rsquo-s-nbsp-college/cid/1509044|access-date=2020-10-17|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Alumni association ==
[[File:SXCAA.JPG|thumb|right|SXCAA committee 2012–13]]
The college has a very active alumni association known as SXCAA, whose principal is the college president.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sxccal.edu/alumni/alumni.htm |title=SXCAA |access-date=18 June 2012 |archive-date=30 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630173507/http://www.sxccal.edu/alumni/alumni.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The association supports the college in several projects by extending financial and managerial assistance. SXCAA is registered under the West Bengal Societies Registration Act.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sxccaa.net/history.html |title=SXCAA Official Site |access-date=18 June 2012 |archive-date=14 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914011508/http://sxccaa.net/history.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was the first alumni association in Kolkata to be granted 80G Certification from the Income Tax Department, acknowledging SXCAA's philanthropic activities.

SXCAA has been expanding its reach to ex-students by opening chapters in several cities around the world, including [[Bengaluru]], [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Singapore]], [[London]], [[Dubai]], [[New York City|New York]] and [[Dhaka]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sxccaa.net/chapters.html |title=SXCAA Chapters |access-date=18 June 2012 |archive-date=23 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923171531/http://sxccaa.net/chapters.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Project 'Lakshaya' was launched by the college to invite donations from alumni to fund a new campus.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sxccal.edu/noticeboard/anAppeal.htm |title=Project Lakshaya |access-date=19 June 2012 |archive-date=4 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504012244/http://sxccal.edu/noticeboard/anAppeal.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Government of West Bengal]] allotted the college {{convert|16|acre|}} of land at Rajarhat (New Town) for the new campus. The land will cost a subsidized 64 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Lakshya-of-Xaviers-alumni-Rs-64-crore-for-new-campus/articleshow/14256280.cms |title=New campus cost |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 June 2012 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130190142/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Lakshya-of-Xaviers-alumni-Rs-64-crore-for-new-campus/articleshow/14256280.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Rankings ==
As of 2024, the college is ranked 6th in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]].<ref name=":2022">{{Cite web |title=MHRD, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/CollegeRanking.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=www.nirfindia.org}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+League tables of Indian Colleges|St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, all India Rankings

|-
![[Academic department|Department]]/Course
! 2012
! 2011
! 2010
! 2009
! 2008
! 2007
! 2006
|-
! Commerce/[[B.Com]]
| 2nd<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2012/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610022410/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2012/|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2012|title=2012 India Today Rankings|publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in }}</ref>
| 2nd<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/specials/bestcolleges/2011/ranks.jsp?ST=Commerce&LMT=1&Y=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711230418/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/specials/bestcolleges/2011/ranks.jsp?ST=Commerce&LMT=1&Y=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2011 |title=Lady Shri Ram College for Women Best Arts Colleges 2011 India Today Survey |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref>
| 2nd<ref name="auto"/>
| 2nd<ref name="auto1"/>
| 1st<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://media2.intoday.in/microsites/bestcolleges/Commerce_2010.pdf|title=Commerce_2010.pdf|website=docs.google.com}}</ref>
| 2nd<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/best-colleges/story/14-year-toppers-in-commerce-colleges-125814-2011-07-08 |title=15-year toppers in Commerce colleges : Best Colleges: India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=8 July 2011 |access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref>
| 3rd<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in"/>
|-
! Science/BSc
| 4th<ref name="2012 India Today Rankings">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2012/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610022410/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2012/|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2012|title=2012 India Today Rankings|publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in}}</ref>
| 3rd<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/specials/bestcolleges/2011/ranks.jsp?ST=Science&LMT=2&Y=2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709165815/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/specials/bestcolleges/2011/ranks.jsp?ST=Science&LMT=2&Y=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |title=Lady Shri Ram College for Women Best Arts Colleges 2011 India Today Survey |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref>
| 5th<ref>{{Cite web| title=Top-50 Science | url=http://media2.intoday.in/microsites/bestcolleges/Science_2010.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009162943/http://media2.intoday.in/microsites/bestcolleges/Science_2010.pdf | archive-date=2011-10-09}}</ref>
| 3rd<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/best-colleges/story/14-year-toppers-in-science-colleges-125816-2011-07-08 |title=15-year toppers in Science colleges : Best Colleges: India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=8 July 2011 |access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref>
| 5th<ref name="specials.indiatoday.com">{{cite web|url=http://specials.indiatoday.com/specials/popup/cs_science/cs_science.html |title=India Today |publisher=Specials.indiatoday.com |access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref>
| 2nd<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
| 8th<ref name="specials.indiatoday.com"/>
|-
! Arts/BA
| 5th<ref name="2012 India Today Rankings"/>
| 7th<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/specials/bestcolleges/2011/ranks.jsp?ST=Arts&LMT=6&Y=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715191858/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/specials/bestcolleges/2011/ranks.jsp?ST=Arts&LMT=6&Y=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 July 2011 |title=Lady Shri Ram College for Women Best Arts Colleges 2011 India Today Survey |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref>
| 5th<ref name="media2.intoday.in">{{Cite web| title=Top-50 Arts | url=http://media2.intoday.in/microsites/bestcolleges/Arts_2010.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626184829/http://media2.intoday.in:80/microsites/bestcolleges/Arts_2010.pdf | archive-date=2011-06-26}}</ref>
| 5th<ref name="media2.intoday.in"/>
| 9th<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://specials.indiatoday.com/specials/popup/ds_arts/ds_arts.html |title=India Today |publisher=Specials.indiatoday.com |access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref>
| 5th<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
| 6th<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
|}

== Notable alumni ==


{{Alumni|date=February 2020}}
{{Category see also|St. Xavier's College, Kolkata alumni}}
* [[A. F. Hassan Ariff]] – Former Attorney General For Bangladesh and Former adviser(Cabinet Minister) to the caretaker Government of Bangladesh.
* [[Saifuddin Ahmed (academic)]] – Professor, [[Nanyang Technological University]]
* [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]] – Novelist, awarded [[Padma Bhushan]]
* [[Chandrajit Banerjee]] – [[Director General]] of [[Confederation of Indian Industry]]
* [[Aditya Vikram Birla]] – Former Chairman of [[Aditya Birla Group]]
* [[Jeremy Bujakowski]] – Polish-Indian alpine skier
* [[Lagnajita Chakraborty]] – playback singer
* [[Ramananda Chatterjee]] – Journalist
* [[Pramatha Chaudhuri]] – Writer during the [[Bengal Renaissance]]
* [[Utpal Dutt]] – Actor, awarded [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] and [[National Film Award for Best Actor]], 1970<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-22 |title=Obituary: Utpal Dutt |work=The Independent |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-utpal-dutt-1462531.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022201827/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-utpal-dutt-1462531.html |archive-date=2017-10-22 |access-date=2020-10-19}}</ref>
* [[Syed Manzur Elahi]] – Former adviser to the [[Caretaker Government of Bangladesh]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-11-14|title=The mentality of "winner takes all" does not bring democracy|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-63193|access-date=2020-10-19|work=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sourav Ganguly]] – former Captain of Indian Cricket Team and former [[List of presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India|President of BCCI]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[R. Gopalakrishnan]] – Executive Director of [[Tata Sons]]
* [[Chinmoy Guha]] – Former Head of the English Department, [[University of Calcutta]], [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] winner (2019)
* [[Sunil Janah]] - Indian [[Photojournalism|Photojournalist]] and [[Documentary photography|documentary photographer]], was awarded [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2012.
* [[Vijay Mallya]] – businessman and politician
* [[Sombhu Mitra]] – Indian film actor, received the [[Padma Bhushan]] and [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]]
* [[Indra Prasanna Mukerji]] - former Chief Justice of [[Meghalaya High Court]]
* [[Kamal Nath]] – former [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]] and Union Minister - [[Government of India]], 9 time [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Old boys|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/old-boys/cid/1261621|access-date=2020-10-19|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
* [[Kazi Nuruzzaman]] – Soldier in Bangladesh Liberation War, awarded [[Bir Uttom]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=A Citizen Soldier |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2010/11/01/profile.htm|access-date=2020-10-19|work=Star Weekend Magazine|publisher=The Daily Star|date=5 November 2010}}</ref>
* [[Norman Pritchard]] - British Indian Olympian, winner of silver medals in the [[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres|Men's 200m]] and [[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres hurdles|200m hurdles]] at the [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900 Paris Olympics]]
* [[Hamoodur Rahman]] – 7th Chief Justice of Pakistan<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQKOaZPsDwoC|title=Pakistan News Digest|date=1968|publisher=Principal Information Officer, Press Information Department|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]] – former [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Amar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Amar Singh]] – Indian Politician<ref>{{Cite web|last=Varma|first=Meenal Thakur,Gyan|date=2016-05-18|title=What makes Amar Singh so sought after?|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/tdtE6I88qLXq5UTPHYaO3H/What-makes-Amar-Singh-so-sought-after.html|access-date=2020-10-19|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Shashi Tharoor]] – Politician, [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], Diplomat at the [[United Nations|UN]], Author.



<gallery class="center" classes="center" mode="nolines">
File:Lakshmimittal22082006.jpg|[[Lakshmi Niwas Mittal|Lakshmi Mittal]] Chairman & CEO, [[ArcelorMittal]]
File:Sanjiv Goenka in WEF, 2009.jpg|[[Sanjiv Goenka]] Vice Chairman, [[RPG Enterprises|RPG]]<ref name=":1" />
File:Vinay Maloo.jpg|Vinay Maloo Chairman, Enso Group
File:Pritchard 1900.jpg|[[Norman Pritchard]] Dual Silver Medalist, [[1900 Paris Olympics]]
File:Leander Paes at the 2008 Cincinnati Masters.jpg|[[Leander Paes]] Bronze Medalist, [[1996 Atlanta Olympics]]
File:Jagadish Chandra Bose.jpg|[[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] Preeminent Scientist, [[Fellow of the Royal Society]]
File:Hamid ansari.jpg|[[M. Hamid Ansari]] Former [[Vice-President of India|Vice-President]], India<ref name=":1" />
File:Kamal Nath - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2008.jpg|[[Kamal Nath]] Member of Parliament, former [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]]
File:Dinesh trivedi.jpg|[[Dinesh Trivedi]] Member of Parliament
File:Op Polo Surrender.jpg|[[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]] 8th [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of Army Staff]]
File:Prosenjit.jpg|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] National Film Award, Jury Award, 2007
File:Buddhadeb Guha photo.png|[[Buddhadeb Guha]] Recipient of, [[Ananda Puraskar]]
File:Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty - Kolkata 2009-11-08 3037.JPG|[[Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty|Ananda Chakrabarty]] Microbiologist
File:H. S. Suhrawardy.gif|[[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Huseyn Suhrawardy]] Fifth, [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]
File:Jamal Nazrul Islam.jpg|[[Jamal Nazrul Islam]] Physicist, Mathematician, Astronomer, Cosmologist
File:Kaji Manik Lal Rajbhandari.JPG|[[Kaji Manik Lal Rajbhandari]] Nepalese politician
File:Bickram Ghosh pix by Vikramjit Kakati.png|[[Bikram Ghosh]], musician
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[St. Xavier's Collegiate School]]
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]
* [[List of schools named after Francis Xavier]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|St. Xavier's College, Calcutta}}
* {{official website|http://www.sxccal.edu/}}
* {{Coord|22.54837|88.35596|type:edu_source:Googlemaps|display=inline,title}}

{{St. Xavier's College, Kolkata}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Xavier's College, Kolkata}}
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]]
[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1860]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta affiliates]]
[[Category:Commerce colleges in India]]
[[Category:1860 establishments in India]]

British Empire

2026-03-25T09:55:07Z

AndyMfn275514: cleanup

{{Short description|Territories ruled by the United Kingdom}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}


{{Infobox country
| name = '''British Empire'''
| image_flag = Flag of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg
| image_flag2 = Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg
| flag_caption = Left: [[Flag of Great Britain]] ([[Acts of Union 1707|1707–1801]]) Right: [[Flag of the United Kingdom]] ([[Acts of Union 1800|1801–present]])
| image_map = [[File:The British Empire 5.png|300px]]
| map_caption = Areas of the world that were part of the British Empire at various points in history, with current [[British Overseas Territories]] underlined in red. Mandates and protected states are shown in a lighter shade.
}}
{{British imperialism}}
The '''British Empire''' comprised the [[dominion]]s, [[Crown colony|colonies]], [[protectorate]]s, [[League of Nations mandate|mandates]], and other [[Dependent territory|territories]] headed by the [[British monarchy]]. It began with the [[English overseas possessions|overseas possessions]] and [[trading post]]s established by [[Kingdom of England|England]] in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, and [[Scottish colonization of the Americas|colonisation attempts]] by [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] during the 17th century.<ref name="nms.ac.uk">{{cite web |title=Colonial histories and legacies in our museums |url=https://www.nms.ac.uk/collections/colonial-histories-and-legacies |website=National Museums Scotland |access-date=1 March 2025 |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216024428/https://www.nms.ac.uk/collections/colonial-histories-and-legacies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At its height in the 19th and early 20th centuries, it became the [[List of largest empires|largest empire in history]] and, for a century, was the foremost [[great power|global power]].{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002}} By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, {{Percentage|412,000,000|1,791,020,000|% =  percent}} of the world population at the time,<ref>{{Harvnb|Maddison|2001|p=97|loc="The total population of the Empire was 412 million [in 1913]"}}; {{Harvnb|Maddison|2001|p=241|loc=""[World population in 1913 (in thousands):] 1 791 020".}}</ref> and by 1920, it covered {{Convert|35.5|e6km2|e6sqmi|1|abbr=unit}},{{Sfn|Taagepera|1997|p=502}} {{Percentage|35,500,000|148,940,000|% =  per cent}} of the Earth's total land area. As a result, [[Westminster system|its constitutional]], [[Common law|legal]], [[English language|linguistic]], and [[Culture of the United Kingdom|cultural]] legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was described as "[[the empire on which the sun never sets]]", as the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.{{Sfn|Jackson|2013|pp=5–6}}

During the [[Age of Discovery]] in the 15th and 16th centuries, [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]] and [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] pioneered European exploration of the world, and in the process established large overseas empires. Motivated by the great wealth these empires generated,{{Sfn|Russo|2012|p=15|loc=chapter 1 'Great Expectations': "The dramatic rise in Spanish fortunes sparked both envy and fear among northern, mostly Protestant, Europeans."}} [[England]], [[French colonial empire|France]], and the [[Dutch Empire|Netherlands]] began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the [[Americas]] and [[Asia]]. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] the dominant [[Colonialism|colonial power]] in [[North America]]. Britain became a major power in the [[Indian subcontinent]] after the [[East India Company]]'s [[Bengal Subah#British colonization|conquest]] of [[Mughal Bengal]] at the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757.

The [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] resulted in Britain losing some of its oldest and most populous colonies in North America by 1783. While retaining control of [[British North America]] (now [[Canada]]) and territories in and near the [[Caribbean]] in the [[British West Indies]], British colonial expansion turned towards Asia, [[Africa]], and the [[Oceania|Pacific]]. After the defeat of France in the [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815), Britain emerged as the principal [[Royal Navy|naval]] and imperial power of the 19th century and expanded its imperial holdings. It pursued trade concessions in China and Japan, and territory in [[Southeast Asia]]. The [[Great Game]] and [[Scramble for Africa]] also ensued. The period of relative peace (1815–1914) during which the British Empire became the global [[hegemon]] was later described as {{Lang|la|[[Pax Britannica]]}} (Latin for "British Peace"). Alongside the formal control that Britain exerted over its colonies, its dominance of much of world trade, and of its oceans, meant that it effectively [[Informal empire#United Kingdom|controlled the economies of, and readily enforced its interests in, many regions]], such as Asia and [[Latin America]].<ref name="Porter 1998 8">{{Harvnb|Porter|1998|p=8}}; {{Harvnb|Marshall|1996|pp=156–157}}.</ref> It also came to dominate the [[Middle East]]. Increasing degrees of autonomy were granted to its white [[Settler colonialism|settler colonies]], some of which were formally reclassified as [[Dominion]]s by the 1920s. By the start of the 20th century, [[German Empire|Germany]] and the [[United States]] had begun to challenge Britain's economic lead. Military, economic and colonial tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the [[First World War]], during which Britain relied heavily on its empire. The conflict placed enormous strain on its military, financial, and manpower resources. Although the empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after the First World War, Britain was no longer the world's preeminent industrial or military power.

In the [[Second World War]], Britain's colonies in [[East Asia]] and Southeast Asia were occupied by the [[Empire of Japan]]. Despite the final victory of Britain and [[Allies of World War II|its allies]], the damage to British prestige and the [[Economy of the British Empire|British economy]] helped accelerate the decline of the empire. [[British Raj|India]], Britain's most valuable and populous possession, achieved [[Indian independence movement|independence]] in 1947 as part of a larger [[decolonisation]] movement, in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the empire. The [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956 confirmed Britain's decline as a global power, and the [[Handover of Hong Kong|handover of Hong Kong to China]] on 1 July 1997 symbolised for many the end of the British Empire,<ref>{{Harvnb|Brendon|2007|p=660}}; {{Harvnb|Brown|1998|p=594}}.</ref> though fourteen [[British Overseas Territories|overseas territories]] that are remnants of the empire remain under [[British sovereignty]]. After independence, many former British colonies, along with most of the dominions, joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], a free association of independent states. Fifteen of these, including the United Kingdom, [[Commonwealth realm|retain the same person as monarch]], currently {{Current UK monarch |King |Charles III}}.

== Origins (1497–1583) ==
[[File:Matthew-BristolHarbour-Aug2004.jpg|thumb|A replica of the ''[[Matthew (1497 ship)|Matthew]]'', [[John Cabot]]'s ship used for his second voyage to the [[New World]] in 1497]]
The foundations of the overseas British Empire were laid when [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] were separate kingdoms, and, at the time ruled by different monarchs. In 1496, King [[Henry VII of England]], following the successes of [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] and [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]] in overseas exploration, commissioned [[John Cabot]] to lead an expedition to discover a [[Northwest Passage|northwest passage]] to Asia via the North Atlantic.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=3}} Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|first voyage of Christopher Columbus]], and made landfall on the coast of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]]. He believed he had reached Asia,{{Sfn|Andrews|1984|p=45}} and there was no attempt to found a colony. [[John Cabot|Cabot]] led another voyage to the Americas the following year but did not return; it is unknown what happened to his ships.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=4}} There is "inferential evidence [that] suggests that Bristol mariners may already have known of that North American shore and had been harvesting its rich seas for a decade or more", but England made no formal claims.<ref>Meining, D.W. ''The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Vol. 1, Atlantic America, 1492-1800''. New Haven: Yale University Press 1986, 24-25</ref>

No further attempts to establish English colonies in the Americas were made until well into the [[Elizabethan era|reign of Queen Elizabeth I]], during the last decades of the 16th century.{{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=35}} In the meantime, [[Henry VIII]]'s 1533 [[Statute in Restraint of Appeals]] had declared "that this realm of England is an Empire".{{Sfn|Koebner|1953|pp=29–52}} The [[English Reformation|Protestant Reformation]] turned [[England]] and [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] Spain into implacable enemies.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=3}} In 1562, Elizabeth I encouraged the [[privateer]]s [[John Hawkins (naval commander)|John Hawkins]] and [[Francis Drake]] to engage in [[Slave raiding|slave-raiding attacks]] against Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of [[West Africa]]{{Sfn|Thomas|1997|pp=155–158}} with the aim of establishing an [[Atlantic slave trade]]. This effort was rebuffed and later, as the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish Wars]] intensified, [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth I]] gave her blessing to further privateering raids against Spanish ports in the Americas and shipping that was returning across the Atlantic, [[Spanish treasure fleet|laden with treasure]] from the [[New World]].{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=7}} At the same time, influential writers such as [[Richard Hakluyt]] and [[John Dee]] (who was the first to use the term "British Empire"){{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=62}} were beginning to press for the establishment of England's own empire. By this time, Spain had become the dominant power in the Americas and was exploring the Pacific Ocean, Portugal had established trading posts and forts from the coasts of [[Africa]] and [[Brazil]] to [[China]], and France had begun to settle the [[Saint Lawrence River]] area, later to become [[New France]].{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|pp=4–8}}

Although England tended to trail behind Portugal, Spain, and France in establishing overseas colonies, it carried out its first modern colonisation, in sixteenth-century Ireland, with [[plantations of Ireland|settlements]], known as "plantations", of English and Welsh Protestants. England had already colonised part of the country following the [[Norman invasion of Ireland]] in 1169,<ref>{{Harvnb|Canny|1998|p=7}}; {{Harvnb|Kenny|2006|p=5}}.</ref> but English authority had waned over the centuries. During the reign of Elizabeth I, a pattern of conquest and attempts at colonization was "contemporaneous with and parallel to the first effective of Englishmen in North America".<ref>Canny, Nicholas P. "The Ideology of English Colonization From Ireland to America". ''The William and Mary Quarterly''. Oct. 1973. Vol. 30. No. 4, p. 575</ref> Several men who helped establish the Munster plantations in Ireland later played a part in the early colonisation of [[North America]], particularly a group known as the [[West Country Men]].{{Sfn|Taylor|2001|pp=119, 123}}

== English overseas possessions (1583–1707) ==
{{Main|English overseas possessions}}

In 1578, [[Elizabeth I]] granted a patent to [[Humphrey Gilbert]] for discovery and overseas exploration.<ref>{{Harvnb|Andrews|1984|p=187}}; {{Cite web |title=Letters Patent to Sir Humfrey Gylberte June 11, 1578 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/16th_century/humfrey.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321194846/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/16th_century/humfrey.asp |archive-date=21 March 2021 |access-date=8 February 2021 |publisher=[[Avalon Project]]}}</ref> That year, Gilbert sailed for the [[Caribbean]] with the intention of engaging in [[piracy]] and establishing a colony in North America, but the expedition was aborted before it had crossed the Atlantic.<ref>{{Harvnb|Andrews|1984|p=188}}; {{Harvnb|Canny|1998|p=63}}.</ref> In 1583, he embarked on a second attempt. On this occasion, he formally claimed the harbour of the island of Newfoundland, although no settlers were left behind. Gilbert did not survive the return journey to England and was succeeded by his half-brother, [[Walter Raleigh]], who was granted his own patent by Elizabeth in 1584. Later that year, Raleigh founded the [[Roanoke Colony]] on the coast of present-day [[North Carolina]], but lack of supplies caused the colony to fail.{{Sfn|Canny|1998|pp=63–64}}

In 1603, [[James VI of Scotland]] ascended (as James I) to the English throne and in 1604 negotiated the [[Treaty of London (1604)|Treaty of London]], ending hostilities with Spain. Now at peace with its main rival, English attention shifted from preying on other nations' colonial infrastructures to the business of establishing its own overseas colonies.{{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=70}} The British Empire began to take shape during the early 17th century, with the [[British colonization of the Americas|English settlement]] of North America and the smaller islands of the Caribbean, and the establishment of [[Joint-stock company|joint-stock companies]], most notably the [[East India Company]], to administer colonies and overseas trade. This period, until the loss of the [[Thirteen Colonies]] after the [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] towards the end of the [[18th century]], has been referred to by some historians as the "First British Empire".{{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=34}}

=== Americas, Africa and the slave trade ===
{{Main|British colonisation of the Americas|British America|Thirteen Colonies|British West Indies|Atlantic slave trade}}

[[File:Tobacco cultivation (Virginia, ca. 1670).jpg|thumb|A 1670 illustration of African slaves working in 17th-century [[Colony of Virginia|colonial Virginia]] in [[British America]]]]
England's early efforts at colonisation in the Americas met with mixed success. An attempt to establish a colony in [[British Guiana|Guiana]] in 1604 lasted only two years and failed in its main objective to find gold deposits.{{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=71}} Colonies on the Caribbean islands of [[Saint Lucia|St Lucia]] (1605) and [[Grenada]] (1609) rapidly folded.{{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=221}} The first permanent English settlement in the Americas was founded in 1607 in [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] by Captain [[John Smith (explorer)|John Smith]], and managed by the [[London Company|Virginia Company]]; the Crown took direct control of the venture in 1624, thereby founding the [[Colony of Virginia]].{{Sfn|Andrews|1984|pp=316, 324–326}} [[Bermuda]] was settled and claimed by England as a result of the 1609 shipwreck of the Virginia Company's [[Sea Venture|flagship]],{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|pp=15–20}} while [[London and Bristol Company|attempts to settle Newfoundland]] were largely unsuccessful.{{Sfn|Andrews|1984|pp=20–22}} In 1620, [[Plymouth Colony|Plymouth]] was founded as a haven by [[Puritan]] religious separatists, later known as the [[Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrim]]s.{{Sfn|James|2001|p=8}} Fleeing from [[religious persecution]] would become the motive for many English would-be colonists to risk the arduous [[Transatlantic crossing|trans-Atlantic voyage]]: [[Province of Maryland|Maryland]] was established by [[Catholic Church in England and Wales|English Roman Catholics]] (1634), [[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations|Rhode Island]] (1636) as a colony [[Religious tolerance|tolerant of all religions]] and Connecticut (1639) for [[Congregational church|Congregationalists]]. England's North American holdings were further expanded by the annexation of the Dutch colony of [[New Netherland]] in 1664, following the capture of [[New Amsterdam]], which was renamed [[New York (state)|New York]].{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=40}} Although less financially successful than colonies in the Caribbean, these territories had large areas of good agricultural land and attracted far greater numbers of English emigrants, who preferred their temperate climates.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|pp=72–73}}

The [[British West Indies]] initially provided England's most important and lucrative colonies.{{Sfn|James|2001|p=17}} Settlements were successfully established in [[Saint Kitts|St. Kitts]] (1624), [[Barbados]] (1627) and [[Nevis]] (1628),{{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=221}} but struggled until the "Sugar Revolution" transformed the Caribbean economy in the mid-17th century.<ref name="BBC_Watson">{{Cite web |last=Watson |first=Karl |date=2 February 2011 |title=Slavery and Economy in Barbados |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/barbados_01.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212022845/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/barbados_01.shtml |archive-date=12 February 2012 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=BBC History}}</ref> Large [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugarcane plantations]] were first established in the 1640s on Barbados, with assistance from Dutch merchants and [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic Jews]] fleeing [[Colonial Brazil|Portuguese Brazil]]. At first, sugar was grown primarily using white [[Indentured servitude in British America|indentured labour]], but rising costs soon led English traders to embrace the use of imported African slaves.<ref>{{Harvnb|Higman|2000|p=224}}; {{Harvnb|Richardson|2022|p=24}}.</ref> The enormous wealth generated by slave-produced sugar made Barbados the most successful colony in the Americas,{{Sfn|Higman|2000|pp=224–225}} and one of the most densely populated places in the world.<ref name="BBC_Watson"/> This boom led to the spread of sugar cultivation across the Caribbean, financed the development of non-plantation colonies in North America, and accelerated the growth of the [[Atlantic slave trade]], particularly the [[triangular trade]] of slaves, sugar and provisions between Africa, the West Indies and Europe.{{Sfn|Higman|2000|pp=225–226}}

To ensure that the increasingly healthy profits of colonial trade remained in English hands, Parliament [[Navigation Acts|decreed]] in 1651 that only English ships would be able to ply their trade in English colonies. This led to hostilities with the [[Dutch Republic|United Dutch Provinces]]—a series of [[Anglo-Dutch Wars]]—which would eventually strengthen England's position in the Americas at the expense of the Dutch.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=32}} In 1655, England annexed the island of [[Jamaica]] from the Spanish, and in 1666 succeeded in colonising the [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]].{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|pp=33, 43}}
In 1670, [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] incorporated by royal charter the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] (HBC), granting it a monopoly on the [[North American fur trade|fur trade]] in the area known as [[Rupert's Land]], which would later form a large proportion of the [[Canada|Dominion of Canada]]. Forts and trading posts established by the HBC were frequently the subject of attacks by the French, who had established their own fur trading colony in adjacent [[New France]].{{Sfn|Buckner|2008|p=25}}

Two years later, the [[Royal African Company]] was granted a monopoly on the supply of slaves to the British colonies in the Caribbean.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=37}} The company would transport more slaves across the Atlantic than any other, and significantly grew England's share of the trade, from 33 per cent in 1673 to 74 per cent in 1683.{{Sfn|Pettigrew|2013|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8osqAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 11]}} The removal of this monopoly between 1688 and 1712 allowed independent British slave traders to thrive, leading to a rapid escalation in the number of slaves transported.{{Sfn|Pettigrew|2007|pages=3–38}} British ships carried a third of all slaves shipped across the Atlantic—approximately 3.5 million Africans{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=62}}—until the abolition of the trade by Parliament in 1807 (see {{Section link||Abolition of slavery}}).{{Sfn|Richardson|2022|p=23}} To facilitate the shipment of slaves, forts were established on the coast of West Africa, such as [[Kunta Kinteh Island|James Island]], [[Jamestown, Ghana|Accra]] and [[Bunce Island]]. In the British Caribbean, the percentage of the population of African descent rose from 25 per cent in 1650 to around 80 per cent in 1780, and in the Thirteen Colonies from 10 per cent to 40 per cent over the same period (the majority in the southern colonies).{{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=228}} The transatlantic slave trade played a pervasive role in British economic life, and became a major economic mainstay for western port cities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Draper |first=N. |date=2008 |title=The City of London and Slavery: Evidence from the First Dock Companies, 1795–1800 |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=432–433, 459–461 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00400.x |jstor=40057514 }}</ref> Ships registered in [[Bristol]], [[Liverpool]] and [[London]] were responsible for the bulk of British slave trading.{{Sfn|Nellis|2013|p=30}} For the transported, harsh and unhygienic conditions on the slaving ships and poor diets meant that the average [[mortality rate]] during the [[Middle Passage]] was one in seven.{{Sfn|Marshall|1998|pp=440–464}}

=== Rivalry with other European empires ===
{{Main|East India Company}}

[[File:Fort St. George, Chennai.jpg|thumb|upright=1.58|[[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]] in [[Chennai|Madras]], India, was founded in 1639.]]
At the end of the 16th century, England and the [[Dutch Empire]] began to challenge the [[Portuguese Empire]]'s monopoly of trade with Asia, forming private joint-stock companies to finance the voyages—the English, later British, East India Company and the [[Dutch East India Company]], chartered in 1600 and 1602 respectively. The primary aim of these companies was to tap into the lucrative [[spice trade]], an effort focused mainly on two regions: the [[Malay Archipelago|East Indies archipelago]], and an important hub in the trade network, India. There, they competed for trade supremacy with Portugal and with each other.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=13}} Although England eclipsed the Netherlands as a colonial power, in the short term the Netherlands' more advanced financial system{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=19}} and the three [[Anglo-Dutch Wars]] of the 17th century left it with a stronger position in Asia. Hostilities ceased after the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688 when the Dutch [[William III of England|William of Orange]] ascended the English throne, bringing peace between the [[Dutch Republic]] and England. A deal between the two nations left the [[spice trade]] of the [[East Indies]] archipelago to the Netherlands and the [[Textile industry in India|textiles industry of India]] to England, but textiles soon overtook spices in terms of profitability.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=19}}

Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant the two countries entered the [[Nine Years' War]] as allies, but the conflict—waged in Europe and overseas between France, Spain and the Anglo-Dutch alliance—left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch, who were forced to devote a larger proportion of their [[military budget]] to the costly land war in Europe.{{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=441}} The death of [[Charles II of Spain]] in 1700 and his bequeathal of Spain and its colonial empire to [[Philip V of Spain]], a grandson of the [[Louis XIV|King of France]], raised the prospect of the unification of France, Spain and their respective colonies, an unacceptable state of affairs for England and the other powers of Europe.{{Sfn|Shennan|1995|pp=11–17}} In 1701, England, Portugal and the Netherlands sided with the [[Holy Roman Empire]] against Spain and France in the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], which lasted for thirteen years.{{Sfn|Shennan|1995|pp=11–17}}

== Colonies and territories of Scotland (1629–1707)==
{{Main|Scottish colonization of the Americas}}

Colonisation attempts by the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] predates the establishment of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the British Empire. During the 17th century, the Kingdom of Scotland made attempts to establish trading schemes in [[Ireland]] and [[Canada]]. [[Nova Scotia]], today a province of Canada, was a short lived scheme in the [[Mi'kmaq people]] territory.<ref name="nms.ac.uk"/> Additionally, there was a high number of Scots in Ireland, particularly in the region of [[Ulster]], who settled there as planters.<ref>{{cite web |title=3.2 Colonialism and Empire {{!}} The Scottish Archaeological Research Framework |url=https://scarf.scot/national/scarf-modern-panel-report/3-global-localities/3-2-colonialism-and-empire/ |website=scarf.scot |access-date=1 March 2025 |date=17 April 2012 |archive-date=17 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317132446/https://scarf.scot/national/scarf-modern-panel-report/3-global-localities/3-2-colonialism-and-empire/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===North America===

The first documented Scottish settlement in the Americas was of [[Nova Scotia]] in 1629. On 29 September 1621, the charter for the foundation of a colony was granted by [[James VI and I|James VI of Scotland]] to Sir [[William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling|William Alexander]].<ref>{{cite book| last =Fry| first=Michael|title=The Scottish Empire| publisher=Tuckwell Press| year =2001|isbn=1-84158-259-X|page=21}}</ref> Between 1622 and 1628, Sir William launched four attempts to send colonists to Nova Scotia; all failed for various reasons. A successful settlement of Nova Scotia was finally achieved in 1629. The colony's charter, in law, made Nova Scotia (defined as all land between [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[New England]]; i.e., [[The Maritimes]]) a part of mainland Scotland; this was later used to get around the English [[navigation acts]].

As a country, Scotland engaged in two ventures in an attempt to establish colonies within English colonies during the 1680s in [[Carolinas|Carolina]] and [[East New Jersey]]. The attempt to establish themselves in Carolina was largely in part due to Scottish Presbyterians fleeing from the threat of religious persecution in Scotland, and were assisted in their efforts by Scottish merchants who were aiming to develop transatlantic trade which was not subjected to the English Navigation Acts. The Act restricted Scottish trade with English colonies. Scottish settlement attempts in Carolina began in 1682, and was eventually defeated by the dissolution of the Scottish settlement of Stewartstoun, which was established in 1684, by the Spanish in 1686.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Scottish Colonising Voyages to Carolina and East New Jersey in the 1680s |url=https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol30/tnm_30_155-166.pdf |website=cnrs-scrn.org |publisher=Joseph Wagner |access-date=1 March 2025 |archive-date=25 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125055102/https://cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol30/tnm_30_155-166.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===South America===

In 1695, the [[Parliament of Scotland]] granted a charter to the [[Company of Scotland]], which established a settlement in 1698 on the [[Isthmus of Panama]]. Besieged by neighbouring [[Spanish empire|Spanish]] colonists of [[New Kingdom of Granada|New Granada]], and affected by [[malaria]], the colony was abandoned two years later. The [[Darien scheme]] was a financial disaster for Scotland: a quarter of Scottish capital was lost in the enterprise.{{Sfn|Magnusson|2003|p=531}} The episode had major political consequences, helping to persuade the government of the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] of the merits of turning the [[personal union]] with [[England]] into a political and economic one under the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] established by the [[Acts of Union 1707]].{{Sfn|Macaulay|1848|p=509}}

== Expansion and colonial conflict (1707–1783) ==
[[File:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|thumb|[[Robert Clive]]'s victory at the [[Battle of Plassey]] established the [[East India Company]] as both a military and commercial power.]]
The 18th century saw the [[Acts of Union 1707|newly united]] Great Britain rise to be the world's dominant colonial power, with [[France]] becoming its main rival on the imperial stage.{{Sfn|Pagden|2003|p=90}} Great Britain, [[Portugal]], the [[Netherlands]], and the [[Holy Roman Empire]] continued the War of the Spanish Succession, which lasted until 1714 and was concluded by the [[Treaty of Utrecht]]. [[Philip V of Spain]] renounced his and his descendants' claim to the French throne, and Spain lost its empire in Europe.{{Sfn|Shennan|1995|pp=11–17}} The British Empire was territorially enlarged: from France, Britain gained [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]] and [[Acadia]], and from Spain, [[Gibraltar]] and [[Menorca]]. Gibraltar became a [[Gibraltar Squadron|critical naval base]] and allowed Britain to control the [[Strait of Gibraltar|Atlantic entry and exit point]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]. Spain ceded the rights to the lucrative ''[[asiento]]'' (permission to sell African slaves in [[Spanish America]]) to Britain.{{Sfn|James|2001|p=58}} With the outbreak of the Anglo-Spanish [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] in 1739, Spanish privateers attacked British merchant shipping along the [[Triangle Trade]] routes. In 1746, the Spanish and British began peace talks, with the King of Spain agreeing to stop all attacks on British shipping; however, in the [[Treaty of Madrid (5 October 1750)|1750 Treaty of Madrid]], Britain lost its slave-trading rights in [[Latin America]].{{Sfn|Anderson|Combe|1801|p=277}}

In the East Indies, British and Dutch merchants continued to compete in spices and textiles. With textiles becoming the larger trade, by 1720, in terms of sales, the British company had overtaken the Dutch.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=19}} During the middle decades of the 18th century, there were [[Carnatic Wars|several outbreaks of military conflict]] on the [[Indian subcontinent]], as the English East India Company and its [[French Indies Company|French counterpart]], struggled alongside local rulers to fill the vacuum that had been left by the decline of the [[Mughal Empire]]. The [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757, in which the British defeated the [[Nawab of Bengal]] and his French allies, left the British East India Company in control of [[Bengal]] and as a major military and political power in India.{{Sfn|Smith|1998|p=17}} France was left control of its [[French India|enclaves]] but with military restrictions and an obligation to support British [[client state]]s, ending French hopes of controlling India.{{Sfn|Bandyopādhyāẏa|2004|pp=49–52}} In the following decades the British East India Company gradually increased the size of the territories under its control, either ruling directly or via local rulers under the threat of force from the [[Presidency Armies]], the vast majority of which was composed of Indian [[sepoy]]s, led by British officers.{{Sfn|Smith|1998|pp=18–19}} The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) involving France, Britain, and the other major European powers.{{Sfn|Buckner|2008|p=25}}

The signing of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris of 1763]] had important consequences for the future of the British Empire. In North America, France's future as a colonial power effectively ended with the recognition of British claims to Rupert's Land,{{Sfn|Buckner|2008|p=25}} and the [[Conquest of New France (1758–1760)|ceding of New France to Britain]] (leaving a sizeable [[French Canadian|French-speaking population]] under British control) and [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]] to Spain. Spain ceded [[the Floridas]] to Britain. Along with its victory over France in India, the Seven Years' War therefore left Britain as the world's most powerful [[maritime power]].{{Sfn|Pagden|2003|p=91}}

=== Loss of the Thirteen American Colonies ===
{{Main|American Revolution|American Revolutionary War|Decolonization of the Americas|British North America|History of Canada (1763–1867)|War of 1812|}}

{{See also|Timeline of the American Revolution}}
During the 1760s and early 1770s, relations between the [[Thirteen Colonies]] and Britain became increasingly strained, primarily because of resentment of the [[British Parliament]]'s attempts to govern and tax American colonists without their consent.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=84}} This was summarised at the time by the colonists' slogan "[[No taxation without representation]]", a perceived violation of the guaranteed [[Rights of Englishmen]]. The [[American Revolution]] began with a rejection of Parliamentary authority and moves towards self-government. In response, Britain sent troops to reimpose direct rule, leading to the outbreak of war in 1775. The following year, in 1776, the [[Second Continental Congress]] issued the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] proclaiming the colonies' sovereignty from the British Empire as the new [[United States of America]]. The entry of [[France in the American Revolutionary War|French]] and [[Spain and the American Revolutionary War|Spanish forces]] into the war tipped the military balance in the Americans' favour and after a decisive defeat at [[Siege of Yorktown|Yorktown]] in 1781, Britain began negotiating peace terms. American independence was acknowledged at the [[Peace of Paris (1783)|Peace of Paris]] in 1783.{{Sfn|Marshall|1996|pp=312–223}}

The loss of such a large portion of [[British America]], at the time Britain's most populous overseas possession, is seen by some historians as the event defining the transition between the first and second empires,{{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=92}} in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia, the Pacific and later Africa.<ref>For a review of the historiography of the concepts of the first and second British Empires, see: Robin Winks and Wm. Roger Louis (eds.), [https://academic.oup.com/book/7007 ''The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography'' (Oxford Academic: 1999)], chapter 2 ([[P. J. Marshall]], "The First British Empire"), and chapter 3 ([[Christopher Bayly|C.A. Bayley]], "The Second British Empire").</ref> [[Adam Smith]]'s ''[[The Wealth of Nations|Wealth of Nations]]'', published in 1776, had argued that colonies were redundant, and that [[free trade]] should replace the old [[Mercantilism|mercantilist]] policies that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion, dating back to the [[protectionism]] of Spain and Portugal.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pagden|2003|p=91}}; {{Harvnb|James|2001|p=120}}.</ref> The growth of trade between the newly independent [[United States]] and Britain after 1783 seemed to confirm Smith's view that political control was not necessary for economic success.<ref>{{Harvnb|James|2001|p=119}}; {{Harvnb|Marshall|1998|p=585}}.</ref>

The war to the south influenced British policy in [[Canada]], where between 40,000 and 100,000{{Sfn|Zolberg|2006|p=496}} defeated [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] had migrated from the new United States following independence.{{Sfn|Games|2002|pp=46–48}} The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the [[Saint John River (New Brunswick)|Saint John]] and [[Saint Croix River (Maine – New Brunswick)|Saint Croix river]] valleys, then part of [[Nova Scotia]], felt too far removed from the provincial government in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], so London split off [[New Brunswick]] as a separate colony in 1784.{{Sfn|Kelley|Trebilcock|2010|p=43}} The [[Constitutional Act 1791]] created the provinces of [[Upper Canada]] (mainly [[English Canada|English speaking]]) and [[Lower Canada]] (mainly [[French Canadians|French-speaking]]) to defuse tensions between the French and British communities, and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Britain, with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government that was perceived to have led to the American Revolution.{{Sfn|Smith|1998|p=28}}

Tensions between Britain and the United States escalated again during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], as Britain tried to cut off American trade with France and boarded American ships to [[Impressment|impress]] men into the [[Royal Navy]]. The [[United States Congress]] declared war, the [[War of 1812]], and invaded Canadian territory. In response, Britain invaded the US, but the pre-war boundaries were reaffirmed by the 1814 [[Treaty of Ghent]], ensuring Canada's future would be separate from that of the United States.<ref>{{Harvnb|Latimer|2007|pp=8, 30–34, 389–392}}; {{Harvnb|Marshall|1998|p=388}}.</ref>

== Consolidation and global dominance (1783–1815) ==
=== Exploration of the Pacific ===
{{Main|History of Australia (1788–1850)|History of New Zealand}}

[[File:Captainjamescookportrait.jpg|thumb|''[[Portrait of James Cook]]'' by [[Nathaniel Dance-Holland]], 1775. [[James Cook]]'s mission was to find the alleged southern continent ''[[Terra Australis]]''.]]
Since 1718, [[penal transportation|transportation]] to the American colonies had been a penalty for various offences in Britain, with approximately one thousand convicts transported per year.{{Sfn|Smith|1998|p=20}} Forced to find an alternative location after the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in 1783, the British government looked for an alternative, eventually turning to [[Australia]].{{Sfn|Smith|1998|pp=20–21}} On his first of three voyages commissioned by the government, [[James Cook]] reached New Zealand in October 1769. He was the first European to circumnavigate and map the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trove - Archived webpage |url=http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17691007.html |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110205071752/http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17691007.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-02-05 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Trove |language=en}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, [[missionaries]], traders and adventurers but no attempt was made to settle the country or establish possession. The [[New Holland (Australia)|coast of Australia]] had been discovered for Europeans by the Dutch [[Janszoon voyage of 1605–06|in 1606]],{{Sfn|Mulligan|Hill|2001|pp=20–23}} but there was no attempt to colonise it. In 1770, after leaving New Zealand, [[James Cook]] charted the eastern coast, claimed the continent for Britain, and named it [[Colony of New South Wales|New South Wales]].{{Sfn|Peters|2006|pp=5–23}} In 1778, [[Joseph Banks]], Cook's [[botanist]] on the voyage, presented evidence to the government on the suitability of [[Botany Bay]] for the establishment of a [[Penal colony|penal settlement]], and in 1787 the first shipment of [[Convicts in Australia|convicts]] set sail, arriving in 1788.{{Sfn|James|2001|p=142}} Unusually, Australia was claimed through proclamation. [[Indigenous Australians]] were considered too uncivilised to require treaties,<ref>{{Harvnb|Macintyre|2009|pp=33–34}}; {{Harvnb|Broome|2010|p=18}}.</ref> and colonisation brought disease and violence that together with the deliberate dispossession of land and culture were devastating to these peoples.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pascoe|2018}}{{Page needed|date=November 2022}}; {{Harvnb|McKenna|2002|pp=28–29}}.</ref> Britain continued to transport convicts to New South Wales until 1840, to [[Colony of Tasmania|Tasmania]] until 1853 and to [[Colony of Western Australia|Western Australia]] until 1868.{{Sfn|Brock|2011|p=159}} The Australian colonies became profitable exporters of wool and gold,{{Sfn|Fieldhouse|1999|pp=145–149}} mainly because of the [[Victorian gold rush]], making its capital [[Melbourne]] for a time the richest city in the world.{{Sfn|Cervero|1998|p=320}}

The British also expanded their mercantile interests in the North Pacific. Spain and Britain had become rivals in the area, culminating in the [[Nootka Crisis]] in 1789. Both sides mobilised for war, but when France refused to support Spain, it was forced to back down, leading to the [[Nootka Convention]]. The outcome was a humiliation for Spain, which practically renounced all sovereignty on the North Pacific coast.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blackmar |first=Frank Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F11GAAAAYAAJ |title=Spanish Institutions of the Southwest Issue 10 of Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science |date=1891 |publisher=Hopkins Press |page=335 |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114125414/https://books.google.com/books?id=F11GAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=14 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> This opened the way to British expansion in the area, and a number of expeditions took place; firstly a [[Vancouver Expedition|naval expedition]] led by [[George Vancouver]] which explored the inlets around the Pacific North West, particularly around [[Vancouver Island]].<ref name="pethick0">{{Cite book |last=Pethick |first=Derek |url=https://archive.org/details/nootkaconnection0000peth |title=The Nootka Connection: Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790–1795 |publisher=Douglas & McIntyre |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-8889-4279-1 |location=Vancouver |page=[https://archive.org/details/nootkaconnection0000peth/page/18 18] |url-access=registration}}</ref> On land, expeditions sought to discover a river route to the Pacific for the extension of the [[North American fur trade]]. [[Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)|Alexander Mackenzie]] of the [[North West Company]] led the first, starting out in 1792, and a year later he became the first European to reach the Pacific overland north of the [[Rio Grande]], reaching the ocean near present-day [[Bella Coola, British Columbia|Bella Coola]]. This preceded the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] by twelve years. Shortly thereafter, Mackenzie's companion, [[John Finlay (fur trader)|John Finlay]], founded the first permanent European settlement in [[British Columbia]], [[Fort St. John, British Columbia|Fort St. John]]. The North West Company sought further exploration and backed expeditions by [[David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson]], starting in 1797, and later by [[Simon Fraser (explorer)|Simon Fraser]]. These pushed into the wilderness territories of the [[Rocky Mountains]] and [[Interior Plateau]] to the [[Strait of Georgia]] on the Pacific Coast, expanding [[British North America]] westward.<ref name="innes">{{Cite book |last=Innis |first=Harold A |url={{Google books|eCgps70cHV4C|plainurl=yes}} |title=The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History |date=2001 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-8196-4 |edition=reprint |location=Toronto, Ontario |orig-year=1930}}</ref>

=== Continued conquest in India ===
{{Multiple image
| caption_align = center
| header_align = center
| align = right
| total_width = 350
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = India-ImperialGazetteer-1765.jpg
| footer = Maps of the [[Indian subcontinent]] in 1765 (left) and 1858 (right) showing British expansion in the region.
| image2 = IGI1908India1857b.jpg
}}

The East India Company fought a series of [[Anglo-Mysore Wars|Anglo-Mysore wars]] in [[South India|Southern India]] with the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Sultanate of Mysore]] under [[Hyder Ali]] and then [[Tipu Sultan]]. Defeats in the [[First Anglo-Mysore War|First Anglo-Mysore war]] and stalemate in the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War|Second]] were followed by victories in the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War|Third]] and the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War|Fourth]].<ref name="Naravane3">{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M. S. |title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&pg=PA172 |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=978-8-1313-0034-3 |location=New Delhi |pages=172–181 |archive-date=23 December 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223021212/https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&pg=PA172 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following Tipu Sultan's death in the fourth war in the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)]], the kingdom became a protectorate of the company.<ref name="Naravane3"/>

The East India Company fought three Anglo-Maratha Wars with the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Confederacy]]. The [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] ended in 1782 with a restoration of the pre-war ''status quo''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of Wadgaon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/battle-of-Wadgaon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623110244/https://www.britannica.com/topic/battle-of-Wadgaon |archive-date=23 June 2022 |access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref> The [[Second Anglo-Maratha War|Second]] and [[Third Anglo-Maratha War|Third Anglo-Maratha]] wars resulted in British victories.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hunter|1907|p=203}}; {{Harvnb|Capper|1997|p=28}}.</ref> After the surrender of Peshwa [[Baji Rao II|Bajirao II]] in 1818, the East India Company acquired control of a large majority of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Trivedi|Allen|2000|p=30}}; {{Harvnb|Nayar|2008|p=64}}.</ref>

=== Wars with France ===
{{Main|French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars}}

[[File:Battle of Waterloo 1815.PNG|thumb|upright=1.5|The [[Battle of Waterloo]] in 1815 ended in the defeat of [[Napoleon]] and marked the beginning of ''[[Pax Britannica]]''.]]
Britain was challenged again by France under Napoleon, in a struggle that, unlike previous wars, represented a contest of ideologies between the two nations.{{Sfn|James|2001|p=152}} It was not only Britain's position on the world stage that was at risk: Napoleon threatened to invade Britain itself, just as his armies had overrun many countries of [[continental Europe]].{{Sfn|James|2001|p=151}}

The Napoleonic Wars were therefore ones in which Britain invested large amounts of capital and resources to win. French ports were blockaded by the [[Royal Navy]], which won a decisive victory over a [[French Imperial Navy]]-[[Spanish Navy]] fleet at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]] in 1805. Overseas colonies were attacked and occupied, including those of the Netherlands, which was annexed by Napoleon in 1810. France was finally defeated by a coalition of European armies in 1815.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|pp=115–118}} Britain was again the beneficiary of peace treaties: France ceded the [[United States of the Ionian Islands|Ionian Islands]], [[Malta Protectorate|Malta]] (which it had occupied in 1798), [[British Mauritius|Mauritius]], [[St Lucia]], the [[Seychelles]], and [[Tobago]]; Spain ceded [[Trinidad]]; the Netherlands ceded [[British Guiana|Guiana]], [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]] and the [[Cape Colony]], while the Danish ceded [[British Administration of Heligoland|Heligoland]]. Britain returned [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], [[French Guiana]], and [[Réunion]] to France; [[Menorca]] to Spain; [[Danish West Indies]] to Denmark and [[Java]] and [[Suriname]] to the Netherlands.{{Sfn|James|2001|p=165}}

=== Abolition of slavery ===
{{Main|Abolitionism in the United Kingdom}}

With the advent of the [[Industrial Revolution]], goods produced by slavery became less important to the [[British economy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why was Slavery finally abolished in the British Empire? |url=http://abolition.e2bn.org/slavery_111.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126120021/http://abolition.e2bn.org/slavery_111.html |archive-date=26 November 2016 |access-date=31 December 2016 |publisher=The Abolition Project}}</ref> Added to this was the cost of suppressing regular [[slave rebellion]]s. With support from the British [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolitionist]] movement, [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] enacted the [[Slave Trade Act 1807|Slave Trade Act]] in 1807, which abolished the [[History of slavery|slave trade]] in the empire. In 1808, [[Sierra Leone Colony]] was designated an official British colony for freed slaves.{{Sfn|Porter|1998|p=14}} Parliamentary reform in 1832 saw the influence of the [[West India Committee]] decline. The [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|Slavery Abolition Act]], passed the following year, abolished slavery in the British Empire on 1 August 1834, finally bringing the empire into line with the law in the UK (with the exception of the territories administered by the East India Company and Ceylon, where slavery was ended in 1844). Under the Act, slaves were granted full emancipation after a period of four to six years of "apprenticeship".{{Sfn|Hinks|2007|p=129}} Facing further opposition from abolitionists, the apprenticeship system was abolished in 1838.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slavery After 1807 |url=http://historicengland.org.uk/research/inclusive-heritage/the-slave-trade-and-abolition/sites-of-memory/ending-slavery/slavery-after-1807 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815132941/https://historicengland.org.uk/research/inclusive-heritage/the-slave-trade-and-abolition/sites-of-memory/ending-slavery/slavery-after-1807 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |access-date=24 November 2019 |publisher=Historic England |language=en |quote=As a result of public pressure apprenticeships were abolished early, in 1838.}}</ref> The British government compensated slave-owners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 1833 |title=Slavery Abolition Act 1833; Section XXIV |url=http://www.pdavis.nl/Legis_07.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524010152/http://www.pdavis.nl/Legis_07.htm |archive-date=24 May 2008 |access-date=3 June 2008 |publisher=pdavis}}</ref><ref name="Manning">{{Cite news |last=Sanchez Manning |date=24 February 2013 |title=Britain's colonial shame: Slave-owners given huge payouts after |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/britains-colonial-shame-slave-owners-given-huge-payouts-after-abolition-8508358.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212052103/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/britains-colonial-shame-slave-owners-given-huge-payouts-after-abolition-8508358.html |archive-date=12 December 2019 |access-date=11 February 2018 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>

== Britain's imperial century (1815–1914) ==
{{See also|Timeline of British diplomatic history#1815–1860|Industrial Revolution|Political and diplomatic history of the Victorian era}}

During Britain's "imperial century" between 1815 and 1914,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hyam|2002|p=1}}; {{Harvnb|Smith|1998|p=71}}.</ref> around {{convert|10|e6sqmi|e6km2|abbr=unit}} of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire.{{Sfn|Parsons|1999|p=3}} Victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival, other than [[The Great Game|Russia in Central Asia]].{{Sfn|Porter|1998|p=401}} Unchallenged at sea, Britain became the [[global policeman]], a state of affairs later known as the ''[[Pax Britannica]]'',<ref>{{Harvnb|Porter|1998|p=332}}; {{Harvnb|Johnston|Reisman|2008|pp=508–510}}; {{Harvnb|Sondhaus|2004|p=9}}.</ref> and a foreign policy of "[[splendid isolation]]".{{Sfn|Lee|1994|pp=254–257}} Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, Britain's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many countries, such as China, Argentina and [[Thailand|Siam]], which were seen as its "[[Informal Empire|informal empire]]".<ref name="Porter 1998 8"/>

[[File:Victoria Disraeli cartoon.jpg|thumb|upright|An 1876 political cartoon of [[Benjamin Disraeli]] making Queen Victoria [[Empress of India]]. The caption reads "New crowns for old ones!"]]
British imperial strength was underpinned by the [[steamship]] and the [[telegraph]], new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century, allowing it to control and defend the empire. By 1902, the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables, the [[All Red Line]].{{Sfn|Dalziel|2006|pp=88–91}}

=== East India Company rule and the British Raj in India ===
{{Main|Presidencies and provinces of British India}}

{{See also|Company rule in India|British Raj}}

The East India Company drove the expansion of the British Empire in Asia. The company's army had first joined forces with the [[Royal Navy]] during the [[Seven Years' War]], and the two continued to co-operate in arenas outside India: the eviction of the French from Egypt (1799),{{Sfn|Mori|2014|p=178}} the [[Invasion of Java (1811)|capture of Java]] from the Netherlands (1811), the [[Penang#Establishment and British rule|acquisition of Penang Island]] (1786), [[Founding years of modern Singapore|Singapore]] (1819) and [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824|Malacca]] (1824), and the [[First Anglo-Burmese War|defeat of Burma]] (1826).{{Sfn|Porter|1998|p=401}}

From its base in India, the company had been engaged in an increasingly profitable opium export trade to [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]] since the 1730s. This trade, illegal since it was outlawed by China in 1729, helped reverse the trade imbalances resulting from the British imports of tea, which saw large outflows of silver from Britain to China.{{Sfn|Martin|2007|pp=146–148}} In 1839, the confiscation by the Chinese authorities at [[Guangzhou|Canton]] of 20,000 chests of opium led Britain to attack China in the [[First Opium War]], and resulted in the seizure by Britain of [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong Island]], at that time a minor settlement, and other [[treaty ports]] including [[Shanghai International Settlement|Shanghai]].{{Sfn|Janin|1999|p=28}}

During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the British Crown began to assume an increasingly large role in the affairs of the company. A series of acts of Parliament were passed, including the [[Regulating Act 1773]], [[East India Company Act 1784]] and the [[Charter Act 1813]] which regulated the company's affairs and established the sovereignty of the Crown over the territories that it had acquired.{{Sfn|Keay|1991|p=393}} The company's eventual end was precipitated by the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] in 1857, a conflict that had begun with the mutiny of sepoys, Indian troops under British officers and discipline.{{Sfn|Parsons|1999|pp=44–46}} The rebellion took six months to suppress, with heavy loss of life on both sides. The following year the British government dissolved the company and assumed direct control over India through the [[Government of India Act 1858]], establishing the [[British Raj]], where an appointed [[Governor-General of India|governor-general]] administered India and Queen Victoria was crowned the [[Empress of India]].{{Sfn|Smith|1998|pp=50–57}} India became the empire's most valuable possession, "the Jewel in the Crown", and was the most important source of Britain's strength.{{Sfn|Brown|1998|p=5}}

A series of serious crop failures in the late 19th century led to [[Famine in India|widespread famines]] on the subcontinent in which it is estimated that over 15 million people died. The East India Company had failed to implement any coordinated policy to deal with the famines during its period of rule. Later, under direct British rule, commissions were set up after each famine to investigate the causes and implement new policies, which took until the early 1900s to have an effect.{{Sfn|Marshall|1996|pp=133–134}}

===New Zealand===
{{main|Colony of New Zealand}}

On each of his three voyages to the Pacific between 1769 and 1777, James Cook visited [[New Zealand]]. He was followed by an assortment of Europeans and Americans which including whalers, sealers, escaped convicts from New South Wales, missionaries and adventurers. Initially, contact with the indigenous [[Māori people]] was limited to the trading of goods, although interaction increased during the early decades of the 19th century with many trading and missionary stations being set up, especially in the north. The first of several Church of England missionaries arrived in 1814 and as well as their missionary role, they soon become the only form of European authority in a land that was not subject to British jurisdiction: the closest authority being the New South Wales governor in Sydney. The sale of weapons to Māori resulted from 1818 on in the intertribal warfare of the [[Musket Wars]], with devastating consequences for the Māori population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Musket Wars |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/musket-wars/overview |website=NZ History |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage) |access-date=2 November 2024 |date=2021 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722114643/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/musket-wars/overview |url-status=live }}</ref>

The UK government finally decided to act, dispatching Captain [[William Hobson]] with instructions to take formal possession after obtaining native consent. There was no central Māori authority able to represent all New Zealand so, on 6 February 1840, Hobson and many Māori chiefs signed the [[Treaty of Waitangi]] in the Bay of Islands; most other chiefs signing in stages over the following months.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1998|p=45}}; {{Harvnb|Porter|1998|p=579}}; {{Harvnb|Mein Smith|2005|p=49}}; {{Cite web |title=Waitangi Day |url=http://www.nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/treaty/waitangi-day |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220020659/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/treaty/waitangi-day |archive-date=20 December 2008 |access-date=13 December 2008 |website=nzhistory.govt.nz |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]]}}.</ref> William Hobson declared British sovereignty over all New Zealand on 21 May 1840, over the North Island by cession and over the South Island by discovery (the island was sparsely populated and deemed [[terra nullius]]). Hobson became Lieutenant-Governor, subject to Governor Sir [[George Gipps]] in Sydney,{{sfn|Moon|2007|p=48}} with British possession of New Zealand initially administered from Australia as a dependency of the New South Wales colony. From 16 June 1840 New South Wales laws applied in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |title=Crown colony era |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/history-of-the-governor-general/crown-colony-era |website=NZ History |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage |access-date=2 November 2024 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915004506/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/history-of-the-governor-general/crown-colony-era |url-status=live }}</ref> This transitional arrangement ended with the Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand on 16 November 1840. The Charter stated that New Zealand would be established as a separate [[Crown colony]] on 3 May 1841 with Hobson as its governor.{{sfn|Moon|2010|p=66}}

=== Rivalry with Russia ===
{{Main|The Great Game}}

[[File:Relief of the Light Brigade.png|thumb|British cavalry charging against Russian forces at [[Battle of Balaclava|Balaclava]] in 1854]]
During the 19th century, Britain and the [[Russian Empire]] vied to fill the power vacuums that had been left by the declining [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Qajar dynasty]] and [[Qing dynasty]]. This rivalry in Central Asia came to be known as the "Great Game".{{Sfn|Hopkirk|1992|pp=1–12}} As far as Britain was concerned, defeats inflicted by Russia on [[Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)|Persia]] and [[Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)|Turkey]] demonstrated its imperial ambitions and capabilities and stoked fears in Britain of an overland invasion of India.{{Sfn|James|2001|p=181}} In 1839, Britain moved to pre-empt this by invading [[Afghanistan]], but the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] was a disaster for Britain.{{Sfn|James|2001|p=182}}

When Russia invaded the [[Rumelia|Ottoman Balkans]] in 1853, fears of Russian dominance in the Mediterranean and the Middle East led Britain and France to enter the war in support of the [[Ottoman Empire]] and invade the [[Crimean Peninsula]] to destroy Russian naval capabilities.{{Sfn|James|2001|p=182}} The ensuing [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856), which involved new techniques of [[modern warfare]],{{Sfn|Royle|2000|loc=preface}} was the only [[global war]] fought between Britain and another [[Imperialism|imperial power]] during the ''Pax Britannica'' and was a resounding defeat for Russia.{{Sfn|James|2001|p=182}} The situation remained unresolved in Central Asia for two more decades, with Britain annexing [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan]] in 1876 and Russia annexing [[Kirghizia]], [[Kazakhstan]], and [[Turkmenistan]]. For a while, it appeared that another war would be inevitable, but the two countries reached an agreement on their respective [[Sphere of influence|spheres of influence]] in the region in 1878 and on all outstanding matters in 1907 with the signing of the [[Anglo-Russian Entente]].{{Sfn|Williams|1966|pp=360–373}} The destruction of the [[Imperial Russian Navy]] by the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] at the [[Battle of Tsushima]] during the [[Russo-Japanese War]] of 1904–1905 limited its threat to the British.{{Sfn|Hodge|2007|p=47}}

=== Cape to Cairo ===
{{Main|History of South Africa (1815–1910)|History of Egypt under the British|Scramble for Africa}}

[[File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|thumb|''[[The Rhodes Colossus]]''—[[Cecil Rhodes]] spanning "Cape to Cairo"]]

The Dutch East India Company had founded the [[Dutch Cape Colony]] on the [[Cape of Good Hope|southern tip of Africa]] in 1652 as a way station for its ships travelling to and from its colonies in the [[Indies|East Indies]]. Britain formally acquired the colony, and its large [[Afrikaner]] (or [[Boer]]) population in 1806, having occupied it in 1795 to prevent its falling into French hands during the [[Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition|Flanders Campaign]].{{Sfn|Smith|1998|p=85}} British immigration to the [[Cape Colony]] began to rise after 1820, and pushed thousands of [[Boers]], resentful of British rule, northwards to found their own—mostly short-lived—[[Boer republics|independent republics]], during the [[Great Trek]] of the late 1830s and early 1840s.{{Sfn|Smith|1998|pp=85–86}} In the process the [[Voortrekkers]] clashed repeatedly with the British, who had their own agenda with regard to colonial expansion in South Africa and to the various native African polities, including those of the [[Sotho people]] and the [[Zulu Kingdom]]. Eventually, the Boers established two republics that had a longer lifespan: the [[South African Republic]] or Transvaal Republic (1852–1877; 1881–1902) and the [[Orange Free State]] (1854–1902).{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|pp=168, 186, 243}} In 1902 Britain occupied both republics, concluding a treaty with the two [[Boer Republics]] following the [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902).{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=255}}

In 1869 the [[Suez Canal]] opened under [[Napoleon III of France|Napoleon III]], [[Indo-Mediterranean|linking]] the [[Mediterranean Sea]] with the [[Indian Ocean]]. Initially the Canal was opposed by the British;{{Sfn|Tilby|2009|p=256}} but once opened, its strategic value was quickly recognised and became the "jugular vein of the Empire".{{Sfn|Louis|1986|p=718}} In 1875, the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] government of [[Benjamin Disraeli]] bought the indebted Egyptian ruler [[Isma'il Pasha]]'s 44 per cent shareholding in the Suez Canal for £4 million (equivalent to £{{Format price|{{Inflation|UK|4000000|1875|r=-7}}}} in {{Inflation/year|index=UK}}). Although this did not grant outright control of the strategic waterway, it did give Britain leverage. Joint Anglo-French financial control over Egypt ended in outright British occupation in 1882.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|pp=230–233}} Although Britain controlled the [[Khedivate of Egypt]] into the 20th century, it was officially a [[Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire|vassal state of the Ottoman Empire]] and not part of the British Empire. The French were still majority shareholders and attempted to weaken the British position,{{Sfn|James|2001|p=274}} but a compromise was reached with the 1888 [[Convention of Constantinople]], which made the Canal officially neutral territory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaties |url=http://www.mfa.gov.eg/MFA_Portal/en-GB/Foreign_Policy/Treaties/Convention+Respecting+the+Free+Navigation+of+the+Suez+Maritime+Canal.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915095412/http://www.mfa.gov.eg/MFA_Portal/en-GB/Foreign_Policy/Treaties/CONVENTION%2BRESPECTING%2BTHE%2BFREE%2BNAVIGATION%2BOF%2BTHE%2BSUEZ%2BMARITIME%2BCANAL.htm |archive-date=15 September 2010 |access-date=20 October 2010 |publisher=Egypt Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>

With competitive French, [[Belgian colonial empire|Belgian]] and Portuguese activity in the lower [[Congo River]] region undermining orderly colonisation of tropical Africa, the [[Berlin Conference]] of 1884–85 was held to regulate the competition between the European powers in what was called the "[[Scramble for Africa]]" by defining "effective occupation" as the criterion for international recognition of territorial claims.{{Sfn|Herbst|2000|pp=71–72}} The scramble continued into the 1890s, and caused Britain to reconsider its decision in 1885 to withdraw from [[Sudan]]. A joint force of British and Egyptian troops defeated the [[Mahdist War|Mahdist Army]] in 1896 and rebuffed an attempted French invasion [[Fashoda Incident|at Fashoda]] in 1898. Sudan was nominally made an [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian condominium]], but a British colony in reality.{{Sfn|Vandervort|1998|pp=169–183}}

British gains in Southern and East Africa prompted [[Cecil Rhodes]], pioneer of British expansion in [[Southern Africa]], to urge a "[[Cape to Cairo Railway|Cape to Cairo]]" railway linking the strategically important Suez Canal to the mineral-rich south of the continent.{{Sfn|James|2001|p=298}} During the 1880s and 1890s, Rhodes, with his privately owned [[British South Africa Company]], [[company rule in Rhodesia|occupied and annexed]] territories named after him, [[Rhodesia (name)|Rhodesia]].{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=215}}

=== Changing status of the white colonies ===

{{Main|Dominions|Canadian Confederation|Federation of Australia|Irish Home Rule movement|Independence of New Zealand||}}

[[File:British Empire flag RMG L0088.tiff|thumb|A [[British Empire flag]] combining the arms of the dominions to represent their growing significance]]
The path to independence for the white colonies of the British Empire began with the 1839 [[Report on the Affairs of British North America|Durham Report]], which proposed unification and self-government for Upper and Lower Canada, as a solution to political unrest which had erupted in [[Rebellions of 1837|armed rebellions]] in 1837.{{Sfn|Smith|1998|pp=28–29}} This began with the passing of the [[Act of Union 1840|Act of Union]] in 1840, which created the [[Province of Canada]]. [[Responsible government]] was first granted to Nova Scotia in 1848, and was soon extended to the other British North American colonies. With the passage of the [[British North America Act, 1867]] by the [[British Parliament]], the Province of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were formed into Canada, a confederation enjoying full self-government with the exception of [[international relations]].{{Sfn|Porter|1998|p=187}} Australia and New Zealand achieved similar levels of self-government after 1900, with the Australian colonies [[federation of Australia|federating in 1901]].{{Sfn|Smith|1998|p=30}} The term "dominion status" was officially introduced at the [[1907 Imperial Conference]].{{Sfn|Rhodes|Wanna|Weller|2009|pp=5–15}} As the dominions gained greater autonomy, they would come to be recognised as distinct realms of the empire with unique customs and symbols of their own. Imperial identity, through imagery such as patriotic artworks and banners, began developing into a form that attempted to be more inclusive by showcasing the empire as a family of newly birthed nations with common roots.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Ralph |date=8 August 2017 |title=A Flag for the Empire |url=https://www.flaginstitute.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/ICV27-B8-Kelly.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813214957/https://www.flaginstitute.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/ICV27-B8-Kelly.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2023 |access-date=13 August 2023 |website=The Flag Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ford |first=Lisa |title=The King's Peace: Law and Order in the British Empire |date=2021 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6742-4907-3 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England}}</ref>

The last decades of the 19th century saw concerted [[political campaign]]s for Irish [[home rule]]. Ireland had been united with Britain into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with the [[Act of Union 1800]] after the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798]], and had suffered a severe [[Great Famine (Ireland)|famine]] between 1845 and 1852. Home rule was supported by the British [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister]], [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Gladstone]], who hoped that Ireland might follow in Canada's footsteps as a Dominion within the empire, but his 1886 [[Government of Ireland Bill 1886|Home Rule bill]] was defeated in Parliament. Although the bill, if passed, would have granted Ireland less autonomy within the UK than the Canadian provinces had within their own federation,{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=213}} many MPs feared that a partially independent Ireland might pose a security threat to Great Britain or mark the beginning of the break-up of the empire.{{Sfn|James|2001|p=315}} A [[Irish Government Bill 1893|second Home Rule bill]] was defeated for similar reasons.{{Sfn|James|2001|p=315}} A [[Home Rule Act 1914|third bill]] was passed by Parliament in 1914, but not implemented because of the outbreak of the [[First World War]] leading to the 1916 [[Easter Rising]].{{Sfn|Smith|1998|p=92}}

== World wars (1914–1945) ==
[[File:The Empire Needs Men WWI.jpg|thumb|upright|A poster urging men from countries of the British Empire to enlist]]
By the turn of the 20th century, fears had begun to grow in Britain that it would no longer be able to defend the [[metropole]] and the entirety of the empire while at the same time maintaining the policy of "splendid isolation".{{Sfn|O'Brien|2004|p=1}} [[German Empire|Germany]] was rapidly rising as a military and industrial power and was now seen as the most likely opponent in any future war. Recognising that it was overstretched in the Pacific{{Sfn|Brown|1998|p=667}} and threatened at home by the [[Imperial German Navy]], Britain [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance|formed an alliance with Japan]] in 1902 and with its old enemies [[Entente cordiale|France]] and Russia in 1904 and 1907, respectively.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=275}}

=== First World War ===
{{Main|History of the United Kingdom during the First World War}}

Britain's fears of war with Germany were realised in 1914 with the outbreak of the First World War. Britain quickly invaded and occupied most of Germany's overseas colonies in Africa. In the Pacific, Australia and New Zealand occupied [[German New Guinea]] and [[German Samoa]] respectively. Plans for a post-war division of the Ottoman Empire, which had joined the war on Germany's side, were secretly drawn up by Britain and France under the 1916 [[Sykes–Picot Agreement]]. This agreement was not divulged to the [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Sharif of Mecca]], who the British had been encouraging to launch an Arab revolt against their Ottoman rulers, giving the impression that Britain was supporting the creation of an independent Arab state.{{Sfn|Brown|1998|pp=494–495}}

The British declaration of war on Germany and its allies committed the colonies and Dominions, which provided invaluable military, financial and material support. Over 2.5 million men served in the armies of the [[Dominion]]s, as well as many thousands of volunteers from the Crown colonies.{{Sfn|Marshall|1996|pp=78–79}} The contributions of Australian and New Zealand troops during the 1915 [[Gallipoli Campaign]] against the Ottoman Empire had a great impact on the national consciousness at home and marked a watershed in the transition of Australia and New Zealand from colonies to nations in their own right. The countries continue to commemorate this occasion on [[Anzac Day]]. Canadians viewed the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] in a similar light.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=277}} The important contribution of the Dominions to the [[war effort]] was recognised in 1917 by British prime minister [[David Lloyd George]] when he invited each of the Dominion prime ministers to join an [[Imperial War Cabinet]] to co-ordinate imperial policy.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=278}}

Under the terms of the concluding [[Treaty of Versailles]] signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of {{convert|1.8|e6sqmi|e6km2|abbr=unit}} and 13 million new subjects.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=315}} The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as [[League of Nations mandate]]s. Britain gained control of [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]], [[Kingdom of Iraq (Mandate administration)|Iraq]], parts of [[British Cameroons|Cameroon]] and [[British Togoland|Togoland]], and [[Tanganyika (territory)|Tanganyika]]. The Dominions themselves acquired mandates of their own: the [[Union of South Africa]] gained South West Africa (modern-day [[Namibia]]), Australia gained [[Territory of New Guinea|New Guinea]], and New Zealand [[Western Samoa Trust Territory|Western Samoa]]. [[History of Nauru#World War I to World War II|Nauru]] was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions.{{Sfn|Fox|2008|pp=23–29, 35, 60}}

=== Inter-war period ===
{{Main|Interwar Britain|Irish revolutionary period|Indian independence movement|Partition of the Ottoman Empire|Commonwealth of Nations||}}

[[File:British Empire 1921.png|thumb|upright=1.8|The British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921]]
The changing world order that the war had brought about, in particular the growth of the United States and Japan as naval powers, and the rise of independence movements in India and Ireland, caused a major reassessment of British imperial policy.{{Sfn|Goldstein|1994|p=4}} Forced to choose between alignment with the United States or Japan, Britain opted not to renew its [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] and instead signed the 1922 [[Washington Naval Treaty]], where Britain accepted naval parity with the United States.{{Sfn|Louis|2006|p=302}} This decision was the source of much debate in Britain during the 1930s{{Sfn|Louis|2006|p=294}} as militaristic governments took hold in Germany and Japan helped in part by the [[Great Depression]], for it was feared that the empire could not survive a simultaneous attack by both nations.{{Sfn|Louis|2006|p=303}} The issue of the empire's security was a serious concern in Britain, as it was vital to the [[Economy of the United Kingdom|British economy]].{{Sfn|Lee|1996|p=305}}

In 1919, the frustrations caused by delays to [[Irish Home Rule movement|Irish home rule]] led the MPs of [[Sinn Féin]], a pro-independence party that had won a majority of the Irish seats in the [[1918 United Kingdom general election in Ireland|1918 British general election]], to establish an [[Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic)|independent parliament]] in [[Dublin]], at which [[Irish Declaration of Independence|Irish independence was declared]]. The [[Irish Republican Army]] simultaneously began a [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]] against the British administration.{{Sfn|Brown|1998|p=143}} The [[Irish War of Independence]] ended in 1921 with a stalemate and the signing of the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]], creating the [[Irish Free State]], a Dominion within the British Empire, with effective internal independence but still constitutionally linked with the British Crown.{{Sfn|Smith|1998|p=95}} [[Northern Ireland]], consisting of six of the 32 [[Counties of Ireland|Irish counties]] which had been established as a devolved region under the 1920 [[Government of Ireland Act 1920|Government of Ireland Act]], immediately exercised its option under the treaty to retain its existing status within the United Kingdom.{{Sfn|Magee|1974|p=108}}

[[File:ImperialConference.jpg|thumb|[[George V]] (Seated front) with British and Dominion prime ministers at the [[1926 Imperial Conference]]. Standing (left to right): [[Walter Stanley Monroe|W.S. Monroe]] ([[Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]]), [[Gordon Coates]] ([[Prime Minister of New Zealand|New Zealand]]), [[Stanley Bruce]] ([[Prime Minister of Australia|Australia]]), [[J. B. M. Hertzog]] ([[Prime Minister of South Africa|Union of South Africa]]), [[W. T. Cosgrave]] ([[President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State|Irish Free State]]). Seated left: [[Stanley Baldwin]] ([[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]), seated right: [[William Lyon Mackenzie King|William Mackenzie King]] ([[Prime Minister of Canada|Canada]])]]
A similar struggle began in India when the [[Government of India Act 1919]] failed to satisfy the demand for independence.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=330}} Concerns over communist and foreign plots following the [[Ghadar conspiracy]] ensured that war-time strictures were renewed by the [[Rowlatt Act]]s. This led to tension,{{Sfn|James|2001|p=416}} particularly in the [[Punjab region]], where repressive measures culminated in the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Amritsar Massacre]]. In Britain, public opinion was divided over the morality of the massacre, between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy, and those who viewed it with revulsion.{{Sfn|James|2001|p=416}} The [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]] was called off in March 1922 following the [[Chauri Chaura incident]], and discontent continued to simmer for the next 25 years.{{Sfn|Low|1966|pp=241–259}}

In 1922, Egypt, which had been declared a British [[protectorate]] at the outbreak of the First World War, was [[Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence|granted formal independence]], though it continued to be a British client state until 1954. [[British Army|British troops]] remained stationed in Egypt until the signing of the [[Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936|Anglo-Egyptian Treaty]] in 1936,{{Sfn|Smith|1998|p=104}} under which it was agreed that the troops would withdraw but continue to occupy and defend the Suez Canal zone. In return, Egypt was assisted in joining the [[League of Nations]].{{Sfn|Brown|1998|p=292}} Iraq, a British mandate since 1920, gained membership of the League in its own right after achieving independence from Britain in 1932.{{Sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} In Palestine, Britain was presented with the problem of mediating between the Arabs and increasing numbers of Jews. The [[Balfour Declaration]], which had been incorporated into the terms of the mandate, stated that a national home for the Jewish people would be established in Palestine, and Jewish immigration allowed up to a limit that would be determined by the mandatory power.{{Sfn|Louis|2006|p=271}} This led to increasing conflict with the Arab population, who openly [[1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine|revolted in 1936]]. As the threat of war with Germany increased during the 1930s, Britain judged the support of Arabs as more important than the establishment of a Jewish homeland, and shifted to a pro-Arab stance, limiting Jewish immigration and in turn triggering a [[Jewish insurgency in Palestine|Jewish insurgency]].{{Sfn|Brown|1998|pp=494–495}}

The right of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy, independent of Britain, was recognised at the [[1923 Imperial Conference]].{{Sfn|McIntyre|1977|p=187}} Britain's request for military assistance from the Dominions at the outbreak of the [[Chanak Crisis]] the previous year had been turned down by Canada and South Africa, and Canada had refused to be bound by the [[Treaty of Lausanne (1923)|1923 Treaty of Lausanne]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Brown|1998|p=68}}; {{Harvnb|McIntyre|1977|p=186}}.</ref> After pressure from the Irish Free State and South Africa, the [[1926 Imperial Conference]] issued the [[Balfour Declaration of 1926]], declaring Britain and the Dominions to be "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another" within a "British Commonwealth of Nations".{{Sfn|Brown|1998|p=69}} This declaration was given legal substance under the 1931 [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]].{{Sfn|Rhodes|Wanna|Weller|2009|pp=5–15}} The parliaments of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Irish Free State and [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]] were now independent of British legislative control: they could nullify [[Law of the United Kingdom|British laws]] and Britain could no longer pass laws for them without their consent.{{Sfn|Turpin|Tomkins|2007|p=48}} Newfoundland reverted to colonial status in 1933, suffering from financial difficulties during the Great Depression.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=300}} In 1937 the Irish Free State introduced a [[Constitution of Ireland|republican constitution]] renaming itself ''Ireland''.{{Sfn|Galligan|1995|p=122}}

=== Second World War ===
{{Main|British Empire in World War II}}

[[File:El Alamein 1942 - British infantry.jpg|thumb|During the [[Second World War]], the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]] was made up of units from many different countries in the British Empire and Commonwealth; it fought in the [[North African campaign|North African]] and [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian]] campaigns.]]

Britain's [[British declaration of war on Germany (1939)|declaration of war]] against [[Nazi Germany]] in September 1939 included the Crown colonies and [[British Raj|India]] but did not automatically commit the Dominions of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Newfoundland and South Africa. All soon declared war on Germany. While Britain continued to regard Ireland as still within the British Commonwealth, Ireland chose to remain [[Irish neutrality during World War II|legally neutral]] throughout [[The Emergency (Ireland)|the war]].{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|pp=313–314}}

After the [[Fall of France]] in June 1940, Britain and the empire stood alone against Germany, until the [[German invasion of Greece]] on 7 April 1941. British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] successfully lobbied [[United States|US]] President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] for [[military aid]] from the United States, but Roosevelt was not yet ready to ask [[United States Congress|Congress]] to commit the country to war.{{Sfn|Gilbert|2005|p=234}} In August 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met and agreed the [[Atlantic Charter]], which included the statement that "the rights of all peoples to choose the [[form of government]] under which they live" should be respected. This wording was ambiguous as to whether it referred to European countries invaded by Germany and [[Fascist Italy|Italy]], or the peoples colonised by European nations, and would later be interpreted differently by the British, Americans, and nationalist movements.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lloyd|1996|p=316}}; {{Harvnb|James|2001|p=513}}.</ref> Nevertheless, Churchill rejected its universal applicability when it came to the self-determination of subject nations including the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]]. Churchill further added that he did not become Prime Minister to oversee the liquidation of the empire.<ref name="i203">{{cite book | last=Mehta | first=B.L.G.A. | title=A New Look at Modern Indian History : From 1707 to The Modern Times | publisher=S. Chand Publishing | isbn=978-93-5501-683-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yc64EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA319 | page=319 | archive-date=25 September 2024 | access-date=25 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925132309/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yc64EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA319 | url-status=live }}</ref>

For Churchill, the entry of the United States into the war was the "greatest joy".{{Sfn|Churchill|1950|p=539}} He felt that Britain was now assured of victory,{{Sfn|Gilbert|2005|p=244}} but failed to recognise that the "many disasters, immeasurable costs and tribulations [which he knew] lay ahead"{{Sfn|Churchill|1950|p=540}} in December 1941 would have permanent consequences for the future of the empire. The manner in which British forces were rapidly defeated in the Far East irreversibly harmed Britain's standing and prestige as an imperial power,<ref>{{Harvnb|Louis|2006|p=337}}; {{Harvnb|Brown|1998|p=319}}.</ref> including, particularly, the [[Battle of Singapore|Fall of Singapore]], which had previously been hailed as an impregnable fortress and the eastern equivalent of Gibraltar.{{Sfn|James|2001|p=460}} The realisation that Britain could not defend its entire empire pushed Australia and New Zealand, which now appeared threatened by Japanese forces, into closer ties with the United States and, ultimately, the 1951 [[ANZUS|ANZUS Pact]].{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=316}} The war weakened the empire in other ways: undermining Britain's control of politics in India, inflicting long-term economic damage, and irrevocably changing [[geopolitics]] by pushing the [[Soviet Union]] and the United States to the centre of the global stage.{{Sfn|Darwin|2012|p=340}}

== Decolonisation and decline (1945–1997) ==
{{Further|Decolonization}}
[[File:British Empire 1945.png|thumb|The British Empire in 1945 before its decline]]
{{Anchor|Decolonisation|Decolonization|Decline}}
Though Britain and the empire emerged victorious from the Second World War, the effects of the conflict were profound, both at home and abroad. Much of Europe, a continent that had dominated the world for several centuries, was in ruins, and host to the armies of the United States and the Soviet Union, who now held the balance of global power.{{Sfn|Abernethy|2000|p=146}} Britain was left essentially bankrupt, with insolvency only averted in 1946 after the negotiation of [[Anglo-American loan|a US$3.75 billion loan]] from the United States,{{Sfn|Brown|1998|p=331}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rosenson |first=Alex |date=1947 |title=The Terms of the Anglo-American Financial Agreement |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1802868 |journal=The American Economic Review |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=178–187 |issn=0002-8282 |jstor=1802868 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114151544/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1802868 |url-status=live }}</ref> the last installment of which was repaid in 2006.<ref name="GT-DEX-2006-33">{{Cite news |date=10 May 2006 |title=What's a little debt between friends? |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4757181.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610152357/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4757181.stm |archive-date=10 June 2010 |access-date=20 November 2008 |work=BBC News}}</ref> At the same time, anti-colonial movements were on the rise in the colonies of European nations. The situation was complicated further by the increasing [[Cold War]] rivalry of the United States and the Soviet Union. In principle, both nations were opposed to European colonialism.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Kenneth C. |author-link=Kenneth C. Davis |title=Don't Know Much About History: Everything You Need to Know About American History but Never Learned |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-0600-8381-6 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=321, 341}}</ref> In practice, American [[anti-communism]] prevailed over [[anti-imperialism]], and therefore the United States supported the continued existence of the British Empire to keep Communist expansion in check.{{Sfn|Levine|2007|p=193}} At first, British politicians believed it would be possible to maintain Britain's role as a world power at the head of a re-imagined Commonwealth,{{Sfn|Darwin|2012|p=343}} but by 1960 they were forced to recognise that there was an irresistible "[[Wind of Change (speech)|wind of change]]" blowing. Their priorities changed to maintaining an extensive zone of British influence{{Sfn|Darwin|2012|p=366}} and ensuring that stable, non-Communist governments were established in former colonies.{{Sfn|Heinlein|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CLYHR196h-0C&pg=PA113 113ff]}} In this context, while other European powers such as France and Portugal waged costly and unsuccessful wars to keep their empires intact, Britain generally adopted a policy of peaceful disengagement from its colonies, although violence occurred in [[British Malaya|Malaya]], [[Kenya Colony|Kenya]] and [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]].{{Sfn|Abernethy|2000|pp=148–150}} Between 1945 and 1965, the number of people under British rule outside the UK itself fell from 700 million to 5 million, 3 million of whom were in Hong Kong.{{Sfn|Brown|1998|p=330}}

=== Initial disengagement ===
{{Main|Partition of India|1947–1949 Palestine war|Malayan Emergency}}

[[File:Emergency trains crowded with desperate refugees.jpg|thumb|right|About 14.5 million people lost their homes as a result of the [[partition of India]] in 1947.]]
The pro-decolonisation [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] government, elected at the [[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945 general election]] and led by [[Clement Attlee]], moved quickly to tackle the most pressing issue facing the empire: [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]].{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=322}} India's major political party—the [[Indian National Congress]] (led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]) — had been campaigning for independence for decades, but disagreed with [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] (led by [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]) as to how it should be implemented. Congress favoured a unified secular Indian state, whereas the League, fearing domination by the Hindu majority, desired a separate [[Islamic state]] for Muslim-majority regions. Increasing [[Civil disorder|civil unrest]] led Attlee to promise independence no later than 30 June 1948. When the urgency of the situation and risk of civil war became apparent, the newly appointed (and last) Viceroy, [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], hastily brought forward the date to 15 August 1947.{{Sfn|Smith|1998|p=67}} The borders drawn by the British to broadly [[Partition of India|partition India]] into Hindu and Muslim areas left tens of millions as minorities in the newly independent states of India and [[Pakistan]].{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=325}} The [[princely states]] were provided with a choice to either remain independent or join India or Pakistan.<ref name="k567">{{cite book | last=Zeb | first=R. | title=Ethno-political Conflict in Pakistan: The Baloch Movement | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=ISSN | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-000-72992-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvrDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT78 | page=78 | archive-date=3 December 2024 | access-date=28 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203135614/https://books.google.com/books?id=NvrDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT78 | url-status=live }}</ref> Millions of Hindus & Sikhs crossed from Pakistan to India and Muslims vice versa, and violence between the two communities cost hundreds of thousands of lives. [[Burma]], which had been administered as part of [[British India]] until 1937, gained independence the following year in 1948 along with [[Sri Lanka]] (formerly known as [[British Ceylon]]). India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka became members of the Commonwealth, while Burma chose not to join.{{Sfn|McIntyre|1977|pp=355–356}} That same year, the [[British Nationality Act 1948|British Nationality Act]] was enacted, in hopes of strengthening and unifying the Commonwealth: it provided British citizenship and right of entry to all those living within its jurisdiction.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mycock |first=Andrew |date=2009 |title=British Citizenship and the Legacy of Empires |journal=Parliamentary Affairs |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=339–355 |doi=10.1093/pa/gsp035 }}</ref>

The British Mandate in Palestine, where an Arab majority lived alongside a Jewish minority, presented the British with a similar problem to that of India.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=327}} The matter was complicated by large numbers of [[Jewish refugees]] seeking to be admitted to Palestine following the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]], while Arabs were opposed to the creation of a Jewish state. Frustrated by the intractability of the problem, attacks by Jewish paramilitary organisations and the increasing cost of maintaining its military presence, Britain announced in 1947 that it would withdraw in 1948 and leave the matter to the United Nations to solve.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=328}} The [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] subsequently voted for a [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|plan to partition Palestine]] into a Jewish and an Arab state. It was immediately followed by the outbreak of a [[1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine|civil war]] between the Arabs and Jews of Palestine, and British forces withdrew amid the fighting. The British Mandate for Palestine officially terminated at midnight on 15 May 1948 as the State of [[Israel]] declared independence and the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|1948 Arab-Israeli War]] broke out, during which the territory of the former Mandate became divided between Israel and the surrounding Arab states. Amid the fighting, British forces continued to withdraw from Israel, with the last British troops departing from [[Haifa]] on 30 June 1948.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The British Army in Palestine |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/conflict-Palestine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629135915/https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/conflict-Palestine |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=25 June 2019 |publisher=National Army Museum}}</ref>

Following the [[surrender of Japan]] in the Second World War, anti-Japanese [[resistance movement]]s in Malaya turned their attention towards the British, who had moved to quickly retake control of the colony, valuing it as a source of rubber and tin.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=335}} The fact that the guerrillas were primarily [[Malaysian Chinese]] Communists meant that the British attempt to quell the uprising was supported by the [[Islam in Malaysia|Muslim Malay]] majority, on the understanding that once the insurgency had been quelled, independence would be granted.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=335}} The [[Malayan Emergency]], as it was called, began in 1948 and lasted until 1960, but by 1957, Britain felt confident enough to grant independence to the [[Federation of Malaya]] within the Commonwealth. In 1963, the 11 states of the federation together with Singapore, Sarawak and [[Crown Colony of North Borneo|North Borneo]] joined to form [[Malaysia]], but in 1965 Chinese-majority [[Singapore]] was expelled from the union following tensions between the Malay and Chinese populations and became an independent city-state.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=364}} [[Brunei]], which had been a British protectorate since 1888, declined to join the union.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=396}}

=== Suez and its aftermath ===
{{Main|Suez Crisis}}

[[File:Anthony Eden (retouched).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Anthony Eden|Eden]]'s decision to invade [[Egypt]] in 1956 revealed Britain's post-war weaknesses.]]
In the [[1951 United Kingdom general election|1951 general election]], the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] returned to power in Britain under the leadership of Winston Churchill. Churchill and the Conservatives believed that Britain's position as a world power relied on the continued existence of the empire, with the base at the Suez Canal allowing Britain to maintain its pre-eminent position in the Middle East in spite of the loss of India. Churchill could not ignore [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Gamal Abdul Nasser]]'s new revolutionary [[Politics of Egypt|government of Egypt]] that had [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952|taken power in 1952]], and the following year it was agreed that British troops would withdraw from the Suez Canal zone and that Sudan would be granted self-determination by 1955, with independence to follow{{Sfn|Brown|1998|pp=339–340}} Sudan was [[History of Sudan (1956–69)|granted independence]] on 1 January 1956.{{Sfn|James|2001|p=572}}

In July 1956, Nasser unilaterally nationalised the Suez Canal. The response of [[Anthony Eden]], who had succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister, was to collude with France to engineer an Israeli attack on [[Republic of Egypt (1953–58)|Egypt]] that would give Britain and France an excuse to intervene militarily and retake the canal.{{Sfn|James|2001|p=581}} Eden infuriated US President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] by his lack of consultation, and Eisenhower refused to back the invasion.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=355}} Another of Eisenhower's concerns was the possibility of a wider war with the [[Soviet Union]] after it threatened to intervene on the Egyptian side. Eisenhower applied [[leverage (finance)|financial leverage]] by threatening to sell US reserves of the [[Pound sterling|British pound]] and thereby precipitate a collapse of the British currency.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=356}} Though the invasion force was militarily successful in its objectives,{{Sfn|James|2001|p=583}} UN intervention and US pressure forced Britain into a humiliating withdrawal of its forces, and Eden resigned.{{Sfn|Combs|2008|pp=161–163}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 2006 |title=Suez Crisis: Key players |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5195582.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203154135/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5195582.stm |archive-date=3 February 2012 |access-date=19 October 2010 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

The [[Suez Crisis]] very publicly exposed Britain's limitations to the world and confirmed Britain's decline on the world stage and its end as a first-rate power,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Derek E. |date=14 March 2001 |title=1956: Suez and the end of empire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/mar/14/past.education1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219192810/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/mar/14/past.education1 |archive-date=19 December 2018 |access-date=19 December 2018 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reynolds |first=Paul |date=24 July 2006 |title=Suez: End of empire |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5199392.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830213512/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5199392.stm |archive-date=30 August 2017 |access-date=19 December 2018 |work=BBC News}}</ref> demonstrating that henceforth it could no longer act without at least the acquiescence, if not the full support, of the United States.<ref>{{Harvnb|Brown|1998|pp=342}}; {{Harvnb|Smith|1998|p=105}}; {{Harvnb|Burk|2008|p=602}}.</ref> The events at Suez wounded British [[Patriotism|national pride]], leading one [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) to describe it as "Britain's [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]]"{{Sfn|Brown|1998|p=343}} and another to suggest that the country had become an "American [[Satellite state|satellite]]".{{Sfn|James|2001|p=585}} [[Margaret Thatcher]] later described the mindset she believed had befallen Britain's political leaders after Suez where they "went from believing that Britain could do anything to an almost neurotic belief that Britain could do nothing", from which Britain did not recover until the successful recapture of the [[Falkland Islands]] from Argentina in 1982.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 2006 |title=An affair to remember |url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2006/07/27/an-affair-to-remember |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508124844/http://www.economist.com/node/7218678 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=25 June 2016 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

While the Suez Crisis caused British power in the Middle East to weaken, it did not collapse.{{Sfn|Smith|1998|p=106}} Britain again deployed its armed forces to the region, intervening in [[Muscat and Oman|Oman]] ([[Jebel Akhdar War|1957]]), [[Jordan]] ([[United Nations Security Council Resolution 127|1958]]) and [[Sheikhdom of Kuwait|Kuwait]] ([[Operation Vantage|1961]]), though on these occasions with American approval,{{Sfn|James|2001|p=586}} as the new Prime Minister [[Harold Macmillan]]'s foreign policy was to remain firmly aligned with the United States.{{Sfn|Brown|1998|p=343}} Although Britain granted Kuwait independence in 1961, it continued to maintain a military presence in the Middle East for another decade. On 16 January 1968, a few weeks after the [[Pound sterling#Bretton Woods|devaluation of the pound]], Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]] and his Defence Secretary [[Denis Healey]] announced that [[British Armed Forces]] troops would be withdrawn from major military bases [[East of Suez]], which included the ones in the Middle East, and primarily from Malaysia and Singapore by the end of 1971, instead of 1975 as earlier planned.{{Sfn|Pham|2010}} By that time over 50,000 British military personnel were still stationed in the Far East, including 30,000 in Singapore.{{Sfn|Gurtov|1970|p=42}} The British granted independence to the [[Maldives]] in 1965 but continued to station a garrison there until 1976, withdrew from [[South Yemen|Aden]] in 1967, and granted independence to [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]] in 1971.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|pp=370–371}}

=== Wind of change ===
{{Main|Decolonisation of Africa|Decolonization of Asia}}

{{Further|Wind of Change (speech)}}
[[File:British Decolonisation in Africa.png|thumb|British decolonisation in Africa. By the end of the 1960s, all but [[Rhodesia]] (the future Zimbabwe) and the South African mandate of South West Africa (Namibia) had achieved recognised independence.]]

Macmillan gave a speech in [[Cape Town]], South Africa in February 1960 where he spoke of "the wind of change blowing through this continent".{{Sfn|James|2001|p=616}} Macmillan wished to avoid the same kind of [[Algerian War|colonial war]] that France was fighting in [[French Algeria|Algeria]], and under his premiership decolonisation proceeded rapidly.{{Sfn|Louis|2006|p=46}} To the three colonies that had been granted independence in the 1950s—Sudan, the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] and Malaya—were added nearly ten times that number during the 1960s.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|pp=427–433}} Owing to the rapid pace of decolonisation during this period, the cabinet post of [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] was abolished in 1966, along with the [[Colonial Office]], which merged with the Commonwealth Relations Office to form the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (now the [[Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office]]) in October 1968.<ref name="Dict_Br_Hist">{{Cite book |title=A Dictionary of British History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-1917-5802-7 |editor-last=Cannon |editor-first=John |edition=3rd |publication-date=2015 |chapter=Colonial Office |doi=10.1093/acref/9780191758027.001.0001 |editor-last2=Crowcroft |editor-first2=Robert}}</ref>

Britain's remaining colonies in Africa, except for self-governing [[Southern Rhodesia]], were all granted independence by 1968. British withdrawal from the southern and eastern parts of Africa was not a peaceful process. From 1952 the [[Kenya Colony]] saw the eight-year long [[Mau Mau uprising|Mau Mau rebellion]], in which tens of thousands of suspected rebels were interned by the colonial government in detention camps to suppress the rebellion and over 1000 convicts executed, with records systematically destroyed.{{sfn|Anderson|2005|p=4}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zane |first=Damian |date=27 August 2019 |title=The Kenyan school that was once a British detention camp |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49363653 |website=BBC News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203072257/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49363653 |archive-date=3 December 2019 |access-date=24 November 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Throughout the 1960s, the British government took a "[[No independence before majority rule|No independence until majority rule]]" policy towards decolonising the empire, leading the white minority government of Southern Rhodesia to enact the 1965 [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|Unilateral Declaration of Independence]] from Britain, resulting in a [[Rhodesian Bush War|civil war]] that lasted until the British-mediated [[Lancaster House Agreement]] of 1979.{{Sfn|James|2001|pp=618–621}} The agreement saw the British Empire temporarily re-establish the Colony of Southern Rhodesia from 1979 to 1980 as a transitionary government to a majority rule [[Zimbabwe|Republic of Zimbabwe]]. This was the last British possession in Africa.

In [[Cyprus]], a guerrilla war waged by the [[Greek Cypriots|Greek Cypriot]] organisation [[EOKA]] against British rule, was ended in 1959 by the [[London and Zürich Agreements]], which resulted in Cyprus being granted independence in 1960. The UK retained the military bases of [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] as sovereign base areas. The [[List of islands in the Mediterranean|Mediterranean]] colony of [[Malta (island)|Malta]] was amicably granted independence from the UK in 1964 and became the country of [[Malta]], though the idea had been raised in 1955 of [[1956 Maltese United Kingdom integration referendum|integration with Britain]].{{Sfn|Springhall|2001|pp=100–102}}

Most of the UK's Caribbean territories achieved independence after the departure in 1961 and 1962 of Jamaica and Trinidad from the [[West Indies Federation]], established in 1958 in an attempt to unite the British Caribbean colonies under one government, but which collapsed following the loss of its two largest members.{{Sfn|Knight|Palmer|1989|pp=14–15}} Jamaica attained independence in 1962, as did [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. Barbados achieved independence in 1966 and the remainder of the eastern Caribbean islands, including the [[Bahamas]], in the 1970s and 1980s,{{Sfn|Knight|Palmer|1989|pp=14–15}} but [[Anguilla]] and the [[Turks and Caicos Islands]] opted to revert to British rule after they had already started on the path to independence.{{Sfn|Clegg|2005|p=128}} The [[British Virgin Islands]],{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=428}} The [[Cayman Islands]] and [[Montserrat]] opted to retain ties with Britain,{{Sfn|James|2001|p=622}} while Guyana achieved independence in 1966. Britain's last colony on the American mainland, [[British Honduras]], became a self-governing colony in 1964 and was renamed [[Belize]] in 1973, achieving full independence in 1981. A [[Belizean-Guatemalan territorial dispute|dispute with Guatemala]] over claims to Belize was left unresolved.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|pp=401, 427–429}}

[[British Overseas Territories]] in the Pacific acquired independence in the 1970s beginning with [[Fiji]] in 1970 and ending with [[Vanuatu]] in 1980. Vanuatu's independence was delayed because of political conflict between English and French-speaking communities, as the islands had been jointly administered as a [[Condominium (international law)|condominium]] with France.{{Sfn|Macdonald|1994|pp=171–191}} Fiji, [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Solomon Islands]] and [[Tuvalu]] became [[Commonwealth realm]]s.{{Sfn|McIntyre|2016|p=35}}

=== End of empire ===
{{See also|Falklands War|Handover of Hong Kong|Patriation}}

By 1981, aside from a scattering of islands and outposts, the process of decolonisation that had begun after the Second World War was largely complete. In 1982, Britain's resolve in defending its remaining overseas territories was tested when [[1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands|Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands]], acting on a long-standing claim that dated back to the [[Spanish Empire]].{{Sfn|James|2001|pp=624–625}} Britain's successful military response to retake the [[Falkland Islands]] during the ensuing [[Falklands War]] contributed to reversing the downward trend in Britain's status as a world power.{{Sfn|James|2001|p=629}}

The 1980s saw Canada, Australia, and New Zealand sever their final constitutional links with Britain. Although granted legislative independence by the [[Statute of Westminster 1931]], vestigial constitutional links had remained in place. The British Parliament retained the power to amend key Canadian constitutional statutes, meaning that an act of the British Parliament was required to make certain changes to the [[Constitution of Canada|Canadian Constitution]].{{Sfn|Gérin-Lajoie|1951}} The British Parliament had the power to pass laws extending to Canada at Canadian request. Although no longer able to pass any laws that would apply to Australian Commonwealth law, the British Parliament retained the power to legislate for the individual [[States and territories of Australia|Australian states]]. With regard to New Zealand, the British Parliament retained the power to pass legislation applying to New Zealand with the [[New Zealand Parliament]]'s consent. In 1982, the last legal link between Canada and Britain was severed by the [[Canada Act 1982]], which was passed by the British parliament, formally [[patriation|patriating]] the Canadian Constitution. The act ended the need for British involvement in changes to the Canadian constitution.{{Sfn|Brown|1998|p=594}} Similarly, the [[Australia Act 1986]] (effective 3 March 1986) severed the constitutional link between Britain and the Australian states, while New Zealand's [[Constitution Act 1986]] (effective 1 January 1987) reformed the constitution of New Zealand to sever its constitutional link with Britain.{{Sfn|Brown|1998|p=689}}

On 1 January 1984, Brunei, Britain's last remaining Asian protectorate, was granted full independence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trumbull |first=Robert |date=1 January 1984 |title=Borneo Sultanate Now Independent |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/01/world/boreno-sultanate-now-independent.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715221145/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/01/world/boreno-sultanate-now-independent.html |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=15 July 2020 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Independence had been delayed due to the opposition of the [[List of sultans of Brunei|Sultan]], who had preferred British protection.{{Sfn|Brown|1998|p=202}}

In September 1982 the Prime Minister, [[Margaret Thatcher]], travelled to Beijing to negotiate with the Chinese Communist government, on the future of Britain's last major and most populous overseas territory, Hong Kong.{{Sfn|Brendon|2007|p=654}} Under the terms of the 1842 [[Treaty of Nanking]] and 1860 [[Convention of Peking]], [[Hong Kong Island]] and [[Kowloon Peninsula]] had been respectively ceded to Britain ''in perpetuity'', but the majority of the colony consisted of the [[New Territories]], which had been acquired under a [[Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory|99-year lease in 1898]], due to expire in 1997.<ref>{{Harvnb|Joseph|2010|p=355}}; {{Harvnb|Rothermund|2006|p=100}}.</ref> Thatcher, seeing parallels with the Falkland Islands, initially wished to hold Hong Kong and proposed British administration with Chinese sovereignty, though this was rejected by China.{{Sfn|Brendon|2007|pp=654–655}} A deal was reached in 1984—under the terms of the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]], Hong Kong would become a [[special administrative region of the People's Republic of China]].{{Sfn|Brendon|2007|p=656}} The [[Hong Kong handover ceremony|handover ceremony]] in 1997 marked for many,{{Sfn|Brendon|2007|p=660}} including King Charles III, then Prince of Wales, who was in attendance, "the end of Empire", though many British territories that are remnants of the empire still remain.{{Sfn|Brown|1998|p=594}}

== Legacy ==
{{See also|Anglicisation}}
[[File:Location of the BOTs.svg|thumb|The fourteen [[British Overseas Territories]]]]
Britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the British Isles. In 1983, the [[British Nationality Act 1981]] renamed the existing [[Crown colony|Crown Colonies]] as "British Dependent Territories",{{efn|Schedule 6 of the [[British Nationality Act 1981]]<ref>{{Cite web |title =British Nationality Act 1981, Schedule 6 |url =http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/61/schedule/6/enacted |url-status =live |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190401094630/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/61/schedule/6/enacted |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=18 March 2019 |publisher =legislation.gov.uk}}</ref> reclassified the remaining Crown colonies as "British Dependent Territories". The act entered into force on 1 January 1983<ref>{{Cite web |title=The British Nationality Act 1981 (Commencement) Order 1982 |url =http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1982/933/made |url-status =live |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190401134239/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1982/933/made |archive-date =1 April 2019 |access-date =18 March 2019 |publisher=legislation.gov.uk}}</ref>}} and in 2002 they were renamed the [[British Overseas Territories]].{{Sfn|Gapes|2008|pp=145–147}} Most former British colonies and protectorates are members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], a [[voluntary association]] of equal members, comprising a population of around 2.2 billion people.<ref>[http://thecommonwealth.org/about-us The Commonwealth – About Us] {{Webarchive| url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130927182840/http://thecommonwealth.org/about-us| date=27 September 2013}}; Online September 2014</ref> The United Kingdom and 14 other countries, all collectively known as the [[Commonwealth realm]]s, voluntarily continue to share the same person—{{Current UK monarch |King |Charles III}}—as their respective head of state. These 15 nations are distinct and equal legal entities: the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], [[Monarchy of Australia|Australia]], [[Monarchy of Canada|Canada]], [[Monarchy of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda|Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Monarchy of the Bahamas|The Bahamas]], [[Monarchy of Belize|Belize]], [[Monarchy of Grenada|Grenada]], [[Monarchy of Jamaica|Jamaica]], [[Monarchy of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]], [[Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Monarchy of Saint Lucia|Saint Lucia]], [[Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Monarchy of the Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]] and [[Monarchy of Tuvalu|Tuvalu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Head of the Commonwealth |url =http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/150757/head_of_the_commonwealth |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100706045334/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/150757/head_of_the_commonwealth |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=9 October 2010 |publisher =Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref>
[[File:English language.svg|left|thumb|American and British interactions shaped the British Empire's breakup and resulting world order<ref>{{Cite web |last =Paradis |first =Michel |date =2024-06-03 |title=On D-Day, the U.S. Conquered the British Empire |url =https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/06/d-day-world-war-2-legacy-america-britain/678544/ |access-date =2025-01-08 |website =The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref>]]
During the colonial era, education systems emphasised the study of the classical [[Greco-Roman|Greco-Roman heritage]] and resultant experience with empire, aiming to parse how to apply that heritage to improve the future of Britain's colonies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last =Kumar |first =Krishan |date =2012 |title =Greece and Rome in the British Empire: Contrasting Role Models |journal =Journal of British Studies |language =en |volume =51 |issue =1 |pages =76–101 |doi =10.1086/662545 }}</ref> [[American hegemony]], which throughout its early rise had challenged British claims of being the "[[Succession of the Roman Empire|New Rome]]",<ref>{{Citation |last =Malamud |first =Margaret |title =10 Translatio Imperii: America as the New Rome c.1900 |date =2010-10-07 |work =Classics and Imperialism in the British Empire |pages =0 |editor-last =Bradley |editor-first =Mark |url =https://academic.oup.com/book/6414/chapter-abstract/150221978?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date =2025-01-08 |publisher =Oxford University Press |isbn =978-0-19-958472-7 |archive-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20250212041159/https://academic.oup.com/book/6414/chapter-abstract/150221978?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status =live }}</ref> became the successor to British dominance in the mid-20th century; the two countries' [[Special Relationship|historical ties]] and wartime collaboration supported a peaceful handoff of power after [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite book |last =Schake |first=Kori |url =https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv24w62xt |title=Safe Passage: The Transition from British to American Hegemony |date =2017 |publisher=Harvard University Press |doi =10.2307/j.ctv24w62xt |jstor=j.ctv24w62xt |isbn =978-0-674-97507-1}}</ref> As for the United Kingdom itself, British views of the former Empire are more positive than is the case in other post-imperial nations;<ref>{{Cite news |title =Britain misses its empire more than other major post-colonial powers, poll finds |url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/uk/home-news/british-empire-colonialism-slavery-yougov-poll-nationalism-brexit-a9393486.html |work =The Independent |archive-date =20 January 2025 |access-date =8 January 2025 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20250120115105/https://www.the-independent.com/news/uk/home-news/british-empire-colonialism-slavery-yougov-poll-nationalism-brexit-a9393486.html |url-status =live }}</ref> discourse around the former Empire has continued to impact Britons' present-day understanding of themselves, as seen in the debate leading up to its decision to [[Brexit|leave the European Union]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite journal |last =Foley |first =James |date =2023-08-30 |title =Race, nation, empire? Historicising outward and inward-facing British nationalism |journal =International Relations |volume =39 |issue =4 |language =en |article-number =00471178231196073 |doi =10.1177/00471178231196073 |issn=0047-1178 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Decades, and in some cases centuries, of British rule and [[British diaspora|emigration]] have left their mark on the independent countries that rose from the British Empire. The empire established the use of the [[English language]] in [[English-speaking world|regions around the world]]. Today it is the primary language of up to 460 million people and is spoken by about 1.5 billion as a first, second or foreign language.{{Sfn|Hogg|2008|p=425|loc=chapter 9 ''English Worldwide'' by [[David Crystal]]: "approximately one in four of the world's population are capable of communicating to a useful level in English"}} It has also [[Englishisation|significantly influenced]] other languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolton |first1=Kingsley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s6BYrnD1XPMC&pg=PA253 |title=World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics |last2 =Kachru |first2 =Braj B. |date =2006 |publisher =Taylor & Francis |isbn =978-0-415-31509-8 |language =en}}</ref> The British exported individual and team sports [[British sports|developed in Britain]], particularly [[association football|football]], [[cricket]], [[lawn tennis]], and [[golf]].{{Sfn|Torkildsen|2005|p=347}} Some sports were also invented or standardised in the former colonies, such as [[badminton]], [[polo]], and [[snooker]] in India (see also: [[Sport in British India]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imperialism |url =https://sk.sagepub.com/ency/edvol/the-sage-dictionary-of-sports-studies/chpt/imperialism |access-date =2025-01-08 |website =sso.sagepub.com}}</ref> British [[missionary|missionaries]] who travelled around the globe {{en dash}} often in advance of soldiers and civil servants {{en dash}} spread [[Protestantism]] (including [[Anglicanism]]) to all continents. The British Empire provided refuge for religiously persecuted continental Europeans for hundreds of years.{{Sfn|Pestan|2009|p= 185}} British educational institutions remain popular in the present day, in part due to the importance of the English language and similarity of British curricula to those in the former colonies.<ref>{{Cite web |last =Morrison |first=Nick |title=Why The World Loves A British Education |url =https://www.forbes.com/sites/nickmorrison/2014/06/30/why-the-world-loves-a-british-education/ |access-date =2025-01-08 |website =Forbes |language =en |archive-date =21 January 2025 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20250121131424/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nickmorrison/2014/06/30/why-the-world-loves-a-british-education/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:കുട്ടികൾ ക്രിക്കറ്റ് കളിക്കുന്നു.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Cricket]] being played in South Asia, where [[Cricket in South Asia|it is popular]]. Several sports developed in Britain or in the former empire continue to be viewed and played.]]
Political boundaries drawn by the British did not always reflect homogeneous ethnicities or religions, contributing to conflicts in formerly colonised areas, such as Nigeria and the Indian sub-continent. The British Empire was responsible for large migrations of peoples (see also: [[Commonwealth diaspora]]). Millions left the [[British Isles]], with the founding [[Settler colonialism|settler colonist]] populations of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand coming mainly from Britain and Ireland. Millions of people moved between British colonies, with large numbers of [[South Asian diaspora|South Asian people emigrating]] to other parts of the empire, such as Malaysia and Fiji, and [[Overseas Chinese]] people to Malaysia, Singapore and the Caribbean;{{Sfn|Marshall|1996|p=286}} about half of all modern immigration to the Commonwealth nations continues to occur between them.<ref>{{Cite book |last =Nurse |first =Keith |url =https://www.thecommonwealth-ilibrary.org/index.php/comsec/catalog/book/206 |title=The Diasporic Economy, Trade and Investment Linkages in the Commonwealth |date =2016-02-26 |publisher =Commonwealth iLibrary |series =International Trade Working Paper |language =en |doi =10.14217/5jm2jfg8c26c-en |archive-date=29 December 2024 |access-date=8 January 2025 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20241229025145/https://www.thecommonwealth-ilibrary.org/index.php/comsec/catalog/book/206 |url-status =live }}</ref> The [[demographics of the United Kingdom]] changed after the Second World War owing to [[Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922#Post-war immigration (1945–1983)|immigration to Britain]] from its former colonies.{{Sfn|Dalziel|2006|p=135}}

In the 19th century, [[List of British innovations and discoveries|innovation in Britain]] led to revolutionary changes in manufacturing, the development of [[factory system]]s, and the growth of transportation by railway and steamship.{{Sfn|Walker|1993|pp=187–188}} Debate has occurred as to what extent the [[Industrial Revolution]], originating from the United Kingdom, was facilitated by or dependent on imperialism.<ref>{{Cite web |title =When was the industrial revolution? |url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z6kg3j6#zsqk4xs |access-date =2025-01-08 |website =BBC Bitesize |language =en-GB}}</ref> British colonial architecture, such as in churches, railway-stations and government buildings, can be seen in many cities that were once part of the British Empire;{{Sfn|Marshall|1996|pp=238–240}} Western technologies and architecture had been globalised in part due to the Empire's military and administrative requirements.<ref>{{Cite book |last =MacKenzie |first =John M. |url =https://academic.oup.com/manchester-scholarship-online/book/31628 |title=The British Empire through buildings |date =2020-03-09 |publisher =Manchester University Press |isbn =978-1-5261-4597-0 |language =en |doi =10.7765/9781526145970}}</ref> Integration of former colonies into the global economy was also a major legacy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1 =Martin |last2=Thompson |first2=Andrew |date=2014-01-01 |title=Empire and Globalisation: from 'High Imperialism' to Decolonisation |url =https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07075332.2013.828643 |journal=[[The International History Review]] |volume =36 |pages =142–170 |doi =10.1080/07075332.2013.828643 |issn =0707-5332 |archive-date =15 February 2024 |access-date =8 January 2025 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20240215072926/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07075332.2013.828643 |url-status =live }}</ref> The British choice of system of measurement, the [[Imperial units|imperial system]], continues to be used in some countries in various ways. The convention of [[Right- and left-hand traffic|driving on the left-hand side of the road]] continues in much of the former empire.{{Sfn|Parsons|1999|p=1}}

The [[Westminster system]] of [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary democracy]] has served as the template for the governments of many former colonies,{{Sfn|Go|2007|pp= 92–94}}<ref>{{Cite web |date =2 December 2013 |title =How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/features/how-the-westminster-parliamentary-system-was-exported-around-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131216190945/http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/features/how-the-westminster-parliamentary-system-was-exported-around-the-world |archive-date =16 December 2013 |access-date =16 December 2013 |publisher =University of Cambridge}}</ref> as was [[English law|English common law]] for legal systems.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=307}} It has been observed that almost every former colony that emerged as an independent democratic state is a former British colony,<ref>{{Cite web |title =America's Lessons From the Legacy of British Empire |url =https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/4/25/americas-lessons-from-the-legacy-of/ |access-date =2025-01-08 |website=The Harvard Crimson |date=April 25, 2003 |first1 =Garrett M. |last1=Graff |archive-date=17 March 2025 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20250317144441/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/4/25/americas-lessons-from-the-legacy-of/ |url-status=live }}</ref> though this correlation greatly declines in strength after 30 years of an ex-colony's independence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 =Lee |first1 =Alexander |last2 =Paine |first2=Jack |date=2019-09-01 |title=British colonialism and democracy: Divergent inheritances and diminishing legacies |journal=Journal of Comparative Economics |volume =47 |issue =3 |pages =487–503 |doi =10.1016/j.jce.2019.02.001 }}</ref> International commercial contracts are often based on English common law.{{Sfn|Cuniberti|2014|p=455}} The British [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] still serves as the highest court of appeal for twelve former colonies.{{Sfn|Young|2020|p=20}}

=== Interpretations of Empire ===
Historians' [[historiography of the British Empire|approaches to understanding the British Empire]] are diverse and evolving.<ref name="winks">{{Cite book |last=Winks |first=Robin |author-link=Robin Winks |title=The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography |date =1999 |publisher =Oxford University Press |isbn =978-0-1982-0566-1 |editor-last=Winks |editor-first=Robin |location=Oxford |pages=40–42 |doi =10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205661.001.0001}}</ref> Important elements debated over recent decades have been the impact of [[Postcolonialism|post-colonial studies]], which seek to [[Critical theory|critically]] re-evaluate the history of imperialism, and the continued relevance of historians [[Ronald Robinson]] and [[Jack Gallagher (historian)|John Gallagher]], whose work greatly influenced imperial historiography during the 1950s and 1960s. In addition, differing assessments of the empire's legacy remain relevant to debates over recent history and politics, such as the Anglo-American [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasions of Iraq]] and [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], as well as Britain's role and identity in the contemporary world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last =Middleton |first =Alex |date =6 August 2019 |title =Review: The Imperial History Wars: Debating the British Empire, by Dane Kennedy |journal =The English Historical Review |volume =134 |issue =568 |pages =773–775 |doi =10.1093/ehr/cez128 |doi-access =free| issn =0013-8266 }}</ref><ref name="mitter">{{Cite news |last =Rana |first =Mitter |author-link =Rana Mitter |date =17 March 2022 |title=Legacy of Violence — the bloody ends of empire |url =https://www.ft.com/content/e7c4feac-7123-4e7c-8a7e-bf13107ee6f9 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url =https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e7c4feac-7123-4e7c-8a7e-bf13107ee6f9 |archive-date =10 December 2022 |access-date =29 June 2022 |work =Financial Times}}</ref>

Historians such as [[Caroline Elkins]] have argued against perceptions of the British Empire as a primarily liberalising and modernising enterprise, criticising its widespread use of violence and [[emergency law]]s to maintain power.<ref name="mitter"/><ref>{{Cite book |last =Elkins |first =Caroline |author-link =Caroline Elkins |title =Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire |publisher =Knopf Doubleday Publishing |year =2022 |isbn =978-0-3072-7242-3 |pages =14–16, 680}}</ref> Common criticisms of the empire include the use of detention camps in its colonies, massacres of [[indigenous peoples]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last =Howe |first =Stephen |date =2010 |title =Colonising and Exterminating? Memories of Imperial Violence in Britain and France |journal =Histoire Politique |volume =11 |issue =2 |pages =13–15 |doi =10.3917/hp.011.0012}}</ref> and famine-response policies.<ref>{{Cite book |last =Sheldon |first =Richard |title =Empire, Development and Colonialism: The Past in the Present |date =2009 |publisher =Boydell & Brewer |isbn =978-1-8470-1011-7 |editor-last =Duffield |editor-first =Mark |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |pages=74–87 |chapter =Development, Poverty & Famines: The Case of British Empire |jstor =10.7722/j.ctt81pqr.10 |editor-last2=Hewitt |editor-first2=Vernon}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last =Stone |first =Jon |date =21 January 2016 |title =British people are proud of colonialism and the British Empire, poll finds |url =https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/british-people-are-proud-of-colonialism-and-the-british-empire-poll-finds-a6821206.html |url-status=live |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20220628013502/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/british-people-are-proud-of-colonialism-and-the-british-empire-poll-finds-a6821206.html |archive-date =28 June 2022 |access-date =28 June 2022 |website =[[The Independent]] |language =en}}</ref> Some scholars, including [[Amartya Sen]], assert that British policies worsened the [[famine in India|famines in India]] that killed millions during British rule.<ref>[[Amartya Sen|Sen, Amartya]]. ''Development as Freedom''. {{ISBN|978-0-3857-2027-4}} ch 7</ref> Conversely, historians such as [[Niall Ferguson]] calculate that the economic and institutional development the British Empire brought resulted in a net benefit to its colonies.<ref>{{Cite news |last =Ferguson |first =Niall |author-link =Niall Ferguson |date =3 June 2004 |title=Niall Ferguson: What the British Empire did for the world |url =https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/niall-ferguson-what-the-british-empire-did-for-the-world-41252.html |url-status=live |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20220629225418/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/niall-ferguson-what-the-british-empire-did-for-the-world-41252.html |archive-date=29 June 2022 |access-date =29 June 2022 |work =The Independent |language =en}}</ref> Other historians treat its legacy as varied and ambiguous.<ref name="mitter"/> Public attitudes towards the empire within 21st-century Britain have been broadly positive although sentiment towards the Commonwealth has been one of apathy and decline.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |last =Booth |first =Robert |date =11 March 2020 |title =UK more nostalgic for empire than other ex-colonial powers |url =http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/11/uk-more-nostalgic-for-empire-than-other-ex-colonial-powers |url-status=live |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20220625170301/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/11/uk-more-nostalgic-for-empire-than-other-ex-colonial-powers |archive-date =25 June 2022 |access-date =29 June 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
{{Div col |colwidth = 20em }}
* [[List of British Empire–related topics]]
* [[Historiography of the British Empire]]
* [[Demographics of the British Empire]]
* [[Economy of the British Empire]]
* [[Territorial evolution of the British Empire]]
* [[History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories]]
* [[List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom]]
* [[British overseas cities]]{{Div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Abernethy |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC |title=The Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415–1980 |date=2000 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-3000-9314-8 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214082531/http://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC |archive-date=14 December 2011 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Adam |title=An Historical and Chronological Deduction of the Origin of Commerce, from the Earliest Accounts |last2=Combe |first2=William |date=1801 |publisher=J Archer}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-0-297-84719-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Andrews |first=Kenneth |url=https://archive.org/details/tradeplundersett0000andr |title=Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630 |date=1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5212-7698-6 |access-date=22 July 2009 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bandyopādhyāẏa |first=Śekhara |title=From Plassey to partition: a history of modern India |date=2004 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-8-1250-2596-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brendon |first=Piers |author-link=Piers Brendon |title=The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997 |date=2007 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-2240-6222-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brock |first=W.R. |url=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item6480148/?site_locale=en_GB |title=Britain and the Dominions |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-1076-8833-9 |access-date=26 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309165846/http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item6480148/?site_locale=en_GB |archive-date=9 March 2013 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Broome |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prDiOdI4H9IC |title=Aboriginal Australians: A history since 1788 |date=2010 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=978-1-7417-6554-0 |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818055212/https://books.google.com/books?id=prDiOdI4H9IC |archive-date=18 August 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Judith M. |author-link=Judith M. Brown |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpSvK3An3hwC |title=The Twentieth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1992-4679-3 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103114315/http://books.google.com/books?id=CpSvK3An3hwC |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJA7OIinf4MC |title=Canada and the British Empire |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1992-7164-1 |editor-last=Buckner |editor-first=Phillip |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816035421/https://books.google.com/books?id=SJA7OIinf4MC |archive-date=16 August 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Burk |first=Kathleen |author-link=Kathleen Burk |url=https://archive.org/details/oldworldnewworld00kath |title=Old World, New World: Great Britain and America from the Beginning |date=2008 |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press |isbn=978-0-8711-3971-9 |access-date=22 January 2012 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1992-4676-2 |editor-last=Canny |editor-first=Nicholas |editor-link=Nicholas Canny |ol=7403653M}}
* {{Cite book |last=Capper |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&pg=PA28 |title=Delhi, the Capital of India |date=1997 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-8-1206-1282-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cervero |first=Robert B. |author-link=Robert Cervero |title=The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry |date=1998 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-5596-3591-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The Second World War, The Grand Alliance, Volume III |date=1950 |publisher=Cassell & Co Ltd |isbn=978-0-3049-2114-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Clegg |first=Peter |title=Extended Statehood in the Caribbean |date=2005 |publisher=Rozenberg Publishers |isbn=978-9-0517-0686-4 |editor-last=de Jong, Lammert |chapter=The UK Caribbean Overseas Territories |editor-last2=Kruijt |editor-first2=Dirk}}
* {{Cite book |last=Combs |first=Jerald A. |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica0003comb |title=The History of American Foreign Policy: From 1895 |date=2008 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-0-7656-2056-9 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Cuniberti |first=Gilles |date=8 October 2014 |title=The International Market for Contracts: The Most Attractive Contract Laws |url=http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njilb/vol34/iss3/3 |url-status=live |journal=Nw. J. Int'l L. & Bus. |volume=34 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925072209/https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njilb/vol34/iss3/3 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |access-date=30 October 2020}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dalziel |first=Nigel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0wUAQAAIAAJ |title=The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-1410-1844-7 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514173848/https://books.google.com/books?id=u0wUAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=14 May 2015 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Darwin |first=John |author-link=John Darwin (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHA7oAWZCmIC |title=Unfinished Empire, The Global Expansion of Britain |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-8461-4089-1 |access-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418000302/https://books.google.com/books?id=GHA7oAWZCmIC |archive-date=18 April 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |author-link=Niall Ferguson |url=https://archive.org/details/empire00nial |title=Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power |date=2002 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-4650-2329-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fieldhouse |first=David Kenneth |title=The West and the Third World: trade, colonialism, dependence, and development |date=1999 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=978-0-6311-9439-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fox |first=Gregory H. |title=Humanitarian Occupation |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5218-5600-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Galligan |first=Brian |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/federal-republic/D866D777B09A02F2F300ED6A6E5F74C6 |title=A Federal Republic: Australia's Constitutional System of Government |date=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-1390-8493-2 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139084932 |access-date=8 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220101950/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/federal-republic/D866D777B09A02F2F300ED6A6E5F74C6 |archive-date=20 February 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Games |first=Alison |title=The British Atlantic world, 1500–1800 |date=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-3339-6341-8 |editor-last=Armitage |editor-first=David |editor-last2=[[Michael Braddick|Braddick, Michael J]]}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gérin-Lajoie |first=Paul |date=1951 |title=Constitutional Amendment in Canada |journal=The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science |publisher=Blackwell Publishing on behalf of Canadian Economics Association |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=389–394 |doi=10.2307/137699 |jstor=137699}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gapes |first=Mike |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmfaff/147/147ii.pdf |title=HC Paper 147-II House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee: Overseas Territories, Volume II |date=2008 |publisher=The Stationery Office |isbn=978-0-2155-2150-7 |access-date=21 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026074009/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmfaff/147/147ii.pdf |archive-date=26 October 2016 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Gilbert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vF7wGAzgwfQC |title=Churchill and America |date=2005 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-9122-4 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103103058/http://books.google.com/books?id=vF7wGAzgwfQC |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Go |first=Julian |title=Constitutionalism and political reconstruction |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9-0041-5174-1 |editor-last=Arjomand |editor-first=Saïd Amir |chapter=A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945-2000 |access-date=30 October 2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYmmnYKEvE0C&pg=PA94 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801015306/https://books.google.com/books?id=kYmmnYKEvE0C&lpg=PA93&pg=PA94 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Goldstein |first=Erik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dDmJPPGjfJMC |title=The Washington Conference, 1921–22: Naval Rivalry, East Asian Stability and the Road to Pearl Harbor |date=1994 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7146-4559-9 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103084704/http://books.google.com/books?id=dDmJPPGjfJMC |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gurtov |first=Melvin |title=Southeast Asia Tomorrow |date=1970 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins Press}}
* {{Cite book |last=Heinlein |first=Frank |title=British Government Policy and Decolonisation, 1945–1963: Scrutinising the Official Mind |date=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7146-5220-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Herbst |first=Jeffrey Ira |author-link=Jeffrey Herbst |title=States and power in Africa: comparative lessons in authority and control |date=2000 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-6910-1027-7}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Higman |first=B. W. |date=2000 |title=The Sugar Revolution |journal=The Economic History Review |publisher=Wiley |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=213–236 |doi=10.1111/1468-0289.00158 |issn=0013-0117 |jstor=2598696}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hinks |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_SeZrcBqt-YC |title=Encyclopedia of antislavery and abolition |date=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-3133-3143-5 |access-date=1 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211101846/https://books.google.com/books?id=_SeZrcBqt-YC |archive-date=11 February 2017 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hodge |first=Carl Cavanagh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hOkx7Gi4OoC |title=Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914 |date=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-3133-3404-7 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815132949/https://books.google.com/books?id=-hOkx7Gi4OoC |archive-date=15 August 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hogg |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U5FDi8WksqYC |title=A History of the English Language |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5216-6227-7 |access-date=13 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727135512/https://books.google.com/books?id=U5FDi8WksqYC |archive-date=27 July 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hopkirk |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Hopkirk |title=The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia |title-link=The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia |date=1992 |publisher=[[Kodansha International]] |isbn=978-4-7700-1703-1}}
* {{Citation |last=Hunter |first=William Wilson |title=A Brief History of the Indian Peoples |series=Rulers of India; v. 1 |date=1907 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koUqAAAAYAAJ |place=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |hdl=2027/uc1.$b196576 |oclc=464656679 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hyam |first=Ronald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eMoHQAACAAJ |title=Britain's Imperial Century, 1815–1914: A Study of Empire and Expansion |date=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-7134-3089-9 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103082759/http://books.google.com/books?id=2eMoHQAACAAJ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Ashley |author-link=Ashley Jackson (historian) |title=The British Empire: A Very Short Introduction |date=2013 |publisher=OUP |isbn=978-0-1996-0541-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=James |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DMS3r_BxOYC |title=The Rise and Fall of the British Empire |date=2001 |publisher=Abacus |isbn=978-0-3121-6985-5 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823200524/https://books.google.com/books?id=4DMS3r_BxOYC |archive-date=23 August 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Janin |first=Hunt |title=The India–China opium trade in the nineteenth century |date=1999 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-0715-6}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Johnston |first1=Douglas M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVuwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA508 |title=The Historical Foundations of World Order |last2=Reisman |first2=W. Michael |date=2008 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-9-0474-2393-5 |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418004923/https://books.google.com/books?id=dVuwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA508 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Joseph |first=William A. |title=Politics in China |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1953-3530-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |title=The Honourable Company |date=1991 |publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kelley |first1=Ninette |title=The Making of the Mosaic |last2=Trebilcock |first2=Michael |date=2010 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-9536-7 |edition=2nd}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kenny |first=Kevin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhW7-vYt8PsC |title=Ireland and the British Empire |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1992-5184-1 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103115542/http://books.google.com/books?id=qhW7-vYt8PsC |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Knight |first1=Franklin W. |title=The Modern Caribbean |last2=Palmer |first2=Colin A. |date=1989 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-1825-1}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Koebner |first=Richard |date=May 1953 |title=The Imperial Crown of This Realm: Henry VIII, Constantine the Great, and Polydore Vergil |journal=Historical Research |volume=26 |issue=73 |pages=29–52 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2281.1953.tb02124.x |issn=1468-2281}}
* {{Cite book |last=Latimer |first=Jon |author-link=Jon Latimer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wneIGAAACAAJ |title=War with America |date=2007 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-2584-4 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103115859/http://books.google.com/books?id=wneIGAAACAAJ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Stephen J. |title=Aspects of British political history, 1815–1914 |date=1994 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-4150-9006-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Stephen J. |title=Aspects of British political history, 1914–1995 |date=1996 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-4151-3102-5 |author-mask=2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Levine |first=Philippa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igb1-UL5Pd0C |title=The British Empire: Sunrise to Sunset |date=2007 |publisher=Pearson Education Limited |isbn=978-0-5824-7281-5 |access-date=19 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513024801/http://books.google.com/books?id=igb1-UL5Pd0C |archive-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lloyd |first=Trevor Owen |title=The British Empire 1558–1995 |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1987-3134-4 |ol=285566M}}
* {{Cite book |last=Louis |first=Wm. Roger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC |title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization |date=2006 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-8451-1347-6 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222045215/https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC |archive-date=22 February 2017 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Louis |first=Roger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATQQ0FMS1FQC&pg=PA718 |title=The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism |date=1986 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1982-2960-5 |access-date=24 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418015514/https://books.google.com/books?id=ATQQ0FMS1FQC&pg=PA718 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Low |first=D.A. |date=February 1966 |title=The Government of India and the First Non-Cooperation Movement – 1920–1922 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=241–259 |doi=10.2307/2051326 |jstor=2051326 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last=Macaulay |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay |title=The History of England from the Accession of James the Second |title-link=The History of England from the Accession of James the Second |date=1848 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-1404-3133-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Macdonald |first=Barrie |title=Tides of history: the Pacific Islands in the twentieth century |date=1994 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1597-4 |editor-last=Howe |editor-first=K.R. |chapter=Britain |editor-last2=Kiste |editor-first2=Robert C. |editor-last3=Lal |editor-first3=Brij V}}
* {{Cite book |last=Macintyre |first=Stuart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfKcFdz7gF8C |title=A Concise History of Australia |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5215-1608-2 |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817231128/https://books.google.com/books?id=jfKcFdz7gF8C |archive-date=17 August 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=McIntyre |first=W. David |url=https://archive.org/details/commonwealthofna0000mcin |title=The Commonwealth of Nations |date=1977 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-0792-1 |access-date=22 July 2009 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=McIntyre |first=W. David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqzSAgAAQBAJ |title=Winding up the British Empire in the Pacific Islands |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1925-1361-8 |author-mask=2 |access-date=12 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212052205/https://books.google.com/books?id=MqzSAgAAQBAJ |archive-date=12 December 2019 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |url=http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf |title=The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective |date=2001 |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |isbn=978-9-2641-8608-8 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111170118/http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Magee |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5c9AAAAIAAJ |title=Northern Ireland: Crisis and Conflict |date=1974 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-7100-7947-3 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103115553/http://books.google.com/books?id=S5c9AAAAIAAJ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Magnusson |first=Magnus |author-link=Magnus Magnusson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEV4zgXOJLsC |title=Scotland: The Story of a Nation |date=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=978-0-8021-3932-0 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103091200/http://books.google.com/books?id=sEV4zgXOJLsC |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |author-link=P. J. Marshall |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5210-0254-7 |editor-last=Marshall |editor-first=P.J. |ol=7712614M}}
* {{Cite book |author-link=P. J. Marshall |title=The Eighteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume II |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1992-4677-9 |editor-last=Marshall |editor-first=P.J. |editor-mask=2 |ol=7403654M}}
* {{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Laura C. |title=Tea: the drink that changed the world |date=2007 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-0-8048-3724-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=McKenna |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYQuQw3jL9kC |title=Looking for Blackfellas' Point: An Australian History of Place |date=2002 |publisher=UNSW Press |isbn=978-0-8684-0644-2 |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013544/https://books.google.com/books?id=mYQuQw3jL9kC |archive-date=18 April 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mein Smith |first=Philippa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wisr4OGPjwoC |title=A Concise History of New Zealand |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5215-4228-9 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514174101/https://books.google.com/books?id=wisr4OGPjwoC |archive-date=14 May 2015 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last= Moon |first= Paul |title= The Newest Country in the World - A History of New Zealand in the Decade of the Treaty |year= 2007 |publisher=Penguin |location= }}
*{{cite book|title=New Zealand Birth Certificates – 50 of New Zealand's Founding Documents|editor-last=Moon|editor-first=Paul|editor-link=Paul Moon|year=2010|publisher=AUT Media|isbn=978-0-9582997-1-8}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mulligan |first1=Martin |title=Ecological pioneers |last2=Hill |first2=Stuart |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5218-1103-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mori |first=Jennifer |title=Britain in the Age of the French Revolution: 1785 - 1820 |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-3178-9189-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nayar |first=Pramod K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpZ9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |title=English Writing and India, 1600–1920: Colonizing Aesthetics |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-1341-3150-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nellis |first=Eric |title=Shaping the New World: African Slavery in the Americas, 1500-1888 |date=2013 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-0555-8 |jstor=10.3138/j.ctv2gmhh15}}
* {{Cite book |last=O'Brien |first=Phillips Payson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNbDqOzSvpkC |title=The Anglo–Japanese Alliance, 1902–1922 |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-4153-2611-7 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103085651/http://books.google.com/books?id=LNbDqOzSvpkC |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pagden |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Pagden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RCeAAAACAAJ |title=Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest, from Greece to the Present |date=2003 |publisher=Modern Library |isbn=978-0-8129-6761-6 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816153546/https://books.google.com/books?id=-RCeAAAACAAJ |archive-date=16 August 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parsons |first=Timothy H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=81ZlzUsO8EYC |title=The British Imperial Century, 1815–1914: A World History Perspective |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8476-8825-8 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103111133/http://books.google.com/books?id=81ZlzUsO8EYC |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pascoe |first=Bruce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iZuDwAAQBAJ |title=Dark Emu: Aboriginal Australia and the Birth of Agriculture |date=2018 |publisher=Magabala Books |isbn=978-1-9257-6895-4 |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814154636/https://books.google.com/books?id=6iZuDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=14 August 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pestan |first=Carla Gardina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCikDMZCTwgC&pg=PA185 |title=Protestant Empire: Religion and the Making of the British Atlantic World |date=2009 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4150-1 |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418014228/https://books.google.com/books?id=tCikDMZCTwgC&pg=PA185 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=Nonja |title=The Dutch down under, 1606–2006 |date=2006 |publisher=University of Western Australia Press |isbn=978-1-9206-9475-3}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Pettigrew |first=William A. |date=2007 |title=Free to Enslave: Politics and the Escalation of Britain's Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1688–1714 |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=3–38 |issn=0043-5597 |jstor=4491595}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pettigrew |first=William Andrew |title=Freedom's Debt: The Royal African Company and the Politics of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1672–1752 |date=2013 |publisher=UNC Press Books |isbn=978-1-4696-1181-5 |oclc=879306121 |ol=26886628M |author-mask=2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pham |first=P.L. |title=Ending 'East of Suez': The British Decision to Withdraw from Malaysia and Singapore, 1964–1968 |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1995-8036-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Porter |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC |title=The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1992-4678-6 |volume=III |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511045527/https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC |archive-date=11 May 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rhodes |first1=R.A.W. |title=Comparing Westminster |last2=Wanna |first2=John |last3=Weller |first3=Patrick |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1995-6349-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Richardson |first=David |title=Principles and Agents: The British Slave Trade and Its Abolition |date=2022 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-3002-5043-5 |location=New Haven |doi=10.2307/j.ctv240ddz3 |jstor=j.ctv240ddz3 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Rothermund |first=Dietmar |title=The Routledge companion to decolonization |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-4153-5632-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Russo |first=Jean |title=Planting an Empire: The Early Chesapeake in British North America |date=2012 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-0694-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Royle |first=Trevor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MrBnHQAACAAJ |title=Crimea: The Great Crimean War, 1854–1856 |date=2000 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4039-6416-8 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816142609/https://books.google.com/books?id=MrBnHQAACAAJ |archive-date=16 August 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shennan |first=J.H. |title=International relations in Europe, 1689–1789 |date=1995 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-4150-7780-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Simon |url=https://archive.org/details/britishimperiali00smit |title=British Imperialism 1750–1970 |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-3-1258-0640-5 |access-date=22 July 2009 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sondhaus |first=L. |title=Navies in Modern World History |date=2004 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=1-8618-9202-0 |ol=8631395M}}
* {{Cite book |last=Springhall |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/decolonizationsi00john |title=Decolonization since 1945: the collapse of European overseas empires |date=2001 |publisher=Palgrave |isbn=978-0-3337-4600-4 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Taagepera |first=Rein |author-link=Rein Taagepera |date=September 1997 |title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia |journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=475–504 |doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053 |jstor=2600793 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Taylor (historian) |title=American Colonies, The Settling of North America |date=2001 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-1420-0210-0 |ol=2443937W}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Hugh |author-link=Hugh Thomas (writer) |title=The Slave Trade: The History of The Atlantic Slave Trade |date=1997 |publisher=Picador, Phoenix/Orion |isbn=978-0-7538-2056-8 |ol=18114975M}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tilby |first=A. Wyatt |author-link=A. Wyatt Tilby |title=British India 1600–1828 |date=2009 |publisher=BiblioLife |isbn=978-1-1131-4290-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Torkildsen |first=George |title=Leisure and recreation management |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-4153-0995-0}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Trivedi |first1=Harish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9ufrUyISBsC&pg=PA30 |title=Literature and Nation |last2=Allen |first2=Richard |date=2000 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-4152-1207-6}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Turpin |first1=Colin |title=British government and the constitution |last2=Tomkins |first2=Adam |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5216-9029-4 |edition=6th}}
* {{Cite book |last=Vandervort |first=Bruce |title=Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830–1914 |date=1998 |publisher=University College London Press |isbn=978-1-8572-8486-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=William |title=National innovation systems: a comparative analysis |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-1950-7617-6 |editor-last=Nelson |editor-first=Richard R. |chapter=National Innovation Systems: Britain |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFDGjgxc2CYC&pg=PA187}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Beryl J. |date=1966 |title=The Strategic Background to the Anglo-Russian Entente of August 1907 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=360–373 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00026698 |jstor=2637986 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Young |first=Harold A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jijxDwAAQBAJ |title=The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and the Caribbean Court of Justice: Navigating Independence and Changing Political Environments |date=2020 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4985-8695-5 |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324132207/https://books.google.com/books?id=jijxDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=24 March 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zolberg |first=Aristide R. |title=A nation by design: immigration policy in the fashioning of America |date=2006 |publisher=Russell Sage |isbn=978-0-6740-2218-8}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|3}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Derek E. |date=1 February 1984 |title=Brunei on the Morrow of Independence |journal=Far Eastern Survey |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=201–208 |doi=10.2307/2644439 |jstor=2644439 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=David |first=Saul |author-link=Saul David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2KOAAAACAAJ |title=The Indian Mutiny |date=2003 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-6709-1137-0 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103083707/http://books.google.com/books?id=H2KOAAAACAAJ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Elkins |first=Caroline |author-link=Caroline Elkins |title=Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya |date=2005 |publisher=Owl Books |isbn=978-0-8050-8001-8 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |author-link=Niall Ferguson |title=Colossus: The Price of America's Empire |date=2004 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-5942-0013-7 |ol=17123297M |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Goodlad |first=Graham David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clnBkEo7za4C |title=British foreign and imperial policy, 1865–1919 |date=2000 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-4152-0338-8 |access-date=18 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513025006/http://books.google.com/books?id=clnBkEo7za4C |archive-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=live |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hendry |first1=Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoNeDwAAQBAJ |title=British Overseas Territories Law |last2=Dickson |first2=Susan |date=14 June 2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-5099-1871-3 |language=en |access-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815132947/https://books.google.com/books?id=CoNeDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=15 August 2021 |url-status=live |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hollowell |first=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxQxFMV_3IUC |title=Britain Since 1945 |date=1992 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=978-0-6312-0968-3 |access-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727141659/https://books.google.com/books?id=VxQxFMV_3IUC |archive-date=27 July 2020 |url-status=live |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=McLean |first=Iain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_O_ADWrESYQC |title=Rational Choice and British Politics: An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1982-9529-7 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103095546/http://books.google.com/books?id=_O_ADWrESYQC |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live |ref=none}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-British Empire-article.oga|date=7 March 2014}}
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}}
* [https://www.britishempire.co.uk/ The British Empire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804020356/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/ |date=4 August 2025 }} – a resource website by Stephen Luscombe
* [https://www.ualberta.ca/~janes/EMPIRE.html The British Empire: An Internet Gateway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513162942/http://www.ualberta.ca/~janes/EMPIRE.html |date=13 May 2011 }} by Jane Samson
* [https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/british-empire British Empire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130023239/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/british-empire/ |date=30 January 2024 }} from the [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|National Archives]]
* [https://exhibitions.bristolmuseums.org.uk/empire-through-the-lens "Empire through the Lens"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031172403/https://exhibitions.bristolmuseums.org.uk/empire-through-the-lens/ |date=31 October 2023 }} from the [[Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery]]

{{Territories of the British Empire}}
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{History of Europe}}
{{Empires}}
{{Black British topics}}
}}
{{Subject bar |portal1=British Empire |portal2=History |portal3=Monarchy |commons=yes |commons-search=Category:British Empire |q=y |q-search=British Empire |voy=yes |s=yes |s-search=Category:British Empire}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:British Empire| ]]
[[Category:Former empires]]
[[Category:Imperialism]]
[[Category:Victorian era]]
[[Category:1583 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1583]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1997]]
[[Category:Overseas empires]]
[[Category:Former countries in Ireland]]
[[Category:Former transcontinental empires]]
[[Category:2nd millennium in the United Kingdom]]

Market of Goa

2026-03-21T17:00:33Z

AndyMfn275514: starting stub.

{{Short description|Engravings by Jan Huyghen van Linschoten}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox artwork
| year = c. 1595
| medium = Engraving
| title = Market of Goa
| image = Rua Direita na Cidade de Goa.jpg
| caption = ''Market of Goa'' print found in Jan Huygen van Linschoten's travel narrative ''Itinerario''.
}}

'''''Market of Goa''''' is Plate 5 in [[Jan Huyghen van Linschoten]]'s '''''Itinerario'''''. The [[Printing plate|plate]] depicts the market in Goa, a region on the southwestern coast of India that was the center of maritime trade in Portuguese Asia. ''Itinerario'' is a book that includes detailed descriptions and thirty-six engravings of Jan Huyghen van Linschoten's observations of Goa and other Asian cities and islands.

== Background information ==
Jan Huygen van Linschoten's ''Itinerario'', originally published in Amsterdam in 1595–1596 by Cornelis Claesz, recounts the journey of van Linschoten to the Portuguese governed city of Goa. ''Itinerario'' includes text of descriptions of thirty-six [[engraving]]s, as well as maps that shown ship routes that were used by merchants. In Linschoten's words, the book is “a collection of the most memorable and worthiest things.” <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Boogaart|first=E. van den|title=Civil and corrupt Asia : images and text in the Itinerario and the Icones of Jan Huygen van Linschoten|date=2003|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-84700-4|location=Chicago|oclc=49627683}}</ref>

Linschoten lived in [[Goa]] from September 21, 1583, to 1588.<ref name=":0" /> While there, he kept a detailed diary on his observations of the land, people and politics.<ref name=":1" /> If there was one thing that was evident to readers of ''Itinerario'', it was "Portuguese imperial rule was slowly rotting."<ref name=":1" /> He also made sketches and likely collected sketches from others he encountered on his journeys. ''Itinerario'' is based on the sketches and observations he made. The book was translated into multiple languages, including English, French, German, and Latin by the 17th century.<ref name=":0" />

Upon returning to the Netherlands, Linschoten worked with the Dutch engraver [[Joannes van Doetecum the Elder|Johannes von Doetecum]] to create thirty-six plates that would accompany the text of ''Itinerario''. The novelty of the ''Itinerario'' plates alone became an interest to potential buyers. Because of this, Claez published a new set of thirty of the original thirty-six engravings. Published in 1604, the new publication was titled ''Icones'', ''habitus gestusque Indorum as Lustianorum per Indian viventium etc.,'' or ''Icones'' for short. Alongside the images were much more detailed descriptions of Linschoten's journey. The new captions were acquired from the Latin translation of ''Itinerario''.<ref name=":0" />

== Visual analysis ==
Plate 5, ''Market of Goa'', depicts the market in [[Goa]], a region on the southwestern coast of India that was the center of maritime trade in [[Portuguese colonization in Asia|Portuguese Asia]]. The ''Market of Goa'' depicts the bustling city of Goa, the center of maritime trade in Asia. Inscribed in Portuguese in the top left of the print is a description of the image. The Portuguese ''rua direita'' most accurately translates to "main street".<ref name=":1" />

The plate is set up like a stage and represents a "theatre of social order and morality."<ref name=":0" /> The inequalities between slaves, merchants, and noblemen are evident based on their clothing (or lack thereof) and accessories. Italian, German, and Portuguese merchants gather in crowds to sell their goods.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Pyrard|first1=François|title=THE VOYAGE OF FRANçOIS PYRARD|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511708831.007|work=The Voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil|pages=1–4|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|access-date=2022-02-21|last2=Gray|first2=Albert|editor1-first=H. C. P|editor1-last=Bell|year=2010|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511708831.007|isbn=9780511708831|archive-date=2023-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430051754/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/voyage-of-francois-pyrard-of-laval-to-the-east-indies-the-maldives-the-moluccas-and-brazil/voyage-of-francois-pyrard/A1AD6D82864BD85E5ADAA341F20C57BC|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Captives, imported from [[Mozambique]], are shackled to their owners or carry them in [[palanquin]]s.<ref name=":1" />

The print likely depicts the [[marketplace]] at morning. Trading was only allowed between the hours of seven and nine in the morning.<ref name=":1" /> The afternoon heat was too unbearable to work. Many figures can be seen taking shade under parasols to shield themselves from the scorching sun. Noblewoman can be seen being carried by slaves in palanquins.

[[Enslaved people]] were frequently sold in Goa. The average Goan household had about 30 slaves.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Saldanha|first=Arun|date=2011|title=The Itineraries of Geography: Jan Huygen van Linschoten's "Itinerario" and Dutch Expeditions to the Indian Ocean, 1594–1602|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27980165|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=101|issue=1|pages=149–177|doi=10.1080/00045608.2010.520227|jstor=27980165|s2cid=129154950|issn=0004-5608|access-date=2022-02-07|archive-date=2022-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207031018/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27980165|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Slaveowners made a hefty profit on the sale because slaves were given very little attention in regards to their health.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, female slaves were sometimes forced to worked as [[prostitute]]s. Masters kept the profit these women made.

The minimal time to trade made for a crowded square. The market was set up like an auction. The bare-chested woman, arguably the focal point of the image, points at the child held by the [[wet nurse]] to her right. Just off the center of the image, a group of Portuguese men, one a money exchanger, can be seen sitting around a table, protected by [[parasol]]s, and listening to a crier auctioning off what appears to be a cloak. In the lower left of the image, two men, Indian [[Porter (carrier)|porters]], carry a jug of water from the countryside.<ref name=":0" /> To the right of the porters, a crier auctions off a small dark-skinned child and a naked woman to a gathering of Portuguese men. Moving to the right of the image is a man riding a horse. Other various animals running amuck, adding to the chaos of the street. In the far right, a Portuguese nobleman on horseback and a Portuguese noblewoman in palanquin are seen leaving the market. The noblewoman's litter is carried by Asian or African slaves. As they exit, they will walk by a hospital—a structure that crudely divides the foreground from the background. In the far left background, a group of women sit in a semi-circle selling goods out of their baskets.<ref name=":0" />

The mayhem and pandemonium are evident, but not representative in this plate is the way that the market was organized. Trades of similar classification were grouped together on the streets. Precious gems, golds, and silvers would be tabled near each other. Other goods included: Portuguese wines, fruits and vegetables, baked goods, herbs, medicines, textiles, embroidery, and wood carvings.<ref name=":0" />

It is important to note that these images are "drawn from life" and are considered "counterfeits from life".<ref name=":0" /> It is important to keep in mind that the plates are based on the entries and sketches of Linschoten's observations, and not those of the engravers, so it cannot be said for certain that the engravers did not take artistic liberties.

Linschoten's observations were considered to have "high empirical content" and are an example of the mapping impulse common by the Dutch.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Svetlana|first=Alpers|title=The art of describing : Dutch art in the seventeenth century|date=2009|publisher=The Univ. of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-01513-2|oclc=839124526}}</ref> The mapping impulse was a compulsion to document everything in an almost scientific manner.

== Credibility ==
Based on the ethnic clientele of Goa, it is plausible that Linschoten could have seen all the figures, fauna, and flora that appear in the plates. However, based on the diaries of Linschoten and the text accompanying the plates, it appears he did not visit all the locations of the objects in the prints. The captions of ''Itinerario'' makes it seem like Linschoten saw more of Asia than he really did.<ref name=":0" /> He may have spent time conversing with the diverse folk at the market and not only traded for goods but also knowledge of the geography and ethnography around Goa. There are also stereotypical elements that appear in the prints. For example, the plate that depicts the king of Cochin on an elephant appears to be Linschoten/Doetecum's play on common compositions used to depict Indian individuals in the art of 16th century Northwestern Europe.<ref name=":0" />

The composition of the plates calls into question their accuracy and credibility. It is unlikely, based on his lack of formal art training, that Linschoten could create a sketch with a composition so balanced. Additionally, the ''Market of Goa'', the huts in the background do not resemble traditional Asian huts.<ref name=":0" /> Figures and structures were likely added by Doetecum to construct a composition that was consistent with 16th century Dutch landscape art; Doetecum did collaborate with printer [[Hieronymus Cock]] on landscape backgrounds.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Itinerario (Jan Huygen van Linschoten)|position=left}}

[[Category:Wikipedia Student Program]]
[[Category:History of Goa]]
[[Category:17th-century engravings]]

Shama (magazine)

2026-03-20T00:35:08Z

AndyMfn275514: entry

{{Infobox magazine|title=Shama|image_file=Shama Cover.jpg| image_caption=Cover of a 1960 issue
|category=Literary magazine|founder=Yusuf Dehlvi|editor=Yusuf Dehlvi (1939-1985), 
Idrees Dehlvi, Ilyas Dehlvi (1985-1999)|founded=1939|finaldate=1999|country=India|language=[[Urdu]]|frequency=Monthly}}
'''''Shama''''' was a monthly Indian [[Urdu]]-language film and literary magazine published from 1939 to 1999.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Taj|first=Afroz|date=2020-12-28|title=The Filmī-ʿIlmī Formula: Shama Magazine and the Urdu Cosmopolis|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/urds/1/2/article-p177_3.xml|journal=Journal of Urdu Studies|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=177–210|doi=10.1163/26659050-12340016|issn=2665-9042|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210720152628/https://brill.com/view/journals/urds/1/2/article-p177_3.xml|archive-date=2021-07-20|doi-access=free}}</ref> Considered the world's biggest chain of Urdu-language magazines at the time,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-22|title=Yunus Dehlvi – Ran the World’s Biggest Chain of Urdu Magazine – New Delhi {{!}} Mpositive.in|url=http://www.mpositive.in/tag/yunus-dehlvi-ran-the-worlds-biggest-chain-of-urdu-magazine-new-delhi/|access-date=2021-07-19|language=en-US}}</ref> the Shama group published several other famous magazines and digests including ''Sushama'' (Hindi), ''Khilauna, Dost aur Dosti, Bano, Sushmita, Mujrim, Doshi, A'inah, Shabistan'' and ''Rasia Kashidakari''.<ref name=":0" /> The magazine was a household name and has been described as a "movement of Urdu which gave birth to a new tradition".<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Abbasi|first=Yasir|date=2019-01-12|title=The lost world of Urdu film magazines|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/the-lost-world-of-urdu-film-magazines/article25968853.ece|access-date=2021-02-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Idrees Dehlwi's death a great loss for Urdu|url=https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/01012002/0101200231.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126025706/https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/01012002/0101200231.htm|archive-date=2021-01-26|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Milli Gazette}}</ref>

Three generations of the ''Dehlvi'' family were involved in Shama empire's management beginning from its founder Yusuf Dehlvi, his three sons Younus, Idrees and Ilyas Dehlvi as well as some of their wives and children who also frequently contributed articles for the monthlies.<ref name=":0" />

At the time when the Shama group was at its zenith, the Dehlvi family was reckoned as one of the wealthiest and most influential in India, and its links to the Urdu-Hindi film industry as well as their political and literary connections earned them celebrity status.<ref name=":0" />

Shama was the first monthly Indian journal of any kind in any language to surpass the 100,000-subscribers milestone, which it did as early as 1949. Its peak circulation is unknown since the company’s financial records did not survive the closing of the Shama office in 1999. The magazine’s early commercial success led to a number of spin-off publications under the Shama umbrella.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
Shama ({{langx|ur|{{nastaliq|شمع}}|Śamā|Candle}}) was started in September 1939 by Delhi-based businessman Yusuf Dehlvi. It was initially sold for two [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]] per copy. Following the format of some other Urdu film magazines like ''Chitra'', Shama's content was a combination of film and literary writing which was partly the reason for its wide circulation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Abbasi|first=Yasir|title=The Golden Age|url=https://indianquarterly.com/?p=5896|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124070825/https://indianquarterly.com/?p=5896|archive-date=2020-11-24|access-date=2021-03-02|website=The Indian Quarterly|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The magazine was not an instant success but Dehlvi managed to sustain it even in tumultuous times, and the magazine eventually became a credible name. The [[Partition of India|partition of British India]] brought many Urdu readers to India which gave a boost to the magazine's readership. Dehlvi was joined by his three sons, Idrees, Ilyas and Yunus, when the magazine started to hit the jackpot.<ref name=":2" />

=== Popularity ===
Shama became the first Urdu magazine to reach a circulation of one lakh copies a month and special flights were booked for transporting the magazine overseas.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Bakht Ahmed|first=Firoz|date=2019-02-10|title=Yunus Dehlvi was the Mirza Ghalib and Maulana Azad of Urdu magazines!|url=https://www.counterview.net/2019/02/yunus-dehlvi-was-mirza-ghalib-and.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927160414/https://www.counterview.net/2019/02/yunus-dehlvi-was-mirza-ghalib-and.html|archive-date=2020-09-27|access-date=2021-03-02|website=Counterview}}</ref> It featured popular Urdu writers and poets like [[Arzoo Lakhnavi]], [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]], [[Ismat Chughtai]], [[Krishan Chander]], [[Jigar Moradabadi]] and regularly featured columns by those associated with the film industry.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Actor [[Sanjay Dutt|Sanjay Dutt's]] name was chosen by crowdsourcing through Shama and it was reported by the magazine that [[Nargis]] would send an autographed picture and a personal letter to the person who had suggested the name.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Usman|first=Yasser|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fK5oDwAAQBAJ|title=Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy|date=2018|publisher=Juggernaut Books|isbn=978-93-86228-58-1|pages=14,203|language=en}}</ref> After the death of actress [[Meena Kumari]], Nargis wrote a personal essay in Shama in June 1972.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Malik|first=Ektaa|date=2019-01-06|title='This place is not meant for people like you': When Nargis wrote on Meena Kumari's death|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/in-their-words-5523472/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919234050/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/in-their-words-5523472/|archive-date=2020-09-19|access-date=2021-03-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

The magazine carried condolence messages from President [[Zail Singh|Giani Zail Singh]] and Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] upon the death of founder Yusuf Dehlvi in 1985.<ref name=":2" /> In a 1985 issue, actor [[Dharmendra]] wrote that his desire to get into films was aroused by Shama.<ref name=":2" /> A popular feature of the magazine was its literary crosswords called 'Adabi Muamma' which carried attractive prizes worth lakhs of rupees.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> The magazine carried a column 'Sitaaron Ki Duniya' (World of the stars) written by Idrees Dehlvi under the pseudonym 'Musafir', which gave access to the lives of actors and filmmaking, but avoided salacious content.<ref name=":2" />

[[File:Cover of a 1970 issue of Khilauna Magazine from the Shama Group.png|thumb|Cover of a 1971 issue of Khilauna Magazine by the Shama Group]]

==Spin-off publications==
Following the success of ''Shama'', in the early 1950s, Yusuf Dehlvi acquired ''Bano'' and used the Shama name to leverage it into India’s premiere women’s magazine. Bano contained content similar to the nineteenth century magazines, a mixture of practical knowledge and literature, but without Shama’s film focus and the risqué image.<ref name=":0" />

At around the same time, the children’s magazine ''Khilauna'' (meaning Toy) was launched. Unlike the moralistic children’s magazines from the nineteenth century, Khilauna treated its young readers as friends, and the magazine was meant to be played with, not merely read. It published fiction and informational articles drawn from cosmopolitan sources, as well as baby pictures submitted by readers. Barely out of college, Khilauna editor Yusuf’s youngest son, Ilyas Dehlvi, enlisted highly reputed writers like Ḳhvajah Aḥmad Abbas, Krishan Chandar and Rajindar Singh Bedī to contribute children’s stories. Khilauna also contained illustrated serialized comic strips which contained some of India’s first homegrown fantasy and science fiction for children.

As Urdu readership slowly declined through the 1960s, the Dehlvis launched a Hindi version of Shama, called ''Sushama'' (meaning Splendour). The name was chosen because of the phonemic similarity with the name of the parent magazine. An Urdu-language crime/spy magazine 'Mujrim' was also launched along with its Hindi-language counterpart 'Doshi.' <ref name=":0" />

During the 80s, Ilyas Dehlvi, on observing his daughter Rasia Dehlvi's interest in fashion and the art of embroidery, launched ''Rasia Kashidakari'', another successful venture deviating from Shama's literary and film focus. Several magazines were patterned after successful American magazines, including A'inah (meaning Mirror) and Shabistan (meaning Bedroom).<ref name=":0" />

[[File:The Shama Mansion, the iconic private residence of the Dehlvi family, in its glory in Delhi's diplomatic enclave.png|thumb|The Shama Mansion, the iconic private residence of the Dehlvi family, in its glory in Delhi's diplomatic enclave]]

== Shama-Sushama Film Awards ==
Owing to Shama's increasingly close association with the Hindi and Urdu Film fraternity, the Dehlvis hosted the ''Shama-Sushama Film Awards'', one of the most awaited and talked-about annual events in the country at the time. The annual award function saw some of the biggest film, literary, political and business personalities in attendance. The event was traditionally held at the [[Ashok Hotel]] situated about next-door to the ''Shama Mansion'', the iconic residence of the Dehlvis in [[Lutyens' Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Austen Soofi|first=Mayank|date=2020-08-07|title=Sadia, the ultimate Delhi wali|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/sadia-the-ultimate-delhi-wali/story-KXjh39It8ibPkucUoWc9ZP.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714184718/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/sadia-the-ultimate-delhi-wali/story-KXjh39It8ibPkucUoWc9ZP.html|archive-date=2021-07-14|access-date=2021-07-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The first ceremony happened on 11 March 1973.<ref>{{Cite book |title=...and Pran: A Biography |last=Reuben |first=Bunny |date=2005 |publisher=HarperCollins and [[Living Media]] |isbn=978-81-72234-66-9 |page=271 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.rekhta.org/emagazines/shama-new-delhi Archived collection at Rekhta]
* [https://eap.bl.uk/collection/EAP566-2-7 Archived collection at British Library]

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shama}}
[[Category:Defunct celebrity magazines]]
[[Category:Defunct magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Literary magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1939]]
[[Category:Magazines disestablished in 1999]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Defunct Urdu-language magazines]]
[[Category:Defunct literary magazines]]
[[Category:Film magazines published in India]]

Hinduism in Australia

2026-03-19T17:49:30Z

AndyMfn275514: bio

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use Australian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Australian Hindus
| flag = File:Aum_Om_red.svg| flag_size = 50px|
| image = File:Perth sivan koyil.jpg
| image_caption = [[Perth Shiva Temple]]
| pop = {{increase}} 684,002 (2021) {{increase}} 2.7% of the Australian population<ref name=ABS>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/8497F7A8E7DB5BEFCA25821800203DA4?OpenDocument |title=Census reveals Australia's religious diversity on World Religion Day |date=18 January 2018 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |accessdate=5 August 2021}}</ref>
| regions = {{hlist|[[Sydney]]|[[Canberra]]|[[Melbourne]]| [[Adelaide]]|[[Perth]]|[[Brisbane]]}}
| langs = [[Australian English|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Tamil Language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Fiji Hindi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Mauritian Creole]], [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| related-c =
}}

{{Historical populations
|type =
|footnote =
|percentages = pagr
|1911 | 414
|1933 | 212
|1986 | 21,500
|1991 | 43,580
|1996 | 67,270
|2001 | 95,473
|2006 | 148,123
|2011 | 275,534
|2016 | 440,300
|2021 | 684,002
}}

{{Hinduism by country}}

'''[[Hinduism]]''' is the third-largest religion in Australia, with more than 684,002 adherents, accounting for 2.7% of the population as of the 2021 Census.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/media-centre/media-releases/2021-census-shows-changes-australias-religious-diversity |title=2021 Census shows changes in Australia's religious diversity | Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=28 June 2022}}</ref> Hinduism is the [[fastest growing religion]] in Australia mostly through immigration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/melbournes-fastestgrowing-religion-20080629-2yvs.html |title=Melbourne's fastest-growing religion |publisher=Theage.com.au |date=30 June 2008 |access-date=10 July 2013}}</ref> Hinduism is also one of the most youthful religions in Australia, with 34% and 66% of Hindus being under the age of 14 and 34, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://religionsforpeaceaustralia.org.au/news/349-australias-religious-profile-from-the-2011-census.html |title=Australia's Religious Profile from the 2011 Census |access-date=17 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323090424/http://religionsforpeaceaustralia.org.au/news/349-australias-religious-profile-from-the-2011-census.html |archive-date=23 March 2015 |url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In the nineteenth century, the British authorities first brought Hindus from [[India]] to [[Australia]] to work on cotton and sugar [[plantations]]. Many remained as small businessmen, working as camel drivers, merchants and [[Hawker (trade)|hawkers]], selling goods between small rural communities. Today, many Hindus are well educated professionals in fields such as medicine, engineering, commerce and information technology, constituting a [[model minority]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}} The Hindus in Australia are mostly of [[Hinduism in India|Indian]] origin; other origins include those from [[Hinduism in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]], [[Hinduism in Fiji|Fiji]], [[Hinduism in Malaysia|Malaysia]], [[Balinese Hinduism|Bali]], [[Cham people|Cham]], [[Hinduism in Singapore|Singapore]], [[Hinduism in Mauritius|Mauritius]], and [[Hinduism in Nepal|Nepal]].

==History==
The following dates briefly outline the arrival of Hinduism.
* As early as 300AD – Indonesian Hindu merchants make contact with Australian Aborigines. {{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
* 1844 – P. Friell who had previously lived in India, brought 25 domestic workers from [[Hinduism in India|India]] to Sydney and these included a few women and children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nriol.com/indiandiaspora/australia-indians.asp|title=Indian overseas Population - Indians in Australia. Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin|website=NRIOL}}</ref>
* 1850s – A [[Sindhis|Hindu Sindhi]] merchant, Shri Pammull, built a family [[opal]] trade in [[Melbourne]] that has prosperously continued with his third-to fourth-generation descendants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduism-guide.com/hinduism/hinduism_in_australia.htm |title=Hinduism / Hinduism by country / Hinduism in australia |access-date=13 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030159/http://www.hinduism-guide.com/hinduism/hinduism_in_australia.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 1836 – The census showed a mere 277 Hindus in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]. The gold rush years attracted many [[Hinduism in India|Indians]] to Australia and across the borders to the gold mines in Victoria.
* 1890 – The census showed that 521 Hindus were living in [[New South Wales]].
* 1907 – About 800 Indians lived in Australia; most lived in northern New South Wales and [[Queensland]].
* 1911 – The census counted 3,698 Hindus in the entire country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1179&context=jhcs |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084928/http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1179&context=jhcs |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 1921 – Less than 2200 [[Hinduism in India|Indians]] lived in Australia.
* 1971 – [[Swami Prabhupada]] arrives in Australia and founded first [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] centre in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iskconnews.org/early-disciples-celebrate-forty-years-of-iskcon-in-australia,2635/|title=Early Disciples Celebrate Forty Years of ISKCON in Australia|date=7 May 2011|access-date=17 December 2014|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026023646/https://iskconnews.org/early-disciples-celebrate-forty-years-of-iskcon-in-australia,2635/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 1977 – The first [[Hindu temple]] in Australia, the Sri Mandir Temple, was built. Established by three devotees; Dr Prem Shankar (from Ujhani, UP), Dr Padmanabn Shrindhar Prabhu and Dr Anand, who bought an old house in [[Auburn, New South Wales|Auburn]] NSW and paid $12000.00 to convert it into a temple.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srimandir.org/aboutus/history|title=History - SRI MANDIR|website=www.srimandir.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianherald.com.au/events/australias-oldest-temple-celebrates-its-35th-birthday/1893/ |title=Oldest temple in Australia celebrates its 35th birthday | Indian Herald |access-date=13 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326022255/http://indianherald.com.au/events/australias-oldest-temple-celebrates-its-35th-birthday/1893/ |archive-date=26 March 2016 |url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 1981 – The census recorded 12,466 Hindus in Victoria and 12,256 in NSW from a total of 41,730 in the entire country.
* 1985 – A Hindu society, the Saiva Manram, was formed to build a temple for [[Murukan|Lord Murukan]]. Since its inception, Lord Murukan has been called 'Sydney Murukan'. The Saiva Manram has worked hard for nearly ten years to build a temple for Lord Murukan.
* 1986 – According to the 1986 census, the number of Hindus in Australia surpasses 21,000.
* 1991 – According to the 1991 census, the number of Hindus in Australia surpasses 43,000.
* 1995 - Completion of the Brisbane Selva Vinayakar Kovil the consecration ceremony was held on 5 February 1995.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sriselvavinayakar.org/history.htm | title=_/|\_ Sri Selva Vinayakar Temple, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia _/|\_ }}</ref>
* 1996 – Hindus with their birthplace in India made up 31 per cent of all Hindus in Australia. But the census also showed there were 67,270 Hindus living in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/7d12b0f6763c78caca257061001cc588/6ef598989db79931ca257306000d52b4!OpenDocument|title=Main Features - Census shows non-Christian religions continue to grow at a faster rate|first=c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of|last=Statistics|website=www.abs.gov.au|date=27 June 2007}}</ref>
* 2001 – According to the 2001 census, the number of Hindus in Australia surpasses 95,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncls.org.au/default.aspx?sitemapid=338|title=Hinduism|website=www.ncls.org.au}}</ref>
* 2003 – Sri Karphaga Vinayakar Temple was formed to build a temple for Lord Ganesha/Ganapathi/Vinayakar. Since its inception, Lord Ganesh has been called 'Sydney Ganesh Temple'. "www.vinayakar.org.au"
* 2006 – According to the 2006 census, the number of Hindus in Australia surpasses 145,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oktravel.com.au/statistics/religion/hinduism/ |title=Hinduism Statistics in Australia - okTravel |access-date=15 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924055631/http://www.oktravel.com.au/statistics/religion/hinduism/ |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2011 – According to the 2011 census, the number of Hindus in Australia surpasses 275,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visareporter.com/news-article/hinduism-fastest-growing-religion-in-australia/|title=Hindu fastest growing religion in australia|website=VisaReporter|accessdate=18 July 2023}}</ref>
* 2015 – [[Daniel Mookhey]] becomes the first Australian MP to be sworn into office by swearing his/her oath on the [[Bhagavad Gita]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/labor-mlc-daniel-mookhey-makes-australian-political-history-by-swearing-on-the-bhagavad-gita-20150512-ggzo9a.html|title=Labor MLC Daniel Mookhey makes Australian political history by swearing on the Bhagavad Gita|first=Nicole|last=Hasham|date=12 May 2015|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>
* 2016 – 2016 Census data states that Hindus comprise almost 2% of the Australian population.
* 2018 – [[Kaushaliya Vaghela]] becomes the first Indian-born Hindu Member of Parliament in any Australian Parliament.

==Demographics==
===Hindu population by year===
{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultright col1left"
! '''Year'''
! '''Percent'''
! '''Increase'''
|-
| '''1986'''
| '''0.14%'''
| '''-'''
|-
| '''1991'''
| '''0.25%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+0.11%'''
|-
| '''1996'''
| '''0.38%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+0.13%'''
|-
| '''2001'''
| '''0.51%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+0.13%'''
|-
| '''2006'''
| '''0.75%'''
| style="background: #2EB82E" | '''+0.24%'''
|-
| '''2011'''
| '''1.28%'''
| style="background: #00A300" | '''+0.53%'''
|-
| '''2016'''
| '''1.90%'''
| style="background: #00A300" | '''+0.62%'''
|-
|'''2021'''
|'''2.7%'''
| style="background: #00A300" | '''+0.80%'''
|}

===Hindus by state or territory===
[[File:Fastest_Growing_Religions_in_Australia_2016.png|thumb|right|400px|Hinduism is one of the fastest growing religion in absolute numbers in every state and territory of Australia.]]
[[File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Australia by SLA - BCP field 2775 Hinduism Persons.svg|thumb|right|400px|People who are affiliated with Hinduism as a percentage of the total population in Australia divided geographically by statistical local area, as of the 2011 census]]

As per 2021 census, Hindus form 2.7% of Australia's total population. From 2011 to 2021, in 10 years Hindus have increased from 275,521 to 684,002, a growth of 408,462 or 148.2%, making Hinduism fastest growing religion of Australia.
{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultright col1left col9center"
! State or territory
! 2021 census
! % 2021 census
! 2016 census
! % 2016 census
! 2011 census
! % 2011 census
! 2011–21 growth
! Reference
|-
| [[New South Wales#Demographics|New South Wales]]
| 273,780
| 3.4%
| 181,402
| 2.4%
| 119,843
| 1.7%
| style="background: #00A300" | +153,937 128.4%
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=100&EndYear=2011|title=Religion - Australia - Community profile|website=profile.id.com.au|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-date=9 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109101834/https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=100&EndYear=2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Victoria (Australia)#Religion|Victoria]]
| 214,058
| 3.3%
| 134,939
| 2.3%
| 83,102
| 1.6%
| style="background: #00A300" | +130,956 157.6%
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=110&EndYear=2011|title=Religion - Australia - Community profile|website=profile.id.com.au|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-date=9 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109101839/https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=110&EndYear=2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Queensland#Demographics|Queensland]]
| 69,520
| 1.3%
| 45,961
| 1.0%
| 28,609
| 0.7%
| style="background: #2EB82E" | +40,911 143.0%
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=120&EndYear=2011|title=Religion - Australia - Community profile|website=profile.id.com.au|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-date=9 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109113355/https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=120&EndYear=2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Western Australia#Demographics|Western Australia]]
| 52,055
| 2.0%
| 38,739
| 1.6%
| 21,048
| 0.9%
| style="background: #2EB82E" | +31,007 147.3%
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=140&EndYear=2011|title=Religion - Australia - Community profile|website=profile.id.com.au|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-date=9 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109111846/https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=140&EndYear=2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[South Australia#Demographics|South Australia]]
| 38,105
| 2.1%
| 22,922
| 1.4%
| 13,616
| 0.9%
| style="background: #2EB82E" | +24,489 179.8%
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=130&EndYear=2011|title=Religion - Australia - Community profile|website=profile.id.com.au|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-date=9 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109101838/https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=130&EndYear=2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Australian Capital Territory|Capital Territory]]
| 20,505
| 4.5%
| 10,211
| 2.6%
| 6,053
| 1.7%
| style="background: lightgreen" | +14,452 238.7%
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=170&EndYear=2011|title=Religion - Australia - Community profile|website=profile.id.com.au|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-date=9 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109101833/https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=170&EndYear=2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Northern Territory#Religion|Northern Territory]]
| 6,236
| 2.7%
| 3,562
| 1.6%
| 1,642
| 0.8%
| style="background: lightgreen" | +4,594 280.0%
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=160&EndYear=2011|title=Religion - Australia - Community profile|website=profile.id.com.au|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-date=9 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109114854/https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=160&EndYear=2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tasmania]]
| 9,724
| 1.7%
| 2,554
| 0.5%
| 1,608
| 0.3%
| style="background: lightgreen" | +8,116 504.7%
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=150&EndYear=2011|title=Religion - Australia - Community profile|website=profile.id.com.au|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-date=9 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109101835/https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=150&EndYear=2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

The majority of Australian Hindus live along the [[Geography of Australia|Eastern Coast]] of Australia, mainly in the cities of [[Melbourne]] and [[Sydney]]. About 39% of Hindus lived in [[Greater Sydney]], 29% in [[Greater Melbourne]], and 8% each in [[Greater Brisbane]] and [[Greater Perth]]. The states and territories with the highest proportion of Hindus are the [[Australian Capital Territory]] (2.57%) and [[New South Wales]] (2.43%), whereas those with the lowest are [[Queensland]] (0.98%) and [[Tasmania]] (0.50%).<ref>{{cite web|title=Census TableBuilder - Dataset: 2016 Census - Cultural Diversity|url=https://guest.censusdata.abs.gov.au/webapi/jsf/tableView/tableView.xhtml|work=Australian Bureau of Statistics – Census 2016|access-date=29 July 2017|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114122905/https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/webapi/jsf/login.xhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to the 2006 Census, 44.16% of all Australians who were born in India were Hindu, so were 47.20% of those born in Fiji, 1.84% born in Indonesia, 3.42% from Malaysia, and 18.61% from Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/5618AB4511347DC2CA257306000D44C2/$File/2914055002_2006%20(Reissue).xls |format=Excel download| title=2914.0.55.002 2006 Census Ethnic Media Package| date=27 June 2007|access-date=14 July 2008|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|work=Census Dictionary, 2006 (cat.no 2901.0)}}</ref>

In [[Tasmania]], Hinduism is practised mainly by the [[Lhotshampa]] community from Bhutan.<ref>{{cite web|website=religionsforpeaceaustralia.org.au |url=http://religionsforpeaceaustralia.org.au/upload/diverse-faiths.pdf|title=Diverse Faiths of Tasmania|access-date=18 July 2023}}</ref>

===Hindu converts===
Hinduism is growing among the Anglo-Australian population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boldsky.com/insync/life/2017/how-is-hinduism-growing-in-australia-111810.html |title=This Is How Hinduism Is Getting Popular In Australia - Boldsky.com|date=8 March 2017}}</ref> Many Caucasians in Australia also visit the Hindu temple at [[Carrum Downs, Victoria|Carrum Downs]] (Shri Shiva Vishnu Temple) and learn Vedic Hindu scriptures in Tamil.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-rise-of-hinduism-in-australia-will-it-continue |title=The rise of Hinduism in Australia, will it continue? {{!}} SBS News |work=SBS News }}</ref> The [[ISKCON]] Hindu community in Australia has 60,000 members - 70% of whom are Hindus from overseas, with the other 30% being Anglo Australians.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecitizen.org.au/articles/more-australians-putting-their-faith-hinduism |title=More Australians putting their faith in Hinduism – The Citizen}}</ref> The 2016 Census noted 415 Hindus belonging to the indigenous community of Australia ([[Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people]]).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Religion%20Article~80| title=2071.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016}}</ref>

===Languages===
According to the 2021 Census, 13.0% of Australian Hindus speak English at home. English (88,832 or 13.0%) is the third most common language spoken by Australian Hindus, behind Hindi (155,242 or 22.7%) and Nepali (111,353 or 16.3%).<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/census-explorer-2021/index.html?lang=en&languages=nepali&topic=cultural-diversity |title=SBS Australian Census Explorer}}</ref> The number of Australian Hindus speaking various languages in their home according to the 2006 census:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/census/ |title=Census 2011 Australia | ABS Population Income | SBS Census Explorer |publisher=Sbs.com.au |access-date=10 July 2013 |archive-date=17 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717085953/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/census/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

*Indian migrants speak [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]] etc.
*[[Tamil language|Tamil]] by immigrants from India, Sri lanka, Singapore, Malaysia, Mauritius
*[[Nepali language|Nepali]] by immigrants from Nepal, Bhutan and India.
*[[Bengali language|Bengali]] by immigrants from India and Bangladesh.
*[[Fijian Hindi]] and [[Fijians|Fijian]] by migrants from [[Fiji]]
*[[Mauritian Creole]] by migrants from [[Mauritius]]
*[[Balinese people|Balinese]] and [[Indonesians|Indonesian]] by Indonesian migrants
*Other languages such as [[French language|French]], [[Malayan languages|Malay]], [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], etc.

{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultright col1left col5center"
! TT !! |Y11 !! Y16 !! Y21<ref name="auto"/> !! Hindus as % of language speakers
|-
| '''Total''' || '''275,534''' || '''440,300''' || '''684,002''' || '''2.70%'''
|-
| Hindi || 81,892 || 119,284 || 155,242 || 78.8%
|-
| Nepali || 21,766 || 50,629 || 111,353 || 83.7%
|-
| English || 39,800 || 58,855 || 88,832 || 0.5%
|-
| Gujarati || 29,250 || 45,884 || 71,976 || 88.5%
|-
| Tamil || 36,940 || 53,766 || 69,807 || 73.2%
|-
| Telugu || 16,717 || 30,723 || 52,583 || 90.2%
|-
| Punjabi || 9,442 || 16,546 || 36,367 || 15.2%
|-
| Marathi || 8,774 || 11,589 || 19,780 || 88.8%
|-
| Malayalam || 5,938 || 11,687 || 17,772 || 22.6%
|-
| Kannada || 5,383 || 8,783 || 13,419 || 91.2%
|-
| Bengali || 5,685 || 8,481 || 11,810 || 16.8%
|-
| Fijian Hindi || 572 || 1,257 || 2,407 || 50.5%
|-
| Indonesian || 1,171 || 1,755 || 2,215 || 3.0%
|-
| French || 1,180 || 1,401 || 1,425 || 2.0%
|-
| Konkani || 609 || 845 || 1,370 || 37.6%
|-
| Odia || 282 || 694 || 1,338 || 95.5%
|-
| Sindhi || 277 || 521 || 892 || 33.9%
|-
| Tulu || 348 || 543 || 845 || 93.2%
|-
| Mauritian Creole || 514 || 883 || 813 || 22.5%
|-
| South Asian nfd || 3,531 || 3,770 || 548 || 7.8%
|-
| Malay || 435 || 591 || 487 || 2.3%
|-
| Assamese || 165 || 302 || 479 || 82.3%
|-
| Italian || 158 || 158 || 322 || 0.1%
|-
| Fijian || 129 || 213 || 198 || 1.9%
|-
| Balinese || 129 || 156 || 193 || 80.8%
|-
| Vietnamese || 109 || 225 || 192 || 0.0%
|-
| Sinhalese || 232 || 163 || 167 || 0.2%
|-
| Indo-Aryan nfd || 1,988 || 633 || NA || NA
|}

==Hindu temples in Australia==
There are more than forty Hindu temples in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hinducouncil.com.au/new/our-teams/member-organizations/ |title=Australian Hindu Temples and Associations - Hindu Council of Australia |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182427/http://hinducouncil.com.au/new/our-teams/member-organizations/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

*Sri Karphaga Vinayakar Temple, Sydney
*Sydney Murugan Temple, Westmead
*Sai Mandir, Regents Park, Sydney
*Minto Shiva Temple, Sydney
*Sri Venkateswara Temple, Helensburgh, New South Wales
*Raghavendra Swamy Mutt, Toongabbie, New South Wales
*[[Sydney Durga Temple]], Sydney
*[[Perth Shiva Temple]], Perth
*[[Bala Murugan Temple]], Perth
*[[List of Swaminarayan temples|Shree Swaminarayan Temple]], Perth
*BAPS Temple, Melbourne
*Sri Venkata Krishna Brundavana, Melbourne
*Sri Venkata Krishna Vrundavana, Sydney
*Shiva Vishnu Temple, Melbourne
*Durga Temple, Melbourne
*Shirdi Sai Sansthan, Melbourne
*Sankatamochan Hanuman Mandir, Melbourne
*Melbourne Murugan Temple, Melbourne
*Sri Vakrathunda Vinayagar Temple, Melbourne
*Perth Ram Temple, Perth (biggest temple in the country)

==Contemporary society==
According to a national survey reported in 2019, Hindu Australians continues to experience the highest rates of discrimination even after being the model minority.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharattimes.com/2017/02/28/49-per-cent-australians-want-migrants-assimilate/|title=Hindu Australians experience highest rates of discrimination|date=28 February 2017|access-date=13 January 2019|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020231148/https://www.bharattimes.com/2017/02/28/49-per-cent-australians-want-migrants-assimilate/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The survey showed that a three quarters of respondents (75%) had experienced discrimination on public transport or on the street.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/newscentre/news_centre/story_archive/2017/national_survey_finds_australians_worried_about_relatives_marrying_muslims |title=National survey finds Australians worried about relatives marrying Muslims}}</ref> The total fertility rate (TFR) among Hindus is also the second least (least being Buddhists) in Australia with 1.81, which is lower than Christians (2.11) and Muslims (3.03).<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Allen |first1=Liz |editor-first1=Lucinda |editor-last1=Beaman |url=http://theconversation.com/factcheck-qanda-the-facts-on-birth-rates-for-muslim-couples-and-non-muslim-couples-in-australia-81183|title=FactCheck Q&A: The facts on birth rates for Muslim couples and non-Muslim couples in Australia| date=24 July 2017 |doi=10.64628/AA.9nxffyjks }}</ref>

==Overseas territories==
Hinduism is practised by the small number of [[Malaysian Indians]] in [[Christmas Island]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cidhs.cx/island-induction |title=Island induction | Christmas Island District High School |access-date=23 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803091021/http://www.cidhs.cx/island-induction |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Christmas Island: An Anthropological Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gsGegGC3GmYC&pg=PA91|year=2008|author=Simone Dennis|publisher=Cambria Press|isbn=9781604975109|pages=91–}}</ref> According to the 2021 census, Hinduism constitute 0.6% of its population.<ref>{{citation|title=2021 Census of Population and Housing – General Community Profile: Christmas Island (LGA51710)|date=2022 |author= ((Australian Bureau of Statistics))|url=https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/LGA51710|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|id=("General Community Profile" XLS file download: Table G14 – Religious Affiliation by Sex)}} [https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/90101/download/GCP_90101.xlsx Direct file download (1 MB).]</ref>

==Attacks on Hindu Community==
* '''2023 Jan''': Three Hindu temples were vandalized across Australia namely the BAPS Swaminarayan Temple of Melbourne, Shiva Vishnu Temple of Carrum Downs, Victoria and ISKCON Temple of Melbourne with anti-Hindu graffiti by Khalistani extremists. High Commission of India to Australia condemned the repeated hate-crimes and the Australian High Commission to India assured support and solidarity with the Hindu community of Australia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-01-26 |title=India slams vandalisation of three Hindu temples in Australia and glorification of anti-India terrorists |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-slams-vandalisation-of-three-hindu-temples-in-australia-and-glorification-of-anti-india-terrorists/article66436606.ece |access-date=2023-02-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Several top Australian lawmakers condemned the attacks on Hindu community's places of worship and stressed importance of respect in a multicultural society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Third Hindu temple vandalised in Melbourne after India demands swift action |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/hindi/en/article/another-hindu-temple-vandalised-days-after-india-seeks-speedy-investigation-and-action/cfn23dnt6 |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=SBS Language |date=24 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Third Temple vandalised in Australia with Hindu hate graffiti by Khalistan supporters - The Australia Today |date=23 January 2023 |url=https://www.theaustraliatoday.com.au/third-temple-vandalised-in-australia-with-hindu-hate-graffiti-by-khalistan-supporters/ |access-date=2023-02-28 |language=en-AU}}</ref>

* '''2023 Feb''': Khalistani extremists made threatening phone calls to a prominent Hindu temple in Brisbane. The perpetrators demanded the temple raise Khalistan slogans if they wished to celebrate [[Mahashivratri]] peacefully. The calls came after three Hindu temples in Australia were defaced with anti-India graffiti, allegedly by Khalistani extremists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-18 |title=Hindu temple in Australia gets threat calls; asked to raise Khalistani slogans |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/hindu-temple-in-australia-gets-threat-calls-asked-to-raise-khalistani-slogans-101676731120977.html |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

* '''2023 Mar''': The Shree Laxmi Narayan Temple in Brisbane was vandalized by Khalistani extremists with anti-Hindu graffiti on the walls of temple. Sarah L Gates, the Director of Hindu Human Rights suspects that the hate crime is an attempt to terrorize Hindu community by members of Sikhs For Justice (SFJ) headed by [[Gurpatwant Singh Pannun]], an individual designated as terrorist by the government of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia: Another Hindu temple vandalised by pro-Khalistan supporters in Brisbane |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2023/03/04/australia-another-hindu-temple-vandalised-by-pro-khalistan-supporters-in-brisbane.html |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shree Laxmi Narayan Temple vandalised by Khalistan supporters in Brisbane - The Australia Today |date=4 March 2023 |url=https://www.theaustraliatoday.com.au/shree-laxmi-narayan-temple-vandalised-by-khalistan-supporters-in-brisbane/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Another Hindu temple vandalised by Khalistani groups in Australia, this time in Brisbane |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/another-hindu-temple-vandalised-by-khalistani-groups-in-australia-this-time-in-brisbane |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> However the Australian Police claims they have no suspects or leads behind the vandalism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=IP |date=2023-09-18 |title=Oz police see 'Hindu hand' in temple graffiti, advise closure |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/oz-police-see-hindu-hand-in-temple-graffiti-advise-closure/articleshow/103744961.cms |access-date=2023-11-27}}</ref>

* '''2023 May''': The BAPS Swaminarayan Temple of Sydney was vandalized with anti-Hindu graffiti allegedly by Khalistano extremists. Andrew Charlton, Member of Parliament from Parramatta expressed regret and visited the temple for helping the temple volunteers in cleaning the graffiti. Michelle Rowland, Minister of Communications condemned the vandalism. The Hindu Council of Australia called it not only an attack on sanctity of temple but also an insult to Australian Hindus and demanded investigation and justice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-05 |title=Indian temple in Australia defaced by 'anti-social elements' with 'anti-India' graffiti |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/australia-sydney-indian-temple-defaced-8593107/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydney Hindu BAPS Swaminarayan Temple Vandalised by Khalistani Goons - The Australia Today |date=5 May 2023 |url=https://www.theaustraliatoday.com.au/sydney-hindu-baps-swaminarayan-temple-vandalised-by-khalistani-goons/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |language=en-AU}}</ref>

==Image gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">

File:Sri Venkateswara Temple Helensburgh.jpg|Sri Venkateswara Temple (SVT), [[Helensburgh, New South Wales|Helensburgh]], New South Wales
File:Venkateswara Temple Helensburgh.jpg|Main Gopuram of the Sri Venkateswara Temple (SVT), [[Helensburgh, New South Wales|Helensburgh]], New South Wales
File:Sydney Durga Temple Gopuram.jpg|[[Sydney Durga Temple]], [[Regent's Park]], [[Sydney]]
File:Perth sivan koyil.jpg|[[Perth Shiva Temple]], [[Perth]]
File:Shiva vishnu koyil.jpg|Shiva Vishnu Temple, [[Melbourne]]
File:Sydney murugan koyil.jpg|Lord Murugan Temple, Sydney
File:Svkb melbourne.jpg|Sri Venkata Krishna Brundavana, Melbourne
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|Australia}}

* [[Religion in Australia]]
** [[Indian Australians]]
** [[List of Hindu temples in Australia]]

* [[Hinduism by country]]
** [[Hinduism in New Zealand]]
** [[Hinduism in Fiji]]
** [[Hinduism in Vietnam]]

* [[List of Hindu empires and dynasties]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===

* [http://www.abc.net.au/religion/stories/s790133.htm Byrnes, J 2007,' Hinduism', ''Religion and Ethics''], abc.net.au
* "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140812214434/http://www.theindiansun.com.au/top-story/australias-oldest-hindu-temple-readies-janmasthami/ Indian Magazine Australia Indian Newspaper Australia Indian Events Australia]". ''web.archive.org''. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2022.

==External links==
* [http://www.chinmaya.com.au Chinmaya Mission Australia]
* [http://www.hinducouncil.com.au/ Hindu Council of Australia an umbrella organisation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091014201115/http://www.vhp.org.au/index.htm Vishva Hindu Parishad of Australia]
* [http://forumforhinduawakening.org/events/event.php?id=71 Hinduism Summit Melbourne]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
* [http://www.hinduccv.org.au/ Hindu Community Council of Victoria (HCCV)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311013410/http://hinduccv.org.au/ |date=11 March 2018 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110823000227/http://htcc.org.au/main/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1 The Hindu Temple and Cultural Centre ACT]
* [http://www.hinduheritage.org.au/ps.html Purohit Services] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626220714/http://www.hinduheritage.org.au/ps.html |date=26 June 2010}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091014064526/http://mmvic.org.au/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=84&Itemid=79 Religious Services]
* [http://allhindutemples.com/?multi_country=Australia Hindu Temples in Australia]
* [http://hssus.org Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh]
{{Commons category|Hinduism in Australia}}

{{Religion in Australia}}
{{Hinduism in Oceania}}

[[Category:Hinduism in Australia| ]]
[[Category:Religion in Australia]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Oceania|Australia]]
[[Category:Hinduism by country|Australia]]
[[Category:Sindhi diaspora|Sindhis in Australia]]

Navi Mumbai International Airport

2026-03-18T11:20:47Z

AndyMfn275514: Page updated with additional details

{{Short description|Airport serving Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India}}
{{for|the airport in Mumbai|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Navi Mumbai International Airport
| image = NMIAirport_Logo.png
| image_size = 300
| caption =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| IATA = NMI
| ICAO = VANM<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aim-india.aai.aero/sites/default/files/notam_files/Delhi_G_2023_10.pdf|title=AAI NOTAM LIST Series-G 01 October 2023|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.notams.faa.gov/common/icao/R23C1.html|title=India ICAO location finder|work=[[Federal Aviation Administration]]|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>
| type = Public
| owner = {{ubl|[[City and Industrial Development Corporation]] (CIDCO) (26%) [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai International Airport Limited]] (MIAL) (74%)|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Anirban |title=Three in race to pick stake in GVK's airport holding company |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/three-in-race-to-pick-stake-in-gvks-airport-holding-company/articleshow/68056419.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=20 February 2019 |date=19 February 2019}}</ref>}}
| operator = Navi Mumbai International Airport Limited (NMIAL)
| city-served = [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]]
| location = [[Ulwe]], [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Raigad district]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| opened = {{start date and age|2025|12|25|df=yes}}
| elevation-f =
| elevation-m = 8
| coordinates = {{coord|18|59|31|N|073|03|42|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|navimumbai.adaniairports.com}}
| pushpin_map = India Mumbai#India Maharashtra#India#
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Mumbai Metropolitan Region
| pushpin_label = '''NMI'''/VANM
| metric-rwy = Y
| r1-number = 08/26
| r1-length-f = 12,140
| r1-length-m = 3700
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| footnotes = Source: CIDCO<ref name="Plan"/>
}}
'''Navi Mumbai International Airport''' {{airport codes|NMI|VANM}}, is an [[international airport]] in [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. Located in the [[Ulwe]] suburb in [[Raigad district]], it is one of two airports in the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]], alongside the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]].

Plans for a new airport in the Mumbai metropolitan region was first proposed in November 1997. The Navi Mumbai airport was approved by the [[Government of India|Indian government]] in 2007, and [[City and Industrial Development Corporation]] (CIDCO) was appointed by the [[Government of Maharashtra|state government]] as the nodal agency for implementing the project. The project, estimated to cost {{INRConvert|167|b}}, was planned to be implemented in three phases, with a capacity to handle 90 million passengers and 2.5 million tonnes of cargo per annum by 2032.

[[GVK Group]]-led Mumbai International Airport Limited was awarded the project in 2017. After delays due to land acquisition issues, the [[ground breaking]] ceremony was held in February 2018. In 2021, Navi Mumbai International Airport Limited, a [[special-purpose vehicle]] was established between [[Adani Group|Adani Airport Holdings]] and CIDCO for the management of the project. Following pre-developmental work, the construction of the airport started in August 2021, and the construction was carried out by [[Larsen & Toubro]]. It was inaugurated on 8 October 2025 by [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Narendra Modi]], with commercial operations commencing on 25 December 2025.

The airport is equipped with a single {{cvt|3700|m}} long runway oriented in a northeast – southwest direction. After the first phase, the airport's single passenger terminal has a capacity to handle 20 million passengers per annum. The terminal buildings feature a lotus-shaped design, which will be complete once the three interconnected terminals are constructed in phases. The cargo terminal, spread over {{cvt|33000|m2}} is equipped to handle 0.8 million tonnes of cargo in a year.

== History ==
=== Proposal ===
In November 1997, the [[City and Industrial Development Corporation]] (CIDCO) proposed the construction of a new airport at [[Navi Mumbai]] with a single runway.<ref name="Fortune">{{cite news |last1=Bhargava |first1=Anjuli |title=A Tale Of 2 Mega Airports: Navi Mumbai |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/long-reads/a-tale-of-2-mega-airports-navi-mumbai/115679 |access-date=2 June 2025 |work=Fortune |issue=February 2024 |date=6 February 2024}}</ref> Subsequently, the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] constituted a committee to examine the possibility of a second airport in the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Area]] to operate alongside the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]]. The committee examined various locations in the Mumbai region, and proposed a site at Mandwa–Rewas for the new airport. The Navi Mumbai location was deemed suitable only for a domestic airport, due to a single runway. Later, CIDCO revised its plan to incorporate two parallel runways.<ref name="Hist">{{cite news |title=Navi Mumbai airport: A saga of controversies |url=https://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-navi-mumbai-airport-a-saga-of-controversies/20101123.htm |access-date=2 June 2025 |work=[[Rediff]] |date=23 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Navi Mumbai International Airport New Airport Profile|url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/newairports/navi-mumbai-international-airport|work=CAPA|access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> The airport site was located in an area of {{cvt|9.5|km2}} parcel of land along the [[National Highway 348 (India)|National Highway 348]] near [[Panvel]], about {{cvt|35|km}} from the existing airport. About {{cvt|2900|ha}} of coastal land was required for the project, with {{cvt|1320|ha}} for the airport and {{cvt|245|ha}} to be developed as a mangrove park.<ref name="Plan">{{cite web|url=http://cidconmia.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Airport-Final-for-printing-2-2-2012.pdf|title=Navi Mumbai International Airport|access-date=21 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110244/http://cidconmia.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Airport-Final-for-printing-2-2-2012.pdf|archive-date=24 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In August 2007, the [[Union cabinet]] of the [[Government of India|Indian government]] gave approval for the construction of a new greenfield airport at Navi Mumbai in a [[public-private partnership]] model.<ref name="Hist"/> In January 2008, [[Rail India Technical and Economic Service]] was tasked with preparing the master plan of the airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airport-technology.com/projects/navi-mumbai-international-airport/|title=Navi Mumbai International Airport, Maharashtra, India|work=Airport Technology|date=2 November 2020|access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> In 30 July 2008, the [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra government]] appointed CIDCO as the nodal agency for implementing the project.<ref name="Hist"/> The project was planned to be implemented in three phases, with the first phase establishing an operational capacity to handle 20 million passengers per annum, which would be enlarged to handle 60-65 million in the second phase, and 90 million passengers and 2.5 million tonnes of cargo per annum by the third phase in 2032.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shaikh |first1=Ateeq |date=11 January 2023 |title=FPJ Exclusive: Navi Mumbai airport operations deferred to 2025 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/fpj-exclusive-first-passenger-flight-from-navi-mumbai-airport-to-take-place-only-in-2025 |access-date=26 January 2023 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 June 2023 |title=Navi Mumbai International Airport to be operational by 2024: All you need to know |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/navi-mumbai-international-airport-progress-adani-airports-cost-details-features-maharashtra-news-101686363826079.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name="TIE">{{cite news|last=Adimulam|first=Sweety|title=First commercial flight lands, Navi Mumbai airport likely to be inaugurated on April 17|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/first-commercial-flight-lands-navi-mumbai-airport-likely-to-be-inaugurated-on-april-17-9750571/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=29 December 2024|access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref>
The airport was planned to have a terminal area of {{cvt|250000|m2}} and a cargo area of {{cvt|100000|m2}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/12/19/stories/2006121901370700.htm |title=Work on Navi Mumbai airport may start next year |work=[[Business Line]] |date=19 December 2006 |access-date=2 December 2010}}</ref>

=== Planning and development ===
The project received clearance from the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] by the end of 2010, and the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] cleared the project on 23 November 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/navi-mumbai-airport-gets-moef-green-signal/310210/1|title=Navi Mumbai Airport Gets MoEF Green Signal|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]| date=16 May 2008|access-date=2 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Second Mumbai airport takes off|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Second-Mumbai-airport-takes-off/714727|access-date=23 November 2010|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=22 November 2010}}</ref> [[IIT Bombay]] was appointed to conduct an environment impact assessment and [[Central Water and Power Research Station]] was tasked with the study of the hydrological impact of the airport on the surrounding water bodies.<ref name="Hist"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/prepare-master-plan-for-surface-drainage-system-at-navi-mumbai-international-airport-cidco-5266777/|title=Prepare master plan for surface drainage system at Navi Mumbai International Airport: CIDCO |work=[[The Indian Express]]| date=20 July 2018| access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref> The total project is estimated to cost {{INRconvert|167|b}}, with the cost for the first two phases was estimated to be {{INRConvert|95|b}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Navi Mumbai airport set to be inaugurated in June, Gautam Adani confirms |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/navi-mumbai-airport-to-be-inaugurated-in-june-says-gautam-adani/articleshow/119076917.cms |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=16 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="TFE">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/cidco-floats-global-tender-for-navi-mumbai-airport-bdhahsjsjsjsusproject/1223550/0|title=CIDCO floats global tender for Navi Mumbai airport project |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=5 February 2014 |access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> The pre-development work was estimated to cost {{INRConvert|23.58|b}}, including {{INRConvert|15.38|b}} for land acquisition and {{INRConvert|8|b}} for other works.<ref name="TFE"/>

CIDCO invited global tenders for the project in February 2014.<ref name="TFE"/> The agency received nine bids and shortlisted four bidders, which was forwarded to the Project Management Committee for further scrutiny.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cidco to finalise bidder for airport only by April 2016 |url=https://www.asianage.com/mumbai/cidco-finalise-bidder-airport-only-april-2016-526 |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=The Asian Age |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720235224/https://www.asianage1.com/mumbai/cidco-finalise-bidder-airport-only-april-2016-526 |archive-date=20 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After multiple extension of the deadlines, [[GVK Group]] and [[GMR Group]] submitted final bids for the first two phases.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Usmani |first1=Azman |title=GVK Finally Gets The Contract To Build Navi Mumbai Airport|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/2017/02/13/gvk-finally-gets-the-contract-to-build-navi-mumbai-airport|work=[[Bloomberg Quint]]|date=13 February 2017 |access-date=13 February 2017}}</ref> On 13 February 2017, the GVK-led Mumbai International Airport Limited (MIAL) was announced as the winning bidder.<ref>{{cite news|title=GVK pips GMR to bag Rs 16k crore Navi Mumbai airport bid; shares lose ahead of the win|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/market/gvk-pips-gmr-to-bag-rs-16k-crore-navi-mumbai-airport-bid-shares-lose-ahead-of-the-win/549331/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|access-date=13 February 2017|date=13 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=GVK wins bid for Rs 16,000 crore Navi Mumbai airport project|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/companies/130217/gvk-wins-bid-for-rs-16000-crore-navi-mumba-airport-project.html|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=13 February 2017|date=13 February 2017}}</ref> GVK offered CIDCO a 12.6% share in revenue, as compared to the 10.44% offered by the GMR Group.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Phadnis|first1=Sanjay Jog & Aneesh|title=GVK wins Navi Mumbai airport bid, edges out GMR Group|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/gvk-wins-navi-mumbai-airport-bid-edges-out-gmr-group-117021300613_1.html|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=13 February 2017|date=13 February 2017}}</ref> While the government cleared the project in April 2017, land acquisition began only in June due to opposition from the locals. The project required the relocation of 2,786 households located across ten villages, who were compensated with {{INRConvert|1.5|k}} per sq ft of the land, rent for 18 months, and a developed plot of land of a size equal to triple the roof area in an alternate locality.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Assainar |first1=Raina |title=CIDCO again extends deadline for PAPs to vacate homes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/cidco-again-extends-deadline-for-paps-to-vacate-homes/article25776892.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 January 2019 |date=19 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Navi Mumbai airport construction: Affected residents worried about source of income, await CIDCO plots |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/navi-mumbai-airport-construction-affected-residents-worried-about-source-of-income-await-cidco-plots-5489160/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=9 January 2019 |date=12 December 2018}}</ref> Work was stalled again in October 2017 due to protests,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Assainar|first1=Raina|title=Villagers stall Navi Mumbai airport work|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/villagers-stall-navi-mumbai-airport-work/article19848543.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=21 November 2017|date=13 October 2017}}</ref> before resuming a week later.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Assainar|first1=Raina|title=Villagers say yes, Navi Mumbai airport work to resume|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/villagers-say-yes-navi-mumbai-airport-work-to-resume/article19934932.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=21 November 2017|date=28 October 2017}}</ref>

=== Construction and opening ===
On 18 February 2018, the [[Prime Minister of India|Indian prime minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] unveiled the foundation plaque at the ground breaking ceremony for the airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-navi-mumbai-airport/article22789467.ece|title=Modi lays foundation stone for Navi Mumbai airport|date=18 February 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 April 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In March 2018, London-based [[Zaha Hadid Architects]] was appointed to design the airport's passenger terminal and [[Air Traffic Control]] tower, after a 12-week design competition.<ref>{{cite news|title=GVK appoints Zaha Hadid Architects to design Navi Mumbai International Airport|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-gvk-appoints-zaha-hadid-architects-to-design-navi-mumbai-international-airport-2593871|access-date=4 May 2018|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=14 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/gvk-appoints-zaha-hadid-architects-to-design-navi-mumbai-international-airport/article23244529.ece|title=GVK appoints Zaha Hadid Architects to design Navi Mumbai International Airport|work=[[Business Line]]|access-date=15 April 2018}}</ref> CIDCO floated a tender to select the [[engineering, procurement, and construction]] contractor for the project in August 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phadnis |first1=Aneesh |title=L&T set to construct Navi Mumbai airport, likely to finish by mid-2020 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/l-t-set-to-construct-navi-mumbai-airport-likely-to-finish-by-by-mid-2020-119060701466_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=8 June 2019 |date=7 June 2019}}</ref> Based on hydrological studies conducted of the Ulwe River catchment area, it was recommended to cut a channel to divert the Ulwe River into the Moha Creek.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/News/20171012.pdf |title=Mathematical Model Studies for the modified layout of proposed International Airport at Panvel |work=[[Central Water and Power Research Station]] |access-date=18 July 2019 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717193606/https://cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/News/20171012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Subsequently, CIDCO completed pre-development work on the Ulwe River diversion by June 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/navi-mumbai-airport-cidco-finishes-ulwe-river-diversion/article28079326.ece |title= Navi Mumbai airport: CIDCO finishes Ulwe river diversion |work= [[The Hindu]]| date=20 June 2019| access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref> Other work included flattening the Ulwe Hill, reclaiming marsh land, raising the level of the project site by {{cvt|5.5|m}}, and shifting power transmission lines.<ref name="Work">{{cite news|last1=Phadnis|first1=Aneesh|title=Navi Mumbai airport groundwork begins|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cidco-begins-groundwork-for-navi-mumbai-airport-117061501519_1.html|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=21 November 2017|date=16 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Groundwork at Navi Mumbai airport site begins|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Groundwork-at-Navi-Mumbai-airport-site-begins/articleshow/54820260.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 October 2016 |access-date=21 November 2017}}</ref>

In September 2019, GVK awarded a contract for construction of the airport to [[Larsen & Toubro]].<ref>{{cite news |title=L&T Construction bags order for Navi Mumbai International Airport |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/l-t-construction-bags-order-for-navi-mumbai-international-airport-1567504560564.html |access-date=4 September 2019 |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=3 September 2019}}</ref> The [[Adani Group]] took over the management of the airport project in 2021, and Navi Mumbai International Airport Limited (NMIAL), a [[special-purpose vehicle]] was established between Adani Airport Holdings and CIDCO for the purpose.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.nmiairport.co.in/About-Us |work=Navi Mumbai International Airport Private Limited|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The construction began in August that year.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 July 2021|title=Construction of Navi Mumbai Airport expected to begin from August: Adani|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/construction-of-navi-mumbai-airport-expected-to-begin-from-august-adani-101627068550814.html|access-date=22 November 2021|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> While initial land acquisition for the core area had been completed in 2019,<ref>{{cite news |date=25 July 2019 |title=Land acquisition for core Navi Mumbai airport area completed: Govt |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/land-acquisition-for-core-navi-mumbai-airport-area-completed-govt-1564056940357.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |work=[[Live Mint]]}}</ref> the entire project land was handed over only in July 2022 after resettlement measures.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 April 2022 |title=Navi Mumbai airport development begins after long delay |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/aviation-and-airport-infra/navi-mumbai-airport-development-begins-after-long-delay/33871 |access-date=30 January 2024 |work=Construction World}}</ref> By November 2023, Adani reported that 57% of the work for first phase has been completed.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 December 2023 |title=Navi Mumbai airport development begins after long delay |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/navi-mumbai-airport-work-60-per-cent-complete-ready-for-launch-in-december-24/article67666359.ece |access-date=30 January 2024 |work=[[Business Line]]}}</ref> On 8 October 2025, Modi inaugurated the first phase of the airport for public operations.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2025 |title=Mumbai gets its second wind as PM inaugurates Navi Mumbai airport's first phase |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-inaugurates-phase-1-of-the-navi-mumbai-international-airport-2799777-2025-10-08 |access-date=8 October 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

The airport started commercial operations on 25 December 2025.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 November 2025|title=Akasa Air Pioneers New Era Of Travel As It Becomes One Of The First Airlines To Operate From Navi Mumbai International Airport, Offering Direct Flights To Key Cities |work=Travel And Tour World |url=https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/akasa-air-pioneers-new-era-of-travel-as-it-becomes-one-of-the-first-airlines-to-operate-from-navi-mumbai-international-airport-offering-direct-flights-to-key-cities/ |access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref> The first scheduled commercial arrival was an [[IndiGo]] flight from [[Bengaluru International Airport|Bengaluru]], which landed at 8 am and departure was an Indigo flight to [[Hyderabad International Airport|Hyderabad]] at 8:40 am, both operated by the same aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 December 2025 |title=1st flight lands at Navi Mumbai airport as commercial ops begin |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/navi-mumbai-international-airport-passengers-first-flight-lands-at-8-am-10438161/ |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
The airport covers an area of {{cvt|1160|ha|sqmi}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=GVK signs concession agreement with CIDCO for SPV for NMIA|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/gvk-signs-concession-agreement-with-cidco-for-spv-for-nmia/articleshow/62415689.cms|access-date=4 May 2018|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 January 2018}}</ref>

===Runways===
The airport has a single {{cvt|3700|m}} long runway 08/26 oriented in a northeast – southwest direction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Navi Mumbai International Airport AIP |url=https://aim-india.aai.aero/sites/default/files/aip_supplements/AIPS_2025_46.pdf|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref> It is equipped with a category II [[Instrument Landing System]] with a three-degree glide angle, enabling landings at visibility levels up to {{cvt|300|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Plane Diversion And Delays: NMIA to have ILS, flights can take-off, land in poor visibility|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/navi-mumbai-airport-to-use-ils-for-landings-in-poor-visibility-10209319/ |access-date=25 August 2025|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=25 August 2025}}</ref> The airport will eventually have two parallel runways enabling simultaneous operations.<ref name="Tech">{{cite web|title=Navi Mumbai International Airport facilities|url=https://www.airport-technology.com/projects/navi-mumbai-international-airport/|work=Airport Technology|access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> In 2025, CIDCO initiated a process to appoint a consultant for techno-feasibility study for a third runway at the airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/cidco-initiates-consultant-appointment-process-for-techno-commercial-feasibility-study-of-third-runway-at-navi-mumbai-airport|title=CIDCO initiates consultant appointment for techno-feasibility study for a third runway|work=Free Press Journal|access-date=25 December 2025}}</ref>

===Terminals===
The passenger terminal has a capacity to handle 20 million passengers per annum.<ref name="Cap">{{cite web |last=Velani |first=Bhavya |date=10 April 2024 |title=Busting Myths About New Multi-Modal Navi Mumbai International Airport: Exclusive |url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2024/04/10/busting-myths-navi-mumbai-international-airport/ |access-date=10 April 2024 |work=Aviation A2Z }}</ref> The terminal buildings feature a [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]]-shaped design, which will be complete once the three interconnected terminals are constructed in phases. Once complete, the airport will have a handling capacity of 90 million passengers. The airport is equipped with food courts, lounges, travelators, and other facilities for passengers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/a-lotus-shaped-landing-field-gvk-group-reveals-navi-mumbai-airport-design-121060901728_1.html | title=A lotus-shaped landing field: GVK group reveals Navi Mumbai airport design | newspaper=[[Business Standard]] | date=9 June 2021 | last1=Phadnis | first1=Aneesh }}</ref>

The airport is planned to have 67 general aviation aircraft stands, including a separate [[heliport]].<ref>{{cite web |date=15 January 2024 |title=Navi Mumbai Airport To be India's First With Rail, Road, Metro And Waterways Connectivity |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mumbai/navi-mumbai-international-airport-to-be-indias-first-with-multi-modal-connectivity-to-rail-road-metro-and-waterways-article-106857276 |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] }}</ref> Private and charter aircraft operations would be moved from the existing airport to here by the end of 2025.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 January 2025 |title=Mumbai airport plans to shift private and charter planes to Navi Mumbai by end of year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-airport-plans-to-shift-private-and-charter-planes-to-navi-mumbai-by-end-of-year/articleshow/117210809.cms |access-date=14 January 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

The domestic cargo terminal is spread over {{cvt|33,000|m2}} and the international cargo terminal occupies {{cvt|23700|m2}}.<ref name="Tech" /> After the first phase, the airport has a capacity to handle 0.8 million tonnes of cargo in a year.<ref name="Cap" />

===Other facilities===
The airport has a {{cvt|151,000|m2}} fuel farm and three aircraft hangars.<ref name="Tech"/> A temporary air traffic control tower has been built, overlooking the single runway. The tower is expected to be in service for six to seven years, after which it will be replaced by a larger tower, to be built near the terminal buildings, to provide coverage to the planned two parallel runways.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kawale |first=Ajinkya |date=11 October 2024 |title=IAF plane makes inaugural landing at upcoming Navi Mumbai airport |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/indian-airforce-force-tests-inaugural-flight-at-navi-mumbai-airport-124101100483_1.html |access-date=16 July 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]] }}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==
{{Airport destination list

| {{nowrap|[[Air India Express]]}} | [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref name="AIX">{{cite news |title=Air India Express Announces Start Of Flights From Navi Mumbai, Bookings Now Open |url=https://www.mypunepulse.com/air-india-express-announces-start-of-flights-from-navi-mumbai-bookings-now-open/ |publisher=Pune Pulse |date=24 November 2025 }}</ref> [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]<ref name="AIX"/>

| {{nowrap|[[Akasa Air]]}} | [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref name="Service">{{cite news |last=S |first=Naresh |title=IndiGo, Akasa Air to launch new flight routes from Navi Mumbai on December 25 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indigo-akasa-air-launch-new-flight-routes-from-navi-mumbai-date-10367157/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=15 November 2025 |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref> [[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa]],<ref name="Service"/> [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi]]<ref name="Service"/>, [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]] (Begins 29 March 2026)<ref>{{cite news
|last=Niyogi
|first=Subhro
|title=Daily flight to Navi Mumbai from March 29
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/daily-flight-to-navi-mumbai-from-march-29/articleshow/129099111.cms
|work=The Times of India
|date=5 March 2026
|access-date=10 March 2026
}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[IndiGo]]}} | [[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]],<ref name="Service"/> [[Belgaum Airport|Belgaum]] (begins 29 March 2026),<ref name="ATR">{{cite news |title=IndiGo adds six new routes from Navi Mumbai International Airport through ATR ops |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indigo-adds-six-new-routes-from-navi-mumbai-international-airport-through-atr-ops/articleshow/128749913.cms?from=mdr |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=24 February 2026 |access-date=24 February 2026 }}</ref> [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref name="Service"/> [[Bhavnagar Airport|Bhavnagar]] (begins 29 March 2026),<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo Launches Twice-Daily Flights from Bhavnagar to Navi Mumbai |work=The News Mill |date=25 February 2026 |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2026/02/indigo-to-operate-twice-daily-flights-between-bhavnagar-and-navi-mumbai-from-march-29/ |access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref>, [[Raja Bhoj Airport| Bhopal]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=IndiGo takes slot for Navi Mumbai| url=https://www.patrika.com/en/bhopal-news/summer-schedule-from-march-29-no-flights-to-mumbai-from-raja-bhoj-airport-20405536|website=Patrika News}}</ref>(begins 29 March 2026), [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]],<ref name="IGO">{{cite news |title=IndiGo Adds 4 Flights from This New Asian Airport |url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/11/29/indigo-adds-4-flights-from-navi-mumbai-airport/ |work=Aviation A2Z |date=29 November 2025 |access-date=1 January 2026 }}</ref> [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]],<ref name="IGO"/> [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref name="Service"/> [[Diu Airport|Diu]] (begins 29 March 2026),<ref name="ATR"/> [[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa]],<ref name="IGO"/> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]],<ref name="Service"/> [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]],<ref name="Service"/> [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi]],<ref name="Service"/> [[Kolhapur Airport|Kolhapur]] (begins 29 March 2026),<ref name="ATR"/> [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport|Lucknow]],<ref name="Service"/> [[Mangalore International Airport|Mangaluru]],<ref name="Service"/> [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport|Nagpur]],<ref name="Service"/> [[Rajkot International Airport|Rajkot]] (begins 29 March 2026),<ref name="ATR"/> [[Vadodara Airport|Vadodara]]<ref name="IGO"/>
}}

== Connectivity ==
The airport is connected via the National Highway 348 which abuts the eastern boundary of the airport, and Aamra marg that runs along the western boundary. CIDCO will construct two six-lane roads along the coast to improve connectivity to the airport. The Ulwe coastal road will connect the [[Mumbai Trans Harbour Link]] to the airport while the Kharghar coastal road will connect the [[Kharghar]] to [[CBD Belapur]] via the airport.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 September 2025 |title=Mumbai's new airport faces traffic woes as it takes on Singapore and Dubai |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8xr9dyln42o |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Both projects are expected to be completed by early 2026.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 January 2024 |title=Navi Mumbai Airport to be India's first with multimodal connectivity: Scindia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/navi-mumbai-airport-to-be-india-s-first-with-multimodal-connectivity-scindia-101705174042700.html|access-date=7 June 2024|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

The airport will be connected with [[Navi Mumbai Metro]] [[Line 1 (Navi Mumbai Metro)|Line 1]] and the proposed [[Gold Line (Mumbai Metro)|Gold Line (Line 8)]] of the [[Mumbai Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Navi Mumbai Airport connectivity snippets|url=http://www.twenty22.in/2016/07/navi-mumbai-airport-connectivity.html|work=Twenty22|access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> The airport has an interchange with the [[Port line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Port Line]] of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] at the Targhar Railway station.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 April 2025 |title=Ahead of Navi Mumbai airport's inauguration, key transit hub Targhar railway station gears up for final inspection |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/navi-mumbai-airport-targhar-railway-station-9972449/ |access-date=29 September 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The airport is also planned to be the terminal station of the proposed [[Mumbai–Hyderabad high-speed rail corridor]].<ref>{{cite news|date=27 December 2020|first=Manthank|last=Mehta|title=Mumbai-Hyderabad bullet train: Mumbai-Hyderabad bullet train terminal could be at Navi Mumbai airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-hyderabad-bullet-train-terminal-could-be-at-navi-mumbai-airport/articleshow/79973747.cms|access-date=7 September 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Juhu Aerodrome]]
* [[List of airports in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/navi_mumbai_airport CIDCO and Navi Mumbai International Airport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220151919/https://cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/navi_mumbai_airport |date=20 February 2018 }}

{{Airports in India|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Adani Group]]
[[Category:Airports established in 2025]]
[[Category:Airports in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Navi Mumbai]]
[[Category:International airports in India]]
[[Category:Navi Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Panvel]]

Navagraha

2026-03-16T20:54:34Z

AndyMfn275514: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|The 9 planets of vedic astrology}}
[[File:Les 9 devas.jpg|thumb|right|The Nine Devas, Khleang style of [[Angkor]].]]
[[File:Navagraha.jpg|thumb|200px|''Navagraha'', Sun at the center
surrounded by the planets, Painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]]]
The '''navagraha''' ({{langx|sa|नवग्रह}}, [[Nine planets]]) are nine heavenly bodies and deities that influence human life on Earth according to [[Hinduism]] and [[Hindu mythology]].<ref name="dalalnavagr">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2010|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|pages=280}}</ref> The term is derived from ''nava'' ({{langx|sa|नव}} "nine") and ''graha'' ({{langx|sa|ग्रह}} "planet, seizing, laying hold of, holding"). The nine parts of the navagraha are the Sun, Moon, planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, and the [[lunar node|two nodes of the Moon]].<ref>Sanskrit-English Dictionary by Monier-Williams, 1899</ref>

[[File:Navagraham.jpg|thumb|A typical navagraha shrine found inside a [[Hindu temple]]]]
The term ''planet'' was applied originally only to the five planets known (i.e., visible to the [[naked eye]]) and excluded the [[Earth]]. The term was later generalized, particularly during the [[Post-classical history|Middle Ages]], to include the sun and the moon (sometimes referred to as "lights"), making a total of seven planets. The [[Seven days of the week#Hindu tradition|seven days of the week]] of the [[Hindu calendar]] also corresponds with the [[seven classical planets]] and European culture also following same patron and are [[Names of the days of the week#Hindu tradition|named accordingly]] in most languages of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Most [[Hindu temples]] around the world have a designated place dedicated to the worship of the navagraha.

==List==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Navagrahas:<ref name="dalalnavagr" />
!No.
!Image
!Name
!Western equivalent
!Day
!Stotra<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nava Graha Stotram |url=https://vignanam.org/english/nava-graha-stotram.html |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Vignanam}}</ref>
|-
|1.
|[[File:Surya graha.JPG|90px]]
|[[Surya]]
|[[Sun]]
|[[Sunday]]
|japākusuma saṅkāśaṃ kāśyapēyaṃ mahādyutim ।
tamō'riṃ sarva pāpaghnaṃ praṇatōsmi divākaram ॥1॥
|-
|2.
|[[File:Chandra graha.JPG|90px]]
|[[Chandra]]
|[[Moon]]
|[[Monday]]
|dadhiśaṅkha tuṣārābhaṃ kṣīrōdārṇava sambhavam ।
namāmi śaśinaṃ sōmaṃ śambhō-rmakuṭa bhūṣaṇam ॥2॥
|-
|3.
|[[File:Angraka graha.JPG|90px]]
|[[Mangala]]
|[[Mars]]
|[[Tuesday]]
|dharaṇī garbha sambhūtaṃ vidyutkānti samaprabham ।
kumāraṃ śaktihastaṃ taṃ maṅgaḻaṃ praṇamāmyaham ॥3॥
|-
|4.
|[[File:Budha graha.JPG|90px]]
|[[Budha]]
|[[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]
|[[Wednesday]]
|priyaṅgu kalikāśyāmaṃ rūpēṇā pratimaṃ budham ।
saumyaṃ saumya guṇōpētaṃ taṃ budhaṃ praṇamāmyaham ॥4॥
|-
|5.
|[[File:Brihaspati graha.JPG|90px]]
|[[Brihaspati]]
|[[Jupiter]]
|[[Thursday]]
|dēvānāṃ cha ṛṣīṇāṃ cha guruṃ kāñchanasannibham ।
buddhimantaṃ trilōkēśaṃ taṃ namāmi bṛhaspatim ॥5॥
|-
|6.
|[[File:Shukra graha.JPG|90px]]
|[[Shukra]]
|[[Venus]]
|[[Friday]]
|himakunda mṛṇāḻābhaṃ daityānaṃ paramaṃ gurum ।
sarvaśāstra pravaktāraṃ bhārgavaṃ praṇamāmyaham ॥6॥
|-
|7.
|[[File:Shani graha.JPG|90px]]
|[[Shani]]
|[[Saturn]]
|[[Saturday]]
| nīlāñjana samābhāsaṃ raviputraṃ yamāgrajam ।

Chāyā mārtāṇḍa sambhūtaṃ taṃ namāmi śanaiścharam ॥7॥
|-
|8.
|[[File:Rahu graha.JPG|90px]]
|[[Rahu]]
|Ascending [[Lunar node|node of the Moon]]/[[Uranus]]
|
|ardhakāyaṃ mahāvīraṃ chandrāditya vimardhanam ।
siṃhikā garbha sambhūtaṃ taṃ rāhuṃ praṇamāmyaham ॥8॥
|-
|9.
|[[File:Ketu graha.JPG|90px]]
|[[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]]
|Descending [[Lunar node|node of the Moon]]/[[Neptune]]
|
|palāśa puṣpa saṅkāśaṃ tārakāgrahamastakam ।
raudraṃ raudrātmakaṃ ghōraṃ taṃ kētuṃ praṇamāmyaham ॥9॥
|}

== Music ==
[[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] (1776–1835), a [[Carnatic music]] composer from southern India, composed the [[Navagraha Kritis]] in praise of the nine ''grahas''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dikshitar: Navagraha|url=http://www.medieval.org/music/world/carnatic/lyrics/navagraha.html|access-date=2020-06-12|website=www.medieval.org}}</ref> Each song is a prayer to one of the nine planets. The [[Sanskrit literature|Sahitya]] (lyrics) of the songs reflect a profound knowledge of the [[mantra]] and [[jyotisha]] [[Shastra|sastras]].

==See also==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jyotisha]]
* [[Nakshatra]]
* [[Saptarshi]]
* [[List of Hindu deities]]
* [[Hindu pilgrimage sites|List of Hindu pilgrimage sites]]
* [[Navagraha temples|List of Navagraha temples]]
* [[List of Natchathara temples]]
* [[List of Hindu temples]]
* [[Planets in astrology]]
* [[Nine planets]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Navagraha}}
{{Navagraha}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|Astronomy}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Navagraha| ]]
[[Category:Hindu astronomy]]
[[Category:Technical factors of Hindu astrology]]
[[Category:Journey to the West characters]]
[[Category:Planetary gods]]
[[Category:Buddhist gods]]
[[Category:Thai deities]]
[[Category:Sinhalese Buddhist deities]]
[[Category:Cambodian deities]]

{{Myth-stub}}

Kingdom of Mysore

2026-03-11T14:12:45Z

AndyMfn275514:

{{Short description|Monarchy in India (1399–1947)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Mysore
| common_name = [[Sultanate of Mysore]] (1799-1761)
| status = Kingdom
| status_text = * Kingdom • Subordinate to [[Vijayanagara Empire]] until 1565 • Independent (1565-1799) • [[Sultanate of Mysore]] (1761-1799) • under a [[subsidiary alliance]] with the [[India Office]] and [[The Crown|British Crown]] from 1799 • under the [[India Office]] and [[The Crown|British Crown]] from 1831
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| year_start = 1399
| year_end = 1950
| event_end = [[Political integration of India|Accession to India]]
| title_deputy = [[Dewan of Mysore|Dewan]]
| year_deputy1 = 1782–1811 (first)
| deputy1 = [[Purnaiah]]
| year_deputy2 = 1946–1949 (last)
| deputy2 = [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar]]
| year_deputy3 = 1926–1941
| deputy3 = [[Mirza Ismail]]
| event1 = Earliest records
| date_event1 = 1551
| event2 = [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]
| date_event2 = 1767–1799
| event3 = [[Maratha–Mysore War]]
| date_event3 = 1759–1787
| p1 = Vijayanagara Empire
| s1 = Mysore State
| image_coat = Royal coat of arms of the Kingdom of Mysore.svg
| image_flag = File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg
| royal_anthem = "{{tlit|kn|[[Kayo Shri Gowri|Kāyau Śrī Gaurī]]|i=unset}}" (1868–1950) English: "Great [[Parvati|Gaurī (Parvati)]]"
| image_map = Indian Mysore Kingdom 1784 map.svg
| image_map_caption = {{legend|#FF9F80|The kingdom of Mysore at its greatest extent in 1784 under [[Tipu Sultan]]}}
| capital = [[Mysore]], [[Srirangapatna]], [[Bangalore]]
| capital_type = Capital
| largest_city = [[Bangalore]]
| largest_settlement = [[Mysore]]
| official_languages = {{unbulleted list|
|[[Kannada]] (official and ''[[lingua franca]]'')
|[[Persian language|Persian]] (official from 1761 to 1799)}}
| religion = {{hlist| [[Hinduism]]|[[Islam]]|[[Christianity]]|[[Jainism]]}}
| demonym = Mysorean
| leader1 = [[Yaduraya Wodeyar]]
| leader2 = [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar|Jayachamaraja Wodeyar]]
| year_leader3 = 1761–1782
| leader3 = [[Hyder Ali]]
| year_leader4 = 1782–1799
| leader4 = [[Tipu Sultan]]
| year_leader1 = 1399–1423 (first)
| year_leader2 = 1940–1950 (last)
| title_leader = [[Maharaja of Mysore|Maharaja]]
| today = [[India]]
}}

The '''Kingdom of Mysore''' was a geopolitical realm in [[South India|southern India]] founded in around 1399<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kwoAAAAYAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire |date=1893 |publisher=Macmillan |page=362 |language=en}}</ref> in the vicinity of the modern-day city of [[Mysore|Mysuru]] and prevailed until 1950. The territorial boundaries and the form of government transmuted substantially throughout the kingdom's lifetime. While originally a feudal vassal under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], it became a [[princely state]] in [[British Raj]] from 1799 to 1947, marked in-between by major political changes.

The kingdom, which was founded and ruled for the most part by the [[Wadiyar dynasty|Wadiyars]], initially served as a feudal vassal under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref>{{cite web |date=26 March 2018 |title=Raja Wodeyar's Conquest of Srirangapatna |url=https://www.notesonindianhistory.com/2018/03/raja-wodeyars-conquest-of-srirangapatna.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206021133/https://www.notesonindianhistory.com/2018/03/raja-wodeyars-conquest-of-srirangapatna.html |archive-date=6 December 2022 |access-date=6 December 2022}}</ref> With the gradual decline of the Empire, the 16th-century [[Timmaraja Wodeyar II]] declared independence from it. The 17th century saw a steady expansion of its territory and, during the rules of [[Kanthirava Narasaraja I|Narasaraja Wodeyar I]] and [[Chikka Devaraja|Devaraja Wodeyar II]], the kingdom annexed large expanses of what is now southern Karnataka and parts of [[Tamil Nadu]], becoming a formidable power in the Deccan.

During the [[Kingdom of Mysore under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan|Muslim rule]] from 1761 to 1799, the kingdom became a [[Sultanate of Mysore|sultanate]] under [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan|Tipu]], often referring to it as [[Sultanate of Mysore|Sultanat-e-Khudadad]] ({{Translation|God gifted empire}}).<ref name="Yazdani">{{Citation |surname=Yazdani |given=Kaveh |title=India, Modernity and the Great Divergence: Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.) |page=115 |year=2017 |publisher=Brill Publisher |isbn=9789004330795}}</ref><ref name="Simmons">{{Citation |surname=Simmons |given=Caleb |title=Devotional Sovereignty: Kingship and Religion in India |pages=10–12 |year=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190088897}}</ref> During this time, it came into conflict with the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Confederacy]], the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], the [[Kingdom of Travancore]], and the [[British Empire|British]], culminating in four [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]. Mysore's success in the [[First Anglo-Mysore War|First Anglo-Mysore war]] and a stalemate in the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War|Second]] were followed by defeats in the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War|Third]] and the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War|Fourth]]. Following Tipu's death in the Fourth War during the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Siege of Seringapatam]], large parts of his kingdom were annexed by the British, which signalled the end of a period of Mysorean hegemony over South India. Power returned absolutely to the Wadiyars when [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]] became king.

In 1831, the British took direct control of the kingdom and a [[Mysore Commission|commission]] administered it until 1881.<ref name="hist5">Rajakaryaprasakta Rao Bahadur (1936), pg. 383</ref> Through an instrument of rendition, power was once again transferred to the Wadiyars in 1881, when [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Chamaraja Wadiyar X]] was made king. In 1913, in lieu of the instrument, a proper [[subsidiary alliance]] was struck with the kingdom during Maharaja [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV]].

Upon [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] from the Crown rule in 1947, the Kingdom of Mysore acceded to the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]]. Upon accession, it became [[Mysore State]], later uniting with other [[Kannada]] speaking regions to form the present-day [[Karnataka]] state. Soon after Independence, Maharaja [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar|Jayachamaraja Wadiyar]] was made [[Rajapramukh]] until 1956, when he became the first [[List of governors of Karnataka|governor]] of the enlarged state.

Even as a princely state, Mysore came to be counted among the more developed and urbanised regions of South Asia. The period since the penultimate restoration (1799–1947) also saw Mysore emerge as one of the important centres of [[Culture of Mysore|art and culture]] in India. The [[Maharaja of Mysore|maharajas of Mysore]] were not only accomplished exponents of the fine arts and men of letters, they were enthusiastic patrons as well. Their legacies continue to influence music and the arts even today, as well as [[Rocket|rocket science]] with the use of [[Mysorean rockets]].<ref>
Roddam Narasimha (May 1985). [http://nal-ir.nal.res.in/2382/01/tr_pd_du_8503_R66305.pdf Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182042/http://nal-ir.nal.res.in/2382/01/tr_pd_du_8503_R66305.pdf|date=27 September 2007}}. Published by the National Aeronautical Laboratory.</ref>{{Mysore Kingdom series}}

==History==

===Early history===
{{Main|Origin of the Kingdom of Mysore}}

Sources for the history of the kingdom include numerous extant [[Lithic flake|lithic]] and copper plate inscriptions, records from the Mysore palace and contemporary literary sources in Kannada, [[Persian language|Persian]] and other languages.<ref name="vamsha">Kamath (2001), pp. 11–12, pp. 226–227; Pranesh (2003), p. 11</ref><ref name="vamsha10">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 23</ref><ref name="vamsa">Subrahmanyam (2003), p. 64; Rice E.P. (1921), p. 89</ref> According to traditional accounts, the kingdom originated as a small state based in the modern city of Mysore and was founded by two brothers, Yaduraya (also known as Vijaya) and Krishnaraya. Their origins are mired in legend and are still a matter of debate; while some historians posit a northern origin at [[Dwarka]],<ref name="cha">Kamath (2001), p. 226</ref><ref name="feud">Rice B.L. (1897), p. 361</ref> others locate it in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ikegame|first1=Aya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bV5ElF17ezwC&pg=PA76|title=Princely India Re-imagined: A Historical Anthropology of Mysore from 1799 to the present|date=7 May 2013|publisher=Routledge|pages=76–77|isbn=978-0-415-55449-7|access-date=15 May 2021|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126144336/https://books.google.com/books?id=bV5ElF17ezwC&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dwarka">Pranesh (2003), pp. 2–3</ref><ref name="opportune">Wilks, Aiyangar in Aiyangar and Smith (1911), pp. 275–276</ref> Yaduraya is said to have married Chikkadevarasi, the local princess and assumed the feudal title "Wodeyar" ({{langx|kn|ಒಡೆಯರ್|Oḍeyar|lit=lord}}), which the ensuing dynasty retained.<ref name="title">Aiyangar (1911), p. 275; Pranesh (2003), p. 2</ref> The first unambiguous mention of the Wodeyar family is in 16th century [[Kannada literature]] from the reign of the Vijayanagara king [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] (1529–1542); the earliest available inscription, issued by the Wodeyars themselves, dates to the rule of the petty chief Timmaraja II in 1551.<ref name="prin">Stein (1989), p. 82</ref>

===Autonomy: advances and reversals===
The kings who followed ruled as vassals of the Vijayanagara Empire until the decline of the latter in 1565. By this time, the kingdom had expanded to thirty-three villages protected by a force of 300 soldiers.<ref name="soldier">{{Harvnb|Stein|1987|p=82}}</ref> King Timmaraja II conquered some surrounding chiefdoms,<ref name="timma">Kamath (2001), p. 227</ref> and King ''Bola'' Chamaraja IV (''lit'', "Bald"), the first ruler of any political significance among them, withheld tribute to the nominal Vijayanagara monarch Aravidu [[Rama Raya|Ramaraya]].<ref name="bald">Subrahmanyam (2001), p. 67</ref> After the death of Aravidu Ramaraya, the Wodeyars began to assert themselves further and King Raja Wodeyar I wrested control of [[Srirangapatna]] from the Vijayanagara governor (''Mahamandaleshvara'') Aravidu [[Tirumala Deva Raya|Tirumalla]] – a development which elicited, if only ''ex post facto'', the tacit approval of [[Venkatapati Raya]], the incumbent king of the diminished Vijayanagar Empire ruling from [[Chandragiri]].<ref name="channa">Subrahmanyam (2001), p. 68</ref> Raja Wodeyar I's reign also saw territorial expansion with the annexation of [[Channapatna]] to the north from [[Gobburi Jagga Raya|Jaggadeva Raya]]<ref name="channa"/><ref>Venkata Ramanappa, M. N. (1975), p. 200</ref> – a development which made Mysore a regional political factor to reckon with.<ref name="sov">Shama Rao in Kamath (2001), p. 227</ref><ref name="ranadulla" />

Consequently, by 1612–13, the Wodeyars exercised a great deal of autonomy and even though they acknowledged the nominal overlordship of the [[Aravidu dynasty]], tributes and transfers of revenue to Chandragiri stopped. This was in marked contrast to other major chiefs, the ''[[Nayaka dynasties|Nayaks]]'' of Tamil country who continued to pay off Chandragiri emperors well into the 1630s.<ref name="channa"/> [[Chamaraja Wodeyar VI|Chamaraja VI]] and [[Kanthirava Narasaraja I]] attempted to expand further northward but were thwarted by the [[Bijapur Sultanate]] and its Maratha subordinates, though the Bijapur armies under Ranadullah Khan were effectively repelled in their 1638 siege of Srirangapatna.<ref name="ranadulla">Venkata Ramanappa, M. N. (1975), p.201</ref><ref name="coimbotore">Subrahmanyam (2001), p. 68; Kamath (2001), p. 228</ref> Expansionist ambitions then turned southward into Tamil country where Narasaraja Wodeyar acquired [[Sathyamangalam taluk|Satyamangalam]] (in modern northern [[Erode district|Erode]] district) while his successor [[Dodda Kempadevaraja|Dodda Devaraja Wodeyar]] expanded further to capture western Tamil regions of Erode and [[Dharmapuri]], after successfully repulsing the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|chiefs]] of [[Madurai]]. The invasion of the [[Keladi Nayaka]]s of [[Malnad]] was also dealt with successfully. This period was followed by one of the complex geo-political changes when in the 1670s, the Marathas and the Mughals pressed into the Deccan.<ref name="ranadulla"/><ref name="coimbotore"/>

[[Chikka Devaraja]] (r. 1672–1704), the most notable of Mysore's early kings, who ruled during much of this period, managed to not only survive the exigencies but further expand territory. He achieved this by forging strategic alliances with the Marathas and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]].<ref name="alliance">Subrahmanyam (2001), p. 71</ref><ref name="early">Kamath (2001), pp. 228–229</ref> The kingdom soon grew to include [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] and [[Bangalore]] to the east, [[Hassan District|Hassan]] to the west, [[Chikkamagaluru]] and [[Tumkur]] to the north and the rest of [[Coimbatore]] to the south.<ref name="salem">Subrahmanyam (2001), p. 69; Kamath (2001), pp. 228–229</ref> Despite this expansion, the kingdom, which now accounted for a fair share of land in the southern Indian heartland, extending from the [[Western Ghats]] to the western boundaries of the [[Coromandel Coast|Coromandel]] plain, remained landlocked without direct coastal access. Chikka Devaraja's attempts to remedy this brought Mysore into conflict with the ''Nayaka'' chiefs of [[Ikkeri]] and the kings (''Rajas'') of [[Kodagu State|Kodagu]] (modern Coorg); who between them controlled the [[Kanara]] coast (coastal areas of modern Karnataka) and the intervening hill region respectively.<ref name="coast">Subrahmanyam (2001), p. 69</ref> The conflict brought mixed results with Mysore annexing [[Periyapatna]] but suffering a reversal at Palupare.<ref name="reverse">Subrahmanyam (2001), p. 70</ref>

Nevertheless, from around 1704, when the kingdom passed on to the "Mute king" (''Mukarasu'') [[Narasaraja Wodeyar II|Kanthirava Narasaraja II]], the survival and expansion of the kingdom was achieved by playing a delicate game of alliance, negotiation, subordination on occasion, and annexation of territory in all directions. According to historians [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]] and [[Setumadhavarao Pagadi|Sethu Madhava Rao]], Mysore was now formally a tributary of the Mughal Empire. Mughul records claim a regular tribute (''peshkash'') was paid by Mysore. However, historian [[Suryanath U. Kamath]] feels the Mughals may have considered Mysore an ally, a situation brought about by [[Mughal–Maratha Wars|Mughal–Maratha competition]] for supremacy in southern India.<ref name="peinisular">Subrahmanyam (2001), pp. 70–71; Kamath (2001), p. 229</ref> By the 1720s, with the Mughal empire in decline, further complications arose with the Mughal residents at both [[Arcot]] and [[Sira, India|Sira]] claiming tribute.<ref name="alliance"/> The years that followed saw [[Dodda Krishnaraja I|Krishnaraja Wodeyar I]] tread cautiously on the matter while keeping the Kodagu chiefs and the Marathas at bay. He was followed by [[Chamaraja Wodeyar VII]] during whose reign power fell into the hands of prime minister (''Dalwai'' or ''Dalavoy'') [[Nanjaraja Wodeyar|Nanjarajiah]] (or Nanjaraja) and chief minister (''Sarvadhikari'') Devarajiah (or Devaraja), the influential brothers from [[Kalale]] town near [[Nanjangud]] who would rule for the next three decades with the Wodeyars relegated to being the titular heads.<ref name="right">Pranesh (2003), pp. 44–45</ref><ref name="bahadur">Kamath (2001), p. 230</ref> The latter part of the rule of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II|Krishnaraja II]] saw the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]] being eclipsed by the Mughals and in the confusion that ensued, [[Hyder Ali]], a captain in the army, rose to prominence.<ref name="ranadulla"/> His victory against the Marathas at Bangalore in 1758, resulting in the annexation of their territory, made him an iconic figure. In honour of his achievements, the king gave him the title "Nawab Haider Ali Khan Bahadur".<ref name="bahadur" />

===Under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan===
{{main|Sultanate of Mysore}}

{{further|Anglo-Mysore wars|Maratha–Mysore War}}
[[File:Tipu's Tiger with keyboard on display 2006AH4168.jpg|thumb|278x278px|Tipu's Tiger with the organ keyboard visible]][[File:Suffren meeting with Haider Ali J B Morret engraving 1789.jpg|thumb|[[Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez|Admiral Suffren]] meeting with ally [[Hyder Ali]] in 1783. J. B. Morret engraving, 1789|279x279px]]
[[File:The North Entrance Into The Fort Of Bangalore -with Tipu's flag flying-.jpg|280x280px|thumb|Tipu's flag at the entrance to the fort of [[Bangalore]]]]
[[File:TipuSultan1790.jpg|394x394px|thumb|A portrait of [[Tipu Sultan]], made during the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]]]
[[File:Battle of pollilur.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mural]] of the [[Battle of Pollilur]] in [[Tipu Sultan]]'s summer palace in [[Seringapatam|Srirangapatna]]|276x276px]]
[[File:James Gillray - The Coming-On, of the Monsoons, or - The Retreat from Seringapatam - B1981.25.1062 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|right|Cartoon mocking [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] for retreating from Seringapatam]]

[[Hyder Ali]] has earned an important place in the [[history of Karnataka]] for his fighting skills and administrative acumen.<ref name="prow">Shama Rao in Kamath (2001), p. 233</ref><ref name="prow1">Quote: "A military genius and a man of vigour, valour and resourcefulness" (Chopra et al. 2003, p. 76)</ref> The rise of Hyder came at a time of important political developments in the sub-continent. While the European powers were busy transforming themselves from trading companies to political powers, the [[Nizam]] as the ''[[Subahdar]]'' of the Mughals pursued his ambitions in the Deccan, and the Marathas, following their [[Third Battle of Panipat|defeat]] at [[Panipat]], sought safe havens in the south. The period also saw the [[Carnatic Wars|French vie with the British]] for control of the [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]]—a contest in which the British would eventually prevail as British commander [[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Sir Eyre Coote]] decisively defeated the French under the [[Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally|Comte de Lally]] at the [[Battle of Wandiwash]] in 1760, a watershed in Indian history as it cemented British supremacy in South Asia.<ref name="Venkata Ramanappa 1975 p. 207">Venkata Ramanappa, M. N. (1975), p. 207</ref> Though the Wodeyars remained the nominal heads of Mysore during this period, real power lay in the hands of Hyder Ali and his son [[Tipu Sultan|Tipu]].<ref name="hands">Chopra et al. (2003), p. 71, 76</ref>

By 1761, Maratha power had diminished and by 1763, Hyder Ali had captured the Keladi kingdom, defeated the rulers of [[Bilgi, Karnataka|Bilgi]], [[Bednur]] and [[Gutti]], invaded the [[Malabar Coast]] in the south and conquered the [[Zamorin]]'s capital [[History of Kozhikode|Calicut]] with ease in 1766 and extended the Mysore kingdom up to [[Dharwad]] and [[Bellary]] in the north.<ref name="dharwad">Chopra et al. (2003), p. 55</ref><ref name="dhar">Kamath (2001), p. 232</ref> Mysore was now a major political power in the subcontinent and Haider's meteoric rise from relative obscurity and his defiance formed one of the last remaining challenges to complete British hegemony over the Indian subcontinent—a challenge which would take them more than three decades to overcome.<ref name="overcome">Chopra et al. (2003), p. 71</ref>

In a bid to stem Hyder's rise, the British allied with the Marathas and the Nizam of [[Golconda]], culminating in the [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] in 1767. Despite numerical superiority, Hyder Ali suffered defeats at the battles of [[Chengam|Chengham]] and [[Battle of Tiruvannamalai|Tiruvannamalai]]. The British ignored his overtures for peace until Hyder Ali had strategically moved his armies to within five miles of Madras (modern [[Chennai]]) and was able to successfully [[Suing for peace|sue for peace]].<ref name="Venkata Ramanappa 1975 p. 207"/><ref name="dhar"/><ref name="peace">Chopra et al. (2003), p. 73</ref> Three wars were fought from 1764 and 1772 between the [[Maratha Army|Maratha armies]] of [[Madhavrao Peshwa|Peshwa Madhavrao I]] against Hyder, in which Hyder was severely defeated and had to pay 36 lacs of tribute as war expenses along with an annual tribute of 14 lacs every year to the peshwa.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofmarathasbygrantduffvol2 |title=History Of Marathas By Grant Duff VOL 2 |pages=211–217 |language=English}}</ref> In these wars Hyder had expected British support as per the 1769 treaty but the British stayed out of the conflict. British neutrality and Hyder's subsequent defeat reinforced his deep distrust of the British—a sentiment that would be shared by his son and one that would inform Anglo-Mysore rivalries of the next three decades. In 1777, [[Hyder Ali|Haider Ali]] recovered the previously lost territories of Coorg and parts of what would later become Malabar District from the Marathas.<ref name="saunshi">{{cite book |author=Jacques, Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-313-33536-5 |location=Westport, Connecticut |page=916 |access-date=16 June 2016 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126144337/https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Hyder Ali|Haider Ali]]'s army advanced towards the Marathas and fought them at the [[Battle of Saunshi]] and came out victorious during the same year.<ref name="saunshi"/>

By 1779, Hyder Ali had captured parts of modern Tamil Nadu and [[Kerala]] in the south, extending the kingdom's area to about 80,000 mi2 (205,000 km2).<ref name="dhar"/> In 1780, he befriended the French and made peace with the Marathas and the Nizam.<ref name=autogenerated1>Chopra et al. (2003), p. 74</ref> However, Hyder Ali was betrayed by the Marathas and the Nizam, who made treaties with the British as well. In July 1779, Hyder Ali headed an army of 80,000, mostly cavalry, descending through the passes of the Ghats amid burning villages, before laying siege to British forts in northern Arcot starting the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]]. Hyder Ali had some initial successes against the British notably at [[Battle of Pollilur|Pollilur]], where Mysorean troops made effective use of rocket artillery, and Arcot, until the arrival of Sir Eyre Coote, when the fortunes of the British began to change.<ref name="rout">Chopra et al. (2003), p. 75</ref> On 1 June 1781 Coote struck the first heavy blow against Hyder Ali in the decisive [[Battle of Porto Novo]]. The battle was won by Coote against odds of five to one and is regarded as one of the greatest feats of the British in India. It was followed up by another hard-fought [[Battle of Pollilur (1781)|battle]] at [[Pullalur|Pollilur]] (the scene of an earlier triumph of Hyder Ali over a British force) on 27 August, in which the British won another success, and by the rout of the Mysore troops at [[Sholinghur]] a month later. Hyder Ali died on 7 December 1782, even as fighting continued with the British. He was succeeded by his son [[Tipu Sultan]] who continued hostilities against the British by recapturing Baidanur and Mangalore.<ref name="dhar"/><ref name="host1">Chopra et al. 2003, p. 75</ref>

By 1783 neither the British nor Mysore were able to obtain a clear overall victory. The French withdrew their support of Mysore following the [[Treaties of Versailles (1783)#Treaty with France|peace settlement in Europe]].<ref>Venkata Ramanappa, M. N. (1975), p. 211</ref> Undaunted, Tipu, popularly known as the "Tiger of Mysore", continued the war against the British but lost some regions in modern coastal Karnataka to them. The [[Maratha–Mysore War]] occurred between 1785 and 1787 and consisted of a series of conflicts between the Sultanate of Mysore and the Maratha Empire.<ref name="Naravane">{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=Wing Commander (Retired) M. S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |location=New Delhi |pages=175}}</ref> Following Tipu Sultan's victory against the Marathas at the [[siege of Bahadur Benda]], a peace agreement was signed between the two kingdoms with mutual gains and losses.<ref name="mohibbul">{{citation |author=Mohibbul Hasan |title=History of Tipu Sultan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC&pg=PA105 |pages=105–107 |year=2005 |edition=Reprint |place=Delhi |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=9788187879572}}</ref><ref name="Sen">{{citation |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785–96, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&pg=PA59 |page=55 |year=1994 |edition=Reprint |place=Bombay |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=9788171547890 |access-date=2 January 2022 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126144502/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Similarly, the [[treaty of Mangalore]] was signed in 1784 bringing hostilities with the British to a temporary and uneasy halt and restoring the others' lands to the [[status quo ante bellum]].<ref name="surrender"/><ref name="surrender1">Chopra et al. (2003), pp. 75–76</ref> The treaty is an important document in the history of India because it was the last occasion when an Indian power dictated terms to the British, who were made to play the role of humble supplicants for peace. A start of fresh hostilities between the British and French in Europe would have been sufficient reason for Tipu to abrogate his treaty and further his ambition of striking at the British.<ref name="strike">Chopra et al. (2003), p. 77</ref> His attempts to lure the Nizam, the Marathas, the French and the [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of Turkey]] failed to bring direct military aid.<ref name="strike"/>

[[File:Mather-brown-lord-cornwallis-receiving-the-sons-of-tipu-as-hostages-1792.jpg|175px|thumb|left|General Lord Cornwallis receiving Tipu Sultan's sons as hostages.]]

Tipu's [[Battle of the Nedumkotta|successful attacks]] in 1790 on the [[Kingdom of Travancore]], a later British ally, ended in defeat for him, and it resulted in greater hostilities with the British which culminated in the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC|page=167|title=History of Tipu Sultan|author=Mohibbul Hasan|publisher=Aakar Books|year=2005|isbn=9788187879572|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126144337/https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC|url-status=live}}</ref> In the beginning, the British made gains, taking the [[Coimbatore district]], but Tipu's counterattack reversed many of these gains. By 1792, with aid from the Marathas who attacked from the north-west and the Nizam who moved in from the north-east, the British under [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] successfully [[Siege of Seringapatam (1792)|besieged Srirangapatna]], resulting in Tipu's defeat and the [[Treaty of Seringapatam|Treaty of Srirangapatna]]. Half of Mysore was distributed among the allies, and two of his sons were held to ransom.<ref name="surrender">Chopra et al. (2003), p. 78–79; Kamath (2001), p. 233</ref> A humiliated but indomitable Tipu went about rebuilding his economic and military power. He attempted to covertly win over support from [[French First Republic|Revolutionary France]], the [[Amir]] of Afghanistan, the [[Ottoman Empire]] and Arabia. However, these attempts to involve the French soon became known to the British, who were at the time fighting the French in [[Battle of the Nile|Egypt]] and were backed by the Marathas and the Nizam. In 1799, Tipu died [[Battle of Seringapatam|defending Srirangapatna]] in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]], heralding the end of the kingdom's independence.<ref name="end">Chopra et al. (2003), pp. 79–80; Kamath (2001), pp. 233–234</ref> Modern Indian historians consider Tipu Sultan an inveterate enemy of the British, an able administrator and an innovator.<ref name="enemy">Chopra et al. (2003), pp. 81–82</ref>

===Princely state===
{{Princely states topics}}
[[File:"Palace of the Maharajah of Mysore, India," from the Illustrated London News, 1881 (with modern hand coloring).jpg|thumb|"Palace of the Maharajah of Mysore, India," from the ''Illustrated London News'', 1881 (with modern hand coloring)]]

Following Tipu's fall, a part of the Kingdom of Mysore was annexed and divided between the Madras Presidency and the [[Nizam]]. The remaining territory was transformed into a Princely State; the five-year-old scion of the Wodeyar family, [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III|Krishnaraja III]], was installed on the throne with [[Purnaiah]] continuing as [[Dewan of Mysore|Dewan]], who had earlier served under Tipu, handling the reins as regent and [[Barry Close]] was appointed the [[Resident minister|British Resident]] for Mysore. The British then took control of Mysore's foreign policy and also exacted an annual tribute and a subsidy for maintaining a standing British army at Mysore.<ref name="army">Kamath (2001), p. 249</ref><ref name="install">Kamath (2001), p. 234</ref><ref>Venkata Ramanappa, M. N. (1975), p. 225</ref> As dewan, Purnaiah distinguished himself with his progressive and innovative administration until he retired from service in 1811 (and died shortly thereafter) following the 16th birthday of the boy king.<ref name="overlord">Quote: "The Diwan seems to pursue the wisest and the most benevolent course for the promotion of industry and opulence" (Gen. Wellesley in Kamath 2001, p. 249)</ref><ref>Venkata Ramanappa, M. N. (1975), pp. 226–229</ref>
[[File:Mysore Palace Morning.jpg|thumb|[[Mysore Palace]] built between 1897 and 1912|278x278px]]

The years that followed witnessed cordial relations between Mysore and the British until things began to sour in the 1820s. Even though the [[List of colonial governors and presidents of Madras Presidency|Governor of Madras]], [[Sir Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet|Thomas Munro]], determined after a personal investigation in 1825 that there was no substance to the allegations of financial impropriety made by [[Arthur Henry Cole|A. H. Cole]], the incumbent Resident of Mysore, the [[Nagar revolt]] (a civil insurrection) which broke out towards the end of the decade changed things considerably. In 1831, close on the heels of the insurrection and citing mal-administration, the British took direct control of the princely state, placing it under a [[Mysore Commission|commission rule]].<ref name="mal">Kamath (2001), p. 250</ref><ref>Venkata Ramanappa, M. N. (1975), pp. 229–231</ref> For the next fifty years, Mysore passed under the rule of successive British Commissioners; Sir [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Mark Cubbon]], renowned for his statesmanship, served from 1834 until 1861 and put into place an efficient and successful administrative system which left Mysore a well-developed state.<ref>Venkata Ramanappa, M. N. (1975), pp. 231–232</ref>
[[File:Jcrw1.jpg|thumb|Jayachamrajendra Wadiyar with Elizabeth II]]

In 1876–77, however, towards the end of the period of direct British rule, Mysore was [[Great Famine of 1876–1878|struck by a devastating famine]] with estimated mortality figures ranging between 700,000 and 1,100,000, or nearly a fifth of the population.<ref>Lewis Rice, B., ''Report on the Mysore census'' (Bangalore: Mysore Government Press, 1881), p. 3</ref> Shortly thereafter, Maharaja [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Chamaraja X]], educated in the British system, took over the rule of Mysore in 1881, following the success of a lobby set up by the Wodeyar dynasty that was in favour of [[Rendition (law)|rendition]]. Accordingly, a resident British officer was appointed at the Mysore court and a Dewan to handle the Maharaja's administration.<ref name="comm">Kamath (2001), pp. 250–254</ref> From then onwards, until Indian independence in 1947, Mysore remained a Princely State within the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]], with the Wodeyars continuing their rule.<ref name="comm"/>

After the demise of Maharaja Chamaraja X, [[Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar|Krishnaraja IV]], still a boy of eleven, ascended the throne in 1895. His mother Maharani Kemparajammanniyavaru ruled as regent until Krishnaraja took over the reins on 8 February 1902.<ref>Rama Jois, M. 1984. Legal and constitutional history of India's ancient legal, judicial and constitutional system. Delhi: Universal Law Pub. Co. p. 597</ref> Under his rule, with Sir M. Visvesvayara as his Dewan, the Maharaja set about transforming Mysore into a progressive and modern state, particularly in industry, education, agriculture and art. Such were the strides that Mysore made that [[Mahatma Gandhi]] called the Maharaja a "saintly king" (''Rajarishi'').<ref>Puttaswamaiah, K. 1980. The economic development of Karnataka is a treatise on continuity and change. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH. p. 3</ref> [[Paul Brunton]], the British philosopher and orientalist, [[John Gunther]], the American author, and British statesman [[Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel|Lord Samuel]] praised the ruler's efforts. Much of the pioneering work in educational infrastructure that took place during this period would serve Karnataka invaluably in the coming decades.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/durai.html |title=The Mysore duo Krishnaraja Wodeya IV & M. Visvesvaraya |access-date=23 October 2007 |publisher=[[India Today]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024183112/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/durai.html |archive-date=24 October 2008 }}</ref> The Maharaja was an accomplished musician, and like his predecessors, avidly patronised the development of the fine arts.<ref name="instru">Pranesh (2003), p. 162</ref> He was followed by his nephew [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar|Jayachamarajendra]] whose rule continued for some years after he signed the [[instrument of accession]] and Mysore joined the Indian Union on 9 August 1947.<ref name="union">Kamath (2001), p. 261</ref><ref>"Instrument of Accession of the Maharajah of Mysore". ''[https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/3073480 Mysore State- Instrument of Accession and Standstill Agreement signed between Jaya Chamaraja Wadiyar. Ruler of Mysore State and the Dominion of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126144442/https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/3073480 |date=26 January 2024 }}''. New Delhi: Ministry of States, Government of India. 1947. p. 2. Retrieved 2 January 2024 – via [[National Archives of India]].</ref> Jayachamarajendra continued to rule as [[Rajapramukh]] of Mysore until 1956 when as a result of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], his position was converted into Governor of [[Mysore State]]. From 1963 until 1966, he was the first Governor of [[Madras State]].<ref name="AR20">''Asian Recorder'', Volume 20 (1974), p. 12263</ref>

==Administration==
{{Main|Administration of the kingdom of Mysore|List of Maharajas of Mysore}}

There are no records relating to the administration of the Mysore territory during the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]'s reign (1399–1565). Signs of a well-organised and independent administration appear from the time of Raja Wodeyar I who is believed to have been sympathetic towards peasants (''[[raiyat]]s'') who were exempted from any increases in taxation during his time.<ref name="ranadulla"/> The first sign that the kingdom had established itself in the area was the issuing of gold coins (''Kanthirayi phanam'') resembling those of the erstwhile Vijayanagara Empire during Narasaraja Wodeyar's rule.<ref name="phanam">Kamath (2001), p. 228; Venkata Ramanappa, M. N. (1975), p. 201</ref>

The rule of Chikka Devaraja saw several reforms effected. Internal administration was remodelled to suit the kingdom's growing needs and became more efficient. A postal system came into being. Far-reaching financial reforms were also introduced. Several petty taxes were imposed in place of direct taxes, as a result of which the peasants were compelled to pay more by way of land tax.<ref>Venkata Ramanappa, M. N. (1975), p.203</ref> The king is said to have taken a personal interest in the regular collection of revenues the treasury burgeoned to 90,000,000 ''[[Pagoda (coin)|Pagoda]]'' (a unit of currency) – earning him the epithet "Nine [[crore]] Narayana" (''Navakoti Narayana''). In 1700, he sent an embassy to [[Aurangzeb|Aurangazeb]]'s court bestowed upon him the title ''Jug Deo Raja'' and awarded permission to sit on the ivory throne. Following this, he founded the district offices (''Attara Kacheri''), the central secretariat comprising eighteen departments, and his administration was modelled on Mughal lines.<ref name="sec">Kamath (2001), pp. 228–229; Venkata Ramanappa, M. N. (1975), p. 203</ref>

During [[Hyder Ali]]'s rule, the kingdom was divided into five provinces (''Asofis'') of unequal size, comprising 171 [[taluk]]s (''[[Pargana|Paraganas]]'') in total.<ref name="british">Kamath (2001), p. 233</ref> When [[Tipu Sultan]] became the ''de facto'' ruler, the kingdom, which encompassed {{convert|160000|km²|0|abbr=on}} (62,000 mi2), was divided into 37 provinces and a total of 124 taluks (''Amil''). Each province had a governor (''Asof''), and one deputy governor. Each taluk had a headman called ''Amildar'' and a group of villages were in charge of a ''[[Patel (village administration)|Patel]]''.<ref name="install" /> The central administration comprised six departments headed by ministers, each aided by an advisory council of up to four members.<ref name="zum">Kamath (2001), p. 235</ref>

When the [[princely state]] came under direct British rule in 1831, early commissioners [[Charles Lushington (1785–1866)|Lushington]], [[John Briggs (East India Company officer)|Briggs]] and Morrison were followed by Mark Cubbon, who took charge in 1834.<ref name="blore">Kamath (2001), p. 251</ref> He made [[Bangalore]] the capital and divided the princely state into four divisions, each under a British superintendent. The state was further divided into 120 taluks with 85 taluk courts, with all lower level administration in the [[Kannada language]].<ref name="blore"/> The office of the commissioner had eight departments; revenue, post, police, cavalry, public works, medical, animal husbandry, judiciary and education. The judiciary was hierarchical with the commissioners' court at the apex, followed by the ''Huzur Adalat'', four superintending courts and eight ''Sadar Munsiff'' courts at the lowest level.<ref name="adalat">Kamath (2001), p. 252</ref> [[Lewin Bentham Bowring|Lewin Bowring]] became the chief commissioner in 1862 and held the position until 1870. During his tenure, the property "Registration Act", the "[[Indian Penal Code]]" and "[[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Code of Criminal Procedure]]" came into effect and the judiciary was separated from the executive branch of the administration.<ref name="adalat"/> The state was divided into eight [[districts of India|districts]] – Bangalore, [[Chitaldroog district|Chitraldroog]], [[Hassan district|Hassan]], [[Kadur district|Kadur]], [[Kolar district|Kolar]], [[Mysore district|Mysore]], [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]], and [[Tumakuru district|Tumkur]].<ref>Meyer, Sir William Stevenson, et al. ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India''. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908–1931. v. 18, p. 228.</ref>

After the rendition, [[C. V. Rungacharlu]] was made the Dewan. Under him, the first Representative Assembly of British India, with 144 members, was formed in 1881.<ref name="ranga">Kamath (2001), p. 254</ref> He was followed by [[K. Seshadri Iyer]] in 1883 during whose tenure gold mining at the [[Kolar Gold Fields]] began, the [[Shivanasamudra]] [[hydroelectric]] project was initiated in 1899 (the first such major attempt in India) and electricity and drinking water (the latter through pipes) was supplied to Bangalore.<ref name="iyer">Kamath (2001), pp. 254–255</ref> Seshadri Iyer was followed by [[P. N. Krishnamurti]], who created The Secretariat Manual to maintain records and the Co-operative Department in 1905,<ref name="iyer"/> [[V. P. Madhava Rao]] who focussed on the conservation of forests and [[T. Ananda Rao]], who finalised the [[Krishna Raja Sagara|Kannambadi Dam]] project.<ref name="dam">Kamath (2001), p. 257</ref>

[[Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya|Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya]], popularly known as the "Maker of Modern Mysore", holds a key place in the history of Karnataka.<ref name="make">Kamath (2001), p. 259</ref> An engineer by education, he became the Dewan in 1909.<ref name="dam"/><ref name="becamediwan">Indian Science Congress (2003), p. 139</ref> Under his tenure, membership of the [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]] was increased from 18 to 24, and it was given the power to discuss the state budget.<ref name="dam"/> The Mysore Economic Conference was expanded into three committees; industry and commerce, education, and agriculture, with publications in English and Kannada.<ref name="vis10">Kamath (2001), p. 258</ref> Important projects commissioned during his time included the construction of the [[Kannambadi]] Dam, the founding of the [[Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Limited|Mysore Iron Works at Bhadravathi]], founding of the [[Mysore University]] in 1916, the [[University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering]] in Bangalore, the establishment of the Mysore state railway department and numerous industries in Mysore. In 1955, he was awarded the [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian honour.<ref name="vis10" /><ref name="ratna">Indian Science Congress (2003), pp. 139–140</ref>

Sir [[Mirza Ismail]] took office as Dewan in 1926 and built on the foundation laid by his predecessor. Amongst his contributions were the expansion of the Bhadravathi Iron Works, the founding of a cement and paper factory in [[Bhadravathi, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]] and the launch of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]. A man with a penchant for gardens, he founded the [[Brindavan Gardens]] (Krishnaraja Sagar) and built the [[Kaveri River]] high-level canal to irrigate {{convert|120000|acre|km2}} in modern Mandya district.<ref name="ismail">Kamath (2001), p. 260</ref>

In 1939 [[Mandya District]] was carved out of Mysore District, bringing the number of districts in the state to nine.

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of the kingdom of Mysore}}

{{See also|Economic history of India}}
The vast majority of the people lived in villages and agriculture was their main occupation. The economy of the kingdom was based on agriculture. Grains, pulses, vegetables and flowers were cultivated. Commercial crops included sugarcane and cotton. The agrarian population consisted of landlords (''[[Gowda (caste)|vokkaliga]]'', ''[[zamindar]]'', ''[[hegde|heggadde]]'') who tilled the land by employing several landless labourers, usually paying them in grain. Minor cultivators were also willing to hire themselves out as labourers if the need arose.<ref name="labour">Sastri (1955), p. 297–298</ref> It was due to the availability of these landless labourers that kings and landlords were able to execute major projects such as palaces, temples, mosques, anicuts (dams) and tanks.<ref name="tank">Chopra et al. (2003), p. 123</ref> Because land was abundant and the population relatively sparse, no rent was charged on land ownership. Instead, landowners paid tax for cultivation, which amounted to up to one-half of all harvested produce.<ref name="tank"/>

===Under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan===
Tipu Sultan is credited with founding state trading depots in various locations of his kingdom. In addition, he founded depots in foreign locations such as [[Karachi]], [[Jeddah]] and [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], where Mysore products were sold.<ref name="muscat">M. H. Gopal in Kamath 2001, p. 235</ref> During Tipu's rule French technology was used for the first time in carpentry and [[Metalsmith|smithing]], Chinese technology was used for sugar production, and technology from [[Bengal]] helped improve the [[sericulture]] industry.<ref name="seri">Kamath (2001), pp. 235–236</ref> State factories were established in [[Kanakapura]] and Taramandelpeth for producing cannons and gunpowder respectively. The state held the monopoly in the production of essentials such as sugar, salt, iron, pepper, cardamom, betel nut, tobacco and [[sandalwood]], as well as the extraction of incense oil from sandalwood and the mining of silver, gold and precious stones. Sandalwood was exported to China and the [[Persian Gulf countries]] and sericulture was developed in twenty-one centres within the kingdom.<ref name="sandal">Kamath (2001), pp. 236–237</ref>

The [[Mysore silk]] industry was initiated during the rule of Tipu Sultan.<ref name="Global Silk Industry">{{cite book |last=R. K. Datta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8U1lmEGEdgC |title=Global Silk Industry: A Complete Source Book |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-8131300879 |location=New Delhi |page=17 |access-date=22 January 2013}}</ref> Later the industry was hit by a global depression and competition from imported silk and [[rayon]]. In the second half of the 20th century, it however revived and the [[Mysore State]] became the top [[multivoltine]] silk producer in India.<ref name="Global Silk Industry"/>

=== Under British rule ===
[[File:Silver Rupee of Krishna Raja Wodeyar, Mysore State, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, Zarb Mahisur Mint, AD 1805.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee of Krishna Raja Wodeyar III, Mysore State, struck in the name of Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]], Zarb Mahisur Mint, AD 1805.]]
This system changed under the subsidiary alliance with the British, when tax payments were made in cash and were used for the maintenance of the army, police and other civil and public establishments. A portion of the tax was transferred to England as the "Indian tribute".<ref name="pay">Chopra et al. (2003), p. 124</ref> Unhappy with the loss of their traditional revenue system and the problems they faced, peasants rose in rebellion in many parts of south India.<ref name="farm">Chopra et al. (2003), p. 129</ref> After 1800, the [[Permanent Settlement|Cornwallis land reforms]] came into effect. Reade, Munro, Graham and Thackeray were some administrators who improved the economic conditions of the masses.<ref name="corn">Chopra et al. (2003), p. 130</ref> However, the homespun textile industry suffered while most of India was under British rule, except the producers of the finest cloth and the coarse cloth which was popular with the rural masses. This was due to the manufacturing mills of [[Manchester]], [[Liverpool]] and Scotland being more than a match for the traditional handweaving industry, especially in spinning and weaving.<ref name="liver">Kamath (2001), p. 286</ref><ref name="cloths">Chopra et al. (2003), p. 132</ref>

The economic revolution in England and the tariff policies of the British also caused massive de-industrialization in other sectors throughout British India and Mysore. For example, the gunny bag weaving business had been a monopoly of the Goniga people, which they lost when the British began ruling the area. The import of a chemical substitute for saltpetre (potassium nitrate) affected the [[Uppara|Uppar]] community, the traditional makers of saltpetre for use in gunpowder. The import of kerosene affected the [[Ganiga]] community which supplied oils. Foreign enamel and crockery industries affected the native pottery business, and mill-made blankets replaced the country-made blankets called ''kambli''.<ref name="kambli">Kamath (2001), p. 287</ref> This economic fallout led to the formation of community-based social welfare organisations to help those within the community to cope better with their new economic situation, including youth hostels for students seeking education and shelter.<ref name="hostel">Kamath (2001), pp. 288–289</ref> However, the British economic policies created a class structure consisting of a newly established middle class comprising various blue and white-collared occupational groups, including agents, brokers, lawyers, teachers, civil servants and physicians. Due to a more flexible caste hierarchy, the middle class contained a heterogeneous mix of people from different castes.<ref name="caste">Chopra et al. (2003), p. 134</ref>

==Culture==

===Religion===
[[File:Temple tank (Pushkarni) at Shravanabelagola.jpg|thumb|right|Temple pond constructed by King Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar at [[Shravanabelagola]], an important Jain temple town|279x279px]]
[[File:Shweta Varahaswamy temple in Mysore.jpg|thumb|Shweta Varahaswamy temple (1673–1704) in the Mysore Palace grounds|370x370px]]


The early kings of the Wodeyar dynasty were followers of [[Jainism]]. The later kings, starting from the 17th century, took to [[Vaishnavism]], the worship of the Hindu god [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]].<ref>Suryanath U. Kamath, (2001), p. 274.</ref><ref name="shiva-vishnu">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 89</ref> According to musicologist Meera Rajaram Pranesh, King Raja Wodeyar I was a devotee of the god Vishnu, King Dodda Devaraja was honoured with the title "Protector of Brahmins" (''Deva Brahmana Paripalaka'') for his support to [[Brahmin]]s, and Maharaja Krishnaraja III was devoted to the goddess [[Chamunda|Chamundeshwari]] (a form of Hindu goddess [[Durga]]).<ref name="religion">Pranesh (2003), p. 5, p. 16, p. 54</ref> Wilks ("History of Mysore", 1800) wrote about a ''[[Jangam]]a'' ([[Veerashaiva]] saint-devotee of Shiva) uprising, related to excessive taxation, which was put down firmly by Chikka Devaraja. Historian [[D. R. Nagaraj|D.R. Nagaraj]] claims that four hundred ''Jangamas'' were murdered in the process but clarifies that Veerashaiva literature itself is silent about the issue.<ref name="jangama">Nagaraj in Pollock (2003), p. 379</ref> Historian [[Suryanath Kamath]] claims King Chikka Devaraja was a Srivaishnava (follower of [[Sri Vaishnavism]], a sect of Vaishnavism) but was not anti-Veerashaiva.<ref name="srivai">Kamath (2001), p. 229</ref> Historian Aiyangar concurs that some of the kings including the celebrated Narasaraja I and Chikka Devaraja were Vaishnavas, but suggests this may not have been the case with all Wodeyar rulers.<ref name="wod-rule">Aiyangar and Smith (1911), p. 304</ref> The rise of the modern-day Mysore city as a centre of [[south Indian culture]] has been traced from the period of their sovereignty.<ref name="centre">Pranesh (2003), p. 17</ref> Raja Wodeyar I initiated the celebration of the [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]] festival in Mysore, a proud tradition of the erstwhile Vijayanagara royal family.<ref name="das">Aiyangar and Smith (1911), p. 290</ref><ref name="das10">Pranesh (2003), p. 4</ref>

[[Jainism]], though in decline during the late medieval period, also enjoyed the patronage of the Mysore kings, who made munificent endowments to the [[Jain]] monastic order at the town of [[Shravanabelagola]].<ref name="shrav">Pranesh (2003), p. 44</ref><ref name="lak1">Kamath (2001), pp. 229–230</ref> Records indicate that some Wodeyar kings not only presided over the ''[[Mahamastakabhisheka]]'' ceremony, an important Jain religious event at Shravanabelagola, but also personally offered prayers (''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'') during the years 1659, 1677, 1800, 1825, 1910, 1925, 1940, and 1953.<ref name="puja">Singh (2001), pp. 5782–5787</ref>

The contact between South India and [[Islam]] goes back to the 7th century when trade between [[Hindu king]]doms and [[Islamic]] [[caliphate]]s thrived. These Muslim traders settled on the [[Malabar Coast]] with the permission and blessings of the Hindu Lords of those parts and married local Hindu women, and their descendants came to be known as ''[[Mappila Muslims|Mappillas]]''.<ref name="map">Sastri (1955), p. 396</ref> By the 14th century, Muslims had become a significant minority in the south, though the advent of Portuguese missionaries checked their growth.<ref name="map"/> Hyder Ali, though a devout Muslim, did not allow his faith to interfere with the administration of the predominantly Hindu kingdom ruled by Hindu kings. Historians are, however, divided on the intentions of Haider Ali's son, Tipu Sultan. It has been claimed that Tipu raised Hindus to prominent positions in his administration back in Mysore, made generous grants to Hindu temples and Brahmins, and generally respected other faiths and that any religious conversions that Tipu undertook were as punishment to those who rebelled against his authority.<ref name="Moh">Mohibul Hassan in Chopra et al., 2003, p. 82, part III</ref> However, this has been countered by other historians who claim that Tipu Sultan treated the non-Muslims of Mysore far better than those of the Malabar Coast, [[Raichur]] and [[Coorg|Kodagu]] regions. They point out that Tipu was responsible for mass conversions of Christians and Hindus in these regions by force.<ref name="chop">Chopra et al. (2003), p. 82</ref><ref name="chop1">Kamath (2001), p. 237</ref>

===Society===
{{Main|Society of the kingdom of Mysore}}

[[File:Mysore university building.JPG|right|thumb|The Crawford Hall on [[Mysore University]] campus houses the university offices.|278x278px]]

Before the 18th century, the society of the kingdom followed age-old and deeply established norms of social interaction between people. Accounts by contemporaneous travellers indicate the widespread practice of the [[Hindu caste system]] and animal sacrifices during the nine-day celebrations (called ''[[Mahanavami]]'').<ref>Sastri (1955), p. 394</ref> Later, fundamental changes occurred due to the struggle between native and foreign powers. Though wars between the Hindu kingdoms and the Sultanates continued, the battles between native rulers (including Muslims) and the newly arrived British took centre stage.<ref name="british" /> The spread of English education, the introduction of the printing press and the criticism of the prevailing social system by Christian missionaries helped make the society more open and flexible. The rise of modern nationalism throughout India also affected Mysore.<ref name="west">Kamath (2001), p. 278</ref>

With the advent of British power, English education gained prominence in addition to traditional education in local languages. These changes were orchestrated by [[Lord Elphinstone]], the governor of the [[Madras Presidency]]. His plan became the constitution of the central collegiate institution or University Board in 1841.<ref name="central">Chopra et al. (2003), p. 185</ref> Accordingly, a high school department of the university was established. For imparting education in the interior regions, schools were raised in principal towns which eventually were elevated to college level, with each college becoming central to many local schools (''zilla'' schools).<ref name="strata">Chopra et al. (2003), p. 186</ref> The earliest English-medium schools appeared in 1833 in Mysore and spread across the region. In 1858, the Department of Education was founded in Mysore and by 1881, there were an estimated 2,087 English-medium schools in the state of Mysore. Higher education became available with the formation of [[Bangalore Central College]] in [[Bangalore]] (1870), [[Maharaja's College, Mysore|Maharaja's College]] (1879), [[Maharani Lakshmi Ammani Women's College|Maharani's College]] (1901) and the [[Mysore University]] (1916) in Mysore and the [[St. Agnes PU College, Mangalore|St. Agnes College]] in [[Mangalore]] (1921).<ref name="univ">Kamath (2001), pp. 278–279</ref>

Social reforms aimed at removing practices such as [[Sati (practice)|sati]] and social discrimination based upon [[Dalit|untouchability]], as well as demands for the emancipation of the lower classes, swept across India and influenced Mysore territory.<ref name="sati">Chopra et al. (2003), pp. 196–197, p. 202</ref> In 1894, the kingdom passed laws to abolish the marriage of girls below the age of eight. [[Widow remarriage|Remarriage of widowed women]] and marriage of destitute women were encouraged, and in 1923, some women were granted permission to exercise their [[Women's Indian Association|franchise in elections]].<ref name="dest">Kamath (2001), p. 284</ref> There were, however, uprisings against British authority in the Mysore territory, notably the [[Kodagu]] uprising in 1835 (after the British dethroned the local ruler Chikkaviraraja) and the [[Kanara]] uprising of 1837.<ref name="revolt1">Kamath (2001), p. 275</ref> The era of printing heralded by Christian missionaries, notably [[Hermann Mögling]], resulted in the founding of printing presses across the kingdom. The publication of ancient and contemporary Kannada books (such as the ''[[Pampa Bharata]]'' and the ''[[Jaimini#Jaimini Bharata|Jaimini Bharata]]''), a [[Bible translations into Kannada|Kannada-language Bible]], a bilingual dictionary and a [[Media in Karnataka#Newspapers|Kannada newspaper]] called ''[[Mangaluru Samachara|Kannada Samachara]]'' began in the early 19th century.<ref name="press">Kamath (2001), pp. 279–280; Murthy (1992), p. 168</ref> [[Aluru Venkata Rao]] published a consolidated Kannada history glorifying the achievements of [[Kannadigas]] in his book ''[[Aluru Venkata Rao#Karnataka Gatha Vaibhava|Karnataka Gatha Vaibhava]]''.<ref name="rekindle">Kamath (2001), p. 281; Murthy (1992), p. 172</ref>

[[English drama|Classical English]] and [[Sanskrit drama]],<ref name="plays">Murthy (1992), p. 169</ref> and native [[Yakshagana]] [[musical theatre]] influenced the Kannada stage and produced famous dramatists like [[Gubbi Veeranna]].<ref name="notedmusician">Kamath (2001), p. 282</ref> The public began to enjoy [[Carnatic music]] through its broadcast via public address systems set up on the palace grounds.<ref name="broad">Pranesh (2003), p163</ref> [[Mysore painting]]s, which were inspired by the [[Bengal Renaissance]], were created by artists such as [[Sundarayyar|Sundarayya]], Ala Singarayya, and [[K. Venkatappa|B. Venkatappa]].<ref name="paint">Kamath (2001), p. 283</ref>

===Literature===
{{Main|Kannada literature in the kingdom of Mysore|Modern Kannada literature}}

[[File:Opening page of Sritattvanidhi.jpg|right|thumb|Opening page of the [[Carnatic music|musical]]
treatise ''[[Sritattvanidhi]]'' proclaiming [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]] as the author|278x278px]]

The era of the kingdom of Mysore is considered a golden age in the development of [[Kannada literature]]. Not only was the Mysore court adorned by famous [[Brahmin]] and [[Veerashaiva]] writers and composers,<ref name="lak1"/><ref name="sri">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 23–27</ref> the kings themselves were accomplished in the fine arts and made important contributions.<ref name="kan1">Mukherjee (1999), p. 78; Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 23, p. 26</ref><ref name="kan100">Kamath (2001), pp. 229–230; Pranesh (2003), preface chapter p(i)</ref> While conventional literature in philosophy and religion remained popular, writings in new genres such as chronicle, biography, history, encyclopaedia, novel, drama, and musical treatise became popular.<ref name="kan2">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 23–26</ref> A native form of folk literature with dramatic representation called [[Yakshagana]] gained popularity.<ref name="kan3">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 25</ref><ref name="kan4">Kamath (2001), p. 281</ref> A remarkable development of the later period was the influence of [[English literature]] and classical [[Sanskrit literature]] on Kannada.<ref name="kan8">Murthy (1992), p. 168–171; Kamath (2001), p. 280</ref>

Govinda Vaidya, a native of [[Srirangapatna]], wrote ''Kanthirava Narasaraja Vijaya'', a eulogy of his patron King Narasaraja I. Written in ''sangatya'' metre (a composition meant to be rendered to the accompaniment of a musical instrument), the book describes the king's court, popular music and the types of musical compositions of the age in twenty-six chapters.<ref name="kan13">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 90; Mukherjee (1999), p. 119</ref><ref name="kan130">Kamath (2001), p. 227; Pranesh (2003), p. 11</ref> King Chikka Devaraja was the earliest composer of the dynasty.<ref name="bahadur"/><ref name="chikka">Pranesh (2003), p. 20</ref> To him is ascribed the famous treatise on music called ''Gita Gopala''. Though inspired by [[Jayadeva]]'s Sanskrit work ''[[Gita Govinda]]'', it had an originality of its own and was written in ''saptapadi'' metre.<ref name="sapta">Mukherjee (1999), p. 78; Pranesh (2003), p. 21</ref> Contemporary poets who left their mark on the entire Kannada-speaking region include the [[Brahmin]] poet [[Lakshmisa]] and the [[nomad|itinerant]] [[Veerashaiva]] poet [[Sarvajna]]. Female poets also played a role in literary developments, with Cheluvambe (the queen of Krishnaraja Wodeyar I), Helavanakatte Giriyamma, Sri Rangamma (1685) and Sanchi Honnamma (''Hadibadeya Dharma'', late 17th century) writing notable works.<ref name="had">Mukherjee (1999), p. 143, p. 354, p. 133, p. 135; Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 24–25</ref><ref name="had1">Pranesh (2003), pp. 33–34; Rice E.P. (1921), pp. 72–73, pp. 83–88, p. 91</ref>

A polyglot, King Narasaraja II authored fourteen Yakshaganas in various languages, though all are written in Kannada script.<ref name="wod">Pranesh (2003), pp. 37–38</ref> Maharaja Krishnaraja III was a prolific writer in Kannada for which he earned the honorific ''Abhinava Bhoja'' (a comparison to the medieval King [[Bhoja]]).<ref name="bhoja">Pranesh (2003), p. 53</ref> Over forty writings are attributed to him, of which the musical treatise ''Sritattvanidhi'' and a poetical romance called ''Saugandika Parinaya'' written in two versions, a ''sangatya'' and a drama, are most well known.<ref name="sou">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 26; Murthy (1992), p. 167; Pranesh (2003), p. 55</ref> Under the patronage of the Maharaja, Kannada literature began its slow and gradual change towards modernity. Kempu Narayana's ''Mudramanjusha'' ("The Seal Casket", 1823) is the earliest work that has touches of modern prose.<ref name="mudra">Murthy (1992), p. 167</ref> However, the turning point came with the historically important ''[[Adbhuta Ramayana]]'' (1895) and ''Ramaswamedham'' (1898) by [[Muddana|Muddanna]], whom the Kannada scholar Narasimha Murthy considers "a [[Janus]] like figure" of modern Kannada literature. Muddanna has deftly handled an ancient epic from an entirely modern viewpoint.<ref name="viewpoint">Murthy (1992), p. 170</ref>

Basavappa Shastry, a native of Mysore and a luminary in the court of Maharaja Krishnaraja III and Maharaja Chamaraja X, is known as the "Grandfather of Kannada theatre" (''Kannada Nataka Pitamaha'').<ref name="gowri">Pranesh (2003), p. 81</ref> He authored dramas in Kannada and translated [[William Shakespeare]]'s "[[Othello]]" to ''Shurasena Charite''. His well-known translations from Sanskrit to Kannada are many and include ''[[Kalidasa]]'' and ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijnana Shakuntala]]''.<ref name="basava">Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1077; Pranesh (2003), p. 82</ref>

===Music===
{{Main|Musicians of the kingdom of Mysore}}

[[File:Veena Subbanna Seshanna 1902.jpg|thumb|Legendary ''[[Veena|Vainikas]]'' – Veene Subbanna and [[Veene Sheshanna]] (photographed in 1902)|278x278px]]

Under Maharaja Krishnaraja III and his successors – Chamaraja X, Krishnaraja IV and the last ruler, Jayachamaraja, the Mysore court came to be the largest and most renowned patron of music.<ref name="Weidman 2006, p. 66">Weidman (2006), p. 66</ref> While the Tanjore and Travancore courts also extended great patronage and emphasised preservation of the art, the unique combination of royal patronage of individual musicians, the founding of music schools to kindle public interest and patronage of European music publishers and producers set Mysore apart.<ref>Weidman (2006), p. 65</ref> Maharaja Krishnaraja III, himself a musician and musicologist of merit, composed several ''javalis'' (light lyrics) and devotional songs in Kannada under the title ''Anubhava pancharatna''. His compositions bear the [[pen name]] (''[[mudra]]'') "Chamundi'" or '"Chamundeshwari'", in honour of the Wodeyar family deity.<ref name="krish">Pranesh (2003), p. 54</ref>

Under Krishnaraja IV, art received further patronage. A distinct school of music that gave importance to ''[[raga]]'' and ''[[bhava]]'' evolved.<ref name="paint"/><ref name="king">Pranesh (2003), p. xiii in author's note</ref><ref name="high">Kamath (2001), p282</ref> The Royal School of Music founded at the palace helped institutionalise teaching of the art. Carnatic compositions were printed and the European staff notation came to be employed by royal musicians. Western music was also encouraged – [[Margaret Cousins]]' piano concerto with the Palace Orchestra marked the celebrations of [[Beethoven]]'s centenary in Bangalore.<ref name="Weidman 2006, p. 66"/> Maharaja Jayachamaraja, also a renowned composer of Carnatic ''[[kriti (music)|kriti]]s'' (a musical composition), sponsored a series of recordings of Russian composer [[Nikolai Medtner]] and others.<ref name="Weidman 2006, p. 66"/> The court ensured that Carnatic music also kept up with the times. [[Gramophone record]]ings of the palace band were made and sold commercially.<ref>Weidman (2006), p. 67</ref> Attention was paid to the "technology of the concert". Lavish sums were spent on acquiring various instruments including the unconventional horn violin, [[theremin]] and [[calliaphone]], a mechanical music player.<ref>Weidman (2006), p. 68</ref>

The Mysore court was home to several renowned experts (''[[vidwan]]'') of the time. [[Veene Sheshanna|Veena Sheshanna]], a court musician during the rule of Maharaja Chamaraja X,<ref name=autogenerated2>Pranesh (2003), p. 110</ref> is considered one of the greatest exponents of the [[veena]].<ref name="expo">Bakshi (1996), p. 12; Kamath (2001), p. 282</ref> His achievements in classical music won Mysore a premier place in the art of instrumental Carnatic music and he was given the honorific ''Vainika Shikhamani'' by Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV.<ref name="shika">Pranesh (2003), pp. 110–111</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/11/stories/2002071100260300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704162456/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/11/stories/2002071100260300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 July 2003 |title= The final adjustment |author= Satish Kamat|work=[[The Hindu]] |department= Metro Plus Bangalore|access-date=10 October 2007 |location=Chennai, India |date=11 July 2002}}</ref> [[Mysore Vasudevachar]]ya was a noted musician and composer in Sanskrit and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] from Mysore.<ref name="vasudeva">Subramaniyan (2006), p. 199; Kamath (2001), p. 282</ref> He holds the unique distinction of being patronised by four generations of Mysore kings and rulers and for being court musician to three of them.<ref name="vasu">Pranesh (2003), p. 135</ref><ref name="book">Pranesh (2003), p. 140</ref> [[Muthiah Bhagavatar|H.L. Muthiah Bhagavatar]] was another musician-composer who adorned the Mysore court.<ref name="mutiahbhagava">Subramaniyan (2006), p. 202; Kamath (2001), p. 282</ref> Considered one of the most important composers of the post-[[Tyagaraja]] period,<ref name="tayaga">Pranesh (2003), p. 170</ref> he is credited with about 400 compositions in Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] under the pen name "Harikesha". Among [[violin]]ists, [[T. Chowdiah]] emerged as one of the most accomplished exponents of the time. He is known to have mastered the seven-stringed violin.<ref name="notedmusician" /><ref name="chow">Pranesh (2003), p. 214, 216</ref> Chowdiah was appointed court musician by Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV in 1939 and received such titles as "Sangeeta Ratna" and "Sangeeta Kalanidhi". He is credited with compositions in Kannada, Telugu and Sanskrit under the pen name "Trimakuta".<ref name="tiru">Pranesh (2003), p. 216</ref>

==Architecture==
{{Main|List of religious buildings and structures of the kingdom of Mysore}}

The architectural style of courtly and royal structures in the kingdom underwent profound changes during British rule – a mingling of European traditions with native elements. The Hindu temples in the kingdom were built in typical South Indian [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] style – a modest version of the Vijayanagara building idiom.<ref name="idiom">Michell, p. 69</ref> When in power, Tipu Sultan constructed two places namely Lal Mahal Palace (later destroyed after the siege of Serirangpatnam in 1799), the Summer Palace and the famous Masjid e Aala in Srirangapatna, his capital. However, it is the city of Mysore that is best known for its royal palaces, earning it the nickname "City of Palaces". The city's main palace, the [[Mysore Palace]], is also known as the Amba Vilas Palace. The original complex was destroyed by fire and a new palace was commissioned by the Queen-Regent and designed by the English architect [[Henry Irwin]] in 1897.<ref name="structure">Manchanda (2006), p. 158</ref> The overall design is a combination of [[Hindu architecture|Hindu]], [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]], [[Indo-Saracenic]] and [[Moorish architecture|Moorish]] styles, which for the first time in India, used cast iron columns and roof frames. The striking feature of the exterior is the granite columns that support cusped arches on the portico, a tall tower whose finial is a gilded dome with an umbrella (''[[Chhatri|chattri]]'') on it, and groups of other domes around it.<ref name="decoration">Manchanda (2006), pp. 160–161</ref> The interior is richly decorated with marbled walls and a teakwood ceiling on which are sculptures of Hindu deities. The [[Durbar (court)|Durbar]] hall leads to an inner private hall through silver doors. This opulent room has floor panels that are inlaid with semi-precious stones, and a stained glass roof supported centrally by columns and arches. The marriage hall (''Kalyana mantapa'') in the palace complex is noted for its stained glass octagonal dome with peacock motifs.<ref name="arches">Manchanda (2006), p. 161</ref>

The [[Lalitha Mahal]] Palace was built in 1921 by E. W. Fritchley under the commission of Maharaja Krishnaraja IV. The architectural style is called "Renaissance" and exhibits concepts from English [[manor house]]s and Italian [[Palazzo style architecture|palazzos]].<ref name="lalith">Raman (1994), pp. 87–88</ref> The central dome is believed to be modelled on [[St. Paul's Cathedral]] in London. Other important features are the Italian marble staircase, the polished wooden flooring in the banquet and dance halls, and the Belgian cut glass lamps.<ref name="lalith"/> The [[Jaganmohan Palace]] was commissioned in 1861 and was completed in 1910. The three-storeyed building with attractive [[dome]]s, [[finial]]s and [[cupola]]s was the venue of many a royal celebration. It is now called the Chamarajendra Art Gallery and houses a rich collection of artefacts.<ref name="rich">Raman (1994), pp. 83–84, pp. 91–92</ref>

The [[Mysore University]] campus, also called "Manasa Gangotri", is home to several architecturally interesting buildings. Some of them are in European style and were completed in the late 19th century. They include the [[Jayalakshmi Vilas]] mansion, the [[University of Mysore|Crawford Hall]], the [[Oriental Research Institute Mysore|Oriental Research Institute]] (built between 1887 and 1891) with its [[Ionic order|Ionic]] and [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] columns, and the district offices (''Athara Kutchery'', 1887). The Athara Kutchery, which initially served as the office of the British commissioner, has an octagonal dome and a finial that adds to its beauty.<ref name="octogen">Raman (1994), p. 84</ref> The Maharaja's summer palace, built in 1880, is called the Lokaranjan Mahal and initially served as a school for royalty. The [[Rajendra Vilas]] Palace, built in the Indo-British style atop the [[Chamundi Hill]], was commissioned in 1922 and completed in 1938 by Maharaja Krishnaraja IV.<ref name="lalith"/> Other royal mansions built by the Mysore rulers were the Chittaranjan Mahal in Mysore and the [[Bangalore Palace]] in Bangalore, a structure built on the lines of England's [[Windsor Castle]].<ref name="wind">Bradnock (2000), p. 294</ref> The Central Food Technical Research Institute ([[Cheluvamba Mansion]]), built in [[baroque]] European renaissance style, was once the residence of princess Cheluvambaamani Avaru, a sister of Maharaja Krishnaraja IV. Its extensive [[pilaster]] work and mosaic flooring are noteworthy.<ref name="baroque">Raman (1994), pp. 81–82</ref>

Most famous among the many temples built by the Wodeyars is the [[Chamundeshwari Temple]] atop the [[Chamundi Hill]]. The earliest structure here was consecrated in the 12th century and was later patronised by the Mysore rulers. Maharaja Krishnaraja III added a Dravidian-style [[gopuram]] in 1827. The temple has silver-plated doors with images of deities. Other images include those of the Hindu god [[Ganesha]] and of Maharaja Krishnaraja III with his three queens.<ref name="hill">Raman (1994), p. 85</ref> Surrounding the main palace in Mysore and inside the fort are [[Group of temples at the Amba Vilas Palace, Mysore|a group of temples]], built in various periods. The Prasanna Krishnaswamy Temple (1829), the Lakshmiramana Swamy Temple whose earliest structures date to 1499, the Trinesvara Swamy Temple (late 16th century), the Shweta Varaha Swamy Temple built by Purnaiah with a touch of [[Hoysala architecture|Hoysala]] style of architecture, the Prasanna Venkataramana Swami Temple (1836) notable for 12 murals of the Wodeyar rulers.<ref name="atri">Raman (1996), p. 83</ref> Well-known temples outside Mysore city are the [[Yali (Hindu mythology)|yali]] ("mythical beast") pillared [[Kote Venkataramana Temple, Bangalore|Venkataramana temple]] built in the late 17th century at [[Bangalore Fort|Bangalore fort]], and the Ranganatha temple in Srirangapatna.<ref name="notable temples">Michell p. 71</ref>

Tipu Sultan built a wooden [[colonnade]]d palace called the [[Daria Daulat Bagh|Dariya Daulat Palace]] (''lit'', "garden of the wealth of the sea") in Srirangapatna in 1784. Built in the Indo-Saracenic style, the palace is known for its intricate woodwork consisting of ornamental arches, striped columns floral designs, and paintings. The west wall of the palace is covered with murals depicting Tipu Sultan's victory over [[William Baillie (East India Company officer)|Colonel Baillie]]'s army at Pollilur, near [[Kanchipuram]] in 1780. One mural shows Tipu enjoying the fragrance of a bouquet while the battle is in progress. In that painting, the French soldiers' [[moustache]]s distinguish them from the cleanshaven British soldiers.<ref name="chamundi6">Raman (1994), p. 106</ref><ref name="floraldesign">Abram et al. (2003), p. 225</ref> Also in Srirangapatna is the Gumbaz [[mausoleum]], built by Tipu Sultan in 1784. It houses the graves of Tipu and Hyder Ali. The granite base is capped with a dome built of brick and pilasters.<ref name="pilaster">Abram et al. (2003), pp. 225–226</ref>

<gallery>
File:Mysore Palace, India (photo - Jim Ankan Deka).jpg|Mysore Palace
File:Chamundeshwari Temple Mysore 2.jpg|The [[Gopuram|Gopura]] (tower) of the [[Durga|Chamundeshwari]] Temple on the [[Chamundi Hills]]. The temple is dedicated to Mysore's patron deity.
File:Jagan mohan palace2.jpg|The [[Jaganmohan Palace]] at Mysore – now an art gallery which is home to some of [[Raja Ravi Varma]]'s masterpieces
File:Gumbaz.jpg|[[Tipu Sultan]]'s tomb at [[Srirangapatna]]
File:Lalitha mahal mysore ml wiki.JPG|[[Lalitha Mahal]] at Mysore, now a [[five-star hotel]], plays host to visiting dignitaries and [[Very Important Person|VIPs]].
</gallery>

==Science and technology in Mysore==

=== Rocket science & rocket artillery ===
{{see also|Mysorean rockets}}
[[File:Congreve rocket img 2950.jpg|thumb|Tip of an early Mysorean rocket/Congreve rocket of the Napoleonic Wars, on display at Paris Naval Museum]]

The first iron-cased and metal-[[Cylinder (firearms)|cylinder]] [[rocket artillery]] were invented by [[Tipu Sultan]] and his father [[Hyder Ali]], in the 1780s. He successfully used these metal-cylinder [[rocket]]s against the larger forces of the [[British East India Company]] during the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]. The Mysore rockets of this period were much more advanced than what the British had seen, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes for holding the propellant; this enabled higher thrust and longer range for the missile (up to {{convert|2|km|0|abbr=on}} range). After Tipu's eventual defeat in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] and the capture of the Mysore iron rockets, they were influential in British rocket development, inspiring the [[Congreve rocket]], which was soon put into use in the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref>
Roddam Narasimha (1985). [http://nal-ir.nal.res.in/2382/01/tr_pd_du_8503_R66305.pdf Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182042/http://nal-ir.nal.res.in/2382/01/tr_pd_du_8503_R66305.pdf |date=27 September 2007 }} National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science.
</ref>

According to Stephen Oliver Fought and John F. Guilmartin Jr. in ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (2008):
{{Blockquote|[[Hyder Ali]], prince of [[Mysore]], developed war rockets with an important change: the use of metal cylinders to contain the [[combustion]] powder. Although the hammered soft iron he used was crude, the bursting strength of the container of black powder was much higher than the earlier paper construction. Thus a greater internal pressure was possible, with a resultant greater thrust of the propulsive jet. The rocket body was lashed with leather thongs to a long bamboo stick. The range was perhaps up to three-quarters of a mile (more than a kilometre). Although individually these rockets were not accurate, dispersion error became less important when large numbers were fired rapidly in mass attacks. They were particularly effective against cavalry and were hurled into the air, after lighting, or skimmed along the hard dry ground. Tipu Sultan, continued to develop and expand the use of rocket weapons, reportedly increasing the number of rocket troops from 1,200 to a corps of 5,000. In battles at [[Seringapatam]] in [[Siege of Seringapatam (1792)|1792]] and [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|1799]] these rockets were used with considerable effect against the British."<ref name=r&ms>''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (2008), "rocket and missile"</ref>
}}

The rockets were observed by Lieutenant General [[Thomas Desaguliers]], [[colonel commandant]] of the [[Royal Artillery]] at Woolwich, who was impressed by reports of their effectiveness, and undertook several unsuccessful experiments to produce his rocket weapons. Several captured Mysorean rockets were sent to England following the annexation of the Mysorean kingdom into [[Company rule in India|British India]] following the death of [[Tipu Sultan]] in the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|siege of Seringapatam]].<ref name=Narasimha>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37179995 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727034357/https://www.nal.res.in/pdf/pdfrocket.pdf |title=Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D. |last=Narasimha |first=Roddam |date=27 July 2011 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |publisher=National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science.}}</ref> The British research led to the development of the [[Congreve rocket]], designed by British inventor [[William Congreve (inventor)|Sir William Congreve]] in 1808.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walker Jr. |first=William |url=https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.28396 |title=Memoirs of the distinguished men of science of Great Britain living in the years 1807-8, and Appendix |publisher=E. & F.N. Spon |year=1864 |edition=2nd |location=London |pages=34–35 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.28396 |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126144440/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/28396 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Indian soldier of Tipu Sultan's army.jpg|thumb|upright|A soldier from Tipu Sultan's army, using his [[rocket]] as a flagstaff.]]

Dr [[APJ Abdul Kalam]], the former [[President of India]], in his Tipu Sultan Shaheed Memorial Lecture in Bangalore (30 November 1991), called Tipu Sultan the innovator of the world's first war rocket. Two of these rockets, captured by the British at Srirangapatna, were displayed in the [[Firepower - The Royal Artillery Museum|Royal Artillery Museum]] in London. According to historian Dr [[Dulari Qureshi]] Tipu Sultan was a fierce warrior king and was so quick in his movement that it seemed to the enemy that he was fighting on many fronts at the same time.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2010/11/07/stories/2010110750210500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029152509/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2010/11/07/stories/2010110750210500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2013 |title=Tipu's legend lives on |last1=Zachariah |first1=Mini Pant |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 November 2010 |access-date=18 December 2013}}</ref>

Tipu Sultan's father had expanded on [[Mysorean rockets|Mysore's use of rocketry]], making critical innovations in the rockets themselves and the military logistics of their use. He deployed as many as 1,200 specialised troops in his army to operate rocket launchers. These men were skilled in operating the weapons and were trained to launch their rockets at an angle calculated from the diameter of the cylinder and the distance to the target. The rockets had twin side sharpened blades mounted on them, and when fired ''en masse'', spun and wreaked significant damage against a large army. Tipu greatly expanded the use of rockets after Hyder's death, deploying as many as 5,000 rocketeers at a time.<ref name="5000 rockets">{{cite news |title=Over 5,000 'war rockets' of Tipu Sultan unearthed |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/over-1000-war-rockets-tipu-684169.html |access-date=16 September 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |date=28 July 2018 |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930031849/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/over-1000-war-rockets-tipu-684169.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The rockets deployed by Tipu during the [[Battle of Pollilur (1780)|Battle of Pollilur]] were much more advanced than those the British East India Company had previously seen, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes for holding the propellant; this enabled higher thrust and longer range for the missiles (up to 2 km range).<ref name="5000 rockets"/><ref name=Narasimha/>

British accounts describe the use of the rockets during the third and fourth wars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-the-mysorean-rocket-helped-tipu-sultans-military-might-gain-new-heights/|title=How the Mysorean rocket helped Tipu Sultan's military might gain new heights|date=5 August 2018|access-date=20 November 2023|archive-date=26 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626042835/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-the-mysorean-rocket-helped-tipu-sultans-military-might-gain-new-heights/|url-status=live}}</ref> During the climactic battle at Srirangapatna in 1799, British shells struck a magazine containing rockets, causing it to explode and send a towering cloud of black smoke with cascades of exploding white light rising from the battlements. After Tipu's defeat in the Fourth War, the British captured a number of the Mysorean rockets. These became influential in British rocket development, inspiring the [[Congreve rocket]], which was soon put into use in the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref name=Narasimha/>

===Tipu's Tiger===
[[Tipu's Tiger]] is an 18th-century [[automaton]] or mechanical toy created for [[Tipu Sultan]], the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore (present-day [[Bengaluru]]) in [[India]]. The carved and painted wood casing represents a tiger mauling a near-life-size European man. Mechanisms inside the tiger and the man's body make one hand of the man move, emit a wailing sound from his mouth and grunt from the tiger. In addition, a flap on the side of the tiger folds down to reveal the keyboard of a small [[pipe organ]] with 18 notes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.euromanticism.org/tippoos-tiger/|title=Tippoo's Tiger – European Romanticisms in Association|date=9 August 2019|access-date=6 November 2023|archive-date=6 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106174422/http://www.euromanticism.org/tippoos-tiger/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The automaton makes use of his emblem of the tiger and expresses his hatred of his enemy, the British of the [[East India Company]]. The tiger was taken from his [[Tipu Sultan's Summer Palace|summer palace]] when East India Company troops [[Battle of Seringapatam|stormed Tipu's capital]] in 1799. The [[Governor-General of India|Governor General]], [[Lord Mornington]], sent the tiger to Britain initially intending it to be an exhibit in the [[Tower of London]]. First exhibited to the London public in 1808 in [[East India House]], then the offices of the East India Company in London, it was later transferred to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] (V&A) in 1880 (accession number 2545(IS)).<ref name="V&A web">{{cite web
|url = http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/tippoos-tiger/
|title = Tipu's Tiger
|author = Victoria & Albert Museum
|author-link = Victoria and Albert Museum
|year = 2011
|publisher = Victoria & Albert Museum
|location = London
|access-date = 16 July 2011
|archive-date = 1 August 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110801163250/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/tippoos-tiger/
|url-status = live
}}</ref> It now forms part of the permanent exhibit on the "Imperial courts of South India".<ref name="HallamStreet2000">{{cite book|last1=Ivan|last2=Corinne A.|editor=Hallam, Elizabeth|others=Street, Brian V.|title=Cultural encounters: representing otherness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm8--tAjcUYC|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-20280-0|page=194|chapter=Reflections on the fate of Tippoo's Tiger - Defining cultures through public display|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm8--tAjcUYC&pg=PA194}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> From the moment it arrived in London to the present day, Tipu's Tiger has been a popular attraction to the public.

===Gallery===
{{gallery|
File:War coat of Tipu Sultan.jpg|War coat used by Tipu Sultan of Mysore.c. 1785-1790|
File:Flintlock Blunderbuss Tipoo Sahib Seringapatam 1793 1794.jpg|A [[flintlock]] [[blunderbuss]], built for Tipu Sultan in [[Srirangapatna]], 1793–94. Tipu Sultan used many Western craftsmen, and this gun reflects the most up-to-date technologies of the time.<ref name="Moma">Exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.</ref>|
File:Tipu Sultan%27s cannon.jpg|Very small Cannon used by Tipu Sultan's forces now in Government Museum (Egmore), Chennai|
File:Tippu's cannon.jpg|Cannon used by Tipu Sultan's forces at the battle of [[Srirangapatna]] 1799|
File:Cannon Haidari at Kutch Museum, Bhuj, Kutch, Gujarat.jpg|Cannon Haidari, a cannon gifted by [[Tipu Sultan]] to Fateh Muhammad.|
File:Congreve rockets.gif|Tipu Sultan organised his [[Rocket]] artillery brigades known as ''Cushoons'', Tipu Sultan expanded the number of servicemen in the various ''Cushoons'' from 1500 to almost 5000. The [[Mysorean rockets]] utilised by Tipu Sultan, were later updated by the British and successively employed during the [[Napoleonic Wars]].|
File:Tipu's Tiger front view 2006AH4173.jpg|Tipu's Tiger in the [[Victoria and Albert Museum|V&A Museum]], London showing the prostrate European being attacked|
File:Tipu Sultan's Tiger.JPG|Side view, showing how the handle when turned gets in the way of the player of the keyboard
}}
{{clear}}

==See also==
{{commons category}}
* [[List of Indian princely states]]
* [[Hyderabad State]]
* [[Mysorean invasion of Malabar]]
* [[Political integration of India]]
* [[Mughal Empire]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Abram |first1=David |last2=Edwards |first2=Nick |last3=Ford |first3=Mike |last4=Sen |first4=Devdan |last5=Wooldridge |first5=Beth |title=South India |year=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=1-84353-103-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Aiyangar |first=Krishnaswami S. |author-link=S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar |title=Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India |year=1911 |publisher=(Facsimile Reprint 2004) Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-1850-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Bakshi |first=Shiri Ram |title=Gandhi and the Congress |year=1996 |publisher=Sarup and Sons |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-85431-65-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Bradnock |first=Robert |title=South India Handbook – The Travel Guide |orig-year=2000 |year=2000 |publisher=Footprint Travel Guide |isbn=1-900949-81-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/footprintsouthin00foot}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chopra |first1=P. N. |last2=Ravindran |first2=T. K. |last3=Subrahmanian |first3=N. |title=History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part III |year=2003 |publisher=Sultan Chand and Sons |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-219-0153-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Indian Science Congress Association (various authors), Presidential Address, vol 1: 1914–1947 |title=The Shaping of Indian Science |year=2003 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=81-7371-432-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |author-link=Suryanath U. Kamath |title=A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present |orig-year=1980 |year=2001 |publisher=Jupiter books |location=Bangalore |oclc=7796041 |lccn=80905179}}
* {{cite book |last=Manchanda |first=Bindu |title=Forts & Palaces of India: Sentinels of History |orig-year=2006 |year=2006 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=81-7436-381-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Michell |first=George |title=The New Cambridge History of India: Architecture and Art of Southern India |chapter=Temple Architecture: The Kannada and Telugu zones |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-44110-2 |date=17 August 1995}}
* {{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature |orig-year=1999 |year=1999 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=81-250-1453-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Murthy |first=K. Narasimha |editor=George K.M |title=Modern Indian Literature:An Anthology – Vol 1 |year=1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=81-7201-324-8 |chapter=Modern Kannada Literature}}
* {{cite book |last=Nagaraj |first=D.R. |editor=Sheldon I. Pollock |title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia |chapter=Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture |orig-year=2003 |year=2003 |publisher=Berkeley and London: University of California Press |isbn=0-520-22821-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Narasimhacharya |first=R |title=History of Kannada Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059 |orig-year=1934 |year=1988 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0303-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Pranesh |first=Meera Rajaram |title=Musical Composers during Wodeyar Dynasty (1638–1947 A.D.) |orig-year=2003 |year=2003 |isbn=978-8193101605 |publisher=Vee Emm |location=Bangalore}}
* {{cite book |last=Raman |first=Afried |title=Bangalore – Mysore: A Disha Guide |year=1994 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |location=Bangalore |isbn=0-86311-431-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Rice |first=E. P. |title=Kannada Literature |year=1921 |publisher=(Facsimile Reprint 1982) Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0063-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Rice |first=B.L. |author-link=Benjamin L. Rice |title=Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1 |orig-year=1897 |year=2001 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi, Madras |isbn=81-206-0977-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Sastri |first=Nilakanta K.A. |author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |title=A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar |orig-year=1955 |year=2005 |publisher=Indian Branch, Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=0-19-560686-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Nagendra Kr |title=Encyclopaedia of Jainism |year=2001 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=81-261-0691-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |author-link=Burton Stein |title=Vijayanagara (The New Cambridge History of India) |publisher=Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 156 |year=1987 |isbn=0-521-26693-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |chapter=Warfare and State Finance in Wodeyar Mysore |editor-last=Subrahmanyam |editor-first=Sanjay |title=Penumbral Visions |year=2001 |pages=161–193 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=978-0-472-11216-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Subramaniyan |first=V.K. |title=101 Mystics of India |orig-year=2006 |year=2006 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=81-7017-471-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Various |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2 |orig-year=1988 |year=1988 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=81-260-1194-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Venkata Ramanappa |first=M. N. |title=Outlines of South Indian history : with special reference to Karnataka |orig-year=1975 |year=1975 |publisher=Delhi : Vikas Pub. House; London (38 Kennington La., SE11 4LS) : [Distributed by] Independent Pub. Co. |isbn=0-7069-0378-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Weidman |first=Amanda J |title=Singing the Classical, Voicing the Modern |orig-year=2006 |year=2006 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=0-8223-3620-0}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite magazine |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |pages=94–103 |title=India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUwEAAAAMBAJ |date=12 May 1941 |publisher=Time, Inc.}}
* Yazdani, Kaveh. ''India, Modernity and the Great Divergence: Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.)'' (Leiden: Brill), 2017. xxxi + 669 pp. [http://eh.net/?s=gujarat online review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711223533/http://eh.net/?s=gujarat |date=11 July 2018 }}
{{refend}}

{{Mysore topics}}
{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Salute states}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord|12.30|N|76.65|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mysore, Kingdom of}}
[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore| ]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Princely states of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1399]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]
[[Category:1399 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1950 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:14th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]

List of ancient Indian cities

2026-03-09T09:56:14Z

AndyMfn275514:

{{short description|None}}

{{more citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
This is a list of cities in [[South Asia]] thought to have been founded before the 8th century (before the rise of the [[Pala Empire]]).

''In alphabetical order''
*[[Amaravati]]
*[[Anga]] (modern day [[Bhagalpur]])
*[[Bharuch]]
*[[Ayadhya]] (modern day [[kanyakumari]])
*[[Badayun]]
*[[Banbhore]] (now in [[Pakistan]])
*[[Barbarikon]] (now in Pakistan)
*[[Bayana]]
*[[Bhattiprolu]]
*[[Bhinmal]]
*[[Bhokardan]] ([[Bhogavardhana]])
*[[Sisupalgarh]] (modern day [[Bhubaneswar]])
*[[Chandraketugarh]]
*[[Chennai]]
*[[Chunar]]
*[[Chidambaram]]
*[[Chirand]]
*[[Coimbatore]]
*[[Cuddalore]]
*[[Cuttack]]
*[[Debal]] (now in Pakistan)
*[[Dharanikota|Dhanyakataka]]
*[[Dharmapuri]]
*[[Dwarka]]
*[[Erode]]
*[[Garthapuri]] (modern day [[Guntur]] / [[గుంటూరు]])
*[[Gwalior]]
*[[Hampi]]
*[[Hansi]]
*[[Harappa]] (Now in [[Pakistan]])
*[[Jabalpur]]
*[[Jaipur]]
*[[Jhansi]]
*[[Junagadh]]
*[[Kalibangan]]
*[[Kalinjar]]
*[[Kalpi]]
*[[Kalyan]]
*[[Kanchipuram]]
*[[Kannauj]]
*[[Karur]]
*[[Kaveripoompattinam]]
*[[Keezhadi]]
*[[Kodumanal]]
*[[Kollam]] (Quilon)
*[[Kotivarsha]] ([[Devkot]])
*[[Kumbakonam]]
*[[Kumbhoj]]
*[[Kurukshetra]]
*[[Lothal]]
*[[Gwalior#Lashkar|Lashkar]]
*[[Madurai]]
*[[Meluhha]] (now in Pakistan)
*[[Mohenjo-Daro]] (Now in [[Pakistan]])
*[[Mahabalipuram]]
*[[Mangalore]] (earlier Kudla (local name), Mangalapuram, Kodial, Manjara, Manjalore, Maikala, and Mangaluru)
*[[Mannargudi]]
*[[Mayiladuthurai]]
*[[Minnagara]] (now in Pakistan)
*[[Muziris]] (modern day [[Kodungallur]])
*[[Supaul|Matasya Kshetra]](Morden day [[Supaul]])
*[[Nagapattinam]]
*[[Nalanda]]
*[[Namakkal]]
*[[Nashik]]
*[[Osian, Jodhpur|Osian]]
*[[Regio Patalis|Patala]] (modern day [[Thatta]], now in Pakistan)
*[[Pataliputra]]
*[[Pithapuram|Pistapura]]
*[[Poona]] (modern day [[Pune]])
*[[Purushapura]] (modern day [[Peshawer]], now in Pakistan )
*[[Pushkalavati]] (modern day [[Charsadda]], now in Pakistan)
*Prayag (modern day [[Prayagraj]])
*[[Pratishthana]] (modern day [[Paithan]])
*[[Pundravardhana]]
*[[Pudumadam]] புதுமடம்
*[[Puri]]
*[[Pushkar]]
*[[Rajagriha]] Now as [[Rajgir]]
*[[Rajahmahendravaram]]
*[[Rajapura]]
*[[Ramanathapuram]]
*[[Rameshwaram]]
*[[Sagala]] (modern day [[Sialkot]], now in Pakistan)
*[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
*[[Sambhar Lake Town]] City of [[ Gopal Lal Jandu]]
*[[Sambalpur]]
*[[Sangrur]]
*[[Saketa]] (modern day [[Ayodhya]])
*[[Sirkap]] (Now in Pakistan)
*[[Sirsukh]] (now in Pakistan)
*[[Sitanagaram]]
*[[Somnath]]
*[[Sopara]] (modern day [[Nallasopara]])
*[[Sravasti]]
*[[Tamralipta]], now [[Tamluk]]
*[[Taxila]] (earlier [[Takshashila]], now in Pakistan)
*[[Thanjavur|Thanjavur (Tanjore)]]
*[[Tiruchengode]]
*[[Tiruchirappalli]] (earlier [[Uraiyur]])
*[[Thirussivaperoor]] (modern day [[Thrissur]])
*[[Tirunelveli]]
*[[Tiruvannamalai]]
*[[Tiruvarur]]
*[[Tuni]]
*[[Udaygiri Caves|Udayagiri]] (modern day [[Bhopal]])
*[[Ujjain]] (earlier [[Ujjayini]], [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]])
*[[Vadodara]] (earlier known with following names Viravati, Chandravati, Vadpatra and Baroda)
*[[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]
*[[Vallabhi]]
*[[Varanasi]]
*[[Vellore]]
*[[Vidisha]]
*[[Bairat]] (modern day [[Viratnagar]])
*[[Maisolos, Masalia, Masulipatnam, Masulipatam]], now [[Machilipatnam or Bandar]]
*[[Vijayavata|Vijayavatika]] (modern day [[Vijayawada]])
*[[Waltair]] (modern day [[Visakhapatnam]])
*[[Vrindavan]]
*[[Vellore]]

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/GeographicalDictionaryOfAncientAndMediaevalIndia Geographical Dictionary Of Ancient And Mediaeval India] by Nundo Lal Dey

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ancient Indian Cities}}
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities| ]]
[[Category:Lists of cities in India]]
[[Category:Ancient history-related lists]]

Beena Antony

2026-03-08T10:58:09Z

AndyMfn275514: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Beena Antony
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Manjummel]], [[Kochi]], Kerala
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[dancer]]|[[Television presenter|presenter]]}}
| yearsactive = 1991{{Endash}}present
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|Antony|Lilly}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Manoj Nair|2003}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Beena Antony''' is an Indian actress who appears in [[Malayalam film]] and [[television|television serials]]. She was seen in supporting roles in films and television serials in her later career, including ''Ommanathinkalpakshi'', ''Mayaseetha'', ''[[Ente Manasaputhri]]'', ''Autograph'' and ''Thapasya''.<ref>{{cite web |title=അഭിനയ ജീവിതം ബീന ആന്റണിക്ക് സമ്മാനിച്ചതെന്ത്? |url=http://archives.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/features-article-108551 |access-date=26 November 2015 |archive-date=14 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714162020/http://archives.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/features-article-108551 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early life==
Beena was born at [[Manjummel]] in [[Kochi]] as the second youngest daughter of Antony and Lilly. She studied at Guardian Angels' School, Manjummel. She was quite active in her parish church, [[Our Lady of Immaculate Conception Church, Manjummel|Our Lady of Immaculate Conception Church]] in Manjummel.

Beena was married to actor Manoj Nair in 2003. The couple has a son named Aaromal Nair.

==Career==
She made her film debut in 1991 through the film ''[[Kanalkkattu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Though I'm happy with my film career, I don't have a single role I'm proud of: Beena Antony |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/though-im-happy-with-my-film-career-i-dont-have-a-single-role-im-proud-of-beena-antony/articleshow/72002494.cms |access-date=26 August 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|first=Anjana|last=George|quote=The actress, who made her debut in 1991 with the film Kanalkkattu, says that she has been experimenting with her acting style in the small screen to avoid being stereotyped.|date=14 November 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826071210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/though-im-happy-with-my-film-career-i-dont-have-a-single-role-im-proud-of-beena-antony/articleshow/72002494.cms|archive-date=26 August 2022}}</ref>

Beena Antony appeared in a number of popular Doordarshan serials till the mid-1990s. The popular serial ''Oru Kudayum Kunju Pengalum'' gave her more fame. She appeared in some of the popular serials such as ''Ente Manasaputhri'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]), ''Ammakkili'' (Asianet), ''Indhraneelam'' ([[Amrita TV]]), ''Autograph'' (Asianet), ''Aalippazham'', ''Nirakkootu'', ''Charulatha'' (Surya TV), ''Ommanathingalpakshi'', ''Sree Ayyappanum Vavarum'', ''Indhira'', ''Kunjalimarrikkiar'', ''Ente Alphonsamma'', ''Mayaseetha'', ''Butterflies'', ''Ardhachandrante Rathri'', ''Abhinethri'', ''Amala'', ''Sarayu'' (Surya TV), ''Pranayam'', ''Kasthooriman'' (Asianet) are a few famous serials she has been a part of.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Sources
|-
| 1986||''[[Onnu Muthal Poojyam Vare]]'' || Child artist ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1991 || ''[[Godfather (1991 film)|Godfather]]'' || Beena ||
|-
|''[[Kilukkampetti]]'' || Cameo in song ||
|-
|''[[Koodikazhcha]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Nettippattom]]'' || Sandhya||
|-
| ''[[Kanalkkattu]]'' ||Bhaskaran Nair's daughter ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1992 || ''[[Yodha (1992 film)|Yodha]]'' || Ashokan's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Adharam]]'' || Sreedevi ||
|-
| ''[[Valayam ( Malayalam film)|Valayam]]'' || Sumathi ||
|-
| ''Kallanum Polisum'' ||Stella ||
|-
| ''[[Mahanagaram]]'' || Ummerkutty's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Aayushkalam]]'' ||Balakrishnan's sister ||
|-
| ''Ponnaramthottathe Raajaavu'' ||Geetha ||
|-
| ''[[Ellarum Chollanu]]'' ||Ramachandran's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Ennodu Ishtam Koodamo]]'' ||Arathy's friend||
|-
| ''[[Thiruthalvaadi]]'' || Office staff||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1993 || ''[[Sthalathe Pradhana Payyans]]'' || Radha, Gopalakrishnan's sister ||
|-
|''[[Pravachakan]]'' ||Kusumam ||
|-
| ''[[Bandhukkal Sathrukkal]]'' || Sugandhi||
|-
| ''[[Aagneyam]]'' || Sunitha ||
|-
| ''[[Ghoshayaathra]]'' || Oppana dancer ||
|-
| ''[[Yaadhavam]]'' ||SI Nagesh's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Varam (film)|Varam]]'' ||Leema ||
|-
| ''Bharathettan Varunnu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Padaleeputhram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Ithu Manjukalam'' ||Bindhu ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1994 || ''[[Chief Minister K. R. Gowthami]]'' ||Sainabha ||
|-
| ''[[Bharanakoodam]]'' ||Mini ||
|-
|''Kadal'' || ||
|-
|''Tharavadu'' ||Sarina ||
|-
| ''[[Bhagyavaan]]'' ||Singer||
|-
|''[[Sukrutham]]'' || Teacher ||
|-
|''[[Vendor Daniel State Licency]]'' ||Servant Thresia ||
|-
| ''Bharya'' || Ramani||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1995 || ''[[Agnidevan]]'' || Vasudeva Warrier's Daughter ||
|-
|''Manikya Chempazhukka'' ||Girija ||
|-
| ''[[Pai Brothers]]'' || Typist ||
|-
|''[[Rajakeeyam]]''|| Giri's daughter||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1996 || ''[[Easwaramoorthy IN]]'' ||Veena||
|-
|''[[Mayooranritham]]'' || Sujatha ||
|-
| ''[[Udhyanapalakan]]'' ||Bindhu ||
|-
| ''[[Azhakiya Ravanan]]'' || Herself ||
|-
| ''Kavadam'' || ||
|-
| ''King Solomon'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997 || ''[[Poonilavu]]'' ||Alice ||
|-
|''Snehadooth'' || Janu||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1998 || ''[[Poothiruvathira Ravil]]'' || Rajamma ||
|-
| ''[[Kalyana Unnikal]]'' || Cameo ||
|-
| ''[[Meenthoni]]'' || Shiney ||
|-
|''[[Nakshatratharattu]]'' ||Jayan's wife ||
|-
|''[[Aaraam Jaalakam]]'' || ||
|-
|1999 || ''[[Garshom]]'' ||Habeeb's wife ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Mankolangal]]'' ||Seetha ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Korappan The Great]]'' ||Sasi's sister ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Hridayathil Sookshikkan]]'' ||Bhanu ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Smart City (film)|Smart City]]'' || Saleena ||
|-
| 2008 || ''Amma'' ||Bhavaniyamma ||Short film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Kaaryasthan]]'' || Herself ||
|-
|''[[Pathinonnil Vyazham]]'' ||Kalyani ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011|| ''Trikannu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ithu Nammude Katha]]'' ||{{N/A}} || Dubbed for [[Kalarenjini]] Character: Sethulakshmi
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012|| ''[[Karppooradeepam]]'' ||Vijayalakshmi ||
|-
|''Theruvunakshathrangal'' || School Principal||
|-
| 2013 || ''Weeping Boy'' ||Gynecologist ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Sneha Veyil'' ||Krishna || Short film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''Sarathi'' ||Sindhu ||
|-
| ''[[Thinkal Muthal Velli Vare]]'' || Herself||
|-
| 2016|| ''Dhanayathra''|| Advocate||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020|| ''Aashanka''|| Herself||
|-
| ''Karuthalanu Karuth''|| Herself||Music video
|-
| 2022|| ''Aval''|| Wife||Short film
|-
|}

==Television==
=== Partial list ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year (s)!! Title !!Role!!Channel !! Notes
|-
|rowspan=2|1992||''Inakkam Pinakkam''|| ||rowspan=12|[[DD Malayalam]]||Debut serial
|-
|''Unneede Amma''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1996||''Oru Kudayum Kunjupengalum''||Echechi ||
|-
|''Snehapoorvam Nandhinikuttikku''||Nandhinikutty||Telefilm
|-
| ''Miss Mary Theresa Paul''|| Miss Mary Theresa Paul || Telefilm
|-
|rowspan=5|1997||''Nilavariyunnu''|| ||
|-
|''Indulekha''|| ||
|-
|''Paliyathachan''|| ||
|-
|''Ladies Hostel''|| ||
|-
|''Muttathu Varkey Kathakal''|| ||
|-
|||''Pattolaponnu''|| ||
|-
|||''Thottangal''|| ||
|-
|||''Amma''|| || || Telefilm
|-
|||''Abhinethri''|| || ||Telefilm
|-
|||''Aswathy''|| || || Telefilm
|-
|||''Mavelikkara Post Office''|| || || Telefilm
|-
|||''Poovali''|| || || Telefilm
|-
|||''Justice''|| || || Telefilm
|-
|||''Neelakidathi''|| || rowspan="4" | DD Malayalam||
|-
||| ''Kalippata Kadayile Sthree''|| || Telefilm
|-
||| ''Kaashithumbaykkum Kalyaanam''|| || Telefilm
|-
|||''Neelakidathi''|| ||
|-
|2000||''Nombarangal''|| Devu|| || Telefilm
|-
|||''Yudham''|| || || Telefilm
|-
|rowspan=4|1998||''Alathachakram''||Malini || ||
|-
| ''Ekatharakam''|| || ||
|-
| ''Kanneerpadam''|| || ||
|-
| ''[[Samayam]]''|| || rowspan=4|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|1998–2000||''Sthree''||Aarthi ||
|-
|||''Gokulam''|| ||
|-
|1999 || ''Krishnathulasi''|| Thulasi||
|-
|rowspan=3|2000||''Jwalayayi''|| ||DD Malayalam||
|-
|''Nirakoottu''|| ||Asianet||
|-
|''Mayaseetha''|| ||rowspan=2|DD Malayalam||
|-
|||''Velutha Chembarathi''|| ||
|-
| ||''Charulatha''||Charulatha||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
| ||''Thapasya''|| Anitha||DD Malayalam||
|-
| || ''Maaya''|| ||rowspan=2|[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
| || ''Manassariyathe''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001|| ''Gouri''||Gouri||DD Malayalam||Replaced Meenakumari
|-
| ''Makal Marumkal''|| ||Surya TV||
|-
|2002|| ''Sadashivante Kumbasaram''|| ||DD Malayalam||
|-
|2003–2004|| ''Vasundhara Medicals''||Rani||rowspan=2|Asianet||
|-
|2004 || ''Muhoortham''|| ||
|-
|2004–2005||''Culcutta hospital''||Dr. Vijayalakshmi||Surya TV||
|-
|2004–2007||''[[Minnukettu]]''|| ||
|
|-
|rowspan=4|2005|| ''Omanathinkalpakshi''||Mercy||Asianet ||Later replaced by [[Anju Aravind]]
|-
|''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni]]''||Padachi Paru ||Surya TV||
|-
|''MT Kathakal''||Ammalu amma|| [[Amrita TV]]||
|-
|''Aalippazham''|| ||Surya TV||
|-
|rowspan=6|2006||''Njan Sthree''|| ||rowspan=3|Asianet||Sequel to ''Sthree''
|-
| ''Nombarappoovu''|| ||
|-
| ''Samadooram''|| ||
|-
|''Veendum Jwalayai''|| ||DD Malayalam||
|-
|''Kilukkampetty''|| || rowspan=3|Surya TV||
|-
|''Manaporutham''||Amma||
|-
|2007||''Punarjanamam''||Yamuna||
|-
|2007–2010|| ''[[Ente Manasaputhri]]''||Yamuna||Asianet||Sequel to ''Punarjanmam''
|-
|2007 ||''Prayaanam''||Jayasree|| rowspan="4" |Surya TV||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008–2009|| ''Aa Amma''|| ||
|-
|''Velankani Mathavu''||Mary||
|-
|Rowspan=3|2008|| ''Sree Ayyappanum Vavarum''|| ||
|-
| ''Sree Mahabhagavatham''|| Urmila|| rowspan=6|Asianet ||
|-
|''Vishudha Thomasleeha''|| ||
|-
|rowspan=4|2009|| ''Akkare Ikkare''||Sukumari Amma||
|-
||''Ente Alphonsamma''||Mary||
|-
| ''Kunjalimarikkar''||Suhara's umma ||
|-
| ''Ammathottil''||Soumini||
|-
|2009–2010
|[[Autograph (TV series)|''Autograph'']]
|Leenamma
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|2010||''Kudumbarahasyam''|| Ayisha|| || Telefilm
|-
| ''Indhraneelam''|| Uma Balachandran|| rowspan="4" |Surya TV||
|-
|''Butterflies''||Teacher||
|-
|''Mattoruval''||Yamuna's mother||
|-
|''Kadamattathachan''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011||''Ardhachandrante Rathri''|| ||Amrita TV||
|-
|''De Maveli Kombath''||Pavithran's wife
| rowspan="2" |Asianet|| Telefilm
|-
|rowspan=1|2011–2012||''Ammakkili''||Nimmy ||
|-
|rowspan=1|2012||''Abhinethri''|| ||Rowspan=2|Surya TV||
|-
|rowspan=3|2013–2014|| ''Sarayu''||Lalammal ||
|-
| ''Indira''|| ||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
| ''Nirapottukal''|| ||[[JaiHind TV]]||
|-
|rowspan=2|2013–2015|| ''Amma''||Urmila ||Asianet||
|-
|[[Amala (TV series)|''Amala'']]||Sudha||Mazhavil Manorama||
|-
|Rowspan=2|2013
| ''Nirakoottu''
|
| Kairali TV
|
|-
| ''Nirapakittu''
|
| [[Media One]]
| Sequel to ''Nirakoottu''
|-
|2014||''[[Dhathuputhri]]''||Kanchana||rowspan=2|Mazhavil Manorama||
|-
|2014–2015||''[[Ennu Swantham Koottukari]]''||Adv. Shivaranjini||
|-
|2015–2017||[[Pranayam (TV series)|''Pranayam'']]||Madhavi Govinda Menon||Asianet||
|-
|2015–2016|| ''Punarjani''||Selina ||Surya TV||
|-
|2016|| ''Aluvayum Mathikkariyum''||Rani ||[[Asianet Plus]]||
|-
|2016–2018||''[[Athmasakhi]]''||Bhagyalakshmi Madhava Menon ||Mazhavil Manorama||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016|| ''Thattukadayile Aluvayum Mathikariyum''|| |||Asianet Plus || Telefilm
|-
|''Jagratha''||Krishnaprabha||rowspan=2|Amrita TV||
|-
|2017||''Jagratha''||Subhadra||New Season
|-
|rowspan=2|2017–2018 ||[[Mamangam (TV series)|''Maamankam'']]|| Kanimagalath Kanakadurga|| rowspan=2|[[Flowers TV]]||
|-
|''Malarvadi''||Ambat Vasanthakumari ||
|-
|2018–2020||[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|''Kasthooriman'']]||Indira Bhai||Asianet||
|-
|2019||''Adutha Bellodu Koodi''||Suhasini||Zee Keralam||
|-
|2019–2020||''Oridathoru Rajakumari''|| Savithri Akkan||Surya TV||
|-
|2019||''Kudumba Kodathi''||Jamandhi||rowspan=2|Kairali TV||
|-
|2020||''Amma''|| Sr. Gladis||Untelecasted on TV YouTube release 2020
|-
|2020–present||[[Mounaragam (2019 TV series)|''Mounaragam'']]||Shari||Asianet||Replaced Saritha Balakrishnan
|-
|2021||[[Pookkalam Varavayi (TV series)|''Pookkalam Varavayi'']]||Kalyanikuttyamma a.k.a.
Achammaa Kunjamma
|Zee Keralam||
|-
|2021–2022||''[[Ente Maathavu]]''||Nethravathi||Surya TV||
|-
|2022–2023||''Aavani''||Rohini||Mazhavil Manorama||
|-
|2023||''[[Patharamattu]]''|| Shari|| Asianet || ''Mahasangamam'' episodes with [[Mounaragam (Malayalam TV series)|''Mounaragam'']]
|-
|2024||''Home''|| Arundhati|| Flowers TV ||
|}

===Radio drama===
* Sagara Rajakumari

===Television shows===
====Reality shows====
* ''[[Thakarppan Comedy]]'' (as contestant)
* Kuttikalavara (as mentor)
* Comedy Stars (as mentor)
* Sundari Neeyum Sundaran NJanum (as contestant)
* Tharotsavam (as contestant)
* Nakshathradeepangal (as contestant)
* Super Jodi (as contestant)
* Amma Ammayiyamma (as Judge)
* Hairomax Mrs. Kerala (as Judge)
* Josco Super Dancer Junior (as Judge)
* Comedy Challenge (as Judge)
* Komady Circus (Mazhavil Manorama)
* Red Carpet (as mentor)

====Game shows as participant====
* Sarigama (Asianet)
* Pachakuthira (Kairali TV)
* Rani Maharani (Surya TV)
* Suryolsavam Super Challenge (Surya TV)
* Smart Show (Flowers)
* Thara Kabadi (Flowers)
* Keralolsavam (Surya TV)
* Start Music Aaradhyam Padum (Asianet)
* Super Bumper Season 3 (Zee Keralam)
* Start Music Aaradhyam Padum Season 2 (Asianet)
* Parayam Nedam (Amrita TV)
* Start Music Aaradhyam Padum Season 3 (Asianet)
* Valkannadi (Asianet)
* Bzinga (Zee Keralam)
* Panam Tharum Padam (Mazhavil Manorama)
* My G Flowers Oru Kodi (Flowers)

====As host====
* Super Chef - (Asianet Plus)
* Taste Time - (Asianet)
* Ruchivismayam (Mazhavil Manorama)
* Ruchibhedam (ACV)
* Taste of Kerala (Amrita TV)
* Thezbeen (YouTube)
* Thaninadan (Mazhavil Manorama)
* Atham Pathu Ruchi 2020 (Mazhavil Manorama)
* Onnonnara Ruchi ([[Zee Keralam]])

====Other shows====
* [[Onnum Onnum Moonu]] ([[Mazhavil Manorama]])
* Ivide Inganannu Bhai (Mazhavil Manorama)
* Chaya Koppayile Kodumkattu (Mazhavil Manorama)
* Parambarapayasam (Mazhavil Manorama)
* Manam Pole Maangalyam ([[Jaihind TV]])
* Njangalkkum Parayanund ([[Mathrubhumi News]])
* Grihasakhi ([[Jeevan TV]])
* Star Jam ([[Kappa TV]])
* Annie's Kitchen ([[Amrita TV]])
* Amrita Online Chat Room (Amrita TV)
* A Chat With Celebrity (Amrita TV)
* Lal Salam (Amrita TV)
* Snehitha (Amrita TV)
* Malayali Durbar (Amrita TV)
* Ladies Corner ([[Janam TV]])
* Gulumal ([[Surya TV]])
* Atma Suryotsavam (Surya TV)
* Serial Diary (Surya TV)
* Johnson's Baby Powder Shishu Samrakshanam (Surya TV)
* Manassiloru Mazhavillu ([[Kairali TV]])
* Veettamma (Kairali TV)
* Nammal Thammil ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* Angane Oru Vishukalathu (Asianet)
* Best Family(Asianet)
* Star Candid (Asianet)
* My Partner (Asianet)
* Comedy Challenge (Asianet Plus)
* Labour Room (Asianet Plus)
* Run Baby Run (Asianet Plus)
* Don't Do Don't Do (Asianet Plus)
* Musik Plus (Asianet Plus)
* Ennishtam (ACV)
* Thiranottam (ACV)
* Day with a Star ([[Kaumudy TV]])
* Oru Hindustani Onam (Kaumudy TV)
* Flowers top singer 3([[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]])
* Maamankam Oru Tharamamangam (Flowers)
* Innathe Chinthavishayam (Flowers)
* Tharadambathimarude Samsthana Sammelanam(Flowers)
* Ormakal Marikkumo ([[DD Malayalam]])
* Aanamalayila Aanapappan
* Redlink Online
* Hi Hello with Helen
* Serial Today
* Choych Choych Povam
* Cinematheque
* Dinner Talk
* Icebreak with Veena
* Indian Cinema Gallery

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1036287}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Antony, Beena}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

List of Tamil films of 1966

2026-03-07T05:41:20Z

AndyMfn275514: cleanup citations per standard format and added references for clarity

{{Short description|None}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}

{{Tamil films}}

The following is a list of films produced in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] in India in [[1966 in film|1966]], in alphabetical order.

== 1966 ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Title]] !![[Film director|Director]] !! [[Film producer|Producer]] !! [[Music]]!! [[Cast member|Cast]]
|----
|''[[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]]''
|[[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]
|[[A.V.M. Productions]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[Nagesh]],Asogan
|----
|''[[Annavin Aasai]]''
|[[Dada Mirasi]]
|[[Sujatha Cine Arts]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[K. Balaji]], [[K. R. Vijaya]]
|----
|''[[Avan Pithana?]]''
|[[P. Neelakantan]]
|[[Umayal Productions]]
|[[R. Parthasarathi]]
|[[S. S. Rajendran]], [[C. R. Vijayakumari]], [[S. V. Sahasranamam]]
|----
|''[[Chandrodayam]]''
|[[K. Shankar]]
|[[Saravana Films]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]], [[M. R. Radha]],Nagesh
|----
|''[[Chinnanchiru Ulagam]]''
|[[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
|[[Chitra Productions]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Gemini Ganesan]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Nagesh]], [[Magic Radhika]]
|----
|''[[Chitthi]]''
|[[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
|[[Chitra Productions]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[M. R. Radha]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Vijayasree]], [[Vijaya Nirmala]], [[Baby Rani (child artist)|Baby Rani]]
|----
|''[[Enga Paappa]]''
|[[B. R. Panthulu]]
|[[Padmini Pictures]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Kumari Bharathi]], [[Nagesh]], [[K. A. Thangavelu]], [[M. V. Rajamma]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|----
|''[[Gowri Kalyanam]]''
|[[K. Shankar]]
|[[Saravana Combines]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]]
|----
|''[[Iru Vallavargal]]''
|[[K. V. Srinivasan]]
|[[Modern Theaters]]
|[[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[R. S. Manohar]], [[L. Vijayalakshmi]]
|----
|''[[Kathal Paduthum Padu]]''
|[[Joseph Thaliath Jr.]]
|[[Citadel Studios]]
|[[T. R. Pappa]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Vanishree]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
|----
|''Kattu Malligai''
|[[P. Subramanyam]]
|[[Merryland Pictures]]
|[[G. Devarajan]]
|[[Prem Nazir]], [[Vijaya Lalitha]]
|----
|''[[Kodimalar]]''
|[[C. V. Sridhar|Sridhar]]
|[[Sri Productions]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Muthuraman (actor)|Muthuraman]], A. V. M. Rajan, [[C. R. Vijayakumari]], [[Nagesh]],Kanchana
|----
|''[[Kumari Penn]]''
|[[T. R. Ramanna]]
|[[Vinayaka Pictures]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]], [[Nagesh]]
|----
|''Lorry Driver''
|G. Vishwanathan
|Maheswari Productions
|[[S. P. Kodandapani]]
|[[C. L. Anandan]], [[Rajasree]], [[Sheela]], [[Nagesh]]
|----
|''[[Madras to Pondicherry]]''
|[[Thirumalai–Mahalingam]]
|[[Sunbeam Productions]]
|[[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]
|[[Nagesh]], [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[A. Karunanidhi]]
|----
|''[[Mahakavi Kalidas (1966 film)|Mahakavi Kalidas]]''
|[[R. R. Chandran]]
|[[Kalpana Kalamandhir]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[R. S. Manohar]]
|----
|''[[Major Chandrakanth (1966 film)|Major Chandrakanth]]''
|[[K. Balachander]]
|[[A. V. M. Productions]]
|[[V. Kumar]]
|[[Major Sundarrajan]], [[Nagesh]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]], [[A. V. M. Rajan]], [[R. Muthuraman]]
|----
|''[[Mani Magudam]]''
|[[S. S. Rajendran]]
|[[S. S. R.Pictures]]
|[[R. Sudarsanam]]
|[[S. S. Rajendran]], [[C. R. Vijayakumari]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]]
|----
|''[[Marakka Mudiyuma?]]''
|[[Murasoli Maran]]
|[[Mekala Pictures]]
|[[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]
|[[S. S. Rajendran]], Muthuraman, [[Devika]], Kanchana, [[S. V. Sahasranamam]],Cho
|----
|''[[Motor Sundaram Pillai]]''
|[[S. S. Balan|Balu]]
|[[Gemini Pictures]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]],Sivakumar, Kanchana
|----
|''[[Muharasi]]''
|[[M. A. Thirumugam]]
|[[Devar Films]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]]
|----
|''[[Naam Moovar]]''
|[[Jambulingam]]
|[[Balan Pictures]]
|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[L. Vijayalakshmi]],Nagesh
|----
|''[[Naan Aanaiyittal]]''
|[[Chanakya]]
|[[Satya Movies]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[M. N. Nambiar]]Nagesh, K. R. Vijaya
|----
|''[[Nadodi]]''
|[[B.R. Panthulu]]
|[[Padmini Pictures]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[Bharathi (actress)|Bharathi]],Nagesh
|----
|''[[Namma Veettu Lakshmi]]''
|[[B. R. Panthulu]]
|[[Padmini Pictures]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[A. V. M. Rajan]], [[B. R. Panthulu]], [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]], [[Vanisri]], [[M. V. Rajamma]], [[Nagesh]], [[R. Muthuraman|Muthuraman]]
|----
|''[[Mahabharat (1965 film)|Panchali Sabatham]]'' Dubbed from Hindi
|[[Babubhai Mistri]]
|Ramanand Combines
|[[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]] D. Srinivas
|[[Abhi Bhattacharya]], [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Dara Singh]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], Jeevan
|----
|''[[Parakkum Pavai]]''
|[[T. R. Ramanna]]
|[[R. R. Pictures]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[M. N. Nambiar]],Kanchana,
|----
|''[[Periya Manidhan]]''
|[[K. C. Krishnamoorthy]]
|[[Saraswathi Pictures]]
|[[S. V. Venkatraman]]
|[[T. K. Ramachandran]], [[Udaya Chandrika]]
|----
|''[[Petralthan Pillaiya]]''
|[[Krishnan–Panju]]
|[[Muthukumaran Pictures]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[K. A. Thangavelu]],Sowcar Janaki
|----
|''[[Ramu (1966 film)|Ramu]]''
|[[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]
|[[A. V. M. Productions]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Gemini Ganesan]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Master Rajkumar]]
|----
|''[[Sadhu Mirandal]]''
|[[A. Bhim Singh]]
|[[Sunbeam Productions]]
|[[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]
|[[T. R. Ramachandran]], [[O. A. K. Thevar]], [[Nagesh]]
|----
|''[[Saraswathi Sabatham]]''
|[[A. P. Nagarajan]]
|[[Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Gemini Ganesan]]
|----
|''[[Selvam (1966 film)|Selvam]]''
|[[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
|[[V. K. R Pictures]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]
|----
|''[[Thaali Bhagyam]]''
|[[K. P. Nagabhooshnam]]
|[[K. B. Nagabhooshnam]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[Nagesh]]
|----
|''[[Thanippiravi]]''
|[[M. A. Thirumugam]]
|[[Devar Films]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]], [[Nagesh]],C. L. Anandan
|----
|''[[Thattungal Thirakkappadum]]''
|[[J. P. Chandrababu]]
|[[Viswabharathy Pictures]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Chandrababu]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[R. S. Manohar]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
|----
|''[[Thaaye Unakkaga]]''
|[[P. Pullaiah]]
|[[Sri Kamalanayanam]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]], [[S. S. Rajendran]], [[C. R. Vijayakumari]], [[Nagesh]], [[Sivakumar]]
|----
|''[[Thayin Mel Aanai]]''
|[[G. R. Nathan]]
|[[Madras Cine Lab]]
|[[T. G. Lingappa]]
|[[C. L. Anandan]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Rajasree]], [[Nagesh]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[B. V. Radha]]
|----
|''[[Thedi Vandha Thirumagal]]''
|[[Sathyam (director)|Sathyam]]
|[[Sri Vijayagopal Pictures]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[S. S. Rajendran]], [[C. R. Vijayakumari]], [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Nagesh]], [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]
|----
|''[[Thenmazhai]]''
|[[V. Srinivasan]]
|[[Muktha Films]]
|[[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]
|[[Gemini Ganesan]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]]
|----
|''[[Vallavan Oruvan]]''
|[[R. Sundaram]]
|[[Modern Theaters]]
|[[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[L. Vijayalakshmi]], [[R. S. Manohar]]
|----
|''[[Yaar Nee?]]''
|[[Satyam (director)|Satyam]]
|[[P. S. V Pictures]]
|[[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]]P. S. Veerappa,C.L.Anandan.
|----
|''[[Yaarukkaga Azhudhaan]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Yarukkaga Azhudhan |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/yarukkaga-azhudhan/2030220428/ |website=TV Guide}}</ref>
|[[Jayakanthan]]
|[[Asia Jothi Films]]
|[[S. V. Ramanan]]
|[[Nagesh]], [[K. R. Vijaya]]
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{Tamil cinema}}
{{1966 films}}
{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Films Of 1966}}
[[Category:Lists of Tamil films by year|1966]]
[[Category:1966 in Indian cinema|Films, Tamil]]
[[Category:Lists of 1966 films by language]]
[[Category:1966 Tamil-language films| ]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1960s Indian films]]

List of defunct airlines of India

2026-03-05T09:57:30Z

AndyMfn275514: update

{{Short description|List of defunct airlines in india}}
This is a '''list of defunct airlines of [[India]].'''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- valign="middle"
! Airline
! Image
! [[Airline codes#IATA airline designator|IATA]]
! [[Airline codes#ICAO airline designator|ICAO]]
! Callsign
! Commenced operations
! Ceased operations
! Notes
|-
| align="left" | Air Asiatic|| || || || || 1990 || 1991||
|-
| align="left" | [[Air Carnival]]||[[File:Air Carnival M-IBAI at Dubai DXB, Apr 2016.jpg|100px]] ||2S||ACV||CARNAIR|| 2016 || 2017 ||
|-
| align="left" | [[Air Costa]]|| [[File:Air Costa VT-LNR at Bengaluru, Aug 2015.jpg|100px]]||LB||LEP||LECOSTA|| 2013 || 2017 ||
|-
| align="left" | Air Dravida|| || || || ||2004 ||2008 ||
|-
| align="left" | [[Air India Cargo]] ||[[File:Air India Airbus A310-304 VT-EQS.jpg|100px]]||AI||AIC||AIRINDIA|| 1932 || 2012 ||
|-
| align="left" | [[Alliance Air (India)|Air India Regional]]|| [[File:ATR 42-320, Air-India Regional (Alliance Air) JP7687822.jpg|100px]]||CD;9I||LLR||ALLIED|| 2007|| 2017 ||Called [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] from 1996 to 2007 then renamed back to [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] in 2017.
|-
| align="left" | [[Air Mantra]] || ||M1|| ||MANTRA||2012 || 2013 ||
|-
| align="left" | [[Air Odisha]] || ||6X|| ||ODISHA||2011 || 2019 ||
|-
| align="left" | [[Air Pegasus]]|| [[File:ATR 42-500, Air Deccan JP7051138.jpg|100px]]||OP||PPL||PEGASUS|| 2007 || 2016 ||
|-
| align="left" | [[Air Sahara]]|| [[File:Boeing 737-43Q, Air Sahara JP6215934.jpg|100px]] || S2|| RSH|| || 2000 || 2007 ||
Merged into [[Jet Lite]], later merged into [[Jet Airways]].
|-
| align="left" |[[Air Services of India]] || || || || ||1946|| 1953||
|-
|align=left| [[AirAsia India]]||[[File:AirAsia India A320 Neo Aircraft.png|100px]] ||I5||IAD||RED KNIGHT|| 2014 || 2022 ||
Acquired by [[Tata Group]], renamed to [[AIX Connect]].
|-
|align=left| Airways (India)<ref name="timetableimages.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/complete.htm#Asia|title=Airline Timetable Images - List of Complete Timetables|website=Timetableimages.com}}</ref>|| |||||||| 1945 ||1955 ||
|-
|[[AIX Connect]]
|
|I5
|IAD
|RED KNIGHT
|2022
|2024
|Merged into [[Air India Express]]
|-
| align="left" | [[Ambica Airlines]]|| || || || || 1947 || 1949 ||
|-
| align="left" | [[Archana Airways]]<ref name="avcodes.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.avcodes.co.uk/callsignlistres.asp|title=The Aviation Code Web Site - ICAO Callsigns beginning with|website=Avcodes.co.uk}}</ref> || ||F5||ACY||ARCHANA ||1991 || 1999 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Aryan Cargo Express]]|| [[File:VT-EQT Airbus A310-304(F) (cn 544) Aryan Cargo Express. (14209983065).jpg|100px]]||YE||ACQ||ACE CARGO ||2005 || 2010 || Stored in [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport]], [[Mumbai]]
|-
|align=left| [[Chhattisgarh Air Link]]||||||||||2012||2019||
|-
| align=left|CityLink Airways|| ||XF||||||1992||1993 ||
|-
| align=left|Cosmos Airways|| ||K6||||||1994||1997||B.747F-Some wet-leased from Cargolux when needed.
|-
|align=left| [[Crescent Air Cargo]]|| ||C8||CAC||||2000 || 2006 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Damania Airways]]<ref>{{cite news|title=1991-Privatisation of airlines: Flights of fancy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20091228-1991-privatisation-of-airlines-flights-of-fancy-741551-2009-12-16|publisher=[[India Today]] |date= 17 Dec 2009 |access-date=7 November 2011}}</ref>|| ||D2||DMQ||||1993 || 1997||Renamed/merged to [[NEPC Airlines|Skyline NEPC]]
|-
|align=left| [[Darbhanga Aviation]]|| ||||||||1950 || 1962 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Deccan 360]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/state-bank-of-india-opposes-airline-licence-for-new-venture-of-capt-gopinath/articleshow/20504648.cms |title=State Bank of India opposes airline licence for new venture of Capt Gopinath |website=Econominctimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> ||[[File:Deccan 360 Airbus A310-300 Spijkers.jpg|100px]] ||3C||DEC||DECCAN CARGO|| 2009 || 2011||
|-
|align=left| [[Deccan Airways]]<ref name="timetableimages.com"/>||[[File:The seventh Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, alongwith some close aides ready to take his first test ride in a Dakota from Begumpet airport .jpg|100px]]|||||||| 1945 || 1953 ||
|-
| [[Dove Airlines]] || || align=center| || align="left" | || align="left" | || align="left" | 2007 || 2015
|
|-
| align="left" | [[East-West Airlines (India)|East-West Airlines]]|| ||W2||EWT|| || 1992 || 1995 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Premier Airways|Easy Air]]|||||||||| 2015 || 2015 ||Owned by [[Premier Airways]]
|-
|align=left| [[Elbee Airlines]]||||||LBE|||| 1994 || 1998 ||
|-
|align=left| [[FlyBig]] |||| S9 || FLG || KRIS || 2020 || 2025
|-
| align=left|Goa Way Aviation|| |||| || || 1992|| 1993||
|-
| align="left" | [[Gujarat Airways]]<ref>{{cite web|title=World Airline Directory|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1999/1999%20-%200797.html |publisher=Flight-Global|date= 31 March 1999 |access-date= 3 August 2014}}</ref> || ||G8||GUJ||GUJARATI ||1995 || 2001 ||
|-
| align="left" | [[GoAir]] || [[File:GoAir Airbus A320 Neo Aircraft.png|100px]] || G8 || GOW || GOAIR || 2005 || 2021 || Renamed to [[Go First]]
|-
| align="left" | [[Go First]] |||| G8 || GOW || GOAIR || 2021 || 2023 || Liquidated
|-
|Handley Page Indo-Burmese Transport<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety Database > Operator index > India > Handley Page Indo-Burmese Transport |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/database/operators/9904 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|First airline in present-day India, operated in the early 1920s
|-
| align="left" | Himalayan Air Transport & Survey<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airlinehistory.co.uk/RestofWorld/India/Airlines.asp|title=Airlines - India|website=Airlinehistory.co.uk}}</ref>|| || || || || 1934 || 1935 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Himalayan Aviation]]|||||||| ||1948 || 1953 ||Renamed to [[Indian Airlines]]
|-
| align=left|[[Hinduja Cargo Services]] ||[[File:Hinduja Cargo Services Boeing 727-243F; VT-LCI, December 1998 (5695954622).jpg|100px]]||LF ||LCI || ||1996||2000||
|-
| align=left|Huns Air|| ||||||||1974 ||1980||
|-
|align=left| [[Indian Airlines|Indian]]||[[File:Airbus A320-231, Indian Airlines AN1470949.jpg|100px]] ||IC||IAC||INDAIR ||2007 || 2011 || Merged into [[Air India]]
|-
|align=left| [[Indian Airlines]]||[[File:Indian Airlines Airbus A320 Vyas.jpg|100px]] ||IC||IAC||INDAIR ||1953 || 2007 || Renamed to [[Indian Airlines|Indian]]
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Airways]]|||||||||| 1925 || 1945 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Mistri Airways|Indian Overseas Airlines]]||||||||||1947 || 1950 ||
|-
|align=left| Indian State Air Service|| |||||||| 1929 || 1931 ||
|-
|align=left| Indian Transcontinental Airlines|| ||||||||1933 || 1948 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Indus Air]]|| [[File:VT-IOA (13991873935).jpg|100px]]||O9||ACY|||| 2006 || 2007 ||
|-
|align=left| Irrawaddy Flotilla & Airways<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travel-news-photos-stories.com/2013/10/a-short-history-of-irrawaddy-flotilla.html|title=A Short History of the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company|website=Travel-news-photos-stories.com}}</ref>|| |||||||| 1934 || 1939 || Its fall was triggered by the Japanese invasion of Burma in 1942<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.nairtejas.com/lists/airlines-in-india-and-their-fall/|title=List: Airlines in India and Their Fall|first=Tejas|last=Nair|date=28 April 2019|website=nair tejas dot com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/download/GB%200136%20D-IR | title=Irrawaddy flotilla company, 1865 - 1950 | website=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jagson Airlines]] || [[File:Jagson Airlines.jpg|100px]] || || JGN || JAGSON || 2005 || 2010
|
|-
|align=left| [[Jamair]]|| |||||||| 1946 || 1977 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Jet Airways]] || [[File:VT-JEH@LHR_18AUG12_(8621607876).jpg|100px]]||9W ||JAI||JET AIRWAYS|| 1993 || 2019 ||Liquidated
|-
|align=left| [[Jet Airways|Jet Konnect]] ||[[File:JetKonnect-August2016.jpg|100px]]|| S2||JLL|||| 2009 || 2014 ||Merged into [[Jet Airways]], Liquidated
|-
|align=left| [[JetLite]]||[[File:JetLite Boeing 737-800 Vyas-2.jpg|100px]] ||S2||RSH/JLL|||| 2007 || 2012 ||Renamed/merged with [[JetLite|Jet Konnect]]
|-
|align=left| Jupiter Airways<ref>{{cite news|title=The plane that made India fly |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-plane-that-made-india-fly/article3203252.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date= 20 November 2006 |access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref>|| |||| ||||1948 || 1953 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Kairali Airlines]]|| || ||||||2013 || 2017 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Kalinga Airlines]]|| || ||||||1946 || 1965 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Kingfisher Airlines]]||[[File:VT-VJO A330 King Fisher (4937630371) (2).jpg|100px]] ||IT||KFR||KINGFISHER|| 2003 || 2012 || Liquidated
|-
|align=left| [[Kingfisher Airlines#Domestic|Kingfisher Red]] || ||DN||DKN|||| 2008 || 2012 ||
|-
|align=left| [[MDLR Airlines]]||||9H||MDL||MDLR||2007 ||2009 ||Was sold to [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] in 2010<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|align=left| [[Mistri Airways]]||||||||||1946 || 1947 ||Renamed Indian Overseas Airlines
|-
|align=left| [[ModiLuft]] || [[File:ModiLuft Boeing 737-200 Martin.jpg|100px]]||HT, M9||MOD||MODILUFT|| 1994 || 1996 ||Was converted into [[SpiceJet]] by [[Ajay Singh (entrepreneur)|Ajay Singh]]<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|align=left| [[NEPC Airlines]]||[[File:Fokker F-27-500 Friendship, NEPC Airlines AN0192374.jpg|100px]]|| D5||NEP||||1993 || 1997 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Orient Airways]]|| |||||||| 1946 || 1955 || Became [[Pakistan International Airlines]] after transfer from [[Kolkata]], [[India]] to [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]]
|-
|align=left| [[Paramount Airways]]|| [[File:Embraer 170-100SL, Paramount Airways JP5998519.jpg|100px]]|| I7||PMW||PARAWAY|| 2005 || 2010 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Pushpaka Aviation|Pushpaka Airlines]]||||||||||1979 || 1983 ||
|-
|align=left| RajAir|| || ||||||1993 || 1994 ||
|-
|align=left| Safari Airways|| |||||||| 1971 || 1977||
|-
|align=left| [[JetLite|Sahara Airlines]]||[[File:Boeing 737-73A, Sahara Airlines AN0133882.jpg|100px]] || S2||RSH||||1993 || 2000 || Renamed to [[Air Sahara]]
|-
|align=left| [[Simplifly Deccan]]||[[File:Airbus A320-232, Air Deccan JP6373125.jpg|100px]] ||DN||DKN||DECCAN || 2007 || 2008 || Merged into [[Kingfisher Airlines#Domestic|Kingfisher Airlines]]
|-
| [[Supreme Airlines]] || || || || || 2016 || 2018 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Transportes Aéreos da Índia Portuguesa]]|| || |||||| 1955 || 1961 || Operated from [[Portuguese India]]
|-
|[[TruJet]] ||[[File:TruJet_VT-TMP_at_Hyderabad,_Sep_2015.jpg|100x100px]] || 2T || TRJ|| TRUJET || 2015 || 2022|| Ceased all operations in February 2022
|-
| UP Air || || || || || 1995<ref>{{cite news|title=UP Airways becomes first to launch air-taxi service with a private airline in India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19950515-up-airways-becomes-first-to-launch-air-taxi-service-with-a-private-airline-in-india-807264-1995-05-14 |newspaper=[[India Today]] |date= 15 May 1995 |access-date= 8 October 2025}}</ref> || 1998<ref>{{cite news|title=Life After The Big Sellout |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/life-after-the-big-sellout-198050901070_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date= 9 May 1998 |access-date= 8 October 2025}}</ref> ||
|-
|align=left| [[Vayudoot]]||[[File:Vayudoot Dornier 228.jpg|100px]] ||PF||VDT||VAYU||1981||1997 ||
|-
|align=left| VIF Airways|| ||V2||VIF|||| 1995<ref>{{cite news|title=India's VIF Airways |url=https://aviationweek.com/indias-vif-airways |newspaper=[[Aviation Week Network|AviationWeek]] |date= 20 April 1995 |accessdate=20 September 2025}}</ref> || 1996 || Based at [[Begumpet airport]], Hyderabad, operated 30-seat [[Dornier 328]]-110 aircraft.
|-
|align=left| Vijay Airlines|| |||||||| 1981 || 1997 ||
|-
|[[Vistara]]
|[[File:Vistara,_VT-TSD,_Boeing_787-9_Dreamliner.jpg|100x100px]]
|UK
|VTI
|VISTARA
|2013
|2024
|Merged into [[Air India]]
|-
|[[Zooom Air]]
|
|ZO
|ZOM
|ZOOM
|2013
|2024
|
|}

==See also==
* [[List of airlines of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Dhekney M.R., ''Air transport in India'', Vora & Co. Pibl. Ltd., Bombay, 1953
* Anwar M., Civil aviation in India, Thacker/Spink, Calcutta, 1954
* ''History of civil aviation in India'', Ministry of Civil Aviation & FICCI, 2008

[[Category:Defunct airlines of India|*]]
[[Category:Lists of defunct airlines|India]]

Chatrapathi (2005 film)

2026-03-03T18:03:40Z

AndyMfn275514: edit

{{short description|2005 film directed by S. S. Rajamouli}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chatrapathi
| image = Chhatrapati movie poster.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| writer =
| screenplay = S. S. Rajamoulii
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |M. Rathnam}}
}}
| starring = [[Prabhas]] [[Shriya Saran]] [[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] [[Bhanupriya]] [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]
| director = [[S. S. Rajamouli]]
| story = [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]]
| producer = [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]]
| distributor = [[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = [[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]]
| cinematography = [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]]
| released = {{Film date|2005|09|29|df=y}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| narrator =
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|125 million|link=yes}}
| gross = {{INR|210 million|link=yes}}
}}

'''''Chatrapathi''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film|action drama film]] directed by [[S. S. Rajamouli]], who also co-wrote the film with [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]]. The film stars [[Prabhas]] in the title role, [[Shriya Saran]], [[Bhanupriya]] in the lead roles alongside [[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] and [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] playing supporting roles. [[M. M. Keeravani]] composed the music. The film was produced by [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]] on [[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]] banner.

The film follows Sivaji, a [[Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan]] [[refugee]] who gets separated from his mother after his brother Ashok falsely declares him dead. Raised in [[Visakhapatnam]]'s criminal docks, he grows into a rebel leader hailed as ''[[Chhatrapati]]''. Now he must choose between vengeance and reuniting with the mother who believes him dead, while his vengeful brother and his enemy Ras Bihari join forces.

''Chatrapathi'' was released on 29 September 2005 and emerged as a blockbuster, collecting an estimated [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]] of {{INRConvert|210|m|year=2005}} against a budget of {{INRConvert|125|m|year=2005}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chatrapati - Post mortem - SS Rajamouli |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/chatrapati.html |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=#Birthdayspecial: Before the grand success of Baahubali, Prabhas delivered these hits|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/prabhas-hit-films-telugu-baahubali-billa-mr-perfect-darling-varsham-yogi-chhatrapathi/160229|work=Times Now news|date=23 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Focus |first=Filmy |date=2021-08-04 |title=Box office collections data for Rajamouli's films is here - Filmy Focus |url=https://filmyfocus.com/box-office-collections-data-for-rajamoulis-films-is-here/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Efn|The average exchange rate in 2005 was 44.10 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref name="exchange2005">{{Cite web |date= |title=Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) - India |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=2021&locations=IN&start=1960&view=chart |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=World Bank}}</ref>|name=exchange2005}} The film won two [[Nandi Awards]] - [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for Bhanupriya and [[Nandi Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] for Keeravani. The film was remade in [[Bengali language|Bangla]] as ''[[Refugee (2006 film)|Refugee]]'' (2006), in [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi]] [[Bengali language|Bangla]] as ''Kothor'' (2007), in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] with [[Chatrapathi (2013 film)|the same name]] in 2013 and in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] with [[Chatrapathi (2023 film)|the same name]] in 2023.

==Plot==
Parvati lives on the coast of [[Sri Lanka]] and adopts Sivaji as her son. Parvati shows equal affection to her biological son Ashok, but Ashok becomes jealous of Sivaji. One day, the villagers are forced to evacuate the coast and a fire accident occurs. Ashok separates Sivaji from his family by lying to Parvati that Sivaji died in the fire accident. Sivaji ends up in a different boat and lands in [[Visakhapatnam|Vizag port]], which is dominated by Baji Rao, who uses refugee labor for his gain.

Years later, Sivaji grows up to be an aggressive guy and still searches for his mother. One day, Sivaji reacts violently in defense of the other refugees and kills Baji Rao's right-hand man Katraju after he killed a child named suri. Enraged, Baji Rao attacks the slum and kills Sivaji's friend when he tried to save other children in the port. Sivaji revolts against Baji Rao and hacks him to death, thus leading the people to refer him as ''Chatrapathi''.
Baji Rao's brother Ras Bihari arrives in Vizag and learns about his brother's death and begins to hunt Sivaji. Ashok also lands in the same place, where he realizes that Sivaji is his brother and joins hands with Ras Bihari. Despite this, Sivaji manages to reunite with Parvati and also kills Ras Bihari, thus saving the port from any danger. Ashok also realize his mistake and apologize to Sivaji and Parvati, where they reunite and live happily.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Prabhas]] as Sivaji / Chatrapathi
** [[Manoj Nandam]] as Young Sivaji
* [[Bhanupriya]] as Parvati, Sivaji's step-mother and Ashok's mother
* [[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] as Ashok/Akash, Sivaji's step-brother
** [[Teja Sajja]] as Young Ashok
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Ras Bihari
* [[Narendra Jha]] as Baji Rao
* [[Shriya Saran]] as Neelu, Shivaji's girlfriend
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as [[Member of Legislative Assembly |MLA]] Appala Nayudu
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Ajay, Sivaji's friend
* [[Kamal Kamaraju]] as Sivaji's friend
* [[Supreeth]] as Katraju, Baji Rao's right-hand man
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Mahesh Nanda / Katusumo
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Commissioner
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Syed Jaffar Khan
* [[Subbaraya Sharma]] as Commissioner's assistant
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Appala Nayudu's assistant
* [[L. B. Sriram]] as Sattana, Sivaji's neighbor and a tea stall owner
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Boat Agent
* [[Stunt Silva]] as Satti, Baji Rao's henchman
* [[Karate Kalyani]] as Fisherwoman
* [[Chatrapathi Sekhar|Sekhar]] as Bhadram, Sivaji's best friend
* SS Kanchi as Clerk in Commissioner's Office
* Raghava as Dr. Vihari
* [[Y. Vijaya]]
* Anitha Chowdary
* [[Mumaith Khan]] special appearance in the [[item song]] "Mannela Tintivira"
* [[Aarthi Agarwal]] special appearance in the song "Summa Masuriyaaa"
{{colend}}

==Themes==
In an interview with ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'', Rajamouli described ''Chatrapathi'' as a "mother sentiment film", which also deals with the exploitation of immigrants who come to India from the places and live without any official identity. When questioned about similarities to the American film ''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]'' (1983), he said that his father [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]], who wrote ''Chatrapathi'', watched ''Scarface'' and got inspired by the point of immigrants' problems, but there were no scenic resemblances between the two films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/ssrajamouli.html|title=Interview with SS Raja Mouli by Jeevi|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=22 September 2005}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Chatrapathi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| caption =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|9|14}}
| recorded = 2005
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 31:59
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title = [[Allari Bullodu]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Sri Ramadasu]]
| next_year = 2006
}}

The film has seven songs composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]]. The track ''Gundusoodi'' has been reused from the song ''Kambangaadu'' from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] movie ''[[Vaaname Ellai]]'' (1992) also composed by M. M. Keeravani. The song ''Agni Skalana'' was plagiarized from the ''Main Theme'' of the video game ''[[Myst IV: Revelation]]'' (2004) composed by [[Jack Wall (composer)|Jack Wall]].

{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:59
| title1 = A Vachhi B Pai Valli
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandra Bose]]
| extra1 = [[M. M. Keeravani]], [[Mathangi Jagdish]]
| length1 = 4:44
| title2 = Agni Skalana
| lyrics2 = Siva Shakti Datta
| extra2 = M. M. Keeravani, Mathangi Jagdish, Mangari
| length2 = 3:09
| title3 = Summa Masuriyaaa
| lyrics3 = Chandra Bose
| extra3 = [[Sunitha Upadrashta]], [[Smita]], [[Kalyan Koduri|Kalyani Malik]], Niraj Pandit
| length3 = 4:40
| title4 = Nallanivanni
| lyrics4 = [[Veturi]]
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length4 = 5:30
| title5 = Mannela Tintivira
| lyrics5 = Siva Shakti Datta
| extra5 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Smita, [[Karate Kalyani]]
| length5 = 4:58
| title6 = Gundusoodi
| lyrics6 = Chandra Bose
| extra6 = Sunitha Upadrashta, M. M. Keeravani
| length6 = 4:18
| title7 = Gala Gala Gala
| lyrics7 = Chandra Bose
| extra7 = K. S. Chithra, [[Jassie Gift]], Neerippal
| length7 = 4:40
| all_writing =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
}}

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "The film has all the masala ingredients for the present day young generation. Though the storyline is routine, it is the directorial treatment and good screenplay that do the trick for the film."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100108540200.htm |title=Film Review:Chatrapati — Sivaji wields mass appeal |date=1 October 2005 |access-date=31 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141231143403/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100108540200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=31 December 2014}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' rated the film 2/5 and wrote, "a swell cast with a young action hero and add a dash of digital wizardry to the stunts and cook up an unimaginative script as an aftermath and serve it piping hot! ''Chhatrapathi'' works to a certain extent thanks to the tall handsome hunk Prabhas."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chatrapati|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/chatrapati-review-telugu-pclvMPbhjeici.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221020140/https://www.sify.com/movies/chatrapati-review-telugu-pclvMPbhjeici.html|archive-date=2016-02-21|access-date=2021-12-03|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and observed that the film's similarities with ''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]'' and ''[[Deewaar]]'', but opined that it stands on its own owing to Rajamouli's direction and Prabhas' performance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chatrapati - Telugu cinema Review - Prabhas, Shriya|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-chatrapati.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-03|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051013062022/http://www.idlebrain.com:80/movie/archive/mr-chatrapati.html |archive-date=13 October 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/04chat.htm | title=Chatrapati: Not worth a watch }}</ref>

===Box office===
The film had a 100-day run in 54 venues.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://idlebrain.com/trade/records/chatrapati100dayscenters.html |title=Chatrapati - Telugu cinema - 100 days centers - Prabhas & Shriya |access-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913050030/http://idlebrain.com/trade/records/chatrapati100dayscenters.html |archive-date=13 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Awards
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2005.html |title=Telugu Cinema Etc – Nandi award winners list 2005 |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=11 November 2006 |access-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109223120/http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2005.html |archive-date=9 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|[[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Bhanupriya]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="10"|[[53rd Filmfare Awards South]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/september2006/filmfarewinners.htm|title=53rd Annual Filmfare Awards-South Winners|access-date=2 May 2007|date=9 September 2006|publisher=CineGoer.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429030243/http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/september2006/filmfarewinners.htm|archive-date=29 April 2007}}</ref>
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film]]
|[[B. V. S. N. Prasad]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director]]
|[[S. S. Rajamouli]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor]]
|[[Prabhas]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress]]
|[[Shriya Saran]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Bhanupriya]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Comedian – Telugu|Best Comedian]]
|[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Villain – Telugu|Best Villain]]
|[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director]]
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist]]
|Shiva Shaki Datta (for song ''"Agni Skalana"'')
|{{nom}}
|}

==Remakes==
The film was remade in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''[[Refugee (2006 film)|Refugee]]'' (2006), in [[Bangladeshi language|Bangladeshi Bengali]] as ''Kothor'' (2007), and in [[Kannada]] with [[Chatrapathi (2013 film)|the same name]] in 2013, with Siddhanth and Priyadarshini.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kannada film Chhatrapathi in trouble over title use |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-film-chhatrapathi-in-trouble-over-title-use/articleshow/27400846.cms |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> It was remade in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] with [[Chatrapathi (2023 film)|the same name]] starring [[Bellamkonda Sreenivas]] making his debut in Hindi cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/it-s-official-prabhas-and-ss-rajamouli-s-chhatrapathi-to-be-remade-in-hindi-1744513-2020-11-27|title=Chhatrapathi to be remade in Hindi|website=India Today|date=27 November 2020 }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0843328|Chhatrapati}}

{{S. S. Rajamouli}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhatrapati (Film)}}
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2005 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. S. Rajamouli]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian slavery]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about immigration]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films about siblings]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]

Thalaimagan

2026-03-03T04:36:20Z

AndyMfn275514: new!

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thalaimagan
| image = Thalaimagan poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[R. Sarathkumar]]
| writer = Rajkannan (dialogues)
| screenplay = [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]
| story = Kaveri Vendhan
| producer = [[Radhika Sarathkumar]]
| starring = R. Sarathkumar [[Nayanthara]]
| cinematography = Krish Kymal
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Srikanth Deva]] Paul J. '''Score:''' [[Sabesh–Murali]]
| studio = Radaan Mediaworks
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|10|21}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thalaimagan''''' ({{Translation|[[firstborn|Eldest Son]]}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[R. Sarathkumar]], starring himself alongside [[Nayanthara]], [[Vadivelu]] and [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]. The film marked Sarathkumar's directorial debut, and is his 100th film as an actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2005 |title=Sarat Kumar's 100th film |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/14sarat.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831180034/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/14sarat.htm |archive-date=31 August 2019 |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> It was released on 21 October 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalaimagan (2006) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/thalaimagan-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240409045616/https://screen4screen.com/movies/thalaimagan-2 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story is set around the bulwark of honest and public good institution of everest. A journalistic anachronism at a time when media houses have become mouthpieces for corporate houses. It is helmed by the fearless Ayya. It has among its ranks an intrepid scribe Dheeran. He is no journeyman journalist. He is writer as well as a doer. When the power of the pen looks like slackening, he uses the hands that push the pen, so to say. And then there is harried colleague Erimalai, who is often just a step away from trouble. Meghala is an enterprising intern who drives Dheeran to distraction.

Dheeran runs into the evil axis of politico and police web as represented by the corrupt Minister Shanmuga Vadivelu and a venal cop Alankaram. Dheeran, through his mixed ways, frustrates all the duo's evil plans. But a new water bottling plant of an MNC becomes a major confrontation issue. Dheeran goes hammer and tongs against the project, as it would be harmful to villagers. Dheeran painstakingly exposes all the chinks in the project. Shanmugasundaram has to come with a violent reprisal and he sure does and thinks he has done away with Dheeran.

Did he? But Dheeran comes back from dead as a new man with renewed force. In the two years, Shanmugha Sundaram and Alankaram had come a long way. But Dheeran, slowly but stealthily, exposes them with a cunning of a mountain fox. He exposes all their bad deeds with clinching evidence. How? Well, it all leads to an action-packed climax.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[R. Sarathkumar]] as Dheeran
* [[Nayanthara]] as Meghala
* [[Vadivelu]] as Erimalai/Panimalai
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as L. Sathya Moorthy
* [[Seema Biswas]] as S. Alankaram
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]] as Shanmuga Vadivelu
* [[Sangili Murugan]]
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Meghala's father
* [[Delhi Ganesh]]
* [[Bala Singh]]
* [[Alex (actor)|Alex]]
* [[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]]
* [[Besant Ravi]] as Henchman
* [[John Vijay]]
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Inspector Veeraraj
* [[Lavanya (actress)|Lavanya]] as Abhirami
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] in a cameo appearance
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]] in a cameo appearance
* [[Mumaith Khan]] as an item number in "Velli Kinnathil"
;Uncredited
* [[Rajendran]] as Fighter
* [[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]]
* [[Master Haja Sheriff|Haja Sheriff]]
* Birla Bose as police officer
* Ramjee
}}

== Production ==
In 2005, [[R. Sarathkumar]] announced his 100th film as an actor, titled ''Thalaimagan''. The film was launched on 15 September 2005 with R. D. Balaji, an advertisement filmmaker making his feature directorial debut and [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] writing the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2005 |title=Sarathkumar's 100th film inaugration tomorrow |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News29/14-9-05e/tamil-movies-news-sarathkumar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011547/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News29/14-9-05e/tamil-movies-news-sarathkumar.html |archive-date=12 February 2019 |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2005 |title=Thalaimagan launch today |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News29/15-9-05e/tamil-movies-news-sarathkumar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212070543/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News29/15-9-05e/tamil-movies-news-sarathkumar.html |archive-date=12 February 2019 |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Thalaimagan |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/thalaimagan-imagegallery-movies-jdwmHzjhbjbsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215210737/https://www.sify.com/movies/thalaimagan-imagegallery-movies-jdwmHzjhbjbsi.html |archive-date=15 December 2021 |access-date=15 December 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> However, in a sudden turn of events, Balaji left the film after the shoot became delayed. Sarathkumar replaced Balaji as director, thus making his directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=11 October 2006 |title=First Look: Sarath Kumar turns 100! |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2006/oct/11sarath.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031210929/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2006/oct/11sarath.htm |archive-date=31 October 2013 |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ka" /> Khushbu and K. S. Ravikumar made cameo appearances in a song as themselves.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2006 |title=Kushboo and K S Ravikumar in Thalaimagan |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/sep-06-03/21-09-06-kushboo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703012831/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/sep-06-03/21-09-06-kushboo.html |archive-date=3 July 2018 |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref name="ka">{{Cite magazine |last=நந்தினி |date=22 October 2006 |title=நடிப்பு என் சாய்ஸ்! |trans-title=Acting is my choice! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-10-22/page/62/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240406152424/https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-10-22/page/62/mode/2up |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=63 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Krish Kymal who earlier worked in advertisement films made his debut as cinematographer with this film. The climax was shot at sugar mill in Porur during the first schedule which "was the most difficult part to shoot" as it involved "close to 850 artistes" and was completed within eight days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangaraj |first=R |date=9 September 2006 |title=Thalaimagan |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/News/2006/09thalaimagan.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101222550/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/News/2006/09thalaimagan.asp |archive-date=1 November 2006 |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref><ref name="cs">{{Cite web |date=11 October 2006 |title=Thalaimagan |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/previews/new/thalaimagan.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203065009/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/previews/new/thalaimagan.shtml |archive-date=3 December 2006 |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> The filming was also held at Kochi, Chikmagalur, Madurai and Dindigul.<ref name="cs" />

== Soundtrack ==
Two songs were composed by Srikanth Deva, and four by Paul J.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalaimagan (2006) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/thalaimagan-songs-T0000985 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814175823/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/thalaimagan-songs-T0000985 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Composer !! Lyrics
|-
| "Penakaaran" || [[Kailash Kher]], Yogeswaran Manikkam, Veeramani || rowspan=4|Paul J. || rowspan=2|[[Vairamuthu]]
|-
| "Deen Thena" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
|-
| "Uppumoottai" || [[Grace Karunas]], [[Karunas]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|-
| "Velli Kinnathil" || [[Sangeetha Sajith]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]] || Vairamuthu
|-
| "Nooru Nooru" I || [[R. Sarathkumar]], Priyadarshini || rowspan=2|[[Srikanth Deva]] || rowspan=2|Mounan
|-
| "Nooru Nooru" II || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Priyadarshini
|}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 21 October 2006, during [[Diwali]], and opened alongside ''[[Varalaru]]'', ''[[Vattaram]]'', ''[[Vallavan]]'' and ''[[Dharmapuri (film)|Dharmapuri]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=21 October 2006 |title=Diwali release – 2006 |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/News/2006/10diwalirelease.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115043248/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/News/2006/10diwalirelease.asp |archive-date=15 November 2006 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

Venkatachari Jagannathan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film two stars out of five, saying, "On the whole, ''Thalaimagan'' is like reading a morning paper in the evening".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jagannathan |first=Venkatachari |date=23 October 2006 |title=Thalaimagan tells a stale story |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/23thal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414170038/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/23thal.htm |archive-date=14 April 2023 |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Thalaimagan is an utterly hackneyed archaic formula film. It is one man taking on a corrupt system controlled by a powerful politician and his associate, a she-devil of a cop!".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalaimagan |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14319175&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208000607/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14319175&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=8 December 2007 |access-date=8 April 2024 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote director Sarathkumar cannot do enough to satisfy actor Sarathkumar fans and concluded wishing him better luck next time.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=19 November 2006 |title=தலைமகன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-11-19/page/30/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240408141741/https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-11-19/page/30/mode/2up |archive-date=8 April 2024 |access-date=8 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=31 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote, "The basic story line is strong but the plan of the screenplay is haphazard. The pervading boredom of many scenes makes one wonder if Cheran is indeed the writer of this screenplay".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalaimagan |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/thalaimagan.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115015242/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/thalaimagan.shtml |archive-date=15 November 2006 |access-date=11 August 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Cheran (director)}}

[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2006 action films]]
[[Category:2006 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Films about journalists]]
[[Category:Films about water scarcity]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sabesh–Murali]]
[[Category:Films scored by Srikanth Deva]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ashokan Edicts in Delhi

2026-03-01T18:10:03Z

AndyMfn275514: minor changes

{{Short description|Series of edicts on the teachings of Buddha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Historic building
|name= Ashokan Edicts
|image = The Kotla of Firoz Shah with the Ashokan pillar viewed from the west, with the gateway of the adjacent mosque (top right), View from the south of the Kotla (bottom right).jpg
|caption= Askhokan Pillar in Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi
|pushpin_map= India New Delhi
|coordinates = {{coord|28.61|77.23|region:IN-DL|display=inline}}
|location_town = [[Delhi]]
|location_country = India
|architect = [[Ashoka]]
|client =
|engineer =
|construction_start_date = 3rd century BC
|completion_date = 3rd century BC
|demolished_date =
|cost =
|structural_system =
|architectural_style = Edicts on [[sandstone]] pillars and on in-situ rocks
|size =
}}

The '''Ashokan edicts in Delhi''' are a series of edicts on the teachings of [[Buddha]] created by [[Ashoka]], the Mauryan Emperor who ruled in the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the 3rd century BC. The [[Edicts of Ashoka]] were either carved on in-situ rocks or engraved on pillars erected throughout the empire; examples of both are found in [[Delhi]].

The first in-situ rock edict was discovered in Delhi in 1966, and establishes the city's ancient historical link with the [[Ashoka]]n era (273–236 BC).<ref name="Sharma, pp. 1, 10-11-Quote">Sharma, pp. 1, 10–11 A glorious chapter to Delhi’s history was added as recently as 1966 with the discovery of an inscription by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, engraved on a rugged rock, an outcrop of the Arvallis, near Srinivaspuri, west of Kalkaji temple… Direct association of emperor Ashoka (273–236 BC.) of the Maurya Dynasty with Delhi has been brought to light only recently by the discovery of a shorter version of his Minor Rock Edicts carved on a rock near Srinivaspuri. This discovery also indicates that Delhi lay on the trunk route connecting the main cities of ancient India</ref><ref name=Singh>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first= Upinder|title= Delhi|work=Ashokan Edicts in Delhi|pages =120–131|access-date=2009-07-22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkpdLnZpm78C&q=Ashokan+Pillar,+Delhi&pg=PA120|publisher= Berghahn Books|year=2006|isbn=81-87358-29-7}}</ref><ref name="Peck, p.26">Peck, p.26. The city is situated where a spur of the Aravalli Hills meets the Yamuna River, and these outcrops were the sites of some early settlements ... Before the 3rd century BC, India was controlled by numerous competing chiefs and kings, and during this time urban centres of some size developed. One of these became the base of powerful Mauryan Empire, created by Chandra Gupta Maurya and consolidated by his grandson Ashoka (reigned 272–232 BC). Ashoka ruled from Pataliputra, modern Patna, but held sway over most of the Indian subcontinent. He aimed at government in a very real sense, controlling the affairs, or at least exhorting a certain way of life, through his famous edicts… However, the most exciting Mauryan discovery, made in 1966 was of an Ashokan Rock Edict found at Kalkaji (East of Kailash), in South Delhi, indicating that there must have been a reasonably important settlement nearby.</ref> Delhi's stone pillar edicts were transported from their original sites in Meerut and Ambala during the reign of Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388 AD). They were erected in Feruzabad, the fifth medieval city of Delhi, established by Feroz Shah Tughlaq.<ref name=Singh/><ref name="Sharma, pp.1,10-11">Sharma, pp.1,10–11</ref><ref name="Peck, p.28">Peck, p.28.The remains of an inscription, on a smooth rock face projecting from the top of a rocky hillock, can be seen under an ugly concrete shelter in a small neighbourhood park in East of Kailash, nor far from the ISKCON temple on the Raja Dhirsain Marg it was discovered in 1966 and is an important part of Delhi’s history and heritage, because it implies that somewhere nearby was a settlement important enough in the 3rd century BC for an edict to have been carved. Among the cluster of religious institutions on the nearby hilltops, the Kalkaji Temple is said to be of great antiquity, and might have had a settlement around it.</ref>

The inscriptions are written in [[Prakrit]], a colloquial language used in everyday speech. The edicts were intended to teach the people of the morals and ideals of civilised living, to bring peace and harmony to the vast empire. The philosophy bears a striking resemblance to the teachings of the Buddha, which his followers believe lead to enlightenment (the universal law of nature), and the constituent elements of the world as it is experienced (the characteristic of elements).<ref name="Sharma, pp. 1, 10-11"/><ref name=Singh/><ref name="Peck, p.28-Bare">Peck, p.28</ref>

==History==
Until the 3rd century BC, a large region of the Indian subcontinent was ruled by [[Chandragupta Maurya]] (322–298 BC), founder of [[Mauryan Empire]]. He was the grandfather of Ashoka. Ashoka's father [[Bindusara]] ruled from 297 to 272 BC. Ashoka, known as [[Ashoka the Great]], after he took over reigns of the Mauryan Empire from his father then expanded and consolidated his grandfather's region into a much larger empire with command over large swathes of the Indian subcontinent and with his capital at [[Pataliputra]], the present day [[Patna]] in [[Bihar]].<ref name="Peck, pp.26-28">Peck, pp.26–28</ref> Ashoka ruled for three decades. During his reign, he underwent a dramatic change in his life-style after winning the [[Kalinga War]] of 261 BC, at the cost of immense loss of life. As one of his edict inscriptions states: "150,000 people were forcibly abducted from their homes, 100,000 were killed in battle, and many more died later on".<ref name=Kulkae>{{Cite book|last=Kulkae|first=Hermann|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title= A History of India|work=Ashoka the beloved to the Gods|pages=62–65|access-date=2009-08-09|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0GEtXp-GsUC&q=Ujjain&pg=PA65|publisher= CRC Press|year=1998|isbn= 0-203-44345-4}}</ref> This event had a profound impact upon him. He was repentant. He then decided to renounce further warfare. He then converted to Buddhist religion, as the ethos of [[Buddhism]] (teachings of Buddha, an awakened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end suffering (or [[dukkha]]), achieve [[nirvana]], and escape what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth} appealed to him. His 13th edict is a form of self indictment: "Even a hundredth or a thousandth part only of the people who were slain, or killed or abducted in Kalinga is now considered as a grievous loss by Devanmpiya, beloved of the Gods, i.e., Ashoka".<ref name=Kulkae/>

He avowed that his future actions would entirely be on spiritual lines and devoted to the spread of the doctrine of the right conduct.<ref name=Kulkae/> Two years after the Kalinga war, as a primary member of the Buddhist faith, for 265 days, he undertook a nationwide pilgrimage of holy places of Buddhist religion. On his return to Pataliputra, his capital, in 258 BC, after a grand celebration, he launched his missionary campaign throughout his empire and even spread to South India and Sri Lanka. Ashoka's son [[Mahinda (buddhist monk)|Mahindra]] was involved in this mission. In 257 BC, he got the first four of his 14 rock edicts inscribed in different parts of his empire. Out of the fourteen rock edicts, one rock edict has been discovered in Delhi, though not in a complete form.<ref name=Kulkae/>

While edicts inscribed on rocks were found in many parts of the world, erection of carved pillars was unique to Ashokan times, totally independent of any other structures.<ref>"Bhandarkar pp.205–206">Bhandarkar pp.205–206</ref>

==Edicts==
{{main|Edicts of Ashoka}}
[[File:Well prserved rock edict from Gujarat.jpg|thumb|right|Replica of Ashoka's Major Rock Edict at [[Girnar]], [[Gujarat]], displayed at the entrance to the [[National Museum, New Delhi|National Museum]], [[Delhi]]]]
Ashokan edicts are significant for the message they convey on the teachings of Buddhism. They have been found across his empire, written in several languages and scripts, but most of those found in India are written in [[Prakrit]], using the [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] script. To spread the message in the north-western of the empire, edicts were written in [[Kharoshti]] script. Bilingual and bi-scriptural edicts have also been discovered in [[Kandahar]] and [[Afghanistan]], written in [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Aramaic]]. Ashokan edicts written on rocks or pillars are considered unique and permanent as compared to the [[Arecaceae|palm]] [[leaf]] or [[Bark (botany)|bark]] writings (perishable materials) of the past during the [[Harappan civilization]], or even early [[Mauryan Empire]] edicts. The Brahmi script was not deciphered until 1837, by [[James Prinsep]], an Indian [[antiquarian]]. The edicts of Ashoka deal with codes of conduct in respect of moral and religious views, as his personal messages.<ref name=Singh/><ref name=epigraph>{{Cite book|author= Richard Salomon|title=Indian epigraphy|work= Inscriptions of the Mauyryan Period|pages=135–139|access-date=2009-07-22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&q=Ashokan+Pillar,+Delhi&pg=PA138|publisher= Oxford University Press US|year=1998|isbn=0-19-509984-2}}</ref>

The edicts are of two types: the in-situ rock edicts and the pillar edicts, both of which are found in Delhi. The rock edicts are further subdivided into two categories, the "major rock edicts" and the "minor rock edicts", based on their age. Minor rock edits are the earliest, followed by major rock edicts, and then the pillar edicts.<ref name=epigraph/> Major rock edicts have been discovered across India, with 14 personal declarations by Ashoka. Two have been moved to Delhi from their original locations.<ref name=epigraph/>

The minor edicts, which predate the major edicts, have been discovered at 17 locations in different regions of the country. Ten of them are categorized as "minor rock edict I" that proclaim Ashoka's religious commitments and urge people to adopt this path. The last seven edicts, include the category of "minor rock edict II" that urges people to be obedient and respectful to parents, elders and teachers. The last seven rock edict include the Delhi edict (found in 1966) that is categorized as minor rock edict I. One particular minor rock edict that is housed in [[Asiatic Society]], [[Calcutta]] is a dictum to the Buddhists urging them to read the seven scriptural texts.<ref name=epigraph/>

The six basic pillar edicts, which are carved on sandstone, deal mainly with the spread of moral values; Ashoka's Dhamma cover topics such as kindness, forbearance, and concern for the welfare of his people. These edicts are fairly uniform in their language and text, unlike the rock edicts, but the Delhi-Topra pillar has a long additional message. It abridges and reaffirms the content of other pillars, and to some degree those of the Major Rock Edicts also.<ref name=epigraph/>

==Rock edict in Delhi==
{{anchor| Delhi}}
[[File:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Bahapur, Delhi Concrete shelter.jpg|thumb|right| A rare Ashokan rock edict of the 3rd century BC. found in [[Purana Qila]] enclosed in a crude concrete shed during the 20th century]]
{{See also|Minor Rock Edicts}}
[[File:Ashokan Rock edict in Delhi.jpg|thumb|right|Ashokan edict details on in-situ rock surface in [[Delhi]], but fading]]
The in-situ Bahapur rock edict ({{Coord|28.55856|77.25662|display=inline}}) was discovered in Delhi in an engraved form on a small patch of rock exposure in [[Srinivaspuri]], one kilometer north of [[Kalkaji temple]], close to Bahapur village in [[South Delhi]]. The edict categorized as a "Minor edict" written in Brahmi script was a first person message of Ashoka, which exhorts people to follow the [[Buddhist]] way of life. It is inscribed on a rock surface with irregular lines and letter size with a number of lines not clearly decipherable. The edict translated into English reads:

{{blockquote|[[Devanampiya|Beloved of the Gods]] said thus: (it has been) more than two and a half years since I became a [[Householder (Buddhism)|lay devotee]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=M. C. |last2=Pande |first2=B. M. |title=A Newly Discovered Inscription of Aśoka at Bahapur, Delhi |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1967 |issue=3/4 |page=97 |jstor=25202984 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> At first no great exertion was made by me but in the last year I have drawn closer to the [[Buddhist monasticism|Buddhist order]] and exerted myself zealously and drawn in others to mingle with the gods. This goal is not one restricted only to let the people great to exert themselves and to the great but even a humble man who exerts himself can reach heaven. This proclamation is made for the following purpose: to encourage the humble and the great to exert themselves and to let the people who live beyond the borders of the empire know about it. Exertion in the cause must endure forever and it will spread further among the people so that it increases one-and-half fold.<ref name="Peck, pp.26-28"/><ref name="Singh pp.121–122">Singh pp.121–122</ref>}}

The rock edict [[Epigraphy|epigraph]] was discovered on an inclined rock face by a building contractor operating at the site for building a residential colony. Archaeologists immediately examined it on 26 March 1966 and identified it as representing the Minor Rock Edict I of the Ashokan period in the light of its similarity with edicts in 13 other places in different parts of India, such as Barat in [[Jaipur]] [[Country subdivision|division]] (to which Delhi rock edict has close resemblance) and the two pillars in Delhi. The Delhi edict was recorded as the 14th epigraphic version. The inscription covers an area of size {{convert|75|cm|in}} length and {{convert|77|cm|in}} height of the rock face. There are ten lines of writing of varying length written in Prakrit language in early Brahmi script and lacks uniformity of the [[Sanskrit grammar|akshara]]s (letters).<ref name=Singh/>

One interpretation for the rock edict at Bahapur in Delhi is that it represents the trans-regional trade route of [[North India]] as an ancient trade link between the [[Gangetic Delta]] and the northwestern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The second view is that it marks the site of a temple since it has been found at the base of a rock exposure near the present day Kalkaji temple. It is claimed that at [[Kalkaji]], where the new [[Kalka Mandir, Delhi|Kalka Mandir]] (temple) exists now, was the old location of a temple (one of the five temples in Delhi) built by [[Pandavas]], heroes of the [[Indian epic poetry|epic]] [[Mahabharata]] period.<ref name=Singh/><ref name=Lugen>{{Cite book|author= Philip Lutgendorf|title= Hanuman's tale| access-date=2009-05-07|work=A Tale of two Temples, Foot note 9|page= 253|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fVFC2Nx-LP8C&q=yogmaya+temple&pg=PA253|publisher= by Oxford University Press US|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-530921-8}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">

File:Shelter on the surrounding rocky landscape.jpg|Shelter on the surrounding rocky landscape
File:Ashoka Rock Edict in Delhi surrounded by steel cage.jpg|Edict in Delhi surrounded by steel cage
File:Ashoka's Rock Edict 02.jpg|Ashoka's Rock Edict (close up)
</gallery>

==Pillar edicts in Delhi==
{{see also|Pillars of Ashoka|Major Pillar Edicts}}
[[File:Ashokan pillar.jpg|thumb|left|Pillar edict on the ridge near Hindu Rao hospital, the second pillar shifted from [[Meerut]] to [[Delhi]], known as the Delhi-Meerut Pillar]]
All of the Ashokan pillar or column edicts were made out of [[Chunar stone|Chunar sandstone]] quarried from [[Chunar]] in the [[Mirzapur District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. They were chiseled at the quarry and then transported to various places in the country. They were chiseled from massive rock blocks of {{convert|1.22|m|ft}} square and {{convert|15.2|m|ft}} long, which were extracted from the quarry. They were chiseled as monolith pillars of size between {{convert|12.2|m|ft}} and {{convert|15.2|m|ft}} in length with an average diameter of {{convert|0.785|m|ft}}.<ref name="Bhandarkar p.206">Bhandarkar p.206</ref> The pillars were cut, dressed, finely polished into circular columns, and carved with edicts, before being transported to various locations in the country. Two were transferred to Delhi in the 14th century by Feroz Shah Tughlaq.<ref name="Bhandarkar pp.206–207">Bhandarkar pp. 206–207</ref>

The two pillar edicts are still in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhis-Air-pollution-behind-corrosion-of-Ashoka-Pillar/articleshow/55811910.cms|title=Delhi's air pollution behind corrosion of Ashoka Pillar?|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 December 2016 }}</ref> The one on the Delhi ridge opposite the entrance of Bara Hindu Rao Hospital, close to the [[Delhi University]] campus, is popularly known as the Delhi-Meerut Pillar. The other, in the grounds of Feroz Shah Kotla, is known as the Delhi-Topra Pillar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Kotlas-Ashoka-pillar-over-2000-years-old-suffers-heavy-damage/articleshow/55763120.cms|title=Kotla's Ashoka pillar, over 2,000 years old, suffers heavy damage|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 December 2016 }}</ref><ref name=Singh/>

[[Feroz Shah Tughlaq]], who ruled from Delhi as [[Sultan]] during the medieval period between 1351 and 1388, was a keen historian, architect, game hunter, and with deep sense of commitment to build public utilities related to irrigation works and establishing urban towns. Feroz Shah, during one of his campaigns, was enthralled by the two spectacular monoliths – inscribed Ashokan pillars he saw, one at Topra near Ambala and the other near Meerut, till then undeciphered – and decided to shift them to his palatial Feruzabad palace in Delhi as "totemic embellishments". He shifted the pillars from these places and got them erected in Delhi; the former in his new capital and the latter on the ridge, near Pir-Ghaib, his hunting palace. The first pillar was erected in the 1350s, next to the Friday mosque in the new city of Feruzabad.).<ref name="Sharma, pp. 1, 10-11">Sharma, pp. 1, 10–11</ref><ref name=Singh/><ref name=john>{{Cite book|last=Keay|first= John|title=India: A History|work=The Arm of the Guptas|page=136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC&q=Ashokan+Pillar,+Delhi&pg=PA136|publisher= Grove Press|year=2001|isbn=0-8021-3797-0}}</ref><ref>Flood p. 248</ref>
Near the gate of the building that holds the Ashokan pillar, every Thursday afternoon is a kind of ''djinns date'', as a large number of people visit the place to either mollify or revere the ''djinns'' or genies (said to be a pre-Islamic belief) that are believed to prowl there.<ref name="Peck p.82">Peck p. 82</ref>

===Delhi-Meerut pillar===
[[File:Asokan brahmi pillar edict.jpg|thumb|A portion of the Meerut pillar, with a segment of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]], now in the [[British Museum]].]]
The Delhi-Meerut pillar ({{Coord|28.673853|77.211849|display=inline}}), was shifted from [[Meerut]], in Uttar Pradesh to Delhi by Feruz Shah and erected at a location in the [[Delhi ridge|northern ridge]] of Delhi, close to his hunting palace, between the Chauburji-Masjid and Hindu Rao Hospital. It was an elaborately planned transportation, from its original location, using a 42-wheeled cart to bring it up to the Yamuna river bank and then further transporting it by the Yamuna river route using barges. As seen now, it is of{{convert|10|m|ft}} height but the pillar was damaged in an explosion during the rule of Farrukshiar (1713–19). The five broken pieces were initially shifted to the [[Asiatic Society of Bengal]], [[Calcutta]] and later brought back in 1866 and re-erected in 1887. In the early 17th century, William Finch, a historian chronicler, observed that the pillar had "a globe and half moon at top and diverse inscription upon it".<ref name="Sharma pp.136–137">Sharma pp.136–137</ref><ref name="Peck p.91">Peck p. 91</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">

File:Asokan Pillar.JPG|Delhi-Meerut pillar
File:Delhi-Meerut pillar inscription.jpg|Delhi-Meerut pillar inscription
File:Ashoka pillar delhi4.png|Transcription
</gallery>

===Delhi-Topra pillar===
{{main|Delhi-Topra pillar}}
[[File:Ashokan pillar building.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ashokan Pillar at the ruined palace in [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], shifted from Topra village in [[Yamunanagar district]], [[Haryana]] to [[Delhi]], called the Delhi-Topra pillar.]]
The [[Topra Kalan#Topra Ashokan Pillar|Topra Ashokan Pillar]] ({{Coord|28.635739|77.245398|display=inline}}), moved from [[Topra Kalan]] in [[Yamunanagar district]] of [[Haryana]], was erected above the palace building at [[Feroz Shah Kotla]] is {{convert|13|m|ft}} high (with one metre below the platform) and made of sandstone. It is finished very well vis-à-vis the second pillar located in Delhi at the ridge.

The inscription in Brahmi script, which was deciphered by [[James Prinsep]], a renowned scholar in [[India]]n [[antiquarian]] [[Study (art)|studies]] in 1837, conveys the same message as the other Ashokan Pillars erected such as "code of dharma:virtue, social cohesion and piety" but with one difference that on this pillar there is also a reference to issues related to taxation. The building that houses the pillar is a three-storied structure built in rubble masonry. It has a large number of small domed rooms in the first and second floors, with links to the roof. Rooms on each floor have arched entrances, which are now stated to be used for ''pujas'' (worship). It is a pyramidal-shaped structure with reducing size at each level with the pillar installed on the terrace of the building. It is conjectured that originally the pillar had a lion capital (similar to the Ashoka Emblem), which is the [[National Emblem of India]]. Feroz Shah is said to have embellished the top of the pillar with frescoes in black and white stone topped with a gilded copper cupola. But at present, what is visible is the smooth polished surface of the pillar, and an elephant carving added much later.<ref name="Sharma p.131">Sharma p.131</ref><ref name="Peck p.85">Peck p.85</ref><ref name=hort>{{Cite book|last=Horton|first= Patrick |author2=Richard Plunkett |author3=Hugh Finlay|title= Delhi|work=Feroz Shah Kotla|page=104|access-date=2009-07-22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee1HTcplZS0C&q=Ashokan+Pillar,+Delhi&pg=PA104|publisher= Lonely Planet|year=2002|isbn=978-1-86450-297-8}}</ref> It has also been noted that this pillar, apart from the Ashokan edict, has another set of text inscribed in Sanskrit "below and around Ashokan edict", in ''nagari'' script. This inscription records: "the conquests of [[Vigraharaja IV|Visala Deva Vigraharaja IV]] of the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhan dynasty]], which was still ruling over Delhi at the time of Ghurid conquests in the 1190s, and his victories over a Mlechha (presumably "Ghaznavid or Gharid"). With this finding, it has been inferred that Visala Deva reused this pillar to record his triumphs in wars.<ref name="Flood pp.249–250">Flood pp.249–250</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">

File:Delhi-Topra Ashoka pillar.jpg|Delhi-Topra Ashoka pillar
File:Ashoka Pillar at Feroze Shah Kotla, Delhi 05.JPG|Inscriptions ([[Brahmi]] on top, [[Devanagari]] below)
File:Delhi-Topra pillar Ashoka inscriptions.jpg|Delhi-Topra pillar Ashoka inscriptions (Edicts I to VII)
</gallery>

==Transportation techniques==
[[File:Sirat i-Firuz Shahi 14th century illustration of the transportation of the Topra pillar to Delhi.jpg|thumb|Transportation of the Topra pillar to Delhi. Sirat i-Firuz Shahi, 14th century illustration.]]
The transportation of the massive pillars to Delhi, planned under the direction of Sultan Feruz Shah, was documented by contemporary historian Shams-i-Siraj.<ref name=john/><ref name = "Bhandarkar">Bhandarkar pp. 207–209</ref>

The truncated pillar now at the ruined palace of Feruz Shah came from Khizrabad, in the upstream reaches of the [[Yamuna River]], about {{convert|90|km|mi}} from Delhi. The transportation of the pillar was highly demanding, requiring soldiers (both cavalry and foot) to pitch in with all tools and tackles to transport it to Delhi. Silk cotton from the [[Bombax|Silk cotton tree]], the ''simal'', was gathered in large quantities to surround the pillar before it was lowered horizontally to the ground. The covering was then removed, and replaced by reeds and raw hide to protect the pillar. A 42-wheeled cart was used to transport it to the river bank, where it was loaded onto a large boat. The cart required 8,400 men to move it, 200 to each wheel.<ref name=john/> A purpose-built palatial building was constructed out of stone and lime mortar to house the pillar. The square base stone was placed at the base of the pillar before the task was completed. The building is now in a ruined state, but the pillar still stands as it was erected.<ref name=john/><ref name = "Bhandarkar"/>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Related topics
** [[Ancient iron production]]
** [[Ashoka's Major Rock Edicts]]
** [[Dhar iron pillar]]
** [[History of metallurgy in South Asia]]
** [[Iron pillar of Delhi]]
** [[List of Edicts of Ashoka]]
** [[Pillars of Ashoka]]
** [[Stambha]]
* Other similar topics
** [[Buddhist art]]
** [[Buddhist caves in India]]
** [[Chaitya-griha]] & [[Vihāra]]
** [[Early Indian epigraphy]]
** [[History of India]]
** [[Indian copper plate inscriptions]]
** [[Indian rock-cut architecture]]
** [[List of rock-cut temples in India]]
** [[Outline of ancient India]]
** [[South Indian Inscriptions]]
** [[Tagundaing]]
{{col div end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite book|last=Bhandarkar|first= R. G|author2=D.R. Bhandarkar|title= Asoka|work=Social and Religious life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhlfSZLDjRsC&q=Ashokan+Pillar,+Delhi&pg=PA207|publisher= Asian Educational Services|year= 2000|isbn=81-206-1333-3}}
* {{Cite book|last=Flood|first=Finbarr B.|title=Objects of Translation|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2009|isbn= 978-0-691-12594-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C&q=Ashokan+Pillar,+Delhi&pg=PA248}}
* {{Cite book|last=Peck|first=Lucy|title= Delhi -A thousand years of Building|work= Rock edicts & Ashokan Pillars|publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd.|location=New Delhi|year=2005|isbn=81-7436-354-8|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Y.D.|title=Delhi and its Neighbourhood|work=Rock edicts and Ashokan pillars|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|location=New Delhi|year=2001|url=http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=87|access-date=31 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216054938/http://indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=87|archive-date=16 February 2010|url-status=dead}}

{{Delhi}}
{{Historical regions of North India}}

[[Category:Edicts of Ashoka|Delhi]]
[[Category:History of Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Delhi]]
[[Category:Memorials to Ashoka]]

Naseeruddin Shah

2026-02-27T07:42:48Z

AndyMfn275514: general enhanced formatting after review and updated info per standard format

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1950)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Naseeruddin Shah
| image = Naseeruddin Shah at IFP Season 9.jpg
| caption = Shah at IFP Season 9
12 October 2019
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|07|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Barabanki]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| yearsactive = 1972–present
| spouse = Manara Sikri (deceased) {{marriage|[[Ratna Pathak Shah]]|1982}}
| children = 3, inc. [[Imaad Shah|Imaad]] and [[Vivaan Shah|Vivaan]]
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India|Film and Television Institute]] [[National School of Drama]] [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|director}}
| works = [[Naseeruddin Shah filmography|Full list]]
| birth_name =
| relatives = [[:Template:Shah family|Shah family]]
| awards =
| honours = [[Padma Bhushan]] [[Padma Shri]]
| website =
| signature = Naseeruddin Shah Signature.jpg
| signature_alt = Naseeruddin Shah Signature
}}

'''Naseeruddin Shah''' (born 20 July 1950) is an Indian actor who works primarily in [[Hindi]] films. He was notable in Indian [[parallel cinema]] and has starred in various international productions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/naseeruddin-shah-says-essential-for-muslims-to-stop-feeling-persecuted-assert-claim-on-india/|title=Naseeruddin Shah says essential for Muslims to stop feeling persecuted, assert claim on India|website=The Indian Express|date=2 June 2017 |access-date=2 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602065033/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/naseeruddin-shah-says-essential-for-muslims-to-stop-feeling-persecuted-assert-claim-on-india/|archive-date=2 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=20 July 2020|title=Naseeruddin Shah: The Angel of Chaos|url=https://filmcriticscircle.com/journal/naseeruddin-shah-the-angel-of-chaos/|access-date=26 October 2020|website=Journal of Indian Cinema|language=en-GB|archive-date=6 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206105659/https://filmcriticscircle.com/journal/naseeruddin-shah-the-angel-of-chaos/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has won numerous awards in his career, including three [[National Film Awards]], three [[Filmfare Awards]] and the [[Volpi Cup for Best Actor]] at the [[Venice Film Festival]]. The [[Government of India]] honoured him with the [[Padma Shri]] and the [[Padma Bhushan]] awards for his contributions to Indian cinema.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028182142/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2015|title=Padma Awards|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|date=2015|access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>

In 1982, he married his second wife, actress [[Ratna Pathak Shah|Ratna Pathak]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-12 |title=Ratna Pathak resents being second to husband Naseeruddin Shah's career, but has learned to accept it |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ratna-pathak-resents-being-second-to-husband-naseeruddin-shahs-career-but-has-learned-to-accept-it-9939865/ |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> daughter of actress [[Dina Pathak]], with whom he has two sons. His sister-in-law is actress [[Supriya Pathak]], who is married to actor [[Pankaj Kapur]].

== Early life and education ==
Naseeruddin Shah was born on 20 July 1950 in [[Barabanki city|Barabanki]] town, [[Uttar Pradesh]], into a [[Nawab]] family.<ref>{{cite book |author=Italo Spinelli |title=Indian Summer: Films, Filmmakers and Stars Between Ray and Bollywood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gq4aAQAAIAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Edizioni Oliveras |pages=144 |isbn=9788885982680 |access-date=6 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707071544/http://books.google.com/books?id=Gq4aAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=7 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> His great-great-grandfather was the [[Afghan people|Afghan]] [[warlord]] [[Jan-Fishan Khan]], who would go on to become the [[Nawab of Sardhana]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-20 |title=Bollywood celebrities who have royal roots; Number 3 will SHOCK you |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bollywood-celebrities-who-have-royal-roots-number-3-will-shock-you/photostory/121276393.cms?picid=121276405 |access-date=2025-07-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> His relatives include author-diplomat [[Ikbal Ali Shah]], poet [[Amina Shah]], [[Omar Ali-Shah]] and [[Idries Shah]], the latter of whom both [[Sufism|Sufi]] writers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 July 2020|title=Bollywood wishes Naseeruddin Shah on 70th birthday: You continue to inspire us|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-wishes-naseeruddin-shah-on-70th-birthday-6514498/|access-date=7 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> His relatives from [[Pakistan]] include actor-director [[Syed Kamal]], Shah Mahboob Alam, former joint director and head of [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|Pakistan's Intelligence Bureau]] in [[Sindh]] and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], and cricketer [[Owais Shah]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=How well do you know Naseer?|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-quiz-naseeruddin-shah/20100720.htm|website=Rediff.com|publisher=Rediff.com India Ltd.|date=20 July 2010|access-date=27 November 2025|url-status=live|quote=Born in Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, Naseeruddin Shah is the descendant of the 19th century Afghan warlord, Jan Fishan Khan. He is also related to Afghan writer Idries Shah, famous Pakistani actor Syed Kamal Shah, the former joint director and head of Pakistan's Intelligence Bureau in Sindh and Balochistan, Shah Mahboob Alam, and cricketer Owais Shah.}}</ref>

Shah attended St. Anselm's Ajmer school and [[St Joseph's College, Nainital]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Society |first=LUCKNOW |date=2013-07-02 |title=Padma Shri & Padma Bhushan Naseeruddin Shah : Salute to the legend from Avadh |url=https://lucknow.me/padma-shri-padma-bhushan-naseeruddin-shah-salute-to-the-legend-from-avadh/ |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=LUCKNOW Society® |language=en-US}}</ref> He graduated in arts from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in 1971 and attended [[National School of Drama]] in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-20 |title=Naseeruddin Shah turns 68: Some facts on his life |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/naseeruddin-shah-326619-2015-07-20 |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

His elder brother, Lt. General [[Zameerud-din Shah]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nagalandpage.com/national/29822-former-goc-3-corps-in-vp-race|title=Former GOC 3 corps in VP race|date=9 May 2017|work=Nagaland Page|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825161855/http://www.nagalandpage.com/national/29822-former-goc-3-corps-in-vp-race|archive-date=25 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> (Retd.) PVSM, SM, VSM, had a distinguished career in the military, having served as [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff]] of the [[Indian Army]], and later was appointed a member of the [[Armed Forces Tribunal]] and also [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stateherald.com/2017/05/12/peoples-vice-presidential-candidate/|title=People's Vice Presidential Candidate|date=12 May 2017|work=State Herald|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517081425/http://www.stateherald.com/2017/05/12/peoples-vice-presidential-candidate/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live |last1=K |first1=Rakesh }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://morungexpress.com/high-speculation-former-goc-3-corps-vp/|title=High speculation former GOC 3 Corps VP|date=10 May 2017|work=Morung Express|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701163628/http://morungexpress.com/high-speculation-former-goc-3-corps-vp/|archive-date=1 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
===Parallel and mainstream cinema===
Shah started his film career in the mid 1970s in [[parallel cinema]] and has acted in [[films]] such as ''[[Nishant (film)|Nishant]]'', ''[[Aakrosh (1980 film)|Aakrosh]]'', ''[[Sparsh (film)|Sparsh]]'', ''[[Mirch Masala]]'', ''[[Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai? (1980 film)|Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyon Ata Hai]]'', ''[[Trikaal|Trikal]]'', ''[[Bhavni Bhavai]]'', ''[[Junoon (1978 film)|Junoon]]'', ''[[Mandi (1983 film)|Mandi]]'', ''[[Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!]]'', ''[[Ardh Satya]]'' and ''[[Katha (1983 film)|Katha]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0787462|title=Naseeruddin Shah|website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=22 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120022844/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0787462/|archive-date=20 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shah became active in mainstream [[Bollywood]] cinema with the 1980 film ''[[Hum Paanch (film)|Hum Paanch]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2018-07-20 |title=Veteran actor Naseeruddin Shah turns 68 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/Jul/20/veteran-actor-naseeruddin-shah-turns-68-1846057.html |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 1982, he acted in the film ''[[Dil Aakhir Dil Hai]]'' directed by Ismail Shroff, opposite [[Rakhee Gulzar|Rakhee]]. One of his most important films, ''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]'', was released in 1983<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shekhar Kapur says people wanted him to change Masoom script. Just another copy, retorts Internet|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shekhar-kapur-says-people-wanted-him-to-change-masoom-script-just-another-copy-retorts-internet-1576418-2019-08-02|date=2 August 2019|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=20 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720083938/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shekhar-kapur-says-people-wanted-him-to-change-masoom-script-just-another-copy-retorts-internet-1576418-2019-08-02|url-status=live}}</ref> and was shot at [[St Joseph's College, Nainital]]. That same year, he appeared in the cult comedy film ''[[Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro]]n''. His next major success in mainstream films was the 1986 multi-star film ''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]'' where he acted alongside veteran [[Dilip Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naseeruddin Shah - Photos, Videos, Birthday, Latest News, Height In Feet - FilmiBeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/naseeruddin-shah.html |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref> Starring roles for films such as ''[[Ijaazat]]'' (1987), ''[[Jalwa]]'' (1988) and ''[[Hero Hiralal]]'' (1989) followed. In 1988, he played opposite his wife [[Ratna Pathak]] as [[Inspector Ghote]], the fictional detective of [[H. R. F. Keating]]'s novels in the [[Merchant Ivory]] English language film ''[[The Perfect Murder (1988 film)|The Perfect Murder]]''. He acted with [[Aditya Pancholi]] in films like ''[[Maalamaal]]'' (1988) and ''Game'' (1993).

He has acted in several multi-starrer films as well, such as ''[[Ghulami]]'' (1985), ''[[Tridev]]'' (1989) and ''[[Vishwatma]]'' (1992). In 1994, he acted as the [[villain]] in ''[[Mohra]]'', his 100th film as an actor. He forayed into [[Malayalam cinema]] the same year, through [[T. V. Chandran]]'s drama ''[[Ponthan Mada]]''. The film portrayed the irrational bonding of a feudal serf (played by [[Mammootty]]) and a colonial landlord (played by Shah). He strongly believed that the distinction between art and commercial films had largely reduced, especially with the directors of the former also making commercial films. In 2000, Shah played [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in [[Kamal Haasan]]'s ''[[Hey Ram]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20000228-naseeruddin-shah-gets-to-play-mahatma-gandhi-twice-777153-2000-02-28|title=Naseeruddin Shah gets to play Mahatma Gandhi twice|first=Anna M. M. |last=Vetticad|website=India Today|date=28 February 2000 |language=en|access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> which focused on the assassination of Gandhi from [[Nathuram Godse|the assailant]]'s point of view.

Shah played Mohit, the drunken coach to a deaf and mute boy in ''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naseeruddin Shah's TOI Archives - 100 Years of Indian CinemaPhotos - 100 Yrs of Indian Cinema-Movies-The Times of India Photogallery |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/movies/100-yrs-of-indian-cinema/Naseeruddin-Shahs-TOI-Archives-100-Years-of-Indian-Cinema/morphshow/21166739.cms |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref> Shah was noted for his roles in the 1999 [[Aamir Khan]]-starrer ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]'', where he played Gulfam Hassan – a ''[[ghazal]]'' singer-cum-terrorist mastermind — and in [[Neeraj Pandey]]'s ''[[A Wednesday]]'' (2008).

Shah has also starred in international projects, such as ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'' in 2001 and a Hollywood adaptation of ''[[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film)|The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen]]'' in 2003 (co-starring [[Sean Connery]]), where he played [[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film)#Captain Nemo|Captain Nemo]]. His portrayal of Nemo was very close to the design of the graphic novel, although his Nemo was far less manic. He worked in [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]'s Indian adaptation of [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Macbeth]]'', titled ''[[Maqbool]]'', in 2003, and [[Rajiv Rai]]'s ''[[Asambhav]]'' opposite [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] in 2004. He then went on to work in ''[[The Great New Wonderful]]'' (2005). Shah played a pivotal role in ''[[Today's Special (film)|Today's Special]]'', [[Aasif Mandvi]]'s 2009 independent comedy film. In 2011, Shah was seen in ''[[The Dirty Picture]]''. He acted in Anup Kurian's ''[[The Hunt (2010 film)|The Blueberry Hunt]]'', playing a recluse growing [[Marijuana (word)|marijuana]] in his forest retreat, and in ''[[Waiting (2016 film)|Waiting]]'', starring opposite [[Kalki Koechlin]], both of which were released in 2016.

Shah made his [[Cinema of Pakistan|Pakistani]] film debut in ''[[Khuda Ke Liye]]'' by [[Shoaib Mansoor]], where he played a short cameo. His second Pakistani film ''[[Zinda Bhaag]]'' was selected as the country's official entry to the [[86th Academy Awards]] for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] award.

=== As a director ===
[[Naseeruddin Shah filmography|Shah]] has performed with his theatre troupe at places such as New Delhi, [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Lahore]]. He has directed plays written by Lavender Kumar, [[Ismat Chughtai]] and [[Saadat Hasan Manto]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

His directorial debut in movies, ''[[Yun Hota To Kya Hota]]'', was released in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naseeruddin Shah Unable to Summon Confidence to Direct After 'Yun Hota Toh Kya Hota' for This Reason |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/naseeruddin-shah-unable-to-summon-confidence-to-direct-after-yun-hota-toh-kya-hota-for-this-reason-2838471.html |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> It stars several established actors such as [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Irrfan Khan]], then-newcomer [[Ayesha Takia]], his son [[Imaad Shah]] and his old friend [[Ravi Baswani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jul/21yun.htm|title=Yun Hota.. the Rediff review|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=28 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301212336/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jul/21yun.htm|archive-date=1 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Theatre and television===
[[File:Naseeruddin Shah at The Doon School.jpg|thumb|Naseeruddin Shah playing Pozzo in Motley's production of ''[[Waiting for Godot]]'' at [[The Doon School]], 2009.]]
In 1977, Shah, [[Tom Alter]] and [[Benjamin Gilani]] formed a theatre group called Motley Productions. Their first play was [[Samuel Beckett]]'s ''[[Waiting for Godot]]'', which was staged at the [[Prithvi Theatre]] on 29 July 1979.<ref>{{cite news |title=Still waiting, for Mr Godot |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970821/23350783.html |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=21 August 1997 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424080515/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970821/23350783.html |archive-date=24 April 2008 }}</ref>

In 1988, he acted in the [[eponym]]ous [[Mirza Ghalib (TV series)|television series]] based on the life and times of [[Ghalib|Mirza Ghalib]], directed by [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]] and telecast on [[DD National]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-218085-Naseeruddin-Shah-says-he-visited-parts-of-Lahore-in-disguise|title=Naseeruddin Shah says he visited parts of Lahore in disguise|date=4 December 2013|access-date=24 December 2013|author=Ansari, Shahab|publisher=The News International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112015/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-218085-Naseeruddin-Shah-says-he-visited-parts-of-Lahore-in-disguise|archive-date=24 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1989, he acted as the [[Maratha]] King [[Shivaji]] in another [[eponym]]ous television series ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'' based on [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s book ''[[The Discovery of India]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Being Naseer|url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/being-naseer-2538.html|date=7 March 2013|work=Filmware|author=Roychoudhary, Amborish|access-date=25 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306140436/http://www.filmfare.com/features/being-naseer-2538.html|archive-date=6 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the mid-1990s, Shah also hosted some episodes of science magazine programme ''[[Turning Point (1991 TV series)|Turning Point]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19980330-turning-point-makes-a-comeback-with-new-host-and-producer-825995-1998-03-29|title=Turning Point makes a comeback with new host and producer|website=India Today|date=30 March 1998 |access-date=9 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818105922/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/turning-point-makes-a-comeback-with-new-host-and-producer/1/263745.html|archive-date=18 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1999, he acted as a special agent in the TV series ''Tarkash'' on [[Zee TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Society |first=LUCKNOW |date=2013-07-02 |title=Padma Shri & Padma Bhushan Naseeruddin Shah : Salute to the legend from Avadh |url=https://lucknow.me/padma-shri-padma-bhushan-naseeruddin-shah-salute-to-the-legend-from-avadh/ |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=LUCKNOW Society® |language=en-US}}</ref> He played a retired agent haunted by nightmares who is re-inducted as he apparently knows something about a dreaded terrorist somehow connected with his past.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A quiver full of arrows |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99sep19/sunday/filmtv.htm |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> He played the villain with the dual identity of a [[ghazal]] singer and a [[Inter Services Intelligence|Pakistani spy]] who supports terrorism in India in ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]'' (1999).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/not-returning-awards-as-they-mean-nothing-to-me-naseeruddin-shah/|title=Not returning awards as they mean nothing to me: Naseeruddin Shah|work=The Indian Express|date=6 November 2015|access-date=8 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108215857/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/not-returning-awards-as-they-mean-nothing-to-me-naseeruddin-shah/|archive-date=8 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the first of several celebrity actors, who played narrator in the popular audiobook series for kids ''[[Karadi Tales]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Karadi tales|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/06/05/stories/13050212.htm|date=5 June 2000|access-date=25 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903181156/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/06/05/stories/13050212.htm|archive-date=3 September 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> He along with wife Ratna was the narrator in the film ''[[Paheli (2005 film)|Paheli]]'' — the Indian entry to the [[79th Academy Awards|2006 Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pahele is a revelation|url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/27pah.htm|website=Rediff|date=27 June 2005|access-date=25 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903181156/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/27pah.htm|archive-date=3 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, Shah returned to film, starring in the Shakespearean adaptation ''[[The Hungry]]'', screened under special presentations at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hungry Trailer: Naseeruddin Shah|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/the-hungry-trailer-naseeruddin-shah-tisca-chopra-take-us-to-a-dark-mean-world/story-f99rVlHW7g52jnZze4iFTP.html|website=HindustanTimes|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912192046/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/the-hungry-trailer-naseeruddin-shah-tisca-chopra-take-us-to-a-dark-mean-world/story-f99rVlHW7g52jnZze4iFTP.html|archive-date=12 September 2017|url-status=live|date=23 August 2017}}</ref> He also acted as lead in ''The Coffin Maker'' directed by Veena Bakshi, which however never got released in public but only remained for private viewership.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bakshi |first=Veena |title=The Coffin Maker |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1784654/ |type=Drama |publisher=Shree Narayan Studios |access-date=2023-01-27}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Naseeruddin Shah, Ratna Pathak at 'Gangs Of Wasseypur' screening 10.jpg|thumb|200px|Shah with wife [[Ratna Pathak]] at ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]'' screening in 2012]]

Shah was married to Manara Sikri and had a daughter, Heeba Shah, with her. In the 1970s, Shah met and fell in love with [[Ratna Pathak Shah|Ratna Pathak]], the daughter of [[Dina Pathak]], a well-respected character actress. During the 70s and 80s they co-starred in several films, including ''[[Mirch Masala]]'' and [[The Perfect Murder (1988 film)|''The Perfect Murder'']].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Naseeruddin-Shahs-son-falls-off-train/articleshow/548379.cms | title=Naseeruddin Shah's son falls off train | date=24 November 2006 | access-date=17 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212194650/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-24/india/27821864_1_nair-hospital-local-train-imaad | archive-date=12 December 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=dead }}</ref> They were in a live-in relationship for many years, while Shah put together the ''[[Mahr|mehr]]'' required to divorce Manara. Shah and Pathak were finally married in 1982.<ref name=Stardust>{{cite news|title=Does Naseeruddin Shah's first marriage and divorce scare his second wife Ratna?|url=http://www.magnamags.com/stardust/blast-from-the-past/does-naseeruddin-shah-s-first-marriage-and-divorce-scare-his-second-wife-ratna/869|work=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]|date=29 July 2013|access-date=14 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915030220/http://www.magnamags.com/stardust/blast-from-the-past/does-naseeruddin-shah-s-first-marriage-and-divorce-scare-his-second-wife-ratna/869|archive-date=15 September 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> By his second marriage, Shah has two sons, [[Imaad Shah|Imaad]] and [[Vivaan Shah|Vivaan]], both of whom are actors. The couple lives in [[Mumbai]] with Heeba, Imaad and Vivaan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/lipstick-under-my-burkha-actor-ratna-pathak-shah-shares-a-moment-in-time-from-when-she-dated-naseeruddin-shah-4774143/|title=Lipstick Under My Burkha actor Ratna Pathak Shah shares a moment in time from when she dated Naseeruddin Shah|date=30 July 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235420/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/lipstick-under-my-burkha-actor-ratna-pathak-shah-shares-a-moment-in-time-from-when-she-dated-naseeruddin-shah-4774143/|archive-date=19 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Main|Naseeruddin Shah filmography}}

== Awards and nominations ==
{{Incomplete list|date=January 2022}}

=== Civilian awards ===
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1980–1989)|1987]] – [[Padma Shri]] – India's fourth highest civilian award
* [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2000–2009)|2003]] – [[Padma Bhushan]] – India's third highest civilian award

=== Film awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
|-
! colspan="4" scope="col" | {{center|[[National Film Awards]]}}
|-
| 1979
| rowspan="2" |[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]||''[[Sparsh (film)|Sparsh]]''||{{won}}
|-
| 1984 ||''[[Paar (film)|Paar]]''||{{won}}
|-
| 2006
|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]||''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]''||{{won}}
|-
|
! colspan="3" scope="col" | {{center|[[Filmfare Awards]]}}
|-
| 1980
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]||''[[Junoon (1978 film)|Junoon]]''||{{nom}}
|-
| 1981
| rowspan="4" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]||''[[Aakrosh (1980 film)|Aakrosh]]''||{{won}}
|-
| 1982 ||''[[Chakra (1981 film)|Chakra]]''||{{won}}
|-
| 1983 ||''[[Bazaar (1982 film)|Bazaar]]''||{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1984 ||''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]''||{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Supporting Actor||''[[Katha (1983 film)|Katha]]''||{{nom}}
|-
|''[[Mandi (1983 film)|Mandi]]''||{{nom}}
|-
| 1985
|Best Actor||''[[Sparsh (film)|Sparsh]]''||{{nom}}
|-
| 1994
|Best Supporting Actor||''[[Sir (1993 film)|Sir]]''||{{nom}}
|-
| 1995
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]||''[[Mohra]]''||{{nom}}
|-
| 1996
|Best Supporting Actor||''[[Naajayaz]]''||{{nom}}
|-
| 1997
|Best Performance in a Negative Role||''[[Chaahat (1996 film)|Chaahat]]''||{{nom}}
|-
| 1999
|Best Supporting Actor||''[[China Gate (1998 film)|China Gate]]''||{{nom}}
|-
| 2000
|Best Performance in a Negative Role||''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''||{{nom}}
|-
| 2006
|Best Supporting Actor||''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]''||{{nom}}
|-
| 2007
|Best Performance in a Negative Role||''[[Krrish]]''||{{nom}}
|-
| 2008
|Best Actor||''[[A Wednesday!]]''||{{nom}}
|-
| 2012
|Best Supporting Actor||''[[The Dirty Picture]]''||{{nom}}
|-
! colspan="4" scope="col" | {{center|[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
|''[[Bandish Bandits]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor in a Web Original Film
|''[[Mee Raqsam]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
! colspan="4" scope="col" | {{center|[[IIFA Awards]]}}
|-
|2000
|[[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
|''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|2006
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2008
|Best Performance in a Negative Role
|''[[Mithya (film)|Mithya]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2009
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[A Wednesday!]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2011
|rowspan="2"|Best Performance in a Negative Role
|''[[Allah Ke Banday]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|2012
|rowspan="2"|''[[The Dirty Picture]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|Best Supporting Actor
|{{nom}}
|-
|2015
|''[[Finding Fanny]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
! colspan="4" scope="col" | {{center|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]}}
|-
|1986
|[[BFJA Award for Best Actor (Hindi)|Best Actor (Hindi)]]
|''[[Paar (film)|Paar]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|2006
|Best Supporting Actor (Hindi)
|''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]''
|{{won}}
|-
! colspan="4" scope="col" | {{center|[[Venice Film Festival]]}}
|-
| 1984
| [[Volpi Cup for Best Actor]]
| ''[[Paar (film)|Paar]]''
| {{won}}
|}

=== Other awards ===
* 2000: '''Won''': [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

== Autobiography ==
In an interview with ''HT Brunch'', Shah speaks about having thought about an autobiography for almost 10 years. He penned down his thoughts occasionally during this period until he finally came up with 100-odd pages. What had started as an amusing pastime had clearly grown into something much deeper. He then presented the unfinished version to his friend, historian [[Ramachandra Guha|Ramchandra Guha]], who encouraged Shah to complete it and send it to a publication house.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 September 2014|title=8 things Naseeruddin Shah's autobiography 'Then One Day' tells us about the man|url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/8-things-naseeruddin-shahs-autobiography-one-day-tells-us-man-1709741.html|access-date=19 January 2021|website=Firstpost}}</ref> Shah's memoir is titled ''And Then One Day'', and was published by Hamish Hamilton.<ref name=Shah>{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Naseeruddin|title=And then one day: A memoir|date=2014|publisher=Hamish Hamilton|pages=1|isbn=978-0-670-08764-8}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book|last=Shah|first=Naseeruddin|title=And then one day: A Memoir|publisher=Hamish Hamilton|year=2014}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category|Naseeruddin Shah}}
* {{IMDb name|0787462}}
* {{cite news|title=Mission theatre, Waar on mind|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131203/jsp/nation/story_17637941.jsp#.UrRIH38ayK1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220134920/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131203/jsp/nation/story_17637941.jsp%23.UrRIH38ayK1|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 December 2013|access-date=20 December 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph India}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Naseeruddin Shah
| list =
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestActor}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{IIFAAwardBestNegativeRole}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestActor 1981–2000}}
{{ScreenAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{Volpi Cup for Best Actor}}
}}
{{Shah family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Naseeruddin}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pathak Shah family|Naseeruddin Shah]]
[[Category:Shah family|Naseeruddin Shah]]
[[Category:People from Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Volpi Cup for Best Actor winners]]
[[Category:Indian drama teachers]]
[[Category:People from Barabanki district]]
[[Category:Best Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian people of Afghan descent]]

Lohit Express

2026-02-24T16:32:33Z

AndyMfn275514: slightly enhanced lead for clarity and updated info

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Lohit Express
| image = Lohitt exp.jpg
| caption = Lohit Express At [[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1990|05|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Guwahati}} (GHY)
| stops = 40
| end = {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}} (JAT)
| distance = {{convert|2346|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 47 hours 10 mins
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| trainnumber = 15651 / 15652
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|50|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 15651 / 15652 '''Lohit Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Guwahati}} and {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}} in India.

It operates as train number 15651 from Guwahati to Jammu Tawi and as train number 15652 in the reverse direction, serving the 8 states of [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

It is named after the [[Lohit River]] which flows through the Indian states of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Assam]] and is 1 of 3 trains that connect Guwahati and Jammu Tawi, the other being the [[Amarnath Express]] and [[Kamakhya–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Express]].

==Coaches==

The 15651 / 52 Guwahati–Jammu Tawi Lohit Express has 1 AC 2 tier, 2 AC 3 tier, 14 Sleeper class, 4 General Unreserved and 2 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) coaches. In addition, it carries a [[pantry car]] and some High Capacity Parcel Vans [http://erail.in/15651-lohit-express].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

The 15651 Guwahati–Jammu Tawi Lohit Express covers the distance of {{convert|2352|km|0|abbr=on}} in 47 hours 15 mins (49.78 km/h) and in 48 hours 45 mins as 15652 Jammu Tawi–Guwahati Lohit Express (48.23 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is below {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare does not include a Superfast surcharge.

==Route & halts==

The 15651 / 15652 Lohit Express runs through the following stations:

'''ASSAM'''
*'''{{stnlnk|Guwahati}}''' (Starts)
*{{rws|Kamakhya}}
*{{rws|Rangiya}}
*{{rws|New Bongaigaon}}

'''WEST BENGAL'''
*{{stnlnk|New Alipurduar}}
*{{rws|New Cooch Behar Junction}}
*{{rws|Dhupguri}}
*'''[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri (Siliguri)]]'''

'''BIHAR'''
*{{rws|Kishanganj}}
*'''{{stnlnk|Katihar Junction}}'''
*{{rws|Naugachia}}
*{{rws|Mansi Junction}}
*{{rws|Khagaria Junction}}
*[[Begusarai]]
*{{stnlnk|Barauni Junction}}
*{{rws|Mohiuddinnagar}}
*{{rws|Shahpur Patori}}
*[[Mahnar Bazar|Mehnar road]]
*{{rws|Desari}}
*{{stnlnk|Hajipur Junction}}
*{{rws|Sonpur Junction}}
*{{rws|Chhapra Junction}}
*{{rws|Siwan Junction}}

'''UTTAR PRADESH'''
*[[Bhatni Bazar|Bhatni]]
*{{rws|Deoria Sadar}}
*'''{{stnlnk|Gorakhpur Junction}}'''
*{{rws|Basti}}
*{{rws|Gonda Junction}}
*'''[[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow NR]]'''
*[[Hardoi]]
*{{stnlnk|Bareilly}}
*{{rws|Moradabad}}
*'''{{stnlnk|Saharanpur Junction}}'''

'''HARYANA'''
*{{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment Junction}}
*[[Jagadhri railway station|Yamunanagar Jagadhri]]

'''UTTARAKHAND'''
*[[Laksar|Laksar Junction]]
*{{rws|Roorkee}}

'''PUNJAB'''
*{{stnlnk|Ludhiana Junction}}
*{{rws|Jalandhar Cantonment}}
*{{rws|Pathankot}}

'''JAMMU KASHMIR'''
*{{rws|Kathua}}
*'''{{rws|Jammu Tawi}}''' (Ends) [http://erail.in/15651-lohit-express].

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, it is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Tuglakabad|Tughlakabad Loco Shed]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.

==Operation==

15651 Guwahati–Jammu Tawi Lohit Express runs from Guwahati every Monday reaching Jammu Tawi on the 3rd day [http://erail.in/15651-lohit-express].

15652 Jammu Tawi–Guwahati Lohit Express runs from Jammu Tawi every Wednesday reaching Guwahati on the 3rd day.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* http://erail.in/15651-lohit-express
* http://www.dragtimes.com/video-viewer.php?v=bd_KjXJgro4&feature
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYxFLwHBo_M

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate=8 April 2014 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-04-05}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lohit Express}}
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Transport in Jammu]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1990]]

Anna (monetary subunit)

2026-02-22T17:36:41Z

AndyMfn275514:

{{Short description|British India currency unit, 1/16 of a rupee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Coin image box 1 double
|header = 1 Indian anna
|image = File:1 Indian Anna.jpg
|caption_left = '''Obverse''': Crowned [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] of [[George VI]], with lettering ''George VI King Emperor''.
|caption_right = '''Reverse''': Year of minting and face value in numeral, English, Urdu, Bengali, Telugu and Devanagari scripts.
|width = 250
|footer = 125,548,000 coins minted (1918 to 1940) in [[copper-nickel]]
|position = right
|margin = 0
}}

{{Coin image box 1 double
| header = One Quarter anna.
| image = File:One Quarter anna (1933).jpg
| caption_left = '''Obverse''': [[George V|King George V]] crowned head surrounded by lettering "GEORGE V KING EMPEROR" at the periphery.
| caption_right = '''Reverse''': Denomination and year surrounded by wreath. Lettering "ONE QUARTER ANNA INDIA 1933".
| width = 250
| footer = 1,681,276,200 coins minted from 1912 to 1936.
| position = right
| margin = 0
}}

An '''anna''' (or '''ānna''') was a [[currency]] unit formerly used in [[British India]], equal to {{sfrac|16}} of a [[rupee]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Republic India Coinage|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-rep.html|access-date=14 July 2011|archive-date=24 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324040019/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-rep.html|url-status=dead}}Accessed 14 July 2011.</ref> It was subdivided into four [[Paisa|pices]] or twelve [[Pie (Indian coin)|pie]]s (thus there were 192 pies in a rupee). When the rupee was decimalised and subdivided into 100 (new) [[Indian paisa|paise]], one anna was therefore equivalent to {{sfrac|6|1|4}} [[Indian paisa|paise]]. The anna was [[Legal tender#Demonetization|demonetised]] as a currency unit when India [[Decimalisation|decimalised]] its currency in 1957, followed by Pakistan in 1961. It was replaced by the 5-paise coin, which was itself discontinued in 1994 and demonetised in 2011. The term anna is frequently used to express a fraction of {{frac|16}}.

''Anna'' is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|अन्न}}, meaning "grain".

There was a coin of one anna, and also half-anna coins of copper and two-anna pieces of silver.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/mc_british_QueenVictoria.aspx|title=British India Coinage - Coins of Queen Victoria|publisher=Reserve Bank of India}}</ref> With the rupee having been valued to 1s 6d<ref>Schedule of Par Values, Currencies of Metropolitan Areas, The Statesman's Year Book 1947, pg xxiii, Macmillan & Co</ref> and weighing 180 grains as a 916.66 fine silver coin,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/mc_british.aspx|title= British India Coinage|publisher=Reserve Bank of India}}</ref> the anna was equivalent to {{sfrac|1|1|8}}d (one penny and half a farthing). Hence the 2 anna silver coins were of low weight (22.5 grains = 1.46 g).

Anna-denominated postage stamps were issued during the [[British Raj]] by the government of British India as well as by several [[princely states]], and after independence until decimalisation of the currency by India and Pakistan.

==Notation==
The first number is the number of rupees, the second is the number of annas ({{sfrac|1|16}}), the third is the number of paisas ({{sfrac|1|64}}), and the fourth is the number of pies ({{sfrac|1|192}}). Examples are given below.

*Rs 1-15-3-2 = Rs 1.9947
*Rs 1-8-3 = Rs 1.546
*Rs 1-4 = Rs 1.25

==Coins==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="100px">
File:Reverse of the copper One Twelfth Anna.jpg|One Twelfth Anna ({{sfrac|1|12}} Anna) coin of 1903
File:Obverse of the 1906 One Quarter Anna of India portraying the bust of Edward VII.jpg|Obverse of the 1906 quarter anna, with the bust of [[Edward VII]]
File:2 Indian anna (1919).jpg|2 Indian annas (1919).
File:Ana Naya Paisa Conversion Table.jpg|Annas - Paisa Conversion Table.
Image: East India Company - Quarter Anna 1835.JPG|An 1835 quarter anna.
</gallery>

== Stamps ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="100px">
File:1865ca Half India SG54 boxN°2.jpg | Half anna stamp of British India
File:A stamp.JPG | One anna stamp of Alwar
File:307-Railway-Centenary-India-Stamp-1953.jpg | Two anna stamp of independent India
File:Pakistan1948-1952.jpg | One anna and one and a half anna stamps of independent Pakistan
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Money|Numismatics}}
*[[Indian coinage]]
*[[British Indian coins]]
*[[History of the rupee]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Anna (coins)}}
{{Indian currency}}
{{Historic Indian currency and coinage}}
{{Rupee}}

[[Category:Historical currencies of India]]
[[Category:Coins of India]]
[[Category:Rupee]]

Saibaba Colony

2026-02-17T20:17:17Z

AndyMfn275514: done!

{{Short description|Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Saibaba Colony
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Saibaba Colony, Coimbatore
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.21|N|76.95|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 412
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 641011
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-422
| registration_plate = TN 38
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Saibaba Colony''' is an area located in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The Saibaba Temple is located there, and the name of the area is derived from the temple. The locality is mostly occupied by upper-middle-class people living in Coimbatore. One side is bordered by Thadagam road and the other side by Mettupalayam Road. NSR road in Sai Baba colony is fully occupied by commercial centers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/#lat=10.9946645&lon=76.9694451&z=18&l=0&m=b&search=Puliakulam|title = Wikimapia - Let's describe the whole world!}}</ref>

==Geography==
Saibaba Colony is situated just 4 km North of the heart of the City [[Gandhipuram]] and located between Mettupalayam Road and Thadagam Road. Saibaba Colony shares borders with [[R. S. Puram, Coimbatore|R.S Puram]], [[Coimbatore North Junction]], [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]] campus and Goundampalayam.<ref name="Wikimap">{{cite web|url=http://maps.google.co.in/maps?hl=en&um=1&ie=UTF-8&q=Puliakulam&fb=1&gl=in&hq=Puliakulam&hnear=Coimbatore,+Tamil+Nadu&ei=g56yTcicCMTJrAeD25DIDQ&sa=X&oi=local_group&ct=image&resnum=4&ved=0CBoQtgMwAw|title=SB Colony Borders : Map showing surrounding areas of Saibaba Cololy|first=|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121005004214/http://wikimapia.org/1726126/Textool-bridge-Ganapathy |archive-date = 2012-10-05|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Population==
According to [[Census of India|India Census]] 2001, Saibaba Colony has an approximate population of 1,14,000 and considered as one of the most thickly populated area in Coimbatore City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==General==
The Saibaba Colony derives its name after a famous Saibaba temple located there. The area is quiet and residential with mostly individual houses. In 2010 the area started booming with apartments thanks to its increasing popularity.

== Banks ==
Most of the public and private sector banks and govt banks are visible here. State Bank of India, South Indian Bank, Federal Bank, City Union Bank, Karur Vysya Bank, Lakshmi Vilas Bank, Indian Bank, Indian Overseas Bank, Union Bank of India, Repco bank, Axis Bank, Kotak Mahindra bank, Bank of Baroda, Bank of India, Central Bank of India, Canara Bank, HDFC Bank, Induslnd Bank, ICICI Bank, Tamil Nadu Grama Bank are some seen in the locality.

==NSR Road==

NSR Road in Saibaba Colony is famous for its shopping joints and food centers which solves the basic amenities.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

==Schools==

There are various schools located in this locality. Notable schools include Bharathi Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Lisieux Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Avila Convent, Sindhi Vidhyalaya, Angappa Senior Secondary School.

==Entertainment==

It has a municipal park for children built by the [[Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation]].<ref name="park">{{cite news|title=Delay in park inauguration keeps children away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article3645090.ece|first=Vignesh|last=Vijayakumar|date=2012-07-16|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Coimbatore|accessdate=2012-07-18}}</ref>
Saibaba Colony is also home to the Bharathi Park and many other well maintained parks which provide good facilities for morning walkers and jogging enthusiasts.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060526213604/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/31/stories/2005103117700300.htm]

{{Coimbatore}}

{{Cities and Towns in Coimbatore}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sai Baba Colony}}
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Coimbatore]]

Ardra (nakshatra)

2026-02-06T02:13:00Z

AndyMfn275514: rework information for clarity and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|6th lunar mansion of Hindu astrology}}
[[File:Orion constellation map.svg|thumb|Orion constellation map]]
{{Nakshatras}}

'''Ardra''' (आर्द्रा), meaning "wetness", is the sixth [[nakshatra]] ([[lunar mansion]]) in [[Hindu astronomy]], corresponding to the star [[Betelgeuse]] in the constellation [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]].<ref name=ASE>{{cite web |title=Ardra (आर्द्रा) |url=https://ase.exopla.net/index.php/Ardra |website=All Skies Encyclopaedia |publisher=[[IAU Working Group on Star Names]] |access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Names (All Terms) |url=https://ase.exopla.net/index.php/Indian_Names_(All_Terms) |website=All Skies Encyclopaedia |publisher=[[IAU Working Group on Star Names]] |access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref> It has a spread from 6°-40'-0" to 20°-00', encompassing the constellation [[Gemini (constellation)|Gemini]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://astrosapient.com/glossary-of-astrology/a/ardra-nakshatra/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701185536/https://astrosapient.com/glossary-of-astrology/a/ardra-nakshatra/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=July 1, 2023|title = Ardra Nakshatra|website=Astrosapient| date=28 May 2023 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2025}}

==Astrology==
Ardra Nakshatra is governed by [[Rahu]], the North [[Lunar node|Node]] of the [[Moon]], which adds intensity and transformative qualities to the influence of this Nakshatra. The ruling [[deity]] of Ardra Nakshatra is [[Rudra]], a form of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] known for his destructive yet regenerative powers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenakshatras.com/ardra-nakshatra/|title = Ardra Nakshatra|website=Thenakshatras}}</ref> This Nakshatra is considered to be of a [[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamasic]] nature, representing the darker aspects of existence.

===Symbolism and Characteristics===
The symbol of Ardra Nakshatra is a teardrop, signifying emotional depth and sensitivity. According to [[Vedic astrology]], people born under this Nakshatra may be often characterized by their intense emotions and the ability to experience profound transformations. They possess a deep sense of compassion, empathy, and understanding, but can also be prone to mood swings and emotional turmoil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://futurescopeastrology.com/learn-astrology/nakshatras-in-astrology/ardra-arudra-aridra-nakshatra/|title = Ardra Nakshatra|website=Futurescopeastrology}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Nakshatras]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Jyotish Vidya}}

[[Category:Nakshatra]]
[[Category:Orion (constellation)]]

Rajpal & Sons

2026-02-05T04:43:27Z

AndyMfn275514: Put up pg

{{Short description|Indian publishing house in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox publisher
| image =
| parent = Rajpal & Sons
| status = Active
| founded = 1912
| founder = Rajpal Malhotra 
(more popularly known as '''Mahashay Rajpal''' & '''Mahashe Rajpal''')
| successor =
| country = [[India]]
| headquarters = [[Delhi]]
| distribution = Worldwide
| keypeople = Meera Johri and Pranav Johri
| publications = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]] and [[English language|English]]
| topics =
| genre =
| imprints =
| revenue =
| numemployees = More than 50
| nasdaq =
| url = {{URL|www.rajpalpublishing.com}}
}}
'''Rajpal & Sons'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Audible partners with Rajpal & sons |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/technology/audible-partners-with-rajpal-sons-for-expansion-in-hindi-audiobooks-for-its-listeners-10009356 |website=english.jagran.com |publisher= Dainik Jagran |access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A publisher’s effort to popularise Urdu poetry|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/a-publishers-effort-to-popularise-urdu-poetry/article26819434.ece|website=theHindu.com |publisher= The Hindu |accessdate=12 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Best seller list|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/books/2018/jan/26/hindi-bestseller-list-announced-at-jaipur-literature-festival-2018-5870.html |website=www.indulgexpress.com |publisher= Induldge Express |accessdate=26 January 2018}}</ref> is an Indian [[publishing]] house based in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=पाइरेसी से क्या लड़ना|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/meera-johri-rajpal-piracy-rajpal-sons-ruskin-bond-1-1078175.html |website=aajtak.intoday.in |publisher= India Today |accessdate=23 April 2019}}</ref>

==History==

Rajpal & Sons was founded in 1912 by Rajpal Malhotra in [[Lahore]]. He was assassinated by the Indian Muslim [[Ilm-ud-Din]] in 1929 for publishing a book called ''[[Rangila Rasul|Rangeela Rasool]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPA’s SPECIAL AWARD ‘DARE TO PUBLISH’ TO LATE SHRI RAJPAL |url=https://www.internationalpublishers.org/images/press-releases/Speeches/2010/26%2011%202010%20%20speech%20special%20award%20to%20the%20late%20mr%20rajpal%20_2_.pdf |website=internationalpublishers.org |publisher=International Publishers |accessdate=26 November 2010 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195736/https://www.internationalpublishers.org/images/press-releases/Speeches/2010/26%2011%202010%20%20speech%20special%20award%20to%20the%20late%20mr%20rajpal%20_2_.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The book was considered highly controversial due to its satire of the marital life of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ambedkar|1945|pp=165, 170}}: "Some of the most serious of these outrages were perpetrated in connection with the agitation relating to Rangila Rasul and Risala Vartman two publications containing a most scurrilous attack on the Prophet Muhammed [...] whose pamphlet "Rangila Rasul", containing a scurrilous attack on the Prophet of Islam"</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Nair|2009|p=655}}: "Hindu–Muslim relations in the Punjab had reached a new low with the publication of the bigoted pamphlet ‘Rangila Rasul’ in 1924."</ref> Its publication led to reforms in India's penal code that made [[Blasphemy law|blasphemy illegal]].<ref name="Nair1">{{harvnb|Nair|2009|p=655}}: " The ensuing tension abated only with the passage of the Criminal Law Amendment Act XXV that made it a cognizable crime to insult the founders and leaders of any religious community."</ref><ref name="Assad1">{{harvnb|Assad|2018|p=}}: "The colonial authorities were surprised when Chief Justice of the Lahore High Court, Sir Shadi Lal, chose Singh, who was a Christian convert from Hinduism, to hear the case. They were even more surprised at Rajpal’s acquittal and Singh’s reasoning for it. They moved swiftly to do damage control by trying to ensure an authoritative judgment in a similar case involving [[Arya Samaj]]. They hoped the judgement, in what was known as the Risala-i-Vartman case, would supersede Singh’s judgment. Ultimately, however, they decided that the Vartman judgment was insufficient and a new law was required."</ref>

After Rajpal's killing, his wife and son Vishwanath Malhotra took over the running of the publishing house. In 1947, after the [[Partition of India|partition of India and Pakistan]], the publishing house shifted to New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bestsellers in Hindi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/bestsellers-in-hindi-115082801359_1.html |website=Business-standard.com |publisher=Business Standard |accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref> The publishing house is now run by Meera Johri and her son Pranav Johri, the third and fourth generation descendants of Rajpal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Let A Thousand Voices Bloom |url=http://www.allaboutbookpublishing.com/5760/let-a-thousand-voices-bloom/|website=allaboutbookpublishing.com |publisher= Smedia Group |accessdate=30 August 2019}}</ref>

==Business profile==
Seven prime ministers and presidents of India have had their works published by Rajpal & Sons, namely [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], [[Benazir Bhutto]], [[Narendra Modi]], [[I. K. Gujral]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]. In the field of classic Hindi literary writing, the works of [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]], [[Ramdhari Singh Dinkar]], [[Sachchidananda Vatsyayan]], [[Mahadevi Varma]], [[Amritlal Nagar]], [[Acharya Chatursen Shastri]], [[Vishnu Prabhakar]] and [[Kamleshwar (writer)|Kamleshwar]] have been published by Rajpal & Sons. Hindi translations of Nobel Prize–winning authors [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Amartya Sen]] and [[Patrick Modiano]] are also on its list of published works.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajpal & Sons |url=http://www.rajpalpublishing.com/authors.php |accessdate=18 December 2019 |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302051929/http://www.rajpalpublishing.com/authors.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Beacon of publishing |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/beacon-of-publishing/article2930696.ece|website=thehindu.com |publisher= The Hindu |accessdate=25 February 2012}}</ref>

According to the publisher, 70 new titles are published every year, and the publishing house has a catalogue of 1500 books in print.

==See also ==

* [[Book publishing in India]]
* [[Rangila Rasul]]

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |last=Ambedkar |first=Bhimrao Ramji |author-link=B. R. Ambedkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVbMDwAAQBAJ |title=Thoughts On Pakistan |year=1945 |publication-date=2015 |language=English |format=Google Books |oclc=5167934 |access-date=30 April 2022}}

* {{Cite web |last=Assad |first=Ahmed |date=31 October 2018 |title=A brief history of the anti-blasphemy laws |url=https://herald.dawn.com/news/1154036 |access-date=6 May 2022 |publisher=[[Herald (Pakistan)]] |language=english |agency=[[Dawn Media Group]] |location=Karachi}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Nair |first=Neeti |date=7 August 2013 |title=Beyond the 'Communal' 1920s: The Problem of Intention, Legislative Pragmatism, and the Making of Section 295A of the Indian Penal Code |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019464613494622 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |language=English |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |publication-place=[[Thousand Oaks, California]] |publication-date=7 August 2013 |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=317–340 |doi=10.1177/0019464613494622 |s2cid=144068997 |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 May 2022}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|https://rajpalpublishing.com/}}

{{Portal bar|Companies|Books}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajpal and sons}}
[[Category:Book publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1912]]

Uttar Pradesh Council of Ministers

2026-01-29T12:51:24Z

AndyMfn275514: added info

{{Short description|Indian executive branch of state government}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 18th
| jurisdiction = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| flag =File:Seal of Uttar Pradesh.svg
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = The Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister, Shri Yogi Adityanath meeting the President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on February 10, 2018 (cropped).jpg
| caption = '''[[Yogi Adityanath]]''' [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
| date_formed = 25 March 2022
| date_dissolved =
| government_head = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| government_head_history =
| state_head = Governor [[Anandiben Patel]]
| members_number = 53
| former_members_number = 0
| total_number = 60
| political_parties = {{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] {{Color box|{{party color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}}} [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|AD(S)]] {{color box|maroon}}[[NISHAD Party|NP]] {{color box|yellow}}
[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party|SBSP]] {{color box|green}}[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
| legislature_status = '''[[Uttar Pradesh Legislature]]''' {{Composition bar|370|503|hex=#FF9933|per=1}}
'''[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] '''{{Composition bar|84|100|hex=#FF9933|per=1}}
'''[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]'''{{Composition bar|286|403|hex=#FF9933|per=1}}
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| opposition_leader = [[Akhilesh Yadav]] (assembly)
| election = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| last_election =[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| legislature_term = 5 years
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[First Yogi Adityanath ministry]]
| successor =
|image_size=150}}
The '''Uttar Pradesh Council of Ministers''' is the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] in [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] headed by Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] since 25 March 2022. As per the Constitution of India, the Uttar Pradesh Council of Ministers, including the Chief Minister, can have maximum 60 members.

Currently there are '''53''' Ministers. Along with the [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]], '''19''' are Cabinet ministers, '''14''' are State ministers with Independent charge and '''20''' are State ministers. Out of the '''53''' ministers, '''51''' belongs to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] while [[NISHAD Party]]
, [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|AD(S)]], [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
and [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] have 1 minister each.

== Council of Ministers ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-28 |title=उत्तर प्रदेश: योगी सरकार के मंत्रियों को आवंटित हुए मंत्रालय, जानें किसे मिला कौन सा विभाग, ये है पूरी लिस्ट |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/india/article/portfolio-allocated-to-ministers-of-yogi-government/396132 |work=[[Times Now]] Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Cabinet Ministers ===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|'''Chief Minister''']] Home Affairs [[Department of Appointment and Personnel|Appointment & Personnel]] General Administration Cabinet Affairs Information & Public Relations Housing Revenue Mining & Geology Institutional Finance Planning Programme Implementation Relief & Rehabilitation Protocol Sainik Welfare Prantiya Raksha Dal Civil Aviation Law Food Security & Drug Administration Other departments not allotted to any minister|minister1=[[Yogi Adityanath]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=25 March 2022|minister1_termend=}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[List of deputy chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|''' Deputy Chief Minister''']] Minister of Rural Development Minister of Food Processing Minister of Entertainment Tax|minister1=[[Keshav Prasad Maurya]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=25 March 2022|minister1_termend=}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[List of deputy chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|''' Deputy Chief Minister''']] Minister of Health & Family Welfare Minister of Medical Education Minister of Maternity & Child Welfare|minister1=[[Brajesh Pathak]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=25 March 2022|minister1_termend=}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Finance Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
| minister1 = [[Suresh Khanna]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Agriculture Minister of Agricultural Education & Research
| minister1 = [[Surya Pratap Shahi]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Jal Shakti Minister of Disaster Management
| minister1 = [[Swatantra Dev Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Women Development Minister of Child Development & Nutrition
| minister1 = [[Baby Rani Maurya]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Sugarcane Development & Sugar Mills
| minister1 = [[Chaudhary Laxmi Narayan Singh|Laxmi Narayan Chaudhary]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Tourism Minister of Culture
| minister1 = [[Jaiveer Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Animal Husbandry & Dairying Minister of Political Pension Minister of Minority Welfare Minister of Haj & Wakf
| minister1 = [[Dharampal Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Industrial Development Minister of Export Promotion Minister of NRI & Investment Promotion
| minister1 = [[Nand Gopal Gupta]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Panchayati Raj
| minister1 = [[Bhupendra Chaudhary]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Labour & Employment
| minister1 = [[Anil Rajbhar]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Works Department
| minister1 = [[Jitin Prasada]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of MSME Minister of Khadi & Village Industries Minister of Sericulture Industries Minister of Textiles & Handlooms
| minister1 = [[Rakesh Sachan]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Urban Development Minister of Urban Employment & Poverty Alleviation Minister of Energy & Additional sources of Energy
| minister1 = [[A. K. Sharma]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Higher Education Minister of Science & Technology Minister of Electronics & Information Technology
| minister1 = [[Yogendra Upadhyaya]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Technical Education Minister of Consumer Protection
| minister1 = [[Ashish Singh Patel]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Fisheries
| minister1 = [[Sanjay Nishad]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = NISHAD Party
}}
|}

=== Ministers of State (Independent Charge) ===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Excise & Liquor Prohibition
| minister1 = [[Nitin Agrawal]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Vocational Education & Skill Development
| minister1 = [[Kapil Dev Aggarwal]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Stamp, Court Fees & Registration
| minister1 = [[Ravindra Jaiswal]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Basic Education
| minister1 = [[Sandeep Singh (politician)|Sandeep Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Secondary Education
| minister1 = [[Gulabo Devi]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Sports & Youth Affairs
| minister1 = [[Girish Yadav]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Prisons & Home Guards
| minister1 = [[Dharmveer Prajapati]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Social Welfare Minister of SC/ST Welfare
| minister1 = [[Asim Arun]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Co-operation
| minister1 = [[Jayendra Pratap Singh Rathore]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Transport
| minister1 = [[Daya Shankar Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Backward Classes Welfare Minister of Disabled Empowerment
| minister1 = [[Narendra Kumar Kashyap]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Horticulture Minister of Agricultural Exports, Marketing & Foreign Trade
| minister1 = [[Dinesh Pratap Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Environment & Forest Minister of Zoological Garden & Climate Change
| minister1 = [[Arun Kumar Saxena]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of AYUSH Minister of state in Food Security & Drug Administration
| minister1 = [[Daya Shankar Mishra]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
|}

=== Minister of State ===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Parliamentary Affairs Minister of Medical Education Minister of Health & Family Welfare Minister of Maternity & Child Welfare
| minister1 = [[Mayankeshwar Sharan Singh|Mayankeshwar Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Jal Shakti
| minister1 = [[Dinesh Khatik]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Social Welfare Minister of SC/ST Welfare
| minister1 = [[Sanjiv Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjiv Gond]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Agriculture Minister of Agricultural Education & Research
| minister1 = [[Baldev Singh Aulakh]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Science & Technology Minister of Electronics & Information Technology
| minister1 = [[Ajit Singh Pal]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Parliamentary Affairs Minister of Industrial Development
| minister1 = [[Jaswant Singh Saini]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Jal Shakti
| minister1 = [[Ramakesh Nishad]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Labour & Employment
| minister1 = [[Mannu Kori]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Sugarcane Development & Sugar Mills
| minister1 = [[Sanjay Singh Gangwar]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Works Department
| minister1 = [[Brijesh Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Environment & Forest Minister of Zoological Garden & Climate Change
| minister1 = [[Krishnapal Malik]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Prisons
| minister1 = [[Suresh Rahi]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Revenue
| minister1 = [[Anoop Pradhan|Anoop Pradhan Valmiki]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Women & Child Development
| minister1 = [[Pratibha Shukla]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Urban Development Minister of Urban Employment & Poverty Alleviation
| minister1 = [[Rakesh Rathour]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Energy & Additional sources of Energy
| minister1 = [[Somendra Tomar]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Higher Education
| minister1 = [[Rajani Tiwari]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Food & Civil Supplies
| minister1 = [[Satish Chandra Sharma (politician)|Satish Chandra Sharma]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Minority Affairs Minister of Haj & Wakf
| minister1 = [[Danish Azad Ansari]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Rural Development
| minister1 = [[Vijay Laxmi Gautam]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 March 2022
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
|}

== Oath as the state chief minister/minister ==

{{Blockquote|text= I, <Name of Chief Minister/Minister>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the State of () and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.|sign=|source=}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Councils of ministers of India}}
{{Current Indian ministries}}

[[Category:Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:State council of ministers of India]]

Varahaperumal Temple

2026-01-22T17:50:12Z

AndyMfn275514: adding!

{{Short description|Hindu temple of the god Varaha in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Varahaperumal Temple
| image =Varahaperumal Temple.jpg|
| alt =
| caption = Varahaperumal Temple, Kumbakonam
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thanjavur]]
| location = [[Kumbakonam]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Varaha]] and [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhudevi]]
| festivals=
| architecture =
}}
'''Varahaperumal Temple''' is a Hindu temple dedicated to [[Varaha]] (the boar [[avatar]] of the god [[Vishnu]]) at [[Kumbakonam]] in [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120502043819/http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=350 Dinamalar temples]</ref>

==Presiding deity==
The moolavar presiding deity, is found in his manifestation as Varahaperumal (Varaha). His consort is known as [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhoomidevi]].<ref name="hrace"/>

==Legend==
Once a demon took the earth to the underground. [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]s prayed to Vishnu to save the world. Vishnu fought with the demon in the form of Varaha - a boar and brought out the world from underground.<ref name="hrace">Mahamaham Festival 2004 (in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]), Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Administration Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, 2004</ref>

==Specialty==
Five Vishnu temples are connected with [[Mahamaham]] festival which happens once in 12 years in Kumbakonam,<ref name="hrace"/> the others being:
*[[Sarangapani Temple]]
*[[Chakrapani Temple, Kumbakonam|Chakrapani Temple]]
*[[Ramaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam|Ramaswamy Temple]]
*[[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam|Rajagopalaswamy Temple]]

==Garudasevai==
Garudasevai is one of the main festivals of the temple.<ref name="hrace"/>

==Mahasamprokshanam==
The Mahasamprokshanam also known as Kumbabishegam of the temple was held on 26 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vedaranyeswarar temple ‘kumbhabhishekam’ draws thousands|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vedaranyeswarar-temple-kumbhabhishekam-draws-thousands/article7807944.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2015-10-27|accessdate=2015-10-28}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mahamaham]]
* [[Mahamaham tank, Kumbakonam]]
* [[Hindu temples of Kumbakonam]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Mahasamprokshanam 26 October 2015==
<gallery class="center">
File:Kumbakonam varahaperumal1.jpg
File:Kumbakonam varahaperumal2.jpg
File:Kumbakonam varahaperumal3.jpg
File:Kumbakonam varahaperumal4.jpg
File:Kumbakonam varahaperumal5.jpg
File:Kumbakonam varahaperumal6.jpg
</gallery>

{{Famous Vishnu temples}}
{{Hindu temples in Thanjavur District}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kumbakonam]]
[[Category:Varaha temples]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu ]]

Raahul V S

2026-01-20T18:25:21Z

AndyMfn275514: Put up new info

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 2003)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Raahul|Vijayakumar S}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|2|9}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2025)
| peakrating = 2478 (January 2022)
| FideID = 25035525
}}

'''Raahul Vijayakumar S''' is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster.

==Career==
He started playing chess at the age of 6, and trained under [[Ramachandran Ramesh]] and [[Shyam Sundar M.]]<ref name="toi"/>

In November 2025, he won the 6th ASEAN Individual Open Governor Henry S Oaminal Cup with a score of 7/9. He had won the championship with one round to spare and by a margin of 1.5 points over the runner-up, directly earning the Grandmaster title.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Raahul-V-S-clinches-6th-ASEAN-Individual-Open-2025-and-becomes-the-91st-Grandmaster-of-India|title=Raahul V S clinches 6th ASEAN Individual Open 2025 and becomes the 91st Grandmaster of India|date=November 19, 2025|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref> He became India's 91st Grandmaster.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/chess/raahul-vs-grandmaster-india-asean-individual-championship-13948897.html|title=Raahul VS becomes India's 91st Grandmaster with ASEAN Individual Championship triumph|date=November 8, 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He earned a master's degree in business administration at [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology|SRM University]].<ref name="toi">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/making-of-indias-91st-gm-raahul-vs-battling-financial-troubles-negative-emotions-before-doing-a-divya-deshmukh-exclusive/articleshow/125221308.cms|title=Making of India's 91st GM Raahul VS: Battling financial troubles, 'negative emotions', before doing a Divya Deshmukh|date=November 10, 2025|first=Jyotirmoy|last=Halder}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayakumar S, Raahul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Operation Woodrose

2026-01-15T02:23:04Z

AndyMfn275514: fixed issues

{{Short description|1984 Indian military operation in Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Woodrose
| partof = the [[Khalistan movement]] & [[Insurgency in Punjab, India|Insurgency in Punjab]]
| image = IN-PB.svg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = State of Punjab shown in red
| date = 8 June<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sikh Reference Book |last=Dilagīra |first=Harajindara Siṅgha |author-link=Harjinder Singh Dilgeer |year=1997 |publisher=[[the University of Michigan]] |isbn=9780969596424 |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhreferenceboo0000dila/page/n9/mode/2up |page=699| quote=8.6.1984 "Operation Woodrose" started. Sikh youth from villages picked up and eliminated.}}</ref> – September 1984 (>3 months)<ref name=autogenerated1/><ref name=isj/>
| place = [[Punjab, India]]
| result = Intensification of the insurgency:
*Intended to preempt an uprising, the operation "proved to be even more counter-productive" than Blue Star,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dhillon |first1=Kirpal S. |title=Identity and Survival: Sikh Militancy in India, 1978-1993 |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London, United Kingdom |isbn=9780143100362 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PU6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT167| pages=188–190, 207}}</ref> creating further "considerable alienation among a broad cross-section" of the Sikh population.<ref name=autogenerated1/>
| casualties3 = More than 8,000 Sikh civilians reported killed or missing<ref name=isj/><ref name="harj">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Harjinder |title=Reflections on 1984 |date=2014 |publisher=Akaal Publishers |isbn=9780955458736 |pages=86–88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUzwCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86}}</ref><ref name=chatterji/> after more than 100,000 youth taken into custody;<ref name="Singh"/> true number of casualties unknown<ref name="harj"/>
}}

'''Operation Woodrose''' was a military operation carried out by the [[Indira Gandhi]]-led [[Government of India|Indian government]] in the months after [[Operation Blue Star]] to "prevent the outbreak of widespread public protest" in the state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book|last=Deol|first=Harnik|title=Religion and nationalism in India: the case of the Punjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKRP1-H8T8AC|access-date=22 July 2011|year=2000|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-20108-7|pages=108–112}}</ref><ref name=buluswar/> The government arrested all prominent members of the largest Sikh political party, the [[Akali Dal]], and banned the [[All India Sikh Students Federation]], a large students' union.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> In addition, the Indian Army conducted operations in the countryside during which thousands of Sikhs, overwhelmingly young men, were detained for interrogation and subsequently tortured.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Sparking significant recruitment of survivors into militancy in its aftermath, the operation was criticized by human-rights groups for the suspension of civil liberties and [[habeas corpus]], resulting in the disappearances of thousands of Sikh men. After the operation, the central government was criticized for using "draconian legislation" to repress a minority community.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

==Conduct of the operation==
The operation consisted of the rounding up of thousands of Sikh youth and civilians. Troops would lay siege to targeted villages in the early-morning hours, confining the inhabitants to their houses and stopping all movement out of the village while conducting house-to house raids. Some villages experienced repeated sieges.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=189}} Sikh homes were raided indiscriminately, with an overwhelming number of detained being innocents.<ref name=isj/> Techniques included cordon operations, mass arrests, torture, sexual harassment and assaults, and disappearances.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaur |first1=Mallika |title=Faith, Gender, and Activism in the Punjab Conflict: The Wheat Fields Still Whisper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DC_KDwAAQBAJ|date=2019|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-030-24674-7 |page=269 |quote=Meanwhile, Punjab had already become the site of another operation, code-named Woodrose. The state was crawling with soldiers, ordered to approach identiﬁable Sikhs as enemies. Cordon operations, mass arrests, torture, sexual harassment and assaults, disappearances, were employed to discipline the countryside. Tens of thousands were traumatized and antagonized.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Upadhyaya |first1=Anjoo S. |editor1-last=Clark |editor1-first=Donald |editor2-last=Williamson |editor2-first=Robert |title=Self-Determination: International Perspectives |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=9781349249183 |page=165 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Self_Determination/XRu_DAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA165&printsec=frontcover |chapter=Self-Determination in the Indian Subcontinent |quote=Operation Woodrose, which followed soon after [Operation Blue Star], further humiliated Sikhs, when countless young men were reported captured and tortured by the Army in the countryside.}}</ref>

According to various estimates, approximately 5,000–8,000<ref name=isj/><ref name=chatterji>{{cite book |last1=Chatterji |first1=Angana P. |last2=Kaur |first2=Mallika |editor1-last=Dwivedi |editor1-first=Om Prakash |editor2-last=Rajan |editor2-first=V. G. Julie |title=Human Rights in Postcolonial India |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781317310112 |pages=180–183 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Human_Rights_in_Postcolonial_India/M9GjCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT181&printsec=frontcover |chapter=The subject of rights: conflict violence and transitional justice in India |quote="Operation Woodrose, and the estimated killing of 5,000 to 8,000 Sikhs, followed."}}</ref> individuals were reported as missing or killed by October 1984 as a result of Army operations during Woodrose alone (not including Operation Blue Star where over 5,000 civilians were killed<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India II.3) |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |isbn=9781316025338 |page=227 |edition=Revised |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/227/mode/2up |access-date=16 April 2020|author1-link=J. S. Grewal |quote= "...the total casualties of officers and men were about 700 and of civilians about 5,000."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Karim |first1=Afsir |title=Counter Terrorism, the Pakistan Factor |date=1991 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-8170621270 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqwQb38SQEC |quote="As far as the competence of the Army the less said the better. In an age where a handful of Israeli or German commandos could, through a well-planned action overcome a well-entrenched enemy thousands of miles away from them, the best our generals could do was to storm the Temple complex with tanks and armoured cars, blast the Akal Takht to get at Bhindranwale and 200 of his men. In crossfire upwards of 5,000 people, a majority of them pilgrims, including women and children, lost their lives.... Far from doing a competent job, our army commanders botched up a simple operation."}}</ref>) by state media, though Punjabi-language media estimated much higher figures.<ref name=isj>{{cite book |title=Politics of Genocide: Punjab 1984-1998 |last=Jaijee |first=Inderjit Singh |year=1999 |publisher=Ajanta Publications |pages=108, 150 |url=https://archive.org/details/PoliticsOfGenocide-Punjab1984-1998/page/108/mode/2up? |isbn=978-81-202-0415-7 }}</ref> According to Dr. Sangat Singh, who served in the Joint Intelligence Committee of the Government of India in the 1970s, about 100,000 youth had been taken into custody within the first four to six weeks of the operation, with many not heard from again,<ref name="Singh">{{cite book |title=The Sikhs in History |last=Singh |first=Sangat Singh |year=1995 |publisher=[[The University of Michigan]] |pages=386-387 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheSikhsInHistory/page/386/mode/2up? |isbn=978-8172052768 }}</ref> and many taken into custody, beaten, and tortured.<ref name="harj"/>

The operation was mainly concentrated in the border districts, and all ''[[Khalsa|amritdhari]]'', or initiated, Sikh men from ages 15 to 60, particularly between 15 and 35, were referred to as "potential" terrorists in Army communiqués and targeted and taken from border villages.<ref name=isj/><ref name="Singh"/><ref name=buluswar>{{cite book |last1=Chatterji |first1=Angana P. |last2=Buluswar |first2=Shashi |last3=Kaur |first3=Mallika |title=Conflicted Democracies and Gendered Violence: Internal Conflict and Social Upheaval in India |date=2016 |publisher=Zubaan |isbn=9789385932113 |page=112 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Conflicted_Democracies_and_Gendered_Viol/1wB2DQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT112&printsec=frontcover |quote=Between June and September of 1984, the Indian armed forces commenced Operation Woodrose, expressly targeting Sikh males across the Punjab countryside to derail future uprisings.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaur |first1=Mallika |title=Faith, Gender, and Activism in the Punjab Conflict: The Wheat Fields Still Whisper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DC_KDwAAQBAJ|date=2019|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-030-24674-7 |page=240 |quote=Ofﬁcial circulars declaring "all Amritdharis" as dangerous and "potential terrorists" had been circulated by the Indian Army since June 1984.}}</ref> Kesari (saffron) turbans and dupattas had become common among younger Sikh men and women after Blue Star in cities, villages, colleges, schools.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=206}} As in Operation Blue Star, Sikhs with ''kesari''-colored turbans were summarily shot.<ref name="Singh"/>

===Youth===
Since the most likely targets were youth, many would try to flee across the border to Pakistan as the army approached,{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=189}} with many swimming across the [[Ravi River]] at night.<ref name=chadda>{{cite book |last1=Chadda |first1=Maya |title=Ethnicity, Security, and Separatism in India |date=1997 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231107372 |pages=185–186 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ethnicity_Security_and_Separatism_in_Ind/5sVkpsid3lkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA185&printsec=frontcover |quote="As already mentioned, Operation "Woodrose" which followed hard on the heels of Operation "Blue Star" in 1984, deeply frightened many young Sikhs in the border villages of Punjab. Several hundreds crossed the border into Pakistan, many swam across the Ravi River at night. Others crossed over to, in their words, "fight for Bhindranwale," or to take revenge on India for the desecration of the Golden Temple and the demolition of the Akal Takht. Among the latter were a number of Sikh deserters from the Indian Army and some ex-servicemen."}}</ref> After meeting with key members of Sikh militant groups through a network of gurdwaras, those with military experience were separated from the others and sent elsewhere from government resthouses, they would be housed in [[Faisalabad]] and [[Kot Lakhpat]] jails and interrogated by Pakistani intelligence.<ref name=chadda/> At first, Pakistani authorities jailed them as trespassers, before realizing their potential use, exploiting their resentment and distress to return a number of them as armed, motivated militants.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=189}} From these detainees, members of Sikh militant groups would recruit from them after regular visits and questionings. As the remainder, after being detained for as long as 19 months, after hunger strikes, attempted jailbreaks, and demands that they be train to fight or released, they were usually given about two weeks of weapons training and a small sum of money, with promises of further arming and access to weapons markets.<ref name=chadda/> About 20,000 fleeing youth are estimated to have crossed the border.<ref name="Singh"/>

===Ex-servicemen===
Extrajudicial abuse extended even to distinguished Sikh army veterans;<ref name="harj"/> as Sikh ex-servicemen formed a large proportion of the rural Sikh population at about half a million at any given time.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=189}} Between the army's treatment of youth, veterans, and the old and infirm, rumors abounded in the countryside that the state was trying to wipe out the younger generation of a small minority and was systematically engaged in its suppression. An atmosphere of fear and suspicion continued in the countryside for several months.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=189}} Even after the formal end of the operation in September 1984, the community remained at the mercy of the authoritarian state apparatus; its deep, long-lasting sense of distress and disgruntlement would later become a significant factor in precipitating the subsequent [[Insurgency in Punjab|militancy]].{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=190}}

Even after the operation, hundreds of men, women, and even children, picked up from the countryside, remained incarcerated.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=207}}

==Punjab-Chandigarh Disturbed Area Act (1983) and other measures==
To allow for the legality of the operation, the states of Punjab and [[Chandigarh]] had been declared by the Indian government as 'disturbed areas' by the enactment of the Punjab Chandigarh Disturbed Area Act 1983,<ref>[http://www.legalindia.in/the-chandigarh-disturbed-areas-act-1983 THE CHANDIGARH DISTURBED AREAS ACT, 1983 : Legal India :: Legal India : Law Information Portal of India]</ref> while the Army was given unprecedented powers to detain and arrest civilians by the enactment of the Armed Forces (Punjab and Chandigarh) Act 1983.<ref>[http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/armsact.htm [The] Armed Forces (Punjab And Chandigarh)]</ref> The act empowered any commissioned, warrant or non-commissioned officer of the Army if "of opinion that it is necessary so to do for the maintenance of public order, after giving such due warning as he may consider necessary, fire upon or otherwise use forces, even to the causing of death". The act also allowed such an officer to "arrest, without warrant, any person who has committed a cognizable offence or against whom a reasonable suspicion exists that he has committed or is about to commit a cognizable offence".

Fast Track courts were set up under the Terrorist Affected Areas (Special Courts) Act 1984 <ref>[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/actandordinances/terroristaffectedact.htm Terrorist Affected Areas (Special Courts) Act 1984]</ref> to try to sentence suspected terrorists rapidly.<ref>{{cite book |title=The gallant defender |last=Darshi |first=A R |year=1999 |publisher=[[Sikh Students Federation]] |isbn=81-7601-468-0 |page=108 }}</ref>

The operation were overseen by Major General Jagdish Singh Jamwal, who was assigned the responsibility to seal the international border with Pakistan, in an attempt to control smuggling of arms and personnel, and by Lieutenant General [[Ranjit Singh Dyal]], who was instructed to oversee the apprehension of militants in state of Punjab.<ref name=isj/>

==Outcome==
The Operation "proved to be a disaster,"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Srikanta |title=Politics of Violence, Dawn of a Dangerous Era |date=1992 |publisher=Ashish Publishing House |isbn=9788170244486 |page=81 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Politics_of_Violence_Dawn_of_a_Dangerous/Lr0fAAAAIAAJ |quote="Operation Woodrose proved to be a disaster."}}</ref> with police conduct increasing rural Sikh solidarity with the insurgents' cause.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marwah |first1=Ved |author1-link=Ved Marwah |editor1-last=Fidler |editor1-first=David P. |editor2-last=Ganguly |editor2-first=Sumit |title=India and Counterinsurgency: Lessons Learned |date=2009 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781134008094 |page=98 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/India_and_Counterinsurgency/HKl5AgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA98&printsec=frontcover |chapter=India's Counterinsurgency Campaign in Punjab |quote=The Indian Army did not have any familiarity with the people of the region, nor did it possess good intelligence about the insurgency. For these reasons, the Army's Operation Woodrose in 1984... was a failure and strengthened Sikh sympathies with the insurgents' cause.}}</ref> Punjab Chief of Police, [[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill]] described the actions as "suffering from all the classical defects of army intervention in civil strife" and stated that the Indian Army had acted "blindly".<ref>{{cite book |title=Democracy and counterterrorism: lessons from the past |last=Art |first=Robert J. |year=2007 |publisher=[[United States Institute of Peace]] |isbn=978-1-929223-93-0 |page=441 }}</ref> According to reporter Sanjeev Gaur in 1985, "The army arrested fewer terrorists and more innocent Sikhs during mopping up operations. The army indiscriminatingly raided Sikh homes in the villages, abused their family members and took into custody young people...Said a police officer, 'Sikhs in Punjab villages today hate the army. (It) really let loose a reign of terror'. Go to any Punjab village and they have those sad and tragic stories to narrate to you."<ref name="Singh"/>

As the initial national patriotism backing the operation began to wane, both Operation Blue Star and Operation Woodrose began to receive negative coverage of their goals, conduct, nature, and timing, both domestically and abroad. The executive committee of the Punjab unit of the Indian Ex-Services League condemned the incidents of "harassment and humiliation" of ex-soldiers by the state's security forces.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=190}}

The operations would create a long-lasting sense of bitterness that would become a "significant factor in precipitating" the insurgency in the state.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=190}}

== See also ==

* [[Kharku]]
* [[Operation Black Thunder]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Insurgency in Punjab]]
[[Category:Persecution of Sikhs]]
[[Category:1980s in India]]
[[Category:Operations involving special forces of India]]

Indian 1-rupee note

2025-12-14T14:52:34Z

AndyMfn275514: expanded content

{{Short description|Smallest value Indian banknote}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox banknote
| denomination = One Rupee
| country = India
| value = {{Indian Rupee}}1
| unit =
| width_mm = 97
| height_mm = 63 mm
| weight_g = 90 GSM
| security_features = [[Watermark]]
| paper_type = 100% (Cotton) Rag Content
| years_of_printing = 1917–1926 1940–1995 2015–
| nature_of_rarity =
| estimated_value = 
| obverse = File:India 1 R 2015, obverse.jpg
| obverse_design = One-rupee coin
| obverse_designer =
| obverse_design_date =
| reverse = File:India 1 R 2015, reverse.jpg
| reverse_design = [[Mercator_(company)#Sagar_Samrat|Sagar Samrat oil rig]]
| reverse_designer =
| reverse_design_date =
}}

The '''Indian 1-rupee note''' (₹1) is made up of hundred 100 paise as ₹1 = 100 paise. Currently, it is the smallest [[Indian rupee|Indian banknote]] in circulation and the only one being issued by the [[Government of India]], as all other banknotes in circulation are issued by the [[Reserve Bank of India]]. As a result, the one rupee note is the only note bearing the signature of the Finance Secretary and not the Governor of the RBI.<ref name="RB1">{{cite web|title=Issue of Re. 1 denomination currency notes with Rupee symbol (₹) and the inset letter 'L'|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=40602|publisher=RBI|accessdate=6 January 2018}}</ref> Predominantly pinkish green paper is used during printing.

First introduced on 30 November 1917 during [[British Raj]], the ₹1 note was initially used to conserve metal during World War I. Its production was discontinued in 1926<ref>{{cite web |date=28 November 2016 |title=History of Indian currency: How the rupee changed |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/save/history-of-indian-currency-how-the-rupee-changed/articleshow/55635259.cms |accessdate=22 May 2023 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> but resumed in 1940, continuing through post-independence India until 1994, when printing was halted again due to cost concerns. After a hiatus of more than 20 years, the Government of India reintroduced the one-rupee note on 5 March 2015, with the first release occurring at the Shrinathji Temple in Rajasthan. The reintroduced note bore the signature of then-Finance Secretary Rajiv Mehrishi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-03-09 |title=Rupee 1 note released from Shrinathji temple |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/rupee-1-note-released-from-shrinathji-temple/articleshow/46506397.cms |access-date=2025-04-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |quote=After a gap of over 20 years, Re 1 note has been released in the country and it bears the signature of Finance Secretary Rajiv Mehrishi.}}</ref> Further confirmation of its reissuance came in the form of a notification published in ''The Gazette of India'' on 7 February 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Issue of ₹ 1 denomination currency notes with Rupee symbol (₹) and the inset letter ‘L’ |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonperson/english/scripts/PressReleases.aspx?Id=1714 |website=Reserve Bank of India}}</ref>

The printing of the one-rupee note is handled by the Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Ltd (SPMCIL) at its facilities in Nashik and Dewas, which are also responsible for other currency and security documents. Though the note visually references the ₹1 coin, actual minting of coins is carried out at mints located in Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, and Noida.<ref>G.S.R. 516(E).—In exercise of the powers conferred by clause (d) and clause (e) of sub-section (2) of section 24 of the Coinage Act, 2011 (11 of 2011), the Central Government hereby makes the following rules, namely:— 1. Short title and commencement.—(1) These rules may be called the Printing of One Rupee Currency Notes Rules, 2017. (2) They shall come into force from the date of their publication in the Official Gazette. 2. Printing.—The One Rupee Currency Notes shall be printed at the note printing presses for issue under the authority of the Government of India for circulation. 3. Dimensions and compositions of One Rupee Currency Note.—The One Rupee Currency Notes shall conform to the dimensions and composition as specified in the First Schedule. 4. Design.—The design of One Rupee Currency Notes shall be as specified in the Second Schedule. 5. Standard weight and remedy allowed.—The standard paper weight and remedy (tolerance) allowed in printing of One Rupee Currency Notes shall be as specified in the Third Schedule.</ref>

==Languages==

As like the other [[Indian rupee]] banknotes, the {{INR}}1 banknote has its amount written in 17 languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Currency/Scripts/LanguagePanelonNotes.aspx |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=www.rbi.org.in |quote=Contemporary Currency notes have 15 languages on the panel which appear on the reverse of the note.}}</ref> On the obverse, the denomination is written in [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]]. On the reverse is a language panel which displays the denomination of the note in 15 of the 22 [[List of official languages of India|official languages of India]]. The languages are displayed in alphabetical order. Languages included on the panel are [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
! colspan="2" |Denominations in [[Languages with official status in India|central level official languages]] (At below either ends)
|-
!Language
! {{INR}}1
|-
|[[English language|English]] || One rupee
|-
|[[Hindi]] || {{lang|hi|एक रुपया}}
|-
! colspan="12" |Denominations in 15 [[Languages with official status in India#Schedule|state level/other official languages]] (As seen on the language panel)
|-
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || {{lang|as|এক টকা}}
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || {{lang|bn|এক টাকা}}
|-
|ಒಂದು ರುಪಾಯಿ}}
|-
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] || {{Nq|{{lang|ks|اَکھ رۄپَے}}}}
|-
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]] || {{lang|kok|एक रुपया}}
|-
| [[Malayalam]] || {{lang|ml|ഒരു രൂപ}}
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|एक रुपया}}
|-
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]] || {{lang|ne|एक रुपियाँ}}
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]] || {{lang|or|ଏକ ଟଙ୍କା}}
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || {{lang|pa|ਇਕ ਰੁਪਈਆ}}
|-
| [[Sanskrit]] || {{lang|sa|एकरूप्यकम्}}
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || {{lang|ta|ஒரு ரூபாய்}}
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || {{lang|te|ఒక రూపాయి}}
|-
| [[Urdu language|Urdu]] || {{Nq|{{lang|ur|ایک روپیہ}}}}
|}

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
| width = 100
| height = 75
| noborder = yes
| align = left
| title = British Indian one rupee note
| File:KGVI rupee 1 note obverse.jpg
|
}}
<gallery>
File:Indian 1-rupee note IMG 20191230 102653.jpg|Indian one rupee note
</gallery>
<gallery>
File:Indian_one_Rupees_note.jpg|Indian one rupee note
</gallery>
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Portal|India|Money|Numismatics}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Indian currency}}

[[Category:Rupee]]
[[Category:Banknotes of India]]
[[Category:One-base-unit banknotes]]

{{banknote-stub}}

Hari Prasad Kovelamudi

2025-11-30T16:12:23Z

AndyMfn275514: created post

{{Short description|Indian doctor and author}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hari Prasad Kovelamudi
| birth_place = India
| title = Chairman of [[Care Hospitals]]<ref>https://www.carehospitals.com/board-of-directors</ref>
| spouse = Dr. K. Suma Prasad <ref>https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/sex-and-relationship/200316/i-always-knew-she-was-the-one-doctor-hari-prasad.html</ref>
}}

'''Hari Prasad Kovelamudi''' is an Indian doctor, an author <ref> {{Cite web |date=2020-02-13 |title=I'M Possible, a book by Dr K Hari Prasad talks about the story of his life |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/i-m-possible-a-book-by-dr-k-hari-prasad-talks-about-the-story-of-his-life-120021300843_1.html |website=www.business-standard.com}} </ref> and the chairman of Quality Care India Limited,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carehospitals.com/board-of-directors/dr-hari-prasad|title=Dr. Hari Prasad | Group Chairman & Non-Executive Director | CARE Hospitals}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/quality-care-ropes-in-hari-prasad-as-group-chairman/article68028736.ece|title=Quality Care ropes in Hari Prasad as Group Chairman|first=BL Hyderabad|last=Bureau|date=April 5, 2024|website=BusinessLine|access-date=July 19, 2024|archive-date=July 19, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719115146/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/quality-care-ropes-in-hari-prasad-as-group-chairman/article68028736.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> a platform that runs [[Care Hospitals]], [[Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences]] and [[Evercare Hospital Dhaka]]. He was earlier the President of [[Apollo Hospitals]], where he played a pivotal role in shaping the journey of Apollo Hospitals having overseen the growth from 1,200 beds to 10,000 beds today.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/dr-hari-prasad-takes-over-as-quality-care-group-chairman/articleshow/109043601.cms|title=Dr Hari Prasad takes over as Quality Care group chairman|newspaper=The Times of India|date=April 4, 2024|access-date=July 19, 2024|archive-date=July 19, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719115202/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/dr-hari-prasad-takes-over-as-quality-care-group-chairman/articleshow/109043601.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prasad is a pioneer of emergency medicine in the country and established emergency medicine as a specialty in the country. He is first individual outside Europe to be honoured with the Fellowship of College of Emergency Medicine, UK and the first individual in India to be honored with a fellowship by the International Federation for Emergency Medicine. He has also been honoured with the Life Time Achievement Award by the Society for Emergency Medicine, India<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hospitalmanagementasia.com/speakers/dr-hari-prasad/ | title=Dr Hari Prasad | date=23 June 2023 }}</ref>

== Education & Cricket ==
Prasad did his primary schooling in [[The Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Duttagupta |first=Ishani |date=2014-02-02 |title=What makes Hyderabad Public School, with alumni like Satya Nadella, Prem Watsa tick? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/what-makes-hyderabad-public-school-with-alumni-like-satya-nadella-prem-watsa-tick/articleshow/29727368.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> where [[Satya Nadella]] & CV Anand were his juniors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dammala |first=Rachel |date=2023-06-05 |title=Hyderabad Public School: A Century of Leadership and Excellence |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/education/040623/hyderabad-public-school-centenary.html |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> He started playing cricket in school and went on to represent the [[Hyderabad cricket team]] in the [[Ranji Trophy]] between 1981 and 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K Hariprasad Profile - Cricket Player India {{!}} Stats, Records, Video |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/k-hariprasad-29465 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

== Books ==
* I'mPossible ([[Autobiography]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=I'M Possible, a book by Dr K Hari Prasad talks about the story of his life |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/i-m-possible-a-book-by-dr-k-hari-prasad-talks-about-the-story-of-his-life-120021300843_1.html |access-date=2024-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.in/IM-Possible-Dr-Hari-Prasad/dp/B083ZH58KV | title=Amazon.in }}</ref>
* Qualitinomics: Healthcare Quality Simplified<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dMXDEAAAQBAJ | title=Qualitinomics: Healthcare Quality Simplified | isbn=978-93-5699-800-1 | last1=Reddy | first1=Sangita | last2=Hari Prasad | first2=Dr K. | last3=Sibal | first3=Dr Anupam | last4=Loria | first4=Gaurav | date=25 May 2023 | publisher=Harper Collins }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://harpercollins.co.in/product/qualitinomics/ | title=Qualitinomics by Sangita Reddy Dr K. Hari Prasad Dr Anupam Sibal Gaurav Loria }}</ref>

== Awards and achievements ==
*[[The Economic Times]] Healthcare CEO of the Year<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/healthcare-awards-2023/winners-list|title=Economic Times Healthcare Awards 2023|website=ETHealthworld.com|access-date=2024-07-19|archive-date=2024-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719115203/https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/healthcare-awards-2023/winners-list|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Emergency Medicine Legend of India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apollo Hospitals Group partnered with the Asian Society for Emergency Medicine for the Annual Conference of Society for Emergency Medicine |url=https://www.apollohospitals.com/apollo-news/apollo-hospitals-group-partnered-with-the-asian-society-for-emergency-medicine-for-the-annual-conference-of-society-for-emergency-medicine/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Apollo Hospitals |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kovelamudi, Hari Prasad}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives in the health care industry]]

Khedda

2025-11-14T04:47:09Z

AndyMfn275514: refine content for accuracy for consistency

{{Short description|Trap used to capture elephants in India}}
{{about||the 2022 Malayalam film|Khedda (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
[[File:Khedda.jpg|thumb|A depiction of a khedda, trapping elephants, 1808]]

A '''khedda''' (or ''Kheddah'') or the '''Khedda system''' was a [[stockade]] trap for the capture of a full herd of [[elephant]]s that was used in [[India]]; other methods were also used to capture single elephants.{{Sfn|Sanderson|1879|p=70}} The elephants were driven into the stockade by skilled ''[[mahouts]]'' mounted on [[Domestication|domesticated]] elephants.<ref>{{cite book | title=Royal India | publisher=Ayer Publishing | last=Diver | first=Katherine H. | author2=Maud Diver | author-link2=Maud Diver | year=1942 | isbn=978-0-8369-2152-6 | oclc=141359 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/royalindiadescri0000dive }}</ref>{{Sfn|Sanderson|1879|p=70}} This method was practiced widely in North-east India, particularly in the state of [[Assam]],<ref name=Elephant/> mostly in [[South India]],<ref name=Kamat>{{Cite web|last=Kamat|first=Vikas|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/prani/elephants/khedda.htm|title=The Khedda System of Catching Wild Elephants|access-date=4 January 2016|publisher= Kamat's Potpourri}}</ref> and in particular in the erstwhile [[Mysore State]] (now part of [[Karnataka]]) state.{{Sfn|Stracey|1964|p=61}}

The khedda practice and other methods of trapping or capturing elephants have been discontinued since 1973 following the enactment of a law under Schedule I of the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972]], declaring the Indian elephant to be a highly endangered species. In the case of elephants which cause extensive damage by encroaching into human habitations and damaging crops, the forest department has the authority to capture them.<ref name=Elephant/>

==Etymology==
Khedda is a word in the [[Kannada language]] meaning "to forcefully chase something". Prior to introduction of this system the method used to trap wild elephants was a pit system.{{Sfn|Ninan|2012|p=112}}

==History==
[[File:Kheddah.jpg|thumb|Elephant [[stockade]] or Kheddah]]
An early description of a khedda was written by the Greek explorer and ambassador to India, [[Megasthenes]] (ca. 350 – 290 BC), on which [[Strabo]] based his account in ''[[Geographica]]''.<ref name="Bosworth1988">{{cite book|author=A. B. Bosworth|title=From Arrian to Alexander: Studies in Historical Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhKEIss-accC&pg=PA43|year=1988|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0-19-814863-0|pages=43–}}</ref> The description was similar to the modern technique.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/cambridgehistory01rapsuoft/cambridgehistory01rapsuoft_djvu.txt|work=The Cambridge history of India, p.405|author=E. J. Rapson|date=1922|access-date=30 January 2016|author-link=E. J. Rapson}}</ref> Female elephants were used as bait. When the captured elephants were worn out by famine and combat with tame elephants, their legs were tied. Finally their necks were lacerated, and leather straps inserted in the cuts "so that they submit to their bonds through pain, and so remain quiet."<ref name="Strabo2014">{{cite book|author=Strabo|title=The Geography of Strabo : Volume III (Illustrated)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltNWCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT109|date=7 April 2014|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-312-07866-6|pages=109–}}{{self-published source|date=April 2021}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}}

Man-elephant conflict is a major factor in either capturing them or hunting them for economic purpose. Four methods of trapping them have been practiced. These methods are: by trapping them in pits; by kheddah operations for capturing a herd of elephants, by driving into kheddas or enclosures, or driving the herd through the river-drive method; by noosing them with the help of [[mahouts]] sitting on the backs of trained elephants, mostly adopted to capture single elephants; and using decoy or lure by tamed female elephants and then spearing them.{{Sfn|Sanderson|1879|p=70}}<ref name=Elephant>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elephantcare.org/manwild.htm#CAPTURING|title=Elephant Protocols, Manuals, and Proceedings|work=History of elephant capture: Section VI|access-date=4 January 2016|publisher=Elephant Welfare Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720001902/http://www.elephantcare.org/manwild.htm#CAPTURING|archive-date=20 July 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===In Mysore===
[[File:Sanderson Kheddah.jpg|thumb|[[George P. Sanderson]] with the Maharaja of Mysore and Prince Albert Victor watching the khedda operation]]
In Mysore, the khedda system was first introduced by [[George P. Sanderson|G P. Sanderson]] in 1873–1874 at Kardihalli. The venue of such events was the Kakanakote forest on the banks of the [[Kabini River]]. This was organized by the forest department at frequent intervals, usually coinciding with the visit of a dignitary to the state. Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore, had failed to capture elephants.{{Sfn|Stracey|1964|p=61}} [[Tipu Sultan]] and his father [[Hyder Ali]] were not successful in trapping wild elephants in spite of using their army. The first attempt to capture the elephants by Colonel Pearson, a British Army Officer, had also failed. However, G.P. Sanderson, who worked for the government of Mysore in the forest department, in his book titled ''Thirteen Years Among The Wild Beasts of India'' has noted: "Hyder made a trial, a century before, in the [[Kakanakote]] Jungles, but had failed and had recorded his opinion that no one would ever succeed, and his curse upon any one that attempted to do so, on a stone still standing near the scene of his endeavors.” The term “game” is used to denote wildlife hunting as an official royal sport, which was practiced by the erstwhile [[Maharajas]] of princely states of India like Mysore in which British officers also took keen interest. Such games were specifically arranged as an entertainment to visiting [[duke]]s and [[viceroy]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|title=H.R.H. The Prince of Wales' shooting in India in 1921 and 1922- Part III| author=Ellison, Bernard C.|pages=179–188|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofbomb29121923bomb#page/179/mode/1up/| journal = Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=29| publisher=Bombay, Bombay Natural History Society| year=1886}}</ref> One such khedda operation was arranged by Sanderson by the river-drive method through the Kabini River in honour of the [[Grand Duke of Russia]] when he visited Mysore, in 1891.<ref name=Jungle>{{Cite news|last=Satish|first=Shalini|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/68693/deep-jungles-kakanakote.html|title=Deep in the jungles of Kakanakote...|date=10 May 2010|access-date=4 January 2016|newspaper=Deccaan Herald}}</ref>

Following the successful operation of the first khedda by Sanderson, this system, started in Kakanakote became very popular in Mysore. Over the next century 36 khedda operations were held till 1971 when it was legally banned under the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972]] as it was considered a crude and gruesome method perpetrated on animals.<ref name=Jungle/>

===In Assam===
In Assam which is reported to have the largest population of elephants in the country, the practice followed to catch elephants was by the khedda system, also known as [[Mela Shikar]] kheddas are further classified as the ''Pung Garh'' and the ''Dandi Garh''.<ref name=Elephant/>{{Sfn|Stracey|1964|p=60}} In Bengal also the practice followed was khedda and this operation was performed by the Government of Bengal to capture elephants for its use.{{Sfn|Sanderson|1879|p=92}}

===In other states===
In the [[Madras State]], now [[Tamil Nadu]], and in [[Kerala]], the practice followed to capture a small number of elephants was by the pit method during the monsoon months of July to September. The elephants were captured and tamed to meet the demands of temples and to move timber in the forests.<ref name=Elephant/>{{Sfn|Stracey|1964|p=60}} Noosing, using the trained elephants’ backs, is the practice adopted in Bengal and also in Nepal. In this method three or four fast moving tamed elephants, each with three mahouts as guides were used in this method with the rope tied to the tame elephants body with the other end used as a noose.{{Sfn|Sanderson|1879|p=70}}

==Khedda system==
The composition of the team for the khedda system to trap elephants comprised drum beaters, mahouts, security men, assistants and trained elephants known as ''[[Kumki (elephant)|kumkis]]''. After locating a herd of wild elephants to be captured it was encircled by the team of the hunters sealing all routes of escape. A fenced circuit of {{Convert|6|-|8|sqmi|km2|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} area was created and cordoned around the herd; this was stocked with adequate supply of feeds and water and well camouflaged.<ref name=Jungle/>
[[File:MNP_Working_Elephant.JPG|thumb|right|A trained elephant]]
To prevent elephants from going astray, big fires were lit, shouting done, drums beaten and gun shots fired to scare the elephants and keep them confined. Following this activity of keeping the elephants within the confined space, building of the enclosure was carried out. This enclosure, located in a camouflaged area along one of the main paths of the elephant, was built to dimensions of about {{Convert|20|-|50|yard|m|order=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} diameter raised to a height of {{Convert|12|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on|0}}. The enclosure was fortified with slanting buttresses and ties. A highly secure entrance gate fitted with spikes was built. The entrance path to guide the elephants was done through two [[palisade]]s. The herd of wild elephants, scared by din and sound and fire, were forced to go through the "funnel-shaped" route into the enclosure and then the gates were shut.<ref name=Jungle/> Following the capture in the trap, elephants were denied food, forced to starve and were even injured, which made them weak.<ref name=Kamat/> Thus confined into the khedda the wild elephants were then approached by the mahouts with the trained elephants to pacify them.<ref name=Jungle/>

Then the mahout with the assistance of a helper prodded the wild elephant with an iron rod to lift its one leg so that it could be noosed with ropes. Using the same procedure, the other three legs and the neck of the elephant were noosed, and wild elephants subject to the discomfort and being immobilized would become easier to control.<ref name=Jungle/> Once tamed they were trained.<ref name=Kamat/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last= Ninan |first=K.N |title=The Economics of Biodiversity Conservation: Valuation in Tropical Forest Ecosystems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dVFSDVrPyEC&pg=PA112|date=16 May 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-55426-1}}
*{{Cite web|last= Sanderson |first= G. P. |url=https://archive.org/stream/thirteenyearsamo00sandrich/thirteenyearsamo00sandrich_djvu.txt|title=Thieteen Years Among The Wild Beasts Of India. Their Haunts And Habits From Personal Observation; With An Account Of The Modes Of Capturing And Taming Elephants.|year=1879|access-date=4 December 2015|publisher=Archive Organization}}
*{{cite book|last= Stracey |first=P. D. |title=Wild Life in India: Its Conservation and Control|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vos_AAAAYAAJ|year=1964|publisher=Department of Agriculture}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Elephants in Indian culture]]

Ananthazhwar

2025-10-14T12:52:50Z

AndyMfn275514: starting a details

{{Short description|Indian Vaishnavite}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ananthalwar (அனந்தாழ்வார்)
| image = Sri Ananthalwar's Crowbar.jpg
| image_size = 271x311px
| alt = Ananthalwar's Crowbar, hanging on the walls of the [[Sri Venkateswara Swami Vaari Temple|Venkateswara Temple]] in [[Tirumala]].
| caption = Ananthalwar's Crowbar, hanging on the walls of the [[Sri Venkateswara Swami Vaari Temple|Venkateswara Temple]] in [[Tirumala]].
| birth_name = Ananthalwar
| birth_date = Unknown (11th century)
| birth_place = [[Kirangoor]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| death_date = Unknown (Late 11th century)
| death_place = [[Tirumala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| resting_place = Unmarked samadhi in [[Tirumala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| spouse = Unknown
| known_for = Being a devotee of [[Venkateswara]]
}}
'''Ananthalwar''' was a disciple of Saint [[Ramanuja]] and an 11th-century [[Vaishnava]] figure of [[India]]. His birthplace is recorded to be a place called Kirangoor, Ananthalwar kovil located in small village close to [[Srirangapatna]] of [[Karnataka]].<ref name=Venkateswara>{{cite book|title=Sri Venkateshwara|author=Shantha Nair|publisher=Jaico Publishing House, 7 January 2014 - Religion - 280 pages}}</ref>
{{Hinduism}}

== Legend of Venkateswara ==
The story goes that the famous Vaishnava saint [[Ramanuja]] once asked Ananthalwar to raise a flower garden for Lord Venkateswara in [[Tirumala]], the abode of [[Venkateswara]]. Ananthalwar abided by the request and went upon raising a garden. He took the help of his pregnant wife who found it difficult to do the manual labor from time to time. Lord Venkateswara, having seen the trouble of Ananthalwar assumed the form of a young boy and helped her out. On one occasion when this came to the notice of Ananthalwar, the latter was furious and he hit the boy with a crowbar on the chin. The boy then disappeared but when Ananthalwar visited the [[Sri Venkateswara Swami Vaari Temple|Venkateswara Temple]] in Tirumala, he found that the Lord was bleeding from the chin. He at once realised that it was the Lord who had helped his wife in the form of the boy and regretted his act. He applied camphor (karpuram) for the wound. Lord Venkateswara was impressed with Ananthalwar's devotion and not only forgave him but also told him that he would display the camphor applied to his chin forever as a mark of Ananthalwar's devotion. Thus, camphor is applied to the main idol's chin to this day during the rituals. Even today you can see Ananthalwar's Crowbar (with which he hit the Lord in the form of the boy) when you enter the temple, hanging on the temple's right wall.<ref name=Venkateswara/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tirumalesa.com/why-is-green-camphor-applied-to-lord-venkateswaras-chin-in-tirumala-temple-everyday|title=why-is-green-camphor-applied-to-lord-venkateswaras-chin-in-tirumala-temple-everyday|website=www.tirumalesa.com|accessdate=2018-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tirumalatirupatiyatra.in/tirumala/about-tirumala/inside-temple/anantalwar-crow-bar|title=Ananthalwar Crowbar|website=tirumalatirupatiyatra.in|accessdate=2018-10-31}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

https://guruparamparai.wordpress.com/2013/03/31/ananthazhwan/

[[Category:Indian Vaishnavites]]

Dagar

2025-10-03T12:11:21Z

AndyMfn275514: put up initial post added tags

{{wiktionary|dagar}}
'''Dagar''' may refer to:
{{TOC right}}
== Comics ==
* ''[[Dagar the Invincible]]'', a comic-book series
* [[Dagar, the Desert Hawk]], a comic-book character

== People ==
* [[Aminuddin Dagar]] (1923–2000), Indian classical singer
* [[Bahauddin Dagar]] (born 1970), Indian musician
* [[Mayank Dagar]] (born 1996), Indian cricketer
* [[Mukul Dagar]] (born 1990), Indian cricketer
* [[Rahim Fahimuddin Dagar]] (1927–2011), Indian classical singer
* [[Rahim-ud-in Khan Dagar]] (1900-1975), Indian classical singer
* [[Rahul Dagar]] (born 1993), Indian cricketer
* [[Satender Dagar]], Indian professional wrestler
* [[Wasifuddin Dagar]], Indian classical singer
* [[Zia Fariduddin Dagar]], (1932–2013) Indian classical singer
* [[Zia Mohiuddin Dagar]] (1929–1990), Indian classical musician
* [[Younger Dagar Brothers]], Ustad Nasir Zahiruddin (1933–1994) and Ustad Nasir Faiyazuddin (1934–1989), Indian classical singers

== Other uses ==
* [[Dagar vani]], a stylized singing style in India
* [[Malana Dagar]], a village in Punjab Province, Pakistan
* ''[[Röda dagar]]'', a 2013 Erik Linder Christmas album
* ''[[Dagar som kommer och går]]'', a 1998 album by Swedish band Kikki Danielssons orkester

== See also ==
* [[Dagar Brothers (disambiguation)]]
* [[Daggar, Pakistan]], a city in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
* [[Dagara (disambiguation)]]
* [[Dogar (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation|surname}}

Amphioctopus rex

2025-09-30T09:58:30Z

AndyMfn275514: starting new stub

{{Short description|Species of octopus}}
{{Speciesbox
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Allcock, L. |author2=Taite, M. |author3=Allen, G. |year=2018 |title=''Amphioctopus rex'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T163195A982275 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T163195A982275.en |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>
|genus = Amphioctopus
|species = rex
|authority = (Nateewathana & [[Mark Norman (marine biologist)|Norman]], 1999)
|synonyms = {{Species list
|Octopus rex|Nateewathana & Norman, 1999}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=WoRMS>{{cite WoRMS |id=534567 |title=''Amphioctopus rex'' (Nateewathana & Norman, 1999) |db=mollusca |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Amphioctopus rex''''', commonly known as the '''king ocellate octopus''' ({{langx|fr|'''poulpe royal ocellé'''}}, {{langx|es|'''pulpo rey ocelado'''}}),<ref name=FAO>{{cite book |last1=Norman |first1=Mark D. |last2=Finn |first2=Julian K. |last3=Hochberg |first3=Frederick G. |author1-link=Mark Norman (marine biologist) |chapter=Family Octopodidae |editor1-last=Jereb |editor1-first=Patrizia |editor2-last=Roper |editor2-first=Clyde F.E. |editor3-last=Norman |editor3-first=Mark D. |editor4-last=Finn |editor4-first=Julian K. |editor2-link=Clyde Roper |year=2016 |title=Cephalopods of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cephalopod Species Known to Date Volume 3. Octopods and Vampire Squids |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] |location=Rome |edition=Revised |series=FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4 |volume=3 |pages= 16, 80–81 |isbn=978-92-5-107989-8 |issn=1020-8682 |oclc=71193186 |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/57241695-4904-470b-b9e2-ee36fbe1a947/content |via=Food and Agriculture Organization Knowledge Repository}}</ref> is a species of [[octopus]] belonging to the genus ''[[Amphioctopus]]''. ''Amphioctopus rex'' is [[Native species|native]] to the tropical [[Indo-Pacific]] region and was first described in 1999 after being discovered off the coast of [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nateewathana |first1=A. |last2=Norman |first2=M. D. |title=On three new species of ocellate octopuses (Cephalopoda: Octopoda) from Thai waters |journal=Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication |date=1999 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=445–462}}</ref> Males of the species have been known to grow up to {{convert|30.5|cm|abbr=on}}, and females up to {{convert|35.8|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="sealifebase">{{cite web |title=Amphioctopus rex, King ocellate octopus: fisheries |url=https://sealifebase.se/summary/Amphioctopus-rex.html |website=sealifebase.se |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
''Amphioctopus rex'' is native to the tropical [[Continental shelf|continental]] waters of the northern [[Indo-Pacific]] region, ranging from the coasts of [[Kerala]] in western [[India]] through the [[Andaman Sea]] and [[Gulf of Thailand]] to the waters around [[Indonesia]] and as far south as [[Northern Australia|northern]] [[Australia]].<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=FAO/><ref name=Norman2005>{{cite journal |last1=Norman |first1=M.D. |last2=Hochberg |first2=F.G. |author1-link=Mark Norman (marine biologist) |year=2005 |title=The Current State of Octopus Taxonomy |journal=Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin |volume=66 |pages=127–154}}</ref> It inhabits coastal waters with muddy or sandy substrates, occurring in the [[intertidal zone|intertidal]] and [[subtidal zone]]s at depths of up to {{cvt|80|m}}.<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=FAO/>

The range of this species includes the coasts of northern Australia ([[Queensland]], the [[Northern Territory]], and [[Western Australia]]), [[Bangladesh]], India, Indonesia, [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Singapore]], and [[Thailand]].<ref name=IUCN/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q13366751}}

[[Category:Molluscs described in 1999]]
[[Category:Molluscs of the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Molluscs of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Gulf of Thailand]]
[[Category:Andaman Sea]]
[[Category:Octopodidae]]
[[Category:Cephalopods of Asia]]
[[Category:Cephalopods of Australia]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of Asia]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of Australia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Mark Norman (marine biologist)]]

{{octopus-stub}}

Clarias dayi

2025-09-22T07:22:00Z

AndyMfn275514: put up initial data initial version

{{Short description|Species of catfish}}
{{Speciesbox
| status =
| status_system =
| status_ref =
| taxon = Clarias dayi
| authority = [[Sunder Lal Hora|Hora]], 1936
}}

'''''Clarias dayi''''' is a species of [[clariidae|airbreathing catfish]] within the genus ''[[Clarias]]''. It is found in bodies of water within the [[Wayanad district|Wyanad Hills]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lakra |first1=W. S. |last2=Sarkar |first2=U.K. |last3= Gopalkrishnan |first3=A. |last4=Kathirvelpandian |first4=A. |title= Threatened Freshwater Fishes of India |date=2010 |publisher=National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resource |location=Lucknow |page=11 }}</ref> Unlike ''[[Clarias dussumieri|C. dussumieri]]'', which has a restricted distribution ''C. dayi'' is found in most bodies of water throughout the district.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binoy |first1=V. V. |title=Catfish Clarias is vanishing from the waters of Kerala |url=https://www.academia.edu/2110252 |website=CURRENT SCIENCE |date=1 January 2010}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5726935}}

[[Category:Clarias|dayi]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of India]]
[[Category:Fauna of Kerala]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1936]]

{{Clariidae-stub}}

India's Most Wanted (TV series)

2025-09-22T03:38:05Z

AndyMfn275514: created a page!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| runtime = approx. 52 minutes
| creator = Aaliya Productions
| director = [[Suhaib Ilyasi]]
| country = India
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|1998}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2005}}
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = Total 65
}}

'''''India's Most Wanted''''' (IMW) was a crime busting fugitive hunter television show initially on [[Zee TV]] and later on [[DD National|DD1]], India's national broadcaster [[Doordarshan]]. The show was made famous by its Anchor-Director and Producer, [[Suhaib Ilyasi]] with his unique presentation style and criminals actually being caught with the help of television.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2017 |title=Suhaib Ilyasi gets life term for killing wife: Know all about the host of India's Most Wanted |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/suhaib-ilyasi-man-behind-indias-most-wanted-convicted-for-murdering-wife-4991358/ |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

The show is considered to be the first and the biggest crime show on television in India. This program has shown live telecasts and helped police with 135 [[fugitive]]s.

Ilyasi later launched the show with [[India TV]] in 2005. The show did not do well as it did originally on Zee TV and DD1. Media watchers blame Ilyasi for choosing a new TV channel ([[India TV]]) to relaunch the show.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2018 |title=Suhaib Ilyasi acquitted, all about the former TV host and his show India's Most Wanted |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/india-most-wanted-suhaib-ilyasi-acquitted-wife-murder-all-about-man-show-1356257-2018-10-05 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]
* [[Savdhaan India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:1999 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:1999 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:America's Most Wanted]]

Ziyah Vastani

2025-09-07T09:40:17Z

AndyMfn275514: done!

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ziyah Vastani
| birth_name = Ziyah Samir Vastani
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|12|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| occupation = Actress
| family = [[Zaynah Vastani]] (sister)
| years_active = 2008–present
}}

'''Ziyah Vastani''' (born 8 December 2003)<ref>{{cite web |title=Ziyah Samir Vastani |url=http://www.cintaa.net/membership/cintaa_profile/4105 |work=Cintaa |access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> is an Indian child actress.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/ziyah-vastani.html |title=All you want to know about #ZiyahVastani |website=FilmiBeat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/1718137/Ziyah-Vastani/biography |title=Ziyah Vastani - About This Person - Movies & TV |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228112612/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/1718137/Ziyah-Vastani/biography |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2013 |archive-date=28 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.in.com/ziyah-vastani/biography-1939589.html |title=Ziyah Vastani Biography, Ziyah Vastani Bio data, Profile, Videos, Photos |website=in.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618130812/http://www.in.com/ziyah-vastani/biography-1939589.html |archive-date=18 June 2017}}</ref> She made her Bollywood debut in 2008 with Hindi film [[Contract (2008 film)|Contract]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/movies/contract.html |title=Contract (2008) | Contract Movie | Contract Bollywood Movie Cast & Crew, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos |website=FilmiBeat}}</ref> as Binty. In 2010, she appeared in the Hindi film [[Bumm Bumm Bole]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2010/aamir-darsheel-bumm-bumm-bole-150510.html |title=Aamir interested in Darsheel's new Release |date=15 May 2010 |website=Filmibeat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-rituparna-sengupta-on-bum-bum-bole/20100514.htm |title=Will Priyadarshan prove lucky for Rituparna? |website=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/ians-review-bumm-bumm-bole-515 |title=IANS review: Bumm Bumm Bole - NDTV Movies |website=NDTVMovies.com |access-date=14 December 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124130501/https://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/ians-review-bumm-bumm-bole-515 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2010/bumm-bumm-bole-subhash-140510.html |title=Bumm Bumm Bole is a shoe stopper - Subhash |first=Subhash K. Jha, Bollywood |last=Hungama |date=14 May 2010 |website=Filmibeat}}</ref> as Rimzim. She also appeared in Indian serial [[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]. Her twin sister is child actress [[Zaynah Vastani]].

==Television==
* [[Alaxmi Ka Super Parivaar]] as Tina Laxman Kapadiah
* [[Ammaji Ki Galli]]

==Filmography==
* [[Contract (2008 film)|Contract]] as Binty
* [[Bumm Bumm Bole]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/reviews/2010/bumm-bumm-bole-review-140510.html |title=Bumm Bumm Bole - Review |first=Taran Adarsh, Bollywood |last=Hungama |date=14 May 2010 |website=Filmibeat}}</ref> as RimZim
* [[Break Ke Baad]] as Young Aaliya

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb person}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vastani, Ziyah}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]